hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2005 USA Sevens
The 2005 USA Sevens was the second time that the USA Sevens rugby tournament was played. New Zealand defeated Argentina 34–5 in the final placing them atop the overall series standings. This victory clinched New Zealand's third consecutive IRB Sevens tour title following victories in New Zealand and South Africa.

USA Sevens
The USA Sevens is a rugby sevens tournament held annually during March in the United States. The USA Sevens is the largest annual rugby competition in North America, having drawn over 80,000 fans to events. The USA Sevens was introduced in 2004, originally in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson, California. The event moved to San Diego in 2007, and from there moved to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas in 2010. It then spent the entire decade of the 2010s in Las Vegas before returning to Carson in 2020. The USA Sevens tournament features 8 international teams. The USA Sevens is one of several tournaments on the World Rugby Sevens Series.
Gersony Report
Gersony Report is the name given to the 1994 findings made by a team under Robert Gersony, which was under contract to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and identified a pattern of massacres by the Rwandan Patriotic Front rebels during and after their military victory in the civil war in post-genocide Rwanda. The findings were suppressed by the United Nations and involved governments for political reasons, and its existence was denied.  No final written report was ever completed, though purported early written documentation has been leaked. The validity of Gersony's purported findings continue to be disputed.

Gérard Prunier
Gérard Prunier (born 14 October 1942 in Paris
) is a French academic, historian, and consultant. He specializes in African history and affairs
—particularly the Horn of Africa and the African Great Lakes regions.
Term of patent
The term of a patent is the maximum time during which it can be maintained in force. It is usually expressed in a number of years either starting from the filing date of the patent application or from the date of grant of the patent. In most patent laws, annuities or maintenance fees have to be regularly paid in order to keep the patent in force. Thus, a patent may lapse before its term if a renewal fee is not paid in due time.

Maintenance fee (patent)
Maintenance fees or renewal fees are fees paid to maintain a granted patent in force. Some patent laws require the payment of maintenance fees for pending patent applications. Not all patent laws require the payment of maintenance fees and different laws provide different regulations concerning not only the amount payable but also the regularity of the payments. In countries where maintenance fees are to be paid annually, they are sometimes called patent annuities.
Kuggen
Kuggen (Swedish for 'the (cogwheel) cog') is a building owned by real estate company Chalmersfastigheter as part of Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was designed by Wingårdh arkitektkontor. Construction started in October 2010 and completed in March 2011. The building is located on the Lindholmen campus and is connected to the neighboring buildings Jupiter and Science Park by two walkways on the first floor. The Kuggen building serves as an academic link between Lindholmen and companies in fields such as mobile data communications and media design.

Lindholmen, Gothenburg
Lindholmen (literally "The Linden Tree Island") is a former island in the Göta Älv river, now part of the larger island of Hisingen, in Gothenburg, Sweden. Lindholmen was not attached to Hisingen until 1864, or perhaps even later, and the western part of the channel separating the two islands is preserved in the form of the inlet Sannegårdshamnen, which now functions as a marina.

In the Middle Ages, Lindholmen was the site of Lindholmen Castle, which was briefly an important royal residence during the reign of Magnus IV of Sweden.

Later, in the nineteenth century, the Lindholmen shipyard was located in the area.
Tube feet
Tube feet (technically podia) are small active tubular projections on the oral face of an echinoderm, such as the arms of a starfish, or the undersides of sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers; they are more discreet though present on brittle stars, and have only a feeding function in feather stars. They are part of the water vascular system.

