hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Forum (radio programme)
The Forum, the BBC World Service's flagship discussion programme, brings together prominent thinkers from different disciplines and different parts of the world with the aim of creating stimulating discussion informed by highly distinct academic, artistic, and cultural perspectives. The World Service broadcasts the programme on Saturdays at 2106 GMT and repeats it on Sundays at 0906 GMT and on Mondays at 0206 GMT.  BBC Radio 4 also broadcasts an edited 30-minute version of the programme.

Martin Rees
Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist. He was the fifteenth Astronomer Royal from 1995 to 2025, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, from 2004 to 2012, and President of the Royal Society from 2005 to 2010. He has received various physics awards including the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2024 for fundamental contributions to high-energy astrophysics, galaxies and structure formation, and cosmology.
Buffalo City Court Building
The Buffalo City Court Building, named Frank A. Sedita City Court, for Buffalo mayor Frank A. Sedita, is a 10-story courthouse built in 1974 for the city of Buffalo, New York. It is in Niagara Square and adjacent to Buffalo City Hall.

Buffalo City Hall
Buffalo City Hall is the seat for municipal government in the City of Buffalo, New York. Located at 65 Niagara Square, the 32-story Art Deco skyscraper was completed in 1931 by Dietel, Wade & Jones.

The 398-foot-tall (121.3 m) building is one of the largest and tallest municipal buildings in the United States and is also one of the tallest buildings in Western New York. It was designed by architects George J. Dietel and John Wade. The friezes were sculpted by Albert Stewart and the sculpture executed by Rene Paul Chambellan. The foyer features a bronze tablet honoring Mayor Charles E. Roesch, created in 1937 by regional sculptor William Ehrich.

Buffalo City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is located within the Joseph Ellicott Historic District.
Hem, Denmark
Hem is a village, with a population of 583 (1 January 2025), in Skive Municipality, Central Denmark Region in Denmark. It is situated on the Salling peninsula 14 km south of Roslev, 30 km southeast of Nykøbing Mors and 6 km northwest of Skive.

Hem Church is located in the village.

Skive, Denmark
Skive is a town in Skive municipality (Danish, Skive Kommune) in Region Midtjylland at the base of Salling Peninsula, a part of the larger Jutland peninsula in northwest Denmark.  It is the municipality's main town and the site of its municipal council.

The town of Skive is located at the mouth of the Karup River (Karup Å) and the Skive Fjord, part of the Limfjord. Skive has a population of 20,090 (1 January 2025).

The sociologist Richard Jenkins used his field work in Skive as the basis for his book Being Danish: Paradoxes of Identity in Everyday Life.
Starr Gate
Starr Gate is a suburb in the South Shore district of Blackpool in the county of Lancashire, England. It is located at the southwest end of Blackpool on the Fylde coast, adjacent to the Squires Gate district of Blackpool.

The place is named after the spiky "Starr" grass which grows on the local sand hills to the south of Starr Gate. "Gate" (Geat in Old English) means "Way", taken from the Old Norse Gat - an opening or passage.

South Shore, Blackpool
South Shore is an area of Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It forms the southern part of the town for two miles along the Promenade from Rigby Road to Starr Gate. Its inland boundaries run along Rigby Road, Queen Victoria Road, Ansdell Road, Hawes Side Lane, Common Edge Road and Squires Gate Lane.
155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
The 155th (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, was a New Army ('Kitchener's Army') unit raised from Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire during the First World War. It saw service on the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras, Messines and Passchendaele, the German spring offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

Kitchener's Army
The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob,
was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the First World War in late July 1914. It originated on the recommendation of Herbert Kitchener, then the Secretary of State for War to obtain 500,000 volunteers for the Army. Kitchener's original intention was that these men would be formed into units that would be ready to be put into action in mid-1916, but circumstances dictated the use of these troops before then. The first use in a major action of Kitchener's Army units came at the Battle of Loos (September–October 1915).
Danbury, Iowa
Danbury is a city in Woodbury County, Iowa, United States. It is part of the Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 320 at the time of the 2020 census.  Danbury has two churches, St. Mary's Catholic Church and the United Methodist Church.  Danbury holds a fall celebration called Corn Days during harvest.

Sioux City metropolitan area
The Sioux City metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of four counties in three states – Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota, anchored by the city of Sioux City, Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 145,940. Plymouth County, Iowa, was removed from the definition of the MSA prior to the 2020 census.
Mansein, Pinlebu
Mansein (Burmese: မံစိမ်း) is a village in Pinlebu Township, Kawlin District, Sagaing Region in northern Myanmar. It is located on the border with Homalin Township about 16 miles (26 km) north of Pinlebu. It is located in the Yinthar village tract.

