hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stanton Davis Kirkham
Stanton Davis Kirkham (December 7, 1868 – January 6, 1944) was a naturalist, philosopher, ornithologist and author. Although widely travelled, he resided primarily in Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York. He was born in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France, the only child of Major Murray S. Davis (Commander, 8th Cavalry, Troop A, Camp Winfield Scott, Nevada, 1867) and Julia Edith Kirkham Davis, daughter of Gen. Ralph Wilson Kirkham, Union Army general, who adopted Kirkham and brought him to the United States. He was named after Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, whom his father had served as an aide.  He attended public schools in California and later graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Lin–Kernighan heuristic
In combinatorial optimization, Lin–Kernighan is one of the best heuristics for solving the symmetric travelling salesman problem. It belongs to the class of local search algorithms, which take a tour (Hamiltonian cycle) as part of the input and attempt to improve it by searching in the neighbourhood of the given tour for one that is shorter, and upon finding one repeats the process from that new one, until encountering a local minimum. As in the case of the related 2-opt and 3-opt algorithms, the relevant measure of "distance" between two tours is the number of edges which are in one but not the other; new tours are built by reassembling pieces of the old tour in a different order, sometimes changing the direction in which a sub-tour is traversed. Lin–Kernighan is adaptive and has no fixed number of edges to replace at a step, but favours small numbers such as 2 or 3.

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.
Romania men's national junior ice hockey team
The Romania men's national under 20 ice hockey team is the national under-20 ice hockey team of Romania. The team is controlled by the Romanian Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation.

2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships – Division II
The 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship Division II was a pair of international ice hockey tournaments organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. In 2012, a new format was introduced to the IIHF World Junior Championships, therefore Division II A and Division II B now represent the fourth and fifth tier of the IIHF World Junior Championship. Division II was played in two groups of six teams each. In each group, the first-placed team is promoted to a higher level, while the last-placed team is relegated to a lower level. This year, for the first time, the winner of Group B is promoted to Group A and the winner of Group A is promoted to the next year's Division I. Previously, the winners of both groups were promoted to the Division I.
Helenówka, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Helenówka [xɛlɛˈnufka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Imielno, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) west of Imielno, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Jędrzejów, and 37 km (23 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Imielno, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Imielno [iˈmjɛlnɔ] is a village in Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Imielno. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Jędrzejów and 36 km (22 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.

Until 1954, Imielno was the seat of the Mierzwin commune. In 1975–1998, the town administratively belonged to the Kielce Voivodeship.

The village is the seat of the Imielno commune. There is a football club in the village, GKS Imielno, founded in 2016.
2018–19 Melbourne Stars WBBL season
The 2018–19 Melbourne Stars Women's season was the fourth in the team's history. Coached by David Hemp and captained by Kristen Beams, they finished seventh in the regular season of WBBL|04 and failed to qualify for the finals.

Kristen Beams
Kristen Maree Beams (born 6 November 1984) is an Australian former cricket player. Beams played one Test, thirty One Day Internationals and eighteen Twenty20 Internationals for the Australia national women's cricket team between 2014 and 2017.
Recently, My Sister Is Unusual
Recently, My Sister is Unusual (最近、妹のようすがちょっとおかしいんだが。, Saikin, Imōto no Yōsu ga Chotto Okashiin Da Ga.; lit. "Lately, My Little Sister's Been Acting A Bit Strange, But."), also known as ImoCho (妹ちょ。), is a Japanese manga series by Mari Matsuzawa, serialized in Fujimi Shobo's Monthly Dragon Age since November 9, 2010. An anime television series premiered in Japan in January 2014. It was adapted into a light novel written by Kougetsu Mikazuki, which was published on January 18, 2014, under Fujimi Shobo's Fujimi Fantasia Bunko imprint. A live action film adaptation premiered on May 17, 2014.

