hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of European colonialism and colonization
Western European colonialism and colonization was the Western European policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over other societies and territories, founding a colony, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. For example, colonial policies, such as the type of rule implemented, the nature of investments,  and identity of the colonizers, are cited as impacting postcolonial states. Examination of the state-building process, economic development, and cultural norms and mores shows the direct and indirect consequences of colonialism on the postcolonial states. It has been estimated that Britain and France traced almost 50% of the entire length of today's international boundaries as a result of British and French imperialism.

Mahmood Mamdani
Mahmood Mamdani FBA (born 23 April 1946) is a Ugandan anthropologist, academic, and political commentator. He is the Herbert Lehman Professor of Government and a professor of anthropology, political science, and African studies at Columbia University. He also serves as the chancellor of Kampala International University in Uganda, and honorary professor at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Cape Town.

He was previously the director of the Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR) in Kampala, Uganda, from 2010 until 2022. Mamdani specialises in the study of African and international politics, colonialism and post‐colonialism, and the politics of knowledge production. He is married to filmmaker Mira Nair. He and Nair are the parents of New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani.
Kim Alsop
Kim Alsop (born c. 1933) is an American former football coach. In 1984, he was hired to restart the football program at Samford University, which had been dormant since the end of the 1973 season. In his three season with the team, Samford compiled a 6–21 record.  He was dismissed after his third season and replaced by Terry Bowden. Following Samford, Alsop accepted a position as strength and conditioning coach with at Louisiana Tech University under head coach Carl Torbush.

Alsop was hired as the head football coach at Jackson Academy, an independent school in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1989.  After the 1993 season when Jackson Academy missed the playoffs, Alsop left coaching. He was replaced by Sherard Shaw.

Carl Torbush
Carl William Torbush Jr. (October 11, 1951 – November 5, 2023) was an American American football and baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at Louisiana Tech University in 1987, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1997 to 2000, and East Tennessee State University (ETSU) from 2013 to 2017, compiling a career college football record of 31–48. Outside of football, Torbush was the head baseball coach at Southeastern Louisiana University from 1977 to 1979, tallying a mark of 75–58. Torbush retired from coaching in December 2017.
2025 NCAA Division II Football Championship Game
The 2025 NCAA Division II Football Championship Game was a college football game played on December 20, 2025, at McKinney ISD Stadium in McKinney, Texas. The game determined the national champion of NCAA Division II for the 2025 season. The game was scheduled to begin at 3:00 p.m. CST and aired on ESPN2 and ESPN+.

The game featured the two finalists of the 32-team playoff bracket, which began on November 22, 2025. The top-seed Ferris State Bulldogs from the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) defeated the two-seed Harding Bisons from the Great American Conference (GAC), 42–21. The win gave the Ferris State football program its fourth national championship.

McKinney, Texas
McKinney is a city in and the county seat of Collin County, Texas, United States. It is Collin County's third-largest city, after Plano and Frisco. A suburb of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, McKinney is about 32 miles (51 km) north of Dallas.

The Census Bureau ranked McKinney as the nation's fourth fastest-growing large city from 2010 to 2019 and determined the city's 2020 population was 195,308. Based on Census Bureau estimates, as of July 2022 the city's population was 207,507, making it Texas's 15th-most populous city and the 110th most populous in the United States.

The Census Bureau defines an urban area of northern Dallas-area suburbs that are separated from the Dallas–Fort Worth urban area, with McKinney and Frisco as the principal cities; the McKinney–Frisco urban area had a population of 504,803 as of the 2020 census, ranked 83rd in the United States.
2015 FSP Gold River Women's Challenger
The 2015 FSP Gold River Women's Challenger is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It is the fourth edition of the tournament and part of the 2015 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It takes place in Sacramento, United States, on 20–26 July 2015.

2015 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2015 ITF Women's Circuit is the 2015 edition of the second tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Congruus
Congruus is an extinct genus of macropod known from the Late Pleistocene of Australia. There are two species, Congruus kitcheneri, which was originally described as a species of Wallabia, and Congruus congruus. Specimens are known from Mammoth Cave, Western Australia, the Thylacoleo Caves (Nullarbor Plain) and the Naracoorte caves in South Australia. Potential material is also known from Eastern Australia. The morphology of the skull and limbs suggests that they were semi-arboreal browsers, moving slowly through trees, though they were larger than and not as specialised for climbing as living tree kangaroos. They are thought to be members of the tribe Macropodini, and close relatives of the extinct genus Protemnodon.

