hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Edinburgh Air Charter Flight 3W
Edinburgh Air Charter Flight 3W was a charter flight from Glasgow to Aberdeen. On 3 September 1999, an engine failed during takeoff at Glasgow. The aircraft then crashed short of the runway, killing 8 of the 11 people on board. The Cessna 404 Titan was chartered by Edinburgh Air Charter but operating with Airtours and carrying Airtours employees. Later they would board an actual Airtours Boeing 757 for Palma de Mallorca.

MyTravel Group
MyTravel Group plc was a British, global travel group headquartered in Rochdale, England. It was founded in 1972 as Airtours Group. The group included two in-house airlines, MyTravel Airways UK and MyTravel Airways Scandinavia, and various tour operators around the world. On 19 June 2007, the group merged with Thomas Cook AG to form the Thomas Cook Group plc.

The successor to MyTravel Group: Thomas Cook Group, entered Compulsory liquidation on 23 September 2019.
Gelatine (airship)
Gelatine was an airship operated by the United States Army Signal Corps. Gelatine was built by Thomas Scott Baldwin's company Baldwin's Airships, Balloons, Aeroplanes of New York City. On the morning of September 19, 1905, the Gelatine, piloted by Lincoln J. Beachey, ascended from the grounds of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition on the shores of Guild's Lake in Portland, Oregon, landing 40 minutes later at the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington. The flight is considered as the first aerial crossing of the Columbia River and the first account of controlled powered flight in Washington.

Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition
The Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, commonly also known as the Lewis and Clark Exposition, and officially known as the Lewis and Clark Centennial and American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair, was a worldwide exposition held in Portland, Oregon, United States in 1905 to celebrate the centennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.  While not officially considered a World's Fair by the Bureau of International Expositions, it is often informally described as such; the exposition attracted both exhibits and visitors from around the world.  During the exposition's four-month run, it attracted over 1.6 million visitors, and featured exhibits from 21 countries. Portland grew from 161,000 to 270,000 residents between 1905 and 1910, a spurt that has been attributed to the exposition.
Middlemarch
Middlemarch, A Study of Provincial Life is a novel by English author George Eliot, the pen name of Mary Ann Evans. It appeared in eight installments (volumes) in 1871 and 1872. Set in Middlemarch, a fictional English Midlands town, from 1829 to 1832, it follows distinct, intersecting stories with many characters. Issues include the status of women, the nature of marriage, idealism, self-interest, religion, hypocrisy, political reform, and education. Leavened with comic elements, Middlemarch approaches significant historical events in a realist mode: the Reform Act 1832, early railways, and the accession of King William IV. It looks at medicine of the time and reactionary views in a settled community facing unwelcome change. Eliot began writing the two pieces that formed the novel in 1869–1870 and completed it in 1871. Initial reviews were mixed, but it is now seen widely as her best work and one of the great English novels.

F. R. Leavis
Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis CH (/ˈliːvɪs/ LEE-vis; 14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was an English literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York.

Leavis ranked among the most prominent English-language critics in the 1950s and 1960s. J. B. Bamborough wrote of him in 1963: "it would be true to say that in the last thirty or more years hardly anyone seriously concerned with the study of English literature has not been influenced by him in some way."

According to Clive James, "You became accustomed to seeing him walk briskly along Trinity Street, gown blown out horizontal in his slipstream. He looked as if walking briskly was something he had practised in a wind-tunnel."
2021 Nottingham Trophy
The 2021 Nottingham Trophy was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2021 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Nottingham, United Kingdom between 14 and 20 June 2021.

2021 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2021 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2021 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 147 tournaments with prize money ranging from $36,680 up to $156,240. It was the 44th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 13th under the name of Challenger Tour.

Tallon Griekspoor set a new record for winning the most Challenger titles in a season when he won his seventh title of the season at the Tenerife Challenger and immediately improved upon the record by winning the Slovak Open II the week after.
Amity Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
Amity Township is a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 13,435 at the 2020 census. Amity Township, especially in the Douglassville area, is seeing growth in development as a bedroom community for Philadelphia and Reading.

The township was so named for the cordial relationship, or amity, between Swedish settlers and the local Native Americans.

Township (Pennsylvania)
A township, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities, boroughs, and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions.

In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities, and tend to be located in suburban, exurban, or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government.
Sculthorpe Training Area
Sculthorpe Training Area, previously Royal Air Force Sculthorpe / (RAF Sculthorpe), is a military training site administered by the Defence Training Estate, part of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). It is approximately 3 miles (4.8 kilometres) west of Fakenham in the county of Norfolk in England.

