hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2021 Challenger de Buenos Aires
The 2021 Dove Men + Care Legión Sudamericana Challenger de Buenos Aires was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the tenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina between 18 and 24 October 2021.

Challenger de Buenos Aires
The YPF Buenos Aires Challenger (formerly known as Dove Men+Care Challenger de Buenos Aires, Copa San Cristóbal Seguros presentada por FILA or Copa Fila, and Copa Topper for sponsorship reasons) is a tennis tournament held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, since 2010. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played on outdoor red clay courts.
Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet
Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet, GCMG (20 February 1835 – 20 September 1911) was a British diplomat and official in the Qing Chinese government, serving as the second inspector-general of China's Imperial Maritime Custom Service from 1863 to 1911. Beginning as a student interpreter in the consular service, he arrived in China at the age of 19 and resided there for 54 years, except for two short leaves in 1866 and 1874.

Hart was the most important and most influential Westerner in Qing dynasty China. According to Jung Chang, he transformed Chinese Customs "from an antiquated set-up, anarchical and prone to corruption, into a well-regulated modern organisation, which contributed enormously to China's economy." Professor Rana Mitter of the University of Oxford writes that Hart "was honest and helped to generate a great deal of income for China." Sun Yat-sen described him as "the most trusted as he was the most efficient and influential of 'Chinese.'"

Order of the Crown (Prussia)
The Royal Order of the Crown (German: Königlicher Kronen-Orden) was a Prussian order of chivalry. Instituted in 1861 as an honour equal in rank to the Order of the Red Eagle, membership could only be conferred upon commissioned officers (or civilians of approximately equivalent status), but there was a medal associated with the order which could be earned by non-commissioned officers and enlisted men.

Officially the Order of the Red Eagle and the Order of the Crown were equal. Most officials did however prefer to be appointed in the older Order of the Red Eagle. The Order of the Crown was often used as an award for someone who had to be rewarded while the Prussian government did not want to use the Order of the Red Eagle.
Gratangen Church
Gratangen Church (Norwegian: Gratangen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Gratangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located in the village of Årstein, along the shore of the Gratangen fjord. It is the church for the Gratangen parish which is part of the Trondenes prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The modern, concrete and glass church was built in a rectangular design in 1971 using designs drawn up by the architect Oskar Norderval (the son of Bishop Monrad Norderval). The church seats about 220 people.

On the flat roof of the church, there are two triangular vertical concrete slabs that stand close to one another, pointing to the east towards the fjord. In between the two slabs hang the church bells. They are designed to look like a sail on a boat.

Gratangen Municipality
Gratangen (Norwegian) or Rivtták (Northern Sami) is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Central Hålogaland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Årstein.

The 313-square-kilometre (121 sq mi) municipality is the 261st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Gratangen Municipality is the 331st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,070. The municipality's population density is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.8/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 5.7% over the previous 10-year period.

The largest settlement in the municipality is Årstein, which is located approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of the town of Narvik and 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of the town of Harstad. Other villages in Gratangen include Elvenes, Fjordbotn, and Hilleshamn. The European route E6 highway runs through the southeastern part of the municipality.
SC Douai
Sporting Club de Douai is a French football club based in Douai, which was founded in 1919. It competed in Ligue 2 from 1945 to 1949, and the team currently plays in the 3rd division of its regional league, the 8th tier of French football.

Kostas Negrepontis, former manager of AEK Athens, played for SC Douai at the start of the 20th century. Its stadium, Stade Demeny, has a capacity of 2500.

One of SC Douai's best current players, Selim Benaissi is a Franco-Algerian attacking midfielder, who has had multiple spells in both France and Belgium. Also in their squad is Hugo Legrand, a 24-year-old French attacking midfielder, who formerly played for Le Touquet AC.

In the 2024–25 season, SC Douai went only as far as the second round of the Coupe de France, losing to FC Rouen 1899 5–1 at home.

Douai
Douai (UK: /ˈduːeɪ/ DOO-ay, US: /duˈeɪ/ doo-AY, French: [dwɛ] ⓘ; Picard: Doï; Dutch: Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. Located on the river Scarpe some 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Lille and 25 km (16 mi) from Arras, Douai is home to one of the region's most impressive belfries.
Embedding problem
In Galois theory, a branch of mathematics, the embedding problem is a generalization of the inverse Galois problem. Roughly speaking, it asks whether a given Galois extension can be embedded into a Galois extension in such a way that the restriction map between the corresponding Galois groups is given.

