hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Osmundastrum pulchellum
Osmundastrum pulchellum is an extinct species of Osmundastrum, leptosporangiate ferns  in the family Osmundaceae from the lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian?) Djupadal Formation of Southern Sweden. It remained unstudied for 40 years. It is one of the most exceptional fossil ferns ever found, preserving intact calcified (thus dead) tissue with DNA and cells. Its exceptional preservation has allowed the study of the DNA relationships with extant Osmundaceae ferns, proving a 180-million-year genomic stasis. It has also preserved its biotic interactions and even ongoing mitosis.

Osmundastrum
Osmundastrum is genus of leptosporangiate ferns in the family Osmundaceae with one living species, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, the cinnamon fern. The modern species is native to the Americas and Asia, growing in swamps, bogs and moist woodlands. Fossil records of the genus extend into the Triassic.
Stark Park
Stark Park is a city park located on the north side of Manchester, New Hampshire.  It is a 30-acre (12 ha) parcel of land between River Road and the Merrimack River, which was once part of the larger farm property of American Revolutionary War hero John Stark. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2006, and the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Merrimack River
The Merrimack River (or Merrimac River, an occasional earlier spelling) is a 117-mile-long (188 km) river in the northeastern United States. It rises at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Winnipesaukee rivers in Franklin, New Hampshire, flows southward into Massachusetts, and then flows northeast until it empties into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport. From Pawtucket Falls in Lowell, Massachusetts, onward, the Massachusetts–New Hampshire border is roughly calculated as the line three miles north of the river.

The Merrimack is an important regional focus in both New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The central-southern part of New Hampshire and most of northeast Massachusetts is known as the Merrimack Valley.

Several U.S. naval ships have been named USS Merrimack and USS Merrimac in honor of this river. The river is also known for the early American literary classic A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers by Henry David Thoreau.
Maurita Murphy Mead
Maurita Murphy Mead (née Ellen Murphy) is an American clarinetist and music professor, the former professor of clarinet at the University of Iowa.  Mead has been secretary of the International Clarinet Association.

D. Stanley Hasty
Donald Stanley Hasty (February 21, 1920 - June 22, 2011) was professor emeritus of clarinet at the Eastman School of Music.

Hasty joined the Eastman faculty and the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra in 1955. Before coming to Rochester, he served as principal clarinet for the Cleveland Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the Indianapolis Orchestra, and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra.

He served as professor of clarinet or principal teacher of clarinet at the Cleveland Institute, the Peabody Conservatory, Indiana University, Carnegie Institute (now the Mellon Institute), the New England Conservatory, and the Juilliard School of Music. Hasty retired in 1985.
Theropod paleopathology
Theropod paleopathology is the study of injury and disease in theropod dinosaurs. In 2001, Ralph E. Molnar published a survey of pathologies in theropod dinosaur bone that uncovered pathological features in 21 genera from 10 theropod families. Pathologies have been seen on most theropod body parts, with the most common sites of preserved injury and disease being the ribs and tail vertebrae. The least common sites of preserved pathology are the weight-bearing bones like the tibia, femur and sacrum. Most pathologies preserved in theropod fossils are the remains of injuries, but infections and congenital deformities have also been documented. Pathologies are less frequently documented in small theropods, although this may simply be because the larger bones of correspondingly larger animals would be more likely to fossilize in the first place.

Exostosis
An exostosis (pl. exostoses) is a benign (non-cancerous) new growth projecting from the surface of a bone, informally known as a bone spur. Exostoses can cause chronic pain ranging from mild to severe, depending on the shape, size, and location of the lesion, though most are asymptomatic and are found by chance on plain x-ray taken for other reasons. Occasionally, an exostosis can be potentially life-threatening.

When used in the phrases "cartilaginous exostosis" or "osteocartilaginous exostosis", the term is considered synonymous with osteochondroma. Some sources consider the two terms to mean the same thing even without qualifiers, but this interpretation is not universal.

Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with exostosis formation. Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, can also leave bone spurs that may then become symptomatic.
Sh 2-54
Sh 2-54 is an extended bright nebula in the constellation of Serpens.

In its core there are many protostars and many infrared sources; some of these sources, like IRAS 18151−1208, are most probably very young high-mass stars. The older star population in this region has an average age of 4–5 million years, and its components are grouped in the open cluster NGC 6604.

Sh 2-54 belongs to an extended nebulosity that includes also the Eagle Nebula and the Omega Nebula. The young high-mass stars of this region constitute the Serpens OB1 and Serpens OB2 OB association.

