hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Blaenau Festiniog Junction railway station
Blaenau Festiniog Junction railway station (also known as Stesion Fain railway station) was the Festiniog Railway (FR)'s third of eventually five passenger stations in Blaenau Ffestiniog, then in Merionethshire, now in Gwynedd, Wales.

Ffestiniog Railway
The Ffestiniog Railway (Welsh: Rheilffordd Ffestiniog) is a heritage railway based on 1 ft 11+1⁄2 in (597 mm) narrow-gauge, in Gwynedd, Wales. It is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park.

The railway is about 13+1⁄2 miles (21.7 km) long and runs from the harbour at Porthmadog to the slate mining town of Blaenau Ffestiniog, travelling through forested and mountainous terrain. The line is single track throughout with four intermediate passing places. The first mile of the line out of Porthmadog runs atop an embankment called the Cob, which is the dyke of the polder known as Traeth Mawr.

The Festiniog Railway Company, which owns the railway, is the oldest surviving railway company in the world. It also owns the Welsh Highland Railway, which was re-opened fully in 2011. The two railways share the same track gauge and meet at Porthmadog station, with occasional trains working the entire 40-mile (64 km) route from Blaenau Ffestiniog to Caernarfon.
First Tactical Air Force (Provisional)
First Tactical Air Force (Provisional) was a U.S.-French multinational air formation active in 1944-45. It was organized in the fall of 1944 to provide air support to the Sixth Army Group.  Its operations concentrated on the reduction of the Colmar Pocket on the east side of the Rhine River.  After the success of Operation Cheerful, it moved into southern Germany, continuing operations against German forces there.  Following V-E Day, it was discontinued and its elements returned to their assigned headquarters.

Rhône
The Rhône (/roʊn/ ROHN, French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Occitan: Ròse; Arpitan: Rôno) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion). At Arles, near its mouth, the river divides into the Great Rhône (French: le Grand Rhône; Occitan: Grand Ròse) and the Little Rhône (le Petit Rhône; Pichon Ròse). The resulting delta forms the Camargue region.

The river's source is the Rhône Glacier, at the eastern edge of the Swiss canton of Valais. The glacier is part of the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which gives rise to three other major rivers: the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino.

The Rhône is, with the Po and the Nile, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.
Ramsele
Ramsele (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈrǎmːsɛlɛ]) is a locality situated in Sollefteå Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 968 inhabitants in 2010. Since the 1960s, the population has decreased from 1563 to 968. It is situated by the river Faxälven about 70 km north-west of Sollefteå. The oldest known name of the town is "Rannasild", according to a local book about the area. Later it was known as Hrafnasil, a name which probably originated from Old Norse, and literally meant 'Calm water of ravens'. The oldest evidence of settlement is a church from the late 13th century.

Västernorrland County
Västernorrland County (Swedish: Västernorrlands län) is a county (län) in the north of Sweden. It is bordered by the counties of Gävleborg, Jämtland, Västerbotten and the Gulf of Bothnia.

The name Västernorrland means "Western Norrland", as it was in the western part of the original Norrland (northern Sweden and northern Finland).
Lake Ronkonkoma (lake)
Lake Ronkonkoma is a freshwater lake in Suffolk County, New York. It is a kettle lake formed by retreating glaciers and is the largest freshwater lake on Long Island; it has a circumference of about 2 miles (3.2 km) and is 0.65 miles (1.05 km) across on average.
The lake is owned by the Town of Islip under the terms of the Nicolls Patent. The land around it is controlled by three town governments – Smithtown, Islip and Brookhaven. The separation originated because three different Native American communities claimed lands on different shores, and these claims continued when the tribes gave separate deeds to the land under their control. The name Ronkonkoma comes from an Algonquian expression meaning "boundary fishing-lake", also earlier written as Raconkumake and Raconkamuck.

Smallmouth bass
The smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of the order Centrarchiformes. It is the type species of its genus Micropterus (black basses), and is a popular game fish sought by anglers throughout the temperate zones of North America, and has been spread by stocking —as well as illegal introductions—to many cool-water tributaries and lakes in Canada and more so introduced in the United States. The maximum recorded size is approximately 27 inches (69 cm) and 12 pounds (5.4 kg).

The smallmouth bass is native to the upper and middle Mississippi River basin, the Saint Lawrence River–Great Lakes system, the Champlain Valley, and the Hudson Bay basin. Its common names include smallmouth, bronzeback, brown bass, brownie, smallie, bronze bass, and bareback bass.
2011 BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux
The 2011 BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament. It was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Bordeaux, France between May 7 and May 15, 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Branko's Bridge
Branko's Bridge (Serbian: Бранков мост, romanized: Brankov most) is the second-largest bridge (after Gazela) of Belgrade, Serbia, connecting the city center with New Belgrade across the Sava river. Built in 1956 on the foundations of the 1934 King Alexander Bridge, which was destroyed in World War II, it reconnected Belgrade and Zemun as the only motorway bridge at the time. After several official and unofficial names, the present name stuck after the Brankova Street, which extends into the bridge from the direction of the old section of Belgrade.

