hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1975 US Open – Women's singles
Chris Evert defeated Evonne Goolagong in the final, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1975 US Open. It was her first US Open title, following four consecutive semifinal finishes at the tournament, and her fourth major singles title overall.

Billie Jean King was the reigning champion, but did not compete this year.

This was the first edition of the tournament to be played on clay courts, having previously been held on grass. It would change surfaces again, to hardcourt, just three years later in 1978.

1978 US Open – Women's singles
Three-time defending champion Chris Evert defeated Pam Shriver in the final, 7–5, 6–4 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1978 US Open. It was her fourth consecutive US Open title (an Open Era record), her fourth US Open singles title overall, and her eighth major singles title overall. For the third consecutive year, Evert did not lose a set during the tournament. At 16 years and two months of age, Shriver was the youngest major finalist in the Open Era and the youngest finalist at the US Open, records that remain unbroken.

This was the first edition of the US Open to be played on hard courts, and the first to be held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, relocating from its former site at Forest Hills.

This marked the final major appearance for two-time major champion and former singles world No. 2 Nancy Richey; she lost in the first round to Lesley Hunt.
3rd millennium BC
The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years 3000 to 2001 BC. This period of time corresponds to the Early to Middle Bronze Age, characterized by the early empires in the Ancient Near East. In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. In what is now Northwest India and Pakistan, the Indus Valley Civilization developed a state society.

World population growth relaxed after the burst due to the Neolithic Revolution.
World population was largely stable, at roughly 60 million, with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% p.a.

Sumer
Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/ SOO-mər) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the 5th and 4th millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus of which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest known texts come from the Sumerian cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3350 – c. 2500 BC, following a period of proto-writing c. 4000 – c. 2500 BC.
Patrick Goldschmidt
Patrick Goldschmidt (born 2 February 1970) is a Luxembourgish politician of the Democratic Party. He has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies from Centre since 2023.

Goldschmidt worked for KPMG from 1993 to 2005, before founding his own fiduciary company, Goldschmidt & Associates. He became a member of the Luxembourg City Communal Council in 2009 and has served as alderman in charge of mobility since 2013. Alongside mayor Lydie Polfer, Goldschmidt was the DP's co-lead candidate in the 2023 communal election in Luxembourg City, leading him to be described as Polfer's "officially designated successor".

Through his mother, he is a second cousin of fellow Luxembourg City alderwoman and deputy Corinne Cahen.

Lydie Polfer
Lydie Catherine Polfer (born 22 November 1952) is a Luxembourgish politician of the Democratic Party who has served as Mayor of Luxembourg City since 2013, having previously held the role from 1982 to 1999. She has served in a number of other capacities, including as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, as well as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and a member of the Chamber of Deputies.
The Hunter (Albert King song)
"The Hunter" is a blues song first recorded by Albert King in 1967 for his landmark album Born Under a Bad Sign.  It was written by Stax Records' house band, Booker T. and the MGs, and Carl Wells.  Along with "Born Under a Bad Sign" and "Crosscut Saw", "The Hunter" is one of King's best-known and most-recorded songs.  In 1969, Ike & Tina Turner's version reached the singles charts in the U.S.

Crosscut Saw (song)
"Crosscut Saw", or "Cross Cut Saw Blues" as it was first called, is a hokum-style song "that must have belonged to the general repertoire of the Delta blues".  Mississippi bluesman Tommy McClennan's recording of the song was released in 1941 and has since been interpreted by many blues artists.  "Crosscut Saw" became an early R&B chart hit for Albert King, "who made it one of the necessary pieces of modern blues".
TSV Neudrossenfeld
The TSV Neudrossenfeld is a German association football club from the town of Neudrossenfeld, Bavaria.

The club's greatest success came in 2014 when it qualified for the northern division of the Bayernliga, the fifth tier of the German football league system.

Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken
The Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken was the seventh tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken). Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the sixth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the fifth tier.

The league was disbanded at the end of the 2011–12 season, when major changes to the Bavarian football league system were carried out. Above the Bezirksoberligas, the Landesligas were expanded in number from three to five divisions and the Bezirke have two to three regional leagues, the Bezirksligas, as its highest level again, similar to the system in place until 1988.
Tarabya of Ava
Tarabya (Burmese: တရဖျား, pronounced [təɹəbjá] or [təjəpʰjá]; 22 December 1368 – c. October 1400) was king of Ava for about seven months in 1400. He was the heir apparent from 1385 to 1400 during his father King Swa Saw Ke's reign. He was a senior commander in Ava's first three campaigns (1385−91) against Hanthawaddy Pegu in the Forty Years' War. He was assassinated seven months into his rule by his one-time tutor, Gov. Thihapate of Tagaung. The court executed the usurper, and gave the throne to Tarabya's half-brother Min Swe.

