hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
State collapse
State collapse is the catastrophic breakdown of a sovereign state's institutional apparatus, resulting in the inability to sustain a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

During periods of state collapse, a provisional government may be formed, particularly where whatever circumstances have caused the first stages of state collapse have resulted in a coup d'état. Regimes attempting to avert state collapse may become increasingly violent and paranoid, resulting in civil society actors and local leaders losing trust in the ability of the central government to exercise effective control and choosing to defend their interests militarily. Neighboring states or great powers may interfere politically, sometime supporting rebel groups. As a result of the collapse of the central government's ability to effectuate economic regulation and taxation, the informal economy becomes dominant, resulting in declining government resources and a vicious cycle of reduction in state capacity.

State capacity
State capacity is the ability of a government to accomplish policy goals, either generally or in reference to specific aims. More narrowly, state capacity often refers to the ability of a state to collect taxes, enforce law and order, and provide services to the public.

A state that lacks capacity is defined as a fragile state or, in a more extreme case, a failed state. Higher state capacity has been strongly linked to long-term economic development, as state capacity can establish law and order, private property rights, and external defense, as well as support development by establishing a competitive market, transportation infrastructure, and mass education.
Azad Hind Dal
The Azad Hind Dal was a branch of the Indian Independence League that was formed during World War II to take administrative control of the Indian territories to fall to the Indian National Army starting with the latter's Imphal campaign. The branch was created by Subhas Chandra Bose to replace the Indian Civil Service in areas of British India, and is also thought to have been the nascent concept of a one-party political, bureaucratic and civil administrative system similar to that of the anti-fascist Soviet Union or the Fascist states of the time. During the brief period that Azad Hind was in possession of small Indian territories around Imphal and Kohima during the U-Go offensive between April and May 1944, parties of the Azad Hind Dal were sent along with the INA contingents to take administrative charge and rehabilitation of these areas.

Operation U-Go
The U Go offensive, or Operation C (Japanese: ウ号作戦, U Gō sakusen), was the Japanese offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the British Empire in the northeast Indian regions of Manipur and the Naga Hills (then administered as part of Assam). Aimed at the Brahmaputra Valley, through the towns of Imphal and Kohima, the offensive along with the overlapping Ha Go offensive was one of the last Japanese offensives during the Second World War. The offensive culminated in the Battles of Imphal and Kohima, where the Japanese and their allies were first held and then pushed back.
2016 Tour of Oman
The 2016 Tour of Oman was a road cycling stage race that took place between 16 and 21 February 2016 in Oman. It was the seventh edition of the Tour of Oman and is rated as a 2.HC race as part of the 2016 UCI Asia Tour. The previous year's champion, Rafael Valls, was not present to defend his title.

2016 UCI Asia Tour
The 2016 UCI Asia Tour was the 12th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 20 February 2016 with the Le Tour de Filipinas and ended on 2 October 2016 with the Tour of Almaty.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Samad Pourseyedi (378 points) from Iran is the defending champion of the 2015 UCI Asia Tour.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
Paralauterborniella
Paralauterborniella is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae. Apedilum was formerly considered a junior synonym of this genus, but was restored as a separate genus by J. H. Epler (1988) for the species A. elachistus and A. subcinctum.

Chironomidae
Chironomidae /ˌkaɪrəˈnɒmɪdiː/, commonly known as non-biting midges or chironomids /kaɪˈrɒnəmɪdz/, are a family of Nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the families Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Although many chironomid species superficially resemble mosquitoes, they can be distinguished by the absence of the wing scales and elongated mouthparts characteristic of the Culicidae (true mosquitoes).

The name Chironomidae stems from the Ancient Greek word kheironómos, "a pantomimist".
Pervin Buldan
Pervin Buldan (born 6 November 1967) is a Turkish politician of Kurdish origin. She was a member of the Democratic Society Party (DTP). She was President of Yakay-Der and one of the deputy speakers in the 26th Parliament of Turkey. On 11 February 2018, she was elected co-leader of the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) in the party's 3rd ordinary congress.

