hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Geographical distance
Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arc length.

The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic problem.

Flattening
Flattening is a measure of the compression of a circle or sphere along a diameter to form an ellipse or an ellipsoid of revolution (spheroid) respectively. Other terms used are ellipticity, or oblateness. The usual notation for flattening is  and its definition in terms of the semi-axes  and  of the resulting ellipse or ellipsoid is

The compression factor is  in each case; for the ellipse, this is also its aspect ratio.
2017 Women's Knockout Cup
The 2017 Women's Knockout Cup is New Zealand's women's 24th knockout football competition.

The 2017 competition had three rounds before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Competition was run in three regions (northern, central, southern) until the quarter-finals, from which stage the draw was open. In all, 38 teams entered the competition.

Kate Sheppard Cup
The Kate Sheppard Cup, currently known as the  New Zealand Football Foundation Kate Sheppard Cup for sponsorship purposes, is New Zealand's premier knockout tournament in women's association football. Founded in 1994, it was known as the Women's Knockout Cup, until it was renamed in 2018. What would have been the 2020 edition of the competition, was cancelled because of COVID-19 but the competition continued again in 2021.
Dual process theory
In psychology, a dual process theory provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes. Often, the two processes consist of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process. Verbalized explicit processes or attitudes and actions may change with persuasion or education; though implicit process or attitudes usually take a long amount of time to change with the forming of new habits. Dual process theories can be found in social, personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology. It has also been linked with economics via prospect theory and behavioral economics, and increasingly in sociology through cultural analysis.

Shelly Chaiken
Rochelle Lynne "Shelly" Chaiken (born 1949) is an American social psychologist. She first received her BS from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1971 for mathematics. She later earned her MS (in 1975) and her PhD (in 1978) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in social psychology. She was a professor of psychology at New York University, but is now retired.

Chaiken is a member of many psychological organizations including the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, the American Psychological Association (Fellow, Div. 8), and the American Psychological Society.
Ibis GS-710 Magic
The Ibis GS-710 Magic, also called the GS-450, is a Colombian homebuilt aircraft that was designed and produced by Ibis Aircraft of Cali, developed from the Ibis GS-700 Magic. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft or as a kit for amateur construction.

Production has been completed and as of 2011 the aircraft was no longer part of the company's product line.

Bracing (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, bracing comprises structural members which stiffen the functional airframe to give it rigidity and strength under load. Bracing may be applied both internally and externally, and may take the form of struts, which act in compression or tension as the need arises, and/or wires, which act only in tension.

In general, bracing allows a stronger, lighter structure than one which is unbraced, but external bracing adds drag which slows down the aircraft and raises considerably more design issues than internal bracing. Another disadvantage of bracing wires is that they require routine checking and adjustment, or rigging, even when located internally.

During the early years of aviation, bracing was a universal feature of aeroplanes, including monoplanes and biplanes, which were then equally common. Bracing in the form of lift struts remains in use for some light commercial designs where a high wing and light weight are more important than ultimate performance.
RELHIC
A RELHIC, or Reionization-Limited HI Cloud, is a theoretical construct in astrophysics that describes a type of dark matter halo containing neutral hydrogen gas. These clouds are characterized by their potential to reveal the nature of dark matter and the conditions for galaxy formation in the early universe, particularly during the epoch of reionization. RELHICs are thought to be spherical gaseous systems that are in hydrostatic equilibrium and are influenced by both the presence of dark matter and a background ultraviolet radiation field from stars and galaxies.

The concept of RELHICs was proposed by astrophysicists Alejandro Benitez-Llambay and Julio F. Navarro, as part of their work on cosmological simulations and observations. They suggest that these structures could serve as observational targets to better understand the nature of dark matter and the formation of galaxies.

In 2023, a RELHIC candidate, referred to as Cloud-9, was detected near the spiral galaxy Messier 94.

Galaxy formation and evolution
In cosmology, the study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies. Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur from structure formation theories, as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang. The simplest model in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Lambda-CDM model—that is, clustering and merging allows galaxies to accumulate mass, determining both their shape and structure. Hydrodynamics simulation, which simulates both baryons and dark matter, is widely used to study galaxy formation and evolution.
West Oaks Mall (Orlando)
West Oaks Mall is a super-regional enclosed shopping mall in Ocoee, Florida. The mall is located west of Orlando at the intersection of Colonial Drive (SR 50) and Clarke Road near Florida's Turnpike, the East–West Expressway (SR 408), and the Western Beltway (SR 429). It was opened in 1996 and is currently owned by Moonbeam Capital Investments.

