hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maria Cäsar
Maria Cäsar (born Maria Kreith:  13 September 1920 – 1 September 2017) was an Austrian political activist (KPÖ) who after the Anschluss in 1938 became a resistance activist.   She was among the survivors:  during and beyond the occupation years.  After the second World War Maria Cäsar played her part in testifying about her experiences of Austria under National Socialism to younger generations.

First Austrian Republic
The First Austrian Republic (German: Erste Österreichische Republik), officially the Republic of Austria, was created after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919—the settlement after the end of World War I which ended the Habsburg rump state of Republic of German-Austria—and ended with the establishment of the authoritarian Federal State of Austria based upon a dictatorship of Engelbert Dollfuss and the Fatherland Front in 1934. The Republic's constitution was enacted on 1 October 1920 and amended on 7 December 1929. The republican period was increasingly marked by violent strife between those with left-wing and right-wing views, leading to the July Revolt of 1927 and the Austrian Civil War of 1934.
Barron Lake
Barron Lake is a lake in southeastern Labrador near Sandwich Bay, Canada. It covers just under 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) and is at an elevation of 117 m (384 ft). The lake is located in the 13H12 NTS zone.

Barron River flows out of the lake and joins with North River about 20 km (12 mi) to the north. The Mealy Mountains surround the lake, which is also a part of the Mealy Mountains National Park Reserve.

Labrador
Labrador (/ˈlæbrədɔːr/) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.

Labrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.

The indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern-Inuit of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.
Warkały, Olsztyn County
Warkały [varˈkawɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jonkowo, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) south-east of Jonkowo and 12 km (7 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Jonkowo
Jonkowo [jɔnˈkɔvɔ] is a village in Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Jonkowo. It is located in Warmia.
Design thinking
Design thinking refers to the set of cognitive, strategic and practical procedures used by designers in the process of designing, and to the body of knowledge that has been developed about how people reason when engaging with design problems.

Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation of products and services within business and social contexts.

David M. Kelley
David M. Kelley (born February 10, 1951) is an American engineer, designer, businessman, and educator. He is co-founder of the design firm IDEO and a professor at Stanford University. He has received several honors for his contributions to design and design education.
19th Indiana Infantry Regiment
The 19th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was one of the original regiments in the Army of the Potomac's Iron Brigade.

Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the primary field army of the Union army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in April.
Carmo do Rio Claro
Carmo do Rio Claro is a municipality located in the south-west of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The distance to the state capital, Belo Horizonte is 374 km.

The characteristic vegetation of the municipality is cerrado but there is still some gallery forest along the rivers.

The climate of the municipality is classified as subtropical mesothermic, characterized by dry winters and wet summers. The average temperature in winter is approximately 16 °C and the average of the hottest month is about 27 °C. The period between December and February is the rainiest. The driest months are from April to September.

Carmo do Rio Claro is watered by the Furnas Dam.  Local economy is driven by agriculture, tourism and handcraft.

Largely known by its handcraft in hand loom and its production of handcrafted candy.

Carmo do Rio Claro is part of the Guaxupé diocese.

Guaxupé
Guaxupé is a Brazilian municipality located in the southwest of the state of Minas Gerais. Its estimated population in 2020 was 52,078 inhabitants living in a total area of 286 km2. The city belongs to the meso-region of Sul e Sudoeste de Minas and to the micro-region of São Sebastião do Paraíso.  It became a municipality in 1837.
Hoffman tank gunfire simulator
Introduced in the early 1980's, the Hoffman tank gunfire simulator is a pyrotechnic device manufactured by Diehl Defence, used in military training alongside non-gunfire training systems such as MILES. It consists of an array of tubes (usually nine, though the variant for the Leopard 2 has seventeen) resembling a multiple grenade launcher into which explosive cartridges are inserted: these generate a flash, sound and smoke plume designed to imitate the firing of a tank gun.

Tank gun
A tank gun or tank cannon is the main armament of a tank. Modern tank guns are high-velocity, large-caliber artillery capable of firing kinetic energy penetrators, high-explosive anti-tank, and cannon-launched guided projectiles. Additional weapons, such as anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine guns and rocket launchers can also be mounted to tanks.

