hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Central Modern School
Central Modern School is an English-medium co-educational (private) school located in Baranagar, West Bengal, India. The school educates pupils from the Pre-Preparatory class to the 12th grade. The school is affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), New Delhi.

It was established in 1988 by founding father Mr Chittajit De.

Baranagar
Baranagar is a city and a municipality in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

It is home to the Indian Statistical Institute, an institution of national importance devoted to the research, teaching and application of statistics, natural sciences and social sciences. Baranagar Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School is one of the oldest and most renowned schools in Baranagar.

Baranagar is a major industrial centre for the manufacture of agricultural and industrial machinery, chemicals, castor oil, and matches; Baranagar is also home to numerous cotton-processing companies, offset & digital printing companies and book publishers.
Alan Gilbert (Australian academic)
Alan David Gilbert AO (11 September 1944 – 27 July 2010) was an Australian historian and academic administrator who was president and vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester between 2004 and 2010.

During his tenure (1996–2004) as vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne, he pushed for and established Melbourne University Private, a private university offshoot which ultimately failed. This, and his well-known controversial views on private funding of universities, led to Richard Davis in 2002 dubbing him the "doyen of economically rationalist vice-chancellors".

University and College Union
The University and College Union (UCU) is a British trade union in further and higher education representing over 120,000 academics and support staff.

UCU is a vertical union representing casualised researchers and teaching staff, "permanent" lecturers and academic related professional services staff. Definitions of all these categories are currently rather ambiguous due to recent changes in fixed term and open-ended contract law. In many universities, casualised academics form the largest category of staff and UCU members.
Cultural depictions of Richard III of England
Richard III of England has been depicted in literature and popular culture many times. In the Tudor period he was invariably portrayed as a villain, most famously in Shakespeare's play Richard III, but also in other literature of the period. Richard's life was not much depicted again until the 20th century when the "Ricardian" movement sought to restore his reputation. Much of more recent creative literature has portrayed him in a positive light. However his reputation as a hunchbacked villain has remained a familiar historical cliché within popular culture.

Philippa Gregory
Philippa Gregory CBE (born 9 January 1954) is an English historical novelist who has been publishing since 1987. The best known of her works is The Other Boleyn Girl (2001), which in 2002 won the Romantic Novel of the Year Award from the Romantic Novelists' Association and has been adapted into two films.

AudioFile magazine has called Gregory "the queen of British historical fiction".
Owadów, Łódź Voivodeship
Owadów [ɔˈvaduf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sławno, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south-west of Sławno, 11 km (7 mi) west of Opoczno, and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

An important palaeontological locality, the Owadów-Brzezinki fossil-bearing deposit, is situated nearby.

Sławno, Łódź Voivodeship
Sławno [ˈswavnɔ] is a village in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Sławno. It lies approximately 11 km (7 mi) west of Opoczno and 64 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
Galab Donev
Galab Spasov Donev (Bulgarian: Гълъб Спасов Донев; born 28 February 1967) is a Bulgarian politician who served as the caretaker Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2 August 2022 to 6 June 2023. He is the longest-serving caretaker prime minister in Bulgaria's history to date.

An independent politician, he previously served as the minister of labor and social policy in the cabinet of Stefan Yanev. He is an expert in finance, law and social policy and also has a background in the army.

Stefan Yanev
Stefan Dinchev Yanev (Bulgarian: Стефан Динчев Янев; born 1 March 1960) is a retired Bulgarian brigade general and politician who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria in 2021, leading a caretaker government. A political independent, he also served as Minister of Defence in 2017 and from 2021 to 2022. Yanev later founded the Bulgarian Rise party and served as Member of the National Assembly from 2022 to 2023.
Tres de Mayo, Paraguay
Tres de Mayo  is a municipality of Paraguay located in the outskirts of Caazapá. Formerly it was part of the district of Yuty, but in 2012 it was elevated to the category of municipality. It has a total area of 743,25 km2 and a population of 17,928 inhabitants in 2016.

Yuty
Yuty is a town in the Caazapá Department of Paraguay. It is located 98km to the south of the department capital Caazapa and 330km to the South East of the national capital Asuncion.

Its name origin has two theories. The first claims it comes from the Guarani terms yu + ty (place of thorns). The second asserts that as the place used to be a reunion site and the natives when asked where they were coming from responded. "Ayu aty hagui" which means "I come from the meeting place" the contraction of that phrase supposedly evolved into the current name Yuty.

It was founded on October 4, 1611 by Spanish missionary Luis de Bolaños with the name of San Francisco de Yuty (Saint Francis of Yuty)

The main local crops are cotton and rice.
Quercus guyavifolia
Quercus guyavifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Fagaceae, native to south-central China. An evergreen tree reaching 15 m (50 ft), its leaves are golden-brown on their undersides, making it one of the most attractive of the golden oaks.  It is placed in section Ilex.

