hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Focus (linguistics)
In linguistics, focus (abbreviated FOC) is a grammatical category that conveys the part of the sentence that contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. In the English sentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus is expressed prosodically by a pitch accent on "Bill", which identifies him as the only person whom Mary insulted. By contrast, in the sentence "Mary only INSULTED Bill", the verb "insult" is focused and thus expresses that Mary performed no other actions towards Bill. Focus is a cross-linguistic phenomenon and a major field of study in linguistics. Research on focus spans numerous subfields including phonetics, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.

Lambda calculus
In mathematical logic, the lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is a universal machine, i.e. a model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine (and vice versa). It was introduced by the mathematician Alonzo Church in the 1930s as part of his research into the foundations of mathematics. In 1936, Church found a formulation which was logically consistent, and documented it in 1940.
Leonardo's Swans
Leonardo's Swans is an international bestseller by Karen Essex, published by Doubleday in 2006.  The novel tells the story of the rivalry between the powerful Este sisters, Beatrice and Isabella, princesses of the House of Ferrara, as they competed for the attentions of both the Duke of Milan and Leonardo da Vinci when the artist was court painter in the High Renaissance.  Also included are excerpts from Leonardo's own journals and letters, which reflect the contents of each chapter.

Beatrice d'Este
Beatrice d'Este (29 June 1475 - 3 January 1497) was a noblewoman from Ferrara, duchess of Bari and Milan by her marriage to Ludovico Sforza (known as "Ludovico il Moro"). She was known as a woman of culture, an important patron of arts and science and a leader in fashion: alongside her husband, she made Milan one of the greatest capitals of the European Renaissance. With her determination and bellicose nature, she led the Milanese resistance against the French during the first of the Italian Wars. Her interventions repelled the Duke of Orléans who was on the verge of conquering Milan.
John Greene (Kilkenny MP)
John Greene (died 16 June 1883) was an Irish landowner and politician from County Kilkenny.

At the 1847 general election, Greene was elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons in Westminster as one of the two Members of Parliament (MPs) for the County Kilkenny constituency. He was re-elected at the next three general elections, and held the seat until his defeat at the 1865 general election by George Leopold Bryan. He was first elected as Repeal Association candidate, and thereafter as a Liberal Independent (1852), a member of the Independent Irish Party in 1857, and as a Liberal in 1859 and at his defeat in 1865.

George Leopold Bryan
George Leopold Bryan (1828 – 29 June 1880) was an Irish politician in the United Kingdom House of Commons.

He was elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons as Member of Parliament for County Kilkenny in 1865, and held the seat until 1880.
History of the New York City Police Department
The New York City Police Department (NYPD) originates in the Government of New York City attempts to control rising crime in early- to mid-19th-century New York City. The City's reforms created a full-time professional police force modeled upon London's Metropolitan Police, itself only formed in 1829. Established in 1845, the Municipal Police replaced the inadequate night watch system which had been in place since the 17th century, when the city was founded by the Dutch as New Amsterdam.

In 1857, the Municipal Police were tumultuously replaced by the Metropolitan Police, which consolidated other local police departments.

Late 19th and early 20th century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption.

Mollen Commission
The Mollen Commission is formally known as The City of New York Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department. Former judge Milton Mollen was appointed in June 1992 by then New York City mayor David N. Dinkins to investigate corruption in the New York City Police Department. Mollen's mandate was to examine and investigate "the nature and extent of corruption in the Department; evaluate the department's procedures for preventing and detecting that corruption; and recommend changes and improvements to those procedures".
Îles-de-Boucherville National Park
The Îles-de-Boucherville National Park is a provincial park along the Saint Lawrence river in the province of Quebec.

Located on the South Shore of Montreal, near the suburb of Boucherville, the park comprises a handful of islands dotted with wetlands, bike paths, kayak circuits, cross-country ski trails, and public golf courses. Wildlife can be readily observed in all seasons, including the white-tailed deer, red fox, and the grey squirrel.

Formerly used as agricultural land, the islands were targeted for real-estate development in the 1970s, prompting the provincial government to acquire the islands and create the park in 1984. Since 1999, it has been administered by the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq), which manages several Quebec parks and wildlife refuges.

Snowshoe
Snowshoes are specialized outdoor gear for walking over snow. Their large footprint spreads the user's weight out and allows them to travel largely on top of rather than through snow. Adjustable bindings attach them to appropriate winter footwear.

Traditional snowshoes have a hardwood frame filled in with rawhide latticework. Modern snowshoes are made of lightweight metal, plastic, and other synthetic materials.