The single-floor mall spans 1.1 million square feet (100,000 m2) with 125 store spaces and five anchor spaces. It is currently anchored by Dillard's Clearance Center, JCPenney, a 14-screen AMC theater, and a SunPass customer service center, with the fifth anchor building vacant.

Ocoee, Florida
Ocoee (/əˈkoʊ.i/) is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida metropolitan statistical area. According to the 2020 US Census, the city had a population of 47,295.
Krasno, Russia
Krasno (Russian: Красно́) is a village (selo) in Vachsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, the village is a part of Chulkovsky Rural Settlement, the administrative center of which is the village of Chulkovo. Postal code: 606149.

Krasno is located on the right side of the Dobrushka River (Tuzha's tributary, which itself flows into the Oka), 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the left side of the Oka River and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of Vacha, the administrative center of the district.

Before 1929, Krasno was administratively a part of Bolshezagarinskaya Volost of Muromsky Uyezd of Vladimir Governorate.

Muromsky Uyezd
Muromsky Uyezd (Муромский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Vladimir Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Murom.
Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland
Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Marie Wadden, first published in December 1991 by Douglas & McIntyre. In the book, the author chronicles the plight of the Innu people, indigenous inhabitants of an area they affectionately call "Nitassinan" which means "our land" in the Innu language.

Edna Staebler Award
The Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction is an annual literary award recognizing the previous year's best creative nonfiction book with a "Canadian locale and/or significance" that is a Canadian writer's "first or second published book of any type or genre". It was established by an endowment from Edna Staebler, a literary journalist best known for cookbooks, and was inaugurated in 1991 for publication year 1990. The award is administered by Wilfrid Laurier University's Faculty of Arts. Only submitted books are considered.

For purposes of the award, "Creative non-fiction is literary not journalistic. The writer does not merely give information but intimately shares an experience with the reader by telling a factual story using the devices of fiction ... Rather than emphasizing objectivity, the book should have feeling, and should be a compelling, engaging read."
Gender survey question
A gender survey question is the question in a survey asking for the respondent to report their gender. In questionnaire construction the survey designer may make this an open-ended question or multiple choice.

In 2018 the General Social Survey began releasing data on respondents' self-identified gender.

Historically surveys have only offered options for respondents to indicate being either male or female. More inclusive surveys may offer more options.

Some respondents will not want to indicate being either male or female and will wish for additional options.

Sex and gender are important demographic characteristics to understand in social research, but for information on these things to be meaningful, researchers must be thoughtful in collecting the data.

2021 research application

2021 hospital registration form

Multiple choice
Multiple choice, multiple choice question, or objective response is a form of an objective assessment in which respondents are asked to select only the correct answer from the choices offered as a list. The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a person chooses between multiple candidates, parties, or policies.

Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early scientific approach to testing students, it was his assistant Benjamin D. Wood who developed the multiple-choice test. Multiple-choice testing increased in popularity in the mid-20th century when scanners and data-processing machines were developed to check the result. Christopher P. Sole created the first multiple-choice examinations for computers on a Sharp Mz 80 computer in 1982.
Australian Christian Churches
The Australian Christian Churches (ACC), formerly the Assemblies of God in Australia, is a network of Finished Work Pentecostal churches in Australia affiliated with the World Assemblies of God Fellowship. The movement was formed in 1937 and, according to the denomination, comprises over 1,100 churches, more than 3,300 pastors and over 400,000 constituents; independent surveys also list the ACC among Australia's largest denominations by number of local churches.

Church Growth
The Church Growth movement is a movement within evangelical Christianity which aims to grow churches based on research, sociology, analysis, etc. The Church Growth movement sees its origins in the Great Commission, and seeing people come to the knowledge of Christ.  Donald McGavran, a seminal  figure in the movement, asserted that "It is God's will that women and men become disciples of Jesus Christ and responsible members of Christ's church".
Chepra Cove
Chepra Cove (Bulgarian: залив Чепра, ‘Zaliv Chepra’ \'za-liv che-'pra\) is the 1.7 km wide cove indenting for 2.3 km the west coast of Pernik Peninsula on Loubet Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.  It is a part of Lallemand Fjord entered south of Holdfast Point, and has its head fed by Koriten Glacier.

The cove is named after the cave of Chepra in Southeastern Bulgaria.