Quercus subg. Cerris
Quercus subgenus Cerris is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Quercus). It contains about 140 species divided among three sections. It may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are native to Eurasia and North Africa.
Maheru, Punjab
Maheru is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Nakodar, 46 kilometres (29 mi) from Kapurthala, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from district headquarter Jalandhar and 137 kilometres (85 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Nakodar
Nakodar is a town and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab.

The city is almost 365 km from Delhi, 25 km from Jalandhar, 49 km from Ludhiana, and about 101 km from Amritsar. Surrounding villages include Chak Mughlani, Maheru, Allowal, Mehatpur (Haripur) (Bhullar) Nawan Pind Jattan, Heran, Bir Pind, (Aulakh), Shankar, Nur Pur Chatha, Sarih, Malri, Khanpur Dhadda, Uggi, and Malhian Kalan.

The town is well paved and currently forms a Tehsil of District Jalandhar. Outside the town, there are two large tombs dating from the times of Emperor Jahangir, later one of them is said to be the burial place of the adviser of Emperor Shah Jahan, but it is not known who stand buried in the earlier tomb.
Hungarian Rhapsody No. 5
Hungarian Rhapsody No. 5, S.244/5, in E minor, is the fifth in a set of 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies by composer Franz Liszt. It is marked Lento, con duolo. The piece was given the nickname Héroïde-élégiaque by the composer himself. It is very different from his other Hungarian Rhapsodies, as it does not follow the intro - lassan - friska structure and can be viewed as the darkest and most melancholic of the set. It was composed in 1847 and later arranged for orchestra.

E minor
E minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F♯, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature has one sharp, on the F. Its relative major is G major and its parallel major is E major.

The E natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:

Much of the classical guitar repertoire is in E minor, as this is a very natural key for the instrument. In standard tuning (E A D G B E), four of the instrument's six open (unfretted) strings are part of the tonic chord. The key of E minor is also popular in heavy metal music, as its tonic is the lowest note on a standard-tuned guitar.
Simwnt Fychan
Simwnt Fychan (c. 1530 – 1606) was a Welsh language poet and genealogist, probably born in Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd in north-east Wales.

He was a colleague of the poet and scholar Gruffudd Hiraethog.

In 1567 Queen Elizabeth I of England appointed a commission to control the activities of "minstrels, rhymers and bards", in Wales.  They were summoned to meet at Caerwys and Simwnt Fychan was appointed "pencerdd", i.e. the senior bard.

Gruffudd Hiraethog
Gruffudd Hiraethog (died 1564) was a 16th-century Welsh-language poet, born in Llangollen, north-east Wales.

Gruffudd was one of the foremost poets of the sixteenth century to use the cywydd metre. He was a prolific author and gifted scholar. Though he was member of the medieval guild of poets and a notable upholder of that tradition, he was also closely associated with William Salesbury, Wales' leading Renaissance scholar. He is buried in the vault of the Church of St Collen in Llangollen.

One of the first Welsh books to be published was Gruffudd's collection of proverbs in 1547, Oll synnwyr pen Kembero ygyd ("The sense of a Welshman's mind collected together").
Chojnów
Chojnów [ˈxɔjnuf] ⓘ (German: Haynau) is a small town in Legnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is located on the Skora river, a tributary of the Kaczawa at an average altitude of 170 m (560 ft) above sea level. Chojnów is the administrative seat of the rural gmina called Gmina Chojnów, although the town is not part of its territory and forms a separate urban gmina. As of December 2021, the town has 13,002 inhabitants.

Chojnów is located 18 km (11 mi) west of Legnica, 26 km (16 mi) east from Bolesławiec and 18 km (11 mi) north of Złotoryja, 5 km (3.1 mi) from the A4 motorway. It has railroad connections to Bolesławiec and Legnica.

Duchy of Legnica
The Duchy of Legnica (Polish: Księstwo Legnickie, Czech: Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (German: Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed during the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, ruled by a local line of the Piast dynasty between 1248 and 1675. Its capital was Legnica in Lower Silesia.