In the past, snowshoes were essential equipment for anyone dependent on travel in deep and frequent snowfall, such as  fur trappers. They retain that role in areas where motorized vehicles cannot reach or are inconvenient to use. However, their greatest contemporary use is for recreation.
Athena relief of Sömek
The Athena relief of Sömek is a Greco-Roman rock relief, located some two kilometres north of the village of Sömek in Silifke district of Mersin province in Turkey, near the valley of the Limonlu river, the ancient Lamos. In antiquity, the river formed the border between "Rugged Cilicia" (Kilikia Tracheia) in the west and "Flat Cilicia" (Kilikia Pedias) in the east.

Cilicia
Cilicia (/sɪˈlɪʃə/, sil-ISH-ə) is a geographical region of southern Anatolia in West Asia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia borders Pamphylia to the west, Lycaonia and Cappadocia to the north, Commagene to the north-east, Syria to the east and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (Turkish: Çukurova). The region includes the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Christer Mattiasson
Björn Ove Christer Mattiasson (born 29 July 1971) is a Swedish football manager and former player. He most notably played for IF Elfsborg, AIK, and Djurgårdens IF and made two appearances for the Sweden national team. He was the Allsvenskan top scorer of 1997.

2002 Allsvenskan
Allsvenskan 2002, part of the 2002 Swedish football season, was the 78th Allsvenskan season played. The first match was played 6 April 2002 and the last match was played 2 November 2002. Djurgårdens IF won the league ahead of runners-up Malmö FF, while IFK Norrköping and Kalmar FF were relegated.
Dementium II
Dementium II is a 2010 survival horror first-person shooter video game developed by Renegade Kid and published by SouthPeak Games for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to 2007's Dementium: The Ward. A remastered version of the game without involvement from Renegade Kid was released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X on December 17, 2013 to negative reviews.

SouthPeak Games
SouthPeak Interactive Corporation, doing business as SouthPeak Games, was an American video game publisher based in Midlothian, Virginia. Founded on March 1, 1996, as a subsidiary of SAS Institute in Cary, North Carolina, it was sold and moved to Midlothian, Virginia in 2000, and became a public company in 2008. Also in 2008, the company acquired and closed Austin, Texas–based publisher Gamecock Media Group, and opened a separate digital distribution subsidiary 7Sixty in Grapevine, Texas in 2011. SouthPeak Games quietly disappeared from the public eye in July 2013.
Three Arms Zone
The Three Arms Zone is a district of Abuja, the capital of Nigeria, so named because it contains the headquarters of the Three Arms of Government. The Supreme Court (Judiciary), The National Assembly (Legislature), and the Presidential Villa (Executive) as well as several federal buildings.

National Assembly (Nigeria)
The National Assembly of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a bicameral legislature established under section 4 of the Constitution of Nigeria The body consists of 109 members of the Senate and 360 members from the House of Representatives; There are three senators from each of the States of Nigeria and one senator representing the Federal Capital Territory and single-member district, plurality voting in the House of Representatives.
Küçükyalı (Istanbul Metro)
Küçükyalı is an underground station on the M4 line of the Istanbul Metro in Maltepe. It is located beneath the D.100 State Highway, in the Çınar neighborhood. Connection to IETT city buses and Istanbul Minibus service is available. The station consists of an island platform with two tracks and was opened on 17 August 2012.

M4 (Istanbul Metro)
The M4, officially referred to as the M4 Kadıköy - Sabiha Gökçen Airport metro line (Turkish: M4 Kadıköy–Sabiha Gökçen Havalimanı metro hattı), is a 33.5-kilometre (20.8 mi), 23-station rapid transit line of the Istanbul Metro. It is colored deep pink on the maps and route signs.  Running between Kadıköy and Sabiha Gökçen Airport, it is the first rapid transit line operating on the Asian side of Istanbul. The M4 mostly runs under State road D100, parallel to the Istanbul-Ankara railway and is entirely underground.
KD Rencong
KD Rencong is the fourth ship of Keris-class littoral mission ship. She was built for the Royal Malaysian Navy by China Shipbuilding and Offshore International Co. Ltd at Wucang Port, Qidong, Shanghai, in China. Rencong delivered in 2021 and commissioned in 2022 and will be in service with the 11th LMS Squadron based in Sepanggar, Sabah.

Keris-class littoral mission ship
The Keris class are a class of Littoral Mission Ship of the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN). This ship is an offshore patrol vessel type with a length of 69 metres (226 ft 5 in) and displacing 700 tons. A total of 18 ships are planned. As of 2018, four ships have been funded by the Malaysian government.
Raipur Rani
Raipur Rani is a Town and Tehsil in Panchkula district in the Indian state of Haryana. It is one of three tehsils located in Panchkula District. It is located on the Panchkula city-Chandigarh-Nahan-Paonta Sahib-Dehradun highway 30 kilometres (19 miles) east from the Chandigarh-Mohali-Panchkula urban cities combine. It is about 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the Dera Bassi Industrial belt and 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the Barwala industrial estate. Narayangarh in the Ambala District is the next large town in its proximity.

