hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shift-reduce parser
A shift-reduce parser is a class of efficient, table-driven bottom-up parsing methods for computer languages and other notations formally defined by a grammar.  The parsing methods most commonly used for parsing programming languages, LR parsing and its variations, are shift-reduce methods.  The precedence parsers used before the invention of LR parsing are also shift-reduce methods.  All shift-reduce parsers have similar outward effects, in the incremental order in which they build a parse tree or call specific output actions.

Terminal and nonterminal symbols
In formal languages, terminal and nonterminal symbols are parts of the vocabulary under a formal grammar. Vocabulary is a finite, nonempty set of symbols. Terminal symbols are symbols that cannot be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary. Nonterminal symbols are symbols that can be replaced by other symbols of the vocabulary by the production rules under the same formal grammar.

A formal grammar defines a formal language over the vocabulary of the grammar.

In the context of formal language, the term vocabulary is more commonly known as alphabet. Nonterminal symbols are also called syntactic variables.
Paymaster General
His Majesty's Paymaster General or HM Paymaster General is a ministerial position in the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom. The position is currently held by Nick Thomas-Symonds of the Labour Party.

HM Revenue and Customs
His Majesty's Revenue and Customs (commonly HM Revenue and Customs) is a  department of the UK government responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some forms of state support, the administration of other regulatory regimes including the national minimum wage and the issuance of national insurance numbers.

HMRC was formed by the merger of the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise, which took effect on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the Tudor Crown enclosed within a circle.
Niederdorf district
The Niederdorf district refers to an area in Zurich's old town across and along the Limmat river from the Zurich Main Station. It is known as being a main destination for the city's nightlife, as well as many shops and alleyways. The Niederdorfstrasse is its main strip.

The Niederdorf stretches from the Central station to the Stüssihofstatt. It is closely connected to the Oberdorf, which lies between Rämistrasse and the Niederdorf and is mistakenly considered part of the Niederdorf by many visitors.

Dada
Dada (/ˈdɑːdɑː/) or Dadaism was an international art movement that developed in the context of the Great War and Futurism first established in Zürich, Switzerland, and later quickly spread to Berlin, Paris, New York City and a variety of artistic centers in Europe and Asia. The Dada movement's principles were first collected in Hugo Ball's Dada Manifesto in 1916. Ball is seen as the founder of the Dada movement. Other key figures in the movement included Emmy Hennings, Jean Arp, Johannes Baader, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, Hannah Höch, Richard Huelsenbeck, Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Hans Richter, Kurt Schwitters, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Beatrice Wood, among others. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including Surrealism, nouveau réalisme, pop art, and Fluxus.
Department of Railways (Nepal)
Department of Railways under Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport is the authority to develop, maintain and plan railways in Nepal. It has its headquarter at Bishalnagar, Kathmandu. Currently it maintains three in-operation railway lines in the country: Raxaul–Sirsiya, Jainagar–Bhangaha and Bathnaha-Budhnagar. It is equivalent to Department of Road for road infrastructure. It has several lines planned.

Bijayalpura
Bijayalpura or Bijalpura is a neighborhood or a Tol (Nepali:टोल) in Bardibas city. It was a village development committee in Mahottari District before 2015. In 2015, when Government of Nepal decided to dissolve the old thousands of VDCs and declare new 753 local level body then this VDC merged with Bardibas. Bijalpura is located at ward No. 12 and 13 of Bardibas municipality

Total area of Bijalpura (ward no. 12 & 13) of Bardibas is 11.91 kilometres (7.40 mi) and total population (2011 census) is 8188.
Quebec Route 327
Route 327 is a provincial highway located in the Laurentides region of Quebec. The 90-kilometer highway runs from St-André-d'Argenteuil at the junction of Route 344 to Mont-Tremblant just west of the Provincial Park of the same name. The route serves as the main connection between Argenteuil county and the popular tourist region of the Upper Laurentides. In Lachute it is briefly concurrent with Highway 148 (across a bridge). It is also concurrent with Route 364 between Weir and Arundel. Significant portions of this highway are meandering and have a maximum speed limit of 70 km/h.