Pinlebu
Pinlebu (Burmese: ပင်လယ်ဘူး; Shan: ပၢင်ၵႆႇၽူႈ) is a town in Kawlin District, north-central Sagaing Region of Myanmar on the Mu River. It is the administrative seat of Pinlebu Township.  The town is connected by road to Phaungbyin, Kawlin, and Bamauk. Its inhabitants include the Kadu and Kanan ethnic minorities, and the region has witnessed fighting between the Communists and the government troops. On the 8th of October 2024, the town was captured by anti-military junta forces.
Acanthosquilla
Acanthosquilla is a genus of stomatopod crustacean. The American carcinologist Raymond B. Manning named and first circumscribed the genus in 1963. As of 2018, the World Register of Marine Species recognizes the following eight species:

A. crosnieri Ahyong, 2002

A. derijardi Manning, 1970

A. manningi Makarov, 1979

A. melissae Ahyong, 2008

A. multifasciata (Wood-Mason, 1895)

A. multispinosa Blumstein, 1974

A. tigrina (Nobili, 1903)

A. wilsoni Moosa, 1973

Acanthosquilla crosnieri
Acanthosquilla crosnieri is a species of stomatopod crustacean in the Nannosquillidae family.
It has been found in waters off the Marquesas, at depths of 0 - 100 m but more usually at 7 - 25 m, and was first described by the Australian carcinologist Shane T. Ahyong in 2002.
The Best of C. M. Kornbluth
The Best of C. M. Kornbluth is a collection of science fiction and fantasy short stories by American author C. M. Kornbluth, edited by Frederik Pohl. It was first published in hardback by Nelson Doubleday in October 1976 and in paperback by Ballantine Books in January 1977, as a volume in its Classic Library of Science Fiction. A second hardcover edition was issued by Taplinger in November 1977, and an ebook edition by Faded Page in December 2017.

Ballantine's Classic Library of Science Fiction
Ballantine's Classic Library of Science Fiction is a series of speculative fiction collections originally published in the 1970s and 1980s purporting to gather together the career-best short works of a selection of authors then prominent in the field. The series was conceived and published in paperback by Ballantine Books (later Del Rey Books), though most of the early volumes also had initial hardcover editions issued by Doubleday's Science Fiction Book Club preceding the Ballantine/Del Rey paperback editions. A number of volumes were subsequently reprinted, both by the original and later publishers.
Redband darter
The redband darter (Etheostoma luteovinctum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the state of Tennessee in the eastern United States.

Stones River
The Stones River (properly spelled Stone's River) is a major stream of the eastern portion of Tennessee's Nashville Basin region and a tributary of the Cumberland River.  It is named after explorer and longhunter Uriah Stone, who navigated the river in 1767.
Wisconsin's 15th Senate district
The 15th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in southern Wisconsin, the district comprises most of Rock County and parts of northwest Walworth County and southern Jefferson County.  It includes the cities of Janesville, Beloit, Edgerton, Evansville, Milton, and Whitewater.

Walworth County, Wisconsin
Walworth County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,478. Its county seat is Elkhorn. The county was created in 1836 from Wisconsin Territory and organized in 1839. It is named for Reuben H. Walworth. Walworth County comprises the Whitewater-Elkhorn, WI Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Milwaukee-Racine-Waukesha, WI Combined Statistical Area. The University of Wisconsin-Whitewater is located in Walworth County.

Walworth County features several major tourist destinations: Lake Geneva, Alpine Valley Resort, and Alpine Valley Music Theatre. Tourism is a large contributor to Walworth County's economy. It is Wisconsin's fifteenth largest county in population, but it is the sixth largest in terms of economic impact from tourism (nearly $1 billion in 2023).
ISO 3166-2:GL
ISO 3166-2:GL is the entry for Greenland in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Greenland, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for five  municipalities. The Northeast Greenland National Park and the Pituffik Space Base, which are unincorporated and not part of any municipality, are not listed.

Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is GL, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Greenland. The second part is two letters.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union
The Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union (DG FISMA) is a Directorate-General (DG) of the European Commission. It is one of the thirty three DGs created and named to reflect their functions.

European Union sanctions
An essential tool of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) are restrictive measures, also known as "sanctions". They are utilized by the EU as a component of a coordinated and all-encompassing policy approach that includes political discussion, complementary actions, and the use of other tools at its disposal.

