hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation
The Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation (Spanish: Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala, or FAFG) is an autonomous, non-profit, technical and scientific non-governmental organisation. 
Its aim is to strengthen the administration of justice and respect for human rights by investigating, documenting, and raising awareness about past instances of human rights violations, particularly unresolved murders, that occurred during Guatemala's 30-year-long Civil War.

Its main tool in pursuing this goal is the application of forensic anthropology techniques in exhumations of clandestine mass graves. Its endeavours in this regard allow the relatives of the disappeared to recuperate the remains of their missing family members and to proceed with burials in accordance with their beliefs, and enable criminal prosecutions to be brought against the perpetrators.

Mass grave
A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial.  Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime, they may also be used after a famine, epidemic, or natural disaster. In disasters, mass graves are used temporarily for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and the individual disposal of each body.

The United Nations has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution, although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon.
Effects of the Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster of 26 April 1986 triggered the release of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes. As of 2025, it remains the world's largest known release of radioactivity into the natural environment.

The work of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) suggests that the Chernobyl disaster cannot be directly compared to atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons by simply saying that it is better or worse. This is partly because the isotopes released at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant tended to be longer-lived than those released by the detonation of atomic bombs.

It is estimated that the Chernobyl disaster caused US$235 billion in economic damages.

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) was set up by resolution of the United Nations General Assembly in 1955. The United Nations General Assembly has designated 31 United Nations Member States as members of the Scientific Committee. The organization has no power to set radiation standards nor to make recommendations in regard to nuclear testing. It was established solely to "define precisely the present exposure of the population of the world to ionizing radiation". A small secretariat, located in Vienna and functionally linked to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), organizes the annual sessions and manages the preparation of documents for the committee's scrutiny.
2021 All-Ireland Under-20 Football Championship
The 2021 All-Ireland Under-20 Football Championship was the fourth staging of the All-Ireland Under-20 Championship and the 58th staging overall of a Gaelic football championship for players between the minor and senior grades. The competition began on 1 July and ended on 15 August 2021.

The defending champion was Galway; however, the team was beaten by Mayo after a penalty shootout in the Connacht semi-final.

The final was played on 15 August 2021 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Offaly and Roscommon, in what was their first ever championship meeting. Offaly won the match by 1-14 to 1-11 to claim a second title and a first title since 1988.

2020 All-Ireland Under-20 Football Championship
The 2020 All-Ireland Under-20 Football Championship was the third staging of the All-Ireland Under-20 Championship and the 57th staging overall of a Gaelic football championship for players between the minor and senior grades. The competition ran from 7 February to 19 December 2020.

The defending champion was Cork; however, the team was beaten by Kerry in the Munster final.

The final took place on 19 December 2020, between Galway and Dublin. Galway won the match by 1–11 to 0–13 to win asixth title and a first since 2013.

Dublin's Ciarán Archer was the competition's top scorer with 1–25. Galway captain Jack Glynn was named U20 Footballer of the Year.
Waihuanlu station
Waihuanlu (Chinese: 外环路; pinyin: Wàihuán Lù), literally Outer Ring Road, is a station on Line 1 of the Shanghai Metro. This station is part of the southern extension of that line that opened on 28 December 1996, and is located near the crossing of two major elevated highways. This makes the station often used by travelers to and from the southern outskirts of the city.

Line 1 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 1 is a north–south line of the Shanghai Metro. It runs from Fujin Road in the north, via Shanghai Railway Station to Xinzhuang in the south. The first line to open in the Shanghai Metro system, line 1 serves many important points in Shanghai, including People's Square and Xujiahui. Due to the large number of important locations served, this line is extremely busy, with a daily ridership of over 1,000,000 passengers. Generally, the line runs at grade beside the Shanghai–Hangzhou railway in the south, underground in the city center and elevated on the second deck of the North–South Elevated Road in the North. The line is colored red on system maps.
Meghimatium fruhstorferi
Meghimatium fruhstorferi is a species of medium to large air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Philomycidae and the superfamily Arionacea, the roundback slugs.

Philomycidae
Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

The family Philomycidae has no subfamilies.
Computable topology
Computable topology is a discipline in mathematics that studies the topological and algebraic structure of computation. Computable topology is not to be confused with algorithmic or computational topology, which studies the application of computation to topology.

Complete partial order
In mathematics, the phrase complete partial order is variously used to refer to at least three similar, but distinct, classes of partially ordered sets, characterized by particular completeness properties. Complete partial orders play a central role in theoretical computer science: in denotational semantics and domain theory.
Alfonso IV of Aragon
Alfonso IV (2 November 1299 – 24 January 1336), called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne), was King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (as Alfons III) from 1327 to his death. His reign saw the incorporation of the County of Urgell, Duchy of Athens, and Duchy of Neopatria into the Crown of Aragon.

