hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Impact of the privatisation of British Rail
The impact of the privatisation of British Rail has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies. The privatisation of British Rail began in the 1990s.

Hatfield rail crash
The Hatfield rail crash was a railway accident on 17 October 2000, at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. It was caused by a rolling contact fatigue-induced derailment, killing four people and injuring more than 70.

The accident exposed major stewardship shortcomings of the privatised national railway infrastructure company Railtrack. Reports found there was a lack of communication and some staff were not aware of maintenance procedures. Railtrack subsequently went into administration and was replaced by Network Rail in 2002. The aftermath of the accident saw widespread speed limit reductions throughout the rail network and a tightening of health and safety procedures, the repercussions of which were still felt years later. In 2005, both Railtrack and the contractor Balfour Beatty were found guilty of breaching health and safety laws.
Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification
The qualification for the 2016 Men's Olympic Field hockey Tournament was held from September 2014 to October 2015. There were three qualification events, host country, continental championship, and 2014–15 FIH Hockey World League Semifinals respectively. Total twelve teams could participated in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's field hockey tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the 23rd edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympics. It took place over a thirteen-day period beginning on 6 August, and culminated with the medal finals on 18 August. All games were played at the Olympic Hockey Centre in Deodoro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Argentina won the gold medal for the first time after defeating Belgium 4–2 in the final. Defending champions Germany won the bronze medal by defeating the Netherlands 4–3 on a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw.

The medals for the tournament were presented by René Fasel, Switzerland; Pierre-Olivier Beckers-Vieujant, Belgium; and Gerardo Werthein, Argentina; members of the International Olympic Committee.
2008 Senior Bowl
The 2008 Senior Bowl was a college football exhibition game featuring players from the 2007 college football season and prospects in the 2008 NFL draft. The 59th edition of the Senior Bowl was played on January 26, 2008, at 3 p.m. EST at Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. Coverage of the event was on high-definition on the NFL Network during January 21–26. Clothing company Under Armour sponsored the event for the second consecutive year, and provided apparel for the game, including "newly-designed, state-of-the-art game jerseys." The South team won, 17–16.

Ladd–Peebles Stadium
Ladd–Peebles Stadium (formerly Ernest F. Ladd Memorial Stadium) is a football stadium located in Mobile, Alabama. Opened in 1948, it has a seating capacity of 33,471. It is primarily used for American football. In addition to football, the stadium is also used for concerts (maximum capacity 50,000), boxing matches, high school graduations, trade shows, and festivals. Numerous entertainers have performed at Ladd–Peebles Stadium. It is currently the home of Two HBCU Football Classics. The Gulf Coast Challenge between the Jackson State Tigers and Alabama A&M Bulldogs and Port City Classic between the Alabama State Hornets and Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils.
Monterey Regional Airport
Monterey Regional Airport (IATA: MRY, ICAO: KMRY, FAA LID: MRY) is three miles (5 km) southeast of Monterey, in Monterey County, California, United States. It was created in 1936 and was known as the Monterey Peninsula Airport until the board of directors renamed it on September 14, 2011.

The airport is owned by the municipalities that make up the Monterey Peninsula Airport District. It is a public entity and its five-member board of directors is publicly elected.

The airport has its origins with flights from the polo field of the Hotel Del Monte in 1910. In 1941, local communities formed the Monterey Peninsula Airport District and acquired land to build an airport. World War II intervened, and the U.S. Navy leased the land, opening Naval Auxiliary Air Station Monterey on May 23, 1943. The Navy remained at the airport until 1972.

Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro) is a 19-seat, pressurized, twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San Antonio, Texas.
Treaty of Trausnitz
The Treaty of Trausnitz, signed at Trausnitz Castle by Frederick the Fair, duke of Austria and Styria, and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, duke of Upper Bavaria, on March 13, 1325 ended the dispute between the two men over the rule of the Holy Roman Empire.

Leopold I, Duke of Austria
Leopold I (c. 1290 – 28 February 1326), called The Glorious, was Duke of Austria and Styria – as co-ruler with his elder brother Frederick the Fair – from 1308 until his death. A member of the House of Habsburg, he was the third son of Albert I of Germany and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol, a scion of the Meinhardiner dynasty.
66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot
The 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1756. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot to form the Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Berkshire Regiment) in 1881.

