hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Egyptian airstrike on the Old Tel Aviv central bus station
On May 18, 1948, the Royal Egyptian Air Force bombed the Old Tel Aviv central bus station four days after Israel declared independence, killing 42 people.

The attack occurred during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War amid a bombing campaign by Egyptian forces in Tel Aviv that killed 150 people in total. The bombing occurred on May 18 when Egyptian C-47s launched an attack on the bus station, which was crowded with passengers at the time. The Palestine Post reported a "50-pound fragmentation bomb" shook the building. 42 people died in total, including four members of the Dan Bus Company. Over 100 people were injured.

The bus station was significantly damaged by the explosion, which was also the deadliest attack of its kind by the Egyptian Air Force. Many Israelis, especially residents of Tel Aviv, were outraged by the incident and called for the Israeli Air Force to bomb Egypt in retaliation. The bombing also convinced many pilots, including Lou Lenart, to join the war on behalf of Israel.

Israeli Declaration of Independence
The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the civil war phase and beginning of the Arab–Israeli War of the 1948 Palestine war, by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.

It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine (or the Land of Israel in the Jewish tradition), to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day. While celebrated in Israel as Independence Day, a national holiday on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar, Palestinians view the day as the start of Nakba, or "catastrophe", marking the mass displacements of Palestinians and the loss of homes and lands, and commemorate it annually on 15 May as Nakba Day.
Oscar Gardner
Oscar Gardner (May 19, 1872 – December 25, 1928) was an American bantamweight and featherweight boxer known as the Omaha Kid. He was a top contender for the Featherweight Championship of the World and the Featherweight Champion of America, though he never won any awards or titles; many claim this was due to poor refereeing. Gardner was small but unusually strong, tough in the ring but "quiet, affable..., gifted with a winning personality, who made friends easily" when not boxing. During his career, he fought between 537 and 547 battles (sources vary).

Bantamweight
Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports and weightlifting. For boxing, the range is above 115 lb (52.2 kg) and up to 118 lb (53.5 kg). In kickboxing, a bantamweight fighter generally weighs between 53 and 55 kilograms (117 and 121 lb). In MMA, bantamweight is 126–135 lb (57.2–61.2 kg).

The name for the class is derived from bantam chickens. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has an equivalent Rooster weight.
Awake, My Soul: The Story of the Sacred Harp
Awake, My Soul: The Story of the Sacred Harp is a 2006 documentary film directed by Matt and Erica Hinton, and narrated by Jim Lauderdale. It follows the folk tradition of Sacred Harp singing, a type of shape-note singing, kept alive by amateur singers in the rural American South.

Shape note
Shape notes are a musical notation designed to facilitate congregational and social singing.  The notation became a popular teaching device in American singing schools during the 19th century. Shapes were added to the noteheads in written music to help singers find pitches within major and minor scales without the use of more complex information found in key signatures on the staff.

Shape notes of various kinds have been used for over two centuries in a variety of music traditions.
Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum
Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum (Tamil: அன்னக்கொடியும் ஐந்து பெண்களும்) is a 2015  Tamil soap opera that aired on Zee Tamil. The show is set to launch on 23 February 2015 and 16 December 2016 airs Monday through Friday 7:00PM IST. Starting from Monday 27 December 2016, the show was shifted to 10:00PM IST for 460 episodes.

Starring Thendral and Office Serial Fame Shruthi Raj acting Female lead role. Story of the protagonist and her five sisters who come to Tamil Nadu in search of their father from Kerala and how their life takes turns there after The show directed by Cheyyar Ravi.

Thendral
Thendral (transl. Breeze) is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language soap opera that aired Monday through Friday on Sun TV. It was broadcast from 7 December 2009 to 17 January 2015 for 1,340 episodes. The show stars Shruthi Raj and Deepak Dinkar and revolves around a girl's struggle in a middle-class family, focusing on the importance of women's education. It was produced by Vikatan Televistas Pvt Ltd and directed by S. Kumaran. The show replaced Kolangal after it went off-air and was replaced by Priyamanaval in 2015.

Thendral was amongst the first Tamil serials to go viral on the internet. The Indian newspaper Business Standard described it as the "first youthful prime time daily soap in Tamil". Thendral has been highly acclaimed and has won many awards. After a nine-year hiatus, the show returned from 10 December 2018 on Vikatan Prime Time YouTube channel every day. It was re-telecasting on Colors Tamil and Kalaignar TV from 16 May 2022.
Disposable tableware
Disposable tableware includes all disposable tableware like

disposable cups made of paper, plastic, coated paper,

plates

tablecloths,

placemats

plastic cutlery,

paper napkins, etc.

