hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Light effects on circadian rhythm
Light effects on circadian rhythm are the response of circadian rhythms to light.

Most human beings, animals and other living organisms have a biological clock that synchronizes their physiology and behaviour with the daily changes in the environment. The physiological changes that follow these clocks are known as circadian rhythms. Because the endogenous period of these rhythms is approximately 24 hours, these rhythms must be reset by external cues to synchronize with the daily cycles in the environment.  This process is called entrainment. One of the most important cues to entrain circadian rhythms is light.

Entrainment (chronobiology)
In the study of chronobiology, entrainment refers to the synchronization of a biological clock to an environmental cycle. An example is the interaction between circadian rhythms and environmental cues, such as light and temperature. Entrainment helps organisms adapt their bodily processes according to the timing of a changing environment. For example, entrainment is manifested during travel between time zones, hence why humans experience jet lag.

Biological rhythms are endogenous; they persist even in the absence of environmental cues as they are driven by an internal mechanism, most notably the circadian clock. Of the several possible cues (known as zeitgebers, German for 'time-givers') that can contribute to entrainment of the circadian clock, light has the greatest impact. Units of circadian time (CT) are used to describe entrainment to refer to the relationship between the rhythm and the light signal/pulse.
Abraham Amigo
Abraham Amigo (c. 1610-c. 1683) was a noted rabbi of Sepharadi descent. He lived in Palestine during the middle of the seventeenth century CE. Abraham was a contemporary of Moses ben Nissim Benveniste, the younger, author of the responsa, Sefer Pene Mosheh.

Amigo migrated to the region in 1655, and settled in Jerusalem where he became friends with Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah. For his piety and learning, Amigo was highly respected by his contemporaries. He wrote Peri Hadash (New Fruit), a commentary on the subdivision Orah Hayyim of the Shulchan Aruch, from the laws of the Passover to the end. The work has been lost. Amigo was also the author of a large work, containing responsa as well as novellæ to the Talmud and the halakhic literature, which came under the notice of Azulai.

Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah
Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah (Hebrew: יעקב צמח) was a Portuguese kabalist and physician. He received a medical training in his native country as a Marrano, but fled about 1619 to Safed and devoted himself to the Talmud and the casuists ("poseḳim") until 1625; then he went to Damascus, where for eighteen years he studied kabbalah from the Zohar and the writings of Isaac Luria and Hayyim Vital. He finally settled at Jerusalem and opened a yeshivah for the study of the Zohar and other kabbalistic works, David Conforte being for some time one of his pupils.
The Falmouth Hotel
The Falmouth Hotel is a hotel on the seafront in the northeastern part of Gyllyngvase in Falmouth, Cornwall. The oldest hotel in Falmouth, it opened on 9 May 1865 to provide to tourists due to the new railway station being linked nearby. It is located next to the Royal Duchy Hotel. The foundation stone was laid on 6 August 1863, by Robert Tweedy and it cost about £9000. Additions were added in 1880, 1898 and 1972. The hotel has 71 rooms and is set in 5 acres (2.0 ha) of landscaped gardens.

Falmouth Docks railway station
Falmouth Docks railway station is situated in Falmouth, Cornwall, England. It was opened in 1863 as the terminus of the Maritime Line from Truro, although since 1970 Falmouth Town has been the principal station for the town. Services are operated by Great Western Railway, who also manage the station.
Mark 33 torpedo
The Mark 33 torpedo was the first passive acoustic antisurface ship/antisubmarine homing torpedo intended for the United States Navy to employ a cast aluminum shell. It featured two speeds – high and low, and was meant to be launched from submarines and aircraft.

Production of the Mark 33 was discontinued at the end of World War II, but its features were incorporated into the Mark 35 torpedo.

