hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F. J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being "written in the interest of the consumer, who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig..."

Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an unintended effect caused by a medicinal drug or other treatment's capacities or properties, and these effects are often adverse but sometimes beneficial. Herbal and traditional medicines also have side effects.

A drug or procedure usually used for a specific effect may be used specifically because of a beneficial side-effect; this is termed "off-label use" until such use is approved. For instance, X-rays have long been used as an imaging technique; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their use in radiotherapy for ablation of malignant tumours.
Poecilimon nonveilleri
Poecilimon nonveilleri, also known as Nonveiller's bright bush-cricket, is a species of bush cricket belonging to the family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Phaneropterinae. It is found in Montenegro, and was named in honour of noted Croatian entomologist Guido Nonveiller.

Phaneropterinae
The Phaneropterinae, the sickle-bearing bush crickets or leaf katydids, are a subfamily of insects within the family Tettigoniidae.  They are also known as false katydids or round-headed katydids.

The name Phaneropterinae is based upon the Old World genus Phaneroptera (type species P. falcata), meaning "visible wing"; this refers to the exposed tips of the inner wings seen in many species, although some genera, notably in the tribes Barbitistini and Odonturini have become brachypterous.
Calvary Chapel Bible College
Calvary Chapel Bible College is an evangelical Christian Biblical studies college located at 4200 32nd St. W. in Bradenton, Florida. Established in 1975 in Twin Peaks, the campus relocated to Murrieta Hot Springs in Murrieta, California from 1994 to Summer 2022. In July 2022, C.C.B.C. returned to the original Twin Peaks site after nearly 30 years away until 2025. In July 2025, C.C.B.C. relocated to Bradenton, Florida. It was founded as a ministry of Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa and now operates as an independent institution which runs on a 15-week spring and fall semester schedule with summer classes. C.C.B.C offers classes live on their Florida campus and online.

Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa
Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa is a Christian megachurch located near the boundary between the cities of Costa Mesa and Santa Ana in Orange County. Although the church takes its name from its original facilities on the Costa Mesa side of the boundary, it is now in Santa Ana. The original Calvary Chapel, the church has grown since 1965 from a handful of people, led by senior pastor Chuck Smith, to become the "mother church" of over one thousand congregations worldwide. Outreach Magazine's list of the 100 Largest Churches in America lists attendance as 9,500, making it the thirty-ninth largest in America.
Wyrów, Łódź Voivodeship
Wyrów [ˈvɨruf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bedlno, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-west of Bedlno, 11 km (7 mi) east of Kutno, and 50 km (31 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Bedlno, Łódź Voivodeship
Bedlno [ˈbɛdlnɔ] is a village in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bedlno. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) east of Kutno and 48 km (30 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
David Vaughan (British politician)
David John Vaughan (15 November 1873 – 23 November 1938) was a British Labour Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons from 1929 to 1931.

Vaughan unsuccessfully contested Bristol South at three successive general elections, in 1922, 1923 and 1924.

He finally won a seat at the 1929 general election, when he was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Forest of Dean division of Gloucestershire, replacing the sitting Labour MP Albert Arthur Purcell who did not defend the seat. However, at the next general election, in 1931, Vaughan was defeated by Dr. John Vigers Worthington, standing as a National Labour candidate.

A. A. Purcell
Albert Arthur "Alf" Purcell (3 November 1872, Hoxton – 24 December 1935) was a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain and later  President of the International Federation of Trade Unions from 1924 to 1928  and sat in the House of Commons during two separate periods between 1923 and 1929.
Renia salusalis
Renia salusalis, the dotted renia, is a litter moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is found in the United States from Colorado, Ohio and Connecticut, south to Florida and Texas.

The wingspan is about 27 mm. Adults are on wing from May to September in the north. There is at least a partial second generation in New Jersey. There are multiple generations in Missouri.

The larvae feed on detritus, including dead leaves.

Herminiinae
The Herminiinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae. The members of the subfamily are called litter moths because the caterpillars of most members feed on dead leaves of plants, though others feed on living leaves, and/or the mushrooms of fungi as in the case of genus Idia.
Sevastopol City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Sevastopol City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, commonly referred to as the Sevastopol CPSU gorkom, was the position of highest authority in the city of Sevastopol.

The position was created in 1954, and abolished in August 1991.

The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Politburo or the General Secretary himself.