Zeleni Venac
Zeleni Venac (Serbian Cyrillic: Зелени венац) or colloquially Zelenjak (Serbian Cyrillic: Зелењак) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in the Belgrade's municipalities of Savski Venac (major part) and Stari Grad.
2002 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship
The 2002 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship was the sixth IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, the premier annual international inline hockey tournament. It took place in Nuremberg and Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Germany, with the gold-medal game played on July 27, 2002.

IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship
The IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships were an annual international men's inline hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The first World Championship was held in 1996 in which eleven nations participated. In 2003, sixteen nations took part and were split into two divisions. The top eight teams played for the World Championship and the other eight played for the Division I title. The last format in use featured the World Championship, Division I and three regional qualification tournaments. The World Championship and Division I tournament were played on odd years and the qualification tournaments were played on even years. The United States was the tournament's most dominant team, winning the World Championship seven times. After 20 editions, the IIHF cancelled the tournament in June 2019.
St. Paul University System
The St. Paul University System is a network of Catholic higher education institutions in the Philippines run by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC). 
The System was officially awarded accreditation on March 10, 2004. Administered by the (SPC) Congregation of the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (E-1904), it consists of seven campuses around the Philippines.

The 7 member campuses of the system is one of the 40 schools owned, managed, and operated by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC) in the Philippines.

St. Paul University Philippines in Tuguegarao is the flagship and main campus of the university system and it is also currently ranked, included, and recognized in the top and major world university rankings such as Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), Times Higher Education (THE), and World University Ranking for Innovation (WURI) rankings.

The St. Paul University System is the first university system recognized by the Commission on Higher Education.

Commission on Higher Education
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED; Filipino: Komisyon sa Mas Mataas na Edukasyon or Komisyon sa Lalong Mataas na Edukasyon) is a government agency under the Office of the President of the Philippines. It is responsible for regulating and governing all higher education institutions and post-secondary educational programs in the country.
Bristol Supertram
Bristol Supertram was a proposed light rail system for the Bristol and South Gloucestershire regions of England. In 2001, the project was given backing from the government to build a line that would link the city centre with the North Bristol region, but the project was cancelled in 2004.

Bristol Parkway railway station
Bristol Parkway, on the South Wales Main Line, serves the villages of Stoke Gifford and Harry Stoke in South Gloucestershire, England. Despite its name, it is located in Gloucestershire rather than Bristol itself, and is the busiest station in the county. It is 112 miles (180 km) from London Paddington. The station was opened in 1972 by British Rail and rebuilt in 2001. It is the third-most heavily used station in the West of England combined authority area, after Bristol Temple Meads and Bath Spa. There are four platforms, and a well-equipped waiting area. The station is managed by Great Western Railway, who provide most of the trains at the station, with CrossCountry providing the rest.

Electrification using 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead system reached Bristol Parkway in late 2018, and electric trains in the Swindon and London direction commenced passenger service on 30 December 2018. This was part of the 21st-century modernisation of the Great Western Main Line.
Michael Winter (sport shooter)
Michael Winter (born May 20, 1976 in Munich) is a German sport shooter. Winter represented Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he competed for all three rifle shooting events.

In his first event, 10 m air rifle, Winter was able to hit a total of 588 points within six attempts, finishing thirty-sixth in the qualifying rounds. Few days later, he placed thirty-first in the 50 m rifle prone, by one target ahead of Switzerland's Marcel Bürge from the final attempt, with a total score of 590 points. In his third and last event, 50 m rifle 3 positions, Winter was able to shoot 396 targets in a prone position, and 385 each in standing and in kneeling, for a total score of 1,166 points, finishing only in seventeenth place.

Marcel Bürge
Marcel Bürge (born 28 March 1972 in Arbon) is a Swiss rifle shooter. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he placed 14th in the 50 m rifle prone event and 11th in the 50 m rifle three positions event.
Stenacris vitreipennis
Stenacris vitreipennis, known generally as the glassy-winged toothpick grasshopper or glassy-winged locust, is a species of spur-throat toothpick grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America and South America.

The average size of a male viteipennis is about 24–30 mm and that of a female is 27–40 mm. They have green to brownish green, long, slender, pointed head, sword-shaped antennae and spine beneath head in front of forelegs, distinguishing it from somewhat similar slant-faced grasshoppers, subfamily Gomphocerinae.

