hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bauer maximum principle
Bauer's maximum principle is the following theorem in mathematical optimization:

Any function that is convex and continuous, and defined on a set that is convex and compact, attains its maximum at some extreme point of that set.

It is attributed to the German mathematician Heinz Bauer.

Bauer's maximum principle immediately implies the analogue minimum principle:

Any function that is concave and continuous, and defined on a set that is convex and compact, attains its minimum at some extreme point of that set.

Since a linear function is simultaneously convex and concave, it satisfies both principles, i.e., it attains both its maximum and its minimum at extreme points.

Bauer's maximization principle has applications in various fields, for example, differential equations and economics.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Shakerley Colliery (Greens)
Shakerley Colliery was a coal mine on the Manchester Coalfield near Shakerley, Tyldesley, Greater Manchester, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. It was sunk in 1867 and was operating in 1878.
The colliery on Shakerley Common had a single shaft which was sunk to the Rams mine at 300 feet by George Green to exploit the Middle Coal Measures of the Lancashire Coalfield and became part of the Tyldesley Coal Company in 1870. It had the first iron headgear in the country but closed by 1886.

Shakerley
Shakerley is a suburb of Tyldesley in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Greater Manchester, England. 
It was anciently a hamlet in the northwest of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley, in the ancient parish of 
Leigh.
The boundary between Shakerley and Hindsford is the Hindsford Brook. It remains the boundary between Tyldesley and Atherton. Hyndforth Bridge across the brook, was rebuilt in stone in 1629.
Dewar benzene
Dewar benzene (also spelled dewarbenzene) or bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene is a bicyclic isomer of benzene with the molecular formula C6H6. The compound is named after James Dewar who included this structure in a list of possible C6H6 structures in 1869.  However, he did not propose it as the structure of benzene, and in fact he supported the correct structure previously proposed by August Kekulé in 1865.

Bicyclic molecule
A bicyclic molecule (from  bi 'two' and  cycle 'ring') is a molecule that features two joined rings. Bicyclic structures occur widely, for example in many biologically important molecules like α-thujene and camphor. A bicyclic compound can be carbocyclic (all of the ring atoms are carbons), or heterocyclic (the rings' atoms consist of at least two elements), like DABCO. Moreover, the two rings can both be aliphatic (e.g. decalin and norbornane), or can be aromatic (e.g. naphthalene), or a combination of aliphatic and aromatic (e.g. tetralin).
2001 African Amateur Boxing Championships
The 11th edition of the African Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Port Louis, Mauritius from 14 May to 20 May 2001. The event was organised by the African governing body for amateur boxing, the African Boxing Confederation (ABC).

African Amateur Boxing Championships
The African Amateur Boxing Championships is the premier pan-continental annual competition for amateur boxing in Africa.  The championships are organised by the continent's governing body, the African Boxing Union (ABU). The first edition of the tournament took place in 1962.
2014 Fergana Challenger
The 2014 Fergana Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament for men which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money, and the fourth edition of the event for women on the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $25,000 in prize money. It took place in Fergana, Uzbekistan, on 9–15 June 2014.

2014 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2014 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2014 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 150 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000, which represented an increase of the minimum prize money from $35,000. It was the 37th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 6th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Wilhelmus Bekkers
Wilhelmus Johannes Bekkers (21 August 1890 – 13 November 1957) was a Dutch tug of war competitor, who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Arnhem and died in Arnhem. Bekkers was a swimming teacher in his birthplace, where he married Engelina Gouw in 1916. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Dutch tug of war team.

Arnhem
Arnhem (Dutch: [ˈɑrnɛm] ⓘ or [ˈɑr(ə)nɦɛm] ⓘ; German: Arnheim [ˈaʁnhaɪm] ⓘ; Ernems: Èrnem) is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, near the German border. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the city's development.

Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Airborne Museum 'Hartenstein', Royal Burgers' Zoo, NOC*NSF and National Sports Centre Papendal. The north corner of the municipality is part of the Hoge Veluwe National Park. It is approximately 55 square kilometres (21 sq mi) in area, consisting of heathlands, sand dunes, and woodlands.
Ceylonese rixdollar
The rixdollar was the currency of British Ceylon until 1828. It was subdivided into 48 stivers, each of 4 duit. Units called the fanam and larin were also used, worth 4 and 9½ stiver, respectively. The currency derived from the Dutch rijksdaalder and stuiver, although the rijksdaalder was worth 50 stuiver.