Sunflower sea star
Pycnopodia helianthoides, commonly known as the sunflower sea star, is a large sea star found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The only species of its genus, it is among the largest sea stars in the world, with a maximum arm span of 1 m (3.3 ft). Adult sunflower sea stars usually have 16 to 24 limbs. They vary in color. Sunflower sea stars are predatory and carnivorous, feeding mostly on sea urchins, clams, sea snails, and other small invertebrates. Although the species was widely distributed throughout the northeast Pacific, its population rapidly declined from 2013. The sunflower sea star is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Miss Ecuador 2011
Miss Ecuador 2011 was the 61st edition of the Miss Ecuador pageant, held at the Recinto Ferial Alfonso Torres Ordoñez in Santo Domingo, Ecuador, on March 17, 2011.

Lady Mina of Guayas crowned Claudia Schiess of Galápagos as her successor at the end of the event. Schiess represented Ecuador at Miss Universe 2011, held in Brazil.

Miss Universe 2011
Miss Universe 2011 was the 60th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Credicard Hall in São Paulo, Brazil, on 12 September 2011.

At the end of the event, Ximena Navarrete of Mexico crowned Leila Lopes of Angola as Miss Universe 2011, marking the country's first win at the pageant.

Contestants from eighty-nine countries and territories competed in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous 86 contestants at Miss Universe 2006. The pageant was hosted by Andy Cohen and Natalie Morales, with commentary and analysis by Jeannie Mai and Shandi Finnessey. Brazilian singer-songwriter Bebel Gilberto and Brazilian pop singer Claudia Leitte were the  performers.
Subprime crisis background information
This article provides background information regarding the subprime mortgage crisis.  It discusses subprime lending, foreclosures, risk types, and mechanisms through which various entities involved were affected by the crisis.

Negative equity
Negative equity is a deficit of owner's equity, occurring when the value of an asset used to secure a loan is less than the outstanding balance on the loan.  In the United States, assets (particularly real estate, whose loans are mortgages) with negative equity are often referred to as being "underwater", and loans and borrowers with negative equity are said to be "upside down".

People and companies alike may have negative equity, as reflected on their balance sheets.
Israel–European Union relations
Relations between Israel and the European Union are generally positive on the economic level, though affected by the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on the political level. In particular, Israel views four decades of EU declarations on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as one-sided and pro-Palestinian.

Israel is associated with the EU through the 1995 Association Agreement; several other agreements cover sectoral issues. In addition, the relations between the two are framed in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, and the Union for the Mediterranean.

Euro-Mediterranean free trade area
The European Union-Mediterranean Free Trade Area (EU-MED FTA, EMFTA), also called the Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Area or Euromed FTA, is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The Barcelona Process, developed after the Barcelona Conference in successive annual meetings, is a set of goals designed to lead to a free trade area in the Mediterranean Region and the Middle East.

A Regional Convention on pan-Euro-Mediterranean preferential Rules of Origin was signed in June 2011 to allow identical rules of origin across the region. The convention covers the EU, the EFTA, the EU customs unions with third states (Turkey, Andorra, San Marino), the EU candidate states, the partners of the Barcelona Process and possibly at a later stage all of the European Neighbourhood Policy partners. The convention was in force from May 2012 and is the last step taken in the Barcelona Process so far.
2021 Samford Bulldogs football team
The 2021 Samford Bulldogs football team represented Samford University in the 2021 NCAA Division I FCS football season as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon). The Bulldogs were led by seventh-year head coach Chris Hatcher and played their home games at Seibert Stadium in Homewood, Alabama.

Pete Hanna Stadium
Pete Hanna Stadium (formerly Seibert Stadium) is a 6,700-seat multi-purpose stadium in Homewood, Alabama. It is home to the Samford University Bulldogs college football team. The facility opened in 1958 and was named for F. Page Seibert, who in 1961, donated money for the completion of the stadium. In 2021, the field was named “Bobby Bowden Field” in honor of football coach Bobby Bowden. In 2023, the stadium structure was renamed Pete Hanna Stadium.

The largest crowd in stadium history was in 1994 when over 11,000 showed up to see Steve McNair and Alcorn State.
San Martino Alfieri
San Martino Alfieri (Piedmontese: San Martin) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of Turin and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) southwest of Asti.

