hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abell 209
Abell 209 is a galaxy cluster located in the constellation Cetus at a distance of about 3 billion light-years from Earth. Included in Abell catalogue compiled by George O. Abell in 1958, it has a wealth class 3 (clusters consisting of 130-199 galaxies), and is of type II-III in the Bautz–Morgan classification.

Abell 209 was one of 25 galaxy clusters studied with the Hubble Space Telescope during an observational campaign, called the Cluster Lensing and Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), over a three-and-a-half-year period, from 2010 to 2013. Its redshift has been recalculated, now estimated at z = 0.209 (previously 0.206).

Abell 209 is located in the vicinity of Abell 222, from which it is separated by a distance of about 19.2 megaparsecs (62.6 million light-years).

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
Law degree
A law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law.

Some law degrees are professional degrees that are prerequisites or serve as preparation for legal careers. These generally include the Bachelor of Civil Law, Bachelor of Laws, and Juris Doctor. Law degrees that are not part of a professional pathway to legal practice include the Master of Laws (LLM) and Doctor of Laws (LLD or JSD).

These degrees are usually obtained through a combination of coursework, research, and practical experiences, such as internships or clinical legal education. Law degrees are recognized as a necessary step towards becoming a licensed lawyer in many jurisdictions, and they also provide a foundation for various other career paths such as academia, policy, or consultancy.

Doctor of Juridical Science
A Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD; Latin: Scientiae Juridicae Doctor), or a Doctor of the Science of Law (JSD; Latin: Juridicae Scientiae Doctor), is a terminal research doctorate degree in law that is equivalent to a Ph.D. degree. In most countries (including the United States), it is the most advanced law degree that can be earned, higher than both a Juris Doctor (J.D.) and a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.).
Mount Mohican
Mount Mohican, or Raccoon Ridge, is a peak of the Kittatinny Mountains in Warren County, New Jersey, United States. The mountain stands 1,580 feet (482 m) in height. It lies along the Appalachian Trail in Worthington State Forest.

Kittatinny Mountain
Kittatinny Mountain (Lenape: Kitahtëne) is a long ridge traversing primarily Sussex County in  northwestern New Jersey, running in a northeast–southwest axis, a continuation across the Delaware Water Gap of Pennsylvania's Blue Mountain (also known as Kittatinny Ridge). It is the first major ridge in the far northeastern extension of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains, and reaches its highest elevation (the state's highest), 1,803 feet, at High Point in Montague Township.  Kittatinny Mountain forms the eastern side of Wallpack Valley; the western side comprises the Wallpack Ridge (highest elevation: 928 feet (283 m) above sea level.
Chet Anderson Stadium
Chet Anderson Stadium is the home football stadium of Bemidji State University in Bemidji, Minnesota.

In 1939, a federal grant enabled Bemidji State to build new athletic facilities. The first game held was against Concordia College, Moorhead on September 27, 1940. Through various expansions over the years, the capacity currently sits at 5,000.

On October 5, 1996, the stadium was officially renamed in honor of Chester Anderson, head football coach from 1955 to 1965.

Bemidji State University
Bemidji State University (BSU) is a public university in Bemidji, Minnesota, United States. Founded as a preparatory institution for teachers in 1919, it provides higher education to north-central Minnesota. It is part of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system.
Thaw Hall
Thaw Hall is a historic academic building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh that is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District and has been named a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark. The five-story building of stone, brick, and terra cotta was completed in 1910 in the Neoclassical Beaux-Arts style by architect Henry Hornbostel and today serves as space for a variety of academic classrooms, labs, offices, and centers. It is located between, and connected to, the university's Old Engineering Hall and Space Research Coordination Center (SRCC) along O'Hara Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.

Oakland (Pittsburgh)
Oakland is the academic and healthcare center of Pittsburgh and one of the city's major cultural centers. Home to three universities, museums, hospitals, shopping venues, restaurants, and recreational activities, this section of the city also includes two city-designated historic districts: the mostly residential Schenley Farms Historic District and the predominantly institutional Oakland Civic Center Historic District, as well as the locally-designated Oakland Square Historic District.

In addition, the Pittsburgh Bureau of Fire operates Fire Station No. 14 on McKee Place and Fire Station No. 10 on Allequippa Street.
Transphonologization
In historical linguistics, transphonologisation (also known as rephonologisation or cheshirisation, see below) is a type of sound change whereby a phonemic contrast that used to involve a certain feature X evolves in such a way that the contrast is preserved, yet becomes associated with a different feature Y.

