hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grid-leak detector
A grid leak detector is an electronic circuit that demodulates an amplitude modulated alternating current and amplifies the recovered modulating voltage. The circuit utilizes the non-linear cathode to control grid conduction characteristic and the amplification factor of a vacuum tube. Invented by Lee De Forest around 1912, it was used as the detector (demodulator) in the first vacuum tube radio receivers until the 1930s.

Biasing
In electronics, biasing is the setting of DC (direct current) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals. Many electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals, also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly. This current or voltage is called bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.

The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, quiescent point, or Q-point, is the DC voltage or current at a specified terminal of an active device (a transistor or vacuum tube) with no input signal applied. A bias circuit is a portion of the device's circuit that supplies this steady current or voltage.
IndexNow
IndexNow is an open protocol that allows website owners to inform participating search engines directly whenever website content is created, updated, or deleted. The system was introduced by Microsoft Bing and Yandex.

URL
A uniform resource locator (URL), colloquially known as web address, is a reference to a resource on the World Wide Web. A URL specifies the location of a resource on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. A URL is most commonly used to reference a web page (HTTP/HTTPS) but is also used for file transfer (FTP), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.

Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. As an example of a web page URL, https://www.example.com/index.html indicates protocol https, hostname www.example.com, and file name index.html.
Battle of Farimake
The battle of Farimake took place between November 22 and 23, 2018, between French forces of Operation Barkhane and Katibat Macina, a regional variant of Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin. French forces launched an assault on Katiba Macina, claiming to have killed their leader Amadou Koufa.

Katiba Macina
The Katibat Macina, also known as the Macina Liberation Movement or Macina Liberation Front (MLF, French: Force de libération du Macina), is a militant Islamist group that operates in Mali. It is an affiliate of Ansar Dine.
Sweeden, Kentucky
Sweeden is an unincorporated community in north-central Edmonson County, Kentucky, United States. The population of Sweeden's ZCTA was 171 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Bowling Green, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area. The ZIP Code for Sweeden is 42285.

Bowling Green, Kentucky
Bowling Green is a city in and the county seat of Warren County, Kentucky, United States. Its population was 72,294 as of the  2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in the state, after Louisville and Lexington. The Bowling Green metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in the state and had a population of 179,639 in 2020.

Founded by pioneers in 1798, Bowling Green was the provisional capital of Confederate Kentucky during the American Civil War. In the 21st century, it is the location of numerous manufacturers, including General Motors, Spalding, and Fruit of the Loom. The Bowling Green Assembly Plant has been the source of all Chevrolet Corvettes built since 1981. Bowling Green is also home to Western Kentucky University (or WKU for short), and the National Corvette Museum.
Battle of Esc-Scebb
The Battle of Esc-Scèbb, also known as the Battle of the Esc-Scèbb wells, was fought on 8 December 1913 in the fields north of Esc-Scebb, between the departments of the Regio Esercito, commanded by lieutenant Antonio Giuseppe Miani and the Libyan guerrillas of Mohammed ben Abdallah. The battle can be classified as part of the First phase of the Italian colonization of Libya.

First Italo-Senussi War
The First Italo-Senussi War (1911–17) was a conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Senussi for control of Libya, primarily in Cyrenaica. It had two main active phases:

The Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), when Italy invaded Libya, then the Ottoman vilayet of Trâblus Gârb

The Senussi campaign (1915–17), part of World War I, in which Italian and British forces fought the Ottoman- and German-supported Senussi

After a period of relative peace, the Second Italo-Senussi War broke out in 1923 and lasted until 1932.
Sarabosaurus
Sarabosaurus (from the Arabic "sarab", meaning desert mirage and the Greek "sauros", meaning lizard) is a monospecific genus of plioplatecarpine mosasaurid from the lower Turonian Tropic Shale of Utah, United States. The type and only species, S. dahli, was named in honor of Steve Dahl, a volunteer at the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Kanab, Utah.

Mosasaur
Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large aquatic reptiles within the family Mosasauridae that lived during the Late Cretaceous. Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. They belong to the order Squamata, which includes lizards and snakes.

During the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian–Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurids became the dominant marine predators. They themselves became extinct as a result of the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.
Chrotogonus
Chrotogonus is a genus of grasshoppers belonging to the family Pyrgomorphidae.

The species of this genus are found in Africa and Southern Asia.

