hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stress ulcer
A stress ulcer is defined as ulceration in the upper GI tract as a result of hospitalization which can become complicated by upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These ulcers can be caused by shock, sepsis, trauma or other conditions and are found in patients with chronic illnesses. These ulcers are a significant issue in patients in critical and intensive care.

A distinction between peptic and stress ulcers is their location in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Whereas ordinary peptic ulcers are found commonly in the gastric antrum and the duodenum, stress ulcers are usually found in the fundic mucosa and can be located anywhere within the stomach and proximal duodenum. Stress ulcers tend to present with multiple lesions whereas in peptic ulcers this is much more uncommon.

Duodenum
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In mammals, it may be the principal site for iron absorption.
The duodenum precedes the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestine.

In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25–38 centimetres (10–15 inches) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum, the middle part of the small intestine. It begins with the duodenal bulb, and ends at the duodenojejunal flexure marked by the  suspensory muscle of duodenum. The duodenum can be divided into four parts: the first (superior), the second (descending), the third (transverse) and the fourth (ascending) parts.
Clapton, London
Clapton is a district of east London, England, in the London Borough of Hackney.

Clapton is divided into Upper Clapton, in the north, and Lower Clapton to the south. Clapton railway station lies 4.7 miles (7.6 km) north-east of Charing Cross.

East London
East London is the part of London, England, east of the ancient City of London and north of the River Thames as it begins to widen. East London developed as London's docklands and the primary industrial centre. The expansion of railways in the 19th century encouraged the eastward expansion of the East End of London and a proliferation of new suburbs. The industrial lands of East London are today an area of regeneration, which are well advanced in places such as Canary Wharf and ongoing elsewhere.
Csaba Csáki
Csaba Csáki is a Hungarian theoretical physicist who studied under Lisa Randall at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He is known for his work in models of extra dimensions and supersymmetry. He is currently a professor at Cornell University. He was granted fellowship by the American Physical Society in 2016.

Lisa Randall
Lisa Randall HonFInstP (born June 18, 1962) is an American theoretical physicist and Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University. Her research includes the fundamental forces of nature and dimensions of space.  She studies the Standard Model, supersymmetry, possible solutions to the hierarchy problem concerning the relative weakness of gravity, cosmology of dimensions, baryogenesis, cosmological inflation, and dark matter. She co-developed the Randall–Sundrum model, first published in 1999 with Raman Sundrum.
Futagozuka Kofun (Fukuyama)
Futagozuka Kofun (二子塚古墳)  is a Kofun period keyhole-shaped burial mound, located in the Nakashima Ekiyacho neighborhood of the city of Fukuyama, Hiroshima in the San'yō region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2009. It is noted for the large quantity of grave goods discovered.

Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Fukuyama (福山市, Fukuyama-shi) is a city in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 459,160 in 214259 households and a population density of 890 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 518.14 square kilometres (200.05 sq mi). After Hiroshima, it is the largest city in Hiroshima Prefecture. The city's symbol is the rose and it holds an annual Rose Festival in the month of May. The official mascot of Fukuyama is an anthropomorphic rose child by the name of Rola.
Fuyang, Sichuan
Fuyang (simplified Chinese: 涪阳; traditional Chinese: 涪陽; pinyin: Fúyáng) is a town under the administration of Tongjiang County, Sichuan, China. As of 2020, it administers Fuyangba Residential Community (涪阳坝社区) and the following ten villages:

Hongjiang Village (红江村)

Jinjiaping Village (金家坪村)

Xiajiangkou Village (下江口村)

Shilongsi Village (石龙寺村)

Xietanhe Village (斜滩河村)

Zhongmatou Village (中码头村)

Huoshuigou Village (活水沟村)

Jiahezhai Village (嘉禾寨村)

Chengziping Village (城子坪村)

Wuxuetang Village (武学堂村)

Tongjiang County
Tongjiang County (Chinese: 通江县; pinyin: Tōngjiāng Xiàn) is a county in the northeast of Sichuan Province, China, bordering Shaanxi Province to the north. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Bazhong, with an area of 4,125 km2 (1,593 sq mi), and a population of approximately 522,000 in 2020.
Serra da Estrela Subregion
Serra da Estrela (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɛʁɐ ðɐ ɨʃˈtɾelɐ]) is a former NUTS3 statistical subregion of Portugal integrated in the NUTS2 Centro region that takes its name from the largest mountain range in Portugal - the Serra da Estrela. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision.

Bordered to the north by Dão-Lafões, to the west by Beira Interior Norte, to south by Cova da Beira, and to the east by Pinhal Interior Norte the subregion contains the Serra da Estrela, the largest range and highest mountain in Portugal and much of the 1000 km2 Natural Park of Serra da Estrela.  The subregion itself is only 867.8 km2.