Lallemand Fjord
The Lallemand Fjord (67°06′S 66°42′W﻿ / ﻿67.100°S 66.700°W﻿ / -67.100; -66.700) is a fjord located east of Arrowsmith Peninsula and west of Pernik Peninsula on Loubet Coast on the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica. It begins at Sharp Glacier and runs over 48 km roughly south to north, flowing into Crystal Sound near Detaille Island, and entered between Roux Island and Holdfast Point.  The fjord was named by Jean-Baptiste Charcot after the French geographer Charles Lallemand.
Amphidraus
Amphidraus is a genus of South American jumping spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1900. It was previously considered a synonym of Nebridia, but this was later rejected by Jerzy Prószyński, who claimed that merging the two genera was not supported by previous diagnostic drawings.

Members of this genus most closely resemble those of Marma and the monotypic genus Yacuitella. All three genera have a projection on the embolic disc that is independent from the embolus and a conductor on the distal retro-ventral region of the cymbium, though it is membranous in Amphidraus and Yacuitella and sclerotized in Marma. Spiders of Amphidraus can be distinguished from these other two by the presence of both a proximal tegular lobe and a cylindrical embolic filament that emerges from the distal region of the embolus shaft.

Jerzy Prószyński
Jerzy Prószyński (born 1935 in Warsaw) is a Polish arachnologist specializing in systematics of jumping spiders (family Salticidae).  He is a graduate of the University of Warsaw, a long-term employee of the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities and the Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.
Mohammed Hashi Gani
Mohammed Hashi Gani (Somali: Maxamed Xaashi Ghani) commonly referred to as "Hashi Gani" was a Somali military officer and Brigadier General who served in the Somali National Army under the Somali Democratic Republic from 1980 to 1991. Alongside being governor of Hargeisa in northern Somalia he led the command of the 26th Division. Hashi Gani was accused by northern Somalis belonging to the Isaaq clan of overseeing torture and killings during his time as military commander.

Abdillahi Askar
Colonel Abdillahi Askar (Somali: Cabdillaahi Askar Barkhad; 1947 – 29 August 2010) was a Somali military officer and colonel of the Somali National Movement (SNM). Nicknamed the 'Lion of Gode' after annihilating two Ethiopian divisions in the Ogaden war, he joined the SNM shortly after its foundation.
True Volunteer Foundation
True Volunteer Foundation (TVF) is a non-governmental organisation which aims to empower people through education. It is headquartered in London, England and was established in 2004 as LIFECYCLE Fundraising. Though its aims to eliminate poverty are similar to many charities, it differs through its operating model, which emphasises a low cost base and works to link together the corporate sector, small charity partners and volunteers. Its core principle and trademark is Pay to Work, and its volunteering ethos is based on the vision that everyone should have a social career which is run in parallel with their paid jobs or studies.

Lifecycle Fundraising originally held charity number 1113789.  It was incorporated on 20 January 2005 and changed its name to True Volunteer Foundation on 1 May 2008. Lifecycle is now one of 5 charity brands actively promoted by True Volunteer.

Fundraising
Fundraising or fund-raising is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions by engaging individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies. Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit organizations, it is sometimes used to refer to the identification and solicitation of investors or other sources of capital for for-profit enterprises.

Traditionally, fundraising has consisted mostly of asking for donations through face-to-face fundraising, such as door-knocking. In recent years, though, new forms such as online fundraising or grassroots fundraising have emerged.
2015 Tour de Langkawi
The 2015 Tour de Langkawi was the 20th edition of the Tour de Langkawi road cycling stage race. It took place in Malaysia between 8 and 15 March 2015, consisting of eight road stages. The race was rated by the UCI as a 2.HC (hors category) race as part of the 2015 UCI Asia Tour.

2015 UCI Asia Tour
The 2015 UCI Asia Tour was the 11th season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 1 February 2015 with the Le Tour de Filipinas and ended on 19 December 2015 with the Tour of Al Zubarah.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Asia Tour cycling jersey. Samad Pourseyedi from Iran is the defending champion of the 2013–14 UCI Asia Tour.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
Ribeira Prata
Ribeira Prata is a settlement in the northwestern part of the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 343. It is situated near the north coast, 3 km northeast of Praia Branca and 11 km north of Tarrafal de São Nicolau.

Praia Branca
Praia Branca is a town in the northwestern part of the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde. It is part of the municipality of Tarrafal de São Nicolau. Its population at the 2010 census was 521. It is situated 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the coast, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of Ribeira Brava.
White Mountains Wilderness
The White Mountains Wilderness is a wilderness area in the White Mountains of California, United States. It was established by Congress in 2009 with a total of 228,454 acres (924.52 km2). The wilderness is largely managed by the Inyo National Forest, with 24,162 acres (9,778 ha) managed by the Bureau of Land Management.

