hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Effective data transfer rate
In telecommunications, effective data transfer rate is the average number of units of data, such as bits, characters, blocks, or frames, transferred per unit time from a source and accepted as valid by a sink.

Note: The effective data transfer rate is usually expressed in bits, characters, blocks, or frames per second. The effective data transfer rate may be averaged over a period of seconds, minutes, or hours.

Bit rate
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.

In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s (1 byte = 8 bits).  However if stop bits, start bits, and parity bits need to be factored in, a higher number of bits per second will be required to achieve a throughput of the same number of bytes.
Radhika (choreographer)
Radhika is an Indian choreographer. She works predominantly in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam films. She learned dance from Uduppi Lakshman Narayan starting at the age of six. Radhika started her career at age 12 as a dancer in the movie Thalattu directed by T.K.Rajendran. Radhika has 20 years of experience in dance choreography. She worked with Tarun Kumar, Brinda, Raju Sundaram, Chinni Prakash, and Raghava Lawrence. She has worked on more than 100 films. Her first independent film was Mugamoodi, directed by Mysskin. She choreographed all the songs in this film.

Chinni Prakash
Chinni Prakash is an Indian film choreographer, art director, actor, script-writer, director. He is best known for his choreographic work in numerous Hindi films. Chinni Prakash is the acclaimed choreographer of Kannada, Telugu and Hindi films.
2023 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2023 Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts presented by RME, the provincial women's curling championship for Manitoba, was held from January 25 to 29 at East St. Paul Arena in East St. Paul, Manitoba.

The winning Jennifer Jones represented Manitoba at the 2023 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Canada's national women's curling championship in Kamloops, British Columbia where they finished runner-up overall losing in the final to Team Canada 10–4.

Additionally, two other rinks qualified for the Scotties as wild card teams based on CTRS standings. The Kaitlyn Lawes rink was the Wild Card #1 representative while the Abby Ackland rink (skipped by Meghan Walter) was the Wild Card #3 representative. The Lawes rink would finish tied for second (seeded fifth) in Pool A with a 5–3 record and would lose their tiebreaker game to Nova Scotia 7–6 in an extra end. The Ackland rink finished fifth in Pool B with a 3–5 record.

RME Women of the Rings
The RME Women of the Rings, formerly the Manitoba Scotties Tournament of Hearts is the Manitoba provincial women's curling tournament. The tournament is run by Curl Manitoba, the provincial curling association. The winning team represents Manitoba at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts.
Dynamical system simulation
Dynamical system simulation or dynamic system simulation is the use of a computer program to model the time-varying behavior of a dynamical system. The systems are typically described by ordinary differential equations or partial differential equations. A simulation run solves the state-equation system to find the behavior of the state variables over a specified period of time. The equation is solved through numerical integration methods to produce the transient behavior of the state variables. Simulation of dynamic systems predicts the values of model-system state variables, as they are determined by the past state values. This relationship is found by creating a model of the system.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.
Guangzhou East railway station
Guangzhoudong (Guangzhou East) railway station (simplified Chinese: 广州东站; traditional Chinese: 廣州東站; Jyutping: gwong2 zau1 dung1 zaam6; Cantonese Yale: Gwóngjāu Dūng Jaahm), formerly known as Tianhe railway station (Chinese: 天河站; Cantonese Yale: Tīnhòh Jaahm) serves the city of Guangzhou, located in the city's Tianhe District.

The railway, metro, and bus terminal stations is interconnected as a single station complex. There was an immigration check point within the station for Guangzhou–Kowloon through train passengers travelling to and from Hong Kong, until the service was discontinued due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Guangzhou East is served by the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, however customs and immigration for passengers entering mainland China are handled in "Main Port Area" of West Kowloon Station in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong West Kowloon station
Hong Kong West Kowloon station (abbreviated WEK) is the southern terminus of and the only station on the Hong Kong section of the Guangshengang XRL. The station connects to China's high-speed rail (HSR) network across the border through dedicated tunnels and includes a Mainland Port Area where the laws of (mainland) China are enforced. It was constructed by the MTR Corporation Limited as the project manager commissioned by the Hong Kong Government, through subcontractors.

