hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jammala
Jammala (Arabic: جمّالا) is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 18 kilometers Northwest of Ramallah in the northern West Bank.  According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,664 inhabitants in 2017.

Jammala, together with Beitillu and Deir 'Ammar, form the new town of Al-Ittihad.

Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
31°55′59″N 35°12′18″E﻿ / ﻿31.933°N 35.205°E﻿ / 31.933; 35.205

The Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate (Arabic: محافظة رام الله والبيرة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Rām Allāh wa l Bīra) is one of 16  governorates of Palestine. It covers a large part of the central West Bank, on the northern border of the Jerusalem Governorate. Its district capital or muhfaza (seat) is the city of al-Bireh.

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the district had a population of 279,730 in 2007. Laila Ghannam serves as governor, the first woman in this role.
Catholic Church in Egypt
The Catholic Church in Egypt is considerably small as compared to the rest of the Christian population in Egypt, which is a significant minority among (mainly Sunni) Muslims. The Catholic population in Egypt is said to have begun during the British control of Egypt. However, many emigrated after the 1952 Revolution in Egypt, which also caused the overthrow and exile of King Farouk of Egypt. Catholics in Egypt belong to seven distinct ritual Particular Churches sui iuris, the largest being the Coptic Catholic Church, led by its Patriarch of Alexandria.

The majority of the Christians in Egypt are members of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The number of Catholics (less than 200,000) in Egypt makes up much less than 1% of the total Egyptian population, which is roughly 100 million people. Many of Egypt's Latin Catholics are of Italian or Maltese descent, while Egypt's Melkite Greek Catholics and Maronite Catholics are predominantly of Syro-Lebanese descent.

Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria
The Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria is the sole metropolitan see of the Coptic Catholic Church, a sui iuris particular church in full communion with the Holy See of the Catholic Church. It follows the Alexandrian Rite in its own Coptic language. Its archbishop is the superior of all Coptic Catholic dioceses, which are located in and around Egypt.

The patriarchate has two cathedrals, both in Egypt: Our Lady of Egypt in the national capital Cairo, and the Cathedral of the Resurrection in Alexandria.
Paleback darter
Etheostoma pallididorsum, the paleback darter, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to Arkansas in the United States.  It is only known to occur in the Caddo River and in Hallmans Creek, a tributary of the Ouachita River. This species inhabits headwaters and creeks where it lives in rocky, shallow pools and also in springs with plentiful vegetation growth.  This species can reach a length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in) TL though most only reach about 3.9 centimetres (1.5 in).

Ouachita River
The Ouachita River (/ˈwɑːʃɪtɑː/ WAH-shi-tah) is a 605-mile-long (974 km) river that runs south and east through the U.S. states of Arkansas and Louisiana, joining the Tensas River to form the Black River near Jonesville, Louisiana. It is the 25th-longest river in the United States (by main stem).
CUT&RUN sequencing
CUT&RUN sequencing, also known as cleavage under targets and release using nuclease, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. CUT&RUN sequencing combines antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global DNA binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Currently, ChIP-Seq is the most common technique utilized to study protein–DNA relations, however, it suffers from a number of practical and economical limitations that CUT&RUN sequencing does not.

ChIP-exo
ChIP-exo is a chromatin immunoprecipitation based method for mapping the locations at which a protein of interest (transcription factor) binds to the genome. It is a modification of the ChIP-seq protocol, improving the resolution of binding sites from hundreds of base pairs to almost one base pair. It employs the use of exonucleases to degrade strands of the protein-bound DNA in the 5'-3' direction to within a small number of nucleotides of the protein binding site. The nucleotides of the exonuclease-treated ends are determined using some combination of DNA sequencing, microarrays, and PCR. These sequences are then mapped to the genome to identify the locations on the genome at which the protein binds.
Gmina Bolesław, Dąbrowa County
Gmina Bolesław is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Dąbrowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Bolesław, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-west of Dąbrowa Tarnowska and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.

The gmina covers an area of 35.41 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,868.

Dąbrowa County
Dąbrowa County (Polish: powiat dąbrowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland. It was created on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Dąbrowa Tarnowska, which lies 76 kilometres (47 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków. Its only other town is Szczucin, lying 16 km (9.9 mi) north of Dąbrowa Tarnowska.

The county covers an area of 530.0 square kilometres (204.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 59,227, out of which the population of Dąbrowa Tarnowska is 11,889, that of Szczucin is 4,157, and the rural population is 43,181.
Alella (DO)
Alella is a Spanish Denominación de Origen (DO) (Denominació d'Origen in Catalan) for wines produced in Maresme county in the province of Barcelona in the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, located on the Mediterranean coast, 15 km to the north of the city of Barcelona.