As the tank's primary armament, they are almost always employed in a direct fire mode to defeat a variety of ground targets at all ranges, including dug-in infantry, lightly armored vehicles, and especially other heavily armored tanks. They must provide accuracy, range, penetration, and rapid fire in a package that is as compact and lightweight as possible, to allow mounting in the cramped confines of an armored gun turret. Tank guns generally use self-contained ammunition, allowing rapid loading (or use of an autoloader). They often display a bulge in the barrel, which is a bore evacuator, or a device on the muzzle, which is a muzzle brake.
Elin Pelin Point
Elin Pelin Point (Bulgarian: нос Елин Пелин, 'nos Elin Pelin') is a point on the northwest coast of Smith Island, South Shetland Islands situated 4.6 km north-northeast of Cape James and 4.8 km south-southwest of Lista Point.  The point is   named after Bulgarian writer Elin Pelin.

63°03′35″S 62°40′45″W﻿ / ﻿63.05972°S 62.67917°W﻿ / -63.05972; -62.67917

Lista Point
Lista Point is the point on the northwest coast of Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, formed by an offshoot of Riggs Peak. Maglizh Rocks are situated off the point. The feature's name is given by Argentina.
Mer Hayrenik
"Our Fatherland" is the national anthem of Armenia. It was arranged by Parsegh Ganatchian; the lyrics were written by Mikayel Nalbandian. First adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia, it was subsequently banned after the country was invaded by then incorporated into the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of sovereignty in 1991, the song was re-adopted as the national anthem, albeit with slightly modified lyrics.

National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
23 Aquilae
23 Aquilae is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 23 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation. It is at a distance of about 400 light-years (120 parsecs) with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.10, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued star. The brightness of the star is diminished by 0.21 in magnitude because of extinction from interstellar dust and gas. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of –23 km/s.

The primary component of this system is a magnitude 5.31 K-type giant star or bright giant with a stellar classification of K1. The star is radiating 197 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,202 K. Orbiting at an angular separation of 3.25 arcseconds is a magnitude 8.76 companion star.

Flamsteed designation
A Flamsteed designation is a combination of a number and constellation name that uniquely identifies most naked eye stars in the modern constellations visible from southern England. They are named after John Flamsteed, author of the Historia Coelestis Britannica, the first major star catalogue compiled with the aid of a telescope. Flamsteed’s own catalogue did not include what are now known as Flamsteed numbers, but its listing of stars in each constellation provided the basis for later astronomers to add them.
Mastoid antrum
The mastoid antrum (tympanic antrum, antrum mastoideum, Valsalva's antrum) is an air space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum (entrance to the mastoid antrum). These air spaces function as sound receptors, provide voice resonance, act as acoustic insulation and dissipation, provide protection from physical damage and reduce the mass of the cranium.
The roof is formed by the tegmen antri which is a continuation of the tegmen tympani and separates it from the middle cranial fossa.
The lateral wall of the antrum is formed by a plate of bone which is an average of 1.5 cm in adults.
The mastoid air cell  system is a major contributor to middle ear inflammatory diseases.

Middle cranial fossa
The middle cranial fossa is formed by the sphenoid bones, and the temporal bones. It lodges the temporal lobes, and the pituitary gland. It is deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest.

It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellae; laterally by the temporal squamae, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures.
Higher education in Ukraine
Higher education in Ukraine operates several levels, all of which are regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. In early 2016, Ukraine had 802 universities, but the Ministry intends to lower that number to 317.  Ukraine had 1,586,700 higher education students in 2016-17.

For specific universities, see the List of universities in Ukraine.

Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute
The Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute (abbr.  KhPI, officially titled National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukrainian: Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», abbr.  НТУ "ХПІ") is a public technical university in Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Founded in 1885, it is the second-oldest technical university in the former Russian Empire (after Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology). Also it is the second-oldest technical university in the modern Ukraine territory (after Lviv Polytechnic).
Processor power dissipation
Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits.

