hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–211)
The Roman invasion of Caledonia was launched in 208 by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus. The invasion lasted until late 210, when the emperor became ill and died at Eboracum (York) on 4 February 211. The war started well for the Romans with Severus managing to quickly reach the Antonine Wall, but when Severus pushed north into the highlands he became bogged down in a guerrilla war and he was never able to fully subjugate Caledonia. He reoccupied many forts built by Agricola over 100 years earlier, following the Battle of Mons Graupius, and crippled the ability of the Caledonians to raid Roman Britain.

The invasion was abandoned by Severus' son Caracalla and Roman forces once again withdrew to Hadrian's Wall.

Battle of Mons Graupius
The Battle of Mons Graupius was, according to Tacitus, a Roman military victory in what is now Scotland, taking place in AD 83 or, less probably, 84. The exact location of the battle is a matter of debate. Historians have long questioned some details of Tacitus's account of the fight, suggesting that he exaggerated Roman success.
North v South
The North of England and South of England cricket teams appeared in matches between the 1836 and 1961 seasons, most often playing against each other but also individually in games against touring teams, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and others. Until international cricket became firmly established towards the end of the 19th century, the North v South match was one of the major fixtures in the cricketing calendar along with Gentlemen v Players. Indeed, North v South was really the major fixture because it could potentially showcase the best 22 players in the country, whereas Gentlemen teams in the other match were often very weak.

In all, there were 155 North v South matches. The South won 62; the North won 55; 37 were drawn, and one match in 1889 was abandoned.

William Clarke (cricketer, born 1798)
William Clarke (24 December 1798 – 25 August 1856) was an English cricketer and team manager who played from 1826 to 1855. He founded, managed, and captained the All England Eleven. He has been described as "one of certain figures who, in the history of cricket, stand like milestones along the way". Clarke was born at Nottingham and died at Wandsworth in Surrey.

In the late 1820s, he lost sight in one eye after being struck there by a fives ball on the court behind the Bell Inn in Nottingham.
2014 Internacional Femenil Monterrey
The 2014 Internacional Femenil Monterrey was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Monterrey, Mexico, on 6–12 October 2014.

Internacional Femenil Monterrey
The Internacional Femenil Monterrey was a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor hard courts. The event was classified as a $50,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and was held in Monterrey, Mexico, from 2013 to 2015.
Pete Rawlings
Howard Peters "Pete" Rawlings (March 17, 1937 – November 14, 2003) was an American politician and the first African American to become chair of the powerful Appropriations Committee in the Maryland House of Delegates. Rawlings served the 40th legislative district, located in the central, northwest section of Baltimore, from 1979 until 2003. His daughter, Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, is the former Mayor of Baltimore.

Morgan State University
Morgan State University (Morgan State or MSU) is a public historically black research university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is the third largest among all Historically Black Colleges or Universities (HBCUs). In 1890, the university, then known as the Centenary Biblical Institute, changed its name to honor Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its board of trustees and a donor. It became a university in 1975.

Although a public institution, Morgan State is not a part of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. and classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
Surya Bahadur KC
Surya Bahadur KC was a Nepali industrialist and a House of Representatives member. He was known for founding Rara Noodle in Nepal. He had been affiliated with Nepali Congress for three years before he died. He also held the post of central treasurer at Rastriya Prajatantra Party. Surya Bahadur KC had also won elections for the chief of Pokhara city during the Panchayat Era.

Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal
Rastriya Prajatantra Party, Nepal (Nepali: राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी नेपाल; translation: National Democratic Party Nepal) is a Hindu right-wing, cultural conservative party. It previously existed as royalist political party in Nepal from 2006 to 2016. The party was formed as a splinter of Rastriya Prajatantra Party in 2006 and was later reunified in 2016. The party was reformed in 2022 by Kamal Thapa.

The party supported the restoration of the Hindu kingdom in Nepal under the Shah dynasty. Presently, the party advocates only Hindu nationalism.

