hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Depolarizer
A depolarizer or depolariser, in electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state, or partakes in a formation or breaking of chemical bonds, in a charge-transfer step of an electrochemical reaction.

In the battery industry, the term "depolarizer" has been used to denote a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. A battery depolarizer takes up electrons during discharge of the cell; therefore, it is always an oxidizing agent. The term "depolarizer" can be considered as outdated or misleading, since it is based on the concept of "polarization" which is hardly realistic in many cases.

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution).

When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. In electrochemical reactions, unlike in other chemical reactions,  electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the aforementioned electric circuit. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a conventional chemical reaction.
Nagato-Futami Station
Nagato-Futami Station (長門二見駅, Nagato-Futami-eki) is a railway station located in the Hōhoku area of the city of Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

San'in Main Line
The San'in Main Line (山陰本線, San'in-honsen) is a railway line in western Japan, which connects Kyoto and Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). It is the major railway line of the San'in region, approximately paralleling the Japan Sea, crossing Kyoto, Hyōgo, Tottori, Shimane, and Yamaguchi prefectures. The main portion from Kyoto to Hatabu is the longest single continuous railway line in Japan at 673.8 km (418.7 mi), although no regularly scheduled train operates over the entire line.

The section between Kyoto and Sonobe, connecting Kyoto and its northern suburbs, is a part of JR West's Urban Network and is nicknamed the Sagano Line.
Nebelkerzenabwurfvorrichtung
The Nebelkerzenabwurfvorrichtung (literally “fog-candle-dropping-device,” i.e. smoke grenade dispenser, abbreviated N.K.A.V.) was a rear mounted grenade dispenser used to disperse the Schnellnebelkerze 39 smoke grenade. It was typically found on German tanks from 1939 through 1942.

Tanks in the German Army
This article deals with the tanks (German: Panzer) serving in the German Army (Deutsches Heer) throughout history, such as the World War I tanks of the Imperial German Army, the interwar and World War II tanks of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, the Cold War tanks of the West German and East German Armies, all the way to the present day tanks of the German Army of Bundeswehr.
Uppsala Old Cemetery
Uppsala Old Cemetery (Swedish: Uppsala gamla kyrkogård) is a cemetery in Uppsala, Sweden.

In July 2024, about 20 grave sites at Uppsala Old Cemetery were vandalized (overturned gravestones, broken grave lanterns and destroyed flower arrangements).

Gustaf Fröding
Gustaf Fröding (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɵ̂sːtav ˈfrø̂ːdɪŋ] ⓘ; 22 August 1860 – 8 February 1911) was a Swedish poet and writer from Alster, Värmland. The family moved to Kristinehamn in the year 1867. He later studied at Uppsala University and worked as a journalist in Karlstad.
Marthen Indey
Major TNI Marthen Indey (1912–1986) was a colonial police officer in New Guinea, Dutch East Indies  who later became nationalist fighter in the Indonesian National Revolution and a supporter of Papua becoming part of Indonesia. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1993 along with two other people of Papuan descent, Frans Kaisiepo and Silas Papare.

Boven-Digoel concentration camp
Boven-Digoel, often simply called Digoel, was a Dutch concentration camp for political detainees operated in the Dutch East Indies from 1927 to 1947. The Dutch used it to detain thousands of Indonesians, most of whom were members of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), Indonesian nationalists, and their families. It was located in a remote area on the banks of the river Digul, in what is now Boven Digoel Regency in South Papua, Indonesia. The camp was originally opened to exiled communists after the failed 1926 uprisings in Java and Sumatra; at its largest extent in 1930 it held around 1300 internees and 700 family members.
Al-'Urayfiyya
Al-'Urayfiyya was a Palestinian Arab village in the Safad Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on April 1, 1948, by the Palmach's First Battalion of Operation Yiftach. It was located 21.5 km northeast of Safad. The village has been mostly destroyed with the exception of the remains of a water mill and masonry channel.

Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
The Safad Subdistrict (Arabic: قضاء صفد; Hebrew: נפת צפת) was  one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine before it was captured by Israel in 1948. It was located around the city of Safad. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the subdistrict, which fell entirely within modern-day Israel, became the modern-day Safed Subdistrict in the Northern District (Israel).
2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women
The 2014 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women was the 26th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship for Women. 16 teams featured in the competition, held in Debrecen, Hungary, from 31 July to 10 August 2014.