Count of Barcelona
The count of Barcelona (Catalan: comte de Barcelona, Spanish: conde de Barcelona, French: comte de Barcelone, Latin: comes Barcinonensis) was the ruler of the County of Barcelona and also, by extension and according with the Usages and Catalan constitutions, of the Principality of Catalonia as prince (sovereign) for much of Catalan history, from the 9th century until the 18th century. After 1162, with Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona, the title of count of Barcelona was united with that of king of Aragon, and after the 16th century, with that of king of Spain.
Miss Universe Canada 2005
Miss Universe Canada 2005 was the 3rd Miss Universe Canada pageant held on March 1, 2005. The winner represented Canada in the Miss Universe 2005 and won its second crown. The first runner-up represented Canada in Miss International 2005.

Miss Universe 2005
Miss Universe 2005 was the 54th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Impact Arena in Nonthaburi Province, Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand, on 31 May 2005.

At the end of the event, Jennifer Hawkins of Australia crowned Natalie Glebova of Canada as Miss Universe 2005. It is Canada's first victory in twenty-three years, and the second victory in the pageant's history.

Contestants from eighty-one countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The competition was hosted by Billy Bush and Nancy O'Dell.
Een Chingba (Khamba Thoibi)
Een Chingba (ꯏꯟ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ), also known as In Chingba or En Chingba (ꯏꯟ ꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ), is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. The event centers on a fishing activity at Loktak Lake that was reserved exclusively for women and marks a notable meeting and bonding between Khuman Khamba and Princess Thoibi.

Meitei mythology
Meitei mythology (or Manipuri mythology) (Meitei: Meitei Mi Lai Tingi Wari) is a collection of myths, belonging to the religious and cultural traditions of the Meitei people, the predominant ethnic group of Manipur. It is associated with traditional Meitei religion of Sanamahism. Meitei myths explain various natural phenomena, how human civilization developed, and the reasons of many events.
Cox–Forbes theory
The Cox–Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox (1760–1799) and extended by Professor Duncan Forbes (1798–1868).

The theory states that a four-handed dice-chess game (Chaturaji) originated in India in approximately 3000 BC; and that arising from the results of certain rules, or the difficulty in getting enough players, the game evolved into a two-handed game (Chaturanga). On account of religious and legal objections in Hinduism to gambling, the dice were dropped from the game, making it a game of pure skill.

Chaturanga
Chaturanga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग, IAST: caturaṅga, pronounced [tɕɐt̪uˈɾɐŋɡɐ]) is an ancient Indian strategy board game. It is first known from India around the seventh century AD.

While there is some uncertainty, the prevailing view among chess historians is that chaturanga is the common ancestor of the board games chess, xiangqi (Chinese), janggi (Korean), shogi (Japanese), sittuyin (Burmese), makruk (Thai), ouk chatrang (Cambodian) and modern Indian chess. It was adopted as chatrang (shatranj) in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe.

Not all the rules of chaturanga are known with certainty. Chess historians suppose that the game had rules similar to those of its successor, shatranj. In particular, there is uncertainty as to the moves of the gaja (elephant).
Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation
Jews outside Europe under Axis occupation suffered greatly during World War II.

While there is academic consensus that the extermination of the non-European Jews was a long-term goal for the Nazi regime, it is less clear whether there were any imminent plans or policies to that end. Although there is no unanimity among historians on this point, PHD student Matthew Ghobrial Cockerill writes that "The purported evidence for planned extermination operations outside of Europe is unpersuasive."

Judenrat
A Judenrat (German: [ˈjuːdn̩ˌʁaːt], lit. 'Jewish council'; Yiddish: יודענראט) was an administrative body, established in any zone of German-occupied Europe during World War II, purporting to represent the Jewish community in dealings with the Nazi authorities. The Germans required Jews to form Judenräte within occupied territories at local and sometimes national levels.

Judenräte were particularly common in Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe, where in some cases, such as Łódź and Theresienstadt ghettos, they were known as the "Jewish Council of Elders" (Jüdischer Ältestenrat or Ältestenrat der Juden). Jewish communities themselves had established councils for self-government as early as the Middle Ages. The Jewish community used the Hebrew terms qahal (Hebrew: קהל) or qehilla (קהילה) but Nazi authorities used the German-language term Judenräte.
Az Zawiyah Governorate
Az Zawiyah Governorate was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1983. Its capital was Zawiya. It was established from the northwestern part of Tripolitania province.

The governorate's population was 190,708 in 1964 and had increased to 231,242 by 1972.