The party was registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election for the first time. Ahead of the election, the party sought to form a front of royalist parties.

In the 2013 elections, the party had emerged as the fourth largest party in the Constituent Assembly winning 24 out of 575 seats.
Eucephalus (plant)
Eucephalus is a genus of North American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

Eucephalus is a perennial up to 160 cm (64 inches) tall. It has numerous flower heads, some species with both ray disc florets but others with only disc florets. Disc florets are nearly always yellow in the genus, but ray florets can be white, pink, purple, or violet.

Species

Eucephalus breweri - California Nevada Oregon

Eucephalus elegans - Nevada Oregon Idaho Montana Wyoming Utah Colorado

Eucephalus engelmannii - California Nevada Utah Colorado Idaho Montana Washington British Columbia Alberta

Eucephalus glabratus  - California Oregon

Eucephalus glaucescens Washington

Eucephalus gormanii  - Oregon

Eucephalus ledophyllus - California Oregon Washington

Eucephalus paucicapitatus - Washington British Columbia Alberta

Eucephalus tomentellus - California Oregon

Eucephalus vialis - California Oregon

Eucephalus glaucescens
Eucephalus glaucescens is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Klickitat aster. It grows on rocky slopes and in subalpine meadows at high elevations on and near Mount Adams in the south-central part of the US State of Washington.

Eucephalus glaucescens is a perennial herb up to 160 cm (5+1⁄3 ft) tall, with a woody caudex. Stems are hairless. Leaves are whitish and waxy. One plant will usually produce 5-60 flower heads in a large array. Each head has 8-13 purple ray florets surrounding numerous yellow  disc florets.
Real Gone (song)
"Real Gone" is a song written by Sheryl Crow and John Shanks for the 2006 Pixar film Cars. Crow's version of the song is the second single to the official soundtrack album to the film.

The song charted to No. 76 on the Billboard Pop 100, as well as No. 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart.

According to the sheet music published at MusicNotes.com, the song is written in the key of C major (recorded a half-step lower in B major).

Cars (soundtrack)
Cars: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2006 Disney/Pixar film of the same name. Released by Walt Disney Records on June 6, 2006, nine songs from the soundtrack are from popular and contemporary artists. The styles of these songs vary between pop, blues, country, and rock.  The remaining eleven pieces are orchestral scores composed and conducted by Randy Newman. The soundtrack was released three days before the film's release into theaters. It was also the fifth Pixar film not to be scored by Michael Giacchino or Thomas Newman. On November 25, 2006, the soundtrack's position on the Billboard 200 shot up from #126 to #47, with a 209% sales increase of 25,000 units, likely due to the Cars DVD being released earlier that month for the Christmas shopping season.  This was the first Pixar soundtrack to ever achieve Gold Certification in the United States. It is now Platinum in the U.S.
Staatsmijn Emma
The Dutch State Mine (DSM) Emma, in Dutch Staatsmijn Emma, was a coal mine located in Treebeek, Heerlen (now part of Brunssum) run by the Dutch state through its company DSM. The mine was in operation from 1911 until 1973. It was the second-largest mine in the Netherlands, but it had the highest production of all Dutch mines at 109 megatonnes (120,000,000 short tons). Its deepest shaft III was 980 metres (3,220 ft) deep. After the 1963 merger with the DSM Hendrik the deepest shaft was 1,058 metres (3,471 ft) deep.

Brunssum
Brunssum (Dutch: [ˈbrʏnsʏm] ⓘ; Limburgish: Broensem) is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. The municipality of Brunssum has 27,670 residents as of 2021.

Brunssum was a center of coal mining until 1973.
Calumet Charter Township, Michigan
Calumet Township (/ˌkæljʊˈmɛt/ KAL-yuu-MET), officially the Charter Township of Calumet, is a charter township of Houghton County in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,263 at the 2020 census. Even with a decreasing population, the township remains the largest township by population in Houghton County.