San Martino Alfieri borders the following municipalities: Antignano, Costigliole d'Asti, Govone, and San Damiano d'Asti.

The town is partially named after Alfieri family.

Govone
Govone (Gon [gʊŋ] or Govon [gʊ'ʊŋ]) is an Italian town of 2,294 inhabitants in the province of Cuneo in Piedmont.

It is part of the historical region of Roero and is located on the border with the province of Asti, about halfway between the cities of Alba and Asti.

The site has been inhabited since Roman times, as evidenced by numerous findings, and is mentioned in early medieval documents. Formerly a bishopric fief, then passed to the property of the Solaro family of Asti, it was later a resort for the House of Savoy in the early decades of the nineteenth century. It is now known above all for its castle, in which the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who has just entered the service of Count Ottavio Solaro, stayed when he was just eighteen years old (year 1730).
Maximum Chase
Maximum Chase is a 2002 action video game featuring vehicular combat developed by Genki exclusively for the Xbox gaming console. The game is published by Microsoft Game Studios in Japan and Majesco Sales in North America. Maximum Chase features around 20 licensed car brands, including Chevrolet, Lexus, Nissan, and Pontiac.

Genki (company)
Genki Co., Ltd. (元気株式会社, Genki Kabushiki Kaisha) is a Japanese video game developer. It was founded in October 1990 by Hiroshi Hamagaki and Tomo Kimura, who left Sega to form the company. The company is best known for its racing game titles inspired by Japan's on-going underground tōge and wangan racing scene.
Three Wise Men (volcanoes)
The Three Wise Men are a row of three seamounts (underwater volcanoes) located in the Pacific Ocean, on the East Pacific Rise. They are part of a large group of seamounts, collectively known as the Rano Rahi. They stand at between 1,000 m (3,281 ft) and 2,000 m (6,562 ft), and are named after the Biblical Magi or the "three wise men". The middle of the three is the tallest and also the flattest at its top. The southern one is similar to its larger neighbor, but slightly shorter. The northern one is the middle of the two, with a large caldera and a circular shape.

Rano Rahi seamounts
Rano Rahi (Rapa Nui: "Many volcanoes") is a field of seamounts in the Pacific Ocean. These seamounts in part form a series of ridges on the Pacific Plate pointing away from the neighbouring East Pacific Rise and which were volcanically active until about 230,000 years ago, and possibly even more recently.

The origin of these seamounts is unclear. Proposals include the effect of tectonic forces on the Pacific Plate and the presence of mantle flow towards the East Pacific Rise.
Shih Jun-ji
Shih Jun-ji (Chinese: 施俊吉; pinyin: Shī Jùnjí; born 10 August 1955) is a Taiwanese economist and politician. He served as the second chairman of the Financial Supervisory Commission from 2006 to 2007 after Kong Jaw-sheng was removed from office. Shih served concurrently as Governor of Taiwan Province and minister without portfolio in 2016. Later that year, he was named chair of the Taiwan Stock Exchange. In 2017, he took office as Vice Premier of Taiwan under the Lai cabinet. Chen Chi-mai succeeded Shih as vice premier in 2019.

Lin Chuan
Lin Chuan (Chinese: 林全; pinyin: Lín Quán; Wade–Giles: Lin² Chʻüan²; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Choân; born 13 December 1951) is a Taiwanese economist, lawyer, and politician who served as the Premier of the Republic of China from 2016 to 2017. He was the first cabinet head under the Tsai Ing-wen government. Before his premiership, he had also served as the Minister of Budget, Accounting and Statistics and Minister of Finance during Chen Shui-bian's presidency.
Moldovan cuisine
Moldovan cuisine is a style of cooking related to the people of Moldova. It consists mainly of ingredients such as various meats, potatoes, cabbage, and a variety of cereal grains. The local cuisine is very similar to Romanian, and also draws inspiration and elements from other cuisines in the region, including Greek, Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian, with a great influence left by the Ottoman cuisine.