The training area occupies the larger part of the former RAF Sculthorpe, a military airbase used by RAF bombers in the later stages of the Second World War (1942–45), by United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) units from 1952 to 1962, and thereafter temporary visiting airmen and support crews of both the Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Air Force (USAF) until its closure as an active airfield on 2 October 1992 (1992-10-02). In 1997, the Ministry of Defence sold the technical, domestic and administrative site, but retained the airfield itself, including the runways, taxiways, dispersal areas and the adjacent dispersed secure weapon storage area.

RAF Great Massingham
Royal Air Force Great Massingham or more simply RAF Great Massingham is a former Royal Air Force station located 8.1 miles (13 km) southwest of Fakenham, Norfolk and 11.7 miles (18.8 km) east of King's Lynn, Norfolk, England.

The airfield was built as a satellite airfield of RAF West Raynham in 1940 but was upgraded to a parent station on 3 June 1944. The airfield closed in 1945, although remained in use for storage until 1958.
Tristellateia australasiae
Tristellateia australasiae, also known as maiden's jealousy, showers of gold climber and Australian gold vine, is a climbing plant in the Malpighiaceae family that is native to Southeast Asia and northern Australia.

Vine
A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines, while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.
Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
The Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion in southwestern Europe. It occupies the interior valleys and plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula. The ecoregion lies mostly in Spain, and includes some portions of eastern Portugal.

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations, but can be cool near colder seas; while winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations, but can be cold in inland and higher locations. These ecoregions are highly distinctive, collectively harboring 10% of the Earth's plant species.
Miedema's model
Miedema's model is a semi-empirical approach for estimating the heat of formation of solid or liquid metal alloys and compounds in the framework of thermodynamic calculations for metals and minerals. It was developed by the Dutch scientist Andries Rinse Miedema (15 November 1933 – 28 May  1992) while working at Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium. It may provide or confirm basic enthalpy data needed for the calculation of phase diagrams of metals, via CALPHAD or ab initio quantum chemistry methods. For a binary system composed by elements A and B, a generic Miedema Formula could be cast as  where terms  and  are explained and reported below. 
For a binary system the physical picture could be simplified by considering a relatively simpler function of the difference of these three physical parameters  resulting in a more complex form: 
.

Liquid metal
A liquid metal is a metal or a metal alloy which is liquid at or near room temperature.

The only stable liquid elemental metal at room temperature is mercury (Hg), which is molten above −38.8 °C (234.3 K, −37.9 °F). Three more stable elemental metals melt just above room temperature: caesium (Cs), which has a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F); gallium (Ga) (30 °C [86 °F]); and rubidium (Rb) (39 °C [102 °F]). The radioactive metal francium (Fr) is probably liquid close to room temperature as well. Calculations predict that the radioactive metals copernicium (Cn) and flerovium (Fl) should also be liquid at room temperature.

Alloys can be liquid if they form a eutectic, meaning that the alloy's melting point is lower than any of the alloy's constituent metals. The standard metal for creating liquid alloys used to be mercury, but gallium-based alloys, which are lower both in their vapor pressure at room temperature and toxicity, are being used as a replacement in various applications.
Armenio railway station
Armenio railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Αρμενίου, romanized: Sidirodromikos Stathmos Armenio) is a railway station in Armenio (near Larissa), Thessaly, Greece. It is located outside the settlement. Opened on 22 April 1884 by the Thessaly Railways (now part of OSE). Today Hellenic Train operates fourteen daily local trains to Larissa and Volos.

Rail replacement bus service
A rail replacement bus service replaces a passenger train service on a temporary or permanent basis. The train service that is replaced may be of any type such as light rail, tram, streetcar, commuter rail, regional rail or heavy rail inter-city passenger service. The railway service may be replaced if the line is closed because of rail maintenance, a breakdown of a train, a rail accident or a strike action; it may simply provide additional capacity or if the railway service is deemed not economically viable.

Terms for a rail replacement bus service include  bustitution (a portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", or bustitute) and bus bridge. Substitution of rail services by buses can be unpopular and subject to criticism, so the term bustitution is often used pejoratively.
Morag Pearce
Morag "Maggie" Pearce (née Kirkland) is a former England women's international footballer who played as a right-back. She competed at the 1984 European Competition for Women's Football where England lost against Sweden in the final. She won five Women's FA Cups with Southampton during the 1970s.