Charter township
A charter township is a form of local government in the U.S. state of Michigan. While all townships in Michigan are organized governments, a charter township has been granted a charter, which allows it certain rights and responsibilities of home rule that are generally intermediate between those of a city (a semi-autonomous jurisdiction in Michigan) and a village. Unless it is a home-rule village, a village is subject to the authority of any township in which it is located.

Of Michigan's 1,240 townships, 143 are charter townships. A number of charter townships are among the most populous municipalities in Michigan. For example, Clinton Township and Canton Township, both in Metro Detroit, were respectively the 8th and 9th most populous municipalities in Michigan at the 2020 census. The most recent township to become a charter township is Brady Township in Kalamazoo County, which adopted charter status on January 3, 2024.
George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford
George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford (16 April 1818 – 23 November 1857), styled The Honourable George Smythe until 1855, was a British Conservative politician, best known for his association with Benjamin Disraeli and the Young England movement. He served briefly as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1846 under Sir Robert Peel.

Robert Blake, Baron Blake
Robert Norman William Blake, Baron Blake, FBA, FRSL (23 December 1916 – 20 September 2003), was an English historian and peer. He is best known for his 1966 biography of Benjamin Disraeli, and for The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill, which grew out of his 1968 Ford lectures.
Constitutional Court of Georgia
The Constitutional Court of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სასამართლო, romanized: sakartvelos sak'onst'it'utsio sasamartlo) is the constitutional court of Georgia, the country's judicial body of constitutional review, having the greatest significance with the view of securing constitutional provisions and separation of powers, and protecting human rights and freedoms.

The Constitutional Court was established in 1996. The legal basis of its organisation and activity is the Constitution of Georgia, the Organic Law of Georgia "On the Constitutional Court of Georgia", and the Rules of the Constitutional Court. The legislation underwent several amendments from 2002 to 2018, the constitutional legal proceedings being made simplified and more expeditious. The Constitutional Court of Georgia was moved from Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, to Batumi, the main city of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, as part of the process of government decentralization, on 5 July 2007.

Constitutional court
A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
Elijah Hoole (architect)
Elijah Hoole  (1837 – 27 March 1912) was an English architect of Methodist churches, settlement halls and social housing. In relation to the social housing, he worked closely with the social reformer Octavia Hill for over 40 years.

Emma Cons
Emma Cons (4 March 1838 – 24 July 1912) was a British social reformer, strongly committed to women's suffrage. She also campaigned for educational opportunities for the working class, including cheap tickets to Shakespearean drama at the Old Vic Theatre, which she opened in 1880, later managed by her niece, Lilian Baylis.
Saitama City Cup
The Saitama City Cup is an International friendly football tournament held in Saitama, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It has been hosted by Urawa Red Diamonds annually since 2003 at Saitama Stadium 2002 until 2008 edition. 2009 event was also planned and announced but cancelled later due to 2009 flu pandemic. 2010 and 2011 edition were hosted by Omiya Ardija thus held at NACK5 Stadium Ōmiya. After absence in 2012, 2013 event will be hosted by Urawa again and Arsenal F.C. will be non-Japanese invitees, while previous edition in 2011 was competed by Omiya and Urawa, without non-Japanese invitees first time.

RB Omiya Ardija
RasenBallsport Omiya Ardija or RB Ōmiya Ardija (RB大宮アルディージャ, Arubi Ōmiya Arudīja) is a Japanese professional association football club based in Ōmiya, Saitama Prefecture. Its "hometown" (as designated by the league) is shared with neighbours Urawa Red Diamonds. The team currently play in J2 League, the Japanese second tier of professional football, after promotion from the third tier in 2024.

The club was known as Ōmiya Ardija (大宮アルディージャ, Ōmiya Arudīja), before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in late November 2024 who renamed the club.
File 770
File 770 is a long-running science fiction fanzine, newszine, and blog site published and administered by Mike Glyer. It has been published every year since 1978, and has won a record eight Hugo Awards for  Best Fanzine, with the first win in 1984 and the latest in 2018.

