hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aeneas Mackay, 15th Lord Reay
Aeneas Simon Mackay, 15th Lord Reay, Baron Mackay (pronounced "Ray"; born 20 March 1965) is a British corporate financier who is also hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Mackay. He is a Scottish lord and baronet. He is also a Dutch nobleman who is Baron Mackay van Ophemert and Zennewijnen, of Castle Ophemert.

Scottish clan chief
The Scottish Gaelic word clann means children. In early times, and possibly even today, Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. The clan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than a chieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan. Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to as armigerous clans.
Robert Saundby
Air Marshal Sir Robert Henry Magnus Spencer Saundby, KCB, KBE, MC, DFC, AFC, FRAeS, FRES, DL (26 April 1896 – 26 September 1971) was a senior Royal Air Force officer whose career spanned both the First and Second World Wars. He distinguished himself by gaining five victories during the First World War, and was present during the air battle when Lanoe Hawker was shot down and killed by Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron". He is chiefly remembered for his role as Deputy Air Officer Commanding-on-Chief Bomber Command under Sir Arthur Harris during the latter part of the Second World War.

RAF Staff College, Andover
The RAF Staff College at RAF Andover was the first Royal Air Force staff college to be established.  Its role was the training of officers in the administrative, staff and policy aspects of air force matters.
Masala railway station
Masala railway station (Finnish: Masalan rautatieasema, Swedish: Masaby järnvägsstation) is a station on the Helsinki commuter rail network located in the Masala district of Kirkkonummi, Finland, between the Kauklahti and Jorvas stations. The station is served by Helsinki commuter rail lines  Y, U and L.

The Masala station has high platforms and platform displays. There is an announcement system at the station. The station has 140 free-of-charge bicycle parking places and 80 free-of-charge car parking places. There is a taxi station and bus stop near the station.

Kirkkonummi
Kirkkonummi (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkirkːoˌnumːi]; Swedish: Kyrkslätt, Finland Swedish: [ˈtɕyrːkslet] ⓘ, Sweden Swedish: [ˈɕʏ̂rːkslɛt]) is a municipality in Finland, located in the southern coast of the country. Kirkkonummi is situated in the western part of the Uusimaa region. The population of Kirkkonummi is approximately 42,000. It is the 28th most populous municipality in Finland. Kirkkonummi is part of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, which has approximately 1.62 million inhabitants.

Kirkkonummi is situated on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland and borders Espoo, Vihti, Siuntio and Ingå. The literal translation of the Finnish name "Kirkkonummi" into English is “church heath”; the Swedish name "Kyrkslätt" translates to “church plain".

Kirkkonummi is a bilingual municipality with Finnish and Swedish as its official languages. The population consists of 73% Finnish speakers, 15% Swedish speakers, and 13% speakers of other languages.
Transport length
The transport length in a strongly diffusing medium (noted l*) is the length over which the direction of propagation of the photon is randomized. It is related to the mean free path l by the relation:

with g: the asymmetry coefficient.  or averaging of the scattering angle θ over a high number of scattering events.

g can be evaluated with the Mie theory.
If g=0, l=l*. A single scattering is already isotropic.
If g→1, l*→infinite. A single scattering doesn't deviate the photons. Then the scattering never gets isotropic.

This length is useful for renormalizing a non-isotropic scattering problem into an isotropic one in order to use classical diffusion laws (Fick law and Brownian motion). The transport length might be measured by transmission experiments and backscattering experiments.

Mean free path simple scheme

Mean free path
In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.
2023 Sylhet City Corporation election
The 2023 Sylhet City Corporation election is an election in Sylhet, Bangladesh, that was held on 21 June 2023 to elect the next mayor & councillors of Sylhet. In this election, AL candidate achieved a landslide victory.

Mayor of Sylhet
The Mayor of Sylhet is the chief elected executive of the Sylhet City Corporation. The mayor's office oversees civic services, manages public properties, and coordinates the functions of various government agencies within the city. In addition, the mayor is responsible for enforcing city corporation regulations and state laws, thereby ensuring good governance and the sustainable development of Sylhet.

The mayor's office is located in Nagar Bhaban, Bandor Bazar; currently it has jurisdiction over all 42 wards of Sylhet City, which previously was 27 ward.
IWA Kawasaki Dream
Kawasaki Dream was a professional wrestling supercard produced by the Japanese professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Association (IWA). The event took place on August 20, 1995, at the Kawasaki Stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa. The event was a huge success for the promotion drawing a crowd of 28,757 attendants, the largest crowd for an IWA Japan show and it was the most successful and biggest show of the promotion.

