hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
United States federal government credit-rating downgrades
Several credit rating agencies around the world have downgraded their credit ratings of the U.S. federal government, including Standard & Poor's (S&P) which reduced the country's rating from AAA (outstanding) to AA+ (excellent) on August 5, 2011.

Egan-Jones Ratings Company
Egan-Jones Ratings Company is an American credit rating agency that is a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) founded in 1995 to provide "timely, accurate credit ratings." Egan-Jones rates the credit worthiness of issuers looking to raise capital in private credit markets across a range of asset classes.

Typical issuers of rated securities include banks, asset managers, insurance companies, and other financial institutions.

Based in Haverford, Pennsylvania, Egan-Jones positions itself as unique among NRSROs for being primarily investor-supported, a structure designed to minimize the potential for conflicts of interest in assessing credit quality. Egan-Jones also provides ESG and proxy advisory services.
Montgomery and West Point Railroad
The Montgomery and West Point Railroad (M&WP) was an early 19th-century railroad in Alabama and Georgia. It played an important role during the American Civil War as a supply and transportation route for the Confederate Army, and, as such, was the target of a large raid by Union cavalry in the summer of 1864, called Wilson's Raid. The railroad played an important role in this business, and it became a symbol to industrialization in the United States. The railroads make it possible to supply large military forces that were needed in order to take over and conquer the Southern part of the United States. During the early 19th-century, turnpikes, canals, and railroads all brought people to the west and more products to the east. There was an effort in Americans during this time to build a railroad that would link Georgia to trade with the Tennessee and Ohio areas, and the M&WP was a starting point in helping to accomplish this goal.

Opelika, Alabama
Opelika (pronounced /ˌoʊpəˈlaɪkə/ OH-pə-LY-kə) is a city in and the county seat of Lee County in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of Opelika is 30,995, an increase of 17.1 percent from the 2010 Census where the population was 26,477. The Auburn-Opelika, AL MSA with a population of 174,241, along with the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area, comprises the Greater Columbus combined statistical area, a region home to 501,649 residents.
Families and How to Survive Them
Families and How to Survive Them is a bestselling self-help book co-authored by the psychiatrist and psychotherapist Robin Skynner and the comedian John Cleese. It was first published in 1983, and is illustrated throughout by the cartoonist J. B. Handelsman. The book takes the form of a series of dialogues between Skynner, playing the role of therapist, and Cleese, who adopts the role of inquisitive lay person.

The book was also serialised as a six-part radio series for the UK BBC station BBC Radio 4, with each episode being 30 minutes long. This was also in the form of a convivial conversation between Cleese and Skynner and following the same structure as the book, albeit in an abridged form. It was subsequently released on Compact Cassette and Compact Disc in a slightly modified form.

Its sequel is Life and How to Survive It.

Self-help book
A self-help book is a book or text that is written with the intention to instruct its readers how to solve their personal problems. They take their name from Self-Help, an 1859 best-selling book by Samuel Smiles, but are sometimes known and classified as "self-improvement" books and media. Self-help books moved from a position in a niche market to much wider adoption and use in the late twentieth century.
Sahasralingam Shivalinga, Kaithwalia
Sahasralingam Shivalinga (Maithili: सहस्त्रलिंगम शिवलिंग) in Kaithwalia is a grand Shivalinga established at the premises of the Virat Ramayana Mandir in the Mithila region of India. It is located at Janaki Nagar village in Kaithwalia of the East Champaran district in the state of Bihar in India. It is the tallest Shivalinga in the world. Its height is 33 feet. It was established on 17 January 2026 in the presence of the chief minister Nitish Kumar of the state. The location is situated near the under-construction Ram Janaki Path highway passing through the East Champaran district. The highway connects to legendary cities Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh and Janakpur in the Mithila region.

East Champaran district
East Champaran district or Purvi Champaran district is an administrative district in the Tirhut division of the state of Bihar in India. The district headquarter is located at Motihari. Prior to 1971, there was a single Champaran District. On 1 December 1971, it was divided into East and West Champaran (Purvi and Paschimi Champaran). In early days the land of East Chamapran was ruled by different kingdoms as Videha, Sunga, Kanvas. It is also believed that Champaran used to be a major part of King Janak's empire. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Satyagraha movement from here.
St. Patrick, Missouri
St. Patrick or Saint Patrick is an unincorporated community in southern Clark County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately ten miles northwest of Canton on Route 81. The community was founded in 1833 by Irish immigrants, who named it after the patron saint of Ireland, Saint Patrick. Today, it is best known as the home of the Shrine of St. Patrick, a medieval-inspired Catholic church.

