hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cultured dextrose
Cultured dextrose is a food additive used to inhibit the growth of undesirable bacteria and mold in food. Often used in place of benzoates and sorbates, it is considered by some consumers to be a more "natural" ingredient, because it is prepared by the fermentation of milk or sugar powders by the probiotic bacteria Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Lactococcus lactis, both of which are extensively used in the production of cheese and other dairy products.

Cultured dextrose consists of a  mixture of fermentation metabolites, including butyric, propionic and lactic acids and small peptides.   As sold, it is an off-white powder.

Cultured dextrose is marketed under several trade names including bioVONTAGE from Third Wave Bioactives and MicroGARD by Danisco, a unit of DuPont.  These ingredients are used in a range of foods including dairy products, salad dressings, and baked goods.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.
McKeesport Area High School
McKeesport Area High School is a public high school located in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, United States. The school, which is located at 1960 Eden Park Boulevard, serves students from Dravosburg, McKeesport, South Versailles, Versailles, and White Oak. The school is a member of The Consortium for Public Education, which is a member of the Public Education Network.

Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association
The Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, Inc. (PIAA) is the primary governing body of high school and middle school athletics in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. PIAA's main office is located in the Harrisburg suburb of Mechanicsburg.
Leiden Lammenschans railway station
Leiden Lammenschans is a railway station in Leiden, Netherlands. The station, designed by Koen van der Gaast, was opened on 18 May 1961. It is served by trains running between Leiden Centraal and Utrecht Centraal, and by RijnGouweLijn trains running between Leiden Centraal and Gouda at peak hours.

Leiden Lammenschans was named after the nearby fortification Schans Lammen, the encampment of the Spanish troops during the Siege of Leiden in 1573 and 1574.

Gouda railway station
Gouda is a railway station in Gouda, Netherlands. The station opened on 21 May 1855 when the Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (Dutch Rijn Railway Company) opened the Utrecht–Rotterdam railway. The Gouda–Den Haag railway to The Hague was opened in 1870, and the connection to Alphen a/d Rijn in 1934.

Trains running between Den Haag Centraal / Rotterdam Centraal and Utrecht Centraal call at the station, as well as the RijnGouweLijn connection to Alphen a/d Rijn.

In November 1944, during World War II, the strategically located railway station was bombed by the Royal Air Force. The main building of the railway station was severely damaged; traces of the bombing are visible to this day on platforms 3 and 5. In 1948 a new building was constructed out of the remaining first floor of the old building. This was replaced by the current building in 1984. In 2022 the building and related nearby infrastructure were renovated.
Clanwilliam (County Limerick)
Clanwilliam (Irish: Clann Liam) is a barony in County Limerick, Ireland. According to Patrick Weston Joyce, the name Clanwilliam derives from the descendants (clan) of William de Burgh, founder of the Burke dynasty; similarly for the Tipperary barony of Clanwilliam.

Clanwilliam is bordered by the baronies of Owneybeg to the east, Coonagh to the southeast, and Smallcounty to the south; to the west are Pubblebrien, Limerick City and the North Liberties. To the north across the River Shannon is County Clare; to the northeast is County Tipperary.

Settlements in the barony include Castleconnell, Caherconlish, Garryowen, Barringtonsbridge, Janesboro, and Monaleen.

Pubblebrien
Pubblebrien (Irish: Pobal Bhriain) is a historical barony in northern County Limerick, Ireland.

Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.
KVTR
KVTR (1590 AM, "Qué Buena 106.1 FM") is a commercial radio station that is licensed to Victorville, California and serves the Victor Valley area. The station is owned by RuDex Broadcasting and broadcasts a regional Mexican music format branded as "Qué Buena 106.1 FM", referring to its three-watt FM translator K291CM on 106.1 MHz in Victorville.

Victorville, California
Victorville is a city in the Victor Valley in San Bernardino County, California. Its population as of the 2020 census was 134,810.

Victorville is the principal city of a Victor Valley–based urban area defined by the United States Census Bureau: the Victorville–Hesperia–Apple Valley urban area had a population of 355,816 as of the 2020 census, making it the 117th largest in the United States.
Agaricia tenuifolia
Agaricia tenuifolia, commonly known as thin leaf lettuce coral, is a species of colonial stony coral in the family Agariciidae. This coral is found in shallow waters in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico.