Zawiya, Libya
Zawiya /zɑːˈwiːə/, officially Zawia (Arabic: الزاوية, transliteration: Az Zāwiyaẗ, Italian: Zauia or Zavia, variants: Arabic: الزاوية الغربية Az Zawiyah Al Gharbiyah, Ḩārat az Zāwiyah, Al Ḩārah, El-Hára and Haraf Az Zāwīyah), is a city in northwestern Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea about 47 km (29 mi) west of Tripoli, in the historic region of Tripolitania. Zawiya is the capital of the Zawiya District.
Hüsamettin Cindoruk
Ahmet Hüsamettin Cindoruk (born 1933) is a Turkish politician and the 17th Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey between 1991 and 1995. He was also the acting president of Turkey in 1993 and the leader of two political parties, notably of the True Path Party.

Acting President of Turkey
The acting president of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye cumhurbaşkanı vekili) is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Turkey. The acting president is a person who fulfills the duties and powers of the president of Turkey when cases of incapacity and vacancy occur.

In cases where the President of Turkey temporarily leaves his office due to illness or going abroad, the oldest Vice President of Turkey shall act for the President and exercise the powers of the President. If the office of the President becomes vacant, the Presidential election is held within 45 days. Until a new one is elected, the Vice President acts as the President and exercises the powers of the President.
Valmiera FC in European football
These are the matches Valmiera FC have played in European football competitions. Having been promoted in 2018, the club's first entry into European competitions was in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, qualifying for the first qualifying round after a fourth-place finish in the 2019 league campaign.

Valmiera FC
Valmiera Football Club is a Latvian professional football club playing in the Altero.lv LIIGA, the third highest division in the  Latvian football league system. The club is based in the city of Valmiera. By winning the Latvian First League in 2017, the team was promoted to the 2018 Virslīga after a 14-year absence, and won their first title in 2022.
Tompkins Square Park
Tompkins Square Park is a 10.5-acre (4.2 ha) public park in the Alphabet City portion of East Village, Manhattan, New York City. The square-shaped park, bounded on the north by East 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by East 7th Street, and on the west by Avenue A, is abutted by St. Marks Place to the west. The park opened in 1834 and is named for Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice President of the United States.

Elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North America and Eurasia, ranging southward in Western Asia to Iran, in Africa to Libya, and in Southeast Asia into Indonesia.

Elms are components of many kinds of natural forests. Moreover, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, many species and cultivars were also planted as ornamental street, garden, and park trees in Europe, North America, and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, notably Australasia. Some individual elms reached great size and age. However, in recent decades, most mature elms of European or North American origin have died from Dutch elm disease, caused by a microfungus dispersed by bark beetles. In response, disease-resistant cultivars have been developed, capable of restoring the elm to forestry and landscaping.
Viking expansion
Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries. To the west, Vikings under Leif Erikson (the heir to Erik the Red) reached North America and set up a short-lived settlement in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. Longer lasting and more established Norse settlements were formed in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Russia, Ukraine, Great Britain, Ireland, Normandy and Sicily.

Sigurd the Crusader
Sigurd the Crusader (Old Norse: Sigurðr Jórsalafari; Norwegian: Sigurd Jorsalfare; 1089 – 26 March 1130), also known as Sigurd Magnusson and Sigurd I, was King of Norway from 1103 to 1130. His rule, together with his half-brothers King Øystein (until Øystein died in 1123) and King Olaf, has been regarded by historians as a golden age for the medieval Kingdom of Norway. He is known as the Crusader King, being the one of three co-regents that took part in the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110), earning him the eponym "the Crusader".  He is regarded to be the first King to take part in a crusade.
1938 New York City truckers strike
The New York City truckers' strike started on September 15, 1938, as an unsanctioned strike by some of NYC's Teamsters members, with union leadership initially opposing it.  It was caused by a contract expiration, demanding lower hours at the same weekly pay and by its end somewhere between 30,000 and 35,000 strikers were directly involved.

On September 25, it was officially sanctioned by a union vote at the Mecca Temple by union Locals 807, 282, and 816. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it was one of the largest US strikes of 1938.

The strike ended in October as a partial union victory, they won lower hours at the same weekly pay & benefits, but it was not lowered to the demanded maximum 40-hour week but instead to a maximum 44-hour week limit.

International Longshoremen's Association
The International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) is a North American labor union representing longshore workers along the East Coast of the United States and Canada, the Gulf Coast, the Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, and inland waterways; the ILA has approximately 200 local affiliates in port cities in these areas. The International Longshore and Warehouse Union is dominant on the West Coast, western Canada, Alaska, and Hawaii.
Tracker action
Tracker action is a term used in reference to pipe organs and steam calliopes to indicate a mechanical linkage between keys or pedals pressed by the organist and the valve that allows air to flow into pipe(s) of the corresponding note.  This is in contrast to "direct electric action" and "electro-pneumatic action", which connect the key to the valve through an electrical link or an electrically assisted pneumatic system respectively, or "tubular-pneumatic action" which utilizes a change of pressure within lead tubing which connects the key to the valve pneumatic.