In order to advance the CFSP's goals, sanctions aim to change the behavior or policy of those who are targeted. They may be addressed to governments of non-EU nations because of their policies; to entities (companies) which provide a means to carry out the targeted policies; groups or organizations, such as terrorist organizations; and people who support the targeted policies or who engage in terrorist activities, etc.
Sexual Offences Act, 1957
The Sexual Offences Act, 1957 (Act No. 23 of 1957, originally the Immorality Act, 1957) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa which, in its current form, prohibits prostitution, brothel-keeping and procuring, and other activities related to prostitution. Before the law relating to sex offences was consolidated and revised by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, it also prohibited various other sex offences, including sex with children under the age of consent and sex with the mentally incompetent. As the Immorality Act it was infamous for prohibiting sex between a white person and a person of another race, until that prohibition was removed by a 1985 amendment.

South African rand
The South African rand, or simply the rand, (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the official currency of South Africa. It is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: "c"), and a comma separates the rand and cents.

The South African rand is legal tender in the Common Monetary Area member states of Namibia, Lesotho, and Eswatini, with these three countries also having national currencies (the dollar, the loti, and the lilangeni respectively) pegged with the rand at parity and still widely accepted as substitutes. The rand was also legal tender in Botswana until 1976, when the pula replaced the rand at par.

The rand is legal tender in Zimbabwe as part of its multiple currency system, which also includes other currencies such as the euro, the pound sterling, the US dollar, and the Zimbabwean ZiG.
Oxford period poetry anthologies
These are Oxford poetry anthologies of English poetry, which select from a given period. See also The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse and Eighteenth century women poets: an Oxford anthology.

Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux
Agnes Mary Frances Robinson (known as Agnes-Marie-François Darmesteter after her first marriage, and Agnes Mary Frances Duclaux after her second; 27 February 1857 – 9 February 1944) was an Anglo-French poet, novelist, essayist, literary critic, and translator. She was the elder sister of the novelist and critic Frances Mabel Robinson.
Yako Airport
Yako Airport (ICAO: DFCY) was a public use airport located near Yako, Passoré Province, Burkina Faso.

Google Earth Historical Imagery shows a 600 metres (2,000 ft) dirt runway 07/25 at the listed coordinates in December 2001, but the area has since been built over with structures.

Yako, Burkina Faso
Yako is a town in northern Burkina Faso, the capital of Passoré Province. It lies 109 kilometres (68 mi) north-west of Ouagadougou. Yako is known for its large mosque and as the birthplace of former President Thomas Sankara.

12°58′N 2°16′W﻿ / ﻿12.967°N 2.267°W﻿ / 12.967; -2.267
Austertana Chapel
Austertana Chapel (Norwegian: Austertana kapell) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Deatnu-Tana Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Austertana. It is one of the churches for the Tana parish which is part of the Indre Finnmark prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The white, wooden church was built in a long church style in 1958 by the architect Trond Dancke. The church seats about 144 people.

Tana Municipality
Deatnu (Northern Sami) or Tana (Norwegian) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Tana bru. Among the other villages in the municipality are Austertana, Bonakas, Polmak, Rustefjelbma, and Skiippagurra.

The 4,051-square-kilometre (1,564 sq mi) municipality is the 5th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Deanu-Tana is the 239th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,807. The municipality's population density is 0.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.8/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 2.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Ideal norm
In commutative algebra, the norm of an ideal is a generalization of a norm of an element in the field extension. It is particularly important in number theory since it measures the size of an ideal of a complicated number ring in terms of an ideal in a less complicated ring. When the less complicated number ring is taken to be the ring of integers, Z, then the norm of a nonzero ideal I of a number ring R is simply the size of the finite quotient ring R/I.

Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool of algebraic geometry, and many results and concepts of commutative algebra are strongly related with geometrical concepts.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.
Five Punishments
The Five Punishments (Chinese: 五刑; pinyin: wǔ xíng; Cantonese Yale: ńgh yìhng) was the collective name for a series of physical penalties meted out by the legal system of pre-modern dynastic China. Over time, the nature of the Five Punishments varied. Before the Western Han dynasty Emperor Han Wendi (r. 180–157 BC), the punishments involved tattooing, cutting off the nose, amputation of one or both feet, castration, and death. Following the Sui and Tang dynasties (581–907 AD), these were changed to penal servitude, banishment, death, or corporal punishment in the form of whipping with bamboo strips or flogging with a stick. Although the Five Punishments were an important part of Dynastic China's penal system, they were not the only methods of punishment used.

