hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of surgery
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment. Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature."

Since humans first learned how to make and handle tools, they have employed these skills to develop increasingly sophisticated surgical techniques. However, until the Industrial Revolution, surgeons were incapable of overcoming the three principal obstacles which had plagued the medical profession from its infancy—bleeding, pain, and infection. Advances in these fields have transformed surgery from a risky art into a scientific discipline capable of treating many diseases and conditions.

Hip replacement
Hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant, that is, a hip prosthesis. Hip replacement surgery can be performed as a total replacement or a hemi/semi(half) replacement. Such joint replacement orthopaedic surgery is generally conducted to relieve arthritis pain or in some hip fractures. A total hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) consists of replacing both the acetabulum and the femoral head while hemiarthroplasty generally only replaces the femoral head. Hip replacement is one of the most common orthopaedic operations. Patient satisfaction varies widely between different techniques and implants. Approximately 58% of total hip replacements are estimated to last 25 years. The average cost of a total hip replacement in 2012 was $40,364 in the United States (about €37,300), and in the range of €7,117 to €11,091 in most European countries.
K Desktop Environment 3
K Desktop Environment 3 (KDE 3) is the third series of releases of the K Desktop Environment (after that called KDE Software Compilation). It was one of the two major desktop environments for GNU/Linux systems between 2002 and 2008.
There are six major releases in this series. After the release of KDE 4, version 3.5 was forked into the Trinity Desktop Environment.

HTML form
A webform, web form or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing. Forms can resemble paper or database forms because web users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields.  For example, forms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product, or can be used to retrieve search results from a search engine.
History of geography
The history of geography includes many histories of geography which have differed over time and between different cultural and political groups. In more recent developments, geography has become a distinct academic discipline. 'Geography' derives from the Greek γεωγραφία – geographia, literally "Earth-writing", that is, description or writing about the Earth. The first person to use the word geography was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). However, there is evidence for recognizable practices of geography, such as cartography, prior to the use of the term.

Al-Masudi
al-Masʿūdī (full name Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), c. 896–956, was a historian, geographer and traveler. He is sometimes referred to as the "Herodotus of the Arabs". A polymath and prolific author of over twenty works on theology, history (Islamic and universal), geography, natural science and philosophy, his celebrated magnum opus The Meadows of Gold (Murūj al-Dhahab) combines universal history with scientific geography, social commentary and biography.
Primum Mobile
In classical, medieval, and Renaissance astronomy, the Primum Mobile (Latin: "first movable") was the outermost moving sphere in the geocentric model of the universe.

The concept was introduced by Ptolemy to account for the apparent daily motion of the heavens around the Earth, producing the east-to-west rising and setting of the sun and stars, and reached Western Europe via Avicenna.

Empyrean
In ancient European cosmologies inspired by Aristotle, the Empyrean heaven, Empyreal or simply the Empyrean, was the place in the highest heaven which was supposed to be occupied by the element of fire (or aether in Aristotle's natural philosophy). Later early and medieval Christian cosmology incorporated the concept in descriptions of the Christian notion of heaven.
Ivan Brajović
Ivan Brajović (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Иван Брајовић; born 9 March 1962) is a Montenegrin politician. He is a former President of the Parliament of Montenegro and former Minister of Transport and Maritime Affairs in the government of Montenegro. He is the founder and current president of the Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD) political party.

President of the Parliament of Montenegro
The president of the Parliament of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Предсједник Скупштине Црне Горе, romanized: Predsjednik Skupštine Crne Gore) is the presiding officer of the Parliament of Montenegro. The president's term lasts four years, and is elected by members of each new assembly.

The president of the Parliament serves as the acting president of Montenegro if the elected president vacates the office before the expiration of its five-year term due to death, resignation or removal.
Oracle BI Publisher
Oracle BI Publisher (formerly known as Oracle XML Publisher) is an enterprise reporting tool designed by Oracle. It was originally developed to solve the reporting problems faced by Oracle applications. The tool was first released with Oracle E-Business Suite 11.5.10 in 2003. Since then, it has been integrated into many Oracle products, including JD Edwards EnterpriseOne and PeopleSoft Enterprise 9. The tool was also released as a standalone version, with no dependency on other Oracle applications. It was rebranded as Oracle BI Publisher after becoming part of the Oracle Business Intelligence Suite Enterprise Edition.