St. Patrick is part of the Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA-MO Micropolitan Statistical Area.

St. Patrick was originally called St. Marysville, and under the latter name was platted in 1857.

Fort Madison–Keokuk micropolitan area
The Fort Madison–Keokuk, IA-IL-MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, locally known as the "Tri-State" area, was an area consisting of three counties – one in southeast Iowa, one in northeast Missouri, and one in west central Illinois, anchored by the cities of Fort Madison, Iowa and Keokuk, Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the μSA had a population of 62,105. An estimate by the Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2012, placed the population at 61,477, a decrease of 1.01%.  When the 2023 definitions were released this area was dissolved with Lee County, Iowa being included as part of the Burlington–Fort Madison, IA–IL Combined Statistical Area.
Conrado Balweg
Conrado M. Balweg (December 29, 1942 – December 31, 1999) was a former Filipino Catholic priest and rebel who was the founder of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, a militant group which advocated autonomy for the Cordillera region in the Philippines. He was also known by the nom-de-guerre Ka Ambo.

1998 Philippine general election
Presidential elections, legislative and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1998. In the presidential election, Vice President Joseph Estrada won a six-year term as president by a landslide victory. In the vice-presidential race, Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won a six-year term as vice president also by a landslide victory. This was the third election where both president and vice president came from different parties.
Ashes to Ashes (film)
Ashes to Ashes is a 1999 action film by British independent filmmaker Wayne Gerard Trotman. The producers, Red Moon Productions Limited claim that Ashes to Ashes is the first British homegrown martial arts movie and a tribute to 1970s cinema. The film is characterized by a complex script, unpredictable twists, dark humour and a subversion of received political correctness. Ashes to Ashes premiered at the Raindance film festival where it was described as "Kung fu with an arty London twist".

Gangster
A gangster (informally gangsta) is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Most gangs are considered to be part of organized crime. Gangsters are also called mobsters, a term derived from mob and the suffix -ster. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger and more complex criminal transactions than an individual criminal could achieve. Gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Gangsters are the subject of many novels, films, television series, and video games.
Weld tests for friction welding
Quality requirements of welded joints depend on the form of application, e.g. in the space or fly industry weld errors are not allowed. Science try to gets good quality welds. There are many scientific articles describing the weld test, e.g. hardness, tensile tests. The weld structure can be examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The computer finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the shape of the flash and interface and others, not only for rotary friction welding (RFW), but also for friction stir welding (FSW), linear friction welding (LFW), FRIEX, and others. Temperature measurements are also carried out for scientific purposes e.g. by use thermocouples or sometimes thermography, mentions about measurements are generally found in research materials and journals.

Rotary friction welding
Rotary friction welding (RFW) is a type of friction welding, which uses friction to heat two surfaces and create a non-separable weld. For rotary friction welding this typically involves rotating one element relative to both the other element, and to the forge, while pressing them together with an axial force. This leads to the interface heating and then creating a permanent connection. Rotary friction welding can weld identical, dissimilar, composite, and non-metallic materials. It, like other friction welding methods, is a type of solid-state welding.
Florian Himsl
Florian Himsl is an Austrian game developer, programmer and YouTuber, best known for his work together with artist and designer Edmund McMillen, first and foremost the best-selling roguelike The Binding of Isaac but also the game Coil, which was nominated for the Innovation Award at the 2009 Independent Games Festival. He has also made games under the name Komix Games.

Florian is also known for his YouTube channel Himsl Games, his most recognized video series being Binding of Isaac: Explained!.

In 2022, Himsl released the game Ballfrog to mostly positive reviews.

Florian regularly appears on the podcast Is It Kino?. He is known for often expressing opinions that are contrarian to those of the other hosts, usually to their chagrin.

On March 12, 2023, Florian made the Anti Reviews channel, where he posts "bi-weekly videos that may or may not be reviews".

Edmund McMillen
Edmund Charles McMillen (born March 2, 1980) is an American video game designer and artist. He is known for his Adobe Flash games with unconventional visual styles. His works include the 2010 platformer Super Meat Boy, the 2011 roguelite game The Binding of Isaac, its 2014 remake The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, and the 2026 turn-based roguelite game Mewgenics.
Luke Eves
Luke Eves (born 11 April 1989 in Bristol, England) is a rugby union player who currently plays for Hartpury College in the RFU Championship. He plays as a centre.  He has Premiership experience with Bristol as well as Newcastle Falcons.  His father is former Bristol Rugby captain, Derek Eves. His son is called Charlie Eves

England national under-20 rugby union team
The England Under 20 rugby team are the newest representative rugby union team from England. They replace the two former age grade teams Under 19s and Under 21s. They compete in the annual Six Nations Under 20s Championship and World Rugby Under 20 Championship.

