hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Daqiao Township, Xinjiang
Daqiao Township (simplified Chinese: 大桥乡; traditional Chinese: 大橋鄉; pinyin: Dàqiáo Xiāng; lit. 'great or large bridge') is a township in an oasis in the north of the Tarim Basin, administratively part of Baicheng County, Aksu Prefecture, in west-central Xinjiang, China; it is situated, as the crow flies, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of the county seat and 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of Aksu City, the prefectural seat. As of 2018, it has nine villages and one residential zone under its administration.

Baicheng County
Baicheng County (Chinese: 拜城县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Bay County (pronounced like 'bye', pronunciationⓘ, Uyghur: باي ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 拜县), is a county in Aksu Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
Federal Declaration of Taking Act of 1931
Federal Declaration of Taking Act of 1931 is a federal statute granting the federal government power to acquire private land for public use purposes in the United States, a process known as eminent domain. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution's "Takings Clause" limits  government over-reach by  obliging the government body concerned award "just compensation" to a property owner relinquishing private property for public use purposes.

The 71st Congressional session codified the regulatory taking clause of the constitutional law with the passage of the H.R. 14255 bill. The legislation was enacted into law  by the 31st President of the United States Herbert Hoover on February 26, 1931.

Regulatory takings in the United States
In United States constitutional law, a regulatory taking refers to a situation in which governmental regulations restrict the use of private property to an extent that the landowner is substantially deprived of the reasonable use or value of their property. This principle is grounded in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which stipulates that governments are obligated to provide just compensation for such takings. This amendment is applicable to state governments through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, thereby ensuring that property rights are protected at both federal and state levels.
HMS Katoomba
HMS Katoomba was a Pearl-class cruiser built for the Royal Navy, originally named HMS Pandora, built by Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick, Tyne and Wear and launched on 27 August 1889. Renamed on 2 April 1890, as Katoomba as the flagship of the Auxiliary Squadron of the Australia Station. She arrived in Sydney with the squadron on 5 September 1891. She was damaged in a collision with the tug Yatala in Port Adelaide on 29 December 1891. She left the Australia Station on 16 January 1906. She was sold for £8500 on 10 July 1906 and broken up at Morecambe.

Pearl-class cruiser
The Pearl-class cruiser, also called Pallas-class, was a third-class protected cruiser designed by Sir William White for the Royal Navy. Nine ships were built to this design, five of which were paid for by Australia under the terms of the Imperial Defence Act of 1887 to serve in Australian waters.
Pantotheria
Pantotheria is an abandoned taxon of Mesozoic mammals.  This group is now considered an informal "wastebasket" taxon and has been replaced by Dryolestida as well as other groups.  It is sometimes treated as an infraclass and older books refer to it as being related to symmetrodonts.  One classification makes it an infraclass with a single order, Eupantotheria.

Amblotherium
Amblotherium is an extinct genus of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous mammal. The type species Amblotherium pusillum is from the Lulworth Formation of southern England, while the referred species Amblotherium gracile is from stratigraphic zones 2, 3 and 5 of the Morrison Formation of the US.
CCGS Samuel Risley
CCGS Samuel Risley is a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker and buoy tender assigned to the Great Lakes area (Central and Arctic Region). Lead ship of her class, the vessel is named after Samuel Risley, the 19th century maritime inspector and first head of Board of Steamship Inspectors for Upper Canada and Ontario. Based in the Great Lakes, CCGS Samuel Risley is responsible for keeping an ice-free passage between Port Colborne, Ontario and Thunder Bay, Ontario.