The key highlight of Kawasaki Dream was the 1995 King of the Deathmatch Tournament, an eight-man single elimination tournament, which featured various matches of deathmatch wrestling style. Cactus Jack won the tournament by defeating Terry Funk in the final round. The tournament was critically acclaimed and widely well received by the critics and audiences and the tournament final between Cactus Jack and Terry Funk has been considered by some wrestling journalists to be the greatest deathmatch in the history of professional wrestling.

Professional wrestling holds
Professional wrestling holds include a number of set moves and pins used by performers to immobilize their opponents or lead to a submission. This article covers the various pins, stretches and transition holds used in the ring. Some wrestlers use these holds as their finishing maneuvers, often nicknaming them to reflect their character or persona. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible.
Donny Hathaway
Donny Edward Hathaway (October 1, 1945 – January 13, 1979) was an American soul singer, keyboardist, songwriter, backing vocalist, and arranger who Rolling Stone described as a "soul legend". His most popular songs include "The Ghetto", "This Christmas", "Someday We'll All Be Free", and "Little Ghetto Boy". Hathaway is also renowned for his renditions of "A Song for You", "For All We Know", "Jealous Guy" and "I Love You More Than You'll Ever Know", along with "Where Is the Love" and "The Closer I Get to You", two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack. He has been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame and won one Grammy Award from four nominations. Hathaway was also posthumously honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019. Dutch director David Kleijwegt made a documentary called Mister Soul – A Story About Donny Hathaway, which premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 28, 2020.

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is a special Grammy Award that is awarded by The Recording Academy to "performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording."

This award is distinct from the Grammy Hall of Fame Award, which honors specific recordings rather than individuals, and the Grammy Trustees Award, which honors non-performers.

The honor was established in 1962, with the first awarded recipient in 1963.
Ferrymead Bays FC
Ferrymead Bays is a semi-professional association football club based in Christchurch, New Zealand. They compete in the Mainland Premier League
and they have won the league title on five occasions. Ferrymead Bays FC play their home games at Ferrymead Park in Ferrymead and Barnett Park in Redcliffs, Christchurch.

The club colours are navy blue and white. Their club crest takes elements of the local suburbs and bays, featuring a football on waves. The club’s main rival is Cashmere Technical due to the club's close proximity and other recent rivals include Coastal Spirit.

The club nickname is "The Bays", a reference to the club's several bays and coastal landmarks around that part of the city the club is located. The club crest first featured "Ferrymead Bays Soccer" around the ball and changed to "Ferrymead Bays Football" due to the modern reference to game's name.

Cashmere Technical FC
Cashmere Technical is an association football club based in Christchurch, New Zealand. It was formed in early 2012 from the merger of two of the city's premier teams, Cashmere Wanderers and Woolston Technical. The two clubs had agreed to work together in early 2011, and the 2011 Christchurch earthquake which devastated their home city and resulted in the loss of many playing facilities hastened their merger into a combined side.

Cashmere Technical play in the Mainland Premier League, and have won the Chatham Cup twice as Cashmere but also once as Christchurch Technical Old Boys.
Pierangelo Metrangolo
Pierangelo Metrangolo (born 16 April 1972) is an Italian chemist with interests in supramolecular chemistry and functional materials. He also has an interest in crystal engineering, in particular by using the halogen bond. He is past-president of the Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division (DIV. I) of IUPAC.

International Union of Crystallography
The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) is an organisation devoted to the international promotion and coordination of the science of crystallography. The IUCr is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU).
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke, de jure 9th Baron Latimer (c. 1452 – 23 August 1502), KG, of Brook, near Westbury, Wiltshire, was one of the chief commanders of the royal forces of King Henry VII against the Cornish rebellion of 1497.

William Henry Hamilton Rogers
William Henry Hamilton Rogers (1 October 1834 – 20 November 1913), Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA), (works published as "W.H. Hamilton Rogers"), of Ridgeway Row in Colyton, Devon, was an English historian and antiquarian who specialised in the West Country of England. He frequently worked with the illustrator Roscoe Gibbs.
Really Simple Licensing
Really Simple Licensing (RSL) is an  open content licensing standard that allows web publishers to set terms for web crawlers gathering training data for generative AI use. It was launched on September 10, 2025 and is managed by the nonprofit RSL Collective, co-founded by RSS co-creator Eckart Walther and former Ask.com CEO Doug Leeds. Participating companies at launch include Reddit, Yahoo, and Medium.

Publishers can implement the RSL standard by adding licensing terms to their robots.txt files.

Open standard
An open standard is a standard that is openly accessible and usable by anyone. It is also a common prerequisite that open standards use an open license that provides for extensibility. Typically, anybody can participate in their development due to their inherently open nature. There is no single definition, and interpretations vary with usage. Examples of open standards include the GSM, 4G, and 5G standards that allow most modern mobile phones to work world-wide.
Roslyn Bush
Roslyn Bush is a lightly populated locality on the northeastern outskirts of the city of Invercargill in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island. Other nearby settlements include Makarewa to the west, Myross Bush to the southwest, Kennington to the south, Longbush and Woodlands to the east, and Rakahouka to the northeast.