The head coach of the team is Alan Dickens.
Commutator subspace
In mathematics, the commutator subspace of a two-sided ideal of bounded linear operators on a separable Hilbert space is the linear subspace spanned by commutators of operators in the ideal with bounded operators.
Modern characterisation of the commutator subspace is through the Calkin correspondence and it involves the invariance of the Calkin sequence space of an operator ideal to taking Cesàro means.  This explicit spectral characterisation reduces problems and questions about commutators and traces on two-sided ideals to (more resolvable) problems and conditions on sequence spaces.

Trace class
In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a trace-class operator is a linear operator for which a trace may be defined, such that the trace is a finite number independent of the choice of basis used to compute the trace. This trace of trace-class operators generalizes the trace of matrices studied in linear algebra. All trace-class operators are compact operators.

In quantum mechanics, quantum states are described by density matrices, which are certain trace class operators.

Trace-class operators are essentially the same as nuclear operators, though many authors reserve the term "trace-class operator" for the special case of nuclear operators on Hilbert spaces and use the term "nuclear operator" in more general topological vector spaces (such as Banach spaces).
Radoslav Babonić
Radoslav (I) Babonić (Croatian: Radoslav I. Babonić, Hungarian: Babonics (I.) Radoszló or Radiszló; died after 1295) was a powerful Croatian lord in the second half of the 13th century. As a member of the illustrious Babonić family, he established an oligarchic domain in Lower Slavonia together with his elder brother Stephen (III). He played an active role in inviting the Capetian House of Anjou to the Hungarian–Croatian throne.

Oligarch (Kingdom of Hungary)
An oligarch or provincial lord (Hungarian: tartományúr) was a powerful lord who administered huge contiguous territories through usurping royal prerogatives in the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 13th and the early 14th centuries. The term petty king used to be used as well.
Seaboot
Seaboots, also known as sailing boots, are a type of waterproof boot designed for use on deck on board boats and ships in bad weather, to keep the legs dry, and to avoid slipping on the wet rolling deck. The most common fabrics are Gore-Tex and leather.

Unlike Wellington boots, seaboots have non-marking, slip-resistant soles in order to avoid any damage to the vessel's deck. They are also thinner, and require thermal socks as the rubber does not provide enough warmth.

Seaboots traditionally have large openings  to enable a sailor to kick them off in the water to better be able to swim in an emergency.

Wellington boot
A Wellington boot, gumboot, rubber boot, rain boot, rainboot, or welly for short, is a type of waterproof boot made of rubber.

Originally a type of leather riding boot adapted from Hessian boots, a style of military foot wear, Wellington boots were worn and popularised by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. They became a staple of practical foot wear for the British aristocracy and middle class in the early 19th century. The term was subsequently applied to waterproof rubber boots ubiquitously worn today in a range of agricultural and outdoors pursuits.
Rod White
Rodney E. "Rod" White (born March 1, 1977) is an American archer. He competed in the 1996 Olympic Games and the 2000 Olympic Games. In the 1996 team competition he won gold with Justin Huish and Butch Johnson. In 2000 the American team (with Johnson and Vic Wunderle) won the bronze medal. He was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania, lives in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. White is also accredited with inspiring the legendary hunter Scott Eddy to pursue bow hunting.

World Archery
World Archery (WA, formerly Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc – FITA) is the governing body of the sport of archery. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is composed of 156 national federations and other archery associations, and is recognised by the International Olympic Committee.
Subaru Kimura
Subaru Samuel Bartsch (スバル・サミュエル・バーチュ, Subaru Samyueru Bāchu; born 29 June 1990), known professionally as Subaru Kimura (木村 昴, Kimura Subaru), is a German-born Japanese actor and rapper. His best-known roles are the voice of Takeshi "Gian" Goda in the Doraemon series and, as of 2025, Franky in One Piece.

Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima
Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima (Japanese: ヒプノシスマイク -Division Rap Battle- Rhyme Anima, Hepburn: Hipunoshisu Maiku: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima) is a Japanese anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures created as part of the media mix project of the same name. The series aired from October to December 2020. A second season, titled Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle: Rhyme Anima+, aired from October to December 2023.
Chinese songs with Vietnamese lyrics
Chinese songs with Vietnamese lyrics (nhạc Hoa lời Việt, lit. "Chinese music with Vietnamese lyrics") are Vietnamese-language songs written to melodies or backing tracks from Chinese-language popular music, especially Mandopop and Cantopop associated with mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. They circulate in Vietnam and among overseas Vietnamese communities.