They are usually found in semiaquatic vegetation such as cattails (Typha spp.) and Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata).

Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae (so they may be called "short-horned grasshoppers"), and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.
Characterizations of the exponential function
In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways.
This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent.

The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics".
It is therefore useful to have multiple ways to define (or characterize) it.
Each of the characterizations below may be more or less useful depending on context.
The "product limit" characterization of the exponential function was discovered by Leonhard Euler.

Limit inferior and limit superior
In mathematics, the limit inferior and limit superior (or limes inferior and limes superior) of a sequence can be thought of as limiting (that is, eventual and extreme) bounds on the sequence. They can be thought of in a similar fashion for a function (see limit of a function). For a set, they are the infimum and supremum of the set's limit points, respectively. In general, when there are multiple objects around which a sequence, function, or set accumulates, the inferior and superior limits extract the smallest and largest of them; the type of object and the measure of size is context-dependent, but the notion of extreme limits is invariant. 
Limit inferior is also called infimum limit, limit infimum, liminf, inferior limit, lower limit, or inner limit; limit superior is also known as supremum limit, limit supremum, limsup, superior limit, upper limit, or outer limit.

The limit inferior of a sequence  is denoted by

and the limit superior of a sequence  is denoted by
Waipukurau
Waipukurau is the largest town in the Central Hawke's Bay District on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the banks of the Tukituki River, 7 kilometres south of Waipawa and 50 kilometres southwest of Hastings.

Ngāti Kahungunu
Ngāti Kahungunu (Māori pronunciation: [ˈŋaːti ˈkahʉŋʉnʉ]) is a Māori iwi (tribe) located along the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The iwi is traditionally centred in the Hawke's Bay and Wairārapa regions. The Kahungunu iwi also comprises 86 hapū (sub-tribes) and 90 marae (meeting grounds).

The tribe is organised into six geographical and administrative divisions: Wairoa, Te Whanganui-ā-Orotū, Heretaunga, Tamatea, Tāmaki-nui-a Rua and Wairarapa. It is the 4th largest iwi in New Zealand by population, with 82,239 people identifying as Ngāti Kahungunu in the 2018 census.
Sergei Dudakov
Sergei Viktorovich Dudakov (Russian: Сергей Викторович Дудаков; born 13 January 1970) is a Russian figure skating coach and former competitor who represented the Soviet Union. He is the 1989 Golden Spin of Zagreb champion and a two-time (1989–90) Piruetten champion. He finished 7th at the 1987 World Junior Championships. He was coached by Viktor Kudriavtsev in Moscow.

Dudakov coached at DYUSSH No. 48 (Moscow) in 2006–11 before joining Eteri Tutberidze's group at Sambo 70 (Moscow) in the 2011–12 season. His past and present students include: Yulia Lipnitskaya (until 2015), Serafima Sakhanovich (2014–15), Evgenia Medvedeva (until 2018), Alina Zagitova, Alena Kostornaia, Anna Shcherbakova, Alexandra Trusova, Kamila Valieva, Sergei Voronov (2013–16), Adian Pitkeev (until 2016), Moris Kvitelashvili, and Polina Tsurskaya (2013–2018).

Morisi Kvitelashvili
Morisi Mikhailovich Kvitelashvili (Georgian: მორის ყვითელაშვილი, pronounced [moɾis qʼʷitʰelaʃʷili]; Russian: Морис Михайлович Квителашвили, born 17 March 1995) is a retired Russian-Georgian figure skater who represented Georgia. He is the 2020 European bronze medalist, a three-time Rostelecom Cup medalist (including gold in 2021), a five-time Challenger series medalist (including gold at the 2017 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb), and the 2018 Georgian national champion.

Representing Russia, Kvitelashvili is the 2015 CS Mordovian Ornament bronze medalist. On the junior level, he is the 2013 JGP Czech Republic bronze medalist and the 2014 Russian junior national bronze medalist.

Kvitelashvili placed 24th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and progressed to 10th place at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
Aaron Owens
Aaron Owens (born March 20, 1974), better known by his nickname "AO", is an American streetball player from North Philadelphia.

In 2013, Owens participated in the Ball4Real World Tour. He was on the AND1 Mixtape Tour from its creation until 2007. Owens attended Simon Gratz High School. He attended Salem International University in West Virginia from 1992 to 1993 but did not play basketball for the school. He accepted a scholarship from Fort Hays State University in Hays, Kansas during the 1997–1998 academic year, where he was the starting point guard. At the end of the school year, Owens made the decision to transfer. He then played basketball at Henderson State University in Arkansas from 1998 to 1999, where he graduated in 1999 and was a Division II All-American.

