hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
LL grammar
In formal language theory, an LL grammar is a context-free grammar that can be parsed by an LL parser, which parses the input from Left to right, and constructs a Leftmost derivation of the sentence (hence LL, compared with LR parser that constructs a rightmost derivation). A language that has an LL grammar is known as an LL language. These form subsets of deterministic context-free grammars (DCFGs) and deterministic context-free languages (DCFLs), respectively. One says that a given grammar or language "is an LL grammar/language" or simply "is LL" to indicate that it is in this class.

LL parsers are table-based parsers, similar to LR parsers. LL grammars can alternatively be characterized as precisely those that can be parsed by a predictive parser – a recursive descent parser without backtracking – and these can be readily written by hand. This article is about the formal properties of LL grammars; for parsing, see LL parser or recursive descent parser.

Deterministic context-free grammar
In formal grammar theory, the deterministic context-free grammars (DCFGs) are a proper subset of the context-free grammars. They are the subset of context-free grammars that can be derived from deterministic pushdown automata, and they generate the deterministic context-free languages. DCFGs are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambiguous CFGs; there are non-deterministic unambiguous CFGs, however.

DCFGs are of great practical interest, as they can be parsed in linear time and in fact a parser can be automatically generated from the grammar by a parser generator. They are thus widely used throughout computer science. Various restricted forms of DCFGs can be parsed by simpler, less resource-intensive parsers, and thus are often used. These grammar classes are referred to by the type of parser that parses them, and important examples are LALR, SLR, and LL.
Protein Z
Protein Z (PZ or PROZ), vitamin K-dependent protein Z,  is a protein encoded in the human by the PROZ gene.

Protein Z is a member of the coagulation cascade, the group of blood proteins that leads to the formation of blood clots. It is a glycoprotein. Protein Z functions to inhibit blood coagulation by binding to an inhibitor. It is a GLA domain protein and thus Vitamin K-dependent, and its functionality is therefore impaired in warfarin therapy.

Serine protease
Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.  Serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site. 
They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Serine proteases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like.
Arrondissements of the Haute-Saône department
The 2 arrondissements of the Haute-Saône department are:

Arrondissement of Lure, (subprefecture: Lure) with 192 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 106,659 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Vesoul, (prefecture of the Haute-Saône department: Vesoul) with 347 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 127,637 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Lure
The arrondissement of Lure is an arrondissement of France in the Haute-Saône department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It has 190 communes. Its population is 106,659 (2021), and its area is 1,892.3 km2 (730.6 sq mi).
Baffin Island Current
Baffin Island Current (or Baffin Current) is an ocean current running south down the western side of Baffin Bay in the Arctic Ocean, along Baffin Island. Its sources are the West Greenland Current and outflow from the Arctic Ocean. Its speed is approximately 17 km (11 mi) per day.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
2021 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships
The 2021 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships was held from November 7 to 13 at the Almaty Arena in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The top men's team and the top two women's teams qualified for the 2022 World Men's Curling Championship and 2022 World Women's Curling Championship respectively. The next two placed teams of each gender qualified for the World Qualification Event, for a second chance to qualify for the World Curling Championships.

Pacific-Asia Curling Championships
The Pacific-Asia Curling Championships (formerly the Pacific Curling Championships) were an annual curling tournament, held every year in November or December. The event served as a qualified for the World Curling Championships. The Pacific-Asia Curling Championships consisted of teams from Australia, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. At the 2018 WCF Congress it was announced that Nigeria would be the first African country accepted as member and would compete in the PAC zone beginning in 2019. Tournaments have been played in Canada, but Canada has never participated, since it is not part of the Pacific Zone.

The event was last held in 2021, and was replaced with the Pan Continental Curling Championships, which would include teams from the Americas as well.
Siddharameshwar
Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj (1888–1936)  was a guru in the Inchagiri Sampradaya founded by his guru Bhausaheb Maharaj, a branch of the Navnath Sampradaya, the 'Nine Masters' tradition in India. His disciples included Nath teachers Nisargadatta Maharaj, Ranjit Maharaj, Kaadsiddheshwar, and Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur.