Pinhal Interior Norte
Pinhal Interior Norte (Portuguese pronunciation: [piˈɲal ĩtɨɾiˈoɾ ˈnɔɾtɨ]) is a former Portuguese subregion, in Centro Region, Portugal. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. The principal and most populous town is Lousã. The only city is Oliveira do Hospital.
Common Ground Festival
Common Ground Festival was originally called "The Dirty Weekend" (until 2016) and is a not-for-profit punk rock festival held in the United Kingdom every September since 2004. Profits go to various grass roots charities focusing on political activism, animal rights, and other causes. It is generally dominated by anarcho-punk, crust punk, and hardcore punk bands but also features dub, ska punk, and folk punk acts.

Doom (British band)
Doom are an English hardcore punk band from Birmingham whose first lineup were together from 1987 to 1990. Despite its short existence, the band is considered pivotal in the rise of crust punk, a genre of punk rock that takes influence and elements from extreme metal. They recorded for Peaceville Records and are cited as an early precursor to grindcore. Doom were also a favourite of BBC Radio DJ John Peel.
Carolina Neurath
Anna Carolina Neurath (born 17 November 1985) is a Swedish journalist and writer. She specializes in writing business articles for the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. In 2016 her first work of fiction, Fartblinda, was published.

Guldspaden
Guldspaden   is an annual Swedish journalism award for investigative journalism.

Dating from 1991, it is awarded by the  non-profit organization Föreningen Grävande Journalister (Swedish Association of Investigative Journalism which is part of Global Investigative Journalism Network).

Prizes are awarded to  the country’s best investigative reporters.

The prize includes a spade statue in bronze  designed and created by sculptor and artist  Mats Lodén.
Megabirnaviridae
Megabirnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses with one genus Megabirnavirus which infects fungi. The group name derives from member's bipartite dsRNA genome and mega that is greater genome size (16 kbp) than families Birnaviridae (6 kbp) and Picobirnaviridae (4 kbp). The genus has five species. Diseases associated with this family include: reduced host virulence.

Orthopicobirnavirus
Orthopicobirnavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. It is the only genus in the family Picobirnaviridae. Although amniotes, especially mammals, were thought to serve as hosts, it has been recently suggested that these viruses might infect bacteria and possibly some other invertebrates. If they do infect bacteria, then they are bacteriophages. There are three species in this genus. Associated symptoms include gastroenteritis in animals and humans, though the disease association is unclear.
Texas's 1st Senate district
District 1 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that serves all of Bowie, Camp, Cass, Delta, Franklin, Gregg, Harrison, Lamar, Marion, Morris, Panola, Red River, Rusk, Smith, Titus, Upshur, and Wood counties in the U.S. state of Texas. The current senator from District 1 is Bryan Hughes.

Panola County, Texas
Panola County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 22,491, with its county seat in Carthage. Located in East Texas and originally developed for cotton plantations, the county's name is derived from a Choctaw word for cotton.

Until 2013, Panola County was one of about 30 entirely dry counties in Texas: the sale of alcohol was restricted or prohibited.
Maurice Beeli
Maurice Philippe Gaspard Beeli (21 October 1879, St-Gilles-lez-Bruxelles – 17 March 1957) was a Belgian mycologist.

For more than thirty years, being encouraged by Émile De Wildeman and Walter Robyns, successive directors of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, he collaborated on collections of fungi native to Belgium and the Belgian Congo. Although regarded as a pioneer of Congolese mycology, he never travelled to Africa.

Between 1920 and 1940, he published nearly 30 works about African mushrooms that were kept at the botanical garden, with 11 of the articles being printed in the journal "Fungi Goossensiani". He initiated work on the "Flore iconographique des champignons du Congo", precursor to the "Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale", a major regional work.

As a taxonomist, he circumscribed the genus Meliolinopsis (synonym Meliolaster).

Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman
Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman (19 October 1866 – 1947) was a Belgian botanist and phycologist. He is known for his investigations of Congolese flora.

From 1883 to 1887, he studied pharmacy at the Université libre de Bruxelles. In 1891, he began work as a preparateur at the Botanical Garden of Brussels, an institution where he later served as director. In 1892, he received his doctorate in sciences (academic advisor, Léo Errera) and in 1926 attained the title of professor.
Walchsee (lake)
Walchsee is a lake in Kufstein District in both Walchsee and Kössen municipalities, Tyrol, Austria. The lake lies entirely within the municipality of Walchsee in the Kufstein district, but the eastern shore belongs to the municipality of Kössen in the Kitzbühel district.

Its surface area of 95.3 hectares (235 acres) makes it the fourth largest natural waterbody in the state. Its maximum depth is 21.2 metres (70 ft), and its maximum volume is 11,782,560 cubic metres (416,097,000 cu ft).