Second Battle of Porto
The Second Battle of Porto, also known as the Battle of the Douro or the Crossing of the Douro, took place on 12 May 1809. General Arthur Wellesley's Anglo-Portuguese Army defeated Marshal Soult's French troops and took back the city of Porto.  After taking command of the British troops in Portugal on 22 April, Wellesley (later named 1st Duke of Wellington, Marquess Douro) immediately advanced on Porto and made a surprise crossing of the Douro River, approaching Porto where its defences were weak. Soult's late attempts to muster a defence were in vain. The French quickly abandoned the city in a disorderly retreat.

This battle ended the Second French invasion of Portugal. Soult soon found his retreat route to the east blocked and was forced to destroy his guns and burn his baggage train. Wellesley pursued the French army, but Soult's army escaped annihilation by fleeing through the mountains.
2016 National Women's League (New Zealand)
The 2016 National Women's League was the fourteenth season of the NWL since its establishment in 2002. Seven teams were involved this season, after being in the competition the last few seasons as preparation for the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, the NZ Development Squad wasn't included in the league anymore.

New Zealand Women's National League
The New Zealand Women's National League, known as the Dettol Women's National League for sponsorship reasons (and formerly the National Women's League), is the top-level professional  women's football (soccer) league in New Zealand. The teams were run by regional federations until 2021, when New Zealand Football started to move to club-based football.
Drumsound & Bassline Smith
Drumsound & Bassline Smith are a British electronic music production group, consisting of Andy Wright and Ben Wiggett (the duo known as Drumsound) along with Simon 'Bassline' Smith. They met at one of Derby's club nights in the summer of 1998. Their record label is Technique Recordings, which celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 2019.

MistaJam
Peter Dalton (born 19 January 1983), known professionally as MistaJam, is a British DJ and radio presenter. He is known for presenting radio shows on BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra from 2005 to 2020; since 2020 he has presented on Capital Dance.
Alexander Archdale
Alexander Mervyn Archdale (26 November 1905 – 13 May 1986) was a British actor, manager and theatre producer. He had a very long career in both the theatre and in film, stretching from the 1930s to the 1980s.  He spent the latter part of his life and career in Australia.

Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (known commonly as Skippy) is an Australian television series created by Australian actor John McCallum, Lionel (Bob) Austin, and Lee Robinson, produced from 1967 to 1969 (airing from 5 February 1968 to 4 May 1970) about the adventures of a boy and his highly intelligent pet kangaroo, and the various visitors to the fictional Waratah National Park, filmed in today's Waratah Park and adjoining portions of Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park near Sydney.

Three series comprising 91 30-minute episodes were produced. Additionally, a full-length film titled Skippy and the Intruders was released to theatres in 1969.
Hermance (river)
The Hermance (French pronunciation: [ɛʁmɑ̃s]) is a river in France and Switzerland, that discharges into Lake Geneva. It rises near Loisin in Haute-Savoie, France, at 563 m (1,847 ft) elevation. In its lower half, downstream from Veigy, it marks the Swiss-French border. It flows into Lake Geneva between the villages Hermance (Switzerland) and Chens-sur-Léman (France), at 372 m (1,220 ft) elevation. Its total length is 14 km (8.7 mi) (13 km (8.1 mi) according to the Sandre database), of which 6.5 kilometres on the border. Its catchment area is 42.5 km2 (16.4 sq mi), of which 37 km2 in France.

Flood control and other river maintenance issues are regulated under the 1959 Hermance River Agreement.

France–Switzerland border
The France–Switzerland border  is 572 km (355 mi) long. Its current path is mostly the product of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, with the accession of Geneva, Neuchâtel and Valais to the Swiss Confederation, but it has since been modified in detail, the last time being in 2002. Although most of the border, marked with border stones, is unguarded, several checkpoints remain staffed, most notably on busy roads.
Amazon Standard Identification Number
An Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is a 10-character alphanumeric unique identifier assigned by Amazon.com and its partners for product identification within the Amazon organization. They were designed in 1996 by Rebecca Allen, an Amazon software engineer, when it became clear that Amazon was going to sell products other than just books. The 10-character format of the ASIN was adopted so that Amazon databases and software, which were designed to expect a 10-character International Standard Book Number (ISBN) field, would not have to be changed to accommodate the new identification format.