The station terminal is located in Jordan, Kowloon Peninsula, north of the West Kowloon Cultural District between the Airport Express and Tung Chung line's Kowloon station and the Tuen Ma line's Austin station. The footprint of the new station extends into the underground level of the West Kowloon Cultural District.

The station closed between 30 January 2020 and 15 January 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Limited services resumed on 15 January 2023, with full services resumed on 1 April 2023.
James Brandon (footballer)
James Brandon (1865 – 1942) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Bootle and Preston North End.

He had several relatives who played the game: brothers Tom (later capped for Scotland) and Bob were teammates in his early career at St Mirren, cousin Harry won the FA Cup with The Wednesday (where all four men played to some extent) in 1896, and nephew Tom played for Hull City among other clubs.

Tom Brandon (footballer, born 1893)
William Thomas Brandon (25 May 1893 – 1 May 1956) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Bradford Park Avenue, Hull City and Wigan Borough. His father of the same name was a professional footballer (and a Scottish international) and several uncles also played the game, including FA Cup winner Harry Brandon.
Turbana, Bolívar
Turbana is a municipality in the Bolívar department in Colombia. Most of the people living here depend on agriculture and cattle raising for their main income. There is no sewer system or dump and waste is disposed of in streams and roadways. The temperature averages from 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Turbana borders Turbaco and Cartagena in the north, Arjona in the south and Arjona and Turbaco in the east.

Turbaco
Turbaco is a municipality in the Bolívar Department of Colombia.  It is located about 20 km southeast of Cartagena de Indias and is one of Bolívar's most organized municipalities. Turbaco is known for its famous "Fiesta de Toros" (Bulls's feast) in December to celebrate the new year.

Juan de la Cosa was mortally wounded here in 1510, before Pedro de Heredia subjugated the area in 1533.

Antonio López de Santa Anna spent some of his exile years here, 1850–1853 and 1855–1857.
Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (or Thiouthiogne), also known as the Battle of Somb or the Battle of Somb-Tioutioune, occurred on 18 July 1867. It was a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts in 19th-century Senegal and the Gambia, but it also had a political and economic dimension to it: vendetta and empire-building. Fandane, Thiouthioune and Somb were part of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine, now part of independent Senegal.

The Marabouts prevailed in the early hours of the battle, but the Serer army held firm. In the latter parts of the battle, the Marabouts were defeated. Maba Diakhou Bâ was killed and his body decapitated. Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop and Bourba Jolof Alboury Sainabou Njie fled. Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak was injured. Mama Gaolo Nyang was held prisoner.

Kingdom of Jolof
The Kingdom of Jolof (Arabic: جولوف), also known as Wolof and Wollof, was a West African rump state located in what is today the nation of Senegal. For nearly two hundred years, the Wolof rulers of the Jolof Empire collected tribute from vassal kings' states who voluntarily agreed to the confederacy. At the 1549 Battle of Danki, however, the Buurba Jolof was defeated by the lord of Kayor, resulting in the rapid disintegration of the empire. Jolof survived as a rump state, unable to access the Atlantic trade between its former vassal territories and the Portuguese.
Curicaueri
Curicaueri (Purépecha: Kurhikuaeri, "the Great Fire" or "the Great Bonfire) is a deity in Purépechan Culture. He was considered the God of Fire, the Sun and oldest deity of the Purépecha, it is thought that he is the origin of all other Purépecha deities, alongside Cuerauáperi his wife. He also had a warlike aspect, who the warriors painted themselves black to represent. Curiacaueri had five brothers known as the Tiripe-mencha, who governed the five divine houses of the terrestrial plane of the universe.

The Uacúsecha clan, the ruling family of the Purepécha empire, considers Curicaueri their patron god, and it is through a prophetic vision from Curicaueri that Tariácuri set out to create a unified Purépecha state.

