hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Effects of fatigue on safety
Fatigue is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in transportation, because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue is considered an internal precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively affects the human operator's internal state. Research has generally focused on pilots, truck drivers, and shift workers.

Fatigue can be a symptom of a medical problem, but more commonly it is a normal physiological reaction to exertion, lack of sleep, boredom, changes to sleep-wake schedules (including jet lag), or stress.

In some cases, driving after 18–24 hours without sleep is equivalent to a blood alcohol content of 0.05%–0.10%.

Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of being without energy for a prolonged period of time. Fatigue is used in two contexts: in the medical sense, and in the sense of normal tiredness.

In the medical sense, fatigue is seen as a symptom, and is sometimes associated with medical conditions including autoimmune disease, organ failure, mood disorders, heart disease, infectious diseases, and post-infectious-disease states. However, fatigue is complex and in up to a third of primary care cases no medical or psychiatric diagnosis is found.

In the sense of tiredness, fatigue often follows prolonged physical or mental activity. Physical fatigue results from muscle fatigue brought about by intense physical activity. Mental fatigue results from prolonged periods of cognitive activity which impairs cognitive ability, can manifest as sleepiness, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue, and can also impair physical performance.
Free Negro
In the British colonies in North America and in the United States before the abolition of slavery in 1865 free Negro, free Black, and free Colored described the legal status of African Americans who were not enslaved. The term was applied both to formerly enslaved people (freedmen) and to those who had been born free (free people of color), whether of African or mixed descent.

Elizabeth Freeman
Elizabeth Freeman (c. 1744 – December 28, 1829), also known as Mumbet, was one of the first slaves to file and win a freedom suit in Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, ruling in Freeman's favor, found slavery to be inconsistent with the 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts. Her suit, Brom and Bett v. Ashley (1781), was cited in the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court appellate review of Quock Walker's freedom suit. When the court upheld Walker's freedom under the state's constitution, the ruling was considered to have implicitly ended slavery in Massachusetts.

Any time, any time while I was a slave, if one minute's freedom had been offered to me, and I had been told I must die at the end of that minute, I would have taken it—just to stand one minute on God's airth [sic] a free woman—I would.
2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup
The 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup was the 17th edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, which was hosted by Egypt from 24 September to 16 October 2009. The tournament was initially going to take place between 10 and 31 July. However, the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup was played mid-year, resulting in both that year's U-20 and U-17 World Cups being played at the end of the year. The tournament was won by Ghana after they defeated Brazil on penalties in the final, becoming the first African team to win the tournament.

2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
The 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup was the eighth Confederations Cup, and was held in South Africa from 14 June to 28 June 2009, as a prelude to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The draw was held on 22 November 2008 at the Sandton Convention Centre in Johannesburg. The opening match and the final was played at Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg. The tournament was won by Brazil, who retained the trophy they won in 2005 by defeating the United States 3–2 in the final.
Henderson Gill
Henderson Gill (born 16 January 1961) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. He played for Bradford Northern, Wigan and Rochdale Hornets in the Rugby Football League Championship and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NSWRL competition. Gill primarily played on the wing during his career. He was capped 15 times for Great Britain between 1981 and 1988.

1982–83 John Player Trophy
The 1982–83 John Player Trophy was a British rugby league knockout tournament sponsored by John Player & Sons. It was the 12th season that the competition was held.

Wigan claimed the trophy by beating Leeds by the score of 22-11 in the final played at Elland Road, Leeds, West Yorkshire. The attendance was 19,553 and receipts were £49,027.
2000 Tennessee elections
Tennessee state elections in 2000 were held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000. Primary elections for the United States Senate, United States House of Representatives, Tennessee Senate, and Tennessee House of Representatives, as well as various judicial retention elections, were held on August 3, 2000.

Political party strength in Tennessee
Tennessee's politics are currently dominated by the Republican Party. Republicans currently hold both of the state's U.S. Senate seats, a majority of Congressional seats, and the state legislature. Democratic strength is largely concentrated in Nashville, Memphis, Chattanooga and parts of Knoxville, Clarksville, Murfreesboro and Jackson. Several rural Black Belt areas of West Tennessee and suburban areas of the Nashville/Murfreesboro, Chattanooga and Knoxville metropolitan areas also contain significant Democratic minorities. On the other hand, Republicans have a solid base of support in Cookeville and its suburbs, most exurban areas around Nashville except in Rutherford County and Franklin, most suburbs of Memphis, the Tri-Cities outside of Johnson City itself and most majority rural areas, regularly outperforming even their statewide results there.
The Suitcase Royale
The Suitcase Royale is a theatre-comedy ensemble from Melbourne, Australia, composed of Joseph O'Farrell, Miles O'Neil, and Glen Walton. The group started in 2004 and has since created several major shows, and toured both in Australia and internationally. They have also won several awards.

