hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Income approach
The income approach  is a real estate appraisal valuation method. It is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches, used by appraisers.  It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal.  The fundamental math is similar to the methods used for financial valuation, securities analysis, or bond pricing.  However, there are some significant and important modifications when used in real estate or business valuation.

While there are quite a few acceptable methods under the rubric of the income approach, most of these methods fall into three categories:  direct capitalization, discounted cash flow, and gross income multiplier.

Discounted cash flow
The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, in financial analysis, is a method used to value a security, project, company, or asset, that incorporates the time value of money. 
Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, corporate financial management, and patent valuation. Terminal value often represents a large share of total value and is highly sensitive to growth and discount rate assumptions. Enterprise DCF commonly uses free cash flow to the firm and a continuing value beyond the explicit forecast horizon.Used in industry as early as the 1800s, it was widely discussed in financial economics in the 1960s, and U.S. courts began employing the concept in the 1980s and 1990s.
Log Kia Kahengay
Log Kia Kahengay (Urdu: لوگ کیا کہیں گے, lit. 'What Will People Say?') is a 2019 Pakistani television soap opera which aired on Hum TV. It is produced by Momina Duraid under MD Productions, directed by Adeel Qamar Khan and written by Rizwana Princes. It has debutants Komal Meer, Ameer Gilani and Sabeena Farooq in leads.

Pakistani dramas
Pakistani dramas, or Pakistani serials, are televised serials produced in Pakistan. Although most of the serials are produced in Urdu, an increasing number are produced in other Pakistani languages such as Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi and Balochi. One of Pakistan's oldest television dramas is the Urdu serial Khuda Ki Basti, which aired in 1969. Pakistani dramas, like serials elsewhere, reflect the country's culture. According to critics, the decades of 1970s and 1980s are considered to be the golden age of Pakistani serials.

In 2016, a Dawn News report estimated that the five major entertainment channels combined produce around 80 dramas every year, with an average of 16 dramas per channel.

They have helped to attract viewers nationwide to television. The serials are widely popular in South Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
Thrace (mythology)
Thrace (/θreɪs/; Modern Greek: Θράκη Thráki;) or Thraike in Greek mythology, was the eponymous heroine and sorceress of Thrace. She was the daughter of Oceanus and Parthenope, and sister of Europa. Some of her half-sisters were Asia and Libya.

Libya (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Libya, Libye, Lybie or Lybee (Ancient Greek: Λιβύη, romanized: Libúē or Λυβίη, Lybiē) was a name shared by two individuals:

Libya, daughter of the Titan Oceanus and Pompholyge, and the sister of Asia. In one account, Libya was the consort of the sea god Triton and by him the mother of various nymphs, probably including the Tritonian nymph who bore Nasamon and Caphaurus to Amphitemis.

Libya, a princess of Egypt as the daughter of King Epaphus. She became the mother of Belus and Agenor by Poseidon, the god of the sea.  Some sources describe her as the mother of Lamia. The ancient Greeks considered her the origin of the name of the place Libya.
Gig worker
Gig workers are independent contractors, online platform workers, contract firm workers, on-demand workers, and temporary workers. Gig workers enter into formal agreements with on-demand companies to provide services to the company's clients. They are part of the gig economy.

In many countries, the legal classification of gig workers is still being debated, with companies classifying their workers as "independent contractors", while organized labor advocates have been lobbying for them to be classified as "employees", which would legally require companies to provide the full suite of employee benefits like time-and-a-half for overtime, paid sick time, employer-provided health care, bargaining rights, and unemployment insurance, among others. In 2020, California approved by popular vote Proposition 22, which created a third-worker classification of gig-worker-drivers as contractors but maintained certain benefits such as minimum wage and mileage reimbursement.

Amazon Mechanical Turk
Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing website with which businesses can hire remotely located "crowdworkers" to perform discrete on-demand tasks that computers are currently unable to do as economically. It is operated under Amazon Web Services, and is owned by Amazon. Employers, known as requesters, post jobs known as Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs), such as identifying specific content in an image or video, writing product descriptions, or answering survey questions. Workers, colloquially known as Turkers or crowdworkers, browse among existing jobs and complete them in exchange for a fee set by the requester. To place jobs, requesters use an open application programming interface (API), or the more limited MTurk Requester site. As of April 2019, requesters could register from 49 approved countries. It is named after the Mechanical Turk, a chess machine.
East Coast Tasmania
East Coast Tasmania is a loosely defined geographic region on the eastern seaboard of the island state of Tasmania, Australia. Stretching from the southern approaches of Cockle Creek and Bruny Island in the south to the remote Bay of Fires in the northeast, the region is known for its coastal beauty, national parks, and historic settlements. It is one of Tasmania’s most visited areas, popular for its mild climate, beaches, fishing, wineries, and bushwalking.