Organ pipe
An organ pipe is a sound-producing element of the pipe organ that resonates at a specific pitch when pressurized air (commonly referred to as wind) is driven through it. Each pipe is tuned to a note of the musical scale. A set of organ pipes of similar timbre comprising the complete scale is known as a rank; one or more ranks constitutes a stop.
Utrecht University Botanic Gardens
The Utrecht University Botanic Gardens have consisted of two locations since 1987: the main Botanical Garden Fort Hoofddijk (52°05′18″N 5°10′21″E﻿ / ﻿52.0883°N 5.1725°E﻿ / 52.0883; 5.1725﻿ (Fort Hoofddijk Botanical Garden)) in De Uithof, Utrecht, and the Von Gimborn Arboretum (52°01′57″N 5°18′33″E﻿ / ﻿52.0325°N 5.3093°E﻿ / 52.0325; 5.3093﻿ (Von Gimborn Arboretum)) in nearby Doorn. Both locations are open to the public.

Utrecht Science Park
Utrecht Science Park (also known as De Uithof) is a neighbourhood in Utrecht and the largest science park in the Netherlands. It is located to the east of the city. It is the largest campus of Utrecht University. Apart from the faculties of Law, Humanities and University College Utrecht, most of the university buildings are located in Utrecht Science Park. It is also a main location of the HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht and the University Medical Center Utrecht, and houses the main university library, student housing and botanical gardens.
HSC-9
Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 9 (HSC-9) "Tridents" is a United States Navy helicopter squadron based at Naval Air Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia (United States). The squadron is equipped with the Sikorsky MH-60S Seahawk. Currently, HSC-9 is attached to Carrier Air Wing Eight. It was originally established as Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 3 (HS-3) in 1952 and was redesignated on 1 June 2009.

Piasecki HUP Retriever
The Piasecki HUP Retriever or H-25 Army Mule, later UH-25, is a compact single radial engine, twin overlapping tandem rotor utility helicopter developed by the Piasecki Helicopter Corporation of Morton, Pennsylvania. Designed to a United States Navy specification, the helicopter was produced from 1949 to 1954, and was also used by the United States Army and foreign navies. The HUP/H-25 was the first helicopter to be produced with an autopilot and also the first to perform a loop.
Croatian State Archives
The Croatian State Archives (Croatian: Hrvatski državni arhiv) are the national archives of Croatia located in its capital, Zagreb. The history of the state archives can be traced back to the 17th century. There are also regional state archives located in Bjelovar, Dubrovnik, Gospić, Karlovac, Osijek, Pazin, Rijeka, Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Split, Varaždin, Vukovar and Zadar.

The archives have more than 29,000 records, with the oldest ones being from the years 999-1089. They store records that were made due to the activities of governmental central bodies, cultural, educational, military, and health institutions, administration of justice, and Croatian immigrants, as well as records that were made by distinguished families and individuals.

State Archives in Osijek
The State Archives in Osijek (Croatian: Državni arhiv u Osijeku) is the primary public institution responsible for preservation of archival materials in the Osijek-Baranja County located in Osijek in eastern Croatia. The State Archives in Osijek houses approximately 1,500 collections and archives, totaling over 8,000 linear meters of material and more than 50,000 photographs.
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis
Cupriavidus pinatubonensis is a Gram-negative, aerobic non-spore-forming, motile bacterium of the genus Cupriavidus and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated with Cupriavidus laharis together from volcanic mudflow deposits on Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

Burkholderiaceae
The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales. It includes some pathogenic species, such as Burkholderia mallei (glanders) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis). This family was found to be enriched in scale-eating pupfish (Cyprinodon desquamator) guts, even after being fed a common laboratory diet, suggesting it may aid in scale-digestion (Heras and Martin 2022).
Garland
A garland is a decorative braid, knot or wreath of flowers, leaves, or other material. Garlands can be worn on the head or around the neck, hung on an inanimate object, or laid in a place of cultural or religious importance. In contemporary times, garlands are used to decorate, especially around holidays.

Nelumbo nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Padma (Sanskrit: पद्म, romanized: Padma, lit. 'Lotus') or Kamala (Sanskrit: कमल, lit. 'Lotus'), sacred lotus, pink lotus, Indian lotus, or simply lotus, is one of two extant species of aquatic plant in the family Nelumbonaceae. It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often refers to members of the family Nymphaeaceae. The lotus belongs in the order Proteales.