Fujimi Shobo
Fujimi Shobo (富士見書房), formerly Fujimi Shobo Co., Ltd. (株式会社富士見書房, Kabushiki gaisha Fujimi Shobō), was a Japanese publisher that specialized in light novels, manga, role-playing games and collectible card games. Founded in 1972 and reorganized three times, it was at times an independent company and at times an imprint of Kadokawa Future Publishing. It ceased to be an independent company in 2013, with its assets folded into Kadokawa Shoten. The brand was retired in 2015.
Muslim Salikhov
Muslim Magomedovich Salikhov (Russian: Муслим Магомедович Салихов, Kumyk: Муслим Салигь Мугьамматны уланы; born June 9, 1984) is a Russian professional mixed martial artist and Sanda fighter. He currently competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A multiple-time Wushu Sanda world champion, Salikhov occupies a place alongside Hossein Ojaghi as one of only two non-Chinese athletes to have won the Wushu Sanda King's Cup.

Kumyk language
Kumyk (къумукъ тил, qumuq til, قوموق تیل) is a Turkic language spoken by about 520,000 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation. Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.
Japanese submarine Ha-210
Ha-210 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Ha-201-class submarine. Completed and commissioned in August 1945 four days before hostilities ended in World War II, she surrendered in September 1945 and was scuttled in April 1946.

Sasebo
Sasebo (佐世保市, Sasebo-shi) is a core city located in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. It is the second-largest city in Nagasaki Prefecture, after its capital, Nagasaki. As of 1 April 2024, the city had an estimated population of 230,873 in 102,670 households, and a  population density of 540 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 426.01 km2 (164.48 sq mi).
Basketball Illawarra
Basketball Illawarra is the governing body of basketball in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia and is based in the city of Wollongong. The club fields both men's and women's teams in state representative conceptions including the semi-professional basketball competition the NBL1 East who compete as the 'Illawarra Hawks'.

National Basketball League (Australia)
The National Basketball League (NBL) is a men's professional basketball league in Australasia, currently composed of ten teams: nine in Australia and one in New Zealand. It is the premier professional men's basketball league in Australia and New Zealand. The league was played in the Australian winter until 1998 when it switched to summer seasons beginning with the 1998–99 season. The NBL's regular season runs from September to February, with each team playing 33 games. The league's finals extends into March to April, culminating with the Championship grand final series.
Erich Hohagen
Erich Alfred Hohagen (9 January 1915 – 8 March 1990) was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe. A fighter ace, Hohagen was credited with 56 aerial victories and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Munich-Riem Airport
Munich-Riem Airport (German: Flughafen München-Riem) (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) was the international airport of Munich, the capital city of Bavaria and third-largest city of Germany. It was closed down on 16 May 1992, the day before the new Munich Airport commenced operations. It was located near the old village of Riem in the borough of Trudering-Riem on the eastern side of Munich.

The area has been redeveloped into Messestadt Riem, a new urban district consisting of housing projects, a shopping mall, recreational areas and the Neue Messe München, an exhibition and convention center.
Kodacolor (still photography)
In still photography, Kodak's Kodacolor brand has been associated with various color negative films (i.e., films that produce negatives for making color prints on paper) since 1942. Kodak claims that Kodacolor was "the world's first true color negative film". More accurately, it was the first color negative film intended for making paper prints: in 1939, Agfa had introduced a 35 mm Agfacolor negative film for use by the German motion picture industry, in which the negative was used only for making positive projection prints on 35 mm film. There have been several varieties of Kodacolor negative film, including Kodacolor-X, Kodacolor VR and Kodacolor Gold.

The name "Kodacolor" was originally used for a very different lenticular color home movie system, introduced in 1928 and retired after Kodachrome film made it obsolete in 1935.

Kodacolor (filmmaking)
In motion pictures, Kodak's Kodacolor brand was originally associated with an early lenticular (additive color) color motion picture process, first introduced in 1928 for 16mm film.  The process was based on the Keller-Dorian system of color photography.
Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium
Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium (NNN) in microbiology is a culture medium used to grow Leishmania – needed when the amastigotes are not found in sufficient quantities by scraping the growth substrate. It consists of 0.6% sodium chloride (NaCl) added to a simple blood agar slope.  NNN can also be used to grow Trypanosoma cruzi

Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Japanese Paralympic Committee
Japanese Paralympic Committee (JPC) is a National Paralympic Committee (NPC) of Japan. The committee was established on August 20, 1999, and is recognized by International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Asian Paralympic Committee (APC) and Ministry of Health.

Asian Paralympic Committee
The Asian Paralympic Committee (acronym: APC) is an organization based in United Arab Emirates. It has 45 National Paralympic Committees of the Asian continent as members. It organizes the Asian Para Games and is affiliated to the International Paralympic Committee.
Agar, Turkmenistan
Agar is a village in Baragyz geňeşligi, Dänew District, Lebap Province in eastern Turkmenistan, near the border with Afghanistan.

