hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2012–13 Turkish Cup
The 2012–13 Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) was the 51st season of the Turkish Cup. Ziraat Bankası is the sponsor of the tournament, thus the sponsored name is Ziraat Turkish Cup. The winners earned a berth in the play-off round of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League. Fenerbahçe are the defending champions. The winners also qualified for the 2013 Turkish Super Cup.

In a bet to widen the audience and turn the cup into a true national cup, a format change has been made for this season. The number of participating teams increased from 57 to 156, allowing teams from Turkish Regional Amateur League to have a shot at the cup. The knockout qualifying format of the 2011–2012 season have been revised. The group stage matches that were contested between 2005 and 2011 returned as a round-robin tournament.

2005–06 Turkish Cup
The 2005–06 Turkish Cup was the 44th edition of the annual tournament that determined the association football Super League (Süper Lig) Turkish Cup (Turkish: Türkiye Kupası) champion under the auspices of the Turkish Football Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu; TFF). 
Beşiktaş J.K. beat Fenerbahçe SK 3–2 in the final at İzmir. This tournament adopted the UEFA Cup system, replacing the former standard knockout competition scheme. The results of the tournament also determined which clubs would be promoted or relegated.
Numitoria gens
The gens Numitoria was an ancient but minor plebeian family at ancient Rome.  The first member of this gens to appear in history was Lucius Numitorius, elected tribune of the plebs in 472 BC.  Although Numitorii are found down to the final century of the Republic, none of them ever held any of the higher magistracies.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Comrades Party
The Comrades Party or the Compatriots Party (Persian: حزب همرهان, romanized: Hezb-e Hamrahān) was a left-wing Iranian political party active during the 1940s. The party was part of a wave of political groupings established in the early 1940s following the removal of Rezā Shāh.

Tudeh Party of Iran
The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian Marxist-Leninist communist party. Formed in 1941 with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its leader, the organization held significant influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, as well as throughout his term as prime minister. From the Iran crisis of 1946 onwards, Tudeh became a pro-Soviet organization and remained prepared to carry out the dictates of the Kremlin, even if it meant sacrificing Iranian political independence and sovereignty. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh is said to have "destroyed" the party, although a small part of it survived. The party still exists but has remained much weaker on account of being banned in Iran and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982, as well as the executions of political prisoners in 1988. Tudeh identified itself as the historical offshoot of the Communist Party of Persia.
1915 VFL season
The 1915 VFL season was the 19th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest-level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. The season featured nine clubs and ran from 24 April to 18 September, comprising a 16-match home-and-away season followed by a four-week finals series featuring the top four clubs.

Carlton won the premiership, defeating Collingwood by 33 points in the 1915 VFL grand final; it was Carlton's second consecutive premiership and fifth VFL premiership overall. Collingwood won the minor premiership by finishing atop the home-and-away ladder with a 14–2 win–loss record. Fitzroy's Jimmy Freake won the leading goalkicker medal as the league's leading goalkicker.

Jimmy Freake
James Henry Freake (27 January 1889 – 19 May 1937) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL). A full forward, Freake lacked the height and weight that most had for that position but had considerable pace and ball handling abilities.

Freake was a member of two Fitzroy premiership sides, the first in 1913 and the other in 1922, when he kicked four goals in the Grand Final. He won the club's best and fairest award in 1918.

His career tally of 442 goals is the fourth most achieved by a Fitzroy player and was a club record when he retired in 1924. He also kicked the most goals ever for Fitzroy in finals football with 45.  Other goalkicking feats include being the first Fitzroy player to kick 10 goals in a VFL match, topping their goalkicking seven times including a best of 66 goals in 1915 and twice being the leading goalkicker in a VFL season, in 1913 and 1915.

Freake died in Preston in 1937.
Yaouk
Yaouk (/ˈjaɪæk/) is a locality in the Snowy Monaro Region, New South Wales, Australia. It lies in open grassland valleys surrounded by mountains on both sides of the Murrumbidgee River, downstream from and east of the Tantangara Dam, north of Adaminaby, east of the Kosciuszko National Park and south of the Namadgi National Park in the Australian Capital Territory, but separated from it by the mountainous Scabby Range. It is about 110 km south of Canberra and about 75 km northwest of Cooma. At the 2016 census, it had a population of 25.

