hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hwawangsansŏng
Hwawangsansŏng (Korean: 화왕산성; Hanja: 火旺山城) is an ancient Korean fortress on the mountain Hwawangsan in Changnyeong County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. On January 21, 1963, it was made Historic Site of South Korea No. 64.

The fortress was first established around the 5th century as an earthen fortification. It was rebuilt using stone during the Unified Silla period in the 9th century. The fortress was renovated several times and saw use even into the Joseon period. During the 1592–1598 Imjin War, Kwak Chaeu used the fortress. It ceased to be used by the late Joseon period. It has a circumference of 2,700 m (8,900 ft).

Historic Sites (South Korea)
Historic Sites (Korean: 사적) is a national-level designation within the heritage preservation system of South Korea for places of important historical value. It is managed by the Administrator of the Cultural Heritage Administration, under article 25 of Cultural Heritage Protection Act of South Korea.

More recent structures, namely those from the late 19th century to the 1940s, are not eligible for listing as "Historic Sites", but rather may be officially listed under the designation 'Cultural Heritage of Early Modern Times' under 'Registered Cultural Heritage'. This can be done "if they are highly valuable and on the verge of destruction or deterioration".
Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict
In the complex system approach to peace and armed conflict, the social systems of armed conflict are viewed as complex dynamical systems. The study of positive and negative feedback processes, attractors and system dimensionality, phase transitions and emergence is seen as providing improved understanding of the conflicts and of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of interventions aiming to resolve the conflicts.

Peter T. Coleman (academic)
Peter Thomas Coleman (born September 9, 1959) is a social psychologist and researcher in the field of conflict resolution and sustainable peace. Coleman is best known for his work on intractable conflicts and applying complexity science.

Coleman is a professor at Columbia University and the executive director of the Advanced Consortium on Cooperation, Conflict, and Complexity (AC4) and the Morton Deutsch International Center for Cooperation and Conflict Resolution. Coleman also serves on the faculty in the Negotiation and Conflict Resolution masters program at Columbia's School of Professional Studies. He also co-founded the Institute for Psychological Science and Practice.
Filipino orthography
Filipino orthography (Filipino: Ortograpiyang Filipino, Palatitikang Filipino) specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.

In 2013, the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino released the Ortograpiyang Pambansa (“National Orthography”), a new set of guidelines for writing the Filipino language.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Lambton, Quebec
Lambton is a municipality of about 1600 people in Le Granit Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada.

Lambton is mostly rural and agricultural area with some business on the two main roads in town.

Le Granit Regional County Municipality
Le Granit (French pronunciation: [lə ɡʁanit], lit. 'The Granite') is a regional county municipality in the Estrie region of eastern Quebec, Canada. Located directly south of Quebec City, it borders the region of Chaudière-Appalaches, as well as the US states of New Hampshire and Maine. It is named for its abundance of granite. Created in 1982, Le Granit's seat is Lac-Mégantic.
Opostega salaciella
Opostega salaciella is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is found in Europe.

The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are white; sometimes an indistinct yellowish fascia towards apex, often entirely absent. Hindwings whitish-grey.

A small snow-white moth. The first joint of the antennae is greatly expanded and forms an "eyelid" over the compound eye. The antennae is filamentous, light brown and about 4/5 as long as the forewing. The innermost, greatly expanded joint is snow-white. The head, forebody, and wings are all gleaming white. In the outer part of the forewing (where the wing fringes begin) there may be a faint, yellowish transverse stripe that does not reach all the way to the leading edge. The hind body is brownish-grey with a white tail tassel.
 
The moths fly boldly towards dusk, and come freely to lamps, from June to July depending on the location. It prefers dry open habitats.

The larvae feed on Rumex acetosella,  probably inside the stems.

Opostegidae
Opostegidae or "white eyecap moths" is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera that is characterised by particularly large eyecaps over the compound eyes (see also Nepticulidae, Bucculatricidae, Lyonetiidae). Opostegidae are most diverse in the New World tropics (83 described species, representing 42% of the world total).

These small, whitish moths are probably miners in plant stems. Examples of host plants used in Europe are Lycopus, Mentha and Rumex, but their biology is poorly known. The subfamily Oposteginae comprises 87 described species and Opostegoidinae includes 15 described species.
Frank Hinde
Frank Langford Hinde (5 April 1869 – 22 August 1931) was an Irish-born English cricketer. Hinde was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Rathfarnham, Leinster.