Melbourne International Comedy Festival
The Melbourne International Comedy Festival (MICF) is the largest stand-alone comedy festival and the largest international comedy festival in the world. First held in 1987, it takes place annually in Melbourne over four weeks, typically starting in March and running through to April.  The Melbourne Town Hall has served as the festival hub, but performances are held in many venues throughout the city.

MICF also produces three flagship development programs: Raw Comedy, Australia's biggest open mic competition; Class Clowns, a national comedy competition for high school students; and Deadly Funny, an Indigenous comedy competition that celebrates the unique humour of Indigenous Australians. Awards are given for the best acts of the development programs as well as other categories of performances. The festival also undertakes an annual national roadshow, showcasing festival highlights in regional towns across Australia.
Scarlet-tufted sunbird
The scarlet-tufted sunbird (Nectarinia johnstoni) is a species of bird in the Nectarinia of the family Nectariniidae.
It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.  It is also known as the red-tufted sunbird and the scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird.

Nectarinia
Nectarinia is a genus of birds in the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. What species belong to it has been highly contentious for many decades. Towards the late 20th century, the dominant trend was to use it to group all "typical" sunbirds. More recently taxonomists have divided the Nectarinia into eight genera which are now considered distinct from Nectarinia: Leptocoma, Anabathmis, Chalcomitra, Cinnyris, Cyanomitra, Dreptes, Anthobaphes, and Drepanorhynchus.
Casalgrande
Casalgrande (Reggiano: Càsalgrând) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Reggio Emilia. As of 8 January 2017, it had a population of 19,215 and an area of 37.7 square kilometres (14.6 mi2).

The municipality of Casalgrande contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Boglioni, Casalgrande Alto, Dinazzano, Salvaterra, San Donnino di Liguria, Sant'Antonino, Veggia and Villalunga.

Casalgrande borders the following municipalities: Castellarano, Formigine, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Rubiera, Sassuolo, Scandiano.

Rubiera
Rubiera (Reggiano: Rubēra) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Emilia in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located on the Via Emilia about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Bologna and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southeast of Reggio Emilia.
Stanley Potato House
Stanley Potato House is a historic potato house located near Laurel, Sussex County, Delaware, United States. It is one of the last surviving examples of its building type.  It was built about 1920, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, gable fronted, balloon frame structure on a brick foundation. It measures 17 feet by 23 feet. It retains a number of important elements characteristic of potato house including: minimal fenestration, center aisle floor plan, double siding, and hatched loading doors.

It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Laurel, Delaware
Laurel is a town in Sussex County, Delaware, United States. The population was 3,865 at the time of the 2020 census. Laurel is part of the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. It once hosted the Laurel Blue Hens of the Eastern Shore Baseball League.
Dragoši
Dragoši (pronounced [ˈdɾaːɡɔʃi]) is a settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River east of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

An archaeological field survey in 2002 revealed the existence of prehistoric and Roman settlements in the area.

Črnomelj
Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnòːməl] ⓘ; in older sources also Černomelj, German: Tschernembl) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
Namibia–South Africa relations
Namibia–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Namibia and South Africa. South Africa (then part of the British Empire as the Union of South Africa) captured the area now known as Namibia from Germany during World War I and governed it, by the name 'South West Africa', until 1990, when the country gained independence under the name 'Namibia'. During those 75 years, thousands of South Africans settled in the territory and South Africa treated the area as effectively a fifth province of both the Union and the Republic, imposing apartheid laws in South West Africa as it did in South Africa.

Both nations are members of the African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, Southern African Development Community and the United Nations.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 269
United Nations Security Council Resolution 269, adopted on August 12, 1969, condemned the government of South Africa for its refusal to comply with resolution 264, deciding that the continued occupation of South West Africa (now Namibia) was an aggressive encroachment on the authority of the United Nations. The resolution also called for South Africa to remove its administration of South West Africa before October 4, 1969, calling on all states to refrain from dealings with either country and noting it would consider a further meeting to discuss further action the Council could take if the present resolution was not implemented.