It is one of the smallest DOs in Spain as the vineyards have been encroached upon by urban development. At the present time it only covers one third of the area that it covered in 1956 when it was established, despite a territorial extension in 1989.

Climate categories in viticulture
In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season. While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorised (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany), maritime (ex: Bordeaux) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.
Pindad SS1
The SS1 (short for Senapan Serbu 1, lit. 'Assault Rifle 1') is the standard assault rifle of the Indonesian armed forces and Indonesian National Police. It is based on the FN FNC rifle but modified in order to meet ergonomic and tropical environment needs.

The assault rifle is gas-operated automatic carbines with a foldable butt and is designed to meet the NATO standard. The SS1 is a high performance light individual weapon that has been used by the Indonesian armed forces, including the Army, Navy, and Air Force, as well as police. It was adopted into Indonesian service in 1991.

It is currently being phased out and replaced by the Pindad SS2. The SS1 would possibly be used by reserve or paramilitary forces when the SS2 is fully adopted into service.

The SS1 is manufactured by PT Pindad, Bandung, Indonesia, under license from Fabrique Nationale, Belgium.

Beretta AR70/90
The Beretta AR70/90 is a gas operated assault rifle chambered for the 5.56×45 mm NATO cartridge, and is the standard issue service rifle of the Italian Armed Forces. The weapon is also designed to be fitted with a rifle grenade, and has grenade sights. The AR series comes in many variants such as the AR90, with a wire folding stock, for use by paratroopers.
Oulaxiuma Township, Gansu
Oulaxiuma Township (Mandarin: 欧拉秀玛乡) is a township in Maqu County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, China. In 2010, Oulaxiuma Township had a total population of 3,183: 1,642 males and 1,541 females: 1,025 aged under 14, 2,009 aged between 15 and 65 and 149 aged over 65.

Maqu County
Maqu County (Chinese: 玛曲县; Tibetan: རྨ་ཆུ་རྫོང་།) is a county of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the south of Gansu province of China, bordering the provinces of Sichuan to the east and southeast, and Qinghai to the southwest, west and northwest. Its postal code is 747300, and in 1999 its population was 36,213 people. The word  "Maqu" derived from the Tibetan name of Yellow River. The area of Maqu County is 10,191 km2 with an average altitude of 3,700 meters. Maqu County receives high rainfall and is located at the northern edge of the Zoigê Marshes on the Yellow River where conditions are optimal for alpine meadow vegetation.
Operation Marion
Operation Marion was a domestic military operation fielded by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the 1980s. The apartheid security forces trained Inkatha operatives to build an irregular militia.

Congress of South African Trade Unions
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU or Cosatu) is a trade union federation in South Africa. It was founded in 1985 and is the largest of the country's three main trade union federations, with 21 affiliated trade unions.
Meesha Shafi
Meesha Shafi (Urdu: میشا شفیع) is a Pakistani-born Canadian singer, actress and model.

She made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2013 Mira Nair's film, The Reluctant Fundamentalist. She achieved further critical success for her role as Laxmi, an Indian spy agency Research and Analysis Wing's operative, in Bilal Lashari's action thriller film Waar, which ranks among the highest-grossing Pakistani films of all time in Pakistan.

Coke Studio Pakistan
Coke Studio Pakistan (Urdu: کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان) is a Pakistani television programme and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in Pakistan, airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in Brazil and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional Pakistani classical, folk, Sufi, qawwali, ghazal and bhangra music to contemporary hip hop, rock and pop music. It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and languages to collaborate musically.
Circulator
In electrical engineering, a circulator is a passive, non-reciprocal three- or four-port device that only allows a microwave or radio-frequency (RF) signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered. Optical circulators have similar behavior. Ports are where an external waveguide or transmission line, such as a microstrip line or a coaxial cable, connects to the device. For a three-port circulator, a signal applied to port 1 only comes out of port 2; a signal applied to port 2 only comes out of port 3; a signal applied to port 3 only comes out of port 1. An ideal three-port circulator thus has the following scattering matrix:

Elliptical polarization
In electrodynamics, elliptical polarization is the polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linearly polarized waves in phase quadrature, with their polarization planes at right angles to each other. Since the electric field can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as it propagates, elliptically polarized waves exhibit chirality.