For example, a language contrasting two words */sat/ vs. */san/ may evolve historically so that final consonants are dropped, yet the modern language preserves the contrast through the nature of the vowel, as in a pair /sa/ vs. /sã/. Such a situation would be described by saying that a former contrast between oral and nasal consonants has been transphonologised into a contrast between oral and nasal vowels.

The term transphonologisation was coined by André-Georges Haudricourt. The concept was defined and amply illustrated by Hagège & Haudricourt; it has been mentioned by several followers of panchronic phonology, and beyond.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
CYP23 family
Cytochrome P450, family 23, also known as CYP23, is a nematoda cytochrome P450 monooxygenase family. The first gene identified in this family is the CYP23A1 from the Caenorhabditis elegans, is a homolog of the human gene CYP7B1.

Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. However, they are not omnipresent; for example, they have not been found in Escherichia coli. In mammals, these enzymes oxidize steroids, fatty acids,  xenobiotics, and participate in many biosyntheses. By hydroxylation, CYP450 enzymes  convert xenobiotics into hydrophilic derivatives, which are more readily excreted.

P450s are, in general, the terminal oxidase enzymes in electron transfer chains, broadly categorized as P450-containing systems. The term "P450" is derived from the spectrophotometric peak at the wavelength of the absorption maximum of the enzyme (450 nm) when it is in the reduced state and complexed with carbon monoxide. Most P450s require a protein partner to deliver one or more electrons to reduce the iron (and eventually molecular oxygen).
Timeline of the first Trump presidency (2017 Q4)
The following is a timeline of the first presidency of Donald Trump during the fourth and last quarter of 2017, from October 1 to December 31, 2017. For a complete itinerary of his travels, see List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump (2017). To navigate between quarters, see timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies.

Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies
Donald Trump, a Republican originally from New York, who moved his principal residency to Florida in 2019, was elected president of the United States in 2016.

He was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, as the nation's 45th president, and his presidency ended on January 20, 2021, with the inauguration of Joe Biden.

Trump was then elected to a nonconsecutive second term in 2024, and assumed the presidency again on January 20, 2025, as the nation's 47th and current president.

The following articles cover the timeline of Trump's first and second presidencies, and the time leading up to each of them:
Slingsby Channel
Slingsby Channel is a strait on the north side of Bramham Island in the Queen Charlotte Strait region of the Central Coast of British Columbia.  It is one of only two entrances to Seymour Inlet and the associated maze of waterways inland, which lie to the northeast of Bramham.  The other entrance is Schooner Channel, formerly Schooner Passage, on the east side of that island.

The Fox Islands, which lie in its entrance, Bramham Island and the channel itself, plus Slingsby Rock and Slingsby Point, are named in association with Bramham Park, the Yorkshire home of George Lane-Fox.

Through the Slingsby Channel flows the world's strongest current, the Nakwakto Rapids, that has been measured at speeds up to 18.4 miles per hour. The current is so fast at times, that people have tied a rope to Turret Rock, which is located right in the middle of the rapids, and then water-skied.

Queen Charlotte Strait
Queen Charlotte Strait is a strait between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It connects Queen Charlotte Sound with Johnstone Strait and Discovery Passage and via them to the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound. It forms part of the Inside Passage from Washington to Alaska.  The term Queen Charlotte Strait is also used to refer to the general region and its many communities, notably of the Kwakwakaʼwakw peoples. Despite its name, Queen Charlotte Strait does not lie between Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) and the mainland; that body of water is named Hecate Strait.
Cobra Firearms
Cobra Firearms, also known as Cobra Arms and officially as Cobra Enterprises of Utah, Inc., was an American firearms manufacturer based in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Cobra Firearms was related to the "Ring of Fire" companies that manufactured inexpensive firearms, Cobra bought the rights and tooling for the Davis Industries, Republic Arms, Inc. and Talon Industries, Inc.

Cobra Arms produced inexpensive handguns. Many firearms manufactured by Cobra Arms were constructed of injection-molded Zamak, a zinc alloy.

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.
2021 Queensland Cup
The 2021 Queensland Cup season was the 26th season of Queensland's top-level statewide rugby league competition run by the Queensland Rugby League. The 2021 season saw the return of the competition, after it was cancelled after just one round in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Queensland Cup was to be played over 19 rounds in 2021, but due to restrictions and difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland, has been reduced to 18 rounds, with the finals delayed into October.