Navanatha Sampradaya
The Navanatha (Sanskrit: नवनाथ), also spelt as Navnath  in vernacular languages, are the nine saints, Masters or Naths on whom the Navnath Sampradaya, the lineage of the nine gurus, is based. They are worshipped collectively as well as individually, and belongs to the Nath-tradition.
.nrw (domain)
.NRW is a top-level domain (TLD) that represents the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The official introduction took place on March 24, 2015. and is currently managed by dotNRW GmbH. This TLD offers a unique online presence for the state and its residents. Although anyone can register for the domain, it is primarily intended for businesses and organizations based in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.
Camembert
Camembert (/ˈkæməmbɛər/ KAM-əm-bair, UK also /-mɒm-/ -⁠om-, French: [kamɑ̃bɛʁ] ⓘ) is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese. It was first made in the late 18th century in Camembert, Normandy, in northwest France. It is sometimes compared in look, taste and texture to brie cheese, albeit with a slightly lower butterfat content than brie's typical 20% – 25% by weight.

Oct-1-en-3-one
Oct-1-en-3-one (CH2=CHC(=O)(CH2)4CH3), also known as 1-octen-3-one or amyl vinyl ketone, is the odorant that is responsible for the typical "metallic" smell of metals and blood coming into contact with skin. Oct-1-en-3-one has a strong metallic mushroom-like odor with an odor detection threshold of 0.03–1.12 μg/m3 and it is the main compound responsible for the "smell of metal", followed by decanal (smell: orange skin, flowery) and nonanal (smell: tallowy, fruity).

Oct-1-en-3-one is the degradative reduction product of the chemical reaction of skin lipid peroxides and Fe2+. Skin lipid peroxides are formed from skin lipid by oxidation, either enzymatically by lipoxygenases or by air oxygen. Oct-1-en-3-one is a ketone analog of the alkene 1-octene.
Johann Friedrich Judeich
Johann Friedrich Judeich (27 January 1828, Dresden – 28 March 1894, Tharandt) was a German forester.

He studied forestry at the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry in Tharandt and economics in Leipzig, where he was a pupil of Wilhelm Roscher. From 1849 to 1857, he was associated with the Saxon Forstvermessungs-Anstalt (surveying institute), followed by work as a forestry director in the employ of Count Morzin.

In 1862 he became part of the Böhmischen Forstschulverein (Bohemian Forestry School Association) in Weißwasser, and in 1866 returned to Tharandt as director of the Academy of Forestry, succeeding Carl Heinrich Edmund von Berg (1800–1874). Here he remained as director until his death in 1894.

Carl Heinrich Edmund von Berg
Carl Heinrich Edmund von Berg (30 November 1800 in Göttingen – 20 June 1874 in Schandau) was a German forestry scientist.

He was a student at the forestry academy in Dreißigacker, followed by studies at the University of Göttingen. In 1821 he became a teaching assistant at the Forstschule in Clausthal, where he subsequently served as a Forstschreiber (from 1824) and Oberförster and lecturer (from 1830). In 1833 he was named chief forester and forestry inspector in Lauterberg.

From 1845 to 1866, he was director of the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry in Tharandt. Beginning in 1846, he headed the editorial staff of the Forstwissenschaftlichen Jahrbuchs der Akademie Tharandt.
Chocalho
Chocalho is the generic name for "shaker" in Portuguese. There are various types of idiophones using this name in Portuguese, not always being the same instrument:

a shaker;

a kind of jingle stick used to play samba music;

a cowbell;

Chocalhos are typically used as a support to the sound of the caixas, to sustain the rhythm in the bateria. This instrument consists of an aluminum or wooden frame with a number of rows, each carrying pairs of jingles (platinelas). The chocalho is played by shaking it back and forth and pumping the arms up and down.

Shaker (musical instrument)
The word shaker describes various Percussive musical instruments used for creating rhythm in music.

They are called shakers because the method of creating the sound involves shaking them – moving them back and forth in the air rather than striking them. Most may also be struck for a greater accent on certain beats. Shakers are often used in rock and other popular styles of music to provide the ride pattern along with or substituting for the ride cymbal.
1962–63 Tweede Divisie
The Dutch Tweede Divisie in the 1962–63 season was contested by 34 teams. Due to a large number of teams entering from the higher Eerste Divisie after mass relegations there, there were 22 new entrants.

Teams were divided in two groups of seventeen teams. The champions played a play-off for promotion. After that match, a mini-tournament was held to determine a second team that would be promoted. It turned out that group B runners-up BVV would be promoted and not group B champions Haarlem.