1975 WFA Cup final
The 1975 WFA Cup Final was the fifth final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. It was the fifth final to be held under the direct control of Women's Football Association (WFA). Southampton Women's F.C. and Warminster L.F.C. contested the match at Brewers Hill, the home of Dunstable Town on 4 May 1975. The match ended 4–2 in favour of Southampton Women.
Dorchester College
Dorchester College or The Old College was turned into an Orthodox Theological College to serve the Serbian Orthodox Church in the diaspora on the initiative of the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe, the Right Reverend Harold Buxton. After World War II, the Bishop of Gibraltar went to visit an overcrowded refugee camp in the town of Eboli near Salerno, where he was moved by the devotion of the internees who fought the German occupiers and Tito-led communists in Yugoslavia. There, General Miodrag Damjanović introduced Serbian theologian Dimitrije Najdanović to the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe. In turn, Najdanović and Right Reverend Buxton discussed with 40 students and priests the possibility of forming a clergy training college in the village of Dorchester on Thames, seeing that a nucleus was there.

The college served its missionary purpose from 1885 from the time of Darwell Stone until the 1960s.

Later, it was converted for other uses.

Dorchester on Thames
Dorchester on Thames is an historic village and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, Oxfordshire, England, located about 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Oxford at the confluence of the River Thames and River Thame.

The village has evidence of prehistoric and Roman settlement and rose to prominence in the 7th century when Birinus established a bishopric there. It is best known for Dorchester Abbey, a former cathedral and now a parish church with significant Norman and Gothic architecture.

Today, Dorchester is noted for its historic character, riverside setting, and role in religious and early English history.
2018 U-19 Asia Rugby Championship
The 2018 U-19 Asia Rugby Championship is an international rugby union competition for Under 20 national teams in Asia. The competition was held in Taipei, Taiwan. The winners in Asia Rugby U19 Championship secured a berth at the 2019 World Rugby Under 20 Trophy.

Asia Rugby U19 Championship
The Under-19 Asia Rugby Championship is an annual rugby union championship for Under-19 national teams, held since 2005. The championship is organised by rugby's Asian governing body, the Asia Rugby.

The tournament serves as Asia's qualification to the next year's World Rugby U20 Trophy organised by the World Rugby.

Hong Kong are the current champions, having won their 6th successive title in Kaohsiung, Taiwan in 2019.
Basic Education Certificate Examination
The Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) is the main examination to qualify students for admission into secondary and vocational schools in Ghana, and Nigeria. It is written after three years of junior secondary education.  It is administered by the Ghana Education Service under the Ministry of Education. In Nigeria, it is administered by the state ministry of education in each state under the supervision of the
National Examinations Council (NECO). NECO directly organizes examinations for Unity Schools, Armed Forces Secondary Schools, and other Federal Government schools.
Candidates in the third year of junior high schools approved by the Ghana Education Service are eligible for the examination. It is conducted annually in June (Ghana) and May or June (Nigeria).

Ghana Education Service
The Ghana Education Service (GES) is a government agency under the Ministry of Education responsible for implementing government policies that ensure that Ghanaians of school-going age irrespective of their ethnicity, gender, disability, religious and political dispositions receive quality formal education. The Ghana Education Service is governed by a fifteen-member council called the GES council.

The agency was established in 1974 by the National Redemption Council. It partners with organisations and is demarcated into various units to ensure the effective execution of its mandate to the Ghanaian society.
Emma of Paris, Duchess of Normandy
Emma of Paris (c. 943 – 19 March 968), was a duchess consort of Normandy, married to Richard I, Duke of Normandy. She was the daughter of Count Hugh the Great of Paris and Hedwige of Saxony and sister of Hugh Capet, king of France.

Emma was betrothed to Richard I in her childhood as a part of an alliance between Normandy and Paris against the French royal house. The marriage took place in 960. The union gave a permanent and useful status to Normandy, especially since the brother of Emma became king in 987. Emma has been pointed out as the mother of Emma of Normandy, but this is not chronologically possible. Emma died childless.

Hugh Capet
Hugh Capet (/ˈkæpeɪ/; French: Hugues Capet [yɡ kapɛ]; c. 941 – 24 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder of and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony, he was elected as the successor of the last Carolingian king, Louis V. Hugh was descended from Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy through his paternal grandmother Béatrice of Vermandois, and was also the nephew of Otto the Great.