Tree-kangaroo
Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern  Queensland, Australia along with some of the islands in the region. Most species of tree-kangaroo are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods.
1991 Indian general election in Kerala
The 1991 Indian general election were held to elect 20 members to the tenth Lok Sabha from Kerala. Indian National Congress (INC)-led United Democratic Front (UDF) won 16 seats while Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) won the remaining 4 seats. Turnout for the election was at 70.66% In the Lok Sabha, INC formed a minority government under the premiership of P. V. Narasimha Rao.

1991 Indian general election
General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.

No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress (Indira) forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties. The government survived  28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the Janata Dal and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.

Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, elections were also delayed in Punjab. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.
Incurvaria takeuchii
Incurvaria takeuchii is a moth of the family Incurvariidae. It is found on the main island (Honshu) of Japan.

The wingspan is 15.5–19 mm for males and 10.5–18 mm for females. The forewings are glossy blackish-brown.

The larvae feed on Clethra barbinervis. They create and oval ellipsoidal case consisting of three pieces. The larva overwinters on the ground. Pupation takes place in spring.

Incurvariidae
Incurvariidae is a family of small primitive monotrysian moths in the order Lepidoptera. There are twelve genera recognised (Davis, 1999). Many species are leaf miners and much is known of their host plants, excluding Paraclemensia acerifoliella. The most familiar species in Europe are perhaps Incurvaria masculella and Phylloporia bistrigella. The narrow wings are held tightly along the body at rest and some species have very long antennae.
Stoulton
Stoulton or Stoughton is a village and civil parish about 5 miles south west of Worcester, in the Wychavon district, in the county of Worcestershire, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Hawbridge. The civil parish population was 446 at the 2021 census. The parish touches Norton-juxta-Kempsey, Whittington, Peopleton, Drakes Broughton, Wadborough and White Ladies Aston. Many houses in the village date from the 17th century. Since 2010, the Anglican Mucknell Abbey has been in the parish.

Hawbridge
Hawbridge is a village in Worcestershire, England.

Hawbridge House is one of the original dwellings within the village. Another notable building is Feli's bar and restaurant, which serves Italian food. To the west of the B4084 is Claverton council estate.

The settlement is served by the X50 bus service, which runs from nearby Evesham to Worcester.
The Downfall (1961 film)
The Downfall (Greek: O Katiforos, Greek: Ο Κατήφορος) is a 1961 Greek drama film made by Finos Films.  It was directed by Giannis Dalianidis and starring Zoi Laskari, Nikos Kourkoulos, Vangelis Voulgaridis and Pantelis Zervos.

The movie made 161,331 tickets first class cinemas in Athens and Piraeus.

Box office
A box office or ticket office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to an event. Patrons may perform the transaction at a countertop, through a hole in a wall or window, or at a wicket. By extension, the term is frequently used, especially in the context of the film industry, as a metonym for the amount of business a particular production, such as a film or theatre show, receives. The term is also used to refer to a ticket office at an arena or a stadium.
Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
The Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration (in German Pfarrerblock, or Priesterblock) incarcerated clergy who had opposed the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. From December 1940, Berlin ordered the transfer of clerical prisoners held at other camps, and Dachau became the centre for imprisonment of clergymen. Of a total of 2,720 clerics recorded as imprisoned at Dachau some 2,579 (or 94.88%) were Roman Catholics. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims. Members of the Catholic Society of Jesus were the largest group among the incarcerated clergy at Dachau.

108 Martyrs of World War II
The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (Polish: 108 błogosławionych męczenników), were Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by German Nazis. Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw. The group comprises 3 bishops, 79 priests, 7 male religious, 8 female religious, and 11 lay people. There are two parishes named for the martyrs, in Powiercie in Koło County, and in Malbork.
History of medicine in France
The history of medicine in France focuses on how the medical profession and medical institutions in France have changed over time.  Early medicine in France was defined by, and administered by, the Catholic church. Medicine and care were one of the many charitable ventures of the church. During the era of the French Revolution, new ideas took hold within the world of medicine and medicine was made more scientific and the hospitals were made more medical. Paris Medicine is a term defining the series of changes to the hospital and care received with a hospital that occurred during the period of the French Revolution.  Ideas from the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution were introduced into the medical field.

Hôtel-Dieu, Paris
The Hôtel-Dieu (French pronunciation: [otɛl djø]; "God Shelter") is a public hospital located on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, on the parvis of Notre-Dame. Tradition has it that the hospital was founded by Saint Landry in 651 AD, but the first official records date it to 829, making it the oldest in France and possibly the oldest continuously operating hospital in the world. The Hôtel-Dieu was the only hospital in the city until the beginning of the 17th century.