Tantangara Dam
Tantangara Dam is a major ungated concrete gravity dam with concrete chute spillway across the Murrumbidgee River in Tantangara, upstream of Adaminaby in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. The dam is part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a vast hydroelectricity and irrigation complex constructed in south-east Australia between 1949 and 1974 and now run by Snowy Hydro. The purpose of the dam includes water management and conservation, with much of the impounded headwaters diverted to Lake Eucumbene. The impounded reservoir is called Tantangara Reservoir.
Rigid-band model
The Rigid-Band Model (or RBM) is one of the models used to describe the behavior of metal alloys. In some cases the model is even used for non-metal alloys such as Si alloys. According to the RBM the shape of the constant energy surfaces (hence the Fermi surface as well) and curve of density of states of the alloy are the same as those of the solvent metal under the following conditions:

The excess charge of the solute atoms localizes around them.

The mean free path of the electrons is much greater than the lattice spacing of the alloy.

The electron states of interest in the pure solvent are all in one energy band, which is greatly separated in energy from the other bands.

The only effect of the addition of the solute, given that its valence is greater than that of the solvent, is the addition of electrons to the valence band. This results to swelling the Fermi surface and filling the density of states curve to a higher energy.

Electronic band structure
In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of energy that they may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).

Band theory derives these bands and band gaps by examining the allowed quantum mechanical wave functions for an electron in a large, periodic lattice of atoms or molecules. Band theory has been successfully used to explain many physical properties of solids, such as electrical resistivity and optical absorption, and forms the foundation of the understanding of all solid-state devices (transistors, solar cells, etc.).
Bobby Graham (musician)
Bobby Graham (born Robert Francis Neate, 11 March 1940 – 14 September 2009) was an English session drummer, composer, arranger and record producer. Shel Talmy, who produced the Kinks, David Bowie and the Who, described Graham as "the greatest drummer the UK has ever produced."

Joe Brown (musician)
Joseph Roger Brown MBE (born 13 May 1941) is an English musician. As a rock and roll singer and guitarist, he has performed for more than six decades. He was a stage and television performer in the late 1950s and has primarily been a recording star since the early 1960s. He has made six films, presented specialist radio series for BBC Radio 2, appeared on the West End stage alongside Dame Anna Neagle and has written an autobiography. He has again concentrated on recording and performing music, playing two tours of around 100 shows every year and releasing an album almost every year.

Described by the Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums as a "chirpy Cockney" (although he was born in Lincolnshire), Brown was one of the original artists managed by the early rock impresario and manager Larry Parnes. He is highly regarded in the music business as a "musician's musician" who "commands respect and admiration from a wide spectrum of artists".
Lom prisoner of war camp
Lom prisoner of war camp (Norwegian: Lom krigsfangeleir) was a facility used by the Norwegian 2nd Division to hold German prisoners-of-war during the 1940 Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War. The camp, which operated from 20 to 27 April 1940, also held Norwegians accused of collaborating with the Germans or the Norwegians fascists led by Vidkun Quisling.

In the morning of 27 April 1940, the camp was evacuated due to German forces advancing in the area, and the prisoners were marched westwards across the mountains to Sogn. By the time the prisoners and guards reached Sogn after an exhausting march, the resistance in South Norway was collapsing. The prisoners were soon abandoned and left to themselves by the Norwegian guards.

2nd Division (Norway)
The Norwegian 2nd Division (Norwegian: 2. divisjon) was responsible for defending Eastern Norway against Nazi Germany during the early part of the Norwegian campaign of the Second World War. The division was commanded by General Jacob Hvinden Haug.
Projovellania
Projovellania is an extinct nautiloid cephalopod belonging to the oncocerid family Jovellaniidae found in mid Silurian sediments in Europe. The shell is a longiconic cyrtocone, like that of Jovellania or Mixosiphonoceras, except for being compressed rather than depressed.

Jovellaniidae
Jovellaniidae was established as a family within the Oncocerida to include genera characterized by longiconic orthocones and cyrtocones with a subtriangular to depressed cross-section in which the ventral (siphuncular) side is typically angular or more acutely rounded than the dorsal (antisiphuncular) side, and in which the siphuncle is generally large, ventral, and with lamellar actinosiphonate deposits (Flower 1950, Sweet 1964)

Jovelaniids have a range that extends from the Middle Silurian to the Upper Ordovician and are known from North America Europe. (Sweet 1964) They are thought to be derived from the Valcouroceratidae.

Jovellaniidae was given its name by Foord in 1888; its type is the genus Jovellania
2018 6 Hours of Silverstone
The 2018 6 Hours of Silverstone was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Silverstone Circuit in Northamptonshire, England on 17–19 August 2018. Silverstone served as the third round of the 2018-19 FIA World Endurance Championship, and was the seventh running of the event as part of the championship. The race was won by the #3 Rebellion R13, after the #8 and #7 TS050 Hybrids were disqualified due to excessive wear on their Skid Planks.

