hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Conjunctive grammar
Conjunctive grammars are a class of formal grammars
studied in formal language theory.
They extend the basic type of grammars,
the context-free grammars,
with a conjunction operation.
Besides explicit conjunction,
conjunctive grammars allow implicit disjunction
represented by multiple rules for a single nonterminal symbol,
which is the only logical connective expressible in context-free grammars.
Conjunction can be used, in particular,
to specify intersection of languages.
A further extension of conjunctive grammars
known as Boolean grammars
additionally allows explicit negation.

The rules of a conjunctive grammar are of the form

where  is a nonterminal and
, ..., 
are strings formed of symbols in  and  (finite sets of terminal and nonterminal symbols respectively).
Informally, such a rule asserts that 
every string  over 
that satisfies each of the syntactical conditions represented
by , ..., 
therefore satisfies the condition defined by .

Regular language
In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be defined by a regular expression, in the strict sense in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many modern regular expression engines, which are augmented with features that allow the recognition of non-regular languages).

Alternatively, a regular language can be defined as a language recognised by a finite automaton. The equivalence of regular expressions and finite automata is known as Kleene's theorem (after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene). In the Chomsky hierarchy, regular languages are the languages generated by Type-3 grammars.
Urodan
Urodan (Russian: Уродан; Yakut: Уродаан, Urodaan) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of two settlements in Berezovsky National Nomadic Rural Okrug of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Berezovka, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug. It is located 174 kilometers (108 mi) from Srednekolymsk, the administrative center of the district and 41 kilometers (25 mi) from Berezovka. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 8; down from 25 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Berezovka, Srednekolymsky District, Sakha Republic
Berezovka (Russian: Березовка; Yakut: Березовка) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Berezovsky Rural Okrug in Srednekolymsky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 185 kilometers (115 mi) from Srednekolymsk, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 330; up from 316 recorded in the 2002 Census.
Illinois–Michigan football series
The Illinois–Michigan football series is an American college football series between the Illinois Fighting Illini and Michigan Wolverines. The series dates back to 1898 and features two long-time Big Ten members, with Illinois claiming five national championships, 15 Big Ten Conference titles, and 24 consensus All-Americans, and Michigan claiming 12 national championships, 45 Big Ten titles, and 85 consensus All-Americans. Michigan leads the series 72–24–2.

For Illinois, Michigan is its third-most played opponent, trailing only Northwestern (108 games) and Ohio State (101 games). For Michigan, Illinois is its fourth-most played opponent, behind Ohio State (111 games), Michigan State (107 games) and Minnesota (101 games).

Gies Memorial Stadium
Gies Memorial Stadium is a stadium on the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in Champaign, Illinois, United States. The stadium, used primarily for football, is a memorial to the university's students who died in World War I; their names are engraved on the nearly 200 pillars surrounding the stadium's façade. With a capacity of 60,670, the stadium is primarily used as the home of the university's Fighting Illini football team.

The stadium was known as simply Memorial Stadium until September 9, 2025, when it was named after Larry Gies Sr., a U.S. Army veteran and the late father of alumnus philanthropist Larry Gies, following a $100 million donation from Gies to the university's Division of Intercollegiate Athletics.
Sands (charity)
Sands (formally Stillbirth and Neonatal Death charity) is a national charity in the United Kingdom that provides support to anyone affected by the death of a baby.

Their registered address is 10-18 Union Street, London SE1 1SZ and is a registered charity.

Perinatal mortality
Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Perinatal means "relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth."

Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation, and ends seven completed days after birth", but other definitions have been used.

The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally, an estimated 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.
City of Seattle (steam ferry)
The City of Seattle was a side-wheel driven steam-powered ferry built in 1888.  This vessel was the first ferry to operate on Puget Sound.  City of Seattle was also used in the San Francisco Bay area starting in 1913.  The ferry was known as YFB54 when owned by the U.S. navy in World War II, and as Magdalena during naval service and for a time following the war.  The upper works of the ferry have been mounted on a barge hull, and are now in use as a houseboat in Sausalito, California.

Vallejo, California
Vallejo (/vəˈleɪ(h)oʊ/ və-LAY-(h)oh; Spanish pronunciation: [baˈʎexo] ⓘ) is a city in Solano County, California, United States, and the second largest city in the North Bay region of the Bay Area. Located on the shores of San Pablo Bay, the city had a population of 126,090 at the 2020 United States census. Vallejo is home to the California Maritime Academy, Touro University California and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.