SC Telstar
Sportclub Telstar (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈspɔrtklʏp ˈtɛlstɑr]), commonly known simply as Telstar, is a Dutch professional football club based in Velsen-Zuid, North Holland. Nicknamed the Witte Leeuwen ("White Lions") for their all‑white home strip, the team competes in the Eredivisie, the highest tier of the Dutch football league system, having secured promotion via the 2024–25 play‑offs—their first top‑flight appearance since 1978.

Founded on 17 July 1963 through the merger of the professional sections of local rivals VSV and Stormvogels, the new club was named after the recently launched communications satellite Telstar 1. Telstar play their home matches at Sportpark Schoonenberg, branded the BUKO Stadion for sponsorship purposes, a compact all‑seater ground that has a capacity of 6,000. Since formation the team have taken to the field to the Tornados' instrumental "Telstar", a tradition that underlines their link with the satellite and remains a distinctive feature of match days.
Merana
Merana is a commune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Alessandria.

Merana borders the following municipalities: Piana Crixia, Serole, and Spigno Monferrato.

Spigno Monferrato
Spigno Monferrato is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Alessandria.
Maria Tippett
Maria W. Tippett FRSC L.L. D., D.Litt (December 9, 1944 – August 8, 2024) was a Canadian historian specialising in Canadian art history. Her 1979 biography of Emily Carr won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction.

Educated at Simon Fraser University and the University of London, Tippett went on to win several awards and wrote extensive biographies of Emily Carr, Frederick Varley, Bill Reid, and Yousuf Karsh. Tippett has also written, among others, books on the photography of Charles Gimpel, the parents of the AIDS scientist David Ho, Canadian war art and landscape painting in addition to two collections of short stories. In addition to her writing, Tippett held positions and fellowships at several universities, including Simon Fraser University, York University, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and Cambridge University.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
La Petite Bande
La Petite Bande is a Belgium-based ensemble specialising in music of the Baroque and Classical eras played on period instruments. They are particularly known for their recordings of works by Corelli, Rameau, Handel, Bach, Haydn, and Mozart.

The Creation (Haydn)
The Creation (German: Die Schöpfung) is an oratorio written in 1797 and 1798 by Joseph Haydn (Hob. XXI:2), and considered by many to be his masterpiece. The oratorio depicts and celebrates the creation of the world as narrated in the Book of Genesis.

The libretto was prepared by Gottfried van Swieten. The work is structured in three parts and scored for soprano, tenor and bass soloists, chorus and a symphonic orchestra. In parts I and II, depicting the creation, the soloists represent the archangels Raphael (bass), Uriel (tenor) and Gabriel (soprano). In part III, the bass and soprano represent Adam and Eve.

The first public performance was held in Vienna at the old Burgtheater on 19 March 1799. The oratorio was published with the text in German and English in 1800.
Fader Berg i hornet stöter
Fader Berg i hornet stöter (Father Berg blows his horn) is Epistle No. 3 in the Swedish poet and performer Carl Michael Bellman's 1790 song collection, Fredman's Epistles. The epistle is subtitled "Till en och var av systrarna, men enkannerligen till Ulla Winblad" (To each and every one of the sisters, most especially to Ulla Winblad). One of his best-known works, it is both about and mimics the rhythm of playing the horn, while Fredman enjoys the sight of Ulla Winblad dancing in a ruffled dress.

Paul Britten Austin
Paul Britten Austin (5 April 1922 – 25 July 2005) was an English author, translator, broadcaster, administrator, and scholar of Swedish literature.

He is known in particular for his translations of and books on the Swedish musician, singer and poet Carl Michael Bellman, including his prizewinning book The Life and Songs of Carl Michael Bellman. He also translated books by many other Swedish authors.

Alongside his work on Swedish literature, Austin spent 25 years assembling a trilogy of history books, 1812: Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, telling the story of Napoleon Bonaparte's failed campaign entirely through eyewitness accounts.
Imagine H2O
Imagine H2O is an international startup accelerator founded in 2008. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Imagine H2O provides early stage water startups with mentorship and introductions to investors, strategic partners, and end-users. As a nonprofit, the organization does not take equity in its startups. As of February, 2024, Imagine H2O has worked with over 217 water startups to tackle climate change, improve health, expand equity, and advance resource circularity and efficiency.