Alphanumericals
Alphanumeric characters or alphanumerics are characters belonging to the English alphabet or Arabic numerals. It includes both lower and uppercase characters. The complete list of alphanumeric characters in lexicographically ascending order is: 0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.

Different alphanumeric characters have similar appearances, such as I (upper case i), l (lowercase L), and 1 (one), and O (uppercase o), Q (uppercase q) and 0 (zero). Other similarities can include 5 and S, Z and 2.
Euler angles
The Euler angles are three angles introduced by Leonhard Euler to describe the orientation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed coordinate system.

They can also represent the orientation of a mobile frame of reference in physics or the orientation of a general basis in  three dimensional linear algebra.

Classic Euler angles usually take the inclination angle in such a way that zero degrees represent the vertical orientation. Alternative forms were later introduced by Peter Guthrie Tait and George H. Bryan intended for use in aeronautics and engineering in which zero degrees represent the horizontal position.

Right-hand rule
In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a convention and a mnemonic, utilized to define the orientation of axes in three-dimensional space and to determine the direction of the cross product of two vectors, as well as to establish the direction of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

The various right- and left-hand rules arise from the fact that the three axes of three-dimensional space have two possible orientations. This can be seen by holding your hands together with palms up and fingers curled. If the curl of the fingers represents a movement from the first or x-axis to the second or y-axis, then the third or z-axis can point along either right thumb or left thumb.
Bill Danenhauer (American football)
William Adolph Danenhauer (June 3, 1934 – July 1, 2021) was an American football player who played for Denver Broncos and Boston Patriots of the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Emporia State University. Danenhauer served as the head football coach at the University of Nebraska Omaha from 1975 to 1977, compiling a record of 8–23–2.  He name to Nebraska–Omaha in 1970 as an assistant coach under Al Caniglia.  From 1961 to 1969, he was the head football coach at Adams City High School in Commerce City, Colorado, tallying a mark of 47–37–6. Danenhauer's son is Bill Danenhauer Jr. Bill Danenhauer died in Omaha, Nebraska on July 1, 2021, at the age of 87.

Dave Sullivan (wrestler)
William Adolph Danenhauer Jr. (born December 1, 1960) is an American retired professional wrestler, college football coach, and college athletics administrator. He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling from 1993 to 1996 under the ring name Dave Sullivan, where he played the dyslexic brother of Kevin Sullivan. Danenhauer served as the head football coach at Dana College in Blair, Nebraska from 2003 to 2009, compiling a record of 22–55.
Stefan Strandberg
Ken Remi Stefan Strandberg (born 25 July 1990) is a former Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a defender.

Hailing from Lyngdal, Strandberg started his senior career for Mandalskameratene before he moved to Vålerenga in 2009. After three seasons with the Oslo-based club, he joined Rosenborg ahead of the 2012 season.

Strandberg has represented Norway from under-15 to senior level, and was the captain of the under-21 team that got a bronze medal in the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.  He was also picked for team of the tournament, with the likes of; David de Gea, Alberto Moreno, Marc Bartra, Asier Illarramendi, Isco, Koke, Thiago Alcântara, Marco Verratti, Álvaro Morata, Fabio Borini and Luuk de Jong.

Marc Bartra
Marc Bartra Aregall (Catalan: [ˈmaɾɡ ˈbaɾtɾə əɾəˈɣaʎ], Spanish: [ˈmaɾɣ ˈβaɾtɾa aɾeˈɣal]; born 15 January 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for La Liga club Real Betis.

He started his career at Barcelona, where he played 103 professional games and scored six goals across seven seasons, winning 13 honours including five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League trophies (including a continental treble in 2015). In 2016, he joined Borussia Dortmund for €8 million, lifting the DFB-Pokal in his first season. He returned to Spain in 2018, playing 146 total games for Betis and winning the Copa del Rey in 2022.