Barwala, Panchkula
Barwala is a town and sub-tehsil in the Panchkula district of Haryana, India. Its lies Approx. 23 km from Panchkula city and 31 Kilometers from Chandigarh state capital.

The name "Barwala" is derived from "Bar", the Hindi word for Ficus benghalensis. The Barwala town is situated on the Haryana-Punjab border, near an Air Force station.

The Barwala block consists of 35 gram panchayats and 10 block sameeties. The block population is 48284.
Lester Frankel
Lester Robert Frankel (1913 – February 11, 2006) was a prominent American survey statistician. He studied under Harold Hotelling, receiving a master's degree from Columbia University in 1936, and in 1953 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. He served as the 70th president of the American Statistical Association in 1975. He was also president of the Market Research Council, and received awards for distinguished service from that organization and the American Association for Public Opinion Research.

Frankel helped develop one of the first unemployment measures and conduct one of the first federal surveys of unemployment (1940). After this was taken over by the U.S. Census Bureau, it became known as the Current Population Survey. Frankel served in the navy from 1944 to 1946. He later worked for Dun & Bradstreet, Alfred Politz Research, and Audits & Surveys Worldwide.

He died after a stroke at the age of 92.

Harold Hotelling
Harold Hotelling (/ˈhoʊtəlɪŋ/; September 29, 1895 – December 26, 1973) was an American mathematical statistician and an influential economic theorist, known for Hotelling's law, Hotelling's lemma, and Hotelling's rule in economics, as well as Hotelling's T-squared distribution in statistics. He also developed and named the principal component analysis method widely used in finance, statistics and computer science.

He was associate professor of mathematics at Stanford University from 1927 until 1931, a member of the faculty of Columbia University from 1931 until 1946, and a professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until his death. A street in Chapel Hill bears his name. In 1972, he received the North Carolina Award for contributions to science.
Pedro Miguel (footballer)
Pedro Miguel Carvalho Deus Correia (Arabic: بيدرو ميغيل كارفاليو ديوس كورييا; born 6 August 1990), known as Pedro Miguel and also Ró-Ró (Arabic: رُو رُو), is a professional footballer who plays for Al Sadd and the Qatar national team as a right-back or a central defender.

Having played lower-league football in Portugal, he appeared for Al Ahli and Al Sadd in the Qatar Stars League after arriving in the country in January 2011. He won several honours with the latter, including three league titles.

Born in Portugal, Pedro Miguel represented Cape Verde and Qatar at under-21 and senior levels, respectively. He was part of the squads at the 2019 and 2023 Asian Cups, 2019 Copa América, 2021 Gold Cup and 2022 World Cup, winning the first two tournaments.

Football at the 2009 Lusofonia Games
The Football tournament of the 2009 Lusophony Games was played in Lisbon, Portugal. The venue was the Estádio José Gomes and Estádio Nacional. The tournament was played from 11  to 19 July 2009, and there was just the men's competition.
Flag of Belgium
The national flag of the Kingdom of Belgium is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13∶15, and therefore, unlike the flags of Switzerland and the Vatican City, it is not a perfect square.

In 1830, the flag, at that time non-officially, consisted of three horizontal bands, with the colors red, yellow and black. On 23 January 1831, the National Congress enshrined the tricolor in the Constitution, but did not determine the direction and order of the color bands. As a result, the "official" flag was given vertical stripes with the colors black, yellow and red.

Belgian Army
The Belgian Army (Dutch: Landmacht, French: Force Terrestre) is the land branch of the Belgian Armed Forces. The King of the Belgians is the commander in chief. The current chief of staff of the Belgian Army is Major-General Jean-Pol Baugnée.

Dating back to Belgium's establishment in 1830, the Belgian Army is the oldest service branch of the Belgian Armed Forces, and is also the largest of the four branches, with approximately 10,000 active military personnel and over 2,000 reservists as of 2022.
1985 Bolivarian Games
The X Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos) were a multi-sport event held between November 9–18, 1985, in Cuenca, Ambato,  and Portoviejo, Ecuador. The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO).

The opening ceremony took place on November 9, 1985, at the Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar in Cuenca.  The Games were officially opened by Ecuadorean president León Febres Cordero.  Torch lighter were cyclist Jhon Jarrín and football player Arturo Cárdenas, gold medalist at the 1965 Bolivarian Games.

A detailed history of the early editions of the Bolivarian Games between 1938 and 1989 was published in a book written (in Spanish) by José Gamarra Zorrilla, former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee, and first president (1976-1982) of ODESUR.  Gold medal winners from Ecuador were published by the Comité Olímpico Ecuatoriano.

