hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Riemann's minimal surface
In differential geometry, Riemann's minimal surface is a one-parameter family of minimal surfaces described by Bernhard Riemann in a posthumous paper published in 1867. Surfaces in the family are singly periodic minimal surfaces with an infinite number of ends asymptotic to parallel planes, each plane "shelf" connected with catenoid-like bridges to the neighbouring ones. Their intersections with horizontal planes are circles or lines; Riemann proved that they were the only minimal surfaces fibered by circles in parallel planes besides the catenoid, helicoid and plane. They are also the only nontrivial embedded minimal surfaces in Euclidean 3-space invariant under the group generated by a nontrivial translation. It is possible to attach extra handles to the surfaces, producing higher-genus minimal surface families.

Bernhard Riemann
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (/ˈriːmɑːn/; German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈbɛʁnhaʁt ˈʁiːman] ⓘ; 17 September 1826 – 20 July 1866) was a German mathematician who made profound contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry. In the field of real analysis, he is mostly known for the first rigorous formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and his work on Fourier series. His contributions to complex analysis include most notably the introduction of Riemann surfaces, breaking new ground in a natural, geometric treatment of complex analysis. His 1859 paper on the prime-counting function, containing the original statement of the Riemann hypothesis, is regarded as a foundational paper of analytic number theory. Through his pioneering contributions to differential geometry, Riemann laid the foundations of the mathematics of general relativity. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
William Taubman
William Chase Taubman (born November 13, 1941, in New York City) is an American political scientist. His biography of Nikita Khrushchev won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 2004 and the National Book Critics Circle Award for Biography in 2003.

He is currently Bertrand Snell Professor of Political Science at Amherst College.

Pulitzer Prize for Biography
The Pulitzer Prize for Biography is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. The award honors "a distinguished and appropriately documented biography by an American author." Award winners receive US$15,000.

From 1917 to 2022, this prize was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and was awarded to a distinguished biography, autobiography or memoir by an American author or co-authors, published during the preceding calendar year. It is one of the original Pulitzers. The program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year.
Orthogonal Procrustes problem
The orthogonal Procrustes problem is a matrix approximation problem in linear algebra.  In its classical form, one is given two matrices  and  and asked to find an orthogonal matrix  which most closely maps  to . Specifically, the orthogonal Procrustes problem is an optimization problem given by

where  denotes the Frobenius norm.  This is a special case of Wahba's problem (with identical weights; instead of considering two matrices, in Wahba's problem the columns of the matrices are considered as individual vectors). Another difference is that Wahba's problem tries to find a proper rotation matrix instead of just an orthogonal one.

The name Procrustes refers to a bandit from Greek mythology who made his victims fit his bed by either stretching their limbs or cutting them off.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Ice hockey at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's 3x3 tournament
The women's 3-on-3 ice hockey tournament was one of four under-16 ice hockey events contested as part of the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangneung, South Korea. The tournament was held from 20 to 25 January at the Gangneung Hockey Centre.

Australia, China, Hungary, Italy, South Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Turkey (as Türkiye) were each represented by a team of thirteen players born in 2008 or 2009.

Ice hockey at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics
Ice hockey at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics comprised four events contested at the Gangneung Hockey Centre in Gangneung, South Korea from 20 to 31 January 2024.

Two tournaments were held: a traditional six-team tournament and a 3-on-3 tournament. Each tournament had both a men's and a women's event. A NOC that qualified for the traditional tournament was permitted a team of eighteen players and a NOC that qualified for the 3-on-3 tournament was permitted a team of thirteen athletes. As the host, South Korea was allowed to participate in both tournaments, but with teams of alternate genders.
Rugby league in England
Rugby league is played across England but is most popular in Northern England, especially Yorkshire and Lancashire where the game originated. These areas are the heartland of rugby league. The sport is also popular in Cumbria where the amateur game is particularly powerful.

1975 Rugby League World Cup
The 1975 Rugby League World Cup (officially known as the  1975 Rugby League World Championship) was the seventh  World Cup for men’s rugby league national teams and ran from 2 March to 12 November. Australia were the winners for a fourth time after topping the group table.