Samuel Risley-class icebreaker
The Samuel Risley-class icebreakers are a class of two icebreakers and buoy tenders constructed for and operated by the Canadian Coast Guard. The two ships are based on offshore supply tugboat design and entered service in the 1980s. Samuel Risley is deployed to the Central Region, operating mainly on the Great Lakes of North America, while Earl Grey is posted to Atlantic Canada, working off the east coast of Canada.
Matskhvarishi church of the Savior
The Matskhvarishi church of the Savior (Georgian: მაცხვარიშის მაცხოვრის ეკლესია, romanized: matskhvarishis matskhovris ek'lesia), also known as the church of Matskhvar (Svan: მაცხვარ), is a medieval Georgian Orthodox church in Mestia, Upper Svaneti. It is a simple hall church with extensive 12th-century frescoes. The church is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance
The Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance (Georgian: ეროვნული მნიშვნელობის კატეგორიის კულტურის უძრავი ძეგლები) are buildings, structures, sites, or places in Georgia that have been determined to have nationwide cultural significance by meeting special criteria developed by the Ministry of Culture and are subject to preservation by the state.

The monument must have an outstanding artistic or aesthetic value, be associated with a particularly important historical event, person, or overall national values.

The original list of the Immovable Monuments of Cultural Heritage was approved in the Presidential decree No. 665 of 7 November 2006. Since then, it has been updated several times. After the amendments of 2013, the monument can be defined as having national significance by the resolution of the Government of Georgia based on the submission of the Ministry of Culture.
England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games (B–R)
England was represented at the 2010 Commonwealth Games by Commonwealth Games England. The country went by the abbreviation ENG, will use the Cross of St George as its flag and "Jerusalem" as its victory anthem. It had previously used "Land of Hope and Glory" as its anthem at the Commonwealth Games, but decided to change following an "internet poll".

England's delegation is notable for including two Paralympic champions, who qualified to compete in Delhi against fully able-bodied athletes: Danielle Brown, who won a gold medal in archery at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and Sarah Storey, who won two gold medals in cycling in 2008. They are the first English athletes with disabilities ever to compete in able-bodied events at the Commonwealth Games.

Commonwealth Games England
Commonwealth Games England (CGE) is the national Commonwealth Games Association for England. The company is responsible for supporting and managing the participation of Team England at the Commonwealth Games'.
Moransengo-Tonengo
Moransengo-Tonengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located at about 430 meters above sea level on the Monferrato hills. It was established on 1 January 2023 with the merger of Moransengo and Tonengo. The seat of the municipality is in Tonengo.

Moransengo-Tonengo borders the following municipalities: Brozolo, Brusasco, Cavagnolo, and Cocconato.

Tonengo
Tonengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 196 and an area of 5.5 square kilometres (2.1 sq mi).

Tonengo borders the following municipalities: Aramengo, Casalborgone, Cavagnolo, Cocconato, Lauriano, and Moransengo.
Siege of Šabac (1788)
The siege of Šabac in 1788 was a military engagement that took place during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791, in which Habsburg Austrian forces under General Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky captured the Ottoman-held fortress of Šabac after a three-day siege and bombardment.

Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky
Anton Ferdinand Freiherr Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz und Nemyšl, or Anton Mittrowsky, (1745 – 30 September 1809) was promoted to general officer in the spring of 1796, just in time to lead a brigade against Napoleon Bonaparte during the Italian campaign of 1796–1797 in the War of the First Coalition. He served as a regimental commander in 1792–1796, leading his unit at Neerwinden, Famars, and Le Quesnoy in 1793. In the following year, he led the regiment at Landrecies, Beaumont, Courtrai, and Fleurus. In 1796, he led a brigade at Castiglione and 2nd Bassano, and played a pivotal role at Arcole, nearly defeating Bonaparte. In 1799, he commanded troops at Verona, Magnano, Novi, and Genola. During the Napoleonic Wars he led forces at Caldiero in 1805. He became the Proprietor (Inhaber) of an Austrian infantry regiment from 1806 until his death three years later.
Lion-Peugeot Type VC3
The Lion-Peugeot Type VC3 was an early motor car produced near Valentigney by the French auto-maker Lion-Peugeot in 1911.  135 were produced.

The car was in many respects little changed from the Lion-Peugeot Type VC2 which it replaced.   The Type VC3 retained a single cylinder 1,045 cm³ four stroke engine, mounted ahead of the driver.   A maximum 9 hp of power was delivered to the rear wheels.