Circular polarization and linear polarization can be considered to be special cases of elliptical polarization. This terminology was introduced by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 1822, before the electromagnetic nature of light waves was known.
Honeybourne
Honeybourne is a village and civil parish about 5 miles (8 km) east of Evesham, in the Wychavon district, in Worcestershire, England. Much of the parish are farmland. RAF Honeybourne just south of the village was operational from 1940 until 1947. In 2001, the parish had a population of 1619.

Stratford-upon-Avon railway station
Stratford-upon-Avon railway station is the southern terminus of the North Warwickshire Line and Leamington–Stratford line, serving the market town of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The station is operated and served by West Midlands Trains (WMT), with Chiltern Railways also running some services.

Prior to August 1976, the station offered direct links to the south of the region via the Cotswold Line; however, the derailment of a freight train prompted British Rail to withdraw the link.
Salem County, South Carolina
Salem County was a former county in east central of South Carolina.  It was created in 1791 from Claremont and Clarendon counties and lasted until it was absorbed into the newly created Sumter District in 1800.

Claremont County, South Carolina
Claremont County was a county in east central South Carolina. Its county seat was Stateburg. It lasted from its creation in 1785, when it was created from the Camden District, until it was absorbed into the newly created Sumter District in 1800.
Most placeable candidate
Most placeable candidate (MPC) is a term used by the recruiting industry to describe a candidate that the recruiter is willing to represent into a market because the recruiter believes they can place the candidate with a company.

Recruitment
Recruitment is the overall process of identifying, sourcing, screening, shortlisting, interviewing, and hiring candidates for jobs (either permanent or temporary) within an organization. Recruitment also is the process involved in choosing people for unpaid roles. Managers, human resource generalists, and recruitment specialists may be tasked with carrying out recruitment, but in some cases, public-sector employment, commercial [recruitment agencies], or specialist search consultancies such as Executive search in the case of more senior roles, are used to undertake parts of the process. Internet-based recruitment is now widespread, including the use of artificial intelligence (AI).
Republicanism in Barbados
On 30 November 2021, Barbados transitioned from a parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the hereditary monarch of Barbados (Queen Elizabeth II) to a parliamentary republic with a ceremonial indirectly elected president as head of state. The prime minister remained head of government while the last governor-general, Dame Sandra Mason, was elected as the country's first president on 20 October 2021, and took office on 30 November 2021.

Prime Minister of Barbados
The prime minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The prime minister is appointed by the president under the terms of the Constitution. As the nominal holder of executive authority, the president holds responsibility for conducting parliamentary elections and for proclaiming one of the candidates as prime minister.
Gmina Drelów
Gmina Drelów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Drelów, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of Biała Podlaska and 78 km (48 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 228.03 square kilometres (88.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,535 (5,499 in 2014).

Drelów was the site of the discovery of the first known shard of chondrite Drelów, named after the gmina.

Biała County, Lublin Voivodeship
Biała County (Polish: powiat bialski) is a county in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Biała Podlaska, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Biała Podlaska County are Międzyrzec Podlaski, which lies 24 km (15 mi) west of Biała Podlaska, and the border town of Terespol, 32 km (20 mi) east of Biała Podlaska.

The county covers an area of 2,753.67 square kilometres (1,063.2 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 111,078, including 16,736 in Międzyrzec Podlaski, 5,537 in Terespol, and a rural population of 88,805.
Enterocele
An enterocele is a herniation of a peritoneum-lined sac containing small intestine through the pelvic floor, between the rectum and the vagina (in females). Enterocele is significantly more common in females, especially after hysterectomy.

It has been suggested that the terms enterocele and sigmoidocele are inaccurate, since hernias are usually named according to location and not according to contents. However, the terms are in widespread use. As such, enterocele, peritoneocele, sigmoidocele, and omentocele could be considered as types of cul-de-sac hernia.

Sigmoidocele
Sigmoidocele (also known as pouch of Douglas descent) is a medical condition in which a herniation of peritoneum containing loops of redundant sigmoid colon descends (prolapses) into the rectouterine pouch (in females), between the rectum and the vagina. This can obstruct the rectum and cause obstructed defecation syndrome.
Aberdare Low Level railway station
Aberdare Low Level railway station served the town of Aberdare in Wales. Opened by the Taff Vale Railway, it became part of the Great Western Railway during the Grouping of 1923. Passing to the Western Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948, it was then closed by the British Railways Board in 1964 when the passengers service from Abercynon was withdrawn as a result of the Beeching Axe.