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the leader of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1924 until the country's dissolution in 1991, the officeholder was the recognized leader of the Soviet Union. Prior to Joseph Stalin's accession, the position was not viewed as an important role in Vladimir Lenin's government and previous occupants had been responsible for technical rather than political decisions.

Officially, the General Secretary solely controlled the Communist Party directly. However, since the party had a monopoly on political power, the General Secretary de facto had executive control of the Soviet government. Because of the office's ability to direct both the foreign and domestic policies of the state and preeminence over the Soviet Communist Party, it was the de facto highest office of the Soviet Union.
Raffles Istanbul
Raffles Istanbul is a 5-star hotel in Istanbul that is managed by Raffles Hotels & Resorts. The hotel opened on September 1, 2014. Designed by Emre Arolat & Tabanlıoğlu Architecture, the hotel has a height of 134 metres (440 ft), making it one of Istanbul's most noticeable buildings.

Raffles Hotels & Resorts
Raffles Hotels & Resorts is a Singaporean chain of luxury hotels which traces its roots to 1887 with the opening of the original Raffles Hotel in Singapore. The company started to develop internationally in the late 1990s. Since 2015, Raffles has been a part of Accor.
Iranian legislative election, 2004 (Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr)
This is an overview of the 2004 Iranian legislative election in Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr electoral district. Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran was able to win 29 out of 30 seats in the constituency in the first round.

A total number of 1,965,666 votes were cast in the first round.

Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat, Eslamshahr and Pardis
Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat, Eslamshahr and Pardis (Persian: تهران، ری، شمیرانات، اسلامشهر و پردیس) is a constituency for the Parliament of Iran encompassing the metropolitan area of Tehran and some of its satellite cities.

It has 30 seats, the most among all constituencies nationwide and plays an outsized role in shaping politics nationally, having been described as a "bellwether for elite sentiment in Iran". The constituency's seats have been the most prestigious in the country because it includes the country's capital city, and has had lively press and voters.
Mother's Day (1980 film)
Mother's Day is a 1980 American rape and revenge slasher film directed, co-written and produced by Charles Kaufman, brother of Troma Entertainment co-founder Lloyd Kaufman (who acted as an associate producer of the film). The plot focuses on three women on a camping excursion who fall victim to two deranged, murderous young men and their unhinged mother. The film contains elements of the satire, thriller and slasher genres.

Upon its release, Mother's Day received criticism for its depiction of violence and rape, and was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Classification. While not a success during its release and receiving a negative reception from critics, the film has since developed a cult following. It has also been subject to critical analysis from film scholars for its subtextual commentary on consumerism and the proliferation of television in popular culture. A loose remake of the same name was released in 2010.

John Kenneth Muir
John Kenneth Muir (born December 3, 1969) is an American media historian, critic and speculative fiction author. He has written more than 35 reference books in the fields of film and television, with a particular focus on the horror and science fiction genres. He is Department Chair for Humanities and Social Sciences at South Piedmont Community College, North Carolina.
TCU–Texas Tech football rivalry
The TCU–Texas Tech football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the TCU Horned Frogs football team of Texas Christian University (TCU), and the Texas Tech Red Raiders football team of Texas Tech University. The winner of the annual game is presented with the Saddle Trophy, a traveling icon which bears plaques marking the score of each meeting between the rival schools. The teams have met on the gridiron in 67 games since 1926. The "West Texas Championship – Saddle Trophy" was first awarded, from 1961 through 1970.  During this ten-year stretch, the schools split the series 5–5. The trophy was lost and the rivalry name disappeared for decades until the moniker and trophy were reintroduced in 2017. This football game is known as the West Texas Championship – Battle for the Saddle Trophy.

Texas Tech Red Raiders football
The Texas Tech Red Raiders football program is a college football team that represents Texas Tech University (variously "TTU"). The Red Raiders competes as a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The program began in 1925 and has an overall winning record, including a total of 12 conference titles and one conference division title. On November 8, 2021, Joey McGuire was hired as the team's 17th head football coach, replacing Matt Wells, who was fired in the middle of the 2021 season. Home games are played at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas.
Deficit spending
Within the budgetary process, deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit, the opposite of budget surplus. The term may be applied to the budget of a government, private company, or individual. A central point of controversy in economics, government deficit spending was first identified as a necessary economic tool by John Maynard Keynes in the wake of the Great Depression.

Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.