FIBA U16 Women's EuroBasket
The FIBA U16 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U16 Women's European Championship, originally known as the FIBA European Championship for Cadettes. It's a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 1976 edition. Through the 2003 edition, it was held every second year, but since the 2004 edition onward, it is held every year. The tournament serves as a qualification for the FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup in odd years, for the FIBA Europe region. The current champions are Finland.
Torah High Schools of San Diego
Torah High Schools of San Diego (THSSD) is a private, Jewish, girls high school in San Diego, California, with students between grades 9 and 12. It was founded in 1999 as an affiliate of Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim in New York City.

THSSD is the first Orthodox Jewish girls high school in the city of San Diego and currently the only school of its kind in San Diego County. It is the first Western Association of Schools and Colleges–accredited Jewish high school in the city.

THSSD is located at the Congregation Beth Israel campus in University City. The school combines a college preparatory curriculum with Torah study.

Congregation Beth Israel (San Diego)
Congregation Beth Israel (Hebrew: בית ישראל) is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue in University City, San Diego. Incorporated in 1887, Beth Israel traces its roots back to 1861; and is the largest and oldest Jewish congregation in San Diego.
FindBugs
FindBugs is an open-source static code analyzer created by Bill Pugh and David Hovemeyer which detects possible bugs in Java programs. Potential errors are classified in four ranks: (i) scariest, (ii) scary, (iii) troubling and (iv) of concern. This is a hint to the developer about their possible impact or severity. FindBugs operates on Java bytecode, rather than source code. The software is distributed as a stand-alone GUI application. There are also plug-ins available for Eclipse, NetBeans, IntelliJ IDEA, Gradle, Hudson, Maven, Bamboo and Jenkins.

Additional rule sets can be plugged in FindBugs to increase the set of checks performed.

NetBeans
NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) for Java. NetBeans allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules. NetBeans runs on Windows, macOS, Linux and Solaris. In addition to Java development, it has extensions for other languages like PHP, C, C++, HTML5, and JavaScript. Applications based on NetBeans, including the NetBeans IDE, can be extended by third party developers.
1999 SEAT Open
The 1999 SEAT Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg which was part of Tier III of the 1999 WTA Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 20 September until 26 September 1999. Qualifier Kim Clijsters won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.

1999 WTA Tour
The WTA Tour is the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Armenian National Constitution
The Armenian National Constitution (Armenian: Հայ ազգային սահմանադրութիւն, romanized: Hay azkayin sahmanatroutioun; French: Constitution nationale arménienne) or Regulation of the Armenian Nation (Ottoman Turkish: نظامنامهٔ ملّت ارمنیان, romanized: Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân) was a constitution in the Ottoman Empire for members of the Gregorian Armenian Millet. Promulgated in 1863, it defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch, a newly formed Armenian National Assembly, and lay members. This code is still active among Armenian Church in diaspora. The Ottoman Turkish version was published in the Düstur. Other constitutions were promulgated for the Catholic Armenian and the Protestant Armenian millets.

The document itself was called a "constitution" in Armenian, while the Ottoman Turkish version was instead called a "regulation" on the millet.

Düstur
The Ottoman Code of Public Laws, also known as the Düstur or Destur or Doustour, was a set of laws in the Ottoman Empire. It includes the penal code as well as some civil and commercial laws.

The first Ottoman Turkish volume was published in 1862, and the second was published in 1865. Serialization began in 1872, and the first volume labeled "Destur" was published in 1873. The final volume was published in 1886.

M. Safa Saraçoğlu, author of "Economic Interventionism, Islamic Law and Provincial Government in the Ottoman Empire," stated that its style and structure are similar to that of the 1851 legal collection Mecmu'a-yı Kavanin.
Calan Williams
Calan Williams (born 30 June 2000) is an Australian racing driver who last competed in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup with BMW Team WRT. He is the champion of the 2017 Australian Formula 3 Premier Series.

Circuit Paul Ricard
The Circuit Paul Ricard (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi pɔl ʁikaʁ]) is a French motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, Var, near Marseille, with finance from pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a racetrack. The circuit has hosted the FIA Formula One French Grand Prix intermittently from 1971 to 2022.
Causeway Bay (constituency)
Causeway Bay was one of the 13 constituencies in the Wan Chai District.

It returned one member of the district council until it was abolished the 2023 electoral reforms.

Causeway Bay constituency was loosely based on Causeway Bay area with estimated population of 12,777.