Species:

Chrotogonus arenicola Kevan, 1952

Chrotogonus armatus Steinmann, 1965

Chrotogonus brachypterus Bolívar, 1902

Chrotogonus hemipterus Schaum, 1853

Chrotogonus homalodemus (Blanchard, 1836)

Chrotogonus oxypterus (Blanchard, 1836)

Chrotogonus senegalensis Krauss, 1877

Chrotogonus trachypterus (Blanchard, 1836)

Chrotogonus tuberculatus Kevan, 1959

Chrotogonus turanicus Kuthy, 1905

Pyrgomorphidae
Pyrgomorphidae is a family of grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera; it is the only family in the superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea. Pyrgomorphidae are found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate regions (though none are from US mainland), but the vast majority of the family's approximately 500 species are from Africa, Asia and Australia. Their name is probably derived from pyrgos (Greek: Πύργος) meaning "tower": a reference to the form (morph) of the head in the type genus Pyrgomorpha and other genera.

They may sometimes be known as "gaudy grasshoppers", due to the striking, bright aposematic colouration of a number of genera, warning of their toxicity. However, about 90% of the species in the family are harmless and well-camouflaged, with a few, notably Sphenarium, even caught for human consumption.
Trichocline
Trichocline is a genus of Australian and South American plants in the tribe Mutisieae within the family Asteraceae.  It consists of one species from Australia (T. spathulata) and twenty-three from South America.

Its closest relatives are Chaptalia, Gerbera, Leibnitzia, Perdicium, and Oreoseris.  Together they form the Gerbera complex in the tribe Mutisieae.

Species

formerly included

see Actinoseris Chaptalia Criscia Richterago Unxia

Leibnitzia
Leibnitzia (sunbonnets) is a genus of Asian and North American flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

The genus is named for Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German scientist and mathematician

Species

Leibnitzia anandria (L.) Turcz.  - Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Siberia, Russian Far East

Leibnitzia knorringiana (B.Fedtsch.) Pobed. - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan

Leibnitzia lyrata  (Sch.Bip.) G.L.Nesom - United States (Arizona, New Mexico), Mexico (from Chihuahua to Oaxaca)

Leibnitzia occimadrensis G.L.Nesom - Sinaloa

Leibnitzia phanerogama Cass. - Siberia

Leibnitzia pusilla (Wall. ex DC.) S.Gould ex Kitam. & Gould - Bhutan, Nepal, southwestern China

formerly included

see Gerbera

Leibnitzia bonatiana (Beauverd) Kitam.- Gerbera bonatiana (Beauverd) Beauverd

Leibnitzia nepalensis (Kunze) Kitam. - Gerbera kunzeana A.Br. & Asch.

Leibnitzia ruficoma (Franch.) Kitam. - Gerbera ruficoma Franch.
Taihe Subdistrict, Xuyi County
Taihe Subdistrict (Chinese: 太和街道; pinyin: Tàihé Jiēdào) is a subdistrict in Xuyi County, Jiangsu, China. As of 2020, it has three residential neighborhoods and two villages under its administration:

Neighborhoods

Taihe

Youfa (友法)

Maoying (毛营)

Villages

Mangang Village (漫岗村)

Santang Village (三塘村)

Xuyi County
Xuyi is a county under the administration of Huai'an Prefecture in central Jiangsu Province in eastern China. The southernmost of Huai'an's county-level divisions, it borders the prefecture-level cities of Suqian, Jiangsu, to the north and Chuzhou, Anhui, to the south and west. Xuyi is the site of the Ming Zuling tombs and also noted for production of crayfish.
2024 South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics
The 2024 South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics was the eleventh edition of the biennial track and field competition for South American athletes aged under 23 years old, organised by Atletismo Sudamericano. It was held in Bucaramanga, Colombia, between 27 and 29 September.

South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics
The South American Under-23 Championships in Athletics (Campeonatos
Sudamericanos de Atletismo de Sub-23) is an under-23 athletics competition held between the member associations of the
South American Athletics Confederation
(ConSudAtle).  Rules and regulations are displayed on the ConSudAtle webpage.  In 2006 and 2010, the championships were held as part of the
athletics section of South American Games (ODESUR).
Križate
Križate (pronounced [kɾiˈʒaːtɛ]) is a settlement east of Peče in the Municipality of Moravče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Peče
Peče (pronounced [ˈpeːtʃɛ]; German: Petsch) is a village in the Municipality of Moravče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Artur Yedigaryan
Artur Yedigaryan (Armenian: Արթուր Եդիգարյան; born 26 June 1987) is an Armenian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the assistant manager of Sevan.

A former regular Armenia national team player, from 2018 he represented the Western Armenia national team in their CONIFA tournaments. Yedigaryan is a player who was instrumental in both FC Pyunik four consecutive Armenian championships from 2006 and 2009, and later FC Alashkert dominance by winning three consecutive Armenian championships between 2015 and 2018. In between he had earned valuable experience abroad in Iran, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, where he won one cup, and the latest, in Serbia.

2018–19 Armenian Cup
The 2018–19 Armenian Cup was the 28th edition of the football knockout competition in Armenia. This season's cup winners earned a place in the 2019–20 Europa League. The tournament began on 19 September 2018 and ended on 7 May 2019.

