hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sandaishū
The Sandaishū (三代集) are the first three imperial anthologies of Japanese waka poetry. The Sandaishū provided both the language and organizational principles for the rest of the anthologies thereafter.  They are:

Kokin Wakashū

Gosen Wakashū

Shūi Wakashū

Kokin Wakashū
The Kokin Wakashū (古今和歌集; "Collection of Japanese Poems of Ancient and Modern Times"), commonly abbreviated as Kokinshū (古今集), is an early anthology of the waka form of Japanese poetry, dating from the Heian period. An imperial anthology, it was conceived by Emperor Uda (r. 887–897) and published by order of his son Emperor Daigo (r. 897–930) in about 905. Its finished form dates to c. 920, though according to several historical accounts the last poem was added to the collection in 914.

The compilers of the anthology were four court poets, led by Ki no Tsurayuki and also including Ki no Tomonori (who died before its completion), Ōshikōchi no Mitsune, and Mibu no Tadamine.
Features new to Windows 8
The transition from Windows 7 to Windows 8 introduced a number of new features across various aspects of the operating system.  These include a greater focus on optimizing the operating system for touchscreen-based devices (such as tablets) and cloud computing.

Groove Music
Groove Music is a discontinued audio player software application and associated music streaming service from Microsoft. Originally known as Xbox Music before rebranding to Groove Music in 2015, the app was included with Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 (as well as very early builds of Windows 11).

The music streaming service, which was called Groove Music Pass, was supported across Windows, Xbox video game consoles, Windows Phone, as well as Android and iOS. As of 2014, the Groove catalogue had over 50 million tracks. Its subscription service Groove Music Pass was officially discontinued on December 31, 2017, and the Android and iOS versions of the Groove Music app were discontinued in December 2018, restricting the player to its native Microsoft Store base.

The Groove Music software was superseded by Media Player in Windows 10 and Windows 11. The update was rolled out to Windows 10 users between January and June 2023.
Cyclone Enawo
Intense Tropical Cyclone Enawo was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2016–17 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Enawo was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike Madagascar since Gafilo in 2004, killing 78 people and causing $400 million in damages. Forming as a moderate tropical storm on 3 March, Enawo initially drifted and intensified slowly. It strengthened into a tropical cyclone on 5 March and further an intense tropical cyclone on 6 March. Enawo made landfall over Sava Region on 7 March just after reaching peak intensity, and it emerged back into the Indian Ocean as a post-tropical depression late on 9 March, before dissipating two days later. The most severe impacts were seen in the districts of Antalaha and Maroantsetra.

East Africa Time
East Africa Time (EAT) is a time zone used in eastern and central Africa, with a standard offset of UTC+03:00 from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). It is one of the most widely used time zones in Africa, adopted by countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, and others. EAT does not observe daylight saving time (DST), maintaining a consistent offset year-round due to the region's equatorial proximity, which results in minimal variation in daylight hours. In the IANA time zone database, EAT is represented by the canonical identifier Africa/Nairobi, with aliases such as Africa/Kampala and Africa/Dar_es_Salaam.

The time zone is three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00), which is the same as Moscow Time, Arabia Standard Time, Further-eastern European Time and Eastern European Summer Time.
Cape Qualified Franchise
The Cape Qualified Franchise was the system of multi-racial franchise that was adhered to in the Cape Colony, and in the Cape Province in the early years of the Union of South Africa. Qualifications for the right to vote at parliamentary elections were applied equally to all men, regardless of race.

This local system of multi-racial suffrage was later gradually restricted, and eventually abolished, under various National Party and United Party governments. In 1930 white women were enfranchised, and in 1931 property qualifications for white voters were removed. In 1936 black voters were then removed from the common voters' rolls and allowed only to elect separate members in 1936, and subsequently denied all representation in the House of Assembly in 1960. Coloured voters similarly followed in 1958 and 1970, respectively.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Patriot (video game)
Patriot is a computer wargame about the Gulf War, developed by Artech Digital Entertainment and published by Three-Sixty Pacific. It was released in 1993 for MS-DOS. The player can command either the Iraqi or Coalition forces.

Computer wargame
A computer wargame is a wargame played on a digital device. Descended from board wargaming, it simulates military conflict at the tactical, operational or strategic level. Computer wargames are both sold commercially for recreational use and, in some cases, used for military purposes.
Seaton Burn Wagonway
The Seaton Burn Wagonway (originally known as the Brunton and Shields Railway) was from 1826 to 1920 a partially horse-drawn and partially rope-operated industrial railway with a gauge of 4 ft 6 in (1,372 mm) near Newcastle upon Tyne.