Unlike previous World Cups, there was no one host country, with the five participating nations hosting matches over eight months. Each team had to play the others on a 'home and away' basis. For the first time Great Britain did not compete and instead England and Wales entered to participate for the first time, taking advantage of a glut of Welsh talent in the British game at the time.
Brownie Carslake
Bernard "Brownie" Carslake (14 July 1886 - 29 July 1941) was an Australian-born, but mainly England-based, flat racing jockey, who in a career of over three decades won every British Classic except the Derby, as well as becoming champion jockey of Austria-Hungary and Russia. He was ranked 12th in the Racing Post jockeys of the 20th Century.

St Leger Stakes
The St Leger Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 1 mile, 6 furlongs and 115 yards (2,921 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.

Established in 1776, the St Leger is the oldest of Britain's five Classic races. It is the last of the five to be run each year, and its distance is longer than any of the other four.

The St Leger is the final leg of the English Triple Crown, which begins with the 2000 Guineas and continues with the Derby. It also completes the Fillies Triple Crown, following on from the 1000 Guineas and The Oaks. The St Leger has rarely featured Triple Crown contenders in recent decades, with the only one in recent years being the 2012 2,000 Guineas and Derby winner Camelot, who finished second in the St Leger.
Past:Present:Future
Past:Present:Future is a two-part album series by Ch!pz. In the Netherlands, Part 1 was released on June 23, 2006, and Part 2 was released on November 17 of the same year. They were released via Universal. The first album spawned two singles, "Gangstertown" and "Waikiki Beach", of which "Gangstertown" peaked at #5 in the Dutch Top 40 and "Waikiki Beach" wasn't officially released on single, just shooting a music video for it. In November 2006, the first album was certified Gold in the Netherlands for sales over 35,000. The second album came with a Bonus DVD in some stores like Free Record Shop and Van Leest. The official first single, "One Day When I Grow Up", was released in September and charted in the Dutch Top 40 at #29, and moved up to #7 in its second, third and fourth week. The second single, the Christmas track "Christmas Time Is Here," debuted at #8 in the Dutch Top 40 and remained there for two weeks.

Dutch Top 40
The Dutch Top 40 (Dutch: Nederlandse Top 40) is a weekly music popularity chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It was first published and broadcast on 2 January 1965 by Radio Veronica, a Dutch offshore radio station that had been looking for a reliable weekly chart based on Dutch record sales. The Veronica Top 40 - as the chart was titled until 1974 - was conceived by Veronica DJ Joost den Draaijer while on a business trip to New York in 1964. The chart was broadcast every Saturday afternoon and was issued as a printed leaflet ("Het gedrukte exemplaar") (something Den Draaijer had seen in the US) which fans could get for free from their local record store.

It is currently broadcast by Dutch radio station Q Music every Friday afternoon. In 2025 it celebrated its 60th anniversary, making it one of the oldest music charts in the world that did not change format or length during its existence.
1933 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1933 Norwegian Football Cup was the 32nd season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo on 15 October 1933, and Mjøndalen secured their first title with a 3–1 win against Viking. Mjøndalen had previously played two cup finals but lost both in 1924 and 1931, while Viking played their first final. Fredrikstad were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Viking in the fourth round.

1931 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1931 Norwegian Football Cup was the 30th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Lovisenlund in Larvik on 18 October 1931, and was contested by ten-time former winners Odd and Mjøndalen, who also played in the final in 1924, which they lost. Odd won the final 4–2, and secured their eleventh title, which also was their last title in 69 years, before Odd again won the Norwegian Cup in 2000. Ørn were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Gjøa in the third round.
Zabala (candy)
Zabala is the branded name of a type of milk caramel candy or dulce de leche candy, traditional in Uruguay.

The name Zabala possibly comes after the founder of Montevideo, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala whose portrait is printed on the wrapper.

Zabala candies were invented in 1913 in the town of Fray Marcos in the Department of Florida and come in two flavors: vanilla and mint.

On 19 May 2015, production of Zabala candies was around  6000 and 8000 kilograms per month, the company celebrated its 90th anniversary a few months after the given date.

Caramel
Caramel (/ˈkærəˌmɛl/, /ˈkærəməl/ or (US) /ˈkɑːrməl/) is a range of food ingredients made by heating sugars to high temperatures. It is used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons or candy bars, as a topping for ice cream and custard, and as a colorant commonly used in drinks.