Galois extension
In mathematics, a Galois extension is an algebraic field extension E/F that is normal and separable; or equivalently, E/F is algebraic, and the field fixed by the automorphism group Aut(E/F) is precisely the base field F. The significance of being a Galois extension is that the extension has a Galois group and obeys the fundamental theorem of Galois theory.

A result of Emil Artin allows one to construct Galois extensions as follows: If E is a given field, and G is a finite group of automorphisms of E with fixed field F, then E/F is a Galois extension.

The property of an extension being Galois behaves well with respect to  field composition and intersection.
1996 California elections
Elections were held in California on November 5, 1996. Primary elections were held on March 26, 1996. Up for election were all 80 seats of the State Assembly, 20 of the 40 seats of the State Senate, all 52 House seats, the presidential election, and 15 statewide ballot measures.

1996 California Proposition 209
Proposition 209 (also known as the California Civil Rights Initiative or CCRI) is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics, Glynn Custred and Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed, thereby banning affirmative action in the state's public sector.
Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni
Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni (Rieti, 18 March 1657 – Rome, Papal States, 1 February 1743) was an Italian organist and composer. He became one of the leading musicians in Rome during the late Baroque era, the first half of the 18th century.

Santi Apostoli, Rome
Santi Dodici Apostoli (Church of the Twelve Holy Apostles; Latin: SS. Duodecim Apostolorum), commonly known as Santi Apostoli, is a 6th-century Catholic parish and titular church and minor basilica in Rome, Italy, the mother church of the Conventual Franciscan Order whose General Curia (world headquarters) is in the adjacent building. Dedicated originally to St. James and St. Philip, whose relics are kept here, and later to all Apostles, it is the Station church for Friday, the first week of Lent.

The Cardinal Priest of the Titulus XII Apostolorum is Angelo Scola. Among the previous Cardinal Priests are Pope Clement XIV, whose tomb by Canova is in the basilica, and Henry Benedict Stuart.
Child abuse image content list
The child abuse image content list (CAIC List) is a list of URLs and image hashes provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to its partners to enable the blocking of child pornography & criminally obscene adult content in the UK and by major international technology companies.

Launched by BT as Cleanfeed in July 2004, as of 2009 the list covered 98.6% of UK internet connections.  Cleanfeed was temporarily extended to block Newzbin until this process was moved to ISP-specific programmes. In October 2013, the UK government announced that as part of anti-terrorist measures it is considering a similar technology to block "extremist" material

Proxy server
In computer networking, a proxy server is a server application that acts as an intermediary between a client requesting a resource and the server then providing that resource.

Instead of connecting directly to a server that can fulfill a request for a resource, such as a file or web page, the client directs the request to the proxy server, which evaluates the request and performs the required network transactions. This serves as a method to simplify or control the complexity of the request, or provide additional benefits such as load balancing, privacy, or security. Proxies were devised to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems. A proxy server thus functions on behalf of the client when requesting service, potentially masking the true origin of the request to the resource server.
Ronald Wilfred Gurney
Ronald Wilfred (or Wilfrid) Gurney (1898– 14 April 1953) was a British theoretical physicist and research pupil of William Lawrence Bragg at the Victoria University of Manchester during the 1920s and 1930s, Bristol University during the 1930s and later in the US, where he died in New York City.

He was born in Cheltenham in 1898.

Lawrence Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian X-ray crystallographer who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his father William Henry Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays", an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography.

As of 2025, Bragg is the youngest ever Nobel laureate in physics, or in any science category, having received the award at the age of 25. Bragg was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, when James D. Watson and Francis Crick reported the discovery of the structure of DNA in February 1953.
Kosmos 1518
Kosmos 1518 (Russian: Космос 1518 meaning Cosmos 1518) was a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1983 as part of the Soviet military's Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 1518 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 03:48 UTC on 28 December 1983. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1983-126A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 14587.

It reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 19 September 1998.

Oko
Oko (Old Russian: Око, lit. 'Eye') is a Russian (previously Soviet) missile defence early warning programme consisting of satellites in Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. Oko satellites are used to identify launches of ballistic missiles by detection of their engines' exhaust plume in infrared light, and complement other early warning facilities such as Voronezh, Daryal and Dnepr radars. The information provided by these sensors can be used for the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which defends Moscow. The satellites are run by the Russian Aerospace Forces, and previously the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and Russian Space Forces. Since November 2015, it is being replaced by the new EKS system.
Gmina Baranów, Masovian Voivodeship
Gmina Baranów is a rural gmina (municipality) in Grodzisk Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Baranów, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Grodzisk Mazowiecki and 37 km (23 mi) west of Warsaw. Gmina Baranów is the most possible location for the Central Communication Port, planned to be the biggest transport hub serving Central and Eastern Europe.