Wagonway
A wagonway (or waggonway; also known as a horse-drawn railway, or horse-drawn railroad) was a method of railway transportation that preceded the steam locomotive and used horses to haul wagons. The terms plateway and tramway were also used. The advantage of wagonways was that far bigger loads could be transported with the same power compared to horse haulage along roads.
2020 Nur-Sultan Challenger
The 2020 Nur-Sultan Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2020 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan between 9 and 15 March 2020. The completion of the tournament was canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic.

2020 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2020 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2020 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 57 tournaments with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $162,480. It was the 43rd edition of challenger tournaments cycle and 12th under the name of Challenger Tour.

The Challenger Tour was suspended between 13 March and 16 August due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lega Alto Adige Südtirol
Lega Alto Adige – Südtirol (English: League Alto Adige – South Tyrol, LAAST), whose official name is Lega Alto Adige per Salvini Premier (English: League Alto Adige for Salvini Premier), is a regionalist political party active in South Tyrol. The party was a "national" section of Lega Nord (LN) from 1991 to 2020 and became the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in South Tyrol in 2020.

Like Team K and the Greens, the LAAST is an inter-ethnic party.

Greens (South Tyrol)
The Greens (Verdi–Grüne–Vërc) are a green (with eco-socialist and self-proclaimed social-democratic tendencies) political party active in South Tyrol, northern Italy. Once the provincial section of the Federation of the Greens, the party is now autonomous and often forms different alliances at the country-level, but both joined Green Europe, a coalition of green parties for the 2019 European Parliament election, and the Greens and Left Alliance, a coalition with Italian Left for the 2022 general election.

The Greens are inter-ethnic and strive to improve relations between the three language groups of the Province: Italian-, German- and Ladin-speakers. Since 2024, the party's spokespersons have been Luca Bertolini and Elide Mussner.
Maximum entropy probability distribution
In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions. According to the principle of maximum entropy, if nothing is known about a distribution except that it belongs to a certain class (usually defined in terms of specified properties or measures), then the distribution with the largest entropy should be chosen as the least-informative default. The motivation is twofold: first, maximizing entropy minimizes the amount of prior information built into the distribution; second, many physical systems tend to move towards maximal entropy configurations over time.

Moment (mathematics)
Moments of a function in mathematics are certain quantitative measures related to the shape of the function's graph. For example, if the function represents mass density, then the zeroth moment is the total mass, the first moment (normalized by total mass) is the center of mass, and the second moment is the moment of inertia. If the function is a probability distribution, then the first moment is the expected value, the second central moment is the variance, the third standardized moment is the skewness, and the fourth standardized moment is the kurtosis.

For a distribution of mass or probability on a bounded interval, the collection of all the moments (of all orders, from 0 to ∞) uniquely determines the distribution (Hausdorff moment problem). The same is not true on unbounded intervals (Hamburger moment problem).

In the mid-nineteenth century, Pafnuty Chebyshev became the first person to think systematically in terms of the moments of random variables.
Phyllonorycter apparella
Phyllonorycter apparella, the aspen leaf blotch miner moth, is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in most of Europe (except the British Isles, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Mediterranean islands). It is also present in Turkey and North America.

The wingspan is 8.5–10 mm. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Populus canescens and Populus tremula. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Each mine has one larva, and each leaf may have up to 26 mines. The frass is clumped in a corner of the mine. Pupation takes place in the mine in a white cocoon.

Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.
N23 road (Ireland)
The N23 road is a national primary road in Ireland, and is located entirely in County Kerry. The route is one of the shorter national primary routes, merely forming a link road between the N21 Limerick – Tralee route at Castleisland to the N22 Tralee – Killarney – Cork route at Farranfore. This facilitates traffic passing in the Limerick – Killarney direction or vice versa, allowing it to avoid detouring into Tralee.

Tralee
Tralee (/trəˈliː/ trə-LEE; Irish: Trá Lí, pronounced [t̪ˠɾˠaː(j) ˈl̠ʲiː]; formerly Tráigh Lí, meaning 'strand [of the River] Lee') is the county town of County Kerry in the south-west of Ireland. The town is on the northern side of the neck of the Dingle Peninsula, and is the largest town in County Kerry. The town's population was 26,079 as of the 2022 census, making it the 15th largest urban settlement in Ireland. Tralee is known for the Rose of Tralee International Festival, which has been held annually in August since 1959.
Vietnam national under-17 football team
The Vietnam national under-17 football team (Vietnamese: Đội tuyển quốc gia U17 Việt Nam), also known as National U-16–U-17 Selection Team (Vietnamese: Đội tuyển U-16–U-17 Quốc gia), represents Vietnam in football at an under-17 age level and is controlled by Vietnam Football Federation, the governing body for football in Vietnam. They are currently coached by Cristiano Roland.