Vallejo is named after Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the famed Californio general and statesman. The city was founded in 1851 on General Vallejo's Rancho Suscol to serve as the capital city of California, which it was from 1852 to 1853, after which the Californian government moved to neighboring Benicia, named in honor of Vallejo's wife Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo. The Mare Island Naval Shipyard was founded in 1854, and defined Vallejo's economy until the turn of the 21st century.
Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
Receptor protein serine/threonine kinases (EC 2.7.11.30) are enzyme-linked receptors that belong to protein-serine/threonine kinases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[receptor-protein] phosphotransferase. Proteins from this group participate in numerous biological pathways, processes and diseases including MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, TGF beta signaling pathway, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia.

Receptor serine/threonine kinases directly phosphorylate specific serines or threonines on themselves and on other regulatory proteins.

Enzyme-linked receptor
An enzyme-linked receptor, also known as a catalytic receptor, is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both catalytic, and receptor functions.

They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix.  The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell.

Examples of the enzymatic activity include:

Receptor tyrosine kinase, as in fibroblast growth factor receptor. Most enzyme-linked receptors are of this type.

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein

Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor
2022 Narendra Modi security breach
The 2022 Narendra Modi security breach in Punjab occurred on 5 January 2022, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s convoy was stranded for around 20 minutes on a flyover near Hussainiwala in Firozpur district, Punjab, after protesters blocked the route. The Ministry of Home Affairs termed it a “major lapse” in the Prime Minister’s security, leading to judicial inquiries, disciplinary action against Punjab police officials, and political controversy ahead of the 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly elections.

2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Punjab on 20 February 2022 to elect the 117 members of the 16th Assembly of the Punjab Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 10 March 2022.

The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly by winning 92 out of 117 seats. AAP Punjab convener and MP Bhagwant Mann was sworn in as Chief Minister on 16 March 2022. Mann ministry was formed with 10 cabinet ministers on 19 March 2022.
Woodridge railway station
Woodridge railway station is located on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. Despite the name, it serves the Logan suburb of Logan Central. Neighbouring station Trinder Park serves the suburb of Woodridge, Logan City.

Trinder Park railway station
Trinder Park railway station is on the Beenleigh line in Queensland, Australia. It opened in 1968 and serves the Logan suburb of Woodridge. The station was originally named Booran, before being renamed Trinder Park after the real estate development in the area.
The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd
The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd, is a two-disc compilation of Lynyrd Skynyrd in the peak years of its classic lineup (1971–1977). The double album was remastered and re-released in 2006 as part of Universal's Gold series.

Gimme Back My Bullets
Gimme Back My Bullets is the fourth studio album by American Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, released on February 2, 1976. Produced by Tom Dowd, it reached number 20 on the U.S. albums chart and was certified gold on January 20, 1981, by the RIAA.
2014 Emakumeen Euskal Bira
The 2014 Emakumeen Euskal Bira was the 27th edition of the Emakumeen Bira, a women's cycling stage race in Spain. It was held from 12 to 15 June 2014 and was raced over four stages. It was rated by the UCI as category 2.1 event. French rider Pauline Ferrand-Prévot won the overall classification, as well as two stages.

Emakumeen Euskal Bira
The Emakumeen Euskal Bira was a women's cycling race held in the Basque Country, Spain. It was held annually from 1988 to 2019, starting out as a two-stage race and building up to five stages in 2007. One of these stages was always a double stage. It was rated a 2.1 category race from 2005 to 2017 and a 2.WWT event in 2018 and 2019.

The name of the race changed during the years, from 1988 to 2007 it was called Emakumeen Bira and from 2008 to 2011 Iurreta-Emakumeen Bira. The race ended after its 2019 edition.

In 2022 a new stage race in Basque Country called Itzulia Women was organised.
Morganza Spillway
The Morganza Spillway or Morganza Control Structure is a flood-control structure in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is located along the western bank of the Lower Mississippi River at river mile 280, near Morganza in Pointe Coupee Parish. The spillway stands between the Mississippi and the Morganza Floodway, which leads to the Atchafalaya Basin and the Atchafalaya River in south-central Louisiana. Its purpose is to divert water from the Mississippi River during major flood events by flooding the Atchafalaya Basin, including the Atchafalaya River and the Atchafalaya Swamp. The spillway and adjacent levees also help prevent the Mississippi from changing its present course through the major port cities of Baton Rouge and New Orleans to a new course down the Atchafalaya River to the Gulf of Mexico. The Morganza Spillway, operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was opened during the 1973 and 2011 Mississippi River floods.