Moulting Lagoon Important Bird Area
Moulting Lagoon Important Bird Area is a composite wetland site in eastern Tasmania, Australia.  It comprises two adjacent and hydrologically continuous wetlands – Moulting Lagoon and the Apsley Marshes – at the head of Great Oyster Bay, near the base of the Freycinet Peninsula, between the towns of Swansea and Bicheno.  Both components of the site are listed separately under the Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international significance.  Moulting Lagoon is so named because it is a traditional moulting place for black swans.  It is an important site for waterbirds.
Pin weaving
Pin weaving is a form of small-scale weaving traditionally done on a frame made of pins; the warp and weft are wrapped around the pins. Pin-woven textiles have a selvage edge all the way around.

Pin looms were popular from the 1930s to the 1960s. Quite elaborate patterns were published, especially in the 1930s.

21st-century designs often focus more on the fiber than on elaborate patterning; for instance, yarns with precisely repeating colours can be used to make plaids.

Selvage
A selvage (US English) or selvedge (British English) is a "self-finished" edge of a piece of fabric which keeps it from unraveling and fraying. The term "self-finished" means that the edge does not require additional finishing work, such as hem or bias tape, to prevent fraying.

In woven fabric, selvages are the edges that run parallel to the warp (the longitudinal threads that run the entire length of the fabric), and are created by the weft thread looping back at the end of each row. In knitted fabrics, selvages are the unfinished yet structurally sound edges that were neither cast on nor bound off. Historically, the term selvage applied only to loom woven fabric, though now can be applied to flat-knitted fabric.

The terms selvage and selvedge are a corruption of "self-edge", and have been in use since the 16th century.
Josephine and Men
Josephine and Men is a 1955 British  comedy film directed by Roy Boulting and starring Glynis Johns, Jack Buchanan, Donald Sinden and Peter Finch. It was written by Nigel Balchin, Frank Harvey and Boulting. Produced by the Boulting Brothers it was shot at Shepperton Studios and distributed by British Lion Films.

It was the last English-language film for Jack Buchanan.

Shepperton Studios
Shepperton Studios is a film studio located in Shepperton, Middlesex, England, with a history dating back to 1931. It is now part of the Pinewood Studios Group. During its early existence, the studio was branded as Sound City (not to be confused with the Californian Sound City Studios).
Paterson True Blues
Paterson True Blues was a professional U.S. soccer team founded in 1887 and disestablished after 1915.  The True Blues, based out of Paterson, New Jersey, are best known as one of the dominant soccer teams of its era and one of the first U.S. soccer dynasties.

1912–13 American Cup
The 1912–13 American Cup was the annual challenge cup held by the American Football Association. This marked the twelfth time a New Jersey team won the tournament and the third time for this year's winner the Paterson True Blues. It took three matches for them to overcome their final opponents Tacony of Philadelphia aka the 'Tacks'. Another notable encounter between New Jersey teams was a four game duel between Newark Caledonians and the Paterson Rangers in the second round. They battled to 0-0, 2-2, and 1-1 draws before the Caledonians surpassed the Rangers 1-0 in the fourth game.
Rakvere romaan
Rakvere romaan (Estonian for Rakvere Novel) is a 1982 historical novel by Estonian writer Jaan Kross.

It's about Rakvere's struggle for the 1302 gained town rights in the 18th century when the Tiesenhausens want to own the town's land.

The book is translated into Finnish (Pietarin tiellä; 1984), Swedish (Romanen om Rakvere; 1988), Russian (Ракверский роман; 1989), German (Die Frauen von Wesenberg; 2003) and Dutch (Strijd om de stad; 2019).

Rakvere
Rakvere is the administrative center, or county seat, of Lääne-Viru County in northern Estonia, about 100 km southeast of Tallinn and 20 km south of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea. In 2022, Rakvere was one of 10 ACES European Towns of Sport. In 2023, Rakvere won the Green Destinations' Silver Award after having been selected in 2021 as part of the Top 100 Destination Sustainability Stories.

Rakvere boasts a distinctive architectural feature: the Rakvere door. Reflecting German baroque cabinets of the 17th and 18th centuries and the expressionist style of the 1920s, the wooden Rakvere door has a pointed, raised rectangle in the center. In 2023, there were 15 Rakvere doors on 13 houses.
Finswimming
Finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water's surface using a snorkel with either monofins or bifins  or underwater with monofin either by holding one's breath or using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues.  Competition at world and continental level is organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS, World Underwater Federation).  The sport's first world championship was held in 1976.  It also has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015.