Quebec Route 344
Route 344 is an east/west highway on the north shore of the Ottawa River in Quebec, Canada. Its western terminus is in Grenville-sur-la-Rouge at the junction of Autoroute 50, and its eastern terminus is in L'Assomption at the junction of Route 343. It follows the Ottawa River from Grenville-sur-la-Rouge to Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, where it follows the Lac des Deux Montagnes until Deux-Montagnes, where it follows the Rivière des Mille Îles until Repentigny, where it follows the Rivière l'Assomption until L'Assomption.
Eyewitness testimony
Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander or victim gives in the courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under investigation. Ideally this recollection of events is detailed; however, this is not always the case. This recollection is used as evidence to show what happened from a witness' point of view. Memory recall has been considered a credible source in the past but has recently come under attack as forensics can now support psychologists in their claim that memories and individual perceptions can be unreliable, manipulated, and biased. As a result of this, many countries, and states within the United States, are now attempting to make changes in how eyewitness testimony is presented in court. Eyewitness testimony is a specialized focus within cognitive psychology.

Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of human mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside the realm of empirical science. This break came as researchers in linguistics, cybernetics, and applied psychology used models of mental processing to explain human behavior. Work derived from cognitive psychology was integrated into other branches of psychology and various other modern disciplines like cognitive science, linguistics, and economics.
Sony Anycast
The Sony Anycast range is a series of compact portable video production systems that incorporate multi-camera video switching, audio mixing, titling and Internet streaming functionality in a single unit with an integrated display, allowing single-operator field production with minimal setup. The original Anycast Station, released in 2004, was the first product of its type and defined the new market segment.

Character generator
A character generator, often abbreviated as CG, is a device or software that produces static or animated text (such as news crawls and credits rolls) for keying into a video stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and they can generate graphics as well as text.
Yamada Koun
Yamada Koun Zenshin (山田 耕雲, Yamada Kōun; 1907—1989), or Koun Yamada, was a Japanese Buddhist who was the leader of the Sanbo Kyodan lineage of Zen Buddhism, the Dharma heir of his teacher Yasutani Haku'un Ryoko. Yamada was appointed the leader of the Sanbo Kyodan in 1967, 1970 or 1973 and continued to differentiate the lineage from other Japanese Zen traditions by deemphasising the separation between laypeople and the ordained—just as his teacher Yasutani had done. Yamada was also instrumental in bringing Christians to the practice of Zen that “by the end of Yamada’s teaching career approximately one quarter of the participants at his sesshins were Christians.”

Koan
A kōan (/ˈkoʊæn, -ɑːn/ KOH-a(h)n; Japanese: 公案; Chinese: 公案; pinyin: gōng'àn [kʊ́ŋ ân]; Korean: 화두; Vietnamese: công án) is a story, dialogue, question, or statement from Chinese Chan Buddhist lore, supplemented with commentaries, that is used in Chan, Zen, Seon and Thiền Buddhist practice in different ways. The main goal of kōan practice in Zen is to achieve kenshō (Chinese: jianxing 見性), to see or observe one's buddha-nature.

Extended study of kōan literature as well as meditation (zazen) on a kōan is a major feature of modern Rinzai Zen. They are also studied in the Sōtō school of Zen to a lesser extent. In Chinese Chan and Korean Seon Buddhism, meditating on a huatou, a key phrase of a kōan, is also a major Zen meditation method.
Byron Reed Collection
The Byron Reed Collection features rare books, manuscripts, autographs and coins that are located at the Durham Museum in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. According to experts, "Byron Reed was one of the greatest collectors of the 19th century," with a reputation as a numismatist that is "largely unrecognized." Reed began collecting in the 1870s, continuing until he died, in 1891.

Durham Museum (Omaha)
The Durham Museum (formerly known as the Durham Western Heritage Museum) is located at 801 South 10th Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The museum is dedicated to preserving and displaying the history of the United States' western region. The museum is housed in Omaha's former Union Station. The museum is an affiliate within the Smithsonian Affiliations program.
Florence Louise Pettitt
Louise Pettitt (1918 – March 25, 2006), born Florence Louise Staples, was one of the first American female opera conductors. For over forty years, she simultaneously served as orchestral conductor, dramatic director, and vocal director for the Chaminade Opera Group, which she founded in 1959. She promoted the growth of opera, and the advancement of many performers, ranging from amateur enthusiasts to internationally known professionals.