Dynamic voltage scaling
In computer architecture, dynamic voltage scaling is a power management technique in which the voltage used in a component is increased or decreased, depending upon circumstances. Dynamic voltage scaling to increase voltage is known as overvolting; dynamic voltage scaling to decrease voltage is known as undervolting. Undervolting is done in order to conserve power, particularly in laptops and other mobile devices, where energy comes from a battery and thus is limited, or in rare cases, to increase reliability. Overvolting is done in order to support higher frequencies for performance.

The term "overvolting" is also used to refer to increasing static operating voltage of computer components to allow operation at higher speed (overclocking).
Lophochaeta
Lophochaeta is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Naididae.

The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.

Species:

Lophochaeta ignota Štolc, 1886

Lophochaeta paucipilifer Holmquist, 1985

Naididae
The Naididae (including the former family Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. They are key components of the benthic communities of many freshwater and marine ecosystems. In freshwater aquaria they may be referred to as detritus worms.
Ramapriya
Ramapriya (pronounced rāmapriya) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 52nd melakarta rāgam (parent scale) in the 72 melakarta scale system of Carnatic music. It is called Ramāmanōhari in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas (hence known as janaka ragas) from which other ragas may be derived. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter usage is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta (take the raga Bhairavi, for example).

In Hindustani music the thaat is the rough equivalent of Melakartā. There are 10 thaats in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted melakarta scheme has 72 ragas.
Xinghua Bay
Xinghua Bay is an inlet of the Taiwan Strait beside Putian in Fujian, China. It is fed by the Mulan River and Qiulu Creek (萩芦溪, Qiūlú Xī). Administratively, it is surrounded by Putian's Xiuyu, Licheng, and Hanjiang Districts to the south and west and by Fuzhou's city of Fuqing and the islands of its Pingtan County to the north and northeast.

Taiwan Strait
The Taiwan Strait (Chinese: 台湾海峡; Pinyin: Táiwān Hǎixiá) is a 180-kilometer-wide (110 mi; 97 nmi) strait separating the island of Taiwan and the Asian continent. The strait connects the South China Sea to the south, and the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is 126 km (78 mi; 68 nmi) wide.
Leandra's Law
Leandra's Law (Child Passenger Protection Act) is a New York State law making it an automatic felony on the first offense to drive drunk with a person age 15 or younger inside the vehicle, and setting the blood alcohol content, or BAC, at 0.08. The bill was unanimously passed by the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate and then signed into law by Governor David Paterson on November 18, 2009.

Blood alcohol content
Blood alcohol content (BAC), also known as blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is the concentration of alcohol in a person's blood, measured for legal or medical purposes.

BAC is expressed as the mass of alcohol per unit volume of blood. In the United States and many other countries, it is commonly reported as a percentage, such as 0.08% (equivalent to 0.8 g/L). Legal limits for driving vary by country, ranging from zero tolerance policies to 0.08%. Levels above 0.40% (4 g/L) may be fatal.
BlackBoxTV
BlackBoxTV is a commercial YouTube channel and production studio founded by director Tony E. Valenzuela. It was launched on August 17, 2010 and relaunched on April 13, 2012 as part of YouTube's $150 million original channel initiative. The channel, which has collaborated with Wes Craven, Guillermo del Toro and Anthony E. Zuiker, is home to BlackBoxTV Presents, which Variety called "the longest-running scripted drama online" in March 2016.

YouTube Original Channel Initiative
The YouTube Original Channel Initiative was a $100 million program funded by Google in 2012 to bring original content onto YouTube. The original channel initiative was also meant to kick start Google TV. The channels are collectively known as "original", "premium" or "YouTube-funded" channels.
Phallodriloides macmasterae
Phallodriloides macmasterae is a species of invertebrate in the Naididae family. It is endemic to Bermuda, where it was discovered in 1986. Three specimens were found in Prospero's Cave, a limestone cave near Castle Harbor in Hamilton Parish, Bermuda. The species was added to the IUCN Red List of critically endangered species in 1996, but due to the uncertainty of actual distribution of this species, it is now listed as data deficient.