Rhinotomy
Rhinotomy is mutilation, usually amputation, of the nose. It was a means of judicial punishment throughout the world, particularly for sexual transgressions, but in the case of adultery often applied only to women.
Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
The Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (traditional Chinese: 中蘇互不侵犯條約; simplified Chinese: 中苏互不侵犯条约; pinyin: Zhōng-sū hù bù qīnfàn tiáoyuē) was signed in Nanjing on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The pact went into effect on the day that it was signed and was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on September 8, 1937.

Ili Rebellion
The Ili Rebellion (simplified Chinese: 伊宁事变; traditional Chinese: 伊寧事變; pinyin: Yīníng Shìbiàn) was a separatist uprising by the Turkic peoples of northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) against the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China, from 1944 to 1946. The Ili Rebellion began with the East Turkestan National Revolution, known in Chinese historiography as the Three Districts Revolution (simplified Chinese: 三区革命; traditional Chinese: 三區革命; pinyin: Sān-qū Gémìng; Uyghur: ئۈچ ۋىلايەت ئىنقىلابى), which saw the establishment of the Second East Turkestan Republic. The leadership was dominated by Uyghurs, but the population consisted mostly of Kazakhs.
Steered-response power
Steered-response power (SRP) is a family of acoustic source localization algorithms that can be interpreted as a beamforming-based approach that searches for the candidate position or direction that maximizes the output of a steered delay-and-sum beamformer.

Steered-response power with phase transform (SRP-PHAT) is a variant using a "phase transform" to make it more robust in adverse acoustic environments.

Discrete-time beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique used to spatially select propagating waves (most notably acoustic and electromagnetic waves). In order to implement beamforming on digital hardware the received signals need to be discretized. This introduces quantization error, perturbing the array pattern. For this reason, the sample rate must be generally much greater than the Nyquist rate.
Minimum daily balance
In banking, a minimum daily balance is the minimum balance that a banking institution requires account holders to have in their accounts each day in order to waive maintenance fees. This is distinct from the average daily balance, which is computed as the sum of daily balances in a billing period divided by the number of days.

Most checking account balances are measured by minimum daily balance. An account balance may drop below the required amount throughout a given day as long as the balance requirement is met at the end of the business day. For example: Joan has a checking account with a "$1,600 minimum daily balance." One day she makes purchases that drop her balance down to $1,300 but then deposits a $400 paycheck before the end of the day. The bank won’t charge her the service fee because her final balance that day is $1,700.

Bank account
A bank account is a financial account maintained by a bank or other financial institution  in which the financial transactions between the bank and a customer are recorded. Each financial institution sets the terms and conditions for each type of account it offers, which are classified in commonly understood types, such as deposit accounts, credit card accounts, current accounts, loan accounts or many other types of account. A customer may have more than one account. Once an account is opened, funds entrusted by the customer to the financial institution on deposit are recorded in the account designated by the customer. Funds can be withdrawn from the accounts in accordance with their terms and conditions.

The financial transactions which have occurred on a bank account within a given period of time are reported to the customer on a bank statement, and the balance of the accounts of a customer at any point in time represents their financial position with the institution.
Polygonoideae
Polygonoideae is a subfamily of plants in the family Polygonaceae. It includes a number of plants that can be highly invasive, such as Japanese knotweed, Reynoutria japonica, and its hybrid with R. sachalinensis, R. × bohemica. The subfamily also includes the cultivated genus Rheum, rhubarb. Boundaries between the genera placed in the subfamily and their relationships have long been problematic, but a series of molecular phylogenetic studies have clarified some of them, resulting in the division of the subfamily into seven tribes.

Reynoutria japonica
Reynoutria japonica, synonyms Fallopia japonica and Polygonum cuspidatum, is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae. Common names include Japanese knotweed and Asian knotweed. It is native to East Asia in Japan, China and Korea. In North America and Europe, the species has successfully established itself in numerous habitats; it is classified as a pest and invasive species in several countries. The plant is popular with beekeepers and its young stems are edible, making it an increasingly popular foraged vegetable with a flavour described as lemony rhubarb.
2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup qualifying round
The 2004–05 UEFA Women's Champions League qualifying round was played on 20, 22, 24 July 2004 and 14, 16 and 18 September 2004. A total of 43 teams competed in the qualifying round to decide the 8 places in the knockout phase of the 2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup.

2004–05 UEFA Women's Cup
The UEFA Women's Cup 2004–05 was the fourth edition of the UEFA Women's Cup football club tournament. It was won by Germany's FFC Turbine Potsdam against Djurgården of Sweden in the final for their first title in the competition. It was the second time a German side won the competition.