Roslyn Bush is located near State Highway 98, which runs between Makarewa and Dacre.  It used to have a primary school, but it has closed and been converted into a play centre for younger children.  The nearest primary school is in Myross Bush.

Woodlands, New Zealand
Woodlands is a small town in the Southland region of New Zealand's South Island on the banks of the Waihopai River.  It is northeast of Invercargill between Dacre and Longbush. Other nearby settlements are Rakahouka to the northwest and Rimu and Waituna to the south.
Haramiyavia
Haramiyavia is a genus of synapsid in the clade Haramiyida that existed about 200 million years ago in the Rhaetian stage of the Triassic. Like other haramiyidans, it was likely a non-mammalian mammaliaform. It contains a single species, H. clemmenseni from the Fleming Fjord Formation of Greenland, and has been assigned to the monogeneric family Haramiyaviidae.

Fleming Fjord Formation
The Fleming Fjord Formation, alternatively called the Fleming Fjord Group is an Upper Triassic geological formation in the northeastern coast of Jameson Land, Greenland. It consists of terrestrial sediments and is known for its fossil content.
Napierville Junction Railway
The Napierville Junction Railway is a railway company in Canada and a non-operating subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Kansas City. It was originally formed by the Delaware & Hudson Railway (D&H) in 1906. Its purpose was to provide the easiest and fastest line with minimal grades from Rouses Point, NY, to a point near Montreal (St. Constant Jct, QC, now Delson, QC), selected for its good connections to both of the city's main passenger terminals.

Until the end of September 1917, the D&H used the connection over the Grand Trunk Railway's Victoria Bridge into Bonaventure Station. At Delson a junction also exists with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) via the St. Lawrence Bridge into Windsor Station, used by the D&H from October 1, 1917 until the end of passenger service in 1971, and by Amtrak's Adirondack between 1974 and 1986.

At its opposite end at Rouses Point, NY, the railway continued onto the D&H's Canadian Main line toward Schenectady, NY.

Delson
Delson is an off-island suburb (South shore) of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is situated 8 mi/13 km SSE of Montreal within the regional county municipality of Roussillon in the administrative region of Montérégie. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 8,328.

On its small territory, Delson is crossed by Route 132 and the Turtle River (Rivière de la Tortue). The city owns a portion of the Champlain industrial park as well as the Delson commuter train station with service to and from Montreal on the AMT's Candiac Line.
Paul Mersereau (painter)
Paul Fontaine Mersereau (1873 in Rheims, France – ??) was a French painter. He emigrated to Shreveport, Louisiana, after studying at the Académie Julian in Paris with Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and also with George Inness, and also spent time in Texas. He crossed the US exhibiting his work.

Mersereau was President of the Southern National Academy of Design until 1933 when succeeded by Nan Sheets, and a member of the Society of American Artists. His work is included in numerous public collections in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Nan Sheets
Nannine Jane "Nan" Quick Sheets (December 9, 1885 – September 1976) was an American painter, printmaker, and museum director. It has been said that she, along with Oscar Jacobsen, created the artistic community in central Oklahoma.
Bielikowo
Bielikowo [bjɛliˈkɔvɔ] (German Behlkow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brojce, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Brojce, 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Gryfice, and 80 km (50 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 252.

Brojce
Brojce [ˈbrɔi̯t͡sɛ] is a village in Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Brojce. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Gryfice and 80 km (50 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The area became part of the emerging Polish state under its first historic ruler Mieszko I around 967. Following the fragmentation of Poland, it formed part of the Duchy of Pomerania. From the 18th century, it formed part of Prussia, and from 1871 to 1945 it was also part of Germany. After Germany's defeat in World War II, it became again part of Poland.
Dingwall (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Dingwall in Ross-shire was a burgh constituency that elected one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, The Parliamentary Burgh of Dingwall remained, but together with Dornoch, Kirkwall, Tain and Wick formed a District of Burghs to form the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)
A commissioner was a legislator appointed or elected to represent a royal burgh or shire in the Parliament of Scotland and the associated Convention of the Estates. Member of Parliament (MP) and Deputy are equivalent terms in other countries.

The Scottish Parliament (also known as the Three Estates) and the Convention of the Estates were unicameral legislatures, so commissioners sat alongside prelates (the first estate) and members of the nobility (the second estate).
Train station
A train station, railroad station, or railway station is a railway facility where trains stop to load or unload passengers, freight, or both. It generally consists of at least one platform, one track, and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales, waiting rooms, and baggage/freight service. Stations on a single-track line often have a passing loop to accommodate trains travelling in the opposite direction.