Tarabya is remembered as the Mintara (Burmese: မင်းတရား, IPA: [mɪ́ɴ təjá]) nat spirit in the Burmese official pantheon of nats.

Kingdom of Ava
The Ava Kingdom (Burmese: အင်းဝပြည်, pronounced [ʔɪ́ɰ̃wa̰ kʰɪʔ]; INN-wa pyi) also known as Inwa Kingdom or Kingdom of Ava was the dominant kingdom that ruled upper Burma (Myanmar) from 1365 to 1555. Founded in 1365, the kingdom was the successor state to the petty kingdoms of Myinsaing, Pinya and Sagaing that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom in the late 13th century.

Like the small kingdoms that preceded it, Ava may have been led by Bamarised Shan kings who claimed descent from the kings of Pagan. Scholars debate that the Shan ethnicity of Avan kings comes from mistranslation, particularly from a record of the Avan kings' ancestors ruling a Shan village in central Burma prior to their rise or prominence.
Olli Aulanko
Olli Sakari Aulanko (30 August 1921 – 30 April 1964) was a Finnish politician, born in Helsinki. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1958 until his death in 1964, representing the National Coalition Party. He was a presidential elector in the 1956 and 1962 presidential elections. He served as an officer in the Finnish Armoured Division during the Continuation War (1941–1944) and was decorated with a Mannerheim Cross. He died of a heart attack.

Mannerheim Cross
The Mannerheim Cross (Finnish: Mannerheim-risti, Swedish: Mannerheimkorset), officially Mannerheim Cross of the Cross of Liberty (Finnish: Vapaudenristin Mannerheim-risti, Swedish: Frihetskorsets Mannerheimkors) is the most distinguished Finnish military honour. A total of 191 people received the cross between 22 July 1941 and 7 May 1945, with six of the recipients receiving a cross twice. Available in two classes, the 1st class medal has only been awarded twice, with both recipients also having received the medal in the 2nd class. Although still active de jure, no crosses have been awarded since 1945. Tuomas Gerdt, the last living Knight of the Mannerheim Cross, died on 1 November 2020.
Alifedrine
Alifedrine (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code name D-13625) is a drug described as a sympathomimetic and cardiotonic or positive inotropic agent which was never marketed. It is a β-adrenergic receptor partial agonist and was studied in the treatment of heart failure. The drug is taken by mouth or intravenously. It is a β-hydroxylated substituted amphetamine derivative.

Inotrope
An inotrope or inotropic is a drug or any substance that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.

The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle. However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle can decrease it.
Sáblík
Sáblík (feminine Sáblíková) in a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Lukáš Sáblík (born 1976), Czech ice hockey player

Martina Sáblíková (born 1987), Czech speed skater

Milan Sáblík (born 1991), Czech speed skater

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
Rosemont, Pennsylvania
Rosemont is a neighborhood and census-designated place in Pennsylvania, United States. Partly in Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County and partly in Radnor Township in Delaware County, it is on the Philadelphia Main Line. It is best known as the home of Rosemont College. It is the location of the 1894 gothic-revival Anglo-Catholic Church of the Good Shepherd.

Rosemont is served by its own stops on both the Paoli/Thorndale Line of SEPTA Regional Rail and the Norristown High Speed Line.

The community of Garrett Hill is in Radnor Township and in the Rosemont section.

Paoli/Thorndale Line
The Paoli/Thorndale Line, commonly known as the Main Line, is a SEPTA Regional Rail service running from Center City Philadelphia through Montgomery County and Delaware County to Thorndale in Chester County. It operates along the far eastern leg of Amtrak's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line, which in turn was once the Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and is now part of the Keystone Corridor, a federally-designated high-speed rail corridor.
Cromarty Lifeboat Station
Cromarty Lifeboat Station was located on Marine Terrace in Cromarty, a town and former royal burgh on the Black Isle peninsula, overlooking the Cromarty Firth, approximately 20 miles (32 km) north-east of Inverness, in the administrative region of Highland, historically Ross and Cromarty, on the east coast of Scotland.

A lifeboat was first placed at Cromarty in 1911, by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

After 57 years of operation, Cromarty Lifeboat Station was closed in 1968.