Vietnamese lyric versions range from close translation to new lyric sets written to an existing tune. The practice has roots before 1975; it expanded after 1975 in overseas communities (especially in the 1980s), entered Vietnam's commercial market in the 1990s and early 2000s, and gained new visibility from the late 2010s through platform-driven cycles of cover versions. Commercial releases and online circulation have fueled disputes over derivative works, licensing, and rights management, particularly on digital platforms where cover recordings spread quickly.

Derivative work
In copyright law, a derivative work is an expressive creation that includes major copyrightable elements of a first, previously created original work (the underlying work). The derivative work becomes a second, separate work independent from the first. The transformation, modification or adaptation of the work must be substantial and bear its author's personality sufficiently to be original and thus protected by copyright. Translations, cinematic adaptations and musical arrangements are common types of derivative works.

Most countries' legal systems seek to protect both original and derivative works. They grant authors the right to impede or otherwise control their integrity and the author's commercial interests. Derivative works and their authors benefit in turn from the full protection of copyright without prejudicing the rights of the original work's author.
Johnny Canuck
Johnny Canuck is a Canadian cartoon hero and superhero who was created as a political cartoon in 1869 and was later re-invented as a Second World War action hero in 1942. The Vancouver Canucks, a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL), currently use a hockey playing "Johnny Canuck" logo as one of their team logos. In addition, the Vancouver Canucks' American Hockey League affiliate, the Abbotsford Canucks, use it as their main logo.

Lumberjack
Lumberjack is a mostly North American term for workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees. The term usually refers to loggers in the era before 1945 in the United States, when trees were felled using hand tools and dragged by oxen to rivers.

The work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and involved living in primitive conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization.
Media in Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the nation's 95th largest designated market area (DMA), with 326,770 households and 0.27% of the U.S. TV population. The following stations are licensed in Charleston and have significant operations or viewers in the city:

WZJY
WZJY (1480 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish tropical format.  Licensed to Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, United States, it serves the Charleston, South Carolina area.  The station is currently owned by Norberto Sanchez, through licensee Norsan Communications and Management, Inc.
North Point Breeze
North Point Breeze (or Point Breeze North) is a mostly residential neighborhood in the East End of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has a zip code of 15208, and representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 9 (Northeast Neighborhoods).

Shadyside (Pittsburgh)
Shadyside is a neighborhood in the East End of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has three zip codes (15206, 15213, and 15232) and representation on Pittsburgh City Council by the council member for District 8 (East Central Neighborhoods). Shadyside is drawn from the name of a 19th-century Pennsylvania Railroad station in the area, which was named for its shady lanes.

Notable neighborhood institutions include UPMC Shadyside hospital, a member of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Chatham University, which is located just across the southern edge of the neighborhood in Squirrel Hill, along with Pittsburgh Center for the Arts, which sits inside Mellon Park.
2012–13 Arbroath F.C. season
The 2012–13 season was Arbroath's second consecutive season in the Scottish Second Division, having been promoted from the Scottish Third Division at the end of the 2010–11 season. Arbroath also competed in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup.

2012–13 Scottish Cup
The 2012–13 Scottish Cup was the 128th season of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The tournament began on 4 August 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013. It was sponsored by bookmaker William Hill in the second season of a three-year partnership and is known as the William Hill Scottish Cup. The winner of the competition qualified for the third qualifying round of the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League. The holders Hearts were knocked out by their Edinburgh rivals Hibernian in the fourth round, in a repeat of the previous season's final.
Jameh Mosque of Khorramshahr
The Jameh Mosque of Khorramshahr (Persian: مسجد جامع خرمشهر, romanized: Masjid-e-Jāmeh Khorramshahr), also known as the Khorramshahr Central Mosque, is a Friday mosque, located in Khorramshahr city, within Khorramshahr County of the province of Khuzestan, Iran.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.
Lip Pike
Lipman Emanuel "Lip" Pike (May 25, 1845 – October 10, 1893) the "Iron Batter", was an American star of 19th-century baseball in the United States. His brother, Israel Pike, played briefly for the Hartford Dark Blues during the 1877 season.

Pike was one of professional baseball's first great sluggers, leading early professional leagues in home runs four times. Pike possessed "great speed, a powerful, if erratic, throwing arm, and enormous power."

Pike was also the first Jewish baseball star and manager in America.

Haberdasher
In British English, a haberdasher is a business or person who sells small articles for sewing, dressmaking and knitting, such as buttons, ribbons and zips; in the United States, the term refers instead to  a men's clothing store that sells  suits, shirts, neckties, men's dress shoes and other items.