Castle Harbour, Bermuda
Castle Harbour is a large natural harbour in Bermuda. It is located between the northeastern end of the main island and St. David's Island. Originally called Southampton Port, it was renamed as a result of its heavy fortification in the early decades of the Seventeenth century.
Linå
Linå is a village, with a population of 558 (1 January 2025), in Silkeborg Municipality, Central Denmark Region in Denmark. It is located 10 km east of Silkeborg and 34 km west of Aarhus

Linå Church is located in the village.

Silkeborg
Silkeborg (Danish: [ˈse̝lkəˌpɒˀ]) is a Danish town with a population of 52,571 (1 January 2025). Silkeborg is the seat of Silkeborg Municipality, with a population of 101,574 as of 2025.

Silkeborg is located in the middle of the Jutlandic peninsula, slightly west of the geographical centre of Denmark. The city is situated on the Gudenå River in the hilly and lush landscape of Søhøjlandet, surrounded by Denmark's largest forest district and a great number of lakes. Silkeborg is also known as Denmark's outdoor capital. The lakes between Silkeborg and Ry that are linked by the Gudenå, are known collectively as Silkeborgsøerne (the Silkeborg lakes).
The city is divided along an east–west axis by the lake of Silkeborg Langsø, which at the eastern side of the city, flows into the Gudenå River.
1991 Manchester Open
The 1991 Manchester Open was the second edition of the Manchester Open men's tennis tournament and was played outdoor grass court at the Northern Lawn Tennis Club in Manchester, United Kingdom. The tournament was part of the ATP World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour and was held from 17 June until 24 June 1991. Second-seeded Goran Ivanišević won the singles title.

1991 ATP Tour
The 1991 IBM ATP Tour was the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the ATP Tour. The IBM ATP Tour included the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series and the ATP Tour World Championships. The World Team Cup, Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF) are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Tour.
1996 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
The 5th IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held on September 29, 1996, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. A total of 206 athletes, 134 men and 72 women, from 53 countries took part.

Complete results were published.

World Athletics Road Running Championships
The World Athletics Road Running Championships is a biennial international road running competition organised by World Athletics. The competition was launched as the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1992 and held annually until 2010. It was renamed the IAAF World Road Running Championships in 2006 and reduced in distance to a 20K run, but reverted to the half marathon distance the following year and to the original competition name the year after that. The competition was renamed to its current title in 2020 after the governing body rebranded itself moving away from the long-standing International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) moniker and expanded to include additional races.

The competition replaced the female-only IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships, which was held annually from 1983 to 1991.

The last Championships was held in 2023.
Changchun University of Science and Technology
Changchun University of Science and Technology is a public university in Changchun, Jilin, China, previously known as Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (Chinese: 长春光学精密机械学院). It was founded by Wang Daheng in 1958.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Mida Island
Mida Island (Bulgarian: остров Мида, romanized: ostrov Mida, IPA: [ˈostrof ˈmidɐ]) is the rocky island 204 m long in west–east direction and 93 m wide, part of Vetrilo Rocks in the Wauwermans Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Their surface area is 1.15 ha.

The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a mussel ('mida' in Bulgarian), and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

Wauwermans Islands
Wauwermans Islands is a group of small, low, snow-covered islands forming the northernmost group in the Wilhelm Archipelago. Discovered by a German expedition 1873–74, under Dallmann. Sighted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, and named for Lieutenant General Wauwermans, president of the Société Royale Belge de Géographie, a supporter of the expedition.
Mattias Andréasson
Mattias Andréasson (born 29 March 1981), also known as dmaSOUL, is a Swedish singer known for participating in Swedish Idol 2007, in which he came in the 5th place.  As a student, he attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. He was part of Swedish band E.M.D., which was active between 2007 and 2010.

Sverigetopplistan
Sverigetopplistan (Swedish: [ˈsvæ̂rjɛˌtɔpːlɪstan], lit. "the Sweden top list") is the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from IFPI Sverige.  It was formerly known as Topplistan (1975–1997) and Hitlistan (1998–2007) and has been known by its current name since October 2007. Before Topplistan, music sales in Sweden were recorded by Kvällstoppen, whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list.