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
Gmina Ksawerów
Gmina Ksawerów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Ksawerów, which lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Pabianice and 13 km (8 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 13.64 square kilometres (5.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,155.

Pabianice County
Pabianice County (Polish: powiat pabianicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pabianice, which lies 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Konstantynów Łódzki, lying 12 km (7 mi) north of Pabianice.

The county covers an area of 490.77 square kilometres (189.5 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 119,008, out of which the population of Pabianice was 70,445, that of Konstantynów Łódzki 17,564, and the rural population was 30,999.
Zoo Outreach Organisation
Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO), India started off as an NGO primarily focusing on training zoo staff and bettering the circumstances of captive animals in Indian zoos. It has since evolved into an overall nature and wildlife conservation NGO, and is an affiliate member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).

Wildlife Information Liaison Development, ZOO's sister organization, publishes the Journal of Threatened Taxa; ZOO hosts the journal's website.

World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) is the "umbrella" organization for the world zoo and aquarium community. Its mission is to provide leadership and support for zoos, aquariums, and partner organizations of the world in animal care and welfare, conservation of biodiversity, environmental education and global sustainability.
Nadar estate
Poraiyar Nadar's estate (Tamil: பொறையார் நாடார் எஸ்டேட்), popularly known as Nadar estate was one of the largest zamindari estate in the erstwhile Tanjore district of Madras Presidency, British India. Headquartered in the village of Poraiyar, Mayiladuthurai district  (Previously Thanjavur district), Nadar's estate covered a total area of 7000 acres in the Cauvery delta region.

Thanjavur district
Thanjavur district is one of the 38 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. Its headquarters is Thanjavur (Tanjore) . The district is located in the delta of the Cauvery River and is mostly agrarian.
A. H. J. Prins
Adriaan Hendrik Johan Prins (1921 – 11 February 2000) was a Dutch Africanist and maritime anthropologist.

He was a recipient of many research grants and fellowships (UNESCO, Ford Foundation, the Netherlands Organization for Pure Research, etc.), Prins was frequently consulted by the Dutch government and royal court, who valued his wealth of knowledge about the peoples and cultures of Africa and the Middle East.

In addition to scores of encyclopedia entries and dozens of scholarly articles in a wide range of international journals such as Anthropos, Man, Human Organization, and The Mariner’s Mirror, Prins regularly published in Dutch newspapers and magazines. Moreover, he illustrated many of his books and articles with his ethnographic photographs, sketches, and pen drawings.

University of Groningen
The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen, Netherlands. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after Leiden).

The University of Groningen has eleven faculties, nine graduate schools, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include Johann Bernoulli, Aletta Jacobs, four Nobel Prize winners, nine Spinoza Prize winners, one Stevin Prize winner, various members of the Dutch royal family, several politicians, the first president of the European Central Bank, and a secretary general of NATO.
Fernando Asuero
Fernando Asuero Sáenz de Cenzano (29 May 1887 – 2 December 1942) was a Spanish footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Athletic Club, and a doctor, creator of the controversial asueroterapia, a dubious method applied by means of small cauterizations in the trigeminal nerve to cure several diseases.

1910 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey 1910 comprised two different competitions held the same year.

Due to disagreements between the reigning champion of the tournament, Club Ciclista de San Sebastián, and some of the clubs invited, in 1910 two parallel competitions were held: an "official", organized by the newly created FECF (Federación Española de Clubs de Football), forerunner of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (Spanish: Real Federación Española de Fútbol, RFEF), in Madrid and an "unofficial", organized by the UECF (Unión Española de Clubs de Football), in San Sebastián. Both are currently recognized as official by the RFEF.
Islamic Government
Islamic Government (Persian: حکومت اسلامی, romanized: Ḥokūmat-i Eslāmī), or Islamic Government: Jurist's Guardianship (Persian: حکومت اسلامی ولایت فقیه, romanized: Ḥokūmat-i Eslāmī Wilāyat-i Faqīh) is a book by the Iranian cleric, Islamic jurist and revolutionary, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. First published in 1970, it is perhaps the most influential document written in modern times in support of theocratic rule.

The book argues that government should be run in accordance with traditional Islamic law (sharia), and for this to happen, a leading Islamic jurist (faqīh) must provide political "guardianship" (wilayat in Arabic, velāyat in Persian) over the people and nation. Following the Iranian Revolution, a modified form of this doctrine was incorporated into the 1979 Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran. Drafted by an assembly made up primarily of disciples of Khomeini, it stipulated that he would be the first faqih "guardian" (Vali-ye faqih) or "Supreme Leader" of Iran.