Hinde made a single first-class debut for Gloucestershire against Sussex in the 1895 County Championship at the County Ground, Hove. Gloucestershire won the toss and elected to bat first, making 151 all out, with Hinde batting at number three and being dismissed for 2 runs by Arthur Collins. In response, Sussex made 213 all out in their first-innings, to which Gloucestershire responded in their second-innings by making 146 all out, during which Hinde, who batted at number six in this innings, was dismissed for 3 runs by Collins. Set 85 to win, Sussex reached their target with six wickets to spare.

He died at Reigate, Surrey, on 22 August 1931.

Arthur Collins (cricketer)
Arthur Collins (7 September 1871 – 22 July 1945) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Sussex between 1895 and 1902. He appeared in 53 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who bowled left-arm orthodox spin.

An opening batsman, Collins made his only first-class century against Gloucestershire in June 1900, when he scored 22 and 102. Later that month, on a difficult pitch at Eastbourne, he batted for 195 minutes while top-scoring with 29 in a team total of 108 against Essex. He missed the 1901 season after contracting typhoid fever. In Sussex's two matches against Gloucestershire in 1896, he dismissed W. G. Grace twice with his spin bowling, though Grace scored 547 runs in the two matches.
Zabłocie, Radomsko County
Zabłocie [zaˈbwɔt͡ɕɛ] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kodrąb, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Kodrąb, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Radomsko, and 76 km (47 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Kodrąb, Łódź Voivodeship
Kodrąb [ˈkɔdrɔmp] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kodrąb. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) east of Radomsko and 77 km (48 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
S10 (Berlin)
The S10 was a line number used by the Berlin S-Bahn from June 1991 until December 1999. The line operated solely in the former East Berlin and was replaced by the S8 for the northern part of the route and the S47/S9 for the southern routing.

S4 (Berlin)
The S4 line number was used by the Berlin S-Bahn between December 1997 and June 2002. The line acted as a temporary route for the re-opened parts of the Berlin S-Bahn ring (Ringbahn in German) until the complete ring was fully re-opened in June 2002. The ring is now served by lines S41 (clockwise) and S42 (counter-clockwise).
Haniwa horse from Kamichūjō
The haniwa horse (Japanese: 埴輪馬) from Kamichūjō (上中条) is a horse-shaped haniwa from the area of that name in Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Now at Tokyo National Museum, it is of particular significance for its detailed rendering of contemporary horse tack and has been designated an Important Cultural Property.

Kura (saddle)
Kura (鞍) is the generic name for the Japanese saddle. The word "kura" is most commonly associated with the saddle used by the samurai class of feudal Japan. Over time the Japanese added elements of their own until the Japanese saddle became an identifiable style, also known as the samurai saddle.
Russo-Crimean Wars
The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Tsardom of Russia and the Crimean Khanate during the 16th century over the region around the Volga River.

In the 16th century, the Wild Steppes in Russia were exposed to the Khanate. During the wars, the Crimean Khanate (supported by the Ottoman army) invaded central Russia, devastated Ryazan, and burned Moscow. However, the next year they were defeated in the Battle of Molodi. Despite the defeat, the raids continued. As a result, the Crimean Khanate was invaded several times, and conquered in the late 18th century. The Tatars eventually lost their influence in the regions.

The raids began shortly after the establishment of the Russian buffer state, Qasim Khanate, and the domination of Russia in the Russo-Kazan Wars of the late 15th century.

Devlet I Giray
Devlet I Giray (1512–1577, r. 1551–1577, Crimean Tatar: I Devlet Geray, دولت كراى; Taht Alğan Devlet Geray, تخت آلغان دولت كراى) was Khan of Crimea from 1551 to 1577. Events during his reign included the fall of Kazan to Russia in 1552, the fall of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia in 1556, and the burning of Moscow by the Crimean Tatars in 1571. Another notable event was the defeat of the Crimeans near Moscow in 1572. Cossack raids into the Crimea were also common during his reign.
WHBN
WHBN (1420 AM) is a country music–formatted radio station licensed to Harrodsburg, Kentucky, United States. The station is owned by Hometown Broadcasting as part of a triopoly with Danville–licensed news/talk station WHIR (1230 AM) and Lancaster–licensed hot adult contemporary station WRNZ (105.1 FM). All three stations share studios on Shakertown Road (KY 33) north of Danville, while its transmitter is located along Bellow Mills Road southeast of Harrodsburg.

Harrodsburg, Kentucky
Harrodsburg is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Mercer County, Kentucky, United States.  The population was 9,064 at the 2020 census.

Although Harrodsburg was formally established by the Virginia House of Burgesses after Boonesborough and was not incorporated by the Kentucky legislature until 1836, President Franklin D. Roosevelt honored it as the oldest permanent American settlement west of the Appalachians.
Gmina Józefów
Gmina Józefów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Józefów, which lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of Biłgoraj and 92 km (57 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 126.46 square kilometres (48.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,266 (out of which the population of Józefów amounts to 2,450, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 4,816).