Mark 35 torpedo
The Mark 35 torpedo was the first of the United States Navy deep-diving anti-submarine torpedoes designed for surface launch. This electrically propelled 21-inch (53-cm) torpedo was 162 inches (4.11 m) long, weighed 1,770 pounds (800 kg), and carried a 270-pound (120 kg) HBX warhead. This torpedo used one of the earliest active guidance systems and was introduced in 1949, and was classified as obsolete in the 1960s.

The Mark 35 torpedo was originally specified as the intended payload for the Grebe missile, before being replaced by the Mark 41 due to weight concerns.
Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu
Daniel Hyacinthe Liénard de Beaujeu (9 or 19 August 1711 – 9 July 1755) was a French officer during King George's War and the French and Indian War. He participated in the Battle of Grand Pre (1747). He also organized the force that attacked General Edward Braddock's army after it forded the Monongahela River. The event was later dubbed the Battle of the Monongahela. Beaujeu led his small force into the attack, where he was shot dead in the opening moments when the attack was launched on July 9, 1755. However, his adoption of Native American customs, such as wearing war paint and regalia, helped raise the morale and fighting tenacity of the warriors under his command.

Edward Braddock
Major-General Edward Braddock (January 1695 – 13 July 1755) was a British Army officer who served in the War of the Austrian Succession and French and Indian War. He is best known for his command of a disastrous expedition against French forces in the Ohio River Valley in 1755 which led to his death.
Single-molecule electric motor
The single-molecule electric motor is an electrically operated synthetic molecular motor made from a single butyl methyl sulphide molecule. The molecule is adsorbed onto a copper (111) single-crystal piece by chemisorption. The motor, the world's smallest electric motor, is just a nanometer (billionth of a meter) across (60 000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair). It was developed by the Sykes group and scientists at the Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences and published online September 4, 2011.

Synthetic molecular motor
Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion (via protein dynamics), some groups also use the term when referring to non-biological, non-peptide synthetic motors. Many chemists are pursuing the synthesis of such molecular motors.

The basic requirements for a synthetic motor are repetitive 360° motion, the consumption of energy and unidirectional rotation. The first two efforts in this direction, the chemically driven motor by Dr. T. Ross Kelly of Boston College with co-workers and the light-driven motor by Ben Feringa and co-workers, were published in 1999 in the same issue of Nature.

As of 2020, the smallest atomically precise molecular machine has a rotor that consists of four atoms.
Fedeau Battery
Fedeau Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Fedeau) was an artillery battery in Mellieħa, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John in 1714-16 as part of a series of coastal fortifications around the Maltese Islands, and demolished in the 20th century.

Fedeau Battery was also known as Vendôme Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Vendôme), Ta' Kassisu Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Qassisu) or Mellieħa Left Battery.

Mellieħa
Mellieħa (Maltese: il-Mellieħa [ɪl mɛˈlːɪːħɐ]) is a large village in the Northern Region of Malta. It has a population of 11,389 as of 2019. Mellieħa is also a tourist resort, popular for its sandy beaches, natural environment, and Popeye Village nearby.
Palomar 2
Palomar 2 is a globular cluster located in the constellation of Auriga. It's part of a group of 15 globulars known as the Palomar Globular Clusters, discovered in survey plates from the first National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey in the 1950s. However, Palomar 2 is one of the most obscured since we see it dimmed by nearly 3 full magnitudes as it lies behind the Perseus Arm and Norma/Outer Arm of the Milky Way.

National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey
The National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (NGS-POSS, or just POSS, also POSS I) was a major astronomical survey, that took almost 2,000 photographic plates of the night sky. It was conducted at Palomar Observatory, California, United States, and completed by the end of 1958.
Santuario della Madonna del Carmine, Catania
The Santuario della Madonna del Carmine also called Basilica di Maria Santissima Annunziata al Carmine, is a Roman Catholic minor basilica church and Marian sanctuary located on Piazza Carlo Alberto, in the town of Catania, Sicily.

Agatha of Sicily
Saint Agatha of Sicily (c. 231 – c. 251 AD) is an early Christian virgin and martyr. Her feast is on 5 February; traditionally, it is considered the last date by which one can send New Year's greetings.