Nearby towns and villages include Gyzylaýak (0.8 nm), Oba (0.8 nm), Krasnyy Turkmenistan (2.5 nm), Burguçy geňeşligi (4.0 nm), Kausy (4.0 nm), Daýhan (4.0 nm), Jeňellihatap (2.8 nm), Çagagüzer (4.3 nm).

Burguçy
Burguçy geňeşligi is a rural council in Köýtendag District, Lebap Province, in eastern Turkmenistan, near the border with Afghanistan. The rural council consists of the following villages: Hatap (the seat), Çanakçy, Daýhan, and Olamsurhy.  Prior to 10 November 2022 it was under jurisdiction of Döwletli District, which was abolished on that date.
Llangeitho
Llangeitho is a village and community on the upper River Aeron in Ceredigion, Wales, about four miles (6 km) west of Tregaron and 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Lampeter. Its population of 874 in 2001 fell to 819 at the 2011 census.

Tregaron
Tregaron (Welsh: [treˈɡaːrɔn] "town of St Caron") is an ancient market town in Ceredigion, Wales. It is sited astride the River Brenig, a tributary of the River Teifi, and is 11 miles (18 km) north-east of Lampeter. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the ward of Tregaron was 1,213 and 67% of the population could speak Welsh; Tregaron is a community covering 33 square miles (85 km2); two-thirds of the population were born in Wales.
Tanna Peak
Tanna Peak (72°20′S 1°20′E﻿ / ﻿72.333°S 1.333°E﻿ / -72.333; 1.333) is a peak at the east side of the mouth of Rogstad Glacier in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Tanna (the tooth).

This article incorporates public domain material from "Tanna Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Rogstad Glacier
Rogstad Glacier (72°21′S 1°19′E﻿ / ﻿72.350°S 1.317°E﻿ / -72.350; 1.317) is a glacier flowing northwest along the north side of Isingen Mountain, in the Sverdrup Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Photographed from the air by the German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39). Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59). Named for Egil Rogstad, chief radio operator with the NBSAE.
ECA stack
The ECA stack is a drug combination used in weight loss and as a stimulant. ECA is an initialism for ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin, with variants of it including the EC stack, which removes the aspirin for those who can not tolerate it. Dietary supplements based on or including elements of ECA were popular through the 1990s and early 2000s, but the marketing of ephedra- or ephedrine-containing stimulant combinations for weight loss and bodybuilding is now restricted or illegal in the United States and the Netherlands due to reports of heart attack, stroke, and death associated with these supplements.

Ephedra (plant)
Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs. As of July 2025, 74 species, and two hybrids, are accepted. The species of Ephedra are widespread in many arid regions of the world, ranging across southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China, and western South America. It is the only extant genus in its family, Ephedraceae, and order, Ephedrales, and one of the three extant genera of the division Gnetophyta together with Gnetum and Welwitschia.

In temperate climates, most Ephedra species grow on shores or in sandy soils with direct sun exposure. Common names in English include joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea, or Brigham tea. The Chinese name for Ephedra species is mahuang (simplified Chinese: 麻黄; traditional Chinese: 麻黃; pinyin: máhuáng; Wade–Giles: ma-huang; lit. 'hemp yellow'). Ephedra is the origin of the name of the stimulant ephedrine, which the plants contain in significant concentration.
Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures
The causes and degree of Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures has been a subject of debate over many decades. Although the Olmecs are considered to be perhaps the earliest Mesoamerican civilization, there are questions concerning how and how much the Olmecs influenced cultures outside the Olmec heartland. This debate is succinctly, if simplistically, framed by the title of a 2005 The New York Times article: “Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?”.

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán or San Lorenzo is the collective name for three related archaeological sites—San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán and Potrero Nuevo—located in the southeast portion of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Along with La Venta and Tres Zapotes, it was one of the three major cities of the Olmec, and the major center of Olmec culture from 1400 BCE to 900 BCE. San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán is best known today for the colossal stone heads unearthed there, the greatest of which weigh 28 metric tons (28 long tons; 31 short tons) or more and are 3 metres (9.8 ft) high.