26th Parliament of Turkey
The 26th Parliament of the Turkish Republic was elected in a snap general election held on 1 November 2015 to the Grand National Assembly. It succeeded the short-lived 25th Parliament of Turkey later in November and lasted until July 2018. The 550 members, elected through proportional representation from 85 electoral districts of Turkey, are shown in the table below.
8th Guards Motor Rifle Division
The 8th Guards Motor Rifle Panfilov Division (Russian: 8-я гвардейская Панфиловская дивизия; Kyrgyz: 8-гвардиялык мотоаткычтар Панфилов дивизиясынын) originally the 316th Rifle Division, is a motorized infantry division of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic. Formed as a Soviet Red Army division during World War II, it was dissolved in 2003 but established anew in 2011. Its full title is 8th Guards Rezhitskaya Motorized Rifle Division Named after Hero of the Soviet Union Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov, awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Red Banner and Suvorov.

Order of Suvorov
The Order of Suvorov (Russian: орден Суворова, romanised: orden Suvorova) is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named in honour of Russian Generalissimo Prince Alexander Suvorov (1729–1800).
Orobanche latisquama
Orobanche latisquama is a species of broomrape in the family Orobanchaceae native to the western Mediterranean Basin. It is a parasite of rosemary and probably other shrubs (Cistus spp., Genista spp.).

Orobanche
Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of almost 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is a weed on broadleaf crop plants in Australia, where some states enforce mandatory destruction and reporting, as well as prohibition of sale.
Lillesands-Posten
Lillesands-Posten is a local Norwegian newspaper that is published in Lillesand and Birkenes municipalities in Agder. It has been published since the 1870. The newspaper is owned by Agderposten Medier and is the sister paper of Agderposten. It comes out twice a week, Tuesday and Friday.

The newspapers language is Bokmål, and it is published in Tabloid (newspaper format).

Birkenes
Birkenes is a municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sørlandet. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Birkeland, where about half the municipal population lives. Other villages in Birkenes include Ås, Engesland, Flakk, Håbbesland, Herefoss, Mollestad, Oggevatn, Rugsland, Senumstad, Søre Herefoss, Svaland, Tveide, and Væting.

The 637-square-kilometre (246 sq mi) municipality is the 183rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Birkenes is the 175th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,390. The municipality's population density is 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23/sq mi) and its population has increased by 9.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Kevin Reimer
Kevin Michael Reimer (born June 28, 1964) is an American former professional baseball player who played in the Major Leagues primarily as an outfielder and designated hitter from 1988–1993. He also played two seasons in Japan for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks in 1994–1995.

Designated hitter
The designated hitter (DH) is a baseball player who bats in place of the pitcher. Unlike other players in a team's lineup, they generally only play as an offensive player and usually do not play defense as a fielder or a pitcher during a game. Due to their specialized offensive-only role, the designated hitter is generally expected to produce above average offensive stats and production compared to other players who play defense.

In Major League Baseball, the position is authorized by Rule 5.11 of the Official Baseball Rules. It was adopted by the American League in 1973 and by the National League in 2022, making it universal in MLB. Within that time frame, nearly all amateur, collegiate, and professional leagues worldwide adopted the designated hitter or some variant, a major exception being Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League, which plans to adopt it in 2027.
Camptostylus
Camptostylus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Achariaceae.

Its native range is Western Tropical Africa to Angola.

Species:

Camptostylus kivuensis Bamps

Camptostylus mannii (Oliv.) Gilg

Camptostylus ovalis (Oliv.) Chipp

Camptostylus ovalis
Camptostylus ovalis is a species of plant in the family Achariaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It can grow up to 30 feet tall. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Linear predictive coding
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model.

LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis. It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful method for encoding good quality speech at a low bit rate.

Bit rate
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.

In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s (1 byte = 8 bits).  However if stop bits, start bits, and parity bits need to be factored in, a higher number of bits per second will be required to achieve a throughput of the same number of bytes.
SK3
SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNN3 gene.

SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-dependent after hyperpolarisation current (IAHP). It belongs to a family of channels known as small-conductance potassium channels, which consists of three members – SK1, SK2 and SK3 (encoded by the KCNN1, 2 and 3 genes respectively), which share a 60-70% sequence identity. These channels have acquired a number of alternative names, however a NC-IUPHAR has recently achieved consensus on the best names, KCa2.1 (SK1), KCa2.2 (SK2) and KCa2.3 (SK3). Small conductance channels are responsible for the medium and possibly the slow components of the IAHP.

KCNN1
Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 1 , also known as KCNN1 is a human gene encoding the KCa2.1 protein.

