hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chairpersons of the Crow Tribe
The chairman or chairwoman of the Crow Tribe is the head of the executive branch of the Crow Tribe of Montana. Every four years, the Crow Tribal General Council (all adult-aged registered voters) elects a chairman of the Executive Branch.

The current chairman is Frank Whiteclay. The chairman serves as chief executive officer, with enumerated powers in the 2001 Crow Constitution. The constitutional changes of 2001 created a three branch government. The chairman serves as the head of the executive branch, which includes the offices of vice-chairman, secretary, and vice-secretary and the tribal offices and departments of the Crow Tribal Administration. Notable chairmen were Clara Nomee, Edison Real Bird, and Robert Yellowtail.

See list of Crow Tribal Administrations.

Edison Real Bird
Edison Real Bird was the chairman of the Crow Tribe Tribal Council in the United States from 1966 to 1972. While in that position, he implemented several key democratic reforms, and oversaw the election of Pauline Small, the first woman to be elected in the Crow Tribe.

He was photographed at the signing of the Crow Tribal Agreement, with Stewart Udall and Arnold Olsen, in 1961.

"In 1967, during the Edison Real Bird Administration the Crow Cultural Commission, chaired by Henry Old Coyote, began a plan to design the Crow Tribal emblem and flag."

The Crow Central Education Commission of the Crow Tribe of Indians, which was authorized and funded in 1972, "during the Edison Real Bird administration," became the parent organization of today's Little Big Horn College.

The Edison Real Bird Memorial Complex in Crow Agency, Montana, named in his honor, is the site of many events that are a part of Crow Fair.
Italian intelligence agencies
Italian intelligence agencies are the intelligence agencies of Italy. Currently, the Italian intelligence agencies are the Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (AISE), focusing on foreign intelligence, and the Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna (AISI), focusing on internal security. They form part of the Department of Information for Security, which in turn is part of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The agencies have been reorganized multiple times since the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946 to attempt to increase effectiveness.

Ministry of the Interior (Italy)
The Ministry of the Interior (Italian: Ministero dell'Interno) is a government agency of Italy, headquartered in Rome. It is a cabinet-level ministry of the Italian Republic. Since October 2022, the minister has been Matteo Piantedosi, former Prefect of Rome.
Marshall Ho'o
Dr. Marshall Ho'o (May 6, 1910 – October 2, 1993) was an American practitioner of tai chi and traditional Chinese medicine, known for his pioneering efforts to introduce and promote those healing arts, for which he received numerous awards in recognition of his community service. As part of that career he also had small roles in several major films, led tai chi instruction on his own television show, and authored a book on tai chi.

Black Belt (magazine)
Black Belt is an American magazine covering martial arts and combat sports. The magazine is based in Hollywood, California, and is one of the oldest titles dedicated to martial arts in the United States.
Victory Park, Johannesburg
Victory Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa, around 8 km northwest of City Hall.

Victory Park covers 1.6 km2, including several smallholdings and a pair of blocks that include the private Jewish high school in the King David Schools network and the Victory Park Hebrew Congregation building. To the north is Delta Park in Blairgowrie, to the northeast is Craighall Park, to the east is Parkhurst, to the southeast is Greenside, to the southwest is Emmarentia, and to the west is Linden. In the old municipal borders, Victory Park was part of Johannesburg and separated by Linden from Randburg.

Victory Park was founded on Braamfontein Farm in January 1919. The name was in honor of the Allied victory in World War I.

Parkhurst, Gauteng
Parkhurst is a small,  dense northern suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng, of about 2000 households and 4000 residents. Forming part of the northern suburbs, Parkhurst is roughly bounded by Parktown North to the east, the Braamfontein Spruit to the west, Craighall to the north, and Greenside to the south.

Although it is mainly residential, there are two main commercial roads - 4th Avenue which has the restaurants, cafes and décor, design, antique and service shops; and 6th Street which is quickly becoming converted into a design, décor, art and small business area. Parkhurst is one of the city's most walkable districts and popular with residents for its street life and sidewalk cafes, with an atmosphere similar to Greenside and Melville.
Ammonia production
Ammonia production takes place worldwide, mostly in large-scale manufacturing plants that produce 240 million metric tonnes of ammonia (2023) annually. Based on the annual production in 2023 the major part (~70%) of the production facilities are based in China (29%), India (9.5%), USA (9.5%), Russia (9.5%), Indonesia (4%), Iran (2,9%), Egypt (2,7%), and middle Saudi Arabia (2,7%).  80% or more of ammonia is used as fertilizer. Ammonia is also used for the production of plastics, fibres, explosives, nitric acid (via the Ostwald process), and intermediates for dyes and pharmaceuticals. The industry contributes 1% to 2% of global CO2. Between 18–20 Mt of the gas is transported globally each year.