The gmina covers an area of 75.37 square kilometres (29.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,855.

Grodzisk Mazowiecki
Grodzisk Mazowiecki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɡrɔd͡ʑisk mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi]) is a town in central Poland, the capital of Grodzisk Mazowiecki County in the Masovian Voivodeship, with 34,718 inhabitants (2024).

Grodzisk Mazowiecki is a town that developed from an early medieval fortified stronghold into a local trade center in the early modern period, and then was industrialized in the 19th century. It is located on the western edge of the Warsaw metropolitan area, 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Warsaw, and borders the town of Milanówek in the east.
2019 Woking Borough Council election
The 2019 Woking Borough Council election took place on 2 May 2019 to elect one third of members to Woking Borough Council in England coinciding with other local elections held across much of England. Elections in each ward are held in three years out of four. The previous election was held in 2018 and the next election was due to be held in 2020 but was instead deferred to 2021 along with all other ‘2020’ local elections due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2018 Woking Borough Council election
The 2018 Woking Borough Council election took place on 3 May 2018 to elect one third of members to Woking Borough Council in England coinciding with other local elections held across much of England. Elections in each ward are held in three years out of four.

Woking was one of the boroughs subject to a trial of voter ID requiring the production of photographic ID or 2 other forms of ID at the polling station.
Darren Smith (footballer, born 1996)
Darren Smith (born 26 March 1996) is a South African professional soccer player who plays for Detroit City in USL Championship. Smith started in a youth sector of Ajax Cape Town, before joining Kwazulu-Natal club AmaZulu in 2014.

2024 Finnish Cup
The 2024 Finnish Cup was the 70th season of the Finnish Cup football competition. The winners qualified for the 2025–26 Conference League second qualifying round.

Ilves were the defending champions, but they were eliminated by HJK in Round 5.

KuPS won the cup on 21 September 2024 (their fifth Finnish Cup win), defeating Inter Turku 2–1 in the final, which was played in a new Tammelan Stadion, opened in 2023.

For the first time in adult football matches played in the Finnish leagues, a VAR system was used in the semi-finals and a final.
May Morn Estates Tramway
The May Morn Estates Tramway was a bush tramway at Mangaroa, which crossed the Hutt River at Te Mārua near Upper Hutt on New Zealand's North Island. The company was incorporated in 1912 and operated their saw mill at least from 1914 to 1915.

Bush tramway
In New Zealand railway terminology, a bush tramway is an industrial tramway, most commonly used for logging. They are distinguished from urban trams as bush tramways were predominantly for freight, usually logging in the bush, and not for passengers, and were often built in parts of the countryside that were otherwise inaccessible to transport. In some cases, such as the Kinleith Branch, bush tramways were converted to heavy rail and incorporated into the New Zealand Government Railways network. In modern parlance, both urban trams and bush tramways are known as light rail.
Castillonnais
The Castillonais or Cheval Ariègeois de Castillon, also formerly called Cheval du Biros or Saint-Gironnais, is a French horse breed from the Ariège département of south-western France. It may be dark bay or seal brown, and stands 135–155 cm at the withers, with an average height of about 145 cm. It is used principally for trekking and driving.

Originally bred as a multi-purpose breed used for cavalry, agriculture and driving, the breed declined in population during the twentieth century, and almost became extinct. In 1980, the breed was revived and was officially recognised by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1996. Population numbers are still quite low, and in-breeding is a concern.

Provence Donkey
The Provence Donkey or French: Âne de Provence is a breed of domestic donkey from Provence, in south-eastern France. It is now distributed through much of central and south-east France, with the highest concentration in Provence and the Rhône-Alpes region. For hundreds of years the Provence donkey was used by transhumant shepherds of the area as a pack animal in the seasonal movement of flocks of sheep between their summer pastures on the high Alps of Haute-Provence and the Dauphiné and their winter grounds in Basse-Provence.: 264
Unequal hours
Unequal hours are the division of the daytime and the nighttime into 12 sections each, whatever the season. They are also called temporal hours, seasonal hours, biblical or Jewish hours, as well as ancient or Roman hours (Latin: horae temporales). They are unequal duration periods of time because days are longer and nights shorter in summer than in winter. Their use in everyday life was replaced in the late Middle Ages by the now common ones of equal duration.

The first temporal hour of daylight begins at sunrise, the first of night at sunset. For example, if daylight and night are each divided into twelve temporal hours, midday and midnight are each the beginning of the seventh hour.

A clock that displays the temporal hours is called a temporal clock.