Ball4Real
Ball4Real was the name of a traveling basketball exhibition and competition which made its debut in June 2007.  A group of well-known streetball players traveled from city to city to challenge teams composed of local talent. Games tended to be characterized by complicated dribbling, ballhandling, and passing, acrobatic slam dunks, and a looser interpretation of rules.
The Ash Pit
The Ash Pit is an inactive volcanic crater on the southern edge of the Kitsu Plateau in British Columbia, Canada. It is Holocene in age and may be the youngest feature of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. It is within the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, that includes over 160 active volcanoes.

Volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava. A volcanic crater can be of large dimensions and sometimes of great depth. During certain types of explosive eruptions, a volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside, forming a type of larger depression known as a caldera.
Marlon Richards
Marlon Kevin Alexander Richards (born 10 January 1989) is a Guyanese-born Trinidadian cricketer who plays for the Trinidad and Tobago national team in West Indian domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler.

Richards was born in Guyana, eventually moving with his family to Trinidad at the age of 12. He made his first-class debut for Trinidad and Tobago during the 2012–13 Regional Four Day Competition, and in the tournament semi-final against Jamaica took a maiden five-wicket haul, 5/46. In the 2014–15 Regional Four Day Competition, Richards took 27 wickets, with only Imran Khan taking more among his teammates.

Imran Khan (Trinidad and Tobago cricketer)
Imran Khan (born 6 July 1984 in Port of Spain) is a Trinidadian cricketer who plays as a right arm leg spinner. Khan has mainly featured for Trinidad and Tobago in first-class and list-A matches. He has also played for Caribbean Premier League teams Barbados Tridents, Jamaica Tallawahs and the St Kitts and Nevis Patriots.
2019 Tennis Challenger Hamburg
The 2019 Tennis Challenger Hamburg was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Hamburg, Germany between 21 and 27 October 2019.

Hamburg Ladies & Gents Cup
The Hamburg Ladies & Gents Cup is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It is held annually in Hamburg, Germany since 2019.
David Rochela
David Rochela Calvo (born 19 February 1990) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Brought up at Deportivo La Coruña, he made 18 appearances including in La Liga and the Segunda División, also representing Racing de Santander in the latter. He spent most of his career in the Thai League 1, winning honours at Buriram United and Port.

2014 Kor Royal Cup
The 2014 Kor Royal Cup was the 79th Kor Royal Cup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Thai Premier League and Thai FA Cup competitions.  The match was played at Suphanburi Stadium, Suphanburi and contested by 2013 Thai Premier League champions Buriram United, and 2013 Thai Premier League runners-up Muangthong United, as Buriram also won the 2013 Thai FA Cup. On January 21, with less than two week before the start of the tournament, the 2014 Kor Royal Cup were moved from the capital Bangkok to Suphanburi because the 2013–14 Thai political crisis .
Watery Grave (EP)
The Watery Grave EP was Graham Van Pelt's first release under his solo project Miracle Fortress. The self-released five-song EP was recorded in 2005 at Friendship Cove, a recording studio/indie rock venue owned by Van Pelt and fellow friend Jack Dylan. The success of Watery Grave gained Van Pelt the attention of record label Secret City of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This led to a collaboration that yielded his first full-length album Five Roses.

Copies of the Watery Grave EP are currently out of print, and can only be purchased at shows and through their official MySpace page.

Five Roses (album)
Five Roses is the first album by Miracle Fortress, released on May 22, 2007. On July 10, 2007, the shortlist for the Polaris Music Prize was revealed. Five Roses was announced as a finalist, alongside such other acts as Arcade Fire, Julie Doiron, and Chad VanGaalen. The winner was announced at a gala ceremony on September 24, 2007, with the award going to Patrick Watson.
University of ancient Taxila
The university of ancient Taxila (ISO: Takṣaśilā Viśvavidyālaya) was a center of the Gurukula system of learning in Prakrit, Sanskrit, Jain and Vedic traditions in Taxila, Gandhara, in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, near the bank of the Indus River. It was established as a centre of education in religious and secular topics. It started as a Jain  seat of learning and in the early centuries CE it became a prominent centre of Brahminical and Buddhist scholarship as well.

In 1980, Taxila was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Odantapuri
Odantapuri (also called Odantapura or Uddandapura) was a prominent Buddhist monastic university in what is now Bihar Sharif in Bihar, India. It is believed to have been established by the Pala ruler Gopala I in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after Nalanda and was situated in Magadha. Inscriptional evidence also indicates that the Mahavihara was supported by local Buddhist kings like the Pithipatis of Magadha.

The vihara fell into decline in the 11th century, and was looted and destroyed by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a Turkic Muslim invader in the late 1100s, when he launched multiple raids on Bihar and adjoining territories.