BI Publisher separates the creation of data from the process of formatting it for different uses. The engine can format any well-formed XML data, allowing integration with any system that can generate XML, including Web Services or any data source available through JDBC. BI Publisher can merge multiple data sources into a single output document.

Rich Text Format
The Rich Text Format (often abbreviated RTF) is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed by Microsoft Corporation from 1987 until 2008 for cross-platform document interchange with Microsoft products. Prior to 2008, Microsoft published updated specifications for RTF with major revisions of Microsoft Word and Office versions.

Most word processors are able to read and write some versions of RTF. There are several different revisions of RTF specification; portability of files will depend on what version of RTF is being used.

RTF should not be confused with enriched text or its predecessor Rich Text, or with IBM's RFT-DCA (Revisable Format Text-Document Content Architecture), as these are different specifications.
1970 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1970 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 82nd staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 19 April 1970 and ended on 22 November 1970.

Glen Rovers entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by University College Cork in the quarter-final.

The final was played on 22 November 1970 at the Athletic Grounds in Cork, between University College Cork and Muskerry, in what was their first ever meeting in a final. University College Cork won the match by 2–12 to 0–15 to claim their second championship title overall and a first title in seven years.

Muskerry's Tomás Ryan was the championship's top scorer with 0-38.

1887 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1887 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the inaugural staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 30 January 1887.

The championship began on 6 March 1887, however the latter stages ended in disarray and were unfinished, however, Cork Nationals were subsequently declared the champions without having to play Passage in the final.
Agostic interaction
In organometallic chemistry, agostic interaction refers to the intramolecular interaction of a coordinatively-unsaturated transition metal with an appropriately situated C−H bond on one of its ligands.  The interaction is the result of two electrons involved in the C−H bond interaction with an empty d-orbital of the transition metal, resulting in a three-center two-electron bond. It is a special case of a C–H sigma complex.  Historically, agostic complexes were the first examples of C–H sigma complexes to be observed spectroscopically and crystallographically, due to intramolecular interactions being particularly favorable and more often leading to robust complexes.  Many catalytic transformations involving oxidative addition and reductive elimination are proposed to proceed via intermediates featuring agostic interactions. Agostic interactions are observed throughout organometallic chemistry in alkyl, alkylidene, and polyenyl ligands.

Reductive elimination
Reductive elimination is an elementary step in organometallic chemistry in which the oxidation state of the metal center decreases while forming a new covalent bond between two ligands. It is the microscopic reverse of oxidative addition, and is often the product-forming step in many catalytic processes. Since oxidative addition and reductive elimination are reverse reactions, the same mechanisms apply for both processes, and the product equilibrium depends on the thermodynamics of both directions.
Exa Corporation
Exa Corporation was a developer and distributor of computer-aided engineering (CAE) software. Its main product was PowerFLOW, a lattice-boltzmann derived implementation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which can very accurately simulate internal and external flows in low-Mach regimes. PowerFLOW is used extensively in the international automotive and transportation industries.

On November 17, 2017, Dassault Systèmes completed acquisition of Exa Corporation.  Exa became part of Dassault's SIMULIA brand.

Lattice Boltzmann methods
The lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM), originated from the lattice gas automata (LGA) method (Hardy-Pomeau-Pazzis and Frisch-Hasslacher-Pomeau models), is a class of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for fluid simulation. Instead of solving the Navier–Stokes equations directly, a fluid density on a lattice is simulated with streaming and collision (relaxation) processes. The method is versatile as the model fluid can straightforwardly be made to mimic common fluid behaviour like vapour/liquid coexistence, and so fluid systems such as liquid droplets can be simulated. Also, fluids in complex environments such as porous media can be straightforwardly simulated, whereas with complex boundaries other CFD methods can be hard to work with.
1922 Coppa Italia final
The 1922 Coppa Italia final was the inaugural final of the Coppa Italia. The match was played on 16 July 1922 between Vado and Udinese. Vado won 1–0 the first Coppa Italia, the first of the two teams reaching the trophy without playing in the First Division and the only one who never played it.

FC Vado
Vado Football Club 1913, better known as Vado, is an Italian football club based in the city of Vado Ligure, in the province of Savona.