Queensland Cup
The Queensland Cup, currently known as the Hostplus Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the highest-level regional rugby league football competition in Queensland, Australia. It is run by the Queensland Rugby League (QRL)  and is contested by fifteen teams, thirteen of which are based in Queensland, with one based in New South Wales and one in National Capital District, Papua New Guinea.

The competition is the present-day embodiment of Queensland's top-level club competition. It replaced the Winfield State League in 1996 and accompanied the Brisbane Rugby League, before becoming the premier competition in 1998, following the disbanding of the Brisbane Rugby League.
Marica (mythology)
In Roman mythology, Marica was a nymph, the mother of Latinus. Latinus was fathered by Faunus, who was also occasionally referred to as the son of Marica. The sacred forest near Minturnae was dedicated to Marica.  A lake nearby was also named after her. Various Roman authors claims that she was a form of Diana or Venus.

Diana (mythology)
Diana is a goddess in Roman religion, primarily considered a patroness of the countryside and nature, hunters, wildlife, childbirth, crossroads, the night, and the Moon. She is equated with the Greek goddess Artemis, and absorbed much of Artemis' mythology early in Roman history, including a birth on the island of Delos to parents Jupiter and Latona, and a twin brother, Apollo, though she had an independent origin in Italy.

Diana is revered in modern neopagan religions including Roman neopaganism, Stregheria, and Wicca. In the ancient, medieval, and modern periods, Diana has been considered a triple deity, merged with a goddess of the moon (Luna/Selene) and the underworld (usually Hecate).
Hudson Ford
Hudson Ford were an English rock band, formed when John Ford and Richard Hudson left Strawbs in 1973. The original line-up featured Hudson (now playing guitar instead of drums) and Ford along with Chris Parren on keyboards, Mickey Keen on guitars, and Gerry Conway on drums. Conway left in May 1974 prior to the recording of Free Spirit and was replaced by Ken Laws. Mickey Keen left the band in December 1974 and was replaced briefly by Mick Clarke, formerly of The Roy Young Band. Clarke moved to the United States in 1975 and was not replaced. The line-up remained stable from that point until the group dissolved in late 1977.

The first album Nickelodeon also featured session musicians including Rick Wakeman.

In 1979 they re-surfaced billed as The Monks.

Hudson and Ford had been in Elmer Gantry's Velvet Opera in the mid 1960s and they both left that group and joined Strawbs, where they stayed until forming Hudson Ford.

The Monks (UK band)
The Monks were a British pop punk/new wave band, formed in the late 1970s by three former members of Strawbs—Richard Hudson (guitar), John Ford (vocals, guitars, synthesisers) and Brian Willoughby—along with Terry Cassidy (vocals and synthesisers) and Clive Pierce (drums).
Osann-Monzel
Osann-Monzel is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – and a winegrowing centre in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Bernkastel-Wittlich
Bernkastel-Wittlich (German: Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Vulkaneifel, Cochem-Zell, Rhein-Hunsrück, Birkenfeld, Trier-Saarburg and Bitburg-Prüm.
Shorang Rang
Shorang Rang (Persian: شرانگ رنگ, also Romanized as Shorāng Rang; also known as Shīrang) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 156, in 25 families.

Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District
Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي سرحدئ شرقي) is in Dishmuk District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Dishmuk.
Richmond railway station (North Yorkshire)
Richmond railway station was a railway station that served the town of Richmond in North Yorkshire, England. The station was the terminus of a branch line that connected with what would become the East Coast Main Line.

George Townsend Andrews
George Townsend Andrews (19 December 1804 – 29 December 1855) was an English architect  born in Exeter.  He is noted for his buildings designed for George Hudson's railways, especially the York and North Midland Railway.  Andrews' architect's practice in York did not confine itself to railway work, its other buildings including headquarters for two York-based banks and a number of churches.
Shrisitaramakelikaumudi
Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī (Hindi: श्रीसीतारामकेलिकौमुदी) (2008), literally The moonlight (elucidation) for the [childhood] pastimes of Sītā and Rāma, is a minor poem in the Braja dialect of Hindi (with some verses in Maithili) belonging to the Rītikāvya genre. It was composed by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya (1950–) in the years 2007 and 2008. The work is set in the backdrop of the Bālakāṇḍa of Vālmīki's Rāmāyaṇa and Tulasīdāsa's Rāmacaritamānasa, and is an assortment of verses describing the activities, pastimes and major events during the childhood of Sītā and Rāma. Śrīsītārāmakelikaumudī consists of 324 verses divided in three parts of 108 verses each. The verses are composed in seven Prakrit metres, namely Amātrika, Kavitta, Gīta, Ghanākṣarī, Caupaiyā, Drumila, and Mattagajendra.