NGC 6604
NGC 6604 is a young open cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Serpens, positioned about 1.5° north of the Eagle Nebula (NGC 6611). The cluster was discovered by William Herschel on July 15, 1784. It is located at a distance of 4,580 light years from the Sun, about 210 ly (65 pc) above the galactic plane. NGC 6604 forms the densest part of the Ser OB2 association of co-moving stars.

This cluster is fairly compact with a Trumpler class of I3p, and is still undergoing star formation. It lies at the heart of an H II region with the identifier S54, and the two are most likely linked. The cluster has an estimated age of 6.5 million years and contains several massive stars of the OB type. One of these is the high mass triple star system HD 167971, which includes the over-contact eclipsing binary MY Ser. It is one of the most luminous stars in the galaxy. HD 168112 is another colliding-wind binary in the cluster; both systems are over-luminous in their X-ray emission.
1991 Swiss Indoors
The 1991 Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland. The tournament was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and took place from 23 September until 29 September 1991. Sixth-seeded Jakob Hlasek won the singles title.

1991 ATP Tour
The 1991 IBM ATP Tour was the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the ATP Tour. The IBM ATP Tour included the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series and the ATP Tour World Championships. The World Team Cup, Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF) are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Tour.
Challapata
Challapata is the capital of the Eduardo Abaroa Province as well as of the Challapata Municipality in the Oruro Department in Bolivia. It lies at an altitude of 3,738 m above sea level on the edge of the 250-acre (1.0 km2) flood plain of the river on the east bank of the Tacagua Poopó Lake. Challapata is located half way of the road and railway connection from Oruro to Potosí, about 130 kilometers from both cities. Directly southeast of the city rises the Cerro Azanaques, with 5102 m the highest peak in the Azanaques Mountain Range (Cordillera de Azanaques).

Oruro
Oruro (Hispanicized spelling) or Uru Uru is a city in Bolivia with a population of 264,683 (2012 calculation), about halfway between La Paz and Sucre in the Altiplano, approximately 3,709 meters (12,169 ft) above sea level.

It is Bolivia's fifth-largest city by population, after Santa Cruz de la Sierra, El Alto, La Paz, and Cochabamba. It is the capital of the Department of Oruro and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oruro. Oruro has been subject to cycles of boom and bust owing to its dependence on the mining industry, notably tin, tungsten, silver and copper.
The Quantum Thief
The Quantum Thief is the debut science fiction novel by Finnish writer Hannu Rajaniemi and the first novel in a trilogy featuring the character of Jean le Flambeur; the sequels are The Fractal Prince (2012) and The Causal Angel (2014). The novel was published in Britain by Gollancz in 2010, and by Tor in 2011 in the US. It is a heist story, set in a futuristic Solar System, that features a protagonist modeled on Arsène Lupin, the gentleman thief of Maurice Leblanc.

The novel was nominated for the 2011 Locus Award for Best First Novel, and was second runner-up for the 2011 Campbell Memorial Award.

Method of loci
The method of loci is a mnemonic strategy that uses visual imagination and spatial memory to organize and recall information. It involves mentally associating pieces of information with specific locations in a familiar environment, such as rooms in a house or landmarks along a well-known route. The user visualizes these locations in sequence and imagines placing the items to be remembered at each point. Recall is achieved by mentally retracing the path and using the imagined scenes to retrieve the associated information.

This method is also referred as the memory palace, memory journey, journey method or mind palace technique.
Trezzo Tinella
Trezzo Tinella is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres northeast of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 350 and an area of 10.4 square kilometres (4.0 sq mi).

The small and affable commune of Trezzo Tinella is located high in the Langa region. It occupies a very large territory situated at different elevations from 304 to 712 metres (997 to 2,336 ft) above sea level. At the centre of the commune is a church and the town hall. There was once a castle, the final tower of the castle collapsed in 1969. There was also a nursery and school which was closed in 1986.  Trezzo Tinella has dairy farms, vineyards, hazelnut groves and houses. A number of the buildings date back to Roman Times and the names derive from this era.

Trezzo Tinella borders the following municipalities: Alba, Borgomale, Castino, Mango, Neviglie, and Treiso.

Alba, Piedmont
Alba (Piedmontese: Arba; Latin: Alba Pompeia) is a town and comune of Piedmont, Italy, in the Province of Cuneo. It is one of the main cities in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato. The town is famous for its white truffle and wine production. The confectionery group Ferrero is based there. The city joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in October 2017.
Multivariate analysis of variance
In statistics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a procedure for comparing multivariate sample means. As a multivariate procedure, it is used when there are two or more dependent variables, and is often followed by significance tests involving individual dependent variables separately.

Without relation to the image, the dependent variables may be k life satisfactions scores measured at sequential time points and p job satisfaction scores measured at sequential time points. In this case there are k+p dependent variables whose linear combination follows a multivariate normal distribution, multivariate variance-covariance matrix homogeneity, and linear relationship, no multicollinearity, and each without outliers.

Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis (often denoted ) is the claim in scientific research that the effect being studied does not exist.  The null hypothesis can also be described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally observed effect is due to chance alone, hence the term "null". In contrast with the null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis (often denoted or ) is developed, which claims that a relationship does exist between two variables.
2024 OFC Men's Champions League qualifying stage
The 2024 OFC Men's Champions League qualifying stage was played from 17 to 23 February 2024. A total of four teams competed in the qualifying stage to decide the last of the 8 places in the group stage of the 2024 OFC Men's Champions League.

2024 OFC Men's Champions League
The 2024 OFC Men's Champions League was the 23rd edition of the Oceanian club championship. Organized by the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC), it is Oceania's premier club football tournament. This was the first season under the current OFC Men's Champions League name.

The tournament winner qualified for the 2024 FIFA Intercontinental Cup. By winning the 2022 OFC Champions League and the 2023 OFC Champions League, Auckland City earned the right to play at the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup in the United States before even playing the 2024 OFC Men's Champions League.
2016 Canadian Senior Curling Championships
The 2016 Canadian Senior Curling Championships were held from March 28 to April 2 at the Digby Curling Club and the Digby Arena in Digby, Nova Scotia. The winners represented Canada at the 2017 World Senior Curling Championships.

Canadian Senior Curling Championships
The Canadian Senior Curling Championships are an annual bonspiel held to determine the national champions in senior curling for Canada. Seniors are defined as being people over the age of 50. The championship teams play at the World Senior Curling Championships the following year.

The event's first committee was established in October 1964. Frank Sargent was an original member of the senior championship committee, and believed the event would attract former Brier competitors and give seniors a place to compete which had not existed. The inaugural Canadian Seniors Curling Championship was hosted in Port Arthur in March 1965. It used a minimum age of 55 for competitors, and had the Seagram Company as its title sponsor.
Erika Ikuta
Erika Ikuta (生田 絵梨花, Ikuta Erika; born January 22, 1997) is a Japanese actress, tarento, singer, and former first generation member of the Japanese idol girl group Nogizaka46. In addition to her work with Nogizaka46, Ikuta has appeared in multiple television and stage productions, including playing Cosette, Éponine and Fantine in a Japanese production of Les Misérables and voicing Asha in the Japanese dubbing of the Disney film Wish.

She is affiliated with Ohta Production from 2007 to 2009 and once again since 2022.

Zepp
The Zepp music halls are a group of Japanese music venues covering every area of the country. They play host to many international tours and are a popular stop among Japanese musicians. Each venue takes the Zepp name, along with the city in which it is located. The Zepp company is a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Starting from 2017, Zepp locations also opened in other countries like Singapore (formerly), Taiwan, and Malaysia.  In 2022, it opened its first location in Malaysia at Bukit Bintang City Centre (BBCC), Kuala Lumpur.

The Zepp venues in Japan are sponsored by the Asahi Breweries.
KSNF
KSNF (channel 16) is a television station licensed to Joplin, Missouri, United States, serving the Joplin, Missouri–Pittsburg, Kansas television market as an affiliate of NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to ABC affiliate KODE-TV (channel 12, also licensed to Joplin) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with owner Mission Broadcasting. The two stations share studios on South Cleveland Avenue in Joplin, where KSNF's transmitter is also located.

Mission Broadcasting
Mission Broadcasting, Inc. is a television station group that owns 29 full-power television stations in 26 markets in the United States. The group's chair is Nancie Smith, the widow of David S. Smith, who founded the company in 1996 and died in 2011. All but one of Mission's stations are located in markets where Nexstar Media Group also owns a station, and all of Mission's stations (including its lone stand-alone station) are managed by Nexstar through shared services and local marketing agreements—effectively creating duopolies between the top two stations in a market or in markets with too few stations or unique station owners to legally allow duopolies. The company moved its headquarters from Westlake, Ohio, to Wichita Falls, Texas, in 2018. The company's stations are based in markets as large as New York City and as small as Grand Junction, Colorado.
Jamshidian's trick
Jamshidian's trick is a technique for one-factor asset price models, which re-expresses an option on a portfolio of assets as a portfolio of options. It was developed by Farshid Jamshidian in 1989.

The trick relies on the following simple, but very useful mathematical observation. Consider a sequence of monotone (increasing) functions  of one real variable (which map onto ), a random variable , and a constant .

Since the function  is also increasing and maps onto , there is a unique solution  to the equation

Since the functions  are increasing:

In financial applications, each of the random variables  represents an asset value, the number  is the strike of the option on the portfolio of assets. We can therefore express the payoff of an option on a portfolio of assets in terms of a portfolio of options on the individual assets  with corresponding strikes .