The gmina contains parts of the protected areas called Krasnobród Landscape Park and Puszcza Solska Landscape Park.

Józefów, Biłgoraj County
Józefów (Polish: [juˈzɛfuf]), also called Józefów Biłgorajski, Józefów Ordynacki, is a town in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,436 inhabitants (2006). It lies on the Niepryszka River, in historic Lesser Poland, among the hills of Roztocze, and Solska Forest. The distance to Biłgoraj is 24 km (15 mi), to Zamość 30 km (19 mi), and to Lublin - 92 km (57 mi).
Agfa-Commando
48°06′25″N 11°35′36″E﻿ / ﻿48.106861°N 11.593361°E﻿ / 48.106861; 11.593361

Agfa-Commando is the widely used name for the München-Giesing - Agfa Kamerawerke satellite camp of the Dachau concentration camp. By October 1944, the camp housed about five hundred women. They were used as slave laborers in the Agfa camera factory (part of the IG Farben group) in München-Giesing, a suburb on the S.W. side of Munich 14 miles (23 km) from the main camp of Dachau. The women assembled ignition timing devices for bombs, artillery ammunition and V-1 and V-2 rockets; they used every opportunity to sabotage the production. In January 1945, citing the lack of food, the prisoners conducted a strike, an unheard-of action in a concentration camp.  Production ended on 23 April 1945 and the women marched toward Wolfratshausen, where their commander eventually surrendered to advancing American troops.

Agfa-Gevaert
Agfa-Gevaert N.V. (Agfa) is a Belgian-German multinational corporation that develops, manufactures, and distributes analogue and digital imaging products, software, and systems.

The company began as a dye manufacturer in 1867. In 1925, the company merged with several other German chemical companies to become chemicals giant IG Farben. AGFA was reconstituted (as a subsidiary of Bayer) from the remnants of IG Farben in 1952.

Agfa photographic film and cameras were once prominent consumer products. In 2004, the consumer imaging division was sold to a company founded via management buyout. AgfaPhoto GmbH, as the new company was called, filed for bankruptcy after a year, and its brands are now licensed to other companies by AgfaPhoto Holding GmbH, a holding firm. Today Agfa-Gevaert's commerce is 100% business-to-business.
Official Historian of Puerto Rico
The Official Historian of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Historiador Oficial de Puerto Rico) is the Chief Historian of the Office of the Official Historian of Puerto Rico, and is tasked with preserving the history of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

Salvador Brau
Salvador Brau y Asencio (January 11, 1842 – November 5, 1912) was a Puerto Rican journalist, poet, dramatist, novelist, historian, and sociologist. He was designated the official historian of Puerto Rico by the first American-appointed governor of the island.
Rhynchogastremaceae
The Rhynchogastremaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family currently contains two genera. Some species produce filamentous sexual states with septate basidia and are parasites of other fungi. Most, however, are only known from their yeast states.

Tremellales
The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous.

The order currently comprises 11 families, containing around 250 valid species. Significant genera include Tremella, one species of which is edible and commercially cultivated, and the yeast genus Cryptococcus, several species of which are human pathogens.
Foailuga
Foailuga is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Palauli and the electoral district of Palauli 1. The population is 576. Spanning a 9.466 km² Area with beautiful hidden beaches and local fresh water holes.

Foailuga is near the other villages of Foailalo and Satuiatua.

Many of the villagers have emigrated overseas, mainly to the United States and New Zealand. Like the rest of Samoa, Foailuga is governed at a local level by chiefs (matai) with support from the women's committee in the village. Life remains relatively traditional with subsistence living from food and crops grown in plantations as well as fishing.

The people of Foailuga are mainly Methodist and Mormon. Sports include volleyball, basketball, and kilikiti, Samoan cricket. There is only two local family owned stalls/shops that service the basic needs of the village.

Satuiatua
Satuiatua is a village on the island of Savai'i in Samoa. It is situated on the south coast of the island in the district of Palauli and the electoral district of Palauli 1. The population is 291.

The Satuiatua Beach Fales was one of the first locally owned tourism ventures on the island and attracted all types of visitors, especially surfers, for the reef break off the coast.
Thomas Oakley (British politician)
Thomas Oakley (1879 – 4 April 1936) was a British electrician and politician. He became a prominent working-class Conservative in St Pancras, and later served a single term in Parliament representing The Wrekin constituency. An energetic man, he devoted much of his time to work with the Hearts of Oak Benefit Society, a friendly society. In politics he campaigned for the abolition of betting duty and against the creation of the Horserace Totalisator Board.