Multi-sport event
A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation-states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance was the Olympic Games, first held in modern times in 1896 in Athens, Greece, and inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, one of a number of such events held in antiquity. Most modern multi-sport events have the same basic structure. Games are held over the 
course of several days in and around a "host city", which changes for each competition. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports.  Athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. Each game is generally held every four years, though some are annual competitions.
Lupe Fiasco versus Daigo Umehara
Lupe Fiasco versus Daigo Umehara was a Street Fighter V exhibition match between rapper Lupe Fiasco and professional Street Fighter veteran Daigo Umehara. The game, held shortly before the public release of Street Fighter V on February 15, 2016, resulted in a three-to-two win for Fiasco. The match has frequently been criticized for possibly being staged, and the celebrity's later association with professional Street Fighter play has resulted in mixed opinions among the fighting game community.

Street Fighter
Street Fighter is a Japanese media franchise centered on a series of fighting games developed and published by Capcom. The first game in the series was released in 1987, followed by the other six main games in the series, various spin-offs and crossovers, and numerous appearances in other media. Its best-selling 1991 release, Street Fighter II, established many of the conventions of the one-on-one fighting genre.

Street Fighter is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time and one of Capcom's flagship series, with total sales of 56 million units worldwide as of March 2025. It is also one of the highest-grossing media franchises and is the longest-running fighting game franchise.
53rd Rocket Army
The 53rd Rocket Army (Military Unit Number 74102) was an army of the Soviet, later Russian Strategic Rocket Forces. It was created on June 8, 1970 from the 8th Independent Missile Corps (established 1962), under Colonel-General Yury Zabegaylov. Its headquarters was located at Chita, Transbaikal Military District.

It initially included the 45th Rocket Division which disbanded in 1970.

Colonel-General Nikolay Solovtsov, later Commander of the Strategic Rocket Forces, commanded the army between 24 November 1992 and June 1994.

RSD-10 Pioneer
The RSD-10 Pioneer (Russian: ракета средней дальности (РСД) «Пионер» tr.: raketa sredney dalnosti (RSD) "Pioner"; English: Medium-Range Missile "Pioneer") was an intermediate-range ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead, deployed by the Soviet Union from 1976 to 1988. It carried GRAU designation 15Ж45 (15Zh45). Its NATO reporting name was SS-20 Saber.

Its deployment was a major cause of NATO's 'Double-Track Decision', which led to the deployment of more medium-range nuclear weapons in Western Europe.  The RSD-10 was withdrawn from service under the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
American Power Boat Association
The American Power Boat Association (APBA) is an American membership-owned corporation. In 1903, New York's Columbia Yacht Club had formulated a constitution for what ultimately became the APBA. It is the United States sanctioning authority for the Union Internationale Motonautique, the world governing body for powerboat racing. Headquartered in Eastpointe Michigan, the APBA has over 3,500 active members and sanctions over 150 races nationwide. The APBA sanctions all types of power boat racing from 205+ mph Unlimited Hydroplanes to smaller Junior Class racing starting at age 9.

Union Internationale Motonautique
The Union Internationale Motonautique (UIM) is the international governing body of powerboating, based in the Principality of Monaco.  It was founded in 1922, in Belgium, as the Union Internationale du Yachting Automobile.
Daniel Davies (bishop)
Christianity portal

Daniel Davies (7 November 1863 – 23 August 1928) was the Anglican Bishop of Bangor from 1925 until his death.

Davies was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He held curacies at Conway and Bangor before becoming Vicar Choral of St Asaph Cathedral and then the incumbent at Brymbo. He was chairman of the executive committee of the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1912, by which time he was a residential canon at St Asaph Cathedral, a post he held until his ordination as a bishop.

Bishop of Bangor
The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Diocese of Bangor of the Church in Wales. The see is based in the city of Bangor where the bishop's seat (cathedra) is at Cathedral Church of Saint Deiniol.

The Report of the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the Ecclesiastical Revenues of England and Wales (1835) found the see had an annual net income of £4,464. This made it the second wealthiest diocese in Wales, after St Asaph.

The incumbent is Andy John, who was consecrated on 29 November 2008 and enthroned on 24 January 2009. The bishop's residence is Ty'r Esgob ("Bishop's House") in Bangor.
Dan Carmichael
Daniel Carmichael (born 21 June 1990) is a Scottish professional footballer, who plays for Annan Athletic as a midfielder.

Carmichael has played previously for Queen of the South in two spells, Hibernian, Cumnock Juniors, Workington, East Kilbride, Gretna in three spells, Threave Rovers and Dalbeattie Star.

2012–13 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2012–13 Scottish Challenge Cup, known as the Ramsdens Challenge Cup due to sponsorship reasons with Ramsdens, was the 22nd season of the competition. It was competed for by 32 clubs, which included the 30 members of the 2012–13 Scottish Football League, and for the second season running, the top two Highland Football League clubs with a valid SFA club licence.

The defending champions were Falkirk, who defeated Hamilton Academical in the 2012 final.