The process of caramelization primarily consists of heating sugars slowly to around 170 °C (340 °F). As the sugar heats, the molecules break down and re-form into compounds with a characteristic colour and flavour.

A variety of sweets, desserts, toppings, and confections are made with caramel, including tres leches cake, brittles, nougats, pralines, flan, crème brûlée, crème caramel, and caramel apples. Ice creams are sometimes flavored with or contain swirls of caramel.
Variable displacement
Variable displacement is an automobile engine technology that allows the engine displacement to change, usually by deactivating cylinders, for improved fuel economy. The technology is primarily used in large multi-cylinder engines. Many automobile manufacturers have adopted this technology as of 2005, although the concept has existed for some time prior to this.

Exhaust gas
Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume.

It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines), which can also include crankcase blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.

Air pollution from burning fossil fuels is estimated to kill over 5 million people each year. Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities.
Eloquent cortex
Eloquent cortex is a name used by neurologists for areas of cortex that—if removed—will result in loss of sensory processing or linguistic ability, or paralysis. The most common areas of eloquent cortex are in the left temporal and frontal lobes for speech and language, bilateral occipital lobes for vision, bilateral parietal lobes for sensation, and bilateral motor cortex for movement.

Neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, or magnetoencephalography are especially useful non-invasive tools to locate eloquent cortices. Much higher spatial and temporal resolution maps of cortical activity can be achieved with a technique called electrocorticography, however this requires placement of subdural electrodes on the surface of the brain and this must be done during surgery.

Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.: 21 
Temporal refers to the head's temples.
CDK-activating kinase
CDK-activating kinase (CAK) activates the cyclin-CDK complex by phosphorylating threonine residue 160 in the CDK activation loop. CAK itself is a member of the Cdk family and functions as a positive regulator of Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it is encoded by genes cdc28 and cdc2, respectively. With its cyclin partners, Cdk1 forms complexes that phosphorylate a variety of target substrates (over 75 have been identified in budding yeast); phosphorylation of these proteins leads to cell cycle progression.
1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season
The 1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season. It ran from 1 November 1999 to 30 April 2000. The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a "tropical cyclone year" separately from a "tropical cyclone season", with the "tropical cyclone year" for this season lasting from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000.

Two of the most notable cyclones of the season were Steve and Rosita. Cyclone Steve transversed the entire Australian continent, and although a fairly weak cyclone, caused widespread flooding in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia, while Cyclone Rosita made an almost direct hit on Broome as a severe Category 4 cyclone, devastating several remote stations and the town itself. Rosita surprised many residents of its arrival, as it made landfall very late in the season.

Broome, Western Australia
Broome, also known as Rubibi by the Yawuru people, is a coastal pearling and tourist town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, 2,046 km (1,271 mi) north of Perth. The town recorded a population of 14,660 in the 2021 census. It is the largest town in the Kimberley region.
13cabs
13cabs is an Australian taxi network with a fleet of over 10,000 vehicles. Named after their phone number (13 22 27 or "13cabs"), and a part of A2B Australia, 13cabs operates in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth and Newcastle. 13cabs has expanded to the Northern Territory, regional Victoria and regional Queensland, providing a 24/7 booking service via three Australian-based contact centres.

In March 2020, in an effort to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the taxi industry, it was announced that 13cabs had established a subsidiary named 13things, a home delivery service that offers to pick up and deliver goods and parcels.

In February 2025, 60 Minutes Australia uncovered fraud and abuse of customers, often those with physical or mental disabilities, conducted by 13cabs' drivers. The fraud typically involved exploitation of loopholes in the Cabcharge terminal and payment systems that A2B supplies to Australian state and federal agencies.

Cabcharge
The Cabcharge account payment system was established in 1976 to provide taxi passengers a way to pay for taxi fares by non-cash means. The payment system is owned and operated by A2B Australia (formerly Cabcharge Australia), part of ComfortDelGro. In the UK and Singapore, Cabcharge is operated by other subsidiaries of ComfortDelGro.

Cabcharge Australia's commercial activities, in which the Cabcharge payment system is an integral part, have been controversial at times and the company has faced regular accusations of excessive charging or profiteering and predatory and anti-competitive practices. The company was recently subject to adverse court proceedings and a major settlement arising from these behaviours.
Mattar M'Boge
Mattar M'Boge (born 21 June 1980) is a football coach and former player.