It plays in the Serie D championship and is best known for being the first team to win the Coppa Italia, a trophy won in 1922 by beating Udinese in the final 1–0.
Missa L'homme armé sexti toni
Missa L'homme armé sexti toni is a L'homme armé mass by Josquin des Prez well into his career, composed some time in the late 15th century. It is thought to be the second of two L'homme armé masses Josquin composed and differs in many composition elements when compared to its earlier counterpart, Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales. This mass gets its name from Josquin's use of the sixth Gregorian mode, deviating from the norm. Missa L'homme armé sexti toni is also a paraphrase mass where the cantus firmus, or the L'homme armé melody in this case, jumps between voice parts rather than the usual practice of remaining primarily in the tenor part. This mass appears quite straightforward, adhering to the standard Mass ordinary text, but exhibits many complex uses of strict canon and repetition throughout its movements.

Cantus firmus
In music, a cantus firmus ("fixed melody") is a pre-existing melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition.

The plural of this Latin term is cantus firmi, although the corrupt form canti firmi (resulting from the grammatically incorrect treatment of cantus as a second- rather than a fourth-declension noun) can also be found. The Italian is often used instead: canto fermo (and the plural in Italian is canti fermi).
2009 Copa Telmex
The 2009 Copa Telmex was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 12th edition of the Copa Telmex, and was part of the International Series of the 2009 ATP Tour. It took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from February 16 through February 22, 2009.

The singles line up was led by world no. 10 and defending champion David Nalbandian, Nicolás Almagro and 2009 Costa do Sauípe champion Tommy Robredo. Other top seeds are Carlos Moyá, 2009 Viña del Mar finalist José Acasuso, Albert Montañés, Marcel Granollers and Eduardo Schwank.

2009 Movistar Open
The 2009 Movistar Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 16th edition of the Movistar Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place in Viña del Mar, Chile from 2 February through 8 February 2009.

The singles line up was led by world no. 15 and defending champion Fernando González, Tommy Robredo and Albert Montañés. Other top seeds are José Acasuso, Juan Mónaco, Eduardo Schwank, Agustín Calleri and Óscar Hernández. Fernando González won the single title, his fourth at the event after 2002, 2004, and 2008.
1983 World's Strongest Man
The 1983 World's Strongest Man was the seventh edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Geoff Capes from the United Kingdom. It was his first title. Jón Páll Sigmarsson from Iceland finished second, and Simon Wulfse from the Netherlands third. The winner of the three previous competitions, Bill Kazmaier, was not invited to compete again in this year. The contest was held at Christchurch, New Zealand. The title of the competition, formerly "World's Strongest Men", was changed to the current title for this competition.

World's Strongest Man
The World's Strongest Man is an international strongman competition held every year. Organized by American event management company IMG, a subsidiary of Endeavor, it is broadcast in the US during summers and in the UK around the end of December each year. Competitors qualify based on placing in the top three at the four to eight Giants Live events each year. The current event sponsor is SBD Apparel.

The competition has been won by 25 men representing 14 nationalities. Three of the past champions Bill Kazmaier, Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson and Brian Shaw have been inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.
Thomas Burke (tenor)
Thomas Burke (2 March 1890 – 13 September 1969) was a British operatic tenor. He trained in Britain and Italy and sang at the Royal Opera House in 1919 and 1920. Burke appeared in several films and had a long recording career.

Rigoletto
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.

The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.
Saxlingham
Saxlingham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Field Dalling, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It lies 13 miles (21 km) west of Cromer, 26 miles (42 km) north-west of Norwich, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) west of the town of Holt and 126 miles (203 km) north-east of London. In 1931 the parish had a population of 122.

Holt, Norfolk
Holt is a market town and civil parish in the county of Norfolk, England. The town is 23 miles (37 km) north of the city of Norwich, 10 miles (16 km) west of Cromer and 35 miles (56 km) east of King's Lynn. The town has a population of 3,550, rising and including the ward to 3,810 at the 2011 census. Holt is within the area covered by North Norfolk District Council. Holt has a heritage railway station; it is the south-western terminus of the preserved North Norfolk Railway, known as the Poppy Line.
Ultraísta
Ultraísta is an English-American experimental rock trio, formed in 2008. The band consists of Atoms for Peace members Nigel Godrich and Joey Waronker, alongside Laura Bettinson. The band's self-titled debut album was released on 2 October 2012. The band's biography notes that it was "conceived from a love of afrobeat, electronica, art and inspired by tequila".