The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on a monetary value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person.
Type IV collagen
Collagen IV (ColIV or Col4) is a type of collagen found primarily in the basal lamina.  The collagen IV C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel.  Also, collagen IV lacks the regular glycine in every third residue necessary for the tight, collagen helix.  This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks.  These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Collagen IV is the more common usage, as opposed to the older terminology of "type-IV collagen". Collagen IV exists in all metazoan phyla, to whom it served as an evolutionary stepping stone to multicellularity.

There are six human genes associated with it:

COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6

Collagen, type IV, alpha 4
Collagen alpha-4(IV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A4 gene.

This gene encodes one of the six subunits of type IV collagen, the major structural component of basement membranes. This particular collagen IV subunit, however, is only found in a subset of basement membranes. Like the other members of the type IV collagen gene family, this gene is organized in a head-to-head conformation with another type IV collagen gene so that each gene pair shares a common promoter. Mutations in this gene are associated with type II autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (hereditary glomerulonephropathy) and with familial benign hematuria (thin basement membrane disease). Two transcripts, differing only in their transcription start sites, have been identified for this gene and, as is common for collagen genes, multiple polyadenylation sites are found in the 3' UTR.
Isa Melikov
Isa Melikov (Azerbaijani: Məlikov İsa Fazil oğlu, born 21 October 1980, in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR) is a famous Azerbaijani composer and producer. He is the author of numerous musical projects, hit songs and soundtracks to movies. The list of celebrities singing his songs include leading stars of Azerbaijan as well as vocalists from CIS and Europe such as Dima Bilan, Eldar Gasimov, Nikki Jamal, Glenys Vargas, Kevin Etienne, Elli, Aysel, Gunesh, Zulfiyya Khanbabayeva, Aygün Kazımova, Elnara, Röya, Elşad Xose, Sevda Alekperzade, Manana, Faig Aghayev, Tunzala Agayeva, Zamig Huseynov, Malik Kalantarli, etc.

Faig Aghayev
Faig Balagha oghlu Aghayev (Azerbaijani: Faiq Balağa oğlu Ağayev, born 29 December 1971) is an Azerbaijani pop singer and the People's Artiste of Azerbaijan since 2008. Aghayev received the nickname "Mister Gold Schlager" by his fans.
Convergence (logic)
In mathematics, computer science and logic, convergence is the idea that different sequences of transformations come to a conclusion in a finite amount of time (the transformations are terminating), and that the conclusion reached is independent of the path taken to get to it (they are confluent).

More formally, a preordered set of term rewriting transformations are said to be convergent if they are confluent and terminating.

Rewriting
In mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. Such methods may be achieved by rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines, or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects.

Rewriting can be non-deterministic. One rule to rewrite a term could be applied in many different ways to that term, or more than one rule could be applicable. Rewriting systems then do not provide an algorithm for changing one term to another, but a set of possible rule applications. When combined with an appropriate algorithm, however, rewrite systems can be viewed as computer programs, and several theorem provers and declarative programming languages are based on term rewriting.
2020 in sports
2020 in sports describes the year's events in world sport. Many sporting events around the world were postponed or cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, which eventually took place in 2021.

2020 ITTF World Tour
The 2020 ITTF World Tour was the 25th season of the International Table Tennis Federation's professional table tennis world tour.

The season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with only three events having taken place. The ITTF World Tour Grand Finals were replaced by the 2020 ITTF Finals, a one-off event featuring the top-ranked male and female players, as part of the International Table Tennis Federation's #RESTART series of events in November 2020.
Tokushima Domain Hachisuka clan cemetery
The Tokushima Domain Hachisuka clan cemetery  (徳島藩主蜂須賀家墓所, Tokushima han-shu Hachisuka-ke bosho) refers to two sites located in the city of Tokushima, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, the Kōgenji cemetery (興源寺墓所) and the Mannenyama cemetery (万年山墓所) The cemeteries contains the graves of the Hachisuka clan, the daimyō of Tokushima Domain under the Edo Period Tokugawa shogunate. The cemeteries were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 2002.

Hachisuka clan
The Hachisuka clan (Japanese: 蜂須賀氏, Hepburn: Hachisuka-shi) are descendants of Emperor Seiwa (850-880) of Japan and are a branch of the Ashikaga clan through the Shiba clan (Seiwa Genji) of the Minamoto clan.
Diocese of Bathurst (Australia)
for namesakes, see Diocese of Bathurst

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bathurst (Australia) is a Latin Church suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sydney, established in 1865, covering the Central West and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia.