File 770 is named after a legendary room party held in Room 770 at Nolacon, the 9th World Science Fiction Convention, in New Orleans in 1951. Glyer started File 770 in 1978 as a mimeographed print fanzine to report on fan clubs, conventions, fannish projects, fans, fanzines and SF awards. In the 1990s, Glyer moved production of the fanzine to computer desktop publishing, and on January 15, 2008, he began publishing File 770 as a blog on the internet.

A print version of File 770 was produced until 2016. eFanzines.com began hosting PDF versions of the paper issues in 2005.

Science-fiction fanzine
A science-fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi-professional magazine published by members of science-fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day. They were one of the earliest forms of fanzine, within which the term "fanzine" was coined, and at one time constituted the primary type of science-fictional fannish activity ("fanac").
Grandmaster Flowers
Grandmaster Flowers (born Jonathon Cameron Flowers) was an American DJ from Brooklyn, New York. One of the earliest DJs to mix records together in sequence, Flowers was one of the earliest pioneers of disco. Flowers was involved in the hip hop and funk scene and had a "formative influence" on hip hop DJs such as Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa in the mid-1970s. Although respected by those he influenced, Flowers himself never attained the heights of his successors.

As he found his career fading due in part to competition from the younger up-and-coming DJs at the end of the 1970s, Flowers struggled with a drug dependency.

Flowers died in 1992.

Afrika Bambaataa
Lance Taylor (born April 17, 1957), also known as Afrika Bambaataa (/ˌæfrɪkə bæmˈbɑːtə/), is a retired American DJ, rapper, and record producer. He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture. Afrika Bambaataa is one of the originators of breakbeat DJing.

Through his co-opting of his street gang Black Spades into the music and culture-oriented organization Universal Zulu Nation, he has helped spread hip hop culture throughout the world.
In May 2016, Bambaataa left his position as head of the Universal Zulu Nation due to multiple allegations of child sexual abuse dating as far back as the 1970s.
Tikale Peak
Tikale Peak (Bulgarian: връх Тикале, romanized: vrah Tikale, IPA: [ˈvrɤx tiˈkalɛ]) is the rocky, partly ice-free peak rising to 613 m in southeastern Poibrene Heights on Blagoevgrad Peninsula, Oscar II Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.

The feature is named after the settlement of Tikale in southern Bulgaria.

Oscar II Coast
Oscar II Coast is that portion of the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Fairweather to the north, and Cape Alexander to the south. Discovered in 1893 by Captain C.A. Larsen, who named it for King Oscar II of Norway and Sweden. To the north of this coast is Nordenskjöld Coast.
Bandōbashi Station
Bandōbashi Station (阪東橋駅, Bandōbashi-eki) is an underground metro station located in Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan operated by the Yokohama Municipal Subway’s Blue Line (Line 1). It is 18.1 kilometers from the terminus of the Blue Line at Shōnandai Station.

Naka-ku, Yokohama
Naka-ku (中区) is one of the 18 wards of the city of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. In 2010, the ward had an estimated population of 146,563 and a population density of 7,080 persons per km². The total area was 20.86 km².
Prussian Trust
The Prussian Trust, or Prussian Claims Society, (German: Preußische Treuhand GmbH & Co. KGaA) is a corporation registered in Düsseldorf, founded in 2000 as Preußische Treuhand GmbH by some descendants of German expellees, and supported by some officials of the  Landsmannschaft Schlesien organization. It seeks to claim compensation from Poland and the Czech Republic, among others, for property confiscated from Germans expelled from territories which after World War II became parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia.

The chairman of the supervisory board is Rudi Pawelka, who also is president of the Landsmannschaft Schlesien, and vice president is Hans Günther Parplies, also vice president of the Federation of Expellees. The Trust probably has fewer than a hundred members.