A copy of the epic with a Hindi commentary has been published by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh. The book was released on October 30, 2008.

Raghu
Raghu (Sanskrit: रघु, romanized: Raghu, lit. 'Quick') is a ruler of the Suryavansha dynasty in Hinduism. According to the Raghuvamsha, he is the son of King Dilīpa and Queen Sudakshina. The history of his dynasty is elaborated upon by the poet Kalidasa in his Raghuvamsha. He is the great-grandfather of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu.
Basque derby
The Basque derby (in Basque Euskal Derbia, in Spanish derbi Vasco) is the name of the football local derby between Real Sociedad and Athletic Bilbao. It embodies the inter-city rivalry between Bilbao and Donostia-San Sebastián, respectively the capitals of the neighbouring provinces of Biscay (Bizkaia) and Gipuzkoa in the Basque Country region of Spain. It is also occasionally referred to as the AP-8 derby, referring to the name of the highway which connects the cities.

1910 Copa del Rey
The Copa del Rey 1910 comprised two different competitions held the same year.

Due to disagreements between the reigning champion of the tournament, Club Ciclista de San Sebastián, and some of the clubs invited, in 1910 two parallel competitions were held: an "official", organized by the newly created FECF (Federación Española de Clubs de Football), forerunner of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (Spanish: Real Federación Española de Fútbol, RFEF), in Madrid and an "unofficial", organized by the UECF (Unión Española de Clubs de Football), in San Sebastián. Both are currently recognized as official by the RFEF.
Royal Military Police Close Protection Unit
The  Service Police Close Protection Unit (CPU) is a joint unit within the British Army's Royal Military Police (RMP) Royal Air Force Police (RAFP) & Royal Marines Police Troop (RM Police Troop) that has designated responsibility for protecting senior military and government personnel when deployed overseas. The unit itself does not supply the majority of the manpower for such taskings, but trains individuals from the RMP, Royal Navy Police, RAF Police and Royal Marines Police Troop for the role, as well as taking on urgent and short-notice taskings.

Royal Marines Police
The Royal Marines Police, or Royal Marines Police Troop (RM Police Troop) is the Royal Marines element of the Royal Navy Police and the military police arm of the Royal Marines. Members of the RM Police enforce service law and discipline.
Donk (gamer)
Danil Kryshkovets, better known by his nickname donk, is a Russian professional Counter-Strike 2 player for Team Spirit who is widely recognized for his aggressive playstyle. He was named the HLTV player of the year in 2024.

Intel Extreme Masters
The Intel Extreme Masters (IEM) is a series of international esports tournaments held in countries around the world. These Electronic Sports League (ESL) sanctioned events, sponsored by Intel, as of 2025 currently host events in Counter-Strike 2. Other game titles were hosted in the past, including StarCraft II and League of Legends. The body that owns the league is Savvy Games Group. The League has operated 17 seasons as of 2023. The highest tier of events, known as Masters Championships, are held in the summer in Cologne, Germany and in the new year in Poland, offering the most prize money. Other events, known as Masters events, are held in numerous cities around the globe, which have included Dallas, Shanghai and Sydney.
Main Line (Pennsylvania Railroad)
The Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad was a rail line in Pennsylvania connecting Philadelphia with Pittsburgh via Harrisburg. The rail line was divided into two. Now all of its right-of-way is a cross-state corridor, composed of Amtrak's Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line (including SEPTA's Paoli/Thorndale Line service) and the Norfolk Southern Railway's Pittsburgh Line.

Gallitzin Tunnels
The Gallitzin Tunnels in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, are a set of three adjacent tunnels through the Allegheny Mountains in western Pennsylvania. They were completed in 1854, 1855, and 1902 by the Pennsylvania Railroad as part of the cross-state route that includes the nearby Horseshoe Curve to the east. Their ownership has since passed to Penn Central Transportation Company, then to Conrail, and most recently to the Norfolk Southern Railway. The tunnels are currently used by Norfolk Southern freight trains and Amtrak Pennsylvanian passenger trains. The namesake Gallitzin Tunnel is out of service.