The original Hôtel-Dieu stood on the banks of the Seine on the southern side of the Île de la Cité. It was ravaged by fire several times and was rebuilt for the last time at its present location on the north side of the parvis of Notre Dame between 1867 and 1878, as part of Haussmann's renovation of Paris.

Currently operated by Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), the Hôtel-Dieu is a teaching hospital associated with the Paris Cité University.
Daniel Cassidy House
The Daniel Cassidy House near Mora, New Mexico was built in 1921.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1990.

It was listed as part of a 1989 study of historic resources in western Mora County.  Dan Cassidy provided papers, photographs and/or other information to the study.

The related Daniel Cassidy and Sons General Merchandise Store, Cassidy Mill, and James J. Cassidy House, are also listed on the National Register.

Cassidy Mill
Cassidy Mill, in Mora County, New Mexico, near Cleveland, was built in 1877.  It is located southeast of Cleveland on New Mexico State Road 3 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

It is a three-story adobe building built upon basement walls and stone foundations.  It was equipped with a set of French buhrstones, and was built by Joseph Fuss. It was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) in May, 1978.
Bulgarian Railway Company A.D.
The Bulgarian Railway Company (BRC, Bulgarian: Българска железопътна компания АД, romanized: Bulgarska zhelezoputna kompaniya AD) is the first privately held railfreight company to obtain a license in Bulgaria.

Control of BRC is shared by five Bulgarian companies and one Romanian company, Grup Feroviar Român Bucharest.  BRC's chairman is Vladimir Dunchev, who was formerly the general director of the Bulgarian State Railway Company (BDZ).

On April 13, 2005, Bulgaria's transport ministry awarded the first private license to haul freight over the nation's rail network to the Bulgarian Railroad Company.

The BRC locomotive fleet includes class 87 locomotives exported from the UK.

Bulgarian State Railways
The Bulgarian State Railways (Bulgarian: Български държавни железници, romanized: Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and former largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1888. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s, the BDŽ has met serious competition from automotive transport. Up to 2002 the company also owned/managed the state railway (up to 2,485 miles (3,999 km) total of 1,435 mm (4.708 ft) & 760 mm (2.49 ft) (Septemvri to Dobrinishte only) track gauge railway tracks) infrastructure in the country, when according to EU regulations a new state company, the National Railway Infrastructure Company, was founded and became the owner of the infrastructure.

Bulgaria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Bulgaria is 52.
Burnside Bridgehead
The Burnside Bridgehead is a development project at the northeast end of the Burnside Bridge in Portland, Oregon's Kerns neighborhood, in the United States.

The site includes:

Yard, a black 21-story apartment building completed in 2017

Fair-Haired Dumbbell, two brightly colored connected six-story towers, completed in 2017

Blake McFall Company Building; historic, home to Autodesk

Slate building, 10 stories

Eastside Exchange; historic

Union Arms Apartments; historic

Sideyard, designed by Skylab; 4 stories of cross-laminated timber, completed in 2020

Frigidaire Building

Burnside Bridge
The Burnside Bridge is a 1926-built bascule bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States, carrying Burnside Street. It is the second bridge at the same site to carry that name. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 2012.
Bildad Peak
Bildad Peak (65°49′S 62°36′W﻿ / ﻿65.817°S 62.600°W﻿ / -65.817; -62.600) is a conspicuous snow-capped peak 5 nautical miles (9 km) west of Spouter Peak on the south side of Flask Glacier in eastern Voden Heights, on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1955, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after the fictional Captain Bildad, part-owner of the whaling ship Pequod in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.

Flask Glacier
Flask Glacier (65°47′S 62°25′W﻿ / ﻿65.783°S 62.417°W﻿ / -65.783; -62.417), is a gently-sloping glacier, 25 nautical miles (46 km; 29 mi) long, flowing east from Bruce Plateau to enter Scar Inlet between Daggoo Peak and Spouter Peak in Graham Land, Antarctica. The lower reaches of this glacier were surveyed and photographed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1947. The entire glacier was photographed by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition in 1955–56, and mapped by the FIDS in 1957. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee after the third mate on the Pequod in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick; or, The White Whale.
Racial issues faced by Black quarterbacks
In gridiron football and its variants, American football and Canadian football, the quarterback position is often considered the most important on the team. While there have been a growing number of players of African or minority descent throughout the history of collegiate and professional football, Black players have historically faced difficulty in landing and retaining quarterback roles due to a number of factors. In addition, some Black quarterbacks claim to have experienced bias towards or against them due to their race. Black players as a whole are disproportionately overrepresented in the NFL, being only ~13% of the U.S. population yet 67% of NFL players are Black, with 17% of quarterbacks being Black. (As of late 2025, 50% of starting Quarterbacks in the NFL are African American.)