The wheelbase of 2,250 mm, supported a vehicle length of 3,320 mm, providing space for between two and four people depending on the body specified.   With this model Lion-Peugeot followed a trend already observable among manufacturers of larger more expensive cars, offering a wide range of open and closed body types, including a Phaeton, a Torpedo, a Landaulet, a Limousine, a sports car and a small delivery van.

Lion-Peugeot Type VC2
The Lion-Peugeot Type VC2 was an early motor car produced near Valentigney by the French auto-maker Lion-Peugeot between 1909 and 1910.  1,175 were produced.

The cars represented an evolution of the Lion-Peugeot Type VC1 which had been in production since 1906.   The Type VC2 retained a single cylinder 1,045 cm³ four stroke engine, mounted ahead of the driver.   A maximum 9 hp of power was delivered to the rear wheels.

The wheelbase was now extended to 2,250 mm, supporting a vehicle length of 3,320 mm and providing space for between two and four people depending on the body specified.   For this model Lion-Peugeot offered a wider range of open and closed body types than hitherto, including a Phaeton, a Landaulet, a Limousine and a small delivery van.
System analysis
System analysis in the field of electrical engineering characterizes electrical systems and their properties.  System analysis can be used to represent almost anything from population growth to audio speakers; electrical engineers often use it because of its direct relevance to many areas of their discipline, most notably signal processing, communication systems and control systems.

Zeros and poles
In complex analysis (a branch of mathematics), a pole is a certain type of singularity of a complex-valued function of a complex variable. It is the simplest type of non-removable singularity of such a function (see essential singularity). Technically, a point z0 is a pole of a function f if it is a zero of the function 1/f and 1/f is holomorphic (i.e. complex differentiable) in some neighbourhood of z0.

A function f is meromorphic in an open set U if for every point z of U there is a neighborhood of z in which at least one of f and 1/f is holomorphic.

If f is meromorphic in U, then a zero of f is a pole of 1/f, and a pole of f is a zero of 1/f. This induces a duality between zeros and poles, that is fundamental for the study of meromorphic functions. For example, if a function is meromorphic on the whole complex plane plus the point at infinity, then the sum of the multiplicities of its poles equals the sum of the multiplicities of its zeros.
Jaspinder Narula
Jaspinder Narula (born 14 November 1970) is an Indian singer of playback, classical and Sufi music. She is known for her work in Hindi and Punjabi cinema. 
She shot to fame after the duet "Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha" with Remo Fernandes from the 1998 film Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha for which she won the 1999 Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer. The other notable films she has sung in include Mission Kashmir, Mohabbatein, Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani and Bunty Aur Babli. She is also a singer of Sufi music, as well as Gurbani and other Sikh religious music. She has sung in a  Hindi Music video "Maula Ali Ali" with Mudasir Ali. 
In 2008, she won the title of India's Best Live Performer in the NDTV Imagine singing reality series, Dhoom Macha De (2008).

In January 2025, Narula was honored with the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the Government of India.

Mudasir Ali
Mudasir Ali (born 21 November 1987) is an Indian composer. He debuted as a film composer in 2015 by composing songs and film score for the movie Bumper Draw. He later scored music for an action-thriller Four Pillars of Basement.
Conservatism in Iceland
Conservatism in Iceland has been the dominant ideology of the country's politics since the 20th century, most notably under the Independence Party which has been the largest and most influential party in Icelandic politics since its founding in 1929. Unlike conservatism in many other countries, Icelandic conservatism has historically placed far greater emphasis on economic liberalism, national sovereignty, and institutional stability than on social or moral conservatism. Today it is primarily represented by three parties, namely the liberal conservative Independence Party, the agrarian liberal conservative Progressive Party and the conservative-populist Centre Party.