Atoms for Peace (band)
Atoms for Peace was an English-American rock supergroup comprising the Radiohead songwriter Thom Yorke (vocals, guitar, piano), the Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea, the Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich (keyboards, synthesizers, guitars), the Beck and R.E.M. drummer Joey Waronker, and the Forro in the Dark percussionist Mauro Refosco.

Yorke formed Atoms for Peace in 2009 to perform songs from his debut solo album, The Eraser (2006). They played their first shows in October 2009, and toured the US in 2010. In 2013, they released an album, Amok, the product of combining their jamming with Yorke's electronic music. It received mainly positive reviews, with critics likening it to Yorke's solo work. Amok was followed by a tour of Europe, the US and Japan. The band members have collaborated intermittently since.
Odo I, Count of Vermandois
Odo I (Eudes I), called “the Foolish” (fatuus), was the ruler of Saint-Simon. The last Carolingian male from the Herbertine branch, he was the only son of Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois and Adele of Valois.

Following the marriage of his sister, Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois, to Hugh, Odo was disinherited and Hugh inherited Vermandois.

Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois
Adelaide of Vermandois (Adélaïde in French; died 23 September 1120) was suo jure Countess of Vermandois and Valois from 1080 to 1102. She was the last landed ruler of the Carolingian dynasty.

Adelaide was the daughter of Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois and Adele of Valois.

By 1080, Adelaide married Hugh, son of the Capetian King Henry I of France and younger brother of Philip I of France. Hugh became Count of Vermandois, following Adelaide's father's death.

In 1104, Adelaide married Renaud II, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis. By this marriage, Adelaide had a daughter, Margaret of Clermont.

In 1102, Adelaide was succeeded by her son, Ralph I. Adelaide died in 1120, being the last Carolingian to hold the County of Vermandois.
San Diego Ostrich Ranch
San Diego Ostrich Ranch was an ostrich farm in Escondido, California. The ranch opened in 1986 and 100 ostriches lived on the 35 acre property owned by Phil and Margaret Sargent, located near the San Diego Wild Animal Park.

San Diego Zoo Safari Park
The San Diego Zoo Safari Park is a zoo and safari park in the San Pasqual Valley, in the northern part of the city of San Diego, California. Opened in 1972, the park operates as a sister location to the San Diego Zoo in Balboa Park; it features a more specific focus on animals from arid environments.

The park houses over 3,000 animals representing more than 300 species. It hosts a large array of wild and endangered animals from every continent except Antarctica. It also includes a botanical garden with over one million plants. In 2022, the park attracted over 1.6 million visitors.

Its parent organization, the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, is a private nonprofit conservation organization, and has one of the largest zoological membership associations in the world. The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance also operates the San Diego Zoo.
Metallacycle
In organometallic chemistry, a metallacycle is a derivative of a carbocyclic compound wherein a metal has replaced at least one carbon center; this is to some extent similar to heterocycles. Metallacycles appear frequently as reactive intermediates in catalysis, e.g. olefin metathesis and alkyne trimerization. In organic synthesis, directed ortho metalation is widely used for the functionalization of arene rings via C-H activation. One main effect that metallic atom substitution on a cyclic carbon compound is distorting the geometry due to the large size of typical metals.

Heterocyclic compound
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a hydrocarbon-based cyclic compound that contains at least one heteroatom as member(s) of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.  More than half of known compounds are heterocycles.  59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.
Ethmia wellingi
Ethmia wellingi is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Mexico. Records from Costa Rica refer to Ethmia stephenrumseyi.

The length of the forewings is 13.4–16.4 mm (0.53–0.65 in). The ground color of the forewings is white, with distinctly defined, dark brownish black markings reflecting greenish blue. The ground color of the hindwings is whitish, becoming pale brownish on the distal half.

Ethmia stephenrumseyi
Ethmia stephenrumseyi is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Costa Rica, where it has been recorded from most of the country at altitudes ranging from 660 to 1,250 meters (2,170 to 4,100 ft).

The length of the forewings is 12.1–15.8 mm (0.48–0.62 in) for males and 13.4–16.3 mm (0.53–0.64 in) for females. The ground color of the forewings is white with well defined black markings. There is an elongated blotch at costal half, interrupted by a white patch . There is a short oblique band in the terminal area and a broad oblique irregular band from the middle of forewing, reaching the posterior margin. The hindwing ground colour is whitish, becoming dark grey towards the apex.