The Tales of Hoffmann
The Tales of Hoffmann (French: Les contes d'Hoffmann) is an opéra fantastique by Jacques Offenbach. The French libretto was written by Jules Barbier, based on three short stories by E. T. A. Hoffmann, who is the protagonist of the story. It was Offenbach's final work; he died in October 1880, four months before the premiere.
2021 U Sports Women's Volleyball Championship
The 2021 U Sports Women's Volleyball Championship was scheduled to be held March 19–21, 2021, in Vancouver, British Columbia, to determine a national champion for the 2020–21 U Sports women's volleyball season. However, the due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, it was announced on October 15, 2020 that the tournament was cancelled. It was the second consecutive year that the national championship was cancelled due to the pandemic.

U Sports women's volleyball championship
The U Sports Women's Volleyball Championship is a Canadian university volleyball tournament conducted by U Sports, and determines the women's national champion. The tournament involves the champions from each of Canada's four regional sports conferences. The championship trophy, first awarded in 1977, features a two-wheeled oxcart, symbolizing the pioneer era on the Red River in Manitoba. The 2025 champions are the Manitoba Bisons and the UBC Thunderbirds have won the most championships with a total of 14, including six in a row from 2008 to 2013.
Piano Trio (Fanny Mendelssohn)
The Piano Trio  for violin, cello, piano in  D minor, Op. 11, by Fanny Mendelssohn was conceived between 1846 and 1847 as a birthday present for her sister Rebecka, and posthumously published in 1850, three years after the composer's death.

The trio is in four movements:

Allegro molto vivace

Andante espressivo

Lied: Allegretto

Allegretto moderato

In 1847, an anonymous critic in the Neue Berliner Musikzeitung found in the trio “...broad, sweeping foundations that build themselves up through stormy waves into a marvelous edifice. In this respect the first movement is a masterpiece, and the trio most highly original.” Angela Mace Christian refers to the piece in Grove Music Online as "one of her most impressive chamber works."

D minor
D minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B♭, and C. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.

The D natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The D harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Motswedi Modiba
Motswedi Modiba (born 1997), is a South African R&B singer-songwriter born and raised in Tshwane best known under the alias of MOE. (stylized in all uppercase). She is best known for her debut single "It Was a Vibe" with guest appearance from JR which accumulated over 35 000 streams across Africa, the United States and Europe.

In 2023, Modiba took home a Metro FM Music Award for Best New Age R&B Act, however the award was received by her parents as she was preparing for her exams at the Manhattan School of Music in the New York City. After returning to South Africa, she furthered her studies at Wits University where she was also a back up singer for Dr Tumi.

She is fluent in Mandarin as she attended a Chinese school in Pretoria and earned herself a scholarship to study Chinese literature in China.

In 2023, Motswedi became the first black and African to compete in one of the biggest shows in China, Sing! China (Voice of China) where she sang in fluent Mandarin.

JR (rapper)
Tabure Thabo Bogopa Junior (born 12 March 1987), professionally known as JR, is a South African entrepreneur and musician. He frequently performs Motswako rap, in both Setswana and English. He has had two number-one hip hop songs as well as two number-one pop hits on South African charts.
North American Arms
North American Arms is a United States company, headquartered in Provo, Utah, that manufactures pocket pistols and mini-revolvers, also called mouse guns. The company was originally named Rocky Mountain Arms when it was founded in 1972. In 1974 it was bought by new owners who renamed the company North American Manufacturing (NAM) and then North American Arms (NAA).

.22 long rifle
The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22 LR or 5.7×15mmR, is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers and submachine guns.  It is a well-established small game round, but is not typically used for hunting larger game as it lacks the necessary stopping power.

In terms of quantities sold, the .22 Long Rifle is by far the most common ammunition that is currently manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and is inexpensive to purchase, making it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.
Type 70 rocket launcher
The Type 70 rocket launcher (Chinese: 70式62毫米火箭筒) is a Chinese 62 mm (2.4 in) rocket launcher developed by Norinco. The rocket launcher was developed in 1970 and put into limited service with the People's Liberation Army.

According to Janes, it was formerly offered for export outside China.