Agatha was born in Catania, part of the Roman Province of Sicily, and was martyred c. 251. She is one of several virgin martyrs who are commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass.

Agatha is the patron saint of Catania, Molise, Malta, San Marino, Gallipoli in Apulia, and Zamarramala, a municipality of the Province of Segovia in Spain.
Hunts Point Avenue station
The Hunts Point Avenue station is an express station on the IRT Pelham Line of the New York City Subway, served by the 6 train at all times and the <6> train on weekdays in the peak direction. It is located at Hunts Point Avenue and Southern Boulevard in the Longwood neighborhood in the Bronx.

This station opened in 1919 as part of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT)'s Pelham Line. The line was constructed as part of an agreement between New York City and two private transit operators to expand transit service across the city known as the Dual Contracts. The station exclusively served local trains until 1946, when rush-hour express service began. The Hunts Point Avenue station was renovated to become compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 in 2014.

Third Avenue–149th Street station
The Third Avenue–149th Street station is a station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. It is located at Third Avenue and East 149th Street (the latter of which is also known as Eugenio Maria de Hostos Boulevard) in the Hub in the South Bronx adjacent to Mott Haven and Melrose. The station is served by the 2 train at all times and the 5 train at all times except nights. The station is the second-busiest in the Bronx and 59th overall, with around 6.768 million passengers using the station as of 2019.
Koundinyasana
Koundinyasana (Sanskrit: कौण्डिन्यासन, IAST: kauṇḍinyāsana), or Sage Kaundinya's pose, is a hand-balancing asana in modern yoga as exercise. It may be performed with both legs bent (Dvi Pada Koundinyasana), or with one leg over the supporting arm, the other leg straight (Eka Pada Koundinyasana). Eka Pada Galavasana (Flying Pigeon Pose) has one leg bent, the foot hooked over the opposite arm under the body.

B. K. S. Iyengar
Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja Iyengar (14 December 1918 – 20 August 2014) was an Indian teacher of yoga and author. He is the founder of the style of yoga as exercise called "Iyengar Yoga", and was considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world. He was the author of many books on yoga practice and philosophy including Light on Yoga, Light on Pranayama, Light on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and Light on Life. Iyengar was one of the earliest students of Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who is often called "the father of modern yoga". He has been credited with popularizing yoga, first in India and then around the world.

The Indian government awarded Iyengar the Padma Shri in 1991, the Padma Bhushan in 2002, and the Padma Vibhushan in 2014. In 2004, Iyengar was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine.
Horse teeth
Horse teeth refers to the dentition of equine species, including horses and donkeys.  Equines are both heterodontous and diphyodontous, which means that they have teeth in more than one shape (there are up to five shapes of tooth in a horse's mouth), and have two successive sets of teeth, the deciduous ("baby teeth") and permanent sets.

For grazing animals, good dentition is essential to survival. Continued grazing creates specific patterns of wear, which can be used along with patterns of eruption to estimate the age of the horse.

Dentition
Dentition pertains to the development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth. In particular, it is the characteristic arrangement, type, and number of teeth in a given species at a given age, as well as the morpho-physiology (that is, the relationship between the shape and form of the tooth in question and its inferred function) of the animal's teeth.
Maris–Tandy model
Within the Schwinger-Dyson equation approach to calculate structure of bound states under quantum field theory dynamics, one applies truncation schemes such that the finite tower of integral equations for Green's functions becomes manageable. For hadrons (mesons and baryons) as relativistic bound states of quarks and gluons interacting via the strong nuclear force, a well-adopted scheme is the rainbow-ladder truncation. Particularly the bound state amplitude (Bethe-Salpeter amplitude) of mesons is determined from the homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation. While the amplitude for baryons is solved from the Faddeev equation. Information on the structure of hadrons is contained within these amplitudes. The established quantum field theory of the strong interaction is quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The Maris–Tandy model is a practical case of the rainbow-ladder truncation that yields reasonable description for hadrons with up quarks, down quarks, and strange quarks as their valence quarks.