The Cathedral of St Michael and St John the Baptist is the episcopal see of the Bishop of Bathurst, presently Michael McKenna.

Central West (New South Wales)
The Central West is a region in central New South Wales, Australia. The region stretches from Lithgow in the east and to as far west as Lake Cargelligo, on the Lachlan River. The Central West is known for its attractions such as the Jenolan Caves, near Oberon and also wineries, as well as rural farmland and natural landscapes. The region includes major towns like Bathurst, Orange, Mudgee, Lithgow, Parkes and Cowra. It has an area of 63,262 square kilometres (24,426 sq mi). The region also includes the sub-region known as the Central Tablelands, located in the eastern part of the region. The region known as the Orana, which includes the area surrounding Dubbo is typically classed as being a part of the Central West also.

Major population and service centres in the Central West include Bathurst, Cowra, Lithgow, Mudgee, Orange, and Parkes. Bathurst and Orange are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University, and Lithgow housing the University of Notre Dame Regional Clinical School.
Aleksandr Osipov (politician)
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Osipov (Russian: Александр Михайлович Осипов; born on 28 September 1969), is a Russian statesman. He is currently the 4th Governor of Zabaykalsky Krai from September 19, 2019. He was the acting Governor of the Trans-Baikal Territory from October 25, 2018 to September 19, 2019. Aleksandr Osipov should not be confused with his same full name to the Soviet army officer, who served in the World War II, and was awarded as the Hero of the Soviet Union after his death.

RusHydro
RusHydro (previous name: Hydro-OGK, Russian: РусГидро) is a Russian hydroelectricity company. As of early 2012, it had a capacity of 34.9 gigawatts. In late 2009, it was the world's second-largest hydroelectric power producer and is the country's largest power-generating company and the largest successor to RAO UES. The partly government-owned conglomerate underwent a major consolidation beginning in July 2007. As of 2011, the head of the company was Evgeny Dod. Its head office is in Obruchevsky District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow. In 2021, the company's revenue amounted to 190 billion rubles.
Xilu Subdistrict
Xilu Subdistrict (Chinese: 西潞街道; pinyin: Xīlù Jiēdào) is one of the eight subdistricts of  Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Wangzuo Town in the north, Gongchen Subdistrict in the east, Yanchun Town in the southwest, and Qinglonghu Town in the northwest. It had 75,903 residents as of 2020.

Fangshan, Beijing
Fangshan District (Chinese: 房山区; pinyin: Fángshān Qū) is a district of the city of Beijing. It is situated in the southwest of Beijing, 38 km (24 mi) away from downtown Beijing. It has an area of 2,019 square kilometres (780 sq mi) and a population of 1,312,778 (2020 Census).

The district administers 8 subdistricts, 14 towns, and 6 townships.
Sahar, Bihar
Sahār (Hindi: सहार) is Gram Panchayat and community development block in Bhojpur district of Bihar, India. The sub-district contains 51 inhabited villages, including that of Sahar itself, with a total district population of 110,276 as of 2011. The village of Sahar has a population of 5,674, in 931 households. Sahar was a major center of conflict during the wider Naxalite insurgency in Bhojpur in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s.

Agiaon
Agiaon, historically documented as Ugeown (Hindi: अगिआंव) is a Gram Panchayat and corresponding community development block in Bhojpur district of Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 4,801, in 835 households. The total block population was 148,373, in 23,117 households.
Southeast Nebraska Consolidated Schools
Southeast Nebraska Consolidated Schools (ID#74-0501-000, a.k.a. District 70) was a school district in Nebraska. Its school was in Stella. In addition to Stella, the district included Barada, Bratton Union, Higgins, Nemaha, and Shubert.

The consolidated school opened in 1968.

The school community made the decision to close the school district because the number of pupils was declining and because the state was sending fewer dollars to the district.

On January 1, 2009, it merged into the Humboldt Table Rock Steinauer School District. The majority of the students were to move on to that district, though some were to attend Falls City Public Schools or Johnson Brock School District. The district sold the school building to an individual and was to give it to him on August 1 of that year.

Humboldt Table Rock Steinauer Public Schools
Humboldt Table Rock Steinauer Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Humboldt, Nebraska, United States.

Within Richardson County, it contains the communities of Humboldt, Dawson, Stella, and Shubert, as well as portions of Barada. In Pawnee County, it contains Steinauer and Table Rock. In Nemaha County it includes Nemaha. The district extends into Johnson County.