These products are prevalent in fast food restaurants, takeaways, but also for airline meals. In private settings, this kind of disposable products has proven very popular with consumers who prefer easy and quick cleanup after parties, etc.

The market for disposable tableware is huge, with an estimated $7.5 billion in 2012 in the US alone.

Disposable cup
A disposable cup is a type of tableware and disposable food packaging. Disposable cup types include paper cups, plastic cups, and foam cups. Expanded polystyrene is used to manufacture foam cups, and polypropylene is used to manufacture plastic cups.

As they are produced for single use, disposable cups and other similar disposable products constitute a major source of consumer and household waste, such as paper waste and plastic waste. It has been estimated that the average household discards around 70 disposable cups every year.

108 billion cups are consumed in the US per year, and the UK uses an estimated 2.5 billion paper cups every year.
Woodstock Nation
The term Woodstock Nation refers specifically to the attendees of the original 1969 Woodstock Music and Arts Festival.  The phrase was coined by Yippie activist Abbie Hoffman, and was later used as the title of his book Woodstock Nation: A Talk-Rock Album describing his experiences at the festival.

More generally, however, the term is used as a catch-all phrase for those individuals of the baby boomer generation in the United States who subscribed to the values of the American counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s. The term is often interchangeable with hippie.

Youth International Party
The Youth International Party (YIP), whose members were commonly called Yippies, was an American youth-oriented radical and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the late 1960s. It was founded on December 31, 1967. They employed theatrical gestures to mock the social status quo, such as advancing a pig called "Pigasus the Immortal" as a candidate for president of the United States in 1968. They have been described as a highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian, and anarchist youth movement of "symbolic politics".

Since they were well known for street theater, protesting against the criminalization of cannabis in the United States with smoke-ins, and politically themed pranks, they were either ignored or denounced by many of the Old Left. According to ABC News, "The group was known for street theater pranks and was once referred to as the 'Groucho Marxists'."
Merradalen (station)
Merradalen (also Mærradalen) was a station on the Kolsås Line of the Oslo Metro in Norway. It was opened as a station on the branch from Sørbyhaugen to Jar, in 1942. The station was located close to a bridge across the valley with the same name. Merradalen was closed on 5 July 1957 and replaced with Ullernåsen.

Sørbyhaugen station
Sørbyhaugen is a former subway station on the Oslo Metro.

The station was located between Smestad and Makrellbekken, and was opened when the Røa Line was created, as an extension from Smestad to Røa on 24 January 1935. From 1942 it was the point from which the Kolsås Line branched off the Røa Line, offering a T-bane connection into the neighboring municipality Bærum. It was closed as a part of the Røa Line overhaul in 1995.
Lübeck–Puttgarden railway
The Lübeck–Puttgarden railway is part of the international Vogelfluglinie (Bird Flight Line) between Germany and Denmark and connects Lübeck with Puttgarden on the Baltic Sea island of Fehmarn in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Until the Puttgarden–Rødby rail ferry connection was discontinued in 2019, the route was used by international long-distance trains between Hamburg and Copenhagen.

The line is now closed north of Neustadt for the construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link. The new line is not expected to be completed before 2029. The state of Schleswig Holstein and DB want to close the present coastal line and send trains via a new route inland. The connection to the seaside resorts on the Bay of Lübeck will be significantly worsened when the route is closed and is legally controversial.

Großenbrode
Großenbrode is a municipality in the district of Ostholstein, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the Baltic Sea coast, opposite Fehmarn, approx. 8 km (5 mi) east of Heiligenhafen. Until 1963 it had a ferry connection to Gedser in Denmark. After World War II there was no ferry connection between West Germany and Denmark - the ferry port Warnemünde (near Rostock) now being in the communist east. Großenbrode was chosen as the site for a temporary ferry connection for the 3-hour crossing to Gedser. After the Fehmarnsund bridge was built in 1963, the ferryport moved to Puttgarden on Fehmarn. Großenbrode is planned to be the site of a portal of the Fehmarn Sound Tunnel by 2028.

The Fehmarn Sound Bridge, as seen from Großenbrode

Großenbrode railway station

A former reconnaissance tower, (Aufklärungsturm), which now hosts a restaurant
Statute of Rhuddlan
The Statute of Rhuddlan (Welsh: Statud Rhuddlan), also known as the Statutes of Wales (Latin: Statuta Walliae or Valliae) or as the Statute of Wales (Latin: Statutum Walliae or Valliae), was a royal ordinance by Edward I of England, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of Wales from 1284 until 1536.

The statute followed the Conquest of Wales by Edward I and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. The statute introduced English common law to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales.