Bolivarian Games
The Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos, full name Juegos Deportivos Bolivarianos) are a regional multi-sport event held in honor of Simón Bolívar, and organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (Organización Deportiva Bolivariana, ODEBO). The event is open to athletes from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. In 2010, the ODEBO decided to include Chile as the seventh member of ODEBO. Except Panama and the Dominican Republic, all other participating countries are Andean states.
Nightfall and Other Stories
Nightfall and Other Stories (1969) is a collection of 20 previously published science fiction short stories by Isaac Asimov. Asimov added a brief introduction to each story, explaining some aspect of the story's history and/or how it came to be written.

Nightfall (Asimov novelette and novel)
"Nightfall" is a 1941 science fiction short story by the American writer Isaac Asimov about the coming of darkness to the people of a planet ordinarily illuminated by sunlight at all times. It was adapted into a novel with Robert Silverberg in 1990. The short story has appeared in many anthologies and six collections of Asimov stories. In 1968, the Science Fiction Writers of America voted "Nightfall" the best science fiction short story written prior to the 1965 establishment of the Nebula Awards and included it in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964.
Meteorite Island
Meteorite Island (Danish: Meteorit Ø) is an island in Baffin Bay, in Avannaata municipality, off NW Greenland.

The Cape York Meteorite fell thousands of years ago on the southern shore of this island.

Avannaata
Avannaata (Greenlandic pronunciation: [avanːaːta], Danish: Norden, lit. 'The North') is a municipality of Greenland created on 1 January 2018 from the bulk of the former Qaasuitsup municipality. It encompasses an area of 522,700 km2 and has 10,989 inhabitants.
Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop(née Rubinsztein; born 1950) AO FAA is a professor of physics at the University of Queensland and an Officer of the Order of Australia. She has led pioneering research in atom optics, laser micro-manipulation using optical tweezers, laser enhanced ionisation spectroscopy, biophysics and quantum physics.

Eureka Prizes
The Eureka Prizes are awarded annually by the Australian Museum, Sydney, to recognise individuals and organisations who have contributed to science and the understanding of science in Australia. They were founded in 1990 following a suggestion by science journalist Robyn Williams.

As of 2024, there are 19 prizes awarded across four categories and a total of $A$180,000 in prize money. The four categories are Research and Innovation, School Science, Science Engagement and Leadership.
William Higgins (priest)
The Venerable William Higgins was an Anglican priest in England.

Higdgins was born in London and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He held livings at Henstridge, Almondbury, Cheselbourne and Stoke on Tern. He was Canon of Lichfield Cathedral in 1633, and Precentor in 1636. Higgins was Archdeacon of Derby from 1641 until his death in 1666.

Archdeacons in the Diocese of Derby
The three Archdeacons in the Diocese of Derby are senior ecclesiastical officers in the Church of England Diocese of Derby. Each archdeacon has responsibility for church buildings and clergy discipline in her/his respective archdeaconry.
Ludwig Ruckdeschel
Ludwig Ruckdeschel (15 March 1907 – 8 November 1986) was the Acting Nazi Gauleiter of Bayreuth during the final month of the Gau's existence before the collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945. Before this, from 1933, he served as the Deputy Gauleiter, first to Hans Schemm, and then to Fritz Wächtler, whom he had executed on orders by Martin Bormann. From 1933 to 1945 he was also a member of the German Parliament, the Reichstag.

During the Second World War Ruckdeschel served in the Waffen-SS, rising to the rank of Obersturmbannführer. After the war he was arrested in 1947 and sentenced to 13 years in prison but released in 1952.

Gauleiter
A Gauleiter (German pronunciation: [ˈɡaʊlaɪtɐ] ⓘ) was a regional leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as the head of a Gau or Reichsgau. Gauleiter was the third-highest rank in the Nazi political leadership, subordinate only to Reichsleiter and to the Führer himself. The position was effectively abolished with the fall of the Nazi regime on 8 May 1945.
Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station
The Marconi–RCA Wireless Receiving Station is a historic district at the junction of Old Comers Rd. and Orleans Rd. in Chatham, Massachusetts.  It and its companion transmitter station at Marion were used for WCC, the busiest ship to shore radio station for most of the 20th century.  The district includes eight red brick buildings constructed by Marconi in 1914 to house the station's operations; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and is now home to the Chatham Marconi Maritime Center museum.

Chatham, Massachusetts
Chatham (/ˈtʃætəm/) is a town on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Chatham is located at the southeastern tip of Cape Cod and has historically been a fishing community. First settled by the English in 1664, the township was originally called Monomoit based on the indigenous population's term for the region.  Chatham was incorporated as a town on June 11, 1712, and has become a summer resort area. The population was 6,594 at the 2020 census and can swell to 25,000 during the summer months. There are four villages that comprise the town, those being Chatham (CDP), South Chatham, North Chatham, and West Chatham. Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge and the decommissioned Monomoy Point Light, both located on Monomoy Island. A popular attraction is the Chatham Light, which is an operational lighthouse that is operated by the United States Coast Guard.