Locations at which passengers only occasionally board or leave a train, sometimes consisting of a short platform and a waiting area but sometimes indicated by no more than a sign, are variously referred to as "stops", "flag stops", "halts", or "provisional stopping places". The stations themselves may be at ground level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as buses, trams, or other rapid transit systems.

Railroad switch
A railroad switch (AE), turnout, or (set of) points (CE) is a mechanical installation enabling railway trains to be guided from one track to another, such as at a railway junction or where a spur or siding branches off.
Richard Kemp (governor)
Sir Richard Kemp (c. 1600 – c. 1650) was a planter and politician in the Colony of Virginia. Kemp served as the Colony's Secretary and on the Governor's Council from 1634 to 1649. As the council's senior member, he also served as the acting Colonial Governor of Virginia from 1644 to 1645 during travels by Governor Sir William Berkeley. Kemp had also worked closely relation with Berkeley's predecessor, Sir John Harvey.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars
The Anglo–Powhatan Wars were three wars fought between settlers of the Colony of Virginia and the Powhatan People of Tsenacommacah in the early 17th century. The first war started in 1609 and ended in a peace settlement in 1614. The second war lasted from 1622 to 1632. The third war lasted from 1644 until 1646 and ended when Opechancanough was captured and killed. That war resulted in a defined boundary between the Native Americans and colonial lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass. This situation lasted until 1677 and the Treaty of Middle Plantation which established Indian reservations following Bacon's Rebellion.
Evander (crater)
Evander is the largest impact basin on Saturn's moon Dione, located near its south polar regions. It is named after the mythological Roman hero Evander of Pallene, son of Hermes. The name "Evander" was officially approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on 17 March 2008.

Dione (moon)
Dione (/daɪˈoʊni/) is the fourth-largest moon of Saturn. With a mean diameter of 1,123 km and a density of about 1.48 g/cm3, Dione is composed of an icy mantle and crust overlying a silicate rocky core, with rock and water ice roughly equal in mass. Its trailing hemisphere is marked by large cliffs and scarps called chasmata; the trailing hemisphere is also significantly darker compared to the leading hemisphere.

The moon was discovered by Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684 and is named after the Titaness Dione in Greek mythology. Dione was first imaged up-close by the Voyager 1 space probe in 1980. Later, the Cassini spacecraft made multiple flybys of Dione throughout the 2000s and 2010s as part of its campaign to explore the Saturn system.
Yaopu, Guizhou
Yaopu (simplified Chinese: 幺铺; traditional Chinese: 么鋪; pinyin: Yāopù) is a town under the administration of Xixiu District, Anshun City in central Guizhou, People's Republic of China. As of 2018, it has 7 residential communities (社区) and 29 villages under its administration.

Anshun
Anshun (simplified Chinese: 安顺; traditional Chinese: 安順; pinyin: Ānshùn) is a prefecture-level city located in southwestern Guizhou province, southwest China, near the Huangguoshu Waterfall, the tallest in China. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 2,297,339. The city proper had a population of 765,313. Within the prefecture are attractions such as The Long Gong Dragon Caves and the Getu River.
Archibald James Campbell
Archibald James Campbell (18 February 1853 – 11 September 1929) was an Australian civil servant in the Victorian (later Australian) government Customs Service.  However, his international reputation rests on his expertise as an amateur ornithologist, naturalist, and photographer.

He was one of the principal founders of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in 1901, and served as its president in 1909 and 1928.  He was also a founder member of the Victorian Wattle Club in 1899 and the Bird Observers Club in 1905. Campbell was active in the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria from its inception in 1880, leading pioneering expeditions and writing for their journal.  He wrote the classic field guide to oology (a branch of ornithology) in Australia: Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds, published in 1901.

The Argus (Melbourne)
The Argus was an Australian daily morning newspaper in Melbourne from 2 June 1846 to 19 January 1957, and was considered to be the general Australian newspaper of record for this period. Widely known as a conservative newspaper for most of its history, it adopted a left-leaning approach from 1949. The Argus's main competitor was David Syme's more liberal-minded newspaper, The Age.
Ilija Ivezić
Ilija Ivezić (20 July 1926 – 14 April 2016) was a Croatian film actor. He was born in Ričice, Gračac and died shortly before his 90th birthday. In a career that spanned more than five decades, Ivezić worked with directors such as Fadil Hadžić, Krsto Papić, Vatroslav Mimica, Antun Vrdoljak, Veljko Bulajić, and Antun Vrdoljak, among many others.

Krsto Papić
Krsto Papić (7 December 1933 – 7 February 2013) was a Croatian screenwriter and film director whose career spanned over five decades. He is generally considered among the best directors of former Yugoslavia, and counted among the Yugoslav Black Wave.