Action potentials in vertebrate neurons are followed by an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that may persist for several seconds and may have profound consequences for the firing pattern of the neuron. Each component of the AHP is kinetically distinct and is mediated by different calcium-activated potassium channels. The protein encoded by this gene is activated before membrane hyperpolarization and is thought to regulate neuronal excitability by contributing to the slow component of synaptic AHP. The KCa2.1 protein is an integral membrane protein that forms a voltage-independent calcium-activated channel with three other calmodulin-binding subunits. The KCNN1 gene is a member of the KCNN family of potassium channel genes.
2008 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I
The 2008 IIHF World U18 Championship Division I was an international under-18 ice hockey competition organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation. Both Division I tournaments made up the second level of the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships. The Group A tournament was played in Toruń, Poland, and the Group B tournament was played in Riga, Latvia, both from 2 to 8 April 2008. The Czech Republic and Norway won the Group A and B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to the Top Division of the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships.

2008 IIHF World U18 Championships
The 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships were held in Kazan, Russia. The championships began on April 13, 2008, and finished on April 23, 2008. Games were played at TatNeft Arena and Arena Kazan in Kazan. Canada defeated Russia 8–0 in the final to claim the gold medal, while the United States defeated Sweden 6–3 to capture the bronze medal.
Christopher Isaack
Christopher Isaack  (1691–1740) was an Irish Anglican priest in the 18th century.

Isaack was born in Dublin, and educated at Trinity College there.  A prebendary of Emly,  he was its archdeacon from 1740 his death.

Archdeacon of Emly
The Archdeacon of Emly was a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Diocese of Emly and its successor amalgamated dioceses.

Notable archdeacons included Garrett FitzGerald, Archdeacon 1615-38, John Hickey, Archdeacon for more than 40 years until his death in 1723, Edward Moore (Archdeacon 1782-1788), Charles Agar (died 1789), John Jebb, later Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, who was Archdeacon  1821-3, and Henry Irwin, Archdeacon 1843-1858.
Macedonian Caritas
Macedonian Caritas (Macedonian: Македонски Каритас) or Caritas Macedonia is a social welfare and humanitarian charity operating in North Macedonia. It functions as a service of the Catholic Church in the country and is affiliated with Caritas Internationalis, a global confederation, as well as Caritas Europa, a regional network.

Caritas Internationalis
Caritas Internationalis (Latin pronunciation: [kaː.ri.t̪as in̪.t̪er.nat̪.t̪͡s̪iˈɔː.na.lis]; lit. 'Charity International') is a confederation of 162 national Catholic relief, development, and social service organisations operating in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. The name Caritas Internationalis refers to both the global network of Caritas organisations and to its general secretariat based in Vatican City.

Collectively and individually, their missions are "to serve the poor and to promote charity and justice throughout the world". Caritas Internationalis is the second-largest international humanitarian aid network in the world after the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
KK Works 1998–2000
K.K. Works 1998-2000 is a compilation of tracks by Kahimi Karie recorded in the title years. It was issued in 2001 by the Japanese major label Polydor.

The songs are from the full-length albums K.K.K.K.K. and Tilt and the EPs Journey To The Centre To Me and Once Upon A Time (collaborations with Momus and The Olivia Tremor Control, respectively). The version of Momus' "Pygmalism" found on the K.K. Works album is taken from a remix CD issued with the rare multi-media collector's item K.K. Limited Edition 2000.

Tilt (Kahimi Karie album)
Tilt is the third studio album by Japanese musician Kahimi Karie. It was released on May 24, 2000, by Polydor Records.

Tilt features collaborations with Add N to (X), Arto Lindsay, Momus, The Olivia Tremor Control and Tahiti 80, among other artists. Three of the album's tracks were released earlier in 2000 on EPs by Karie: "Do You Know the Time?" and "Metaphors" on Once Upon a Time, and "Pygmalism" on Journey to the Centre of Me.
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas
The 2008 elections for the Texas delegation of the United States House of Representatives was held on November 4, 2008. 31 of 32 congressional seats that make up the state's delegation were contested.  In Texas's 14th congressional district no one challenged incumbent Ron Paul.  Since Representatives are elected for two-year terms, those elected will serve in the 111th United States Congress from January 4, 2009, until January 3, 2011.

The 2008 presidential election, 2008 Senate election, and elections to the Texas House and Texas Senate occurred on the same date, as well as many local elections and ballot initiatives.

Despite widespread success for Democrats nationwide, Republicans gained one seat.