Initially containing over 25 grams fine silver worth 4 shillings and sixpence in the 17th century, the rixdollar was debased several times so that it was worth just one-third this amount by the 19th century. In 1825 it was replaced by sterling coin at a rate of 1 rixdollar = 11⁄2 shillings, less than the Indian rupee which was worth about 111⁄12 shillings.

Madras fanam
The fanam (or panam in the local language of Tamil) was a currency issued by the Madras Presidency until 1815. It circulated alongside the Indian rupee, also issued by the Presidency. The fanam was a small silver coin, subdivided into 80 copper cash, with the gold pagoda worth 42 fanams. The rupee was worth 12 fanams. After 1815, only coins of the rupee currency system were issued.
Grundsund
Grundsund (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡrɵ̂nːdsɵnd]) is a locality situated in Lysekil Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 627 inhabitants in 2010. It is located in the middle Bohusläns outer coastal strip, 25 km (16 mi) south of municipal seat of Lysekil and 40 km (25 mi) west of Uddevalla.

Lysekil
Lysekil (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈlŷːsɛˌɕiːl]) is a locality and the seat of Lysekil Municipality in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had about 7,600 inhabitants in 2018. Situated on the south tip of Stångenäs peninsula at the mouth of Gullmarn fjord, it has two nature reserves.

Originally a small fishing village, it developed into a town for fishing industries, commercial shipping and trade during the 18th and 19th centuries. Stone industry based on the red Bohus granite from quarries in the town, was also vital to Lysekil up until the 1950s. One of Sweden's largest oil refineries, Preemraff Lysekil is situated outside the town.

During the 19th century, Lysekil was established as a prominent spa and bathing resort and tourism still makes up a large part of the town's economy.
Hakan Kiper
Hakan Kiper (born August 4, 1973) is a Turkish former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. During his sporting career, he held numerous Turkish championship titles and meet records, and played for Galatasaray Spor Kulübü. Kiper also represented Turkey, as a 27-year-old, at the 2000 Summer Olympics, where he served as the captain of the national swimming team.

Kiper competed only in the men's 100 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He achieved a FINA B-cut of 1:05.29 from the Speedo Turkish Open Championships in Istanbul. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including three-time Olympian Jorg Lindemeier of Namibia. He rounded out the field to last place in 1:07.46, a 3.34-second deficit from leader Vadim Tatarov of Moldova. Kiper failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed sixtieth overall on the first day of prelims.

Vadim Tatarov
Vadim Tatarov (born May 3, 1971) is a Moldovan former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a two-time Olympian (1996 and 2000), and a former Moldovan record holder in both 100 and 200 m breaststroke.

Tatarov made his Olympic debut, as a 25-year-old, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He failed to reach the top 16 final in any of his individual events, finishing thirtieth in the 100 m breaststroke (1:04.87), and twenty-eighth in the 200 m breaststroke (2:21.34).

At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Tatarov swam only in the 100 m breaststroke. He achieved a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:05.53 from the Russian Open Championships in Saint Petersburg. He established a Moldovan record of 1:04.12 to power past the entire field with an unexpected triumph in heat three, coming from an outside lane. Tatarov's first-place effort was not enough to put him through to the semifinals, as he placed thirty-sixth overall in the prelims.
Rory Laird
Rory Laird (born 29 December 1993) is a professional Australian rules football player who plays for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by Adelaide with pick 5 in the 2012 Rookie Draft.

Malcolm Blight Medal
The Malcolm Blight Medal is a post-season award given to the best and fairest player for the Adelaide Football Club. The medal was first awarded in 1991, and later named after former Adelaide Crows coach Malcolm Blight. The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season, consists of five coaches giving each player a ranking from zero to four after each match. Players can receive a maximum of 20 votes for a game.

The current holder of the award is Jordan Dawson, who in 2025 became the first player to win the award three times in a row.
Le Grand Champ Bottom
Le Grand Champ (French for "the big field") is an alluvial floodplain, also called a bottom, extending along the Mississippi River in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri.

The American Bottom stretches from St. Louis south along the east side of the Mississippi River all the way to the mouth of the Kaskaskia River, just north of Fort Kaskaskia, Illinois. At Morrow Island the American Bottom is broken by the Mississippi River, and on the west side of the Mississippi River the alluvial plain continues as the "Le Grand Champ" or Big Field Bottom, which includes Kaskaskia Island.

Peoria people
The Peoria (Miami–Illinois: Peewaalia) are a Native American people. They are enrolled in the federally recognized Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma headquartered in Miami, Oklahoma.