Gandzasar Kapan were the defending champions after defeating Alashkert on penalties in the previous season's final.
2014 CAF Champions League
The 2014 CAF Champions League (also known as the 2014 Orange CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons) was the 50th edition of Africa's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF), and the 18th edition under the current CAF Champions League format. The two-time defending champions Al-Ahly were eliminated in the second round by Al-Ahly Benghazi.

In the final, ES Sétif of Algeria defeated AS Vita Club of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the away goals rule after drawing 3–3 on aggregate, to win their second title. They qualified for the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup, and earned the right to play in the 2015 CAF Super Cup.

CAF 5-year ranking
The CAF 5-year ranking system is used by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to determine the number of clubs that each member association may enter its club football competitions; the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederation Cup. At present, those associations ranked in the top 12 may enter two teams into each of the two club competitions, while the remaining associations are limited to a single team in each competition.
2014 Players' Championship
The 2014 Players' Championship was held from April 15 to 20 at the Consolidated Credit Union Place in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. It was the fourth and final Grand Slam of the 2013–14 World Curling Tour.

On the men's side, Edmonton's Kevin Martin won a record eighth Players' Championship, which was his final Players' win before retirement. On the women's side, Winnipeg's Jennifer Jones won a record fifth Players' title.

Players' Championship
The Players' Championship, currently known as the AMJ Players' Championship for sponsorship reasons, is the final event of the Grand Slam of Curling tour, and is formerly the championship of the World Curling Tour season.

From 2016 to 2019, it was the penultimate slam of the curling season, and the last of the four "majors". The event was one of the original Grand Slam events when they were instituted in the 2001–02 season for men and for the 2005–06 season for women.
Andreev reflection
Andreev reflection, named after the Russian physicist Alexander F. Andreev, is a type of particle scattering which occurs at interfaces between a superconductor (S) and a normal state material (N).  It is a charge-transfer process by which normal current in N is converted to supercurrent in S. Each Andreev reflection transfers a charge 2e across the interface, avoiding the forbidden single-particle transmission within the superconducting energy gap.

This effect is generally called Andreev reflection but it is also be referred to as Andreev–Saint-James reflection, as it was predicted independently by Saint-James and de Gennes and by Andreev in the early sixties.

Supercurrent
A supercurrent is a superconducting current, that is, electric current which flows without dissipation in a superconductor. Under certain conditions, an electric current can also flow without dissipation in microscopically small non-superconducting metals. However, currents in such perfect conductors are not called supercurrents, but persistent currents.
Fanspeak
Fanspeak is the slang or jargon current in science fiction and fantasy fandom, especially those terms in use among readers and writers of science fiction fanzines.

Fanspeak is made up of acronyms, blended words, obscure in-jokes, puns, coinages from science fiction novels or films, and archaic or standard English words used in specific ways relevant or amusing to the science fiction community.

Slang
Slang is a vocabulary (words, phrases, and linguistic usages) of an informal register, common in everyday conversation but avoided in formal writing and speech. It also often refers to the language exclusively used by the members of particular in-groups in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both. The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception, with no single technical usage in linguistics.
Tunisia at the 2022 FIFA World Cup
This article relates the participation of Tunisia during the 2022 FIFA World Cup organized in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022. This is the country's sixth participation in the competition after 1978, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2018. Tunisia meets France, Denmark and Australia in Group D. For the sixth time, Tunisia failed to qualify for the second round of the World Cup, as Tunisia finished the tournament ranked 21st after a 0–0 draw with Denmark, a 0–1 defeat against Australia and a 1–0 victory over France.

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF third round
The third round of CAF matches for 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification was played from 25 to 29 March 2022. The ten group winners from the second round were drawn into five home-and-away ties. The five overall winners of these fixtures qualified for the Olympics.
Fokker M.7
The Fokker M.7 was an unarmed German biplane observation aircraft developed during the First World War by the Fokker-Flugzeugwerke (Fokker Aircraft Company) for the Imperial German Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) Naval Air Service (Marine-Fliegerabteilung) during the First World War. First flown in 1915, it was used by the armed forces of Germany and Austro-Hungary. As the M.7 became obsolete, it was relegated to training duties.

Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
The Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops or Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops (German: Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen or K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen, Hungarian: Császári és Királyi Légjárócsapatok) were the air force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the empire's dissolution in 1918; it saw combat on both the Eastern Front and Italian Front during World War I.
Manises UFO incident
The Manises UFO incident took place on 11 November 1979, forcing a commercial flight of the Spanish company Transportes Aéreos Españoles, with 109 passengers, to make an emergency landing at the Manises' airport in Valencia, Spain, when they were flying over Ibiza. After the emergency landing, a Spanish Air Force Dassault Mirage F1 took off from Los Llanos Base in order to intercept the mysterious object.

It is the most famous UFO sighting in Spain.