2009 Icelandic parliamentary election
Snap parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 25 April 2009, following strong pressure from the public as a result of the Icelandic financial crisis. The Social Democratic Alliance and the Left-Green Movement, which formed the outgoing coalition government under Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, both made gains and formed an overall majority of seats in the Althing. The Progressive Party also made gains, and the new Citizens' Movement, formed after the January 2009 protests, won four seats. The big loser was the Independence Party, which had been in power for 18 years until January 2009; it lost nine seats as its vote share was reduced by around a third, meaning it was not the most voted-for party for the first time since 1937
Duluth and Northeastern 29
Duluth and Northeastern 29 is a preserved 0-6-0 "Switcher" steam locomotive built in January 1944 by the Lima Locomotive Works (LLW) for the United States Army Transportation Corps. It is currently owned and operated by the Prairie Village, Herman and Milwaukee Railroad in Prairie Village, South Dakota.

Lima Locomotive Works
Lima Locomotive Works (LLW) was an American firm that manufactured railroad locomotives from the 1870s through the 1950s. The company's name is derived from the location of its main manufacturing plant in Lima, Ohio (/ˈlaɪmə/ LY-mə). The shops were located between the Erie Railroad main line, the Baltimore & Ohio's Cincinnati-Toledo main line and the Nickel Plate Road main line and shops.

The company produced the Shay geared logging steam locomotive, developed by Ephraim Shay, and for William E. Woodard's "Super Power" advanced steam locomotive concept – exemplified by the prototype 2-8-4 Berkshire, Lima demonstrator A-1. In World War II the Lima plant produced the M4A1 version of the M4 Sherman tank.
Irenangelus
Irenangelus is a genus of kleptoparasitic spider wasps in the subfamily Ceropalinae of the family Pompilidae. The genus has a pantropical distribution, occurring in the Oriental, Neotropical, Australian, eastern Palearctic, and Madagascan zoogeographic regions, with the highest diversity found in the Neotropics.

Irenangelus is closely related to the more widespread genus Ceropales, with both forming a monophyletic subfamily, Ceropalinae, within the Pompilidae. This subfamily is the sister group to the subfamily Notocyphinae. Current research suggests that Ceropalinae and other pompilids evolved from a common ectoparasitoid ancestor.

Auplopus
Auplopus is a large genus of spider wasps belonging to the subfamily Pepsinae of the spider wasp family Pompilidae, distributed throughout the world except for Antarctica.  Auplopus wasps amputate the legs of their spider prey before transporting it to the nest.
Chang'ao
Chang-ao (simplified Chinese: 长袄; traditional Chinese: 長襖), lit. translated as "long jacket" or "long ao", is a historical long-length, Chinese upper garment called ao (袄), which was worn by women. It is also known as da ao (大袄) and chang ru (长襦; long ru jacket) which appears to be the precursor of the ao.

When paired with a skirt, the chang-ao forms a style of aoqun (i.e. jacket worn over a skirt). This set of attire is worn as a formal attire.

Mandarin square
A mandarin square (Chinese: 補子), also known as a rank badge, was a large embroidered badge sewn onto the surcoat of officials in Imperial China (decorating hanfu and qizhuang), Korea (decorating the gwanbok of the Joseon dynasty), in Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was embroidered with detailed, colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it. Despite its name, the mandarin square (buzi) falls into two categories: round buzi and square buzi.: 396  Clothing decorated with buzi is known as bufu (simplified Chinese: 补服; traditional Chinese: 補服) in China. In the 21st century, the use of buzi on hanfu was revived following the Hanfu movement.
Forest Hill Park F.C.
Forest Hill Park Football Club was a football club based in Catford, London, England until 2025. They were members of the Southern Counties East League Division One and played at the Ladywell Arena. They are now SE Dons.

Southern Counties East Football League
The Southern Counties East Football League is an English football league established in 1966, which has teams based in Kent and Southeast London. Its two divisions are allocated at Step 5 and Step 6 of the National League System (which equates to Levels 9–10 of the overall English football league system). At its inception it was known as the Kent Premier League, and until 2013 as the Kent League.