With the cuisine of Moldova being shared by another country, namely Romanian cuisine, there are similarities to these two cuisines of the two Romanian-speaking countries.

Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon (French: [kabɛʁnɛ soviɲɔ̃]) is one of the world's most widely recognized red wine grape varieties. It is grown in nearly every major wine producing country among a diverse spectrum of climates from Australia and  British Columbia, Canada to Lebanon's Beqaa Valley.

This grape variety appeared in France in the 17th century as a result of natural crossbreeding. Its popularity is often attributed to its ease of cultivation—the grapes have thick skins and the vines are hardy and naturally low yielding, budding late to avoid frost and resistant to viticulture hazards.

The classic profile of Cabernet Sauvignon tends to be full-bodied wines with high tannins and noticeable acidity that contributes to the wine's aging potential. In cool areas, it has flavors of blackcurrant and green pepper; in warmer places, it may taste like black cherry and olive; in very hot climates, it can have a jammy flavor.
Hardy Son & Baker
Hardy Son & Baker is a production company formed by Tom Hardy and Dean Baker in 2012. The production company signed a two-year first-look deal with NBCUniversal International Television Production in 2014.

Universal International Studios
Universal International Studios (formerly known as NBCUniversal International Television Production and NBCUniversal International Studios) is the global international television production arm of American television production group Universal Studio Group which in belongs to NBCUniversal. It’s headquartered in London, England, with offices in Los Angeles, California. The company owns seven production companies and produces scripted and unscripted programmes for international markets, along with international adaptations of NBCUniversal's formats.
Wilson and Summerton Railroad
The Wilson and Summerton Railroad was a railroad that served South Carolina in the late 19th century.

The Wilson and Summerton Railroad was chartered by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1888. Construction the following year linked Millard Junction, South Carolina, to Wilson's Mill, South Carolina, a distance of about 16.5 miles.

The line served as a link between the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and the Central Railroad of South Carolina.

In 1899, the name of the line was changed to the Northwestern Railroad of South Carolina.

Central Railroad of South Carolina
The Central Railroad of South Carolina was a South Carolina railroad that operated following Reconstruction. It ran between the town of Lane (also known as Lanes) and Sumter, a distance of about 40 miles (64 km). The line is in service today as CSX's Lane Subdivision.
Gmina Barwice
Gmina Barwice is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Barwice, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of Szczecinek and 122 km (76 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 258.89 square kilometres (100.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,897, of which the population of Barwice is 3,838, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 5,059.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Drawsko Landscape Park.

Szczecinek
Szczecinek (Polish: [ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕinɛk] ⓘ; German: Neustettin) is a historic city in Middle Pomerania, northwestern Poland, capital of Szczecinek County in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, with a population of more than 40,000 (2011). The town's total area is 48.63 square kilometres (18.78 square miles).

The turbulent history of Szczecinek reaches back to the High Middle Ages, when the area was ruled by Pomeranian dukes and princes. The majority of the city's architecture survived World War II and, subsequently, its entire Old Town was proclaimed a national heritage monument of Poland. Szczecinek is the location of one of the oldest museums and one of the oldest high schools in Pomerania and northern Poland, and one of the places of production of krówki. It is an important railroad junction, located along the main Poznań - Kołobrzeg line, which crosses less important lines to Chojnice and Słupsk.
Paronychia
Paronychia is an inflammation of the skin around the nail, often due to bacteria or fungi.

Its sudden (acute) occurrence is usually due to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Gradual (chronic) occurrences are typically caused by fungi, commonly Candida albicans.

Risk factors for paronychia include frequent hand washing and trauma to the cuticle, such as from chronic nail biting or hangnails.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections and antifungals for fungal infections. If there is pus formation, incision and drainage may be necessary.