Sun path
Sun path, sometimes also called day arc, refers to the daily (sunrise to sunset) and seasonal arc-like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun. The Sun's path affects the length of daytime experienced and amount of daylight received along a certain latitude during a given season.

The relative position of the Sun is a major factor in the heat gain of buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems. Accurate location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation, landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of solar trackers.
Adlestrop railway station
Adlestrop railway station was a railway station which served the village of Adlestrop in Gloucestershire, England, between 1853 and 1966. It was on what is now called the Cotswold Line. The station was immortalised in the poem "Adlestrop" by Edward Thomas after his train stopped there on 24 June 1914.

Rail directions
Rail directions are used to describe train directions on rail systems. The terms used may be derived from such sources as compass directions, altitude directions, or other directions. These directions are often specific to system, country, or region.
Chunian
Chunian  (Urdu: چُونياں), is a historic city and the capital of Chunian Tehsil of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 30° 58' N 73° 51' E and at an elevation of 177 meters (583 feet), and lies about 70 km south of Lahore, the capital of Punjab.  It is the headquarters of a tehsil or revenue sub-division of the same name in Kasur District. Before 1976 this city was the part or tehsil of Lahore district. The city is administratively subdivided into two union councils.

As per census, Chunian city had a population of 47,600 people in the year 1998 . It is located on the Pattoki-Kasur road at a major junction of local roads. The city is located on the right bank of the former Beas River bed. Beas changed its course several centuries ago.

Some important places around Chunian include Gillan Wala, Dhose, Sadha Otar, Gurdas Walla, Bhemkie, Charkey, Kott Ch. Allah Ditta, Ellah Abad and Gehlan Hithar. Gehlan Hithar has almost 400 years of rich cultural history.

Kasur
Kasur (Punjabi / Urdu: قصور; Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈkɐsuːɾᵊ]; Urdu pronunciation: [ˈqəsuːɾ] also romanized as Qasūr; from pluralized Arabic word Qasr meaning "palaces" or "forts") is a city to the south of Lahore, in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The city serves as the headquarters of Kasur District. Kasur is the 16th largest city in Punjab and 24th largest in Pakistan, by population. It is also known for being the burial place of the 17th-century Sufi-poet Bulleh Shah. It is farther west of the border with neighboring India, and bordered to Lahore, Sheikhupura and Okara Districts of Punjab. The city is an aggregation of 26 fortified hamlets overlooking the alluvial valleys of the Beas and Sutlej rivers.
UE Figueres
Unió Esportiva Figueres is a Catalan Spanish football team based in Figueres, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Founded in 1919 and refounded in 2007 it plays in the Primera Catalana league, holding home matches at Estadi Municipal de Vilatenim, with a seating capacity of 9,472.

Figueres
Figueres (Catalan: [fiˈɣeɾəs] ⓘ; Spanish: Figueras [fiˈɣeɾas] ⓘ) is the capital city of Alt Empordà County, in the Girona region, Catalonia, Spain. The town is the birthplace of artist Salvador Dalí, and houses the Dalí Theatre and Museum, a large museum designed by Dalí himself which attracts many visitors. It is also the birthplace of Narcís Monturiol, inventor of the first successful machine-powered submarine. Also born here was Mónica Naranjo, one of the best-selling Spanish singers of the 1990s and 2000s.
Alentejo Central
The Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central (European Portuguese: [ɐlẽˈtɛʒu sẽˈtɾal]; "Intermunicipal Community of Central Alentejo") is an administrative division in Portugal. It was created in 2009. The seat of the intermunicipal community is Évora, the main city. Other cities are Estremoz, Montemor-o-Novo, Vendas Novas and Reguengos de Monsaraz. Alentejo Central is coterminous with the former Évora District. The population in 2011 was 166,726, in an area of 7,393.46 km2.

Alentejo Central is also a NUTS3 subregion of Alentejo Region, in Portugal. Since January 2015, the NUTS 3 subregion covers the same area as the intermunicipal community.

Intermunicipal communities of Portugal
Intermunicipal communities (Portuguese: comunidades intermunicipais) are a type of administrative division in Portugal. Since the 2013 local government reform, there are 21 intermunicipal communities. They replaced the urban communities, the intermunicipal communities for general purposes and some metropolitan areas that were created in 2003, and abolished in 2008. The territories of the intermunicipal communities are the basis of the NUTS III statistical regions.

The branches of administration of the intermunicipal community are the intermunicipal assembly, the intermunicipal council, the intermunicipal executive secretariat and the strategic board for intermunicipal development. The intermunicipal assembly is composed of elected members of the municipal assemblies of the municipalities. The intermunicipal council is composed of the presidents of the municipal chambers of the municipalities.