Causeway Bay
Causeway Bay is an area and a bay on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, straddling the border of the Eastern and the Wan Chai districts. It is a major shopping, leisure and cultural centre in Hong Kong, with a number of major shopping centres. The rents in the shopping areas of Causeway Bay were ranked as the world's most expensive for around a decade after overtaking New York City's Fifth Avenue in 2012. The area's Cantonese name "Tung Lo Wan" is never used to refer to the area in English, and "Causeway Bay" is always used instead.
Wild garlic
Plant species in the genus Allium known as wild garlic include the following:

Allium canadense, wild onion

Allium carinatum, keeled garlic

Allium drummondii, Drummond's onion

Allium ochotense, Siberian onion

Allium oleraceum, field garlic

Allium paradoxum, few-flowered garlic or few-flowered leek

Allium triquetrum, three-cornered leek

Allium ursinum, ramsons, native to British and European woodlands

Allium vineale, crow garlic

Allium macrostemon (野蒜, ノビル), native to Japanese and East Asian woodlands

Wild garlic is also a common name for plants in the genus Tulbaghia.

Allium oleraceum
Allium oleraceum, the field garlic, is a Eurasian species of wild onion. It is a bulbous perennial that grows wild in dry places, reaching 30 centimetres (12 in) in height. It reproduces by seed, bulbs and by the production of small bulblets in the flower head (similarly to Allium vineale). Unlike A. vineale, it is very rare with A. oleraceum to find flower-heads containing bulbils only. In addition, the spathe in A. oleraceum is in two parts.

Its specific epithet oleraceum means "vegetable/herbal" in Latin and is a form of holeraceus (oleraceus).
Fly Air Limited
Fly Air Limited is a Bulgarian aircraft manufacturer based in Trudovec, headed by Simeon Simeonov. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of ultralight aircraft, including ultralight trikes, powered parachutes and powered paragliders. The company was originally located in Pravets.

The company's aircraft emphasize simplicity and portability, including ground transport by automobile. Ultralight trikes, such as the Fly Air Trike Moster and the now out-of-production Fly Air Swallow, use simple square steel tube construction. Most designs use the Italian Vittorazi Moster 185 two-stroke powerplant.

The company supplies AirDesign paramotor wings with its paramotors. In April 2017 the company became a dealer for La Mouette hang glider wings.

By 2021 the company website had been taken down and it is likely the company is out of business.

Ultralight trike
An ultralight trike or paratrike is a type of powered hang glider where flight control is by weight-shift. These aircraft have a fabric flex-wing from which is suspended a tricycle fuselage pod driven by a pusher propeller. The pod accommodates either a solo pilot, or a pilot and a single passenger. Trikes grant affordable, accessible, and exciting flying, and have been popular since the 1980s.

Trikes are classified as microlights in Europe, and as light-sport aircraft in the United States.  The aircraft are also known by other names, including 2-axis microlights, flex-wing trikes,  microlight trikes, deltatrikes or motorized deltaplanes.  In the United States, they are formally recognized by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as weight-shift-control aircraft.
Allocation group
An AG or allocation group is a subvolume in a file system which maintains its own track of free blocks and file data.

This makes simultaneous file operations possible; only one write can happen to an AG at any time, but multiple operations can be performed on the file system, each happening in a different AG. In SMP systems, multiple CPUs can write to different AGs, enabling physically concurrent disk operations on a single file system.

Whereas a single hard disk is not capable of reading or writing to multiple places simultaneously, a file system or partition that utilizes a scheme such as RAID or logical volume management may encompass multiple physical disks. In this case, the use of allocation groups may grant additional file system throughput.

Allocation groups are used by these file systems:

XFS from SGI, an XFS AG can have a max size of 1TiB

Btrfs

JFS

ext2, ext3 and ext4 use block groups

Btrfs
Btrfs (pronounced as "better F S", "butter F S", "b-tree F S", or "B.T.R.F.S.") is a computer storage format that combines a file system based on the copy-on-write (COW) principle with a logical volume manager (distinct from Linux's LVM), developed together. It was created by Chris Mason in 2007 for use in Linux, and since November 2013, the file system's on-disk format has been declared stable in the Linux kernel.

Btrfs is intended to address the lack of pooling, snapshots, integrity checking, data scrubbing, and integral multi-device spanning in Linux file systems. Mason, the principal Btrfs author, stated that its goal was "to let [Linux] scale for the storage that will be available. Scaling is not just about addressing the storage but also means being able to administer and to manage it with a clean interface that lets people see what's being used and makes it more reliable".
Observation Point (Zion National Park)
Observation Point is a 6,507-foot (1,983 m) elevation Navajo Sandstone feature located in Zion National Park, in Washington County of southwest Utah, United States. Observation Point is situated at the north end of Zion Canyon, towering 2,100 feet (640 meters) above the canyon floor and the North Fork of the Virgin River which drains precipitation runoff from this viewpoint. A popular 8-mile round-trip trail climbs from the Weeping Rock trailhead along Zion Canyon Road to reach the top. Due to a major rockfall from Cable Mountain, which has destroyed the lower part of this trail, the Observation Point is currently only accessible from the East Mesa or Stave Spring trailhead. Neighbors visible from the point include The Great White Throne, Cathedral Mountain, Angels Landing, and Cable Mountain. This geographical feature's name was officially adopted in 1934 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