Agariciidae
The Agariciidae are a family of reef-building stony corals. This family includes cactus corals, plate corals, and lettuce corals. Members of the family include symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae in their tissues which help provide their energy requirements.
2012 NCAA Division II baseball tournament
The 2012 NCAA Division II baseball tournament was the postseason tournament hosted by the NCAA to determine the national champion of baseball among its Division II members at the end of the 2012 NCAA Division II baseball season.

The final, eight-team double elimination tournament, also known as the College World Series, was played at the USA Baseball National Training Complex in Cary, North Carolina from May 26–June 2, 2012.

West Chester defeated Delta State in the championship game, 9–0, to claim the Golden Rams' first Division II national title.

NCAA Division II baseball tournament
The NCAA Division II baseball tournament (formerly the NCAA College Division baseball tournament) is an annual college baseball tournament held at the culmination of the spring regular season and which determines the NCAA Division II college baseball champion.

The initial rounds of the tournament are held on campus sites, and, since 2009, the NCAA Division II Baseball National Finals have been held at the USA Baseball National Training Complex in Cary, North Carolina with the complex earning the bid to host through at least the 2026 championship. University of Mount Olive and Town of Cary are co-hosts of the National Finals.

Tampa has been the most successful program, with ten titles, including seven since 2006. Florida Southern is the second best with nine.
Sarantaporos (Epirus)
The Sarantaporos (Greek: Σαραντάπορος, Albanian: Sarandapor) is a river in northwestern Greece and southern Albania. It is a right tributary of the river Vjosa, which flows into the Adriatic Sea. Its length is 50 km (31 mi), of which the final approx. 10 km (6.2 mi) form the border between Greece and Albania. Its source is between the mountain ranges Gramos and Voio, in the Kastoria regional unit. The Sarantaporos flows through the municipal units Arrenes, Mastorochoria and Konitsa in Greece, and the municipalities Qendër Leskovik and Çarshovë in Albania. Its basin area is 870 km2 (340 sq mi), and its year-average discharge is 6.93 m3 (245 cu ft) per second.

Mastorochoria
Mastorochoria (Greek: Μαστοροχώρια) is a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Konitsa, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 271.160 km2. Population 851 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Pyrsogianni.
John Fox Slater House
The John F. Slater House, also known as the Elks Club, is a historic building in Norwich, Connecticut.

It was built in brick for John Fox Slater around either 1827 or 1843. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as part of the Downtown Norwich Historic District as "the most elaborate Greek Revival building in the downtown", and it is fronted by a monumental Corinthian portico. The design of the house has been attributed to John Bishop, a builder from New London who was responsible for the Huntington Street Baptist Church. The house was later owned by the local lodge of Elks, who used the building as their clubhouse. In 1914-15 they built a large but complementary rear addition, designed by architects Cudworth & Woodworth and contractors Doyle & Murphy, the same team that would build the Willimantic Elks Club ten years later.

The building was vacant as of January 2014.

Huntington Street Baptist Church
The Huntington Street Baptist Church is a historic Baptist Church meeting house at 29 Huntington Street in New London, Connecticut. Built in 1843 by John Bishop, who also designed it, it is one of the last major examples of Greek Revival architecture to be built in the city. The church was built by a Universalist congregation and then purchased by a Baptist one. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. As of 2017, the church is still in use as a Baptist house of worship.
2002 NCAA men's volleyball tournament
The 2002 NCAA men's volleyball tournament was the 33rd annual tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA men's collegiate indoor volleyball. The single elimination tournament was played at Rec Hall in University Park, Pennsylvania during May 2002.

Hawaiʻi defeated Pepperdine in the final match, 3–1 (29–31, 31–29, 30–21, 30–24), to win their first national title. However, the NCAA Committee on Infractions ultimately vacated the Rainbow Warriors' tournament appearance, wins, and championship. The championship was not reawarded to Pepperdine. Hawaiʻi (24–8) was coached by Mike Wilton.

Hawaiʻi's Costas Theocharidis was originally named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. However, this award was revoked when Hawaiʻi's title was vacated by the NCAA. Additionally, Theocharidis and teammate Tony Ching were both removed from the six-man All Tournament Team.

NCAA men's volleyball tournament
The NCAA men's volleyball tournament, officially titled the NCAA national collegiate men's volleyball championship, is an annual competition that determines the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship in American college men's volleyball. It had been the only NCAA championship in the sport from 1970 until 2012, when the NCAA launched a Division III championship.

Unlike most NCAA sports, men's volleyball uses a modified version of the National Collegiate championship format, which means Division I and Division II teams compete against each other in the same tournament.