Inverurie Loco Works who finished fourth and Wick Academy eighth in the Highland Football League qualified for the competition for the first time after being asked to compete following their work in the SFA's Club Licensing programme. Clubs ranked higher such as Forres Mechanics were not compliant with the programme so the qualification spot moved to a lower ranked club. Buckie Thistle and Deveronvale were ruled out as they had been invited in the previous season's competition.
Jama Formation
The Jama Formation is a Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (Montehermosan to Ensenadan in the SALMA classification) geological formation in Ecuador. The claystones and sandstones were deposited in a coastal environment. The age of the Jama Formation is constrained by 40Ar/39Ar dating of tephra beds. The formation is correlated to the Charco Azul Formation of western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica.

Montehermosan
The Montehermosan age is a period of geologic time (6.8–4.0 Ma) within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Huayquerian and precedes the Chapadmalalan age.
David Mead (rugby league)
David Mead (born David Moore on 4 November 1988) is a Papua New Guinean former professional rugby league footballer who last played as a winger, centre or fullback for the Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League (NRL) and Papua New Guinea at international level.

Mead previously played for the Gold Coast Titans and the Broncos in the NRL, and the Catalans Dragons in the Super League. He is a New South Wales Country Origin and World All Stars representative, he represented Papua New Guinea at the 2008, 2013 World Cups and was the PNG Kumuls' captain for the 2017 World Cup.

Robina Stadium
Robina Stadium, commercially known as Cbus Super Stadium, is a multi-purpose rectangular stadium in Robina, a suburb of Gold Coast, Queensland. It is the home ground to the National Rugby League's Gold Coast Titans, this venue sometimes hosts the A-League team Brisbane Roar FC.

Robina Stadium is also used for rugby union, association football, rugby sevens, rugby league Test Matches and has hosted Rugby League World Cup matches.

Construction of the venue started in 2006, and finished in February 2008, in time for the 2008 National Rugby League season, when it became the new home of the Titans.

The venue will be used for the 2032 Summer Olympics and will host preliminary Football.
Rhodes (singer)
David Rhodes, stagename Rhodes (stylised RHODES, born 1988), is an English singer and songwriter from Baldock, Hertfordshire, England. He released his debut EP Raise Your Love on Hometown Records in October 2013 and released his second EP Morning on Rhodes Music on 12 May 2014. His debut album Wishes was released on 18 September 2015.

London Grammar
London Grammar are an English indie pop band formed in Nottingham in 2009. The band consists of Hannah Reid, Dan Rothman, and Dominic "Dot" Major. Their debut extended play, Metal & Dust, was released in 2013 by Metal & Dust Recordings; their debut album, If You Wait (2013), reached No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified Double Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The band's next two studio albums, Truth Is a Beautiful Thing (2017) and  
Californian Soil (2021), both reached number 1 on the UK Albums Chart.
Ixia atrandra
Ixia atrandra is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a perennial geophyte and is part of the renosterveld. The species is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs from Villiersdorp to Worcester. The plant has a range of 70 km2 and there are only three subpopulations. Seventy percent of the plant's habitat has been altered due to crop cultivation while the current threat is overgrazing and lack of fires.

Renosterveld
Renosterveld is a term used for one of the major plant communities and vegetation types of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Floral Kingdom) which is located in southwestern and southeastern South Africa, in southernmost Africa. It is an ecoregion of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
Narcissus × briffae
Narcissus × briffae is a naturally-occurring hybrid daffodil in the family Amaryllidaceae. Its parents are N. deficiens and N. tazetta subsp. aequilimbus, and it is found through the Mediterranean where those species co-occur. This hybrid was first discovered in 2023 in Gozo, where it had previously been misidentified as Narcissus elegans.

Narcissus elegans
Narcissus elegans is a species of flowering plant in the genus Narcissus (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. This bulbous perennial is classified in Section Tazettae and is native to the western Mediterranean.
Mongolicosa mongolensis
Mongolicosa mongolensis is a species of wolf spider only known from Gurvanbulag district, Bayankhongor Province, Mongolia.

This spider, up to 8 mm in length, is dark brown in colour. There are pale bands on the carapace and a reddish heart-shaped mark on the abdomen although all body markings are poorly defined. The legs, however show clear pale banding.

Wolf spider
Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae (from Ancient Greek  λύκος (lúkos) 'wolf'), named for their robust and agile hunting skills and excellent eyesight.

They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, and usually do not spin webs. Some are opportunistic hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or chasing it over short distances; others wait for passing prey in or near the mouth of a burrow.

Wolf spiders resemble nursery web spiders (family Pisauridae), but wolf spiders carry their egg sacs by attaching them to their spinnerets, while the Pisauridae carry their egg sacs with their chelicerae and pedipalps.

Two of the wolf spider's eight eyes are large and prominent; this distinguishes them from nursery web spiders, whose eyes are all of roughly equal size. This can also help distinguish them from the similar-looking grass spiders.