AFC U-17 Asian Cup
The AFC U-17 Asian Cup, formerly known as the AFC U-16 Championship and AFC U-17 Championship, is a football competition, organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) held once every two years for Asian under-17 teams that also serves as a qualification tournament for the FIFA U-17 World Cup. The top 8 countries qualify to participate in the FIFA U-17 World Cup. Up to 2000, the tournament was for U-16 teams. Between 2002 and 2006 it was held as an under-17 tournament. Between 2008 and 2020, it was switched back to a U-16 Championship. The AFC then returned it to an under-17 tournament starting from 2023. Moreover, the tournament would also be rebranded from the "AFC U-16 Championship" to the "AFC U-17 Asian Cup".

On 24 May 2024, AFC announced that the tournament will be held annually from 2026.
Holbrooks
Holbrooks is a residential area of Coventry, West Midlands, England.

Most of the length of the four brooks which pass through the area are covered or culverted, one culvert is adjacent to the recently built housing on Watery Lane. Another brook passes through and under the grounds of Parkgate School. The brooks then head off towards the river Sherbourne and the Sowe.

Holbooks is situated some 3 mi (5 km) north-west to the city centre and was largely developed for private and council housing during the 1950s and to replace the many homes destroyed by air raids during the Second World War.

Headframe
A headframe (gallows frame, winding tower, hoist frame, pit frame, shafthead frame, headgear, headstock, poppethead) is a tall timber, steel or concrete structure above an underground mine shaft. Headframes are built to safely handle loads from mine hoisting systems and to facilitate easy movement of rock, equipment, people and materials into and out of the mine shaft. Headframes are an iconic feature of active and former mining landscapes worldwide, often becoming symbols of their mines and communities built around them.
Graham Nerlich
Graham Nerlich (23 November 1929 – 31 March 2022) was an Australian philosopher. He was an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, and his expertise was in the areas of philosophy; existence of God; meaning of life; mind and body; ethics; and philosophy of science.

Graham Nerlich was a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities Nerlich also served on the council of the International union of history and philosophy of science division of logic, methodology and philosophy of science (DLMPS) from 1987 to 1991.

Australian Academy of the Humanities
The Australian Academy of the Humanities was established by Royal Charter in 1969 to advance scholarship and public interest in the humanities in Australia. It operates as an independent not-for-profit organisation partly funded by the Australian Government.
Donskoye, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast
Donskoye (Russian: Донско́е; German: Elkinehlen; Polish: Elkinele; Lithuanian: Elkinėliai) is a rural locality (a selo) in the Ozyorsky District in the Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. Population:  27 (2010 census);

Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast
Ozyorsky District (Russian: Озёрский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the fifteen in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 877 square kilometers (339 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Ozyorsk. Population: 15,316 (2010 Census); 17,239 (2002 Census); 16,089 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Ozyorsk accounts for 30.9% of the district's total population.
Enets
The Enets (Russian: энцы, entsy; singular: энец, enets; also known as Yenetses, Entsy, Entsi, Yenisei or Yenisey Samoyeds) are a Samoyedic ethnic group who live on the east bank, near the mouth, of the Yenisei River. Historically they were nomadic people. As of 2002, most Enets lived in the village  of Potapovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai in western Siberia near the Arctic Circle. According to the 2010 Census, there are 227 Enets in Russia. In Ukraine, there were 26 Entsi in 2001, of whom 18 were capable of speaking the Enets language.

The Enets language is a Samoyedic language, formerly known as Yenisei Samoyedic (not to be confused with the Yeniseian language family, which is completely unrelated). Older generation still speaks their language, but education is in Russian and very little of Enets language is taught and the language is almost unused in everyday life.

Samoyedic peoples
The Samoyedic peoples (sometimes Samodeic peoples) are a group of closely related peoples who speak Samoyedic languages, which are part of the Uralic family. They are a linguistic, ethnic, and cultural grouping. The name derives from the obsolete term Samoyed used in the Russian Empire for some of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
Elio Gabbuggiani
Elio Gabbuggiani (17 June 1925 – 24 March 1999) was an Italian politician who served as president of the Province of Florence (1962–1970), president of the Regional Council of Tuscany (1970–1975), mayor of Florence (1975–1983), and Deputy (1983–1992).