The resolution was adopted by 11 votes to none; Spain, France, the United Kingdom and United States abstained from voting.
Veta La Palma
Veta la Palma is an estate (finca) in Andalusia, Spain. 
It is located on an island in the Guadalquivir river, 10 miles (16 km) inland from the Atlantic Ocean in Seville province of Spain. Prior to the break up of the estate in 2023 it consisted of 11,000 hectares, one of the biggest private properties in the province of Seville. It is recognised for its ecological importance, being included in Doñana Natural Park, the buffer zone of Doñana National Park. The two parks, national and natural, have been classified as a single natural landscape.

Finca
Finca ([ˈfiŋka]) is a Spanish term for estate. In English usage, it refers to a piece of rural or agricultural land, typically with a cottage, farmhouse or estate building present, and often adjacent to a woodland or plantation.
John Pierce Brown
John Pierce Brown (1843–1925) was a senior priest in the Diocese of Down, Connor and Dromore from 1899 to 1923.

Brown was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1868. After a curacy at Kilmore, he was appointed Rector of Loughinisland in 1870; and Precentor of Down in 1875. He was Archdeacon of Down from 1899 to 1912; and Dean of Down from 1913 until he retired in 1923.

Dean of Down
The Dean of Down is based in The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Downpatrick within the Diocese of Down and Dromore of the Church of Ireland.

The current incumbent is T. Henry Hull.
Barden Inlet
Barden Inlet is the southernmost of the Outer Banks water inlets. Located just northwest of Cape Lookout in the U.S. state of North Carolina, the inlet connects Onslow Bay of the Atlantic Ocean with Core Sound. It separates the Shackleford Banks from the Core Banks.

Barden Inlet was opened by the 1933 Outer Banks Hurricane, separating the Shackleford Banks from South Core Banks.  The new channel gave Harkers Island fishermen a new, direct access route to offshore fishing grounds.  It was named Barden Inlet after US Congressman Graham Barden, who sponsored legislation to require that the United States Army Corps of Engineers use dredging equipment to maintain the new channel.

Onslow Bay
Onslow Bay is an indentation of the North Carolina coast, between Cape Fear in the south and Cape Lookout in the north. Thirteen barrier islands form the shore of the bay. It is part of the open Atlantic Ocean and affords no protection from oceanic swells.
Walter Cope
Sir Walter Cope (c. 1553 – 30 July 1614) of Cope Castle in the parish of Kensington, Middlesex, England, was Master of the Court of Wards, Chamberlain of the Exchequer, public Registrar-General of Commerce and a Member of Parliament for Westminster.

Gentleman Usher
Gentleman Usher and Lady Usher are titles for some officers of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom. Historically the Gentlemen Ushers were among the most senior officials of the king's Chamber, next in rank only to the Chamberlain and the Vice-Chamberlain; their role was first documented in the fifteenth century (for a list of office-holders from the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 up to the present day, see List of Lady and Gentleman Ushers).

Gentleman Ushers were originally a class of servants found not only in the Royal Household, but in lesser establishments as well. They were regularly found in the households of Tudor noblemen, and were prescribed by Richard Brathwait, in his Household of an Earle, as one of the "officers and Servants the state of an Earle requireth to have".
Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship
Universities and Colleges Christian Fellowship (UCCF; also UCCF: The Christian Unions) is an evangelical Christian student movement with affiliate groups on university campuses in the United Kingdom. It is a member of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. The UCCF endorses a conservative evangelical form of Christian theology.

The Christian Unions provide opportunities for fellowship, bible study and evangelism, with nearly 40,000 students attending outreach events each year.

Tyndale House (Cambridge)
Tyndale House is an independent biblical studies library in Cambridge, England, with a Christian foundation. Founded in 1945, it aims to provide specialist resources in support of research into the Old and New Testaments, along with relevant historical backgrounds.
History of radio
The history of radio had many contributors, beginning with the scientific discovery of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) in the late 1800s, followed by technological development of improved devices for producing and receiving transmissions.

Radio was at first employed for "wireless telegraphy", using on-off signaling such as Morse code, initially for private point-to-point communication. The invention in the early 1900s of devices capable of audio transmissions greatly increased its utility, most prominently with the introduction of broadcasting to a widespread, non-technical, audience.

Telstar
Telstar is a series of communications satellites. The first two, Telstar 1 and Telstar 2, were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 was launched atop a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962, and relayed the first television pictures, telephone calls, and telegraph images through space. It also provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstar 2 was launched May 7, 1963. Telstar 1 and 2—though no longer functional—still orbit the Earth.
2014 Geneva Open Challenger
The 2014 Geneva Open Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 27th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Geneva, Switzerland between 27 October and 2 November 2014.