Republic (Plato)
The Republic (Ancient Greek: Πολιτεία, romanized: Politeia; Latin: De Republica) is a Socratic dialogue authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice (dikaiosúnē), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and one of the world's most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.

In the dialogue, Socrates discusses with various Athenians and foreigners the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. He considers the natures of existing regimes and then proposes a series of hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), a utopian city-state ruled by a class of philosopher-kings. They also discuss ageing, love, theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society. The dialogue's setting seems to be the time of the Peloponnesian War.
2018 CrossFit Games
The 2018 CrossFit Games was the 12th CrossFit Games and held on August 1–5, 2018, at the Alliant Energy Center in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. The men's competition was won by Mathew Fraser, the women's by Tia-Clair Toomey, and CrossFit Mayhem Freedom won the Affiliate Cup.

A record number of entries was reported for this year's Open, with over 415,000 athletes registering to compete. The Regionals were adjusted this year to reflect the growth of the sport worldwide.  Both Fraser and Toomey dominated the Games, with Fraser extending his record margin of victory to 220 over the runner-up Patrick Vellner.

Concept2
Concept2, Inc. is an American manufacturer of rowing equipment and exercise machines based in Morrisville, Vermont. It is best known for its air resistance RowErgs (indoor rowing machines), which are considered the standard training and testing machines for competition rowers and can be found in most gyms.

Competitive events using Concept2 Ergs include HYROX competitions , the CRASH-B Sprints (which style themselves "the world championship for indoor rowing"), the British Rowing Indoor Championships competitions, and historic CrossFit Games events (including the CrossFit Open and qualifiers). Concept2 also manufactures oars for sculling and sweep rowing, as well as three other flywheel-based exercise machines: the SkiErg, the BikeErg for cycling, and the StrengthErg  for strength training.
Hawaii Catholic Herald
The Hawaii Catholic Herald is the present-day version of a series of official newspapers of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu and its predecessor vicariate apostolic.  Established in January 1947 to replace the publication called the Catholic Herald Newspaper (established in November 1936), it is published by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Honolulu with a readership of approximately 15,400 people across the state.

Diocese of Honolulu
The Diocese of Honolulu (Latin: Diœcesis Honoluluensis) is a Catholic diocese for the state of Hawaii in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San Francisco. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace in Honolulu. The bishop is Clarence Silva.
Grylloblatta barberi
Grylloblatta barberi is a North American species of wingless insect in the genus Grylloblatta. It is a rock crawler that lives at high altitudes in crevices under snow or glaciers. It was first described by Andrew Nelson Caudell in 1924 as part of a relict lineage of nocturnal and wingless insects that are adapted to living in near-freezing environments. Members of the genus Grylloblatta occupy the snow-covered tips of slopes in subnivean spaces or in glacial margins, where they commonly exhibit scavenging behavior and slow development. Molecular and morphological evidence have been utilized to place Grylloblatta barberi within the family Grylloblattidae. This research also provides support for the monophyly of Grylloblattodea as being part of the Polyneoptera.

Notoptera
Notoptera, also known as Xenonomia, is a clade of insects belonging to Polyneoptera. It contains two living groups, Mantophasmatidae (gladiators) native to southern Africa, and Grylloblattidae (ice crawlers) native to cold montane environments in the Northern Hemisphere. Both groups are wingless.
Continuity set
In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a continuity set of a measure μ is any Borel set B such that

where  is the (topological) boundary of B.  For signed measures, one instead asks that

The collection of all continuity sets for a given measure μ forms a ring of sets.

Similarly, for a random variable X, a set B is called a continuity set of X if

Ring of sets
In mathematics, there are two different notions of a ring of sets, both referring to certain families of sets.

In order theory, a nonempty family of sets  is called a ring (of sets) if it is closed under union and intersection.  That is, the following two statements are true for all sets  and ,

implies  and

implies

In measure theory, a nonempty family of sets  is called a ring (of sets) if it is closed under union and relative complement (set-theoretic difference). That is, the following two statements are true for all sets  and ,

implies  and

implies

This implies that a ring in the measure-theoretic sense always contains the empty set. Furthermore, for all sets A and B,

which shows that a family of sets closed under relative complement is also closed under intersection, so that a ring in the measure-theoretic sense is also a ring in the order-theoretic sense.