Kössen
Kössen (German pronunciation: [ˈkœsn̩]) is a municipality in the Kitzbühel district in the Austrian state of Tyrol located 24 km north of Kitzbühel as well as 15.50 km north of Sankt Johann in Tirol at the Kitzbühler Ache near the border to Germany.
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri (Arabic: أبو الحسن علي بن محمد السمري) was the last of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Al-Samarri in this role succeeded Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti in 937.

Al-Samarri is said to have received a letter from Muhammad al-Mahdi shortly before his death in 941 CE. The letter predicted the death of al-Samarri in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation, later called the Major Occultation, which continues to this day. The letter, ascribed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God granted him permission to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.

Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i
Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i (Persian: سید محمدحسین طباطبائی, romanized: Muḥammad Ḥusayn Ṭabāṭabāʾī; 16 March 1903 – 15 November 1981) was an Iranian scholar, theorist, philosopher and one of the most prominent thinkers of modern Shia Islam. He is perhaps best known for his Tafsir al-Mizan, a twenty-seven-volume work of tafsir (Quranic exegesis), which he produced between 1954 and 1972. He is commonly known as Allameh Tabataba'i, and the Allameh Tabataba'i University in Tehran is named after him.
Jule Berndt
Jule Berndt (April 18, 1924 – December 7, 1997) was an American Lutheran clergyman and politician.

Born in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Berndt attended Winneconne High School, in Winneconne, Wisconsin, and then served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II as a navigator. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin and his master's degree in theology from Wartburg Theological Seminary. He married Lois Kroeschel and had two children, Leah and Bill. Berndt was pastor of Lutheran Churches in Milwaukee, Sturgeon Bay, Eau Claire, and River Falls, Wisconsin. He served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1981 as a Republican, while living in River Falls, Wisconsin. He died in River Falls.

River Falls, Wisconsin
River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is mostly within the town of River Falls, and adjacent to the town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce County. The population was 16,182 at the 2020 census, with 12,546 residing in Pierce County and 3,636 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area and about 30 miles (48 km) east of the center of that region.

River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.
Xu Xin (table tennis)
Xu Xin (simplified Chinese: 许昕; traditional Chinese: 許昕; pinyin: Xǔ Xīn; born 8 January 1990) is a Chinese professional table tennis player. He first reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 1 by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) in January 2013.

He is Vice Chairman of the Asian Table Tennis Federation.

He has won 17 World Tour Singles titles and won the World Championships in men's doubles thrice, mixed doubles twice, and five times in the team event. In addition, Xu Xin along with Ma Long and Zhang Jike won the men's team gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Table Tennis World Cup
The Table Tennis World Cup has been held annually since 1980. There had only been men's singles until the start of women's singles in 1996 and team competitions in 1990. The competitions are sanctioned by the International Table Tennis Federation.

In the years 2021–2023, the event was suspended. A new WTT event, WTT Cup Finals, began in 2021, which is the season-ending championship of the WTT. WTT stated that the winners of the WTT Cup Finals would win the prestigious ITTF World Cup trophies in March 2021, but the winners have been actually presented with WTT Cup Finals specific trophies since the inaugural edition, and the event has been renamed to simply WTT Finals since 2023, making it a pure season-ending event.

ITTF World Cup returned with an innovative mixed team format in 2023 in Chengdu, and ITTF Singles World Cup returned in 2024, in Macao, China.
Arthur's Hill
Arthur's Hill is a district of Newcastle upon Tyne. It lies approximately 1 mile west of Newcastle City Centre. It is bordered by Fenham to the west, Elswick to the south, and Spital Tongues to the north west. It gives name to a Newcastle City Council electoral ward with a population of 14,507. The area was part of the Westgate and Wingrove electoral wards up until 2018.

As the name suggests, Arthur's Hill is atop a large hill overlooking the city. It was known as Westgate until the 1820s.  Isaac Cookson developed an estate opposite Westgate Cemetery in 1826. This was named after his first son Arthur, the origin of the area's current name.

Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne
Elswick (/ˈɛlzɪk/ EL-zik) is a district and electoral ward of the city and metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England, 1.9 miles west of the city centre, bordering the River Tyne. Historically in Northumberland, Elswick became part of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1835. Located at a height of 53.1m, Elswick overlooks the River Tyne. Elswick is home to the Newcastle Utilita Arena and Newcastle College, with approximately 45,000 students.
Nyavani
Nyavani is a small village situated along the R524 route to Punda Maria in the Kruger National Park. The nearest towns from Nyavani are Malamulele to the south and Thohoyandou to the west. Nyavani falls under Collins Chabane Local Municipality. It borders the villages Tshikonelo to the north and Murhaga to the west.

The two dominant languages spoken in the area are Venda and Tsonga. There are two schools in Nyavani: Dlamani High School and Nyavani Primary School.