Red River Landing, Louisiana
Red River Landing was the name of a community located in northern Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community was located near the Red River and the Mississippi River, adjacent to the current location of Louisiana State Penitentiary.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains a river-monitoring gauge at this location, approximately 5 miles (8 km) downstream of the Old River Control Structure.
Mahdia Governorate
Mahdia Governorate (Tunisian Arabic: ولاية المهدية; French: Gouvernorat de Mahdia) is in central-eastern Tunisia, named after its largest town and administrative centre. It comprises an area of coastal relative lowland, but extends further inland than its coastal length. It is one of the twenty-four governorates (provinces). It covers an area of 2,966 km²,  and has a population of 410,812 (as at the 2014 census).  Four other governorates are its neighbours - clockwise from south, Sfax, Kairouan, Sousse and Monastir Governorates. The governorate of Mahdia was created by the decree of March 9, 1974 after having been part of the governorate of Sousse.

Governorates of Tunisia
Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates (wilayat, sing. wilayah). This term in Arabic can also be translated as province.

The governorates are divided into 264 delegations (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (baladiyat), and sectors (imadats). Tunisia is divided into 6 regions.
Gmina Strzyżów
Gmina Strzyżów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Strzyżów, which lies approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of 140.23 square kilometres (54.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 20,645 (out of which the population of Strzyżów amounts to 8,703, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 11,942).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Czarnorzeki-Strzyżów Landscape Park.

Strzyżów
Strzyżów [ˈstʂɨʐuf] is a town in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, along the Wisłok river valley. Strzyżów is one of the towns within the Strzyżowsko-Dynowskie Foothill, located 160 kilometres (99 miles) south-east of Kraków and 30 km (19 mi) from Rzeszów. According to statistics from 30 June 2010 from GUS (the Central Statistical Office in Poland), there are 8,782 inhabitants.
Horse trainer
A horse trainer is a person who tends to horses and teaches them different disciplines. Some responsibilities trainers have are caring for the animals' physical needs, as well as teaching them good behaviors and/or coaching them for events, which may include contests and other riding purposes. The level of education and the yearly salary they can earn for this profession may differ depending on where the person is employed.

Horse training
Horse training refers to a variety of practices that teach horses to perform certain behaviors when commanded to do so by humans. Horses are trained to be manageable by humans for everyday care as well as for equestrian activities, ranging anywhere from equine sports such as horse racing, dressage, or jumping, to therapeutic horseback riding for people with disabilities.

Historically, horses were trained for warfare, farm work, sport and transport purposes. Today, most horse training is geared toward making horses useful for a variety of recreational and sporting equestrian pursuits. Horses are also trained for specialized jobs from movie stunt work to police and crowd control activities, circus entertainment, and equine-assisted psychotherapy.

There is controversy over various methods of horse training and even some of the words used to describe these methods. Some techniques are considered cruel and others are considered humane.
Seiland National Park
Seiland National Park (Norwegian: Seiland nasjonalpark or Northern Sami: Sievjju álbmotmeahcci) lies in Alta Municipality and Hammerfest Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The park includes the majority of the island of Seiland, the second-largest island in Finnmark after Sørøya.  The park includes two glaciers: Seilandsjøkelen and Nordmannsjøkelen (the northernmost glaciers in Scandinavia). The highest point in the park is the 1,078-metre (3,537 ft) tall mountain Seilandstuva.  The 316-square-kilometre (122 sq mi) park was established on 8 December 2006.  The 9.6 square kilometres (3.7 sq mi) of the water inside the park's area, includes the surrounding sea and many fjords including the Nordefjorden, Sørefjorden, and Flaskefjorden.

Nord-Bumannsfjorden
Nord-Bumannsfjorden (Norwegian) or Nuorttat Dáččavuotna (Northern Sami) is a fjord on the west side of the island of Seiland in Hammerfest Municipality, Finnmark county, Norway. The fjord extends about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) southeastwards to the Nordre Bumannsfjorddalen valley at the bottom of the fjord. About 400 metres (1,300 ft) out into the fjord, the fjord reaches a maximum depth of 84 metres (276 ft). The fjord has no coastal settlements. The Sørefjorden lies a little further south.
Ji Chaozhu
Ji Chaozhu (July 30, 1929 – April 29, 2020) was a Chinese English language diplomatic interpreter and diplomat who held diverse positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Most notably, he was English interpreter for Chairman Mao Zedong, Premier Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, Ambassador to the Court of St. James's (United Kingdom), and then served as an Under-secretary General of the United Nations, a post from which he retired in 1996. He was one of the principle interpreters in the talks leading up to and during President Richard M. Nixon's historic 1972 visit to China.