2014 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2014 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2014 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 150 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000, which represented an increase of the minimum prize money from $35,000. It was the 37th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 6th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Scottish Assessors
Scottish Assessors (the Scottish Assessors Association, SSA) is a voluntary, non-statutory association of land valuation assessors and their senior staff in Scotland. The association encourages a consistent approach to the administration of valuation, council tax and electoral registration.

Founded in 1975, in conjunction with the abolition of the Scottish counties, Scottish Assessors is the successor to the Association of Lands Valuation Assessors of Scotland, founded in 1957, and the Association of Lands Valuation Assessors, founded in 1886.

The SAA liaises with the Valuation Office Agency of England and Wales, the Valuation Office (Oifig Luachála) of Ireland, and the Land and Property Service in Northern Ireland.

Electoral registration in the United Kingdom
Electors must be on the electoral register in order to vote in elections and referendums in the UK. Electoral registration officers within local authorities have a duty to compile and maintain accurate electoral registers.

Registration was introduced for all constituencies as a result of the Reform Act 1832, which took effect for the election of the same year. Since 1832, only those registered to vote can do so, and the government invariably runs nonpartisan get out the vote campaigns for each election to expand the franchise as much as possible.
Andrew Barrowman
Andrew Barrowman (born 27 November 1984) is a Scottish retired professional footballer, who played as a striker. A journeyman, Barrowman played for 15 different sides during his career, including Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Ross County and Dunfermline Athletic in Scotland and Birmingham City and Walsall in England.

He spent two years as sporting director of Kelty Hearts before becoming chief executive of Raith Rovers in 2023.

Scottish League One
The Scottish League One, known as William Hill League One for sponsorship reasons, is the third tier of the Scottish Professional Football League, the league competition for men's professional football clubs in Scotland. The Scottish League One was established in July 2013, after the Scottish Professional Football League was formed by a merger of the Scottish Premier League and Scottish Football League.
Derived algebraic geometry
Derived algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics that generalizes algebraic geometry to a situation where commutative rings, which provide local charts, are replaced by either differential graded algebras (over ), simplicial commutative rings or -ring spectra from algebraic topology, whose higher homotopy groups account for the non-discreteness (e.g., Tor) of the structure sheaf. Grothendieck's scheme theory allows the structure sheaf to carry nilpotent elements. Derived algebraic geometry can be thought of as an extension of this idea, and provides natural settings for intersection theory (or motivic homotopy theory) of singular algebraic varieties and cotangent complexes in deformation theory (cf. J. Francis), among the other applications.

A¹ homotopy theory
In algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, branches of mathematics, A1 homotopy theory or motivic homotopy theory is a way to apply the techniques of algebraic topology, specifically homotopy, to algebraic varieties and, more generally, to schemes.  The theory is due to Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky.  The underlying idea is that it should be possible to develop a purely algebraic approach to homotopy theory by replacing the unit interval [0, 1], which is not an algebraic variety, with the affine line A1, which is.  The theory has seen spectacular applications such as Voevodsky's construction of the derived category of mixed motives and the proof of the Milnor and Bloch-Kato conjectures. It has also recently revolutionized the theory of enumerative geometry problems.
Carol Littleton
Carol Sue Littleton, ACE (born October 23, 1942) is an American film editor. Her work includes Body Heat (1981), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), The Big Chill (1983), Places in the Heart (1984), Silverado (1985), The Accidental Tourist (1988), and Wyatt Earp (1994). She won the Primetime Emmy Award for the ABC movie Tuesdays with Morrie (1999). In January 2024, she received an Honorary Oscar for her work.

Motion Picture Editors Guild
34°05′54″N 118°21′29″W﻿ / ﻿34.098266°N 118.357976°W﻿ / 34.098266; -118.357976
The Motion Picture Editors Guild (MPEG; IATSE Local 700) is the guild that represents freelance and staff motion picture and television editors and other post-production professionals and story analysts throughout the United States. The Motion Picture Editors Guild (Union Local 700) is a part of the 500 affiliated local unions of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), a national labor organization with 104,000-plus members. There are more than 8,000 members of the Editors Guild.
1991 Valencia municipal election
A municipal election was held in Valencia on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 4th City Council of the municipality. All 33 seats in the City Council were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all across Spain.

1991 Spanish local elections
The 1991 Spanish local elections were held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect all 66,308 councillors in the 8,060 municipalities of Spain and all 1,032 seats in 38 provincial deputations. They were held concurrently with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities, as well as local elections in the three foral deputations of the Basque Country and the ten island councils in the Balearic and Canary Islands.