Paronychia is commonly mistakenly used interchangeably with herpetic whitlow or felon, which are distinct conditions.

Cuticle
A cuticle (/ˈkjuːtɪkəl/), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition.
Sulfate conjugate
Sulfate conjugates are a heterogeneous class of polar, anionic organosulfate compounds containing an ester of sulfuric acid. Sulfate conjugates commonly result from the metabolic conjugation of endogenous and exogenous compounds with sulfate (-OSO3−).

Biosynthesis of sulfate esters requires an activated sulfate donor, usually adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS).  Sulfate esters may be hydrolyzed by sulfatase enzyme to release the parent alcohol and a sulfate ion.

Steroid sulfation is one of the most common of all forms of steroid conjugation. Except for cholesterol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is the most abundant of all plasma steroids.  Estrone sulfate is the most abundant of all the estrogens in the human body.  Estrone sulfate is synthesized by the enzyme estrone sulfotransferase.

3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
3′-Phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) that is phosphorylated at the 3′ position and has a sulfate group attached to the 5′ phosphate.  It is the most common coenzyme in sulfotransferase reactions and hence part of sulfation pathways. It is endogenously synthesized by organisms via the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), an intermediary metabolite. In humans such reaction is performed by bifunctional 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthases (PAPSS1 and PAPSS2) using ATP as the phosphate donor.
1999 Castilian-Manchegan regional election
The 1999 Castilian-Manchegan regional election was held on Sunday, 13 June 1999, to elect the 5th Cortes of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. All 47 seats in the Cortes were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain, as well as the 1999 European Parliament election.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) recovered after its 1995 result and increased its absolute majority in the regional Cortes. The People's Party (PP), on the other hand, saw its share decrease 4 points to 40% and lost 1 seat from the previous election, not being able to maintain a part of its 1995 vote that it had received as a punishment to Felipe González's Socialist government.

United Left (IU) lost half of its votes as a result of the PSOE rise and lost its only seat in the Cortes, being expelled from the regional parliament as a result.

1999 Spanish regional elections
Regional elections were held in Spain during 1999 to elect the regional parliaments of fourteen of the seventeen autonomous communities: Aragon, Asturias, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile and León, Castilla–La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre and the Valencian Community; and the two autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. 919 of 1,178 seats in the regional parliaments were up for election, as well as the 50 seats in the regional assemblies of the autonomous cities. The elections were held on 13 June for most regions (concurrently with local elections all across the country, as well as the 1999 European Parliament election) and on 17 October in Catalonia.
Sally Ante Lee
Sally Velasquez Ante-Lee (born July 26, 1942) is a Filipino politician who last served as the Governor of Sorsogon from 2007 to 2010. Previously, she served as Mayor of Sorsogon City from 2001 to 2007. She is the first woman to hold such positions. She is the wife of Raul R. Lee, who succeeded her as Governor in 2010.

Governor of Sorsogon
The governor of Sorsogon is the local chief executive of the province of Sorsogon, Philippines. Like all local government heads in the Philippines, the governor is elected via popular vote, and may not be elected for a fourth consecutive term (although the former governor may return to office after an interval of one term). In case of death, resignation or incapacity, the vice governor becomes the governor.
Scio, Oregon
Scio (/ˈsaɪoʊ/ SY-oh) is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. Located east of Jefferson and south of Stayton, it sits along Oregon Route 226 near the confluence of the north and south forks of the Santiam River. Incorporated in 1866, the population was 956 at the 2020 census.

Jefferson, Oregon
Jefferson is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,327 at the 2020 census. The city sits on the east (right) bank of the Santiam River between Salem and Albany along Oregon Route 164 east of Interstate 5.
Radosze
Radosze [raˈdɔʂɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Barciany, 16 km (10 mi) north of Kętrzyn, and 71 km (44 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Barciany
Barciany (Polish: [barˈt͡ɕanɨ]) is a village in Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Barciany.