Startup accelerator
Startup accelerators, also known as seed accelerators, are fixed-term, cohort-based programs, that include mentorship and educational components, and (sometimes) culminate in a public pitch event or demo day. While traditional business incubators are often government-funded, generally take no equity, and rarely provide funding, accelerators can be either privately or publicly funded and cover a wide range of industries. Unlike business incubators, the application process for seed accelerators is open to anyone, but is highly competitive. There are specific accelerators, such as corporate accelerators, which are often subsidiaries or programs of larger corporations that act like seed accelerators.
Head Island
Head Island is a small island that lies 1.1 kilometres (0.6 nmi) south of Andrews Point and close to the northeast side of Anvers Island, Antarctica. The feature is situated at the southeast side of Hackapike Bay and is not to be confused with Pear Island and False Island which are just northeastward. Head Island was charted from the Penola by the British Graham Land Expedition (1934–37) under John Rymill. The name is presumed to be descriptive and dates back to about 1952.

False Island
False Island (64°31′S 62°53′W﻿ / ﻿64.517°S 62.883°W﻿ / -64.517; -62.883) is the largest of three islands lying at the east side of Hackapike Bay, off the northeast coast of Anvers Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. Two islands were charted in this approximate position by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot. False Island was named by Discovery Investigations personnel on the Discovery in 1927.
Qaddura
Qaddura Refugee Camp (Arabic: مخيّم قدورة) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located just outside downtown Ramallah in the central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the Camp had a population of 924 inhabitants in 2017. Qaddura camp was established in 1948, but is not recognized as an official UNRWA camp.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.
Ocheretne
Ocheretne (Ukrainian: Очеретне) is a village in the Vyshnivets settlement hromada of the Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast in Ukraine. After the liquidation of the Zbarazh Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Vyshnivets settlement hromada
Vyshnivets settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Вишнівецька селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Vyshnivetska selyshchna terytorialna hromada is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Vyshnivets. Its population is 17,267 (2022 estimate) Established on 13 September 2016.
Kiruna Central Station
Kiruna Station (Swedish: Kiruna station) is a railway station located on the Iron Ore Line in Kiruna, Sweden. The station is served by up to three daily services northwards on the Iron Ore Line to Narvik Station in Norway. Southwards, the station is served by two daily services to Luleå Central Station and Stockholm Central Station, operated by SJ, and two (week-ends) or three (weekdays) daily services to Luleå Central Station operated by Norrtåg.

The old station was located between LKAB's mines and the city center, and was 400 metres (1,300 ft) from Vänorstorget in the city center. 
In 2013 the a new provisional station in the north east of the town took over the traffic, as the old station is in the area of the iron ore mine.
The old station and the station hotel (stations hotellet) was demolished in 2017.

LKAB
Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) is a state-owned Swedish mining company. The company mines iron ore at Kiruna and at Malmberget in northern Sweden. The company was established in 1890, and has been 100% state-owned since 1976. The iron ore is processed to pellets and sinter fines, which are transported by Iore trains (Malmbanan) to the harbours at Narvik and Luleå and to the steel mill at Luleå (SSAB). Their production is sold throughout much of the world, with the principal markets being European steel mills, as well as North Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. LKAB's mines supply at least 80% of Europe's iron ore.
Siege of Akasaka
34°27′34.99″N 135°37′7.00″E﻿ / ﻿34.4597194°N 135.6186111°E﻿ / 34.4597194; 135.6186111

The siege of Akasaka was one of the earlier battles of the Genkō War between the figurehead Emperor Godaigo and the largely Hōjō-controlled Kamakura shogunate during the final years of the Kamakura period in Japan. The battle in question was fought at Shimo Akasaka-jō (下赤坂城, English: Lower Akasaka fortress), a fortress built upon Mount Yoshino near modern-day Osaka in the former Kawachi Province in Osaka Prefecture.

Kawachi Province
Kawachi Province (河内国, Kawachi no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [kaꜜ.wa.tɕi (no kɯ.ɲi)], locally [ka.wa.tɕiꜜ]) was a province of Japan in the eastern part of modern Osaka Prefecture. It originally held the southwestern area that was split off into Izumi Province. It was also known as Kashū (河州).