In the past, schools from the Pacific Coast region have dominated this sport, in particular UCLA with coach Al Scates leading the program to 19 NCAA titles (more than any other coach).
Pelomonas aquatica
Pelomonas aquatica is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Pelomonas in the family  Comamonadaceae. Colonies of P. aquatica are yellowish in color and dark and opaque.

Comamonadaceae
The Comamonadaceae are a family of the Betaproteobacteria. Like all Pseudomonadota, they are Gram-negative. They are aerobic and most of the species are motile via flagella. The cells are curved rod-shaped.
Aggrecanase
Aggrecanases are extracellular proteolytic enzymes that are members of the ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin Motifs) family. Aggrecanases act on large proteoglycans known as aggrecans, which are components of connective tissues such as cartilage. The inappropriate activity of aggrecanase is a mechanism by which cartilage degradation occurs in diseases such as arthritis. At least two forms of aggrecanase exist in humans: ADAMTS4 or aggrecanase-1 and ADAMTS5 or aggrecanase-2. Both proteins contain thrombospondin (TS) motifs required for proper recognition of substrates. Although both proteins can cleave the substrate aggrecan at the same position, they differ in kinetics and in secondary cleavage sites.

ADAMTS4
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS4 gene.

This gene encodes a member of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) protein family. Members of the family share several distinct protein modules, including a propeptide region, a metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain, and a thrombospondin type 1 (TS) motif. Individual members of this family differ in the number of C-terminal TS motifs, and some have unique C-terminal domains. The enzyme encoded by this gene lacks a C-terminal TS motif. It can degrade aggrecan, a major proteoglycan of cartilage, brevican, a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein, neurocan and versican. The cleavage of aggrecan and brevican suggests key roles of this enzyme in arthritic disease and in the central nervous system, potentially, in the progression of glioma.
Princess Safariya Samar Al-Siraj
Princess Safariya Samar Al-Siraj  (born 1904), was a royal princess of Afghanistan.

She was born to Habibullah Khan (r. 1901–1919) and Sarwar Sultana Begum, and the sister of king Amanullah Khan (r. 1919–1929).

She married in 1920 to Field Marshal H.R.H. Sardar Shah Wali Khan Ghazi.

In 1919, her brother succeeded to the throne, and launched a radical modernization of Afghanistan. The royal harem was dissolved and its slaves manumitted. The modernization included a change in women's position. This change was supported by the king's mother, and his queen Soraya Tarzi and his sisters acted as role models by unveiling, adopting Western fashion and taking on public roles.

In 1929, however, her brother was deposed and exiled, and his reforms in favor of women's rights were reverted, resulting in women returning to purdah for another twenty years.

Habibullah Khan
Habibullah Khan Barakzai GCB GCMG (2 July 1872 – 20 February 1919) was the Emir of Afghanistan from 1901 until his assassination in 1919 by Shuja al-Dawla Ghorbandi. He was the eldest son of the Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, whom he succeeded by right of primogeniture in October 1901. His grandfather was Mohammad Afzal Khan.
Koryak Okrug
Koryak Okrug (Russian: Корякский округ, IPA: [kɐˈrʲakskʲɪj ˈokrʊk]; Koryak: Чав’чываокруг, romanized: Caw’cywaokrug), or Koryakia (/kɔːrˈjækiə/; Russian: Корякия, IPA: [kɐˈrʲækʲɪjə]), was an administrative division with a special status within Kamchatka Krai, Russia. It was a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Kamchatka Oblast) from 1931 until July 1, 2007, when it merged with Kamchatka Oblast. Prior to the merger, it was called Koryak Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Корякский автономный округ). Its administrative center was the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Palana. Population:  18,759 (2010 census); 25,157 (2002 census); 39,363 (1989 Soviet census).

Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Autonomous okrugs, (Russian: автономный округ, romanized: avtonomnyy okrug) which are also referred to as "autonomous districts" or "autonomous areas" are a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation and simultaneously an administrative division type of some federal subjects. As of 2024, Russia has four autonomous okrugs of its 83 federal subjects. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the only okrug which is not subordinate to an oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a part of Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are parts of Tyumen Oblast.

According to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, in case of a union republic voting on leaving the Soviet Union, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve whether they will stay in the USSR or leave with the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.
Sadhana Aushadhalaya
Sadhana Aushadhalaya Ltd. is an ayurvedic company in Bangladesh. Founded in 1914 by Jogesh Chandra Ghosh, it was the first laboratory for the manufacture of ayurvedic medicine in Bangladesh.