Thohoyandou
Thohoyandou (Venda: Ṱhohoyanḓou) is a town in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. It is the administrative centre of Vhembe District Municipality and Thulamela Local Municipality. It is also known for being the former capital of the bantustan of Venda.
Error concealment
Error concealment is a technique used in signal processing that aims to minimize the deterioration of signals caused by missing data, called packet loss. A signal is a message sent from a transmitter to a receiver in multiple small packets. Packet loss occurs when these packets are misdirected, delayed, resequenced, or corrupted.

Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, improve subjective video quality, and to detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
Abdel Hamid Fouad Gad
Abdel Hamid Fouad Gad (born 20 December 1943) is an Egyptian boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. At the 1972 Summer Olympics he lost to Vladimir Kolev of Bulgaria.

Vladimir Kolev
Vladimir Kolev (Bulgarian: Владимир Колев, born April 18, 1954) is a retired boxer from Bulgaria and Olympic bronze medalist. He also works as an actor, and has appeared in many American films.

At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, he won the bronze medal in the light welterweight division (– 63'5 kg) after being defeated in the semifinals by eventual runner-up Andrés Aldama of Cuba.

Two years earlier, at the inaugural 1974 World Championships in Havana, Cuba, he won the silver medal, after losing to Ayub Kalule from Uganda in the final.
Scilicet (journal)
Scilicet is an academic journal that was established in 1968 by Jacques Lacan as the official French-language journal of the École Freudienne de Paris. Published by Éditions du Seuil, it appeared intermittently until the double issue of 1976. The title was revived in 2006 to distribute preparatory texts for the congresses of the World Association of Psychoanalysis and is now published in both French and Spanish. The new series began with a digital volume and has since extended to four print volumes.

École Freudienne de Paris
The École freudienne de Paris (EFP; English: "Freudian School of Paris") was a French psychoanalytic professional body formed in 1964 by Jacques Lacan. It became "a vital—if conflict-ridden—institution until its dissolution in 1980".
Wakatipu Basin
The Wakatipu Basin is a plain surrounded by mountains in Queenstown Lakes District, in the southern South Island of New Zealand.

At the south west corner is found the Queenstown suburb of Frankton and Queenstown Airport.  This is where the basin abuts the Frankton arm of Lake Wakatipu. At the northeast corner of the basin is Arrowtown and at the NW corner is Arthur's Point. To the south is found the Remarkables mountain range; to the North is Coronet Peak.  The Crown Range forms the eastern boundary of the basin. Located centrally in the basin is Lake Hayes. Much of the basin is drained by the Kawarau River.

The economy of the basin and surrounding areas is largely supported by tourism, though the importance of the vineyards of the Gibbston Valley and Central Otago wine regions has increased since the 1990s.

Queenstown-Lakes District
Queenstown-Lakes District, a local government district, is in the Otago Region of New Zealand that was formed in 1986. It is surrounded by the districts of Central Otago, Southland, Westland and Waitaki.

Much of the area is often referred to as Queenstown because of the popularity of the resort town, but the district covers a much wider area, including the towns of Wānaka to the north-east, Glenorchy to the north-west and Kingston to the south.

The district is sometimes called the Southern Lakes, as it contains Lake Wakatipu, Lake Wānaka and Lake Hāwea.
Kassey Kallman
Kassey Lee Kallman (born May 6, 1992) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender. She played college soccer for the Florida State Seminoles before playing professionally for FC Kansas City, the Boston Breakers, and the Washington Spirit of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).

2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
The 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was the 6th edition of the tournament. The tournament was played in Japan from 19 August to 8 September with sixteen national football teams and marked the first hosting of a FIFA women's tournament in the country.

The host nation was to be decided on 19 March 2010 but was postponed by FIFA to give bidders more time to prepare their bids.

On 3 March 2011, FIFA initially awarded the World Cup to Uzbekistan. However, on 18 December 2011 FIFA had the tournament stripped from this country for problems with the bid and named Japan as a possible host. Japan was officially announced as host on 8 February 2012.
1995 ATP German Open
The 1995 German Open was a men's tennis tournament played on clay courts that was part of the Championship Series category of the 1995 ATP Tour. It was the 89th edition of the tournament and took place at the Rothenbaum Tennis Center in Hamburg, Germany, from 8 May to 15 May 1995. Andrei Medvedev won the singles title.

1995 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF).
Natasha Mitchell (executive)
Natasha Mitchell is the current Interim Secretary & Chief Executive at the Royal Academy of Arts. She took the interim position after the departure of previous Secretary and Chief Executive of the Royal Academy, Axel Rüger in September 2024.

Axel Rüger
Axel Rüger (born 1968 in Dortmund) is a German art historian, curator and museum director. He led the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 2019 through 2024, and in March 2025 assumed the directorship of the Frick Collection in New York City. Previously, he was director of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam from 2006 to 2019, and worked as a curator of Dutch art at the National Gallery in London.