2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship
The 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship was the seventh season of the FIA World Endurance Championship, an auto racing series co-organised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). The series is open to Le Mans Prototypes and grand tourer-style racing cars divided into four categories. The season marked the first move to a winter schedule for the championship, with the season starting at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in May 2018 and concluding at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in June 2019.  World championship titles were awarded for LMP drivers, GTE drivers, LMP1 teams and GTE manufacturers.
Tumblagooda Sandstone
The Tumblagooda Sandstone is a geological formation deposited during the Silurian or Ordovician periods, between four and five hundred million years ago, and is now exposed on the west coast of Australia in river and coastal gorges near the tourist town of Kalbarri, Kalbarri National Park and the Murchison River gorge, straddling the boundary of the Carnarvon and Perth basins.  Visible trackways are interpreted by some to be the earliest evidence of fully terrestrial animals.

Aeolian processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eoulian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).  Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials. They are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts.

The term is derived from the name of the Greek god Aeolus, the keeper of the winds.
Sideboy
Side boys are a naval tradition to welcome and send off dignitaries as they board and depart a Navy ship. Side boys are now also used for other ceremonial purposes on land such as during a change of command or retirement. They can be composed of either male or female members of the ship's crew, and act under the command of a Boatswain's mate, who gives commands with their pipe.

Change of command
A change of command is a military tradition that represents a formal transfer of authority and responsibility for a unit from one commanding or flag officer to another. The passing of colors, standards, or ensigns from an outgoing commander to an incoming one ensures that the unit and its soldiers is never without official leadership, a continuation of trust, and also signifies an allegiance of soldiers to their unit's commander.

Great symbolism is attached to the ceremonial aspects of a change of command. An inspection and review of soldiers, gun salutes, as well as a military band will often be incorporated into the ceremony. On the International Space Station, the new and old commanders ring a bell.

For a Command Sergeant Major, the transferred item might be a saber during a Change of Responsibility, while for a Chaplain, the item might be the passing of a Clerical Stole.
Death of Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, died during childbirth on the night of January 2 to 3, 1497. Bad omens preceded the event, and many historians believe it led to the downfall of her husband, Duke Ludovico Sforza, who lost power a few years later. It had a big impact in Italy and abroad, upsetting the previously established political balance and becoming the subject of many works of art and literature.

The deceased experienced a kind of symbolic deification by her husband, who manifested "an almost maddening mourning." Another version of the event, handed down by the historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori, suggests that she died by poisoning.

"Sad becomes at its end every thing that among mortals had appeared happy."

Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
Santa Maria delle Grazie (English: "Holy Mary of Grace") is a church and Dominican convent in Milan, northern Italy, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The convent contains the mural of The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci, which is in the refectory.
Pahari culture
Pahari culture refers to the cultural practices, traditions, arts, languages, lifestyles, and social behavior of the people living in the hilly regions of northern India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The term "pahari" or "pahadi" originates from the Hindi word "pahad", denoting "mountain" or "hill", and collectively describes the inhabitants of mountainous areas, including parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and northern Pakistan, as well as the Himalayan foothills in Nepal.

Historically, pahari communities, including Bangladeshi Pahari groups—though their cultures are not extensively documented—and Indo-Aryan speaking populations developed distinct identities due to their geographical isolation. This separation encouraged the emergence of a unique art forms, folk traditions, and linguistic patterns. However, these cultures also absorbed elements from broader civilizations, including Indo-Aryan, Central Asian, and Tibetan influences.

Shimla district
Shimla district, known as Simla district until 1972, is one of the twelve districts of the state of Himachal Pradesh in northern India. Its headquarters is the state capital of Shimla. Neighbouring districts are Mandi and Kullu in the north, Kinnaur in the east, Uttarakhand in the southeast, Solan to the southwest and Sirmaur in the south. The elevation of the district ranges from 987 metres (3,238 ft) to 4,500 metres (14,764 ft). Shimla district culturally is part of the Mahasu region.

As of 2011, it is the third most populated district of Himachal Pradesh (out of 12), after Kangra and Mandi. It is the most urbanized district of Himachal Pradesh.
Harry Daghlian
Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr. (May 4, 1921 – September 15, 1945) was an American physicist with the Manhattan Project, which designed and produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21, 1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote Omega Site of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico and died 25 days later from the resultant radiation poisoning.

Daghlian was irradiated as a result of a criticality accident that occurred when he accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a 6.2 kg bomb core made of plutonium–gallium alloy. This core, subsequently nicknamed the "demon core", was later involved in the death of another physicist, Louis Slotin.