The headquarters of the company is located on two acres of land in Gendaria under Old Dhaka. It has 68 sales centers in Bangladesh and has branches in India. There were once about 450 types of drugs, but currently only 120 are prepared.

Gendaria Thana
Gendaria (Bengali: গেন্ডারিয়া) is a Thana of Dhaka District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Its area is 1.83 square kilometres (0.71 sq mi). The name is a portmanteau of original name Grand Area, still found in deeds prior to 1950s.
2015–16 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Arizona Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Arizona during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by seventh-year head coach Sean Miller, and played their home games at McKale Center in Tucson, Arizona as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. They finished the season 25–9, 12–6 in Pac-12 play to tie with California for third place. They defeated Colorado in the quarterfinals of the Pac-12 tournament to advance to the semifinals where they lost to Oregon. Arizona received an at-large bid to the fourth-straight NCAA tournament, the program's 31st appearance, as a 6-seed in the South Region. They lost in the first round to Wichita State.

2015–16 California Golden Bears men's basketball team
The 2015–16 California Golden Bears men's basketball team represented the University of California, Berkeley in the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was Cuonzo Martin's second year as head coach at California. The Golden Bears played their home games at Haas Pavilion as members of the Pac-12 Conference. They finished the season 23–11, 12–6 in Pac-12 play to finish in a tie for third place. They defeated Oregon State in the quarterfinals of the Pac-12 tournament to advance to the semifinals where they lost to Utah. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they lost in the first round to Hawaii.
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, also called the Medicare Modernization Act or MMA, is a federal law of the United States, enacted in 2003. It produced the largest overhaul of Medicare in the public health program's 38-year history.

The MMA was signed by President George W. Bush on December 8, 2003, after passing in Congress by a close margin.

Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse, from drug abuse to practising medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.

In North America, ℞, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "recipe" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take". Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a monograph (in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug.

The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s.
Paula Pequeno
Paula Renata Marques Pequeno, better known as Paula Pequeno (born January 22, 1982), is a Brazilian two-time Olympic gold medal winning volleyball player. She was born in Brasília, Distrito Federal. She plays for Vôlei Bauru.

Osasco Voleibol Clube
Osasco Voleibol Clube is a professional women's volleyball club, based in Osasco, São Paulo (state), Brazil.  It includes volleyball teams for females of all ages, children through adult. Since the 2021-22 season the club plays under the name Osasco/São Cristóvão Saúde.
Piha Stream
Piha Stream is a stream of the Auckland Region of New Zealand's North Island. It flows westwards from its sources in the Waitākere Ranges through Piha village, and enters the Tasman Sea south of Lion Rock.

Pouched lamprey
The pouched lamprey (Geotria australis), also known as the piharau in New Zealand's North Island, korokoro, kanakana in the South Island, or wide-mouthed lamprey, is a species in the genus Geotria, which is the only genus in the family Geotriidae. The second species in the genus is the Argentinian lamprey (Geotria macrostoma), which was revalidated as a separate species in 2020. The pouched lamprey is native to the southern hemisphere. It spends the early part of its life in fresh water, migrating to the sea as an adult, and returning to fresh water to spawn and die.
Tamar Gurju Khatun
Tamar Gurju Khatun (Georgian: გურჯი-ხათუნი, romanized: gurji-khatuni; also Gürgü Hatun, fl. 1237-1286) was a Georgian royal princess from the Bagrationi dynasty and principal consort of the Sultanate of Rum as the favorite wife of sultan Kaykhusraw II, whom she married after the death of Muhammad II of Khwarazm in 1237. After his death in 1246 she married the Anatolian strongman Mu'in al-Din Parwana. She was the mother of sultan Kayqubad II and patron to Rumi.

Her title Gurju Khatun means "Georgian Lady" in Turkic languages.

Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Turkish: Selçuklular, Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars, in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
Quartiere Varesina
Quartiere Varesina is a small district, quartiere, of Milan, located in the suburban north-west part of the city. It belongs on the Zone 8 administrative division of the city.

Its name derived from Strada della Varesina, meaning Road for Varese, the pre-alpine city 50 km. at north of Milan.

Cimitero Maggiore di Milano
The Cimitero Maggiore di Milano ("Greater Cemetery of Milan"), also known as Cimitero di Musocco ("Musocco Cemetery"), is the largest cemetery of Milan, Italy.  It is located in Zone 8, in the Musocco district (formerly a comune of its own), not far from the Garegnano Charterhouse.  The cemetery has an overall area of 678,624 m2 (including 80,000 m2 of green space) with over 500,000 graves.