Green's function (many-body theory)
In many-body theory, the term Green's function (or Green function) is sometimes used interchangeably with correlation function, but refers specifically to correlators of field operators or creation and annihilation operators.

The name comes from the Green's functions used to solve inhomogeneous differential equations, to which they are loosely related. (Specifically, only two-point "Green's functions" in the case of a non-interacting system are Green's functions in the mathematical sense; the linear operator that they invert is the Hamiltonian operator, which in the non-interacting case is quadratic in the fields.)
Church of St Vincent, Newnham
The Church of St Vincent in Newnham in Hertfordshire is a 12th-century Anglican parish church and a Grade II* listed building, having gained that status in 1968. The church is named for Saint Vincent and is under the Diocese of St Albans; it is noted for the Newnham Murals which were uncovered in 1963.

Monumental brass
A monumental brass is a type of engraved sepulchral memorial once found through Western Europe, which in the 13th century began to partially take the place of three-dimensional monuments and effigies carved in stone or wood. Made of hard latten or sheet brass, let into the pavement, and thus forming no obstruction in the space required for the services of the church, they speedily came into general use, and continued to be a favourite style of sepulchral memorial for three centuries.
European University of Brittany
The European University of Brittany (French: Université européenne de Bretagne), located in Rennes, France, was a center for higher education, academic research and doctoral studies located over multiple campuses in the Academie de Rennes. It includes a doctoral college that federates university institutes, engineering schools and research centres.

Its activities primarily focused on research through the establishment of thematic research networks, project teams, and the recruitment of international researchers. The valorisation of research was operationally handled by its component "Bretagne Valorisation". Research training, or doctoral training, was coordinated by the UEB's international doctoral college, which brought together the region's eight doctoral schools.

The European University of Brittany merged with the Université Nantes Angers Le Mans to form Université Bretagne Loire in January 2016.

University of Rennes 1
The University of Rennes 1 was a public university located in Rennes, France. It was founded in 1970, after splitting of the historic University of Rennes into two universities. On January 1, 2023, the University of Rennes 1 merged with five grandes écoles: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes, ENS Rennes, INSA Rennes and Sciences-Po Rennes to create the new University of Rennes.
Arthur Scace
Arthur Richard Andrew Scace QC CM (22 July 1938 – 3 May 2020) was a lawyer and jurist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was the chairman of the board of directors of the Bank of Nova Scotia and is the board director of the Canadian Opera House Corporation. After graduating from the University of Toronto Schools, he studied at the University of Toronto for a B.A., at the University of Oxford for a B.A., at Osgoode Hall Law School for an LL.B. and at Harvard University for an M.A.  While at the University of Toronto, he was a leader in the Deke fraternity.  He also has an honorary degree in the law, the LLD.  He obtained the honor of Queen's Counsel on 26 June 1986.

Scace has been partner, managing partner, and chairman of McCarthy Tétrault, a law firm founded 11 years before Canadian Confederation.

Scace was elected treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1986.

Law Society of Ontario
The Law Society of Ontario (LSO; French: Barreau de l'Ontario) is the law society responsible for the self-regulation of lawyers and paralegals in the Canadian province of Ontario. Founded in 1797 as the Law Society of Upper Canada (LSUC; French: Barreau du Haut-Canada), its name was changed by statute in 2018.
Langset (Saltdal)
Langset (Norwegian) or Laŋsæhtta (Lule Sami) is a village and basic statistical unit in the Nedre Saltdal ('Lower Saltdal') area of Saltdal Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The area is located north of Rognan and Saksenvika and south of Setså on the east side of Saltdal Fjord (Norwegian: Saltdalsfjorden). The European route E6 highway and the Nordland Line railway both pass through the area.

During the Second World War the Blood Road was built through the area. It was constructed as a new segment of Norwegian National Road 50 between Rognan and Langset, where there was ferry service before the war.