Ostwald process
The Ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid (HNO3). The Ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. Historically and practically, the Ostwald process is closely associated with the Haber process, which provides the requisite raw material, ammonia (NH3). This method is preferred over other methods of nitric acid production because it is less expensive and more efficient.
Aster tongolensis
Aster tongolensis, commonly called East Indies aster, is a plant species of the genus Aster. Along with Aster souliei, it has been used in traditional Tibetan medicine for thousands of years as treatment for bronchitis, difficulty in urinating, and hemoptysis caused by tuberculosis.

Aster (genus)
Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 170 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae.

The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning 'star', referring to the shape of the flower head. Many species, varieties, and hybrids, sometimes known as Michaelmas daisies for their late blooming, are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. 'Aster' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
Reynel Hugnatan
Reynel Frances T. Hugnatan (born November 3, 1978) is a Filipino professional basketball player who plays for the San Juan Knights franchise of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL) and Pilipinas Super League (PSL). He also serves as an assistant coach for the Meralco Bolts of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He was picked 9th overall by the Coca-Cola Tigers in the 2003 PBA draft.

On May 12, 2023, Hugnatan retired from professional basketball and later became an assistant coach for the Bolts. In November 2023, however, he would un-retire to suit up for the MisOr Mustangs.

2018 PBA Governors' Cup
The 2018 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Governors' Cup, also known as the 2018 Honda Click–PBA Governor's Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the third and last conference of the 2017–18 PBA season. The tournament allowed teams to hire foreign players or imports with a height limit of 6'5".
Jill Whalen
Jill Whalen was an Ashland, Massachusetts based former search engine optimization consultant (SEO), speaker and writer.

Whalen was the CEO of High Rankings, and co-founded Search Engine Marketing New England. She was a regular speaker at Search Engine Strategies Conferences. High Rankings included a top-rated SEO discussion forum.

Whalen has been quoted as an authority by major publications including The Wall Street Journal, and Inc. She has also written search engine optimization articles for business websites including ClickZ and Search Engine Land, and her work on search engines is shared in marketing programs focused on attracting new clients.

Danny Sullivan (technologist)
Danny Sullivan is an American technologist, journalist, and entrepreneur. He is the founder of Search Engine Watch in 1997, one of the earliest online publications about search engine marketing. He also launched Search Engine Strategies, one of the earliest search marketing trade shows. After selling both companies in 2006, he co-founded Search Engine Land, another search marketing publication. In 2017, he joined Google as an adviser at the search division of the company.

He has been credited with popularizing the term "search engine marketing" and has been described as the father of the search engine marketing industry.
Ellie Pashley
Ellie Pashley (born 10 December 1988) is an Australian athlete. She competed in the women's 10,000 metres event at the 2019 World Athletics Championships.

In June 2021, Pashley was selected as part of the Australian marathon team for the Tokyo Olympics. She came twenty-third in the event. Her time of 2:33.39 was just over 6 minutes more than the eventual winner, Peres Jepchirchir, of Kenya.

Peres Jepchirchir
Peres Jepchirchir (born 27 September 1993) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner who competes mainly in road running competitions. She won the gold medal in the women's marathon at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Jepchirchir was the champion at the 2016 and 2020 World Half Marathon Championships. She claimed victories at the 2021 New York City and 2022 Boston Marathon and finished third at the 2023 London Marathon. She claimed a further victory at the 2024 London Marathon, finishing in two hours, 16 minutes and 16 seconds and breaking the women’s only world record (that is, the world record for the fastest time by a female marathon runner without using male pace makers).

Her best time for the half marathon of 1:05:06, set on 10 February 2017 in the UAE, is a former half marathon world record. She holds the women's only half marathon world record of 1:05:16 set at the 2020 World Half Marathon Championships in Gdynia, Poland, which was an improvement on her own previous record.
Expected value of sample information
In decision theory, the expected value of sample information (EVSI) is the expected increase in utility that a decision-maker could obtain from gaining access to a sample of additional observations before making a decision.  The additional information obtained from the sample may allow them to make a more informed, and thus better, decision, thus resulting in an increase in expected utility.  EVSI attempts to estimate what this improvement would be before seeing actual sample data; hence, EVSI is a form of what is known as preposterior analysis. The use of EVSI in decision theory was popularized by Robert Schlaifer and Howard Raiffa in the 1960s.