Marcher lord
A marcher lord (Welsh: barwn y mers) was a noble appointed by the king of England to guard the border (known as the Welsh Marches) between England and Wales.

A marcher lord was the English equivalent of a margrave (in the Holy Roman Empire) or a marquis (in France) before the introduction of the title of "marquess" in Britain; no marcher lord ever bore the rank of marquess. In this context, the word march means a border region or frontier, and is cognate with the verb "to march", both ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *mereg-, "edge" or "boundary".

The greatest marcher lords included the earls of Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Pembroke and Shrewsbury (see also English earls of March).
Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
The development of the steam ironclad firing explosive shells in the mid-19th century rendered sailing ship tactics obsolete.

New tactics were developed for the big-gun Dreadnought battleships. The mine, torpedo, submarine and aircraft posed new threats, each of which had to be countered, leading to tactical developments such as anti-submarine warfare and the use of dazzle camouflage. By the end of the steam age, aircraft carriers had replaced battleships as the principal unit of the fleet.

Anti-submarine weapon
An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon is usually a projectile, missile or bomb that is optimized to destroy submarines.
Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
This gallery of flags of federal subjects of Russia shows the flags of the 89 federal subjects of Russia including two regions that, while being de facto under complete Russian control, are not internationally recognized as part of Russia (Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol), and four regions that, while not being fully controlled by Russia or recognised internationally, are claimed by it as its federal subjects (Donetsk and Luhansk republics, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts).

Flag of Mari El
The flag of Mari El (Meadow Mari: Марий Элын тистыже, romanized: Marij Elyn tistyžje, Hill Mari: Мары Элын флагшы, romanized: Mary Elyn flagšy), a federal subject and republic in the Russian Federation, was adopted by the Parliament of Mari El on 1 June 2011.
Hungarian Golden Ball
The Hungarian Golden Ball (Hungarian: Magyar Aranylabda) is annually awarded in Hungary by a vote by Hungarian sport journalists. Eligible are Hungarian players in the Hungary and abroad.

The other football award in Hungary is the Hungarian Footballer of the Year awarded by the Hungarian Football Federation (MLSZ).

Hungarian Football Federation
The Hungarian Football Federation (HFF) (Hungarian: Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség; MLSZ, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈlɒbdɒruːɡoː ˈsøvɛt͡ʃːeːɡ]) is the governing body of football and futsal in Hungary. It organizes the Hungarian league and the Hungary national team. The MLSZ is responsible for the Hungarian football league system, the men's and women's national teams. The headquarters are in Budapest. The MLSZ is a member of the Hungarian Olympic Committee.
100 Gigabit Ethernet
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are groups of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s), respectively. These technologies offer significantly higher speeds than 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The technology was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard and later by the 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014, 802.3bm-2015, and 802.3cd-2018 standards. The first succeeding Terabit Ethernet specifications were approved in 2017.

The standards define numerous port types with different optical and electrical interfaces and different numbers of optical fiber strands per port. Short distances (e.g. 7 m) over twinaxial cable are supported while standards for fiber reach up to 80 km.

Ethernet frame
In computer networking, an Ethernet frame is a data link layer protocol data unit and uses the underlying Ethernet physical layer transport mechanisms. In other words, a data unit on an Ethernet link transports an Ethernet frame as its payload.

An Ethernet frame is preceded by a preamble and start frame delimiter (SFD), which are both part of the Ethernet packet at the physical layer. Each Ethernet frame starts with an Ethernet header, which contains destination and source MAC addresses as its first two fields. The middle section of the frame is payload data, including any headers for other protocols (for example, Internet Protocol) carried in the frame. The frame ends with a frame check sequence (FCS), which is a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check used to detect any in-transit corruption of data.
Cotton bollworm
Cotton bollworms are a significant pest of cotton. "A major pest in hot countries of irrigated crops. Enters into a summer diapause when irrigated crops are not present and the soil and air temperatures are high. When the end of the dry season comes, the rain cools the soil and pupae come out of diapause." (Nibouche 2004)

Diparopsis castanea, red bollworm: central-southern Africa

Earias insulana, spiny bollworm: Africa

Helicoverpa zea, the American bollworm or tomato grub

Helicoverpa armigera, the Old World bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella, pink bollworm: Africa

Pectinophora scutigera, pink-spotted bollworm: Australia

Helicoverpa zea
Helicoverpa zea, commonly known as the corn earworm, is a species (formerly in the genus Heliothis) in the family Noctuidae. The larva of the moth Helicoverpa zea is a major agricultural pest. Since it is polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) during the larval stage, the species has been given many different common names, including the cotton bollworm and the tomato fruitworm. It also consumes a wide variety of other crops.