Mayor of Florence
The mayor of Florence (Italian: sindaco di Firenze) is an elected politician who, along with the Florence City Council of 36 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Florence. The title is the equivalent of Lord Mayor in the meaning of an actual executive leader. The office of Gonfaloniere was created in 1781 by Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. It was replaced by the office of mayor in 1865, during the early Kingdom of Italy. The incumbent mayor of Florence is Sara Funaro of the Democratic Party, who was elected on 23–24 June 2024.
Manitung Island
Manitung Island is an uninhabited island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Davis Strait, southeast of Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula and north of Auyuittuq National Park Reserve. Other islands in the immediate vicinity include Alikdjuak Island, Kekertaluk Island, Nedlukseak Island, and Nudlung Island.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
Kasparov versus the World
Kasparov versus the World was a game of chess played in 1999 over the Internet.  It was a consultation game, in which a World Team of thousands decided each move for the black pieces by plurality vote, while Garry Kasparov conducted the white pieces by himself. More than 50,000 people from over 75 countries participated in the game.

The host and promoter of the match was the MSN Gaming Zone, with sponsorship from First USA bank. After 62 moves played over four months, Kasparov won the game.  The game produced a mixture of deep tactical and strategic ideas; Kasparov wrote that he had never expended as much effort on any other game in his life. He later said, "It is the greatest game in the history of chess. The sheer number of ideas, the complexity, and the contribution it has made to chess make it the most important game ever played."

Discovered attack
In chess, a discovered attack is a direct attack revealed when one piece moves out of the way of another. Discovered attacks can be extremely powerful, as the piece moved can make a threat independently of the piece it reveals.  Like many chess tactics, they often succeed because the opponent would be unable to meet two threats at once unless one of the attacked pieces can simultaneously move away from its own attack and either capture the other attacking piece or else pose a threat serious enough to buy a tempo.  While typically the consequence of a discovered attack is the gain of material, it does not have to do this to be effective; the tactic itself can be used merely to gain a tempo.  If the discovered attack is a check, it is called a discovered check.
German winter offensive in Albania (1943–1944)
The German winter offensive in Albania (Albanian: Ofensiva Gjermane e Dimrit në Shqipëri; German: Deutsche Winteroffensive in Albanien), also known as the Winter campaign (Albanian: Fushata e Dimrit; German: Winterfeldzug), was a military campaign carried out by German forces during their occupation of Albania in 1943–1944. The primary objective of this offensive was to secure southern Albania in case of a retreat. To successfully achieve this goal, the Germans needed to weaken the Albanian Partisan resistance, which had posed a significant challenge to their control in the region.

100th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)
The 100th Jäger Division (German: 100. Jäger-Division), initially designated 100th (Light) Infantry Division (100. (leichte) Infanterie-Division), was a light infantry division of the German Army during World War II. As such, it was provided with partial horse or motor transport and lighter artillery. Light divisions were reduced in size compared to standard infantry divisions. The Walloon Legion was briefly attached to this division from January 1942 to May 1942. During the latter stages of the war, the division was composed of members from most of Germany's geographic areas and Silesians from Upper Silesia.
Steven Hill (author)
Steven John Hill (born 6 June 1958) is an American writer, columnist and political reformer. He has authored several books on American politics and political reform, as well as a book on the European political economy (Europe's Promise: Why the European Way is the Best Hope in an Insecure Age).  Hill led the campaign to pass instant runoff voting in San Francisco in 2002, which was the first victory for electoral system reform in the United States since the 1950s, and was a leader in other campaigns for instant runoff voting and public financing of campaigns.  He is a cofounder of FairVote and former director of the political reform program at the New America Foundation.

Rob Richie
Robert Richie (born 1962) is an American political activist who was the president and CEO of FairVote, a non-profit organization that researches and advocates election reforms. Richie directed FairVote from its founding in 1992 until 2023, when he transitioned into the role of senior advisor.
2001 Southern Sting season
The 2001 Southern Sting season saw the Southern Sting netball team compete in the 2001 Coca-Cola Cup league season. With a team coached by Robyn Broughton, captained by Bernice Mene and featuring Reinga Bloxham, Adine Harper, Donna Loffhagen, Lesley Nicol  and Leana de Bruin (née du Plooy), Sting won their third Coca-Cola Cup title. In the semi-final, they defeated Capital Shakers 60–49. In the grand final, they defeated Canterbury Flames 47–44.

Southern Sting
Southern Sting are a former New Zealand netball team that were based in Invercargill. Between 1998 and 2007, Sting played in the Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup league. They were the league's most successful team. They played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Between 1999 and 2004, Sting won six successive titles. Ahead of the 2008 season, Sting merged with Otago Rebels to form the new ANZ Championship team, Southern Steel.