Dirichlet distribution
In probability and statistics, the Dirichlet distribution (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet), often denoted , is a family of continuous multivariate probability distributions parameterized by a vector α of positive reals. It is a multivariate generalization of the beta distribution, hence its alternative name of multivariate beta distribution (MBD).  Dirichlet distributions are commonly used as prior distributions in Bayesian statistics, and in fact, the Dirichlet distribution is the conjugate prior of the categorical distribution and multinomial distribution.

The infinite-dimensional generalization of the Dirichlet distribution is the Dirichlet process.
Likhupike Rural Municipality
Likhu Pike (Nepali: लिखु पिके गाउँपालिका) is a rural municipality (gaunpalika) out of seven rural municipality located in Solukhumbu District of Province No. 1 of Nepal. There are a total of 8 municipalities in Solukhumbu in which 1 is urban and 7 are rural.

According to Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Developme Mahakulung has an area of 124.38 square kilometres (48.02 sq mi) and the total population of the municipality is 5534 as of Census of Nepal 2011.

Goli, Chaulakharka and Bhakanje which previously were all separate Village development committee merged to form this new local level body. Fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development replaced all old VDCs and Municipalities into 753 new local level body (Municipality).

The rural municipality is divided into total 5 wards and the headquarter of this newly formed rural municipality is situated in Chaulakharka.

Bhakanje
Bhakanje  is a village development committee in Solukhumbu District in the Sagarmatha Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1188 people living in 226 individual households.
Suspension (dynamical systems)
Suspension is a construction passing from a map to a flow. Namely, let  be a metric space,  be a continuous map and  be a function (roof function or ceiling function) bounded away from 0. Consider the quotient space:

The suspension of  with roof function  is the semiflow  induced by the time translation .

If , then the quotient space is also called the mapping torus of .

Flow (mathematics)
In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid.  Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set.

The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups. Specific examples of vector flows include the geodesic flow, the Hamiltonian flow, the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, and Anosov flows.  Flows may also be defined for systems of random variables and stochastic processes, and occur in the study of ergodic dynamical systems.  The most celebrated of these is perhaps the Bernoulli flow.
Great-circle navigation
Great-circle navigation or orthodromic navigation (related to orthodromic course; from Ancient Greek  ορθός (orthós) 'right angle' and  δρόμος (drómos) 'path') is the practice of navigating a vessel (a ship or aircraft) along a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance  between two points on the globe.

Spherical trigonometry
Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions. On the sphere, geodesics are great circles. Spherical trigonometry is of great importance for calculations in astronomy, geodesy, and navigation.

The origins of spherical trigonometry in Greek mathematics and the major developments in Islamic mathematics are discussed fully in History of trigonometry and Mathematics in medieval Islam. The subject came to fruition in Early Modern times with important developments by John Napier, Delambre and others, and attained an essentially complete form by the end of the nineteenth century with the publication of Isaac Todhunter's textbook Spherical trigonometry for the use of colleges and Schools.
Since then, significant developments have been the application of vector methods, quaternion methods, and the use of numerical methods.
The Big Move rapid transit projects
The Big Move is a regional transportation plan (RTP) published in 2008 and consisting of 62 rapid transit projects to be implemented across the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). These rapid transit projects are intended to form a seamlessly integrated regional rapid transit network, which is the first priority action in the regional transportation plan. These projects form two long-term templates with 15 and 25 year horizons. These templates outline broad projects; specific details about technology, alignment, stations and service levels for each project are subsequently determined though a cost–benefit analysis or an environmental assessment process.

Line 1 Yonge–University
Line 1 Yonge–University is a rapid transit line of the Toronto subway. It serves Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. Operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, it has 38 stations and is 38.4 kilometres (23.9 miles) in length, making it the longest line on the subway system. It opened as the "Yonge subway" in 1954 as Canada's first underground passenger rail line and was extended multiple times between 1963 and 2017. As of 2010, Line 1 was the busiest rapid transit line in Canada, and one of the busiest lines in North America. In the 12 months ending August 2024, it averaged over 625,000 riders per weekday.
Raptadu Assembly constituency
Raptadu Assembly constituency is a constituency in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh that elects representatives to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is one of the seven assembly segments of Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency.

Paritala Sunitha is the current MLA of the constituency, having won the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Telugu Desam Party. As of 2019, there are a total of 245,435 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 2008, as per the Delimitation Orders (2008).