Irecha (title)
Irecha was the title held by the ruler of the Purépecha Empire, which existed from the 14th to 16th centuries in the area of the modern states of Michoacán, Guerrero, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and the State of Mexico, briefly holding areas of Colima at its zenith.
Marton-cum-Moxby
Marton-cum-Moxby is a civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the parish was less than 100 at the time of the 2011 Census, therefore its details were included with Farlington. It lies to the east of the villages of Stillington and Farlington, near Easingwold. The settlements are the hamlets of Marton-in-the-Forest and Moxby, both agricultural in character.

Stillington, North Yorkshire
Stillington is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It lies on the York to Helmsley road about 10 miles (16 km) north of York.
Stillington Mill was the endpoint of the Foss Navigation Act 1793.
Stan Fischler
Stanley I. Fischler (born March 31, 1932) is an American historian of hockey and the New York City Subway, as well as a broadcaster, author of over 100 books, and professor. As a broadcaster with MSG, Fischler has won seven Emmy Awards.

New York Americans
The New York Americans, colloquially known as the Amerks, were a professional ice hockey team based in New York City from 1925 to 1942. They were the third expansion team in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the second to play in the United States. The team never won the Stanley Cup, but reached the semifinals twice. While it was the first team in New York City, it was eclipsed by the second, the New York Rangers, which arrived in 1926 under the ownership of the Amerks' landlord, Madison Square Garden. The team played as the Brooklyn Americans during the 1941–42 season before suspending operations in 1942 due to World War II and long-standing financial difficulties. The demise of the club marked the beginning of the NHL's Original Six era from 1942 to 1967, though the Amerks' franchise was not formally canceled until 1946. The team's overall regular season record was 255–402–127.
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement is a Unicode block consisting of Latin alphabet characters and Arabic numerals enclosed in circles, ovals or boxes, used for a variety of purposes. It is encoded in the range U+1F100–U+1F1FF in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane.

The block is mostly an extension of the Enclosed Alphanumerics block, containing further enclosed alphanumeric characters which are not included in that block or Enclosed CJK Letters and Months. Most of the characters are single alphanumerics in boxes or circles, or with trailing commas. Two of the symbols are identified as dingbats. A number of multiple-letter enclosed abbreviations are also included, mostly to provide compatibility with Broadcast Markup Language standards (see ARIB STD B24 character set) and Japanese telecommunications networks' emoji sets. The block also includes the regional indicator symbols to be used for emoji country flag support.

Unicode block
A Unicode block is one of several contiguous ranges of numeric character codes (code points) of the Unicode character set that are defined by the Unicode Consortium for administrative and documentation purposes.  Typically, proposals such as the addition of new glyphs are discussed and evaluated by considering the relevant block or blocks as a whole.

Each block is generally, but not always, meant to supply glyphs used by one or more specific languages, or in some general application area such as mathematics, surveying, decorative typesetting, social forums, etc.
ABT-670
ABT-670 is a drug which acts as a potent, orally bioavailable dopamine agonist selective for the D4 subtype, which was developed as a possible treatment for erectile dysfunction, although its current uses are limited to scientific research.

Dopamine agonist
A dopamine agonist is a compound that activates dopamine D2 receptors and belong to one of two different subclasses: ergoline and non-ergoline. Examples of ergoline agonists are cabergoline and bromocriptine and examples of non-ergoline agonists are pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. Ergoline agonists have been linked to cartilage formation in heart valves.

Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and to a lesser extent, in hyperprolactinemia and restless legs syndrome. They are also used off-label in the treatment of clinical depression. One notable risk in the use of dopamine agonist is an increased risk of developing impulse control disorders.
2025 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste
The 2025 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 6th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Trieste, Italy between 7 and 13 July 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Arabian serin
The Arabian serin (Crithagra rothschildi) or olive-rumped serin, is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae. It is native to the Sarawat Mountains of western Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.

The Arabian serin was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. The genus was therefore split and a number of species including the Arabian serin were moved to the resurrected genus Crithagra.