Euston Road
Euston Road is a road in Central London that runs from Marylebone Road to King's Cross. The route is part of the London Inner Ring Road and forms part of the London congestion charge zone boundary. It is named after Euston Hall, the family seat of the Dukes of Grafton, who had become major property owners in the area during the mid-19th century.

The road was originally the central section of New Road from Paddington to Islington which opened in 1756 as London's first bypass. It provided a route along which to drive cattle to Smithfield Market avoiding central London. Traffic increased when major railway stations, including Euston, opened in the mid-19th century and led to the road's renaming in 1857. Euston Road was widened in the 1960s to cater for the increasing demands of motor traffic, and the Euston Tower was built around that time. The road contains several significant buildings including the Wellcome Library, the British Library and the St Pancras Renaissance London Hotel.
History of the National Park Service
Since 1872 the United States National Park System has grown from a single, public reservation called Yellowstone National Park to include 431 natural, historical, recreational, and cultural areas throughout the United States, its territories, and island possessions. These areas include 63 National Parks as well as National Monuments, National Memorials, National Military Parks, National Historic Sites, National Parkways, National Recreation Areas, National Seashores, National Scenic Riverways, and National Scenic Trails.

Jackson Hole National Monument
On March 15, 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Presidential Proclamation 2578 establishing a large swath of land east of the Teton National Park as a national monument. The area of land covered 221,610 acres (89,680 ha). The majority of the land was National Forest, but 32,117 acres (12,997 ha) of the monument were donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) were privately owned ranches. This proclamation incited a controversy in Teton County, Wyoming that caused immediate pushback from western congressmen who saw the act as a violation of state sovereignty.
Violin Concerto (Adams)
The Violin Concerto by the American composer John Adams was written in 1993. Its premiere was on January 19, 1994, by Jorja Fleezanis with the Minnesota Orchestra, conducted by Edo de Waart, at the Ordway Music Theater, Saint Paul, Minnesota.

The piece was co-commissioned by the New York City Ballet, leading to a strong sense of rhythm throughout the entire work. For it, Adams received the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition.

A typical performance lasts around 35 minutes.

The Violin Concerto has been described as "the most original approach to the genre since the Alban Berg Concerto".

Violin Concerto (Berg)
Alban Berg's Violin Concerto was written in 1935. It is probably Berg's best-known and most frequently performed piece. In it, Berg sought to reconcile diatonicism and dodecaphony. The work was commissioned by Louis Krasner, and dedicated by Berg to "the memory of an angel". It was the last work he completed. Krasner performed the solo part in the premiere at the Palau de la Música Catalana, Barcelona, in April 1936, four months after the composer's death.
Cumbres de Majalca National Park
The Cumbres de Majalca National Park is a national park in the Mexican state of Chihuahua located 88 km northwest of the city of Chihuahua. The park showcases extraordinary rock formations that have been shaped by wind and water erosion. The park was created by presidential decree in 1939 encompassing 4,772 hectares to protect the endemic flora and fauna. The park is characterized by pine and oak forest. It is also one of the few areas in Mexico that are inhabited by black bear.

The park is frequented by residents of the state capital city. The area is popular with rock climbers, hikers, and campers; there are 53 km of roads for hiking and mountain biking. Camping including backcountry camping is permitted and there are rental cabins available. Access to the park is by federal highway number 45 that goes from Chihuahua to Ciudad Juárez.

Arizona woodpecker
The Arizona woodpecker (Leuconotopicus arizonae) is a woodpecker native to southern Arizona and New Mexico and the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico. The species' northernmost range in southeastern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico, and northern Sonora is the region of the Madrean Sky Islands, a region of higher Sonoran Desert mountain ranges.
MRTC 3000 class
The MRTC 3000 class, also known as the  Tatra RT8D5M, is the class of first-generation high-floor uni-directional light rail vehicles in use on the Manila MRT Line 3 and built by Czech tram manufacturer ČKD Tatra. The LRVs are owned and operated by the Department of Transportation (DOTr).

Until 2025, the RT8D5M LRVs were owned by the Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC) pursuant to its build-lease-transfer contract with the DOTr. These were also the last vehicles made by ČKD Tatra before it was taken over by Siemens.

Bogie
A bogie (/ˈboʊɡi/ BOH-ghee) (or truck in North American English) comprises two or more wheelsets (two wheels on an axle), in a frame, attached under a vehicle by a pivot. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as for a dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange). It may include suspension components within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as are most bogies of tracked vehicles). It may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies).

Although bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries, bogey and bogy are also used.