The site is not to be confused with Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital located within Mexico City.  Administrative names were translated into Aztec/Nahuatl and spread alongside Catholic names during the European conquest, replacing any original locality names, as the original Olmec name was lost.
Ligier Optima
The Ligier Optima is a four-wheeled, two-seater microcar manufactured from 1987 to about 1995 by Ligier, the street vehicle branch of French Formula One manufacturer Équipe Ligier. There was also a four-seat version offered from 1993 until 1995, called the Optima 4. The car was originally introduced as the Ligier Série 7, but the name was changed to Optima in 1989. It replaced the earlier Série 5, the final development of a series of cars which started with the boxy Ligier JS4. Commonly, Optimas are "Voiture sans permis", light vehicles which do not require a driver's license and thus popular with the elderly, the young, or with those who had lost their driving privileges. Ligier also offered more powerful versions which could be driven with certain limited driver's permits and with very low annual taxes. Versions for export markets often had slightly different engine outputs to meet local requirements.

Équipe Ligier
Équipe Ligier (French: [e.kip li.ʒje]) is a motorsport team, best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996. The team was founded in 1968 by French former rugby union player and former Formula One driver Guy Ligier as a sports car manufacturer.
Joe Fain
Joseph Frederick Fain (born December 23, 1980) is an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the Washington State Senate for the 47th district from 2011 to 2019. Fain was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Fain served as the senate minority floor leader during the 2018 legislative session.

In 2018, Fain was defeated by Democrat Mona Das.

King County, Washington
King County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. The population was 2,269,675 in the 2020 census, making it the most populous county in Washington, and the 12th-most populous in the United States. The county seat is Seattle, also the state's most populous city.

Originally named after US representative, senator, and then vice president-elect William R. King in 1852, the county government amended its designation in 1986 to honor Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent activist and leader during the civil rights movement. The change was approved by the state government in 2005.

It is one of three Washington counties that are included in the Seattle metropolitan area along with Snohomish County to the north and Pierce County to the south. About two-thirds of King County's population lives in Seattle's suburbs, which largely developed in the late 20th century and early 21st century as bedroom communities before becoming job centers for the technology industry.
Jim Riley (cricketer)
James Denis Riley (born 26 January 1948) is a former New Zealand cricketer who made 40 first-class appearances for Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury between 1968 and 1977.

A left-handed batsman who usually opened the innings, Riley scored 1,993 runs at an average of 32.14, with a highest score of 130 when he opened the batting for Auckland against Northern Districts in January 1974. He captained the New Zealand Under-23 cricket team in their annual first-class match in February 1971. In 1976–77 he and Austin Parsons put on 169 for the opening stand, which remained a record for Auckland against Otago until 2001–02; Riley made 121 not out.

Auckland cricket team
The Auckland cricket team represent the Auckland region and are one of six New Zealand domestic first class cricket teams. Governed by the Auckland Cricket Association they are the most successful team having won 28 Plunket Shield titles, ten wins in The Ford Trophy and the Super Smash four times. The team currently play their home games at Eden Park Outer Oval.

The limited overs team, known as the Auckland Aces, have a predominantly light blue kit with a navy and white trim. Their One Day Championship shirt sponsors are Ford whilst their major T20 sponsor is Mondiale.

They won the Men's Super Smash competition in the 2015–16 season, their 4th domestic Twenty20 title overall, making them become the most successful team in New Zealand.
Royal Hotel, Maryborough
Royal Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel on the corner of Kent Street and Bazaar Street, Maryborough, Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton & Bates and built from 1892 to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Loggia
In architecture, a loggia (/ˈloʊdʒ(i)ə/ LOH-j(ee-)ə, usually UK: /ˈlɒdʒ(i)ə/ LOJ-(ee-)ə, Italian: [ˈlɔddʒa]) is a covered exterior gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only partial, with the upper part usually supported by a series of columns or arches.  An overhanging loggia may be supported by a baldresca.

From the early Middle Ages, nearly every Italian comune had an open arched loggia in its main square, which served as a "symbol of communal justice and government and as a stage for civic ceremony".

In Italian architecture, a loggia is also a small garden structure or house built on the roof of a residence, open on one or more sides, to enjoy cooling winds and the view. They were especially popular in the 17th century and are prominent in Rome and Bologna, Italy.