The Peoria people are the remnants of the nations that constituted the Illinois Confederation. The Peoria Tribe was located east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. In the colonial period, they traded with French colonists in that territory.

After 1763, when the British took over those lands following victory in the Seven Years' War, the Peoria were moved west across the Mississippi. In 1867 their descendants moved to Indian Territory with remnants of related tribes and were assigned land in present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma. The land which they were assigned belonged to the Quapaw, who were made to cede this land for the Peoria and Miami.
Electoral district of Cessnock
Cessnock is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in the rural fringe of the Hunter. It is represented by Clayton Barr of the Labor Party. It includes all of the City of Cessnock (including Cessnock and Kurri Kurri) and a small part of the City of Lake Macquarie (including Barnsley and West Wallsend).

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.
Burma Bazaar
Burma Bazaar is a market run by Burmese refugees in Chennai, India. It is located at Parrys Corner and is one of the several unorganized or grey market shopping hubs of Chennai. The bazaar was set up in 1969 by the Government of Tamil Nadu. It is located just outside the Chennai Beach railway station, in the old financial district of the city at George Town. It is a row of about 200 shops that line either side of the road for about a kilometre.

Burmese community in India
The Burmese community in India consists of refugees, immigrants and expatriates from Burma as well as Indian citizens of Burmese ancestry. The 2014 Myanmar Census enumerated 17,975 Burmese individuals living in India.
Albert Ernest Thomas
Albert Ernest Thomas (10 March 1872 – 25 May 1923) was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1901 to 1905, representing the seat of Dundas.

Thomas was born in Camborne, Cornwall, England, to Charlotte Augusta (née Dunstan) and Joseph Thomas. He attended the Camborne School of Mines, and afterward worked as a mining engineer in Cornwall, Wales, and South Africa. Thomas came to Western Australia in 1896, and subsequently managed mines in Norseman and Coolgardie. He entered parliament at the 1901 state election, winning the seat of Dundas, and was re-elected at the 1904 election. At the early 1905 election, however, he was defeated by a Labor candidate, Charles Hudson. Thomas recontested Dundas at the 1908 election, but again lost to Hudson. He returned to Cornwall in 1910, and died there in 1923, aged 51.

Charles Hudson (Australian politician)
Charles Arthur Hudson (19 December 1866 – 1 May 1937) was an Australian lawyer and politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1905 to 1921. He served as a minister in the governments of Henry Lefroy and Hal Colebatch.
Guduru mandal, Krishna district
Guduru mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Its headquarters are located at Guduru. The mandal is bordered by Gudlavalleru mandal to the north, Pedana mandal to the east, Machilipatnam mandal to the south and Ghantasala mandal and Movva mandal to the west.

Machilipatnam mandal
Machilipatnam mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Machilipatnam revenue division, and the headquarters are located in Machilipatnam town. The mandal is bounded by Bantumilli, Pedana, Gudur, Ghantasala, Challapalli, and Koduru mandals.

In March 2023, the state government put forth a proposal for the bifurcation of Machilipatnam mandal into  Machilipatnam North and Machilipatnam South mandals.
Parchal
Parchal is a town and a former civil parish in the municipality (concelho) of Lagoa, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Estômbar e Parchal. The population in 2011 was 4,019, in an area of 3.86 km2. It is situated in the northwest part of the Lagoa Municipality.

Parchal serves mainly as a bedroom community for Portimão, and many of its residents travel daily across the Rio Arade to work in the neighboring municipality.

Lagoa, Portugal
Lagoa (European Portuguese pronunciation: [lɐˈɣoɐ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the district of Faro, in the Portuguese region of Algarve. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 22,975, in an area of 88.25 km2. Its urban population, in the city of Lagoa proper, is 6,100 inhabitants. An important travel destination, its coast has won numerous accolades. Marinha Beach was considered by the Michelin Guide as one of the 10 most beautiful beaches in Europe and as one of the 100 most beautiful beaches in the world.
Dalian Commodity Exchange
The Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE; Chinese: 大连商品交易所) is a Chinese futures exchange based in Dalian, Liaoning province, China. It is a non-profit, self-regulating and membership legal entity under the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), established on February 28, 1993.

Dalian Commodity Exchange trades in futures contracts underlined by a variety of agricultural and industrial produce on a national scale. As of 2015, DCE has listed a total of 16 futures products, including corn, corn starch, soybean (gmo and non-gmo), soybean meal, soybean oil, RBD palm olein, egg, fiberboard, blockboard, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), coke, coking coal and iron ore.

Normal trading hours are Monday-Friday from 9 am to 11:30 am and 1:30 pm to 3 pm Beijing Time.