Navajo Sandstone
The Navajo Sandstone is a geological formation in the Glen Canyon Group that is spread across the U.S. states of southern Nevada, northern Arizona, northwest Colorado, and Utah as part of the Colorado Plateau province of the United States.
1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1859 to 1961. Raised as coastal defence artillery, the unit later served as field artillery in Mesopotamia during World War I, and in North Africa, Sicily, Italy and North West Europe during World War II. It carried out a number of roles in the postwar Territorial Army.

Boxall baronets
The Boxall baronetcy, of Cambridge Square in the County of London was created on 4 September 1919, for the solicitor, Alleyne Boxall.

In 1900, Boxall had been created Baron Boxall, a peerage in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha for having helped the duke out of a financial embarrassment. Although Boxall had no connection with Germany, the title was created in the duke's own country (instead of the United Kingdom) as the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, advised against granting Boxall a British honour due to the nature of the case. Queen Victoria (mother of the duke) allowed Boxall to use the title in Britain but he later voluntarily relinquished it during World War I as it was considered an 'enemy title'. As a compensation, he was awarded the baronetcy in 1919.

On Boxall's death in 1927, the baronetcy passed to his son but the title became extinct upon the latter's death, without male heirs, in 1945.
2023 American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game
The 2023 American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game was a college football game played on December 2, 2023, at Yulman Stadium in New Orleans. It was the ninth American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game and determined the champion of the American Athletic Conference (The American) for the 2023 season. The game started at 4:00 p.m. EST and aired on ABC. The game featured the Tulane Green Wave and the SMU Mustangs. SMU defeated Tulane 26–14 for the program's first conference championship since it won a share of the Southwest Conference title in 1984.

American Conference Football Championship Game
The American Conference Football Championship Game is a college football game currently held by the American Conference (American) each year to determine the conference's season champion. The inaugural game was held on December 5, 2015, at 12:00 pm ET.

The game previously pitted the champion of the Eastern Division (UCF, Cincinnati, Connecticut, East Carolina, South Florida, and Temple) against the champion of the Western Division (Houston, Memphis, Navy, SMU, Tulane, and Tulsa). The game was played at the home stadium of the division winner with the better conference record.

In 2020, UConn left the conference, leading to the dissolution of the divisions. Because of new NCAA rules regarding conference championships, the game has become a matchup between the top two teams in the conference.

Television broadcast rights to the game are owned by ESPN, with the game airing on ABC.
James H. Ware
James Hutchinson Ware (October 27, 1941 – April 26, 2016) was an American biostatistician and the Frederick Mosteller Professor of Biostatistics and Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Science at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.  He had been Academic Dean for 19 years (1990-2009) under Deans Harvey Fineberg and Barry Bloom and served as Acting Dean from 1997 to 1998, as Harvey Fineberg assumed the position of Provost of Harvard University. During Ware's 19-year tenure as academic dean (1990-2009), the student the School's student body doubled in size and its research budget grew at an annual rate of eight percent.  Ware was a co-investigator in the landmark Six Cities Study of Air Pollution and Health, which has had a profound effect on Clean Air Act regulations in the U.S. and efforts to limit air pollution around the world.

Barry Bloom
Barry R. Bloom (born 1937) is an American immunologist known for his research on the immune response to infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria, and COVID-19. He is the Joan L. and Julius H. Jacobson Professor of Public Health, Emeritus in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Global Health and Population at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, where he served as dean of the faculty from 1998 through 2008.
Kana Oyama
Kana Oyama (大山 加奈 Ōyama Kana, born June 19, 1984) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays for Toray Arrows. She competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece wearing the #13 jersey. There, she and the Japan women's national team took fifth place. Oyama played as a wing-spiker. The Toray Arrows announced her retirement on 29 June 2010.

While attending Shimokitazawa Seito Gakuen high school, the volleyball team won the high school national championship, with Erika Araki

Oyama was selected for the national team for the Olympic games in Beijing, but declined due to lumbago.

V.League (Japan)
The V.League (Japanese: Vリーグ) is the second-level professional volleyball league for both men and women in Japan. The league started in 1994.

The competitions are organized by the Japan Volleyball League Organization. The league was called V.Premier League before the reform took place in 2018. The SV.League succeeded the V.League as the premier volleyball tournament in Japan in 2024.