2008 Texas House of Representatives election
The 2008 Texas House of Representatives elections took place as part of the biennial United States elections. Texas voters elected state representatives in all 150 State House of Representatives districts. The winners of this election served in the 81st Texas Legislature. State representatives serve for two-year terms. Republicans maintained control of the House, losing three seats to the Democrats.
Rousseauxia
Rousseauxia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Melastomataceae.

It is native to Madagascar.

The genus name of Rousseauxia is in honour of Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux (1753–1838), a French botanist and pteridologist. 
It was first described and published in Prodr. Vol.3 on page 152 in 1828.

Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae (/mɛləstoʊmɑːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees.
The Currency of Politics
The Currency of Politics: The Political Theory of Money from Aristotle to Keynes is a 2022 book by political theorist Stefan Eich, published by Princeton University Press. In the book Eich documents an intellectual history of money and its relationship to democratic politics by investigating key monetary crises from ancient Greece to the contemporary era. The author analyzes the political theories of philosophers including Aristotle, John Locke, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes, arguing that money functions not merely as an economic instrument but as a significant institution of political governance. The book was awarded the 2023 Best First Book Prize by the Foundations of Political Theory section of the American Political Science Association. It has been translated into German, Italian, Turkish, and Chinese.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Johann Gottlieb Fichte (19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814) was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.

Fichte is an important philosopher in his own right due to his original insights into the nature of self-consciousness or self-awareness. Fichte was also the originator of thesis–antithesis–synthesis, an idea that is often erroneously attributed to Hegel.

Like Descartes and Kant before him, Fichte was motivated by the problem of subjectivity and consciousness. Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy; he has a reputation as one of the fathers of German nationalism.
St Peter's Church, Kinver
St Peter's Church, Kinver is a Grade I listed Church of England parish church in Kinver, Staffordshire, England. The church, which contains fragments from a 12th-century Norman structure, dates primarily from the early 14th century with substantial 15th-century extensions. It underwent major restoration in the 1880s and a complete rebuilding of its north aisle in 1976.

George Gilbert Scott
Sir George Gilbert Scott RA (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), largely known as Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.

Scott was the architect of many notable buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of the University of Glasgow, St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King's College Chapel, London.
DXNV
DXNV (107.9 FM) was a radio station owned and operated by Progressive Broadcasting Corporation. It formerly served as a relay station of DWNU in Manila from 1992 to December 31, 2013, when it went off the air. The frequency is currently owned by the Mabuhay Broadcasting System.

Progressive Broadcasting Corporation
Progressive Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) is a Philippine radio and television network owned by businessman Alfredo L. Henares with 70% equity share together with Joselito N. Pedero (15.3%) and Dennis T. Villareal (14.5%). The company was registered in the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 6, 1986. Its studios are located at Unit 4002 Summit One Tower, Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong. PBC derives most of its income by selling airtime to blocktimers.

PBC's flagship UHF TV station in Mega Manila, UNTV Channel 37 (now UNTV News and Rescue) is operated and maintained by its content provider Breakthrough and Milestones Productions International, Inc. (BMPI), led by veteran broadcaster and TV host "Kuya" Daniel Razon. PBC is also known for its FM station DWNU (Wish 107.5) in Mega Manila, it formerly aired NU 107 (until 2010) and Win Radio (until 2014, moved to DWKY 91.5 FM).
Warren railway station
Warren railway station was located near New Brighton, Wirral, England. The station was built on the New Brighton branch of the Seacombe, Hoylake and Deeside Railway, between Wallasey Grove Road and New Brighton stations, opening on 30 March 1888. The branch became part of the Wirral Railway on 1 July 1891.

Remotely situated, the station only ever served a small part of the community (and the local golf course). This, combined with an infrequent service, and the later introduction of a tram service on Warren Drive, meant the station was little used, and it was closed on 1 October 1915. The station had one siding nearby, on the seaward side, which was possibly used for the transportation of sand. The foundations of the up platform are extant, and were revealed during engineering work in 2006. The line past the station site remains in use as part of the Wirral Line, now operated by Merseyrail.

New Brighton, Merseyside
New Brighton is a seaside resort and suburb of Wallasey, in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England, at the northeastern tip of the Wirral peninsula. It has sandy beaches which line the Irish Sea and mouth of the Mersey, and the UK's longest promenade.

At the 2011 Census, the population was 14,859.