The DCE is a member of the China Futures Association.

Soybean oil
Soybean oil (British English: soyabean oil) is a vegetable oil extracted from soybean (Glycine max) legumes. It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils and the second most consumed vegetable oil. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.
Fujinoshin Tsukasa
Fujinoshin Tsukasa (born 6 November 1960 as Tetsuya Yagi) is a former sumo wrestler from Funabashi, Chiba, Japan. He made his professional debut in March 1976, and reached the top division in September 1986. His highest rank was maegashira 1. He retired in September 1990 after injury problems and became an elder in the Japan Sumo Association.

Professional sumo divisions
Professional sumo as administered by the Japanese Sumo Association is divided into six ranked divisions. Wrestlers are promoted and demoted within and between these divisions based on the merit of their win–loss records in official tournaments. For more information, see kachi-koshi and make-koshi. Wrestlers are also ranked within each division. The higher a wrestler's rank within a division is, the general level of opponents he will have to face becomes stronger. According to tradition, each rank is further subdivided into East and West, with East being slightly more prestigious, and ranked slightly higher than its West counterpart. The divisions, ranked in order of hierarchy from highest to lowest, are as follows:
Caridina
Caridina is a genus of freshwater atyid shrimp. They are widely found in tropical or subtropical water in Asia, Oceania and Africa. They are filter-feeders and omnivorous scavengers. They range from 0.9 to 9.8 mm (C. cantonensis) to 1.2–7.4 mm (C. serrata) in carapace length.

Caridina cantonensis
Caridina cantonensis is a species of small freshwater shrimp in the family Atyidae. It is native to Taiwan.  These shrimp are scavengers, and eat small pieces of decayed vegetation and algae. Bee shrimp have a life span of about 18 months. They enjoy a temperature in the 70 to 78 °F (21 to 26 °C) range. Many modern versions of bee shrimp are selectively bred for their characteristics.

Bee shrimp are in demand as aquarium pets. In Taiwan and other areas with suitable climates shrimp farms have sprung up to supply Bee shrimp, although they are more difficult to farm than other shrimp because their health depends on being raised in soft water that matches the pH of their native streams.
Charles Ledoux
Charles Ledoux  (27 October 1892 – 21 May 1967) was a French bantamweight boxer who was active from 1909 to 1926. While never capturing a world title, he squared off against the best opposition available to him both nationally and internationally. During his career, Ledoux faced the likes of Jim Driscoll, Georges Carpentier, Johnny Coulon, Kid Herman, Kid Williams, Eugène Criqui and Joe Lynch. Ledoux was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2014. He was one on the hardest hitting bantamweights in boxing history, with 43 of his 86 knockouts coming in the first 3 rounds and 16 of them in the first round.

Johnny Coulon
John Frederic Coulon (February 12, 1889 – October 29, 1973) was a Canadian-American professional boxer who was the world bantamweight champion from March 6, 1910, when he wrested the crown from England's Jim Kendrick, until June 3, 1914, when he was defeated by Kid Williams in Vernon, California. He was also a boxing manager late in life and managed, among others, Eddie Perkins.

As there was some dispute over the sanctioning of the World Bantamweight Title by different boxing associations, other sources, particularly many American newspapers of the day, and the National Boxing Association, which later became the World Boxing Association, recognized his first taking the bantamweight world championship on February 26, 1911, when he defeated Frankie Conley in twenty rounds in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Tiquinho Soares
Francisco das Chagas Soares dos Santos (born 17 January 1991), known as Soares or Tiquinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Mirassol, on loan from Santos.

Having started his career in the lower leagues of his homeland, he moved to Portugal aged 23. He played 155 Primeira Liga games for Nacional, Vitória de Guimarães and Porto, scoring 64 goals and winning two league titles with the last of those clubs. After winning the Super League Greece with Olympiacos in 2022, he joined Botafogo in Série A.

2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Betano 2024 for sponsorship reasons) was the 68th season of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top level of professional football in Brazil, and the 22nd edition in a double round-robin since its establishment in 2003. The competition began on 13 April and ended on 8 December 2024.

The top six teams as well as the 2024 Copa do Brasil champions qualified for the Copa Libertadores. Meanwhile, the next six best-placed teams not qualified for Copa Libertadores qualified for the Copa Sudamericana, and the last four were relegated to Série B for 2025.

In this tournament, Botafogo won their third Brazilian championship and first since 1995, clinching the title after defeating São Paulo 2–1 on the final day of the season. Palmeiras were the defending champions.