Manises
Manises is a town and municipality in the comarca of Horta Oest in the Valencian Community, Spain. Located in the province of Valencia, it had 30,693 inhabitants in 2018 (INE) and is famous for its pottery and being the location of Valencia Airport.
Free Legal Assistance Group
The Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) is a nationwide organization of human rights lawyers in the Philippines. It was founded in 1974 by Senator Jose W. Diokno, Lorenzo Tañada, J.B.L. Reyes, and Joker Arroyo during the martial law era under former President Ferdinand Marcos. It is the first and largest group of human rights lawyers established in the nation. They work on countering varied abuses against human rights and civil liberties. Its current chairman since 2025 is human rights lawyer Ted Te.

Commission on Elections (Philippines)
The Commission on Elections (Filipino: Komisyon sa Halalan), abbreviated as COMELEC, is one of the three constitutional commissions of the Philippines. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.

The other two Constitutional Commissions are the Commission on Audit and Civil Service Commission.
Fort Campbell
Fort Campbell is a United States Army installation located between the Kentucky–Tennessee border between Hopkinsville, Kentucky and Clarksville, Tennessee. Though the base's postal address is nominally listed as being in Kentucky (due to the location of the base's headquarters), the majority of the post itself is physically located across the state line in Tennessee. Fort Campbell is home to the 101st Airborne Division and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The fort is named in honor of Union Army Brigadier General William Bowen Campbell, the last Whig Governor of Tennessee.

502nd Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 502nd Infantry Regiment (502nd IR), previously titled the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment (502nd PIR), is an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The regiment was established shortly after U.S. entry into World War II, and was assigned as a regiment of the 101st Airborne Division, "The Screaming Eagles", one of the most decorated formations of the U.S. Army. The regiment saw substantial action in the European Theater of World War II and was inactivated in 1945, shortly after the end of the war. Reactivating in a new form in 1956, the 502nd Infantry has served in the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, Iraq War, War in Afghanistan, and Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq. Since 1974, the regiment has been classified as an Air Assault unit.

Currently, 1st Battalion & 2nd Battalion are active, both assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).
Lady Sazen and the Drenched Swallow Sword
Lady Sazen and the Drenched Swallow Sword (Japanese: 女左膳 濡れ燕片手斬り, Hepburn: Onna Sazen nuretsubame katategiri) (also known as Left Fencer) is a 1969 Japanese samurai drama and action film, directed by Kimiyoshi Yasuda. Michiyo Okusu plays the role of the one-eyed, one-armed swords-woman O-kin. This film follows in the series of films about Tange Sazen, but this one features a female version of the Sazen—Lady Sazen.

Tange Sazen
Tange Sazen (Japanese: 丹下 左膳) is a fictional swordsman featured in Japanese literature, cinema and TV. Originally a samurai member of the Sōma clan, he is attacked and mutilated, losing his right eye and right arm. He then begins to lead the life of a rōnin, using the pseudonym Sazen.
John Cheke
Sir John Cheke (or Cheek; 16 June 1514 – 13 September 1557) was an English classical scholar and statesman. One of the foremost teachers of his age, and the first Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge, he played a great part in the revival of Greek learning in England. He was tutor to Prince Edward, the future King Edward VI, and also sometimes to Princess Elizabeth. Of strongly Reformist sympathy in religious affairs, his public career as provost of King's College, Cambridge, Member of Parliament and briefly as Secretary of State during King Edward's reign was brought to a close by the accession of Queen Mary in 1553. He went into voluntary exile abroad, at first under royal licence (which he overstayed). He was captured and imprisoned in 1556, and recanted his faith to avoid death by burning. He died not long afterward, reportedly regretting his decision.

William Paget, 1st Baron Paget
William Paget, 1st Baron Paget of Beaudesert KG PC (1506 – 9 June 1563), was an English statesman and accountant who held prominent positions in the service of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. He was the patriarch of the Paget family, whose descendants were created Earl of Uxbridge (1714) and Marquess of Anglesey (1815).
Damarious Randall
Damarious Wayne Randall (born August 29, 1992) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arizona State Sun Devils and was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2015 NFL draft.

Derek Carr
Derek Dallas Carr (born March 28, 1991) is an American former professional football quarterback who played 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs, receiving first-team All-Mountain West Conference honors twice before being selected by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 2014 NFL draft.

A four-time Pro Bowler, Carr helped the Raiders reach the playoffs during the 2016 season, the franchise's first appearance since 2002, as well as another postseason berth in 2021. Following a 2022 season that was below expectations, Carr lost his starting job and agreed with Raiders leadership to be released following the conclusion of the season. He left the Raiders as the franchise leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, and pass completions. After leaving the Raiders, Carr played two seasons for the New Orleans Saints before announcing his retirement in 2025 due to a severe rotator cuff injury.