Crithagra
Crithagra is a genus of small passerine birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). They live in Africa and Arabia.

The species in this genus were formerly assigned to the genus Serinus, but phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. It was therefore split into two monophyletic genera. Eight species, including the European serin (Serinus serinus), were retained in Serinus, while the other species were assigned to the resurrected genus Crithagra.
Great Busby
Great Busby is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The population of the parish was estimated at 70 in 2013.

It is near the North York Moors and Stokesley. It is pronounced great "Buzz - Bee".

From 1974 to 2023, it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Stokesley
Stokesley is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It lies within the historic county boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the River Leven. An electoral ward of the same name stretches south to Great Broughton and had a population at the 2021 Census of 6,180.

Stokesley is about two miles south of the Middlesbrough borough boundary and eight miles south of Middlesbrough town centre. Stokesley is between Middlesbrough, Guisborough, and Northallerton, in a farming area. Local attractions nearby include Great Ayton, Captain Cook's monument, and Roseberry Topping in the North York Moors National Park. From 1894 to 1974, the town was one of the North Riding of Yorkshire's rural district head towns.

From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Hambleton, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.
25th Division (South Vietnam)
The 25th Division  (Vietnamese: Sư đoàn 25) of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)—the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975—was part of the III Corps that oversaw the region of the country surrounding the capital, Saigon. It was based at Củ Chi Base Camp to the northwest of the city.

Đức Hòa district
Đức Hòa was a rural district (huyện) of Long An province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 199,181. The district covers an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi). The district capital lies at Hậu Nghĩa.
Goodluck Jonathan
Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan Listenⓘ GCFR GCON (born 20 November 1957) is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari and was the first incumbent president in Nigerian history to lose re-election.

Previously, Jonathan served as the vice president of Nigeria from 2007 to 2010 under the administration of Umaru Musa Yar'Adua; and in oil-rich Bayelsa State as governor from 2005 to 2007, and deputy governor from 1999 to 2005. In 2015, Jonathan became the first Nigerian president to concede election defeat. It allowed the transfer of power to the opposition party in Africa's biggest democracy—a country that had hitherto experienced vote-rigging and violence.

Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.
History of the Church–Turing thesis
The history of the Church–Turing thesis ("thesis") involves the history of the development of the study of the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable. It is an important topic in modern mathematical theory and computer science, particularly associated with the work of Alonzo Church and Alan Turing.

The debate and discovery of the meaning of "computation" and "recursion" has been long and contentious.  This article provides detail of that debate and discovery from Peano's axioms in 1889 through recent discussion of the meaning of "axiom".

David Hilbert
David Hilbert  (/ˈhɪlbərt/; German: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.

Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas including invariant theory, the calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, the foundations of geometry, spectral theory of operators and its application to integral equations, mathematical physics, and the foundations of mathematics (particularly proof theory). He adopted and defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. In 1900, he presented a collection of problems that set a course for mathematical research of the 20th century.

Hilbert and his students contributed to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. He was a co-founder of proof theory and mathematical logic.
Cynological Federation of Georgia
Fédération Cynologique de Géorgie (also FCG) is the national kennel club of Georgia. The FCG is the only kennel organization in Georgia officially recognized by Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). FCG liaises with other canine clubs, holds shows, and helps to promote dog breeds.

Cynology refers to the study of dogs, usually by enthusiasts and breeders. It is not a recognized scientific discipline in English-speaking countries. It is the source of the English word cynic, which is directly related to canines. In English, the organization is Kynological Federation of Georgia (KFG), but it is more frequently referred to by its French name and uses the initials FCG.

Kennel club
A kennel club (known as a kennel council or canine council in some countries) is an organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the breeding, showing and promotion of more than one breed of dog. Kennel clubs became popular in the mid 19th century. All-encompassing kennel clubs are also referred to as 'all-breed clubs', although "all" means only those breeds that they have decided to recognize, and "breed"  means purebred dogs, not including dog hybrids and crossbreeds or mixed-breed dogs. A club that handles only one breed is known as a breed club.