Pit (nuclear weapon)
In nuclear weapon design, the pit is the core of an implosion nuclear weapon, consisting of fissile material and any neutron reflector or tamper bonded to it. Early pits were spherical, while most modern pits are prolate spheroidal. Some weapons tested during the 1950s used pits made with uranium-235 alone, or as a composite with plutonium. All-plutonium pits are the smallest in diameter and have been the standard since the early 1960s. The pit is named after the hard core found in stonefruit such as peaches and apricots.
2023 London Marathon
The 2023 London Marathon was the 43rd running of the annual London Marathon on 23 April 2023. It was the first time since 2019 that the event was run in the spring, as the previous three races were run in autumn due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The elite men's and women's events were won by Kelvin Kiptum and Sifan Hassan in times of 2:01:25 and 2:18:33 respectively; Kiptum's time was a course record. The wheelchair men's and women's competitions were won by Marcel Hug and Madison de Rozario in course record times of 1:23:44 and 1:38:51 respectively. Around 48,000 athletes finished the mass participation event, beating the previous record set in 2019.

2019 London Marathon
The 2019 London Marathon was the 39th running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on 28 April. The elite men's race was won by Kenyan Eliud Kipchoge, who took his fourth London Marathon victory in a time of 2:02:37, the second fastest marathon ever at that point. The women's race was won by Brigid Kosgei, also of Kenya, in 2:18:20. American Daniel Romanchuk won the men's wheelchair title in 1:33:38 while Switzerland's Manuela Schär won the women's title in 1:44:09. Changes were made to the course to make it more environmentally friendly; the number of plastic bottles used was reduced and biodegradable alternatives were used instead.
Kompressor (Mercedes-Benz)
Kompressor (stylized as KOMPRESSOR) is a marketing name for forced induction (supercharged) Mercedes-Benz engines. The term is not widely used by other motor manufacturers.

The first Mercedes supercharger was developed in 1921 by a Daimler-Benz team with assistance from Ferdinand Porsche. Mercedes became the first manufacturer to install superchargers on some production models. The designation "K" on Mercedes usually means "Kurz", or short, but can mean "Kompressor".

Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class (C209)
The C209/A209 Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class is the second generation of the Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class range of grand tourers, produced between 2001 and 2009. There were two body styles available: a 2-door coupé (C209) and a 2-door convertible (A209). The latter being assembled at the Karmann plant in Osnabrück. It was also the last complete car made by Karmann before closing the facility.

It was replaced by the Mercedes-Benz C207/A207 E-Class in 2010.
2010 IAAF World Challenge
The 2010 IAAF World Challenge was the inaugural edition of the annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series began with a total of thirteen meetings.

It replaced the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Tour. Most of the thirteen meetings had been part of the IAAF Grand Prix circuit the previous year, with the exception of the ISTAF Berlin (which had been part of the 2009 IAAF Golden League) and the Meeting de Rabat and Brothers Znamensky Memorial (which had been Area Permit Meetings).

Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat
The Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat is an annual track and field competition at the Rabat Olympic Stadium in Rabat, Morocco as part of the IAAF World Challenge Meetings. It was first organized in 2008, and in 2014 and 2024 it was instead held in Marrakesh Stadium in Marrakesh. Its name honours Mohammed VI of Morocco, the present king of Morocco. In 2016 the meeting replaces Adidas Grand Prix in New York for the 2016 IAAF Diamond League season.
Guzhuang (costume)
Guzhuang (Chinese: 古装; pinyin: gǔzhuāng; lit. 'ancient costume'), also called ancient-style dress,: 189  refers to a style of Chinese costume attire which are styled or inspired by ancient Chinese clothing (typically Hanfu or Qizhuang). Guzhuang is typically used as stage clothes in Chinese opera: 189  and in Chinese television drama, such as in period drama which are normally set in imperial China prior to 1911,: 189  and in the Wuxia and Xianxia genre. While the style of guzhuang is based on ancient Chinese clothing, guzhuang show historical inaccuracies.

Chinese clothing
Chinese clothing, including ethnic minority garments and modern adaptations of indigenous styles, is a vital aspect of Chinese culture and civilization. For thousands of years, Chinese clothing has evolved with dynastic traditions, foreign influences, and cultural exchanges, adapting to the needs of each era. Each dynasty maintained specific styles, colors, and forms that reflected social class distinctions and regional diversity. Beyond its practical functions—such as protection from weather and modesty—clothing also served as a cultural marker, distinguishing social roles, rank, and relationships. Ancient Chinese attire reflected the social and political structures of its time, while also showcasing textile, dyeing, and embroidery techniques. Changes in clothing reflect the technical skills of the population at that time as well as intercultural exchanges that have taken place.