Anantapur district
Anantapur district, officially Ananthapuramu district, is one of the eight districts in the Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The district headquarters is located in Anantapur city. It is one of the driest places in South India.  In the year 2022, as part of re-organisation of districts, Sri Sathya Sai district was carved out.
Central Tamil dialect
The Central Tamil dialect is a dialect of Tamil spoken in the districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Mayiladuthurai, Perambalur and Tiruchirapalli in central Tamil Nadu, India and to some extent, in the neighbouring Cuddalore and Pudukkottai districts. Along with Madurai Tamil, the Central Tamil dialect is considered to be one of the purest forms of spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu and is considered to be the basis of standard spoken Tamil in the state.

Madurai Tamil
Madurai Tamil (மதுரை தமிழ்), known as Madurai Bashai, is the dialect of Tamil spoken in the region of Madurai and over a vast geographical area of South Tamil Nadu, the area once ruled by the Pandiya kings. It differs substantially from Nellai Tamil, a region which was also part of the Pandiya domain.
Ganwaar
Ganwaar is a 1970 Indian film produced and directed by Naresh Kumar. It stars Rajendra Kumar, Vyjayanthimala, Pran, Jeevan in pivotal roles. The film's music is by Naushad. This is Vyjayanthimala's last film. The film proved that Naushad is not only good at classical, but modern music as well.

Naushad
Naushad Ali (25 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian composer for Hindi films. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and foremost music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is respectfully remembered as "Moseeqar-e-azam" (
The great musician) in the Hindi film industry. He is particularly known for popularising the use of classical music in films.

His first film as an independent music director was Prem Nagar in 1940. His first musically successful film was Rattan (1944), followed by 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award and the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and 1992 respectively for his contribution to the Hindi film industry.
Verka Serduchka
Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko (Ukrainian: Андрі́й Миха́йлович Дани́лко; born 2 October 1973), better known as his drag persona Verka Serduchka (Ukrainian: Вєрка Сердючка, romanized: Vierka Serdiuchka, IPA: [ˈwʲɛrkɐ serˈdʲutʃkɐ]; Russian: Верка Сердючка, romanized: Verka Serdyuchka, IPA: [ˈvʲerkə sʲɪrˈdʲʉtɕkə]), is a Ukrainian comedian, actor, and singer. He represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 as Verka with the song "Dancing Lasha Tumbai", finishing in second place. He has sold over 600,000 records. He has appeared in films, most notably a cameo as Verka in the American comedy film Spy (2015).

Television in Ukraine
Television has a long history in Ukraine, where regular television broadcasting started during the Soviet years in 1951. However the first ever TV broadcast took place on 1 February 1939 in Kyiv. Since then TV broadcasting has expanded, particularly after the fall of Communism in 1989, and now there are many different channels and groups in the Ukrainian TV market.
Drexelbrook station
Drexelbrook station is a stop on the D in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, United States. It is officially located near Stanbridge Road and Woodland Avenue in the Drexelbrook area, however the actual grade crossing and platforms are on Wildell Road south of Woodland Avenue and north of Revere Road and Drexelbrook Drive.

Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Transit Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania and Orange Street in Media, Pennsylvania. The station has a shed with a roof where people can go inside when it is raining on one platform and a bench on the other. Platforms exist on both sides of the tracks, along the northeast and southeast corners of the grade crossing. No parking is available at this station.

69th Street Transit Center
69th Street Transit Center formerly known as (69th Street Transportation Center) is a SEPTA terminal in the Terminal Square area of Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. It serves the SEPTA Metro L, M, D, and multiple SEPTA bus routes. It is located at the end of 69th Street, a major retail corridor in Upper Darby Township across Market Street (Route 3) from the Tower Theater.

69th Street is the second-busiest SEPTA transfer point, after its 15th Street/City Hall station, serving 35,000 passengers daily during the week.
Jefferson Community and Technical College
Jefferson Community and Technical College (JCTC) is a public community college in Louisville, Kentucky.  It is part of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System and the largest college in that system. JCTC was formed on July 1, 2005, by the consolidation of Jefferson Community College and Jefferson Technical College. Jefferson Community College was originally chartered in 1968 and Jefferson Technical College (originally Jefferson County State Vocational-Technical School and later Kentucky TECH, Jefferson Campus) was chartered in 1953. JCTC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).

Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) is a regional educational accreditor recognized by the United States Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. As of 2022, the organization oversees approximately 750 public and private degree-granting educational institutions in the Southern United States. Its headquarters are in North Druid Hills, Georgia, near Decatur, in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

SACS accredits educational institutions in the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, and educational institutions for U.S. students in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America.

There are a number of affiliate organizations within the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. One affiliate organization is the Southern Association of Community, Junior, and Technical Colleges.