He was promoted from his previous role as Head Coach of the U-17 national team to Head Coach of the Gambia national under-20 football team in October 2017. He is also the former head coach for Real de Banjul.

2018 WAFU/FOX U-20 Tournament
The 2018 WAFU/FOX U-20 Tournament was the first edition of the international U-20 men's football event for teams under the West African Football Union. The competition will be hosted by Liberia in April to May 2018 in two match venues. The organizers of the tournament, which is sponsored by FOX Sports, said it will run from April 24, to May 6, 2018 in Monrovia and will feature eight of the nine countries in WAFU Zone A who have confirmed their participation in the zonal youth championship.

Host Liberia, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leone make up Group A whilst Senegal, Mali, Gambia and Guinea complete Group B.

Matches will be held at the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Stadium and the Antoinette Tubman Stadium, both in Monrovia, Liberia.
Metal Black
Metal Black is the eleventh studio album by heavy metal band Venom. It was released in 2006 through Castle/Sanctuary. It is the last to feature Mykvs on guitar. The name of the album is a play on their 1982 album Black Metal, one of the band's best known LPs.

Black Metal (Venom album)
Black Metal is the second studio album by English heavy metal band Venom, released on 1 November 1982 through Neat Records. Released during the new wave of British heavy metal, the album is considered to be a major influence on the speed metal, thrash metal, death metal and black metal scenes that emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s.

The album lent its name to the black metal subgenre, but its music was an early form of extreme metal which still had roots in traditional heavy metal. AllMusic described it as "sowing the seeds of much that would be referred to as extreme metal", and Moynihan & Søderlind in their book Lords of Chaos affirmed that the album "carved in stone some of [black metal's] essential features". Nevertheless, its lyrics and imagery were a major influence on the early Norwegian black metal scene.
Fideicommissum
A fideicommissum is a type of bequest in which the beneficiary is encumbered to convey parts of the decedent's estate to someone else. For example, if a father leaves the family house to his firstborn, on condition that they will bequeath it to their first child. It was one of the most popular legal institutions in ancient Roman law for several centuries. The word is a conjunction of the Latin words fidei ("to/for trust"), dative singular of fides ("trust") and commissum ("left"), nominative neuter singular perfect past participle of committo ("to leave, bequeath, commit"), it thus denotes that something is committed to one's trust.

Institutes (Justinian)
The Institutes (Latin: Institutiones) is a component of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the 6th-century codification of Roman law ordered by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. It is largely based upon the Institutes of Gaius, a Roman jurist of the second century A.D. The other parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis are the Digest, the Codex Justinianus, and the Novellae Constitutiones ("New Constitutions" or "Novels").
Gmina Popów
Gmina Popów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Popów, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north of Kłobuck and 88 km (55 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of 102.21 square kilometres (39.5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 5,868.

Kłobuck County
Kłobuck County (Polish: powiat kłobucki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kłobuck, which lies 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice. The only other town in the county is Krzepice, lying 16 km (10 mi) west of Kłobuck.

The county covers an area of 889.15 square kilometres (343.3 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 84,762, out of which the population of Kłobuck is 12,934, that of Krzepice is 4,456, and the rural population is 67,372.
Estádio Olímpico Colosso da Lagoa
Estádio Olímpico Colosso da Lagoa is a multi-use stadium in Erechim, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium, built in 1970, holds 22,000 and is owned by Ypiranga Futebol Clube. It is named after the Lagoa Vermelha (meaning Red Lake), which is located near the stadium.

Ypiranga Futebol Clube
Ypiranga Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as Ypiranga de Erechim or Ypiranga, is a Brazilian professional football club based in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul. Founded in 1924, it competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, the third tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Gaúcho, the top flight of the Rio Grande do Sul state football league.
No. 5 Wing RAF
No. 5 Wing of the Royal Air Force was a wing of aircraft squadrons which was originally established as the Fifth Wing of the Royal Flying Corps.  Currently inactive, the wing has been formed and disbanded five times over the course of its history.

John Tyssen
Air Vice-Marshal John Hugh Samuel Tyssen, CB, MC (20 June 1889 – 4 January 1953) was a British Royal Flying Corps pilot during the First World War and a senior Royal Air Force commander during the first half of the Second World War. He was Air Officer Commanding British Forces in Iraq (20 November 1937 – November 1939)