Legnica Castle had become a residence of the Silesian dukes in 1163 and from 1248 was the seat of a principality in its own right, ruled by the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty until the extinction of the line in 1675. Formed by Bolesław II the Bald, Duke of Lower Silesia at Wrocław, Legnica shared the fate of most of the others Silesian duchies, falling into Bohemian, Austrian and eventually—after the First Silesian War—Prussian spheres of influence.
Ningombam
Ningombam (also, Ningomba or Ningom) is a surname of the Meitei people.
Notable people with this name are:

Biju Ningombam, Indian actress

Khui Ningomba (363 A.D. – 378 A.D.), King of Angom dynasty

Ningombam Bupenda Meitei (born 1987), Indian writer

Ningomba Engson Singh (born 2003), Indian footballer

Meitei people
The Meitei people, also known as Meetei people, are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group native to the Indian State of  Manipur. They form the largest and dominant ethnic group of Manipur in Northeast India. They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of government of Manipur.
The Meiteis primarily settled in the Imphal Valley region in modern-day Manipur, though a sizeable population has settled in the other Indian states of Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram. There is also a notable presence of Meiteis in the neighbouring countries of Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Meiteis represent about 53% of Manipur's population.
Absalom Jones
Absalom Jones (November 7, 1746 – February 13, 1818) was an American abolitionist and clergyman who became prominent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Disappointed at the racial discrimination he experienced in a local Methodist church, he founded the Free African Society with Richard Allen in 1787, a mutual aid society for black Americans in the city. The Free African Society included many people newly freed from slavery after the American Revolutionary War.

In 1794, Jones founded the first Black Episcopal congregation, and in 1802, he was the first African American to be ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church of the United States. He is listed on the Episcopal calendar of saints. He is remembered liturgically on the date of his death, February 13, in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer as "Absalom Jones, Priest, 1818".

Francis Asbury
Francis Asbury (August 20 or 21, 1745 – March 31, 1816) was a British-American Methodist minister who became one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States. During his 45 years in the colonies and the newly independent United States, he devoted his life to ministry, traveling on horseback and by carriage thousands of miles to those living on the frontier.

Asbury spread Methodism in British colonial America and the United States as part of the Second Great Awakening. He also founded several schools during his lifetime, although his own formal education was limited. His journal is valuable to scholars for its account of frontier society, with references to many towns and villages in Colonial America.  Along with John and Charles Wesley, Asbury is often celebrated as one of the founders of the Methodist Church in the USA.
Forges de la Providence
Forges de la Providence (French pronunciation: [fɔʁʒ də la pʁɔvidɑ̃s]) was a Belgian steel producing company based in the Hainaut region around Charleroi. Founded as Société Anonyme des laminoirs, forges, fonderies et usines de la Providence the company had three steel production sites at Marchienne-au-Pont in Belgium, and Réhon and Hautmont in France.

The company was independent until 1966 when it became part of the Cockerill-Ougrée, briefly being absorbed into Thy-Marcinelle et Monceau before becoming part of Cockerill-Sambre.

In the 1980s the French steel plants closed, the Belgian plant continued to operate until 2008, becoming part of the Duferco group as Carsid at the beginning of the 21st century. Coke and blast furnace production CARSID plant closed in 2008 due to an economic downturn, and did not restart - the plant was closed in 2012.

Usinor
Usinor was a French steel making group formed in 1948. The group was merged with Sacilor in 1986, becoming Usinor-Sacilor and was privatised in 1995, and renamed Usinor in 1997.

In 2001 it merged with Arbed (Luxembourg) and Aceralia (Spain) to form the European company Arcelor, which became part of ArcelorMittal in 2006.
Great-circle navigation
Great-circle navigation or orthodromic navigation (related to orthodromic course; from Ancient Greek  ορθός (orthós) 'right angle' and  δρόμος (drómos) 'path') is the practice of navigating a vessel (a ship or aircraft) along a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest distance  between two points on the globe.

Atan2
In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2-argument arctangent. By definition,  is the angle measure (in radians, with ) between the positive -axis and the ray from the origin to the point  in the Cartesian plane. Equivalently,  is the argument (also called phase or angle) of the complex number  (The argument of a function and the argument of a complex number, each mentioned above, should not be confused.)

The  function first appeared in the programming language Fortran in 1961. It was originally intended to return a correct and unambiguous value for the angle ⁠⁠ in converting from Cartesian coordinates ⁠⁠ to polar coordinates ⁠⁠. If  and , then  and

If ⁠⁠, the desired angle measure is  However, when x < 0, the angle  is diametrically opposite the desired angle, and ⁠⁠ (a half turn) must be added to place the point in the correct quadrant. Using the  function does away with this correction, simplifying code and mathematical formulas.
No-SCAR genome editing
No-SCAR genome editing is an editing method that is able to manipulate the Escherichia coli (E. coli) genome. The system relies on recombineering whereby DNA sequences are combined and manipulated through homologous recombination. No-SCAR is able to manipulate the E. coli genome without the use of the chromosomal markers detailed in previous recombineering methods. Instead, the λ-Red recombination system facilitates donor DNA integration while Cas9 cleaves double-stranded DNA to counter-select against wild-type cells. Although λ-Red and Cas9 genome editing are widely used technologies, the no-SCAR method is novel in combining the two functions; this technique is able to establish point mutations, gene deletions, and short sequence insertions in several genomic loci with increased efficiency and time sensitivity.