There is no direct connection between this league and a previous Kent League that existed from 1894 to 1959, despite many clubs having spells of membership in both leagues.
Radeon HD 8000 series
The Radeon HD 8000 series is a family of computer GPUs developed by AMD. AMD was initially rumored to release the family in the second quarter of 2013, with the cards manufactured on a 28 nm process and making use of the improved Graphics Core Next architecture. However the 8000 series turned out to be an OEM rebadge of the 7000 series (although Bonaire is a GCN 2.0 based chip, thus being of newer development).

Texture mapping unit
In computer graphics, a texture mapping unit (TMU) is a component in modern graphics processing units (GPUs). They are able to rotate, resize, and distort a bitmap image to be placed onto an arbitrary plane of a given 3D model as a texture, in a process called texture mapping. In modern graphics cards it is implemented as a discrete stage in a graphics pipeline, whereas when first introduced it was implemented as a separate processor, e.g. as seen on the Voodoo2 graphics card.
Heuchera maxima
Heuchera maxima is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family, known by the common names island alum root, Channel Islands coral bells, and Jill of the rocks.

It is endemic to the four northern Channel Islands of California, within Channel Islands National Park. It grows on canyon cliffs in coastal sage scrub habitats.

Coastal sage scrub
Coastal sage scrub (CSS), also called coastal scrub or soft chaparral, is a low scrubland plant community of the California coastal sage and chaparral subecoregion, found in coastal California and northwestern coastal Baja California. It is within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.
Jefferson Pier
Jefferson Pier, Jefferson Stone, or the Jefferson Pier Stone,  (PIE-er) is a stone in Washington, D.C. that marks the second prime meridian of the United States even though it was never officially recognized, either by presidential proclamation or by a resolution or act of Congress. It is located 391 ft (119 m) WNW of the center of the Washington Monument.

Silvio Bedini
Silvio Anthony Bedini (January 17, 1917 – November 14, 2007) was an American historian, specialising in early scientific instruments. He was Historian Emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, where he served on the professional staff for twenty-five years, retiring in 1987.
2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000
The 2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000 (also known as the 2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000–presented by Rolex) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 1st edition of the Shanghai ATP Masters 1000, and was classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2009 ATP World Tour. It was played at Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in Shanghai, China. The tournament replaced Madrid as the second and last ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament where it was now moved into a spring calendar, the inaugural edition was held from October 11 to October 18, 2009.

The singles field was led by Rafael Nadal. Other top seeds were 2008 Australian Open champion Novak Djokovic, reigning US Open champion Juan Martín del Potro and Wimbledon finalist Andy Roddick.

World No. 1 Roger Federer had been due to play but withdrew, citing fatigue. World No. 3 Andy Murray was also scheduled to play, but withdrew due to a wrist injury.

Shanghai Masters (tennis)
The Shanghai Masters (Chinese: 上海大师赛), known as the Rolex Shanghai Masters for sponsorship reasons, is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Shanghai, China in the month of October. It is played on outdoor hard courts at the Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in the Minhang District. The tournament is part of the nine ATP Masters 1000 events on the ATP Tour, and is the only one not played in Europe or North America. The tournament was not held from 2020 to 2022 due to Chinese travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Arakcheyev artillery system
The Arakcheyev artillery system or Artillery system of 1805 was a new system of artillery and organization introduced by Aleksey Arakcheyev and adopted by the Russian Empire in the early 19th century. The system came into use during the Napoleonic Wars after the Russian artillery performed poorly on the battlefield and the old Shuvalov artillery system proved inadequate. A new artillery organization was created, and new artillery doctrine began to appear starting in 1808. Arakcheyev was personally vindictive and harsh toward subordinates, but he excelled as an administrator and a gunner. Although French artillery employment on the battlefield remained superior, the Russian artillery nevertheless made great strides during the period 1808–1815.

Kevin F. Kiley
Kevin F. Kiley is an American military historian and uniformologist.

Kiley is a graduate of United States Military Academy at West Point and served as an artillery officer in the United States Marine Corps during the Gulf War. He has a master's degree in military history from Norwich University.

Kiley has written on the Napoleonic Wars as well as several volumes on military uniforms.