Asset pricing
In financial economics, asset pricing refers to the formal development of the  principles used in pricing, together with the resultant models. The treatment inheres the interrelated paradigms of general equilibrium asset pricing and rational asset pricing, the latter corresponding to risk neutral pricing.

Investment theory, which is near synonymous, encompasses the body of knowledge used to support the decision-making process of choosing investments, and the asset pricing models are then applied in determining the asset-specific required rate of return on the investment in question, and for hedging.
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a slow-growing CD20 positive form of Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system's B cells.

NLPHL is an uncommon sub-type of Hodgkin lymphoma, making up 5-10% of Hodgkin lymphomas. It is distinguished from classic Hodgkin lymphoma by the presence of CD20 positive lymphocyte predominant cells, also known as popcorn cells due to their polylobated nuclei, which look like popcorn.

There are small but clear differences in prognosis between the various forms. Lymphocyte predominant HL is an uncommon subtype composed of vague nodules of numerous reactive lymphocytes admixed with large popcorn-shaped RSC. Unlike classic RSC, the non-classic popcorn-shaped RS cells of NLPHL are CD15 and CD30 negative while positive for the B cell marker CD20. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab has been used in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma with encouraging results.

BCL6 gene rearrangements have been frequently observed.

CHOP (chemotherapy)
CHOP is the acronym for a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.  CHOP consists of:

Cyclophosphamide, an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links

Hydroxydaunorubicin (also called doxorubicin or adriamycin), an intercalating agent which damages DNA by inserting itself between DNA bases

Oncovin (vincristine), which prevents cells from duplicating by binding to the protein tubulin

Prednisone or Prednisolone, which are corticosteroids.

Sometimes the chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, is added to this treatment regimen to form the R-CHOP regimen.
Rimburg
Rimburg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɪmbʏr(ə)x]) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Landgraaf, on the German border.

Rimburg was a separate municipality until 1887, when it was merged with Ubach over Worms.

Rimburg is a village (consisting of the cores and Rimburg Broekhuizen) on the River Worm in eastern South Limburg. Rimburg is part of the municipality of Landgraaf. It is part of the former municipality Ubach over Worms. In the early 1980s the municipalities of Schaesberg, Ubach over Worms and Nieuwenhagen were collectively known as the SUN municipalities, until they merged to form the new municipality of Landgraaf.

Landgraaf
Landgraaf (Dutch: [ˈlɑntxraːf] ⓘ; Limburgish: Lankgraaf [ˈlɑŋkxʀaːf]) is a municipality in southeastern Limburg, Netherlands, forming part of the Parkstad Limburg agglomeration. SnowWorld is the largest indoor ski piste in Europe.
Herman A. Berliner
Herman Albert Berliner (born April 6, 1944) was the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs of Hofstra University. He was appointed provost of Hofstra University in 1990 and served as Provost for 28 years in total.  He also served as Business School Dean and Interim Dean for 12 years in total.

Hofstra University
Hofstra University is a private research university in Hempstead, New York, United States. It originated in 1935 as an extension of New York University and became an independent college in 1939. Comprising ten schools, including the Zucker School of Medicine and the Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hofstra has hosted a series of prominent presidential conferences and several United States presidential debates.
Transvision (Indonesia)
PT Indonusa Telemedia, operating as Transvision (formerly TelkomVision and YesTV), is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite service provider in Indonesia. It is primarily owned by Trans Media, a subsidiary of CT Corp, and the founding company Telkom Indonesia via TelkomMetra as the minority holder. Transvision currently airing through MEASAT-3b satellite (via Ku band frequency) since 2016, and also via internet protocol (IPTV) under the name Transvision XStream.

Aside from providing satellite TV (under the name Transvision Satellite and its slimmed-down version, Nusantara HD) and the XStream IPTV service (similar to Telkom's IndiHome TV), Transvision also operates an internet service named Hi-Speed. The company also have its own OTT stearming service, CubMu, which is set to compete against Vidio and Vision+ (the latter owned by Transvision's long rival, MNC Vision). The company's slogan is Broadcasting at The Edge of Technology.

Vidio
PT Vidio Dot Com (Vidio) is an Indonesian over-the-top subscription video on-demand streaming service that was launched on October 15, 2014. Its offerings include free-to-air and paid live broadcast, films and series, as well as Vidio original programs. Initially owned by Kreatif Media Online, Vidio was acquired by Surya Citra Media, a subsidiary of Emtek. In 2022, Vidio was recognized as the largest video-on-demand service provider in Indonesia, surpassing Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar, and Amazon Prime Video.