Cas9
Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9, formerly Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a DNA cutting enzyme that is part of the CRISPR immune system in bacteria and archaea. It has been adapted to be used as a CRISPR genome editing tool that enables targeted modification of DNA sequences and permanently changes a cell’s genome.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is widely used in genetic engineering, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Cas9 introduces site-specific double-stranded breaks in DNA, enabling gene inactivation, removal, or insertion through cellular repair mechanisms such as non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination. Variants of Cas9, including Cas9 nickase (Cas9n), that create single-strand breaks, and versions recognizing different PAM sequences, have been developed to address limitations in CRISPR-Cas9 editing.

The development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has raised ethical and regulatory concerns, particularly regarding human germline editing and genetic enhancement.
Roger L. Easton
Roger Lee Easton Sr. (April 30, 1921 – May 8, 2014) was an American physicist and state representative who was the principal inventor and designer of the Global Positioning System, along with Ivan A. Getting and Bradford Parkinson.

United States Naval Research Laboratory
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. Located in Washington, DC, it was founded in 1923 and conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping. The laboratory's specialties include plasma physics, space physics, materials science, and tactical electronic warfare. NRL is one of the first US government scientific R&D laboratories, having opened in 1923 at the instigation of Thomas Edison, and is currently under the Office of Naval Research.

As of 2016, NRL was a Navy Working Capital Fund activity, which means it is not a line-item in the US Federal Budget. Instead of direct funding from Congress, all costs, including overhead, were recovered through sponsor-funded research projects. NRL's research expenditures were approximately $1 billion per year.
Flexagon
In geometry, flexagons are flat models, usually constructed by folding strips of paper, that can be flexed or folded in certain ways to reveal faces besides the two that were originally on the back and front.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (tetraflexagons) or hexagonal (hexaflexagons). A prefix can be added to the name to indicate the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing. For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

In hexaflexagon theory (that is, concerning flexagons with six sides), flexagons are usually defined in terms of pats.

Two flexagons are equivalent if one can be transformed to the other by a series of pinches and rotations. Flexagon equivalence is an equivalence relation.

Pentagon
In geometry, a pentagon (from Greek  πέντε (pente) 'five' and  γωνία (gonia) 'angle') is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon.  The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°.

A pentagon may be simple or self-intersecting. A self-intersecting regular pentagon (or star pentagon) is called a pentagram.
2023 Football South Australia season
The 2023 Football South Australia season was the 117th season of soccer in South Australia. It was the 18th to be run by Football South Australia and the 11th under the National Premier Leagues banner.

National Premier Leagues
The National Premier Leagues (NPL) is a men's national association football competition in Australia which acts as the second tier of the sport in the country below the A-League. The NPL consists of the highest level state league in each state-based federation within Australia. In total the NPL is contested by clubs from eight divisions; these are ACT, NSW, Northern NSW, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. The NPL is overseen by Football Australia, in partnership with participating state-based member federations.

Up to the 2019 season, one representative from each Member Federation participated in the NPL Championship, a knock-out competition to determine a national champion.

From the 2025 season, the NPL Premiers from each Member Federation will be invited to play in the new 16-team Australian Championship, to be played between October and December 2025.
United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Selection and Indoctrination
The two amphibious/ground reconnaissance assets of the United States Marine Corps, Division and Force Reconnaissance, are generally trained in the same aspect and environment of intelligence collection for a Marine Air–Ground Task Force (MAGTF) Commander, regardless of their difference in tactical area of responsibility (TAOR). However, in light of their distinctive responsibilities in their assigned areas of operations—whereas Division Recon conducts close and distant operations, Force Recon conducts deep operations—these two separate reconnaissance assets manage their own training protocols to fit their mission-oriented objectives.

Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton is the major West Coast base of the United States Marine Corps and is one of the largest Marine Corps bases in the United States. It is on the Southern California coast in San Diego County and is bordered by Oceanside to the south, San Clemente in Orange County to the north, La Cresta and Murrieta in Riverside County to the northeast, and Fallbrook to the east.

The base was established in 1942 to train U.S. Marines for service in World War II. By October 1944, Camp Pendleton was declared a "permanent installation," and by 1946 it became the home of the 1st Marine Division. It was named after Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton (1860–1942), who had long advocated setting up a training base for the Marine Corps on the West Coast. Today it is home to many Operating Force units, including the I Marine Expeditionary Force and various training commands.