His memoir, The Man on Mao's Right, was published in July 2008, by Random House.

Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
An under-secretary-general of the United Nations (USG) is a senior official within the United Nations System, normally appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the secretary-general for a renewable term of four years. Under-secretary-general is the third highest rank in the United Nations, after the secretary-general and the deputy secretary-general. The rank is held by the heads of different UN entities, certain high officials of the United Nations Secretariat, and high-level envoys. The United Nations regards the rank as equal to that of a cabinet minister of a member state, and under-secretaries-general have diplomatic immunity under the UN Charter.
Tennis at the Summer Olympics
Tennis was part of the Summer Olympic Games program from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, but was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics due to disputes between the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the International Olympic Committee over how to define amateur players. After two appearances as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 (with a U-21 age limit), it returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics open for all players regardless of their age and status and has been played at every summer Games since then.

ATP rankings
The PIF ATP Rankings (previously known as the Pepperstone ATP Rankings) are the merit-based method used by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for determining the qualification for entry as well as the seeding of players in all singles and doubles tournaments. The first rankings for singles were published on 23 August 1973 while the doubles players were ranked for the first time on 1 March 1976. Ranking points are awarded according to the stage of tournament reached, and the prestige of the tournament, with the four Grand Slam tournaments awarding the most points. The rankings are updated every Monday, and points are dropped 52 weeks after being awarded (with the exception of the ATP Finals, from which points are dropped on the Monday following the last ATP Tour event of the following year). As of February 27,
2026, Carlos Alcaraz is the current men's singles world No. 1.
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Cornwall Hills to the west of Cache Creek-Ashcroft in that province's Thompson Country region. The valley of Hat Creek is to its west.

Ashcroft, British Columbia
Ashcroft is a village municipality that straddles the Thompson River in the Thompson Country region of south central British Columbia, Canada. East of BC Highway 1 and on BC Highway 97C, the locality is by road about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Spences Bridge and 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Cache Creek.
Holiday at Lake Bodom (15 Years of Wasted Youth)
Holiday at Lake Bodom (15 Years of Wasted Youth) is the third compilation album by Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom, featuring one song from Something Wild, three from Hatebreeder, three from Follow the Reaper, four from Hate Crew Deathroll, four from Are You Dead Yet?, one from Blooddrunk, two from Relentless Reckless Forever, and two previously unreleased cover songs. The DVD portion of the package includes "candid touring and backstage footage from around the world", plus the music video for "Shovel Knockout". The album was released on 22 May 2012.

Are You Dead Yet?
Are You Dead Yet? is the fifth studio album by Finnish melodic death metal band Children of Bodom. It was released in Finland on 14 September 2005 and internationally on 25 October 2005 under the Century Media label. It is the first Children of Bodom album to feature guitarist Roope Latvala (Stone, Sinergy, ex-Waltari), due to the departure of their original rhythm guitarist Alexander Kuoppala.
Meadowlark
Meadowlarks are grassland birds belonging to genera Sturnella and Leistes.

This group includes seven species of largely insectivorous grassland birds. In all species the male at least has a black or brown back and extensively red or yellow underparts.

Sturnella
The genus Sturnella are North American grassland passerine birds called meadowlarks. The genus was previously lumped with the South American meadowlarks now placed in the genus Leistes.

It includes two or three species of largely insectivorous grassland birds. In all species, the male has at least a black or brown back and extensively yellow underparts.
Sangdil (TV series)
Sangdil is a Pakistani television family drama serial that first aired on Geo Entertainment on 29 February 2016. It is produced by Asif Raza Mir and Babar Javed under their production banner A&B Productions. It features Kiran Haq, Naeem Haq and Ghana Ali in pivotal roles.

Babar Javed
Babar Javed Mughal (Urdu: بابر جاوید) is a Pakistani television and film producer and  director. He has produced and directed series such as Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan, Qaid-e-Tanhai, Mera Saaein, Main Abdul Qadir Hoon, Aasmanon Pay Likha, Bashar Momin, Adhoora Bandhan, and Mor Mahal, all under his production company A&B Entertainment that he co-founded with actor turned filmmaker Asif Raza Mir. Javed has earned eight Lux Style Awards as a director and producer. In 2016, he received his first ARY Film Award nomination for producing the 2015 biopic film Manto.