The wilderness covers the White Mountains along the eastern boundary of California, from Boundary Peak in the north, south almost to Bishop. The wilderness includes White Mountain Peak, but excludes the roads to the south of the peak.

Signs placed at the entrance of the wilderness near the trail to White Mountain Peak were initially misspelled "White Mountain Wilderness", the name of another wilderness area in New Mexico.

White Mountains (California)
The White Mountains of California and Nevada are a triangular fault-block mountain range facing the Sierra Nevada across the upper Owens Valley. They extend for approximately 60 mi (97 km) as a greatly elevated plateau about 20 mi (32 km) wide on the south, narrowing to a point at the north, with elevations generally increasing south to north. The range's broad southern end is near the community of Big Pine, where Westgard Pass and Deep Springs Valley separate it from the Inyo Mountains. The narrow northern end is at Montgomery Pass, where U.S. Route 6 crosses. The Fish Lake Valley lies east of the range; the southeast part of the mountains are separated from the Silver Peak Range by block faulting across the Furnace Creek Fault Zone, forming a feeder valley to Fish Lake Valley. The range lies within the eastern section of the Inyo National Forest.
Mike DiBiase (wrestler, born 1977)
Michael Wills Foreman DiBiase II (born September 10, 1977) is an American retired professional wrestler. A third generation wrestler, DiBiase is the grandson of Iron Mike DiBiase and Helen Hild and the son of "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase.

NWA North American Heavyweight Championship
The NWA North American Heavyweight Championship, also known simply as the NWA North American Championship, was a professional wrestling championship created by the National Wrestling Alliance in 1994 after World Championship Wrestling withdrew from the NWA. There were various regional versions of the North American title before the creation of this all-NWA recognised North American championship. From 1998 to 2000, the title was the major championship in Music City Wrestling.
Robin Bourne-Taylor
Robin Edwin Geoffrey Bourne-Taylor, CGC (born 22 July 1981) is a former British officer and sportsman. He is a three times Boat Race winner, and for his service in Afghanistan he was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross.

The Boat Race 2003
The 149th Boat Race took place on 6 April 2003. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford (in dark blue) and Cambridge (in light blue) along a 4.2-mile (6.8 km) tidal stretch of the River Thames in south-west London.  The lead changed twice during the race, which Oxford won by one foot (30 cm): the smallest margin of victory in the history of the event. The close race has been described as "epic", while Olympic gold medallist Steve Redgrave suggested that the race was the "greatest we will see in our lifetimes".

Umpired by the Boat Race veteran Boris Rankov, the 2003 race was the first to be scheduled on a Sunday.  As a result of a collision between the Cambridge boat and a launch, a member of the Cambridge crew was replaced just two days before the race.  This was the first Boat Race to feature two sets of brothers on opposing sides.  In the reserve race Goldie beat Isis and Oxford won the Women's race.
James Nangwala
James Nangwala is a Ugandan lawyer notable for his defence of The Monitor (Uganda) Newspaper editors Charles Onyango-Obbo and Andrew Mwenda. He was formerly the head of the Bar Course at the Law Development Centre, the Statutory Body charged with the sole responsibility of training lawyers in Uganda. He is currently a senior lecturer at Makerere University.

During November 2009, after the first day of his defense of the Monitor editors in court, Nangwala was shot in the shoulder while outside of his home. He was seriously wounded and subsequently had to be operated on. The shooting caused the trial to be adjourned until January 2000. Three men were tried for the shooting during June 2010 and were charged with conspiracy to murder and attempted murder. One of the men was a police officer.

Charles Onyango-Obbo
Charles "Mase" Onyango-Obbo, also Charles Onyango Obbo, (born 1958) is a Ugandan author, journalist, and former Editor of Mail & Guardian Africa. He is a former Managing Editor of The Monitor, a daily Ugandan newspaper, former Executive Editor for the Africa and Digital Media Division with Nation Media Group. Considered one of the finest journalists in Africa, Onyango-Obbo is a political commentator on issues in East Africa and the African Great Lakes region. He writes a column, "Ear to the Ground", in The Monitor, a second column in the regional weekly The EastAfrican, and a third in the Daily Nation.
Weedon Osborne
Weedon Edward Osborne (November 13, 1892 – June 6, 1918) was a United States Navy officer and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War I. He is one of only three dental officers to have received the medal, the others being Alexander Gordon Lyle and Ben L. Salomon.

Naval History and Heritage Command
The Naval History and Heritage Command, formerly the Naval Historical Center, is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage located at the historic Washington Navy Yard.  The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations including the Navy Department Library, 10 museums and 1 heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and historic ship ex-USS Nautilus.