Bartra won the 2013 European Championship with Spain's under-21 team. He made his senior debut in 2013, and was selected in the squad for Euro 2016.
Vase with lid
Vase with lid is a 1926 vase by René Crevel in glazed and painted porcelain, painted in a Fauvist style, and made at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Crevel designed the decorative painting, which was replicated and painted on a stock porcelain blank by a craftsman at the Sèvres workshops near Paris.

Manufacture nationale de Sèvres
48°49′43″N 2°13′21″E﻿ / ﻿48.82861°N 2.22250°E﻿ / 48.82861; 2.22250

The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres (pronounced [manyfaktyʁ nɑsjɔnal də sɛvʁ]) is one of the principal European porcelain factories. It is located in Sèvres, Hauts-de-Seine, France. It is the continuation of Vincennes porcelain, founded in 1740, which moved to Sèvres in 1756. It has been owned by the French crown or government since 1759.

Its production is still largely based on the creation of contemporary objects today. It became part of the Cité de la céramique in 2010 with the Musée national de céramique, and since 2012 with the Musée national Adrien Dubouché in Limoges.
Adam Wiśniowiecki
Adam Wiśniowiecki (c. 1566 – 1622) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth nobleman (szlachcic) and magnate. He supported False Dmitry I during the Time of Troubles in Russia.

Along with Konstanty Wiśniowiecki (1564–1641), he was notable for being the 'finders' of False Dmitry I.

He married Aleksandra Chodkiewicz before 1601. They had a daughter, Krystyna Wiśniowiecka, who was born in 1602.

Konstanty Wiśniowiecki
Prince Konstanty Wiśniowiecki (1564–1641) was a Polish nobleman, voivode of Belz since 1636, of Ruthenia since 1638 and starost of Czerkasy and Kamieniec was a wealthy, powerful and influential magnate, experienced in both politics and warfare.
2023–24 Queen of the South F.C. season
The 2023–24 season is Queen of the South's second consecutive season in the third tier of Scottish football, in Scottish League One. Queens are also competing in the Challenge Cup, League Cup and the Scottish Cup.

2023–24 Scottish League Cup
The 2023–24 Scottish League Cup, also known as the Viaplay Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 78th season of Scotland's second-most prestigious football knockout competition.

Celtic were the two-time defending champions, but were eliminated in the second round by Kilmarnock.

Rangers won their record-extending 28th Scottish League Cup beating Aberdeen 1–0 in the final.
Blumeria americana
Blumeria americana is a species of powdery mildew in the family Erysiphaceae. It is found in North America where it infects multiple genera of plants in the family Poaceae (grasses), mainly in the tribe Triticeae, with one host in the Poeae.

Erysiphaceae
Erysiphaceae (commonly known as powdery mildews) is a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Helotiales. The members of this family are obligate parasites with a superficial mycelium that forms a characteristic white, powdery coating on their host plants.

The family contains seventeen genera and around a thousand species. Combined they infect over 10,000 species of plants, many of which are commercially valuable.
Intracoastal Waterway
The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, running from Massachusetts southward along the Atlantic Seaboard and around the southern tip of Florida, then following the Gulf Coast to Brownsville, Texas. Some sections of the waterway consist of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds, while others are artificial canals. Maintained, improved, and extensively dredged where necessary by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, it provides a navigable route along its length without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea.

Manasquan Inlet
The Manasquan Inlet is an inlet that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Manasquan River, dividing Monmouth and Ocean counties in the state of New Jersey. Passage to Bay Head Harbor and the Barnegat Bay is possible via the Point Pleasant Canal.

The present Manasquan River Inlet was dug in the 1920s with the original inlet located at Stockton Lake. The present day inlet is the northern terminus of the New Jersey Intracoastal Waterway.