Anna Fotyga
Anna Elżbieta Fotyga (pronounced [ˈanna fɔˈtɨɡa] ⓘ; née Kawecka; born 12 January 1957) is a Polish politician who currently serves as a Member of the European Parliament, and is the Secretary-General of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party. She has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland, in the successive cabinets of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz and Jarosław Kaczyński (2006–2007) and Chief of the Chancellery of the President (2007–2008).
Chŏng Chʼŏl (crater)
Chŏng Chʼŏl is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1979. Chŏng Chʼŏl is named for the Korean poet Chŏng Ch'ŏl, who lived from 1536 to 1593. The crater was first imaged by Mariner 10 in 1974.

Chŏng Chʼŏl lies at the north margin of Sobkou Planitia.  To the north is Burns crater, to the northeast are To Ngoc Van and Bruegel, and to the southeast is Whitman.

To Ngoc Van (crater)
To Ngoc Van is a pit-floored crater on Mercury, named after the Vietnamese artist Tô Ngọc Vân. It was discovered in January 2008 during the first flyby of the planet by MESSENGER spacecraft. Its floor displays an irregularly shaped collapse feature, which is called a central pit. The size of the pit is 21 × 10 km. Such a feature may have resulted from collapse of a magma chamber underlying the central part of the crater. The collapse feature is an analog of Earth's volcanic calderas.  The pit may be evidence of explosive volcanism on the floor of the crater.

To the southeast of To Ngoc Van is Bruegel crater, and to the northwest is Burns.  To the northeast is a large (329 km diameter), unnamed crater of  Tolstojan in age.
Dannevirke railway station
Dannevirke railway station on the Palmerston North–Gisborne line of the North Island of New Zealand opened in 1884 to serve the expanding town of Danevirke. It is 124.87 km (77.59 mi) from Napier and 53.39 km (33.18 mi) from Palmerston North Junction. Its last regular passenger train was the Bay Express on 7 October 2001. It is occasionally used by excursion trains.

George Troup (architect)
Sir George Alexander Troup CMG (21 October 1863 – 4 October 1941) was a New Zealand architect, engineer, and statesman. He was nicknamed "Gingerbread George" after his most famous design, the Dunedin Railway Station in the Flemish Renaissance style (he preferred his alternative design in the Scottish Baronial style). He was the first official architect of the New Zealand Railways. He designed many other stations, including Lower Hutt and Petone.
Whitehouse.com
whitehouse.com is a political entertainment website that first came online in May 1996. According to a statement on the web, it was originally created by Ransom Scott as a known place where uncensored discussion of government policies could occur before adult content was added to make it more profitable. In June 2022, adult content was added back to the website, but was later removed again.

Domain parking
Domain (TLD) parking is the registration of an Internet domain name without that domain being associated with any services such as e-mail or a website. This may have been done with a view to reserving the domain name for future development, and to protect against the possibility of cybersquatting. Since the domain name registrar will have set name servers for the domain, the registrar or reseller potentially has use of the domain rather than the final registrant.

Domain parking can be classified as monetized and non-monetized. In the former, advertisements are shown to visitors and the domain is "monetized". In the latter, an "Under Construction" or a "Coming Soon" message may or may not be put up on the domain by the registrar or reseller. This is a single-page website that people see when they type the domain name or follow a link in a web browser. Domain names can be parked before a web site is ready for launching.
Centro de Arte y Comunicación
The Centro de Arte y Comunicación (CAyC) was an arts organization based in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that was instrumental in creating an international arts movement based on the ideas of systems art within conceptual art.

Víctor Grippo
Victor Grippo (10 May 1936 – February 2002) was an Argentine painter, engraver and sculptor, considered the father of conceptual art in Argentina. He was born in Junín, province of Buenos Aires, the elder of two sons of an Italian immigrant father and an Argentine mother of Albanese origin.