The species is widely distributed across the Americas with the exception of northern Canada and Alaska. It has become resistant to many pesticides, but can be controlled with integrated pest management techniques including deep ploughing, trap crops, chemical control using mineral oil, and biological controls.

The species migrates seasonally, at night, and can be carried downwind up to 400 km. Pupae can make use of diapause to wait out adverse environmental conditions, especially at high latitudes and in drought.
Market analysis
A market analysis studies the attractiveness and the dynamics of a special market within a special industry. It is part of the industry analysis and thus in turn of the global environmental analysis. Through all of these analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of a company can be identified. Finally, with the help of a SWOT analysis, adequate business strategies of a company will be defined.  The market analysis is also known as a documented investigation of a market that is used to inform a firm's planning activities, particularly around decisions of inventory, purchase, work force expansion/contraction, facility expansion, purchases of capital equipment, promotional activities, and many other aspects of a company.

Demand
In economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. In economics "demand" for a commodity is not the same thing as "desire" for it. It refers to both the desire to purchase and the ability to pay for a commodity.

Demand is always expressed in relation to a particular price and a particular time period since demand is a flow concept. Flow is any variable which is expressed per unit of time. Demand thus does not refer to a single isolated purchase, but a continuous flow of purchases.
Robot Visions
Robot Visions (1990) is a collection of science fiction short stories and factual essays by Isaac Asimov. Many of the stories are reprinted from other Asimov collections, particularly I, Robot and The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories. It also includes the title story, "Robot Visions" (written specifically for this collection), which combines Asimov's motifs of robots and of time travel. It is the companion book to Robot Dreams (1986).

I, Robot
I, Robot is a fixup collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Isaac Asimov. The stories originally appeared in the American magazines Super Science Stories and Astounding Science Fiction between 1940 and 1950. In 1950, the stories were compiled into a single publication by Gnome Press, in an initial edition of 5,000 copies.

In 1982, all the short stories, minus the frame story, were included in The Complete Robot.
History of religion in the Netherlands
The history of religion in the Netherlands has been characterized by considerable diversity of religious thought and practice. From 1600 until the second half of the 20th century, the north and west had embraced the Protestant Reformation and were Calvinist. The southeast was predominately Catholic. 
Associated with immigration from Arab world (North Africa and the Middle east) of the 20th century, Muslims and other minority religions were concentrated in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities.

Since the 1960s, the Netherlands has become one of the most secular countries in the Western world. In a December 2014 survey by VU Amsterdam, more atheists (25%) were reported than theists (17%) for the first time in the history of the Netherlands. The majority of the remainder of the population identified as agnostic (31%) or ietsist (27%).

States of Holland and West Friesland
The States of Holland and West Frisia (Dutch: Staten van Holland en West-Friesland) were the representation of the two Estates (standen) to the court of the Count of Holland. After the United Provinces were formed — and there no longer was a count, but only his "lieutenant" (the stadtholder) — they continued to function as the government of the County of Holland.
Hyundai Grandeur
The Hyundai Grandeur (Korean: 현대 그랜저) is a executive sedan manufactured and marketed by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1986, over seven generations.

From 1986 to 1996, the Grandeur was the flagship for Hyundai's South Korean range before the Hyundai Dynasty was introduced. It is marketed globally as the Hyundai Azera. As the Azera, it was the flagship of Hyundai's US and Canadian lineup until the arrival of the Genesis sedan. After the launch of the separate Genesis brand, the Grandeur/Azera resumed its place as the company's flagship.

As of the 2017 model year, the Azera is no longer marketed in the United States and Canada. The sedan continues to be available in South Korea and the Middle East.

V6 engine
A V6 engine is a six-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders and cylinder blocks share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration.

The first V6 engines were designed and produced independently by Marmon Motor Car Company, Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik and Delahaye. Engines built after World War II include the Lancia V6 engine in 1950 for the Lancia Aurelia, and the Buick V6 engine in 1962 for the Buick Special.  The V6 layout has become the most common layout for six-cylinder automotive engines.
Johannes Lochner
Johannes Lochner (born 15 October 1990) is a German bobsledder who competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing where he won two silver medals. Lochner won the gold medal in the two-man and four-man events at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) is the international sports federation for the sliding sports of Bobsleigh and Skeleton. It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada, and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France as the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (International Federation of Bobsleigh and Tobogganing; FIBT). In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The IBSF works closely with the IOC to conduct Winter Olympics every four years. Along with the Winter Olympics, the IBSF hosts World Championships the other three years. The races are hosted on tracks in North America, Europe, and Asia. The tracks are shared with the sport of Luge, although that is managed under a different governing body, the International Luge Federation.