The inlet is home to the Squan US Coast Guard station.
Battle of Narmada
The Battle of Narmada (Kannada: ನರ್ಮದೆ ಕದನ) was fought between king Pulakeshin II of Chalukya dynasty and king Harshavardhana of Pushyabhuti dynasty on the banks of the river Narmada, India in the winter of 618–19. The battle resulted in the great victory of Pulakeshin II and the retreat of Harsha and his forces

Pushyabhuti dynasty
The Pushyabhuti dynasty (IAST: Puṣyabhūti), also known as the Vardhana dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Thanesar in northern India during the 6th and 7th centuries. The dynasty reached its zenith under its last ruler Harsha Vardhana (c. 590 – c. 647 CE), whose empire covered much of north and north-western India, extending till Kamarupa in the east and Narmada River in the south. The dynasty initially ruled from Sthanveshvara (modern-day Thanesar, Haryana), but Harsha eventually made Kanyakubja (modern-day Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh) his capital, from where he ruled until 647 CE.
Eli the Eliminator
John Richmond (born 1961) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Eli the Eliminator.

Richmond competed in North American regional promotions during the 1980s in Bill Watts' Universal Wrestling Federation and World Class Championship Wrestling, most notably as a member of Skandor Akbar's stable Devastation, Inc.. He also had a brief stint in the American Wrestling Association as one half of the Maxx Brothers (also billed as the World or Wild Warriors) with Super Maxx.

Skandor Akbar
Jimmy Saied Wehba (September 29, 1934 – August 19, 2010) was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager better known by his ring name Skandor Akbar (which translates as "Alexander the Great"). Akbar led the villainous stable Devastation, Inc. in Bill Watts's Universal Wrestling Federation during the promotion's heyday in the 1980s, as well as other regional territories, including World Class Championship Wrestling and the Global Wrestling Federation.
Akbar Khan (general, born 1912)
Akbar Khan, DSO (1912–1994) was a decorated officer of the British Army and Pakistan Army who is widely considered a pioneer of Proxy warfare. He commanded the Kashmiri rebels and Pashtun irregulars in the First Kashmir War under the pseudonym 'General Tariq'. In 1951, he was convicted of an attempted coup, and served a five-year prison sentence.

Later he served as the Chief of National Security  under President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Under his guidance, the Army quelled the Baloch Insurgency during the early mid-1970s. He also served as the ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1975 to 1977.

Sajjad Zaheer
Syed Sajjad Zaheer (5 November 1905 –  13 September 1973) was an Indian Urdu writer, Marxist ideologue, radical revolutionary and a member of the Communist Party of India. He established the All India Progressive Writers' Association after the short story collection Angarey (Embers, 1932) was banned by the British Indian government. He then went on to study law at Lincoln's Inn in London and published the memoir London Ki Ek Raat (1935) based on his experience. He later served as the editor of several Communist Party of India newspapers. After the partition of India, he moved to the newly created Pakistan and became one of founding members of the Communist Party of Pakistan but was arrested in the alleged Rawalpindi conspiracy case and returned to India to continue working in cultural activities organized by the Communist Party of India.
Israel Yitzhak Kalish
Israel Yitzhak Kalish of Warka (Yitzchok of Vurka) (1779–1848) was the first hasidic rebbe of Warka.

In 1829 he moved to Przysucha, where his master tzadik Simcha Bunim of Peshischa was teaching. Eventually he settled in Warka. Together with rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter from Ger, he coped with Russian ukases (decrees), prohibiting wearing traditional Jewish clothes.

Yitzchak Meir Alter
Yitzchak Meir Rotenberg-Alter (Yiddish: יצחק מאיר אלטער, Polish: Icchak Meir Rothenberg Alter, Hebrew: יצחק מאיר אלתר) ‎(1799 – 10 March 1866), was the first Rebbe of the Ger Hasidic dynasty, which he founded in the town of Góra Kalwaria (known as "Ger" in Yiddish), Poland. He headed the Kupath Rabbi Meir Baal Haness Kollel Polen (Poland) Varsha (Warsaw) (Hebrew קופת רמבעה"ן כולל פולין ורשה / וארשא‎). He was also known as The Chiddushei HaRim (החדושי הרי"ם‎) for his Torah writings, and was sometimes fondly called Reb Itche Meir (Yiddish) by his followers.