Abercynon railway station
Abercynon railway station serves the village of Abercynon in the Cynon Valley, Wales. It is located on the Merthyr Line, 15.5 miles (25 km) north of Cardiff Central. Passenger services are provided by Transport for Wales.
Fazrul Nawaz
Fazrul Nawaz bin Shahul Hameed (born 17 October 1985) is a Singapore former international footballer who last played as a striker or second-striker for Singapore National League club Warwick Knights and the Singapore national team.

He is the current assistant coach for the Singapore women national team.

Hougang United FC
Hougang United Football Club is a professional football club based in Hougang, Singapore. The club competes in the Singapore Premier League, the top tier of Singaporean football. Founded in 1998 as Marine Castle United, the club changed its name to Hougang United in 2011. Nicknamed the Cheetahs, Hougang United has played its home games at Jalan Besar Stadium since its formation.

Currently, the club is playing its home games at the Bishan Stadium, as the Hougang Stadium is undergoing renovation.
Pithiviers
Pithiviers (French pronunciation: [pitivje] ⓘ) is a commune in the Loiret department, north central France. It is one of the subprefectures of Loiret. It is twinned with Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, England and Burglengenfeld in Bavaria, Germany.

Its attractions include a cinema, a theatre and a preserved steam railway.

During World War II, Pithiviers was the location of the infamous Pithiviers internment camp.

The pithivier, a kind of pie, is said to originate here in the middle ages. The traditional Pithivier was a small scalloped-edge sweet tartlet. Savoury versions can be filled with peacock, heron, swan or pork.

Subprefectures in France
In France, a subprefecture (French: sous-préfecture) is the commune that hosts the administrative centre of an arrondissement (a primary division of a department). The commune that hosts the administrative center for the whole department is known as the prefecture. The term "subprefecture" also applies to the building that houses the administrative headquarters for an arrondissement.

The civil servant in charge of a subprefecture is the subprefect, assisted by a general secretary. Between May 1982 and February 1988, subprefects were known instead by the title Deputy Commissioner of the Republic (commissaire adjoint de la République). Where the administration of an arrondissement is carried out from a prefecture, the general secretary to the prefect carries out duties equivalent to those of the subprefect.

(The municipal arrondissements of Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divisions of the commune rather than the department. They are not arrondissements in the same sense.)
Negative mass
In theoretical physics, negative mass is a hypothetical type of exotic matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg. Such matter would violate one or more energy conditions and exhibit strange properties such as the oppositely oriented acceleration for an applied force orientation. It is used in certain speculative hypothetical technologies such as time travel to the past and future, construction of traversable artificial wormholes, which may also allow for time travel, Krasnikov tubes, the Alcubierre drive, and potentially other types of faster-than-light warp drives. Currently, the closest known real representative of such exotic matter is a region of negative pressure density produced by the Casimir effect.

Krasnikov tube
A Krasnikov tube is a speculative mechanism for space travel involving the warping of spacetime into permanent superluminal tunnels. The resulting structure is analogous to a wormhole or an immobile Alcubierre drive (and like them requires exotic matter with negative energy density) with the endpoints displaced in time as well as space. The idea was proposed by Sergey Krasnikov in 1995.
Gokak I Assembly constituency
Gokak I Assembly constituency was one of the constituencies in the state assembly of Mysore, in India. It was part of Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency, which is adjacent to Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency.

Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency
Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency (Kannada: ಚಿಕ್ಕೋಡಿ ಲೋಕ ಸಭೆ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ) is one of the 28 Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka in southern India.
It's constituency number is 1 in the list of Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka.
Trichur C. Narendran
Thrissur C. Narendran is a Mridangam (मृदंगम्,மிருதங்கம்,മൃദംഗം,:ಮೃದಂಗ,మృదంగం) artiste from Kerala, India. His intricate rhythmic patterns, sense of proportion, sharp anticipation, short & carefully thought out phases of silence, and the ability to give the Mridangam the much-needed soft touch sets Trichur C. Narendran a apart. Narendran has also accompanied more than five generations of musicians.

Bombay Jayashri
Jayashri Ramnath, known professionally as Bombay Jayashri, is an Indian Carnatic vocalist, singer, and musician. She has sung songs in multiple languages, including for Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Hindi and English movies. Born into a family of musicians, Jayashri represents the fourth generation of music practitioners in her family. Trained by Lalgudi Jayaraman and T.R. Balamani, She was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri, in 2021. In December 2023, she was awarded the most prestigious award in the Carnatic music field, the Sangeetha Kalanidhi, by the Madras Music Academy. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song (Oscar) for Pi's Lullaby from Life of Pi movie. She is one of the most sought-after Carnatic musicians today.