Saltdal Fjord
Saltdal Fjord (Norwegian: Saltdalsfjorden; Lule Sami: Sálatvuodna) is a fjord arm of Skjerstadfjorden in Saltdal Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The fjord extends 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) south to the village of Rognan at the bottom of the fjord.

The inlet of the fjord lies between Hjelbunes, a headland to the west, and Langruodden, a promontory to the east. The village of Setså lies on the east side of the fjord, slightly inland from the shore. On the west lies the hamlet of Vik inside the bay formed by Tangodden, a peninsula jutting north into the fjord. Rognan lies at the foot of the fjord, and this is also where the Saltdal River flows into the fjord. West of the river's mouth lie the hamlets of Saksenvik and Botn.

The Nordland Line railway and the European route E6 highway both run along the entire east side of the fjord, and Norwegian County Road 515 runs along the west side.
Collyris subtilesculpta
Collyris subtilesculpta, the smooth brush tiger beetle, is a species of tiger beetle. This species is found in India. Its habitat consists of tropical moist forests with large-trunked trees.

This species is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2024.

Tiger beetle
Tiger beetles or the Cicindelidae are a family of beetles known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second. As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics. While historically treated as a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) under the name Cicindelinae, several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family, the Cicindelidae, a sister group to Carabidae, within the Adephaga.
Salva Ballesta
Salvador Ballesta Vialcho (born 22 May 1975), commonly known as Salva, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker, currently a manager.

A scorer noted for his flair and workrate, he played for seven top-division clubs, most notably Atlético Madrid, Valencia – with whom he won his sole team trophy – and Málaga. He amassed totals of 235 games and 86 goals over 11 La Liga seasons, adding 126 matches and 52 goals in the Segunda División.

Off the field, Salva was known for his nationalistic and militarist viewpoints.

1999–2000 La Liga
The 1999–2000 La Liga season, the 69th since its establishment. It began on 21 August 1999, and concluded on 20 May 2000. Deportivo La Coruña won a first La Liga title with 69 points, the lowest for a champion since the three points for a win rule was introduced in 1995.
Robert Holtzmann
Robert Holtzmann (17 October 1873 – 27 June 1946) was a German Medievalist historian.   He was something of a pioneer for what became an important post-war historiographical approach, respected among historians, in particular, as an authority on the Ottonians and their times, both during his life and for many years following his death.

University of Wrocław
The University of Wrocław (Polish: Uniwersytet Wrocławski, UWr; Latin: Universitas Wratislaviensis) is a public research university in Wrocław, Poland. It is the largest institution of higher learning in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, with over 100,000 graduates since 1945, including some 1,900 researchers, among whom many have received the highest awards for their contributions to the development of scientific scholarship.

The university was established in 1701 and reconstituted in its current form in 1945, as a direct successor to the previous German University of Breslau. Following the territorial changes of Poland's borders, academics primarily from the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów restored the university building, which had been heavily damaged in the 1945 Battle of Breslau.
The Warrington, Maida Vale
The Warrington is a Grade II listed public house at Warrington Crescent, Maida Vale, London W9 1EH. It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. The pub was built in the mid-19th century.

It was used in series 1 of The Sweeney (in the episode "Night Out") and in Minder (series 2, episode 7: "The Beer Hunter").

As of August 2015, it was operated by the Faucet Inn pub company. However, the company filed for insolvency as of 8 January 2019. The Warrington was subsequently under the ownership of Golden Brick Pubs Limited.

Maida Vale
Maida Vale (/ˈmeɪdə ˈveɪl/ MAY-də VAYL) is an affluent residential district in Central London, England, north of Paddington, southwest of St John's Wood and south of Kilburn, on Edgware Road. It is part of the City of Westminster and is three miles (five kilometres) northwest of Charing Cross. It has many late Victorian and Edwardian blocks of mansion flats. The area is home to the BBC Maida Vale Studios.