Kyler Murray
Kyler Cole Murray (born August 7, 1997) is an American professional football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Following one season of college football with the Texas A&M Aggies, Murray played for the Oklahoma Sooners, winning the Heisman Trophy in 2018. Murray was selected first overall by the Cardinals in the 2019 NFL draft. He was also selected ninth overall by the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the 2018 draft, making him the first player drafted in the first round of both sports.

In his first season, Murray was named NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year after setting several Cardinals franchise rookie quarterback records. He received consecutive Pro Bowl selections during his next two seasons, along with leading the Cardinals to the playoffs in 2021, their first appearance since 2015. Murray ranks fifth all-time in completion percentage with at least 1,500 pass attempts.
Grünhirscher Stollen
The Grünhirscher Stollen (also Grünhirschler Stollen or Grüne Hirschler Stollen, German: Green Stag's Adit) is an adit (German: Wasserlösungsstollen) for water drainage in Sankt Andreasberg, in the Harz mountains. It was created during mining in the Upper Harz and named after the valley Grüner Hirsch (German: Green Stag) between the mountains Galgenberg and Glockenberg. It leads from the Samson Pit to the south-west of the Galgenberg.

The first 7.1 km of the 10.2 km adit is part of the Upper Harz Water Regale and has been declared UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mining in the Upper Harz
Mining in the Upper Harz region of central Germany was a major industry for several centuries, especially for the production of silver, lead, copper, and, latterly, zinc as well. Great wealth was accumulated from the mining of silver from the 16th to the 19th centuries, as well as from important technical inventions. The centre of the mining industry was the group of seven Upper Harz mining towns of Clausthal, Zellerfeld, Sankt Andreasberg, Wildemann, Grund, Lautenthal und Altenau.
TNA Sacrifice (2026)
The 2026 Sacrifice is an upcoming professional wrestling event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. The event will take place on March 27, 2026, at the Alario Center in Westwego, Louisiana. It will air on TNA+. It will be the 17th event under the Sacrifice chronology.

TNA Impact!
TNA Impact!, also known as TNA Thursday Night Impact! or simply Impact! (stylized as iMPACT!), is an American professional wrestling television program produced by the American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) that debuted on June 4, 2004. It also features wrestlers from WWE's NXT brand due to the working relationship between the two companies.

The series currently airs every Thursday at 9 p.m. Eastern Time (ET) on AMC as well as streaming on AMC+ in the United States and TNA+ internationally, owned by its parent company Anthem Sports & Entertainment. It premiered on AMC on January 15, 2026.
Archaeosine
Archaeosine (G*), semi-systematic name 7-formamidino-7-deazaguanosine (fa7d7G), is a modified nucleoside found in the dihydrouracil loop at position 15 of tRNAs found in Archaea, and is thought to be important for the heat resistance of thermophilic archaea such as Thermococcus kodakarensis.

Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In a nucleoside, the anomeric carbon is linked through a glycosidic bond to the N9 of a purine or the N1 of a pyrimidine.  Nucleotides are the molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Paddy Kennedy (Kerry Gaelic footballer)
Paddy Kennedy (1916-1979) was a Gaelic footballer from Kerry, active in the 1930s and 1940s. He was a member of the Garda Síochána for a time, but later became a sales representative for a mineral water company and managed the Crystal Ballroom in Dublin.

Dublin Senior Football Championship
The Dublin Senior Football Championship (currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Go-Ahead Dublin Senior Football Championship) is an annual Gaelic Athletic Association competition between the top Dublin GAA clubs.

The winners of the Dublin Championship qualify to represent their county in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship, the winners of which progress to the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

The 2025 Dublin champions are  Ballyboden St Enda's who defeated Na Fianna in the final.
Daria Tsvetkova
Darya Igorevna Tsvetkova (Russian: Дарья Игоревна Цветкова; born August 29, 1995, Barnaul, Russia) is a Russian swimmer, a former world record holder in the 4×50m medley relay, and a multiple-time former Russian record holder. She holds the title of Master of Sports of Russia, International Class. She specializes in the butterfly stroke at distances of 50m and 100m, both individually and in relay events.

2013 FINA Swimming World Cup
The 2013 FINA Swimming World Cup was a series of eight, two-day, short course meets in eight cities between August and November 2013. Arena was again the title sponsor for the series, with Omega serving as official timer.