Norinco
China North Industries Group Corporation Limited, doing business internationally as Norinco Group (an abbreviation of "North Industries Corporation"), and known within China as China Ordnance Industries Group Corporation Limited (Chinese: 中国兵器工业集团有限公司), is a Chinese state-owned defense corporation that manufactures commercial and military products. Norinco Group is one of the world's largest defense contractors.

The company's subsidiary, China North Industries Corporation (Chinese: 中国北方工业有限公司), or simply Norinco, markets Norinco Group's products internationally, and is also involved in domestic civil construction and military defense projects.

Some of Norinco's international customers include Iran, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it negotiated arms-for-minerals deals, as well as Venezuela.
Vatinia gens
The gens Vatinia, also spelled Vatiena or Vaciena, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. The best-known member of this gens was Publius Vatinius, one of Caesar's allies, who attained the consulship in 47 BC.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Lex Talionis Fraternitas
Lex Talionis Fraternitas, Inc. (Sodalitas Ducum Futurorum), commonly known as Lex Talionis, is a fraternal organization of Filipino jurists, legal practitioners, and law students. It was founded on September 29, 1969 at the San Beda College of Law.

Securities and Exchange Commission (Philippines)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC; Filipino: Komisyon sa mga Panagot at Palitan) is the agency of the government of the Philippines charged with the registration and supervision of corporations and securities, as well as capital market institutions and participants, in the Philippines. The commission promotes investor protection in the Philippines as part of its mandate.

An agency under the Department of Finance, the SEC is headquartered at 7907 Makati Avenue, Barangay Bel-Air, Makati. It has ten extension offices located in Baguio, Tarlac, Legazpi, Iloilo, Bacolod, Cebu, Tacloban, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, and Zamboanga.
Crambe abyssinica
Crambe abyssinica is an annual oilseed crop of the family Brassicaceae. It is mainly cultivated due to the high levels of erucic acid that are contained in its seeds. The crambe oil is used for industrial purposes and its side products can be partly used as animal feed.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Point Iroquois Light
Point Iroquois Light is a lighthouse on a Chippewa County bluff in the U.S. state of Michigan.  Point Iroquois and its light mark the division line between Whitefish Bay and the western end of the St. Marys River, the connection between Lake Superior and other Great Lakes.

Point Iroquois includes a larger geographic area than the light station site. It was named for the Iroquois warriors massacred there by the Ojibwe in 1662. Native Algonkians called the point "Nadouenigoning", composed of the words "Nadone" (Iroquois) and "Akron" (bone).

Foghorn
A foghorn or fog signal is a device that uses sound to warn vehicles of navigational hazards such as rocky coastlines, or boats of the presence of other vessels, in foggy conditions. The term is most often used in relation to marine transport. When visual navigation aids such as lighthouses are obscured, foghorns provide an audible warning of rock outcrops, shoals, headlands, or other dangers to shipping.
Congolese Handball Federation
The Congolese Handball Federation (French: Fédération Congolaise de Handball) (CHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in the Republic of the Congo. Founded in 1970, CHF is a member of African Handball Confederation (CAHB) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).

International Handball Federation
The International Handball Federation (IHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball. IHF is responsible for the organisation of handball's major international tournaments, notably the IHF World Men's Handball Championship, which commenced in 1938, and the IHF World Women's Handball Championship, which commenced in 1957.

IHF was founded in 1946 to oversee international competitions. Headquartered in Basel, its membership now comprises 209 national federations. Each member country must each also be a member of one of the six regional confederations: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Caribbean, Oceania, and South and Central America. Hassan Moustafa from Egypt has been President of the IHF since 26 November 2000.
William Chittick
William Clark Chittick (born June 29, 1943) is an American philosopher, writer, translator, and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts. He is best known for his work on Rumi and Ibn 'Arabi, and has written extensively on the school of Ibn 'Arabi, Islamic philosophy, and Islamic cosmology. He is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Asian and Asian American Studies at Stony Brook University.

Jami
Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (Persian: نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی; 7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was a Persian Sunni poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of mystical Sufi literature. He was primarily a prominent poet-theologian of the school of Ibn Arabi and a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized for his eloquence and for his analysis of the metaphysics of mercy. His most famous poetic works are Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah. Jami belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order.