The dynasty he founded ruled France for nearly nine centuries: from 987 to 1328 in the senior line, and until 1848 via cadet branches (with an interruption from 1792 to 1814 and briefly in 1815).
Paracanthocobitis mackenziei
Paracanthocobitis mackenziei also known as the robust zipper loach is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Paracanthocobitis. This species is the most widely distributed species of Paracanthocobitis and is known from the Ganges River basin of Nepal and India, the Meghna River basin in Bangladesh, the Mahanadi River basin in eastern India, and the upper Indus River basin of northern India and eastern Pakistan. Fishbase treats P. (A). mackenziei under Nemachilus mackenziei as a synonym of Acnthocobitis botia.

Paracanthocobitis botia
Paracanthocobitis botia also known as the mottled zipper loach is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Paracanthocobitis. This species is known from the mainstem, and possibly tributaries of the Brahmaputra River, in Assam, India.
Monastery of Great Meteoron
The Monastery of Great Meteoron (Greek: Μεγάλο Μετέωρο), mainly known as Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Saviour (Greek: Μονή της Μεταμόρφωσης του Σωτήρος) in Greece, is a Greek Orthodox monastery near the town of Kalambaka, in the Thessaly region of central Greece. It is located at the top of a rocky precipice over 415 metres (1,362 ft) above the Pineios valley floor.: 11, 32  It is one of twenty-four monasteries that were originally built at Meteora. The Monastery of the Great Meteoron is one of the oldest existing of the Meteora monasteries. Collectively titled Meteora, in 1988 the extant six monasteries were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Emperor of the Serbs
Between 1345 and 1373, four Serbian monarchs held the title of emperor (tsar). The full title was initially Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, later Emperor of the Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians in Serbian and basileus and autokrator of Serbia and Romania ["the land of the Romans"] in Greek. This title was soon enlarged into "Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians and Albanians".
The Serbian Empire was ruled by two monarchs: Stefan Dušan (r. 1346–1355) and Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371). Two other claimants of the title ruled in Thessaly, Central Greece.
Eton v Harrow
The Eton v Harrow cricket match is an annual match between public school rivals Eton College and Harrow School. It is the oldest modern sporting rivalry between two schools, one of the longest-running annual sporting fixtures in the world and is the last annual school cricket match still to be played at Lord's.

In February 2022, the MCC announced that from 2023 onwards the fixture would no longer be held at the ground. It would be replaced by the finals of boys' and girls' schools competitions, as stated by MCC to be more inclusive. However, in September, 2022, following opposition from a section of its membership, the club decided that the match would be held at Lord's in 2023 to allow time for further consultation. In March, 2023 it was announced that the fixture would continue to be played at Lord's until at least 2027, following which there would be a review and a possible vote in 2028 on whether the match should remain at Lord's.

Rugby School
Rugby School is a private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England.

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Originally a boys' school, it became fully co-educational in 1992.

The school's alumni – or "Old Rugbeians" – include a UK prime minister, a French prime minister, several bishops, poets, scientists, writers and soldiers.

Rugby School is the birthplace of rugby football.
Marek Konwa
Marek Konwa (born 11 March 1990 in Zielona Góra) is a Polish cyclo cross and cross-country mountain biker. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's cross-country at Hadleigh Farm, finishing in 16th place. He was on the start list for the 2018 Cross-country European Championship and he finished in 21st place.

HSF System Cup
The HSF System Cup is a season-long cyclo-cross competition consisting of 8 races throughout the season in the Czech Republic. The event was formerly known as the Toi Toi Cup and Budvar Cup. The event  It is one of five season-long competitions, alongside the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup, Cyclo-cross Superprestige, the X²O Badkamers Trophy and the Exact Cross.

The competition is a point-based system where riders can win points in each of the races and the overall winner is based on the total points across all 8 races. The winner of each race is awarded 50 points and each subsequent rider, up to the 50th place, is awarded one point less.
Hydes Brewery
Hydes is a family-owned and managed brewery in Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The company has been brewing real ales since 1863. It owns more than 50 managed and tenanted pubs, mainly in North West England.

Mild ale
Mild ale is a type of ale. Modern milds are mostly dark-coloured, with an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 3% to 3.6%, although there are lighter-hued as well as stronger milds, reaching 6% abv and higher. Mild originated in Britain in the 17th century or earlier, and originally meant a young ale, as opposed to a "stale" aged or old ale.

Mild experienced a sharp decline in popularity in the 1960s, and was in danger of completely disappearing, but the increase of microbreweries has led to a modest renaissance and an increasing number of milds (sometimes labelled "dark") being brewed.

In 2016, the Campaign for Real Ale designated May as Mild Month. In the United States, a group of beer bloggers organised the first American Mild Month for May 2015, with forty-five participating breweries across the country.