hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
XOR swap algorithm
In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.

The algorithm is primarily a novelty and a way of demonstrating properties of the exclusive or operation. It is sometimes discussed as a program optimization, but there are almost no cases where swapping via exclusive or provides benefit over the standard, obvious technique.

Bitwise operation
In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor. Most architectures provide only a few high value bitwise operations, presented as two-operand instructions where the result replaces one of the input operands.

On simple low-cost processors, typically, bitwise operations are substantially faster than division, several times faster than multiplication, and sometimes significantly faster than addition. While modern processors usually perform addition and multiplication just as fast as bitwise operations due to their longer instruction pipelines and other architectural design choices, bitwise operations do commonly use less power because of the reduced use of resources.
1988 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1988 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder in the Big Eight Conference during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Bill McCartney, Colorado finished the regular season at 8–3 (4–3 in Big 8, fourth), and played their home games on campus at Folsom Field in Boulder, Colorado.

The eight wins were the most by the Buffaloes since the 1976 season, with narrow losses to ninth-ranked Oklahoma and No. 7 Nebraska.

Ranked 20th in the Coaches Poll, Colorado was invited to the Freedom Bowl in Anaheim, California, but was upset 17–20 by BYU of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC), led by redshirt freshman quarterback Ty Detmer.

Folsom Field
Folsom Field is an outdoor college football stadium located on the campus of the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. It is the home field of the Colorado Buffaloes of the Big 12 Conference.

Opened in 1924, the horseshoe-shaped stadium has a traditional north–south configuration, opening to the north. The University's athletic administration center, named after 1950s head coach Dal Ward, is located at the north end.

The playing field returned to artificial turf in 2025 and sits at an elevation of 5,360 feet (1,635 m), more than a mile above sea level. Folsom Field is the third highest stadium in FBS college football, behind only Wyoming and Air Force of the Mountain West Conference.
5th New York State Legislature
The 5th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from October 10, 1781, to April 14, 1782, during the fifth year of George Clinton's governorship, at Poughkeepsie.

Albany County, New York
Albany County (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is a county in the state of New York, United States. Its northern border is formed by the Mohawk River, at its confluence with the Hudson River, which is to the east. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 314,848. The county seat and largest city is Albany, which is also the state capital of New York. As originally established by the English government in the colonial era, Albany County had an indefinite amount of land, but has had an area of 530 square miles (1,400 km2) since March 3, 1888. The county is named for the Duke of York and of Albany, who became James II of England (James VII of Scotland). The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
Walter Zinn
Walter Henry Zinn (December 10, 1906 – February 14, 2000) was a Canadian-born American nuclear physicist who was the first director of the Argonne National Laboratory from 1946 to 1956. He worked at the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory during World War II, and supervised the construction of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor, which went critical on December 2, 1942, at the University of Chicago. At Argonne he designed and built several new reactors, including  Experimental Breeder Reactor I, the first nuclear reactor to electrically power a building, which went live on December 20, 1951.

Nuclear chain reaction
In nuclear physics, a nuclear chain reaction occurs when one single nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, thus leading to the possibility of a self-propagating series or "positive feedback loop" of these reactions. The specific nuclear reaction may be the fission of heavy isotopes (e.g., uranium-235, 235U). A nuclear chain reaction releases several million times more energy per reaction than any chemical reaction.
2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League squads
This article shows the roster of all the participating teams at the 2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League. Each team names a full list of up to 30 players, but only 12 to 14 players can be used in a week, chosen from the full list.

2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League
The 2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League was the seventh edition of the FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League, an annual women's international volleyball tournament. It was held between June and July 2025, and the final round took place at the Atlas Arena in Łódź, Poland.

Following the results of the 2024 Challenger Cup, Czech Republic make their debut this edition, while Belgium made their comeback as the top FIVB ranked team.

Italy won their third VNL title after defeating Brazil in the final. Poland claimed their third consecutive bronze medal after defeating Japan in the 3rd place match. Monica De Gennaro of Italy was named the MVP of the tournament.
Lee-Ann Hayek
Lee-Ann Collins Hayek is the chief mathematical statistician at the National Museum of Natural History. Her work has included studying the proportions of metals in Renaissance bronze, and the response of Pandas to vaccines.

With Martin Buzas, she is the author of Surveying Natural Populations: Quantitative Tools for Assessing Biodiversity (Cambridge University Press, 1997 & 2010).

She is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Royal Statistical Society.

Royal Statistical Society
The Royal Statistical Society (RSS) is an established statistical society. It has three main roles: a British learned society for statistics, a professional body for statisticians and a charity which promotes statistics for the public good.
Roll film
Roll film or rollfilm is any type of spool-wound photographic film protected from white light exposure by a paper backing. The term originated in contrast to sheet film. Roll film was originally often referred to as "cartridge" film because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge.

The opaque backing paper allows roll film to be loaded in daylight. It is typically printed with frame number markings that can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera. A spool of roll film is usually loaded on one side of the camera and pulled across to an identical take-up spool on the other side of the shutter as exposures are made. When the roll is fully exposed, the take-up spool is removed for processing and the empty spool on which the film was originally wound is moved to the other side, becoming the take-up spool for the next roll of film.

Sheet film
Sheet film is large format and medium format photographic film supplied on individual sheets of acetate or polyester film base rather than rolls. Sheet film was initially supplied as an alternative to glass plates.  The most popular size measures 100 mm × 130 mm (4 in × 5 in); smaller and larger sizes including the gigantic 510 mm × 610 mm (20 in × 24 in) have been made and many are still available today.
1985 US Open – Men's singles
Ivan Lendl defeated defending champion John McEnroe in a rematch of the previous year's final, 7–6(7–1), 6–3, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1985 US Open. It was his first US Open title, following three consecutive runner-up finishes at the tournament, and second major title overall.

This tournament marked the final major appearance of former world No. 1, 1972 US Open and 1973 French Open champion Ilie Năstase; he lost to Mike Bauer in the first round.

1985 US Open (tennis)
The 1985 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 105th edition of the US Open and was held from August 27 to September 8, 1985.
Gastrodiscoides
Gastrodiscoides is genus of zoonotic trematode under the class Trematoda. It has only one species, Gastrodiscoides hominis. It is a parasite of a variety of vertebrates, including humans. The first definitive specimen was described from a human subject in 1876. It is prevalent in Bangladesh, India, Burma, China, Kazakhstan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Volga Delta of Russia, with isolated cases from Africa, such as Nigeria. It is especially notable in the Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh states of India.

It is also known as the colonic fluke, particularly when infecting other animals. Its natural habitat is the colon of pigs, and has also been found in rhesus monkeys, orang-utans, fish, field rats and Napu mouse-deer. In humans the habitat is on the wall of the caecum. Humans are considered an accidental host, as the parasite can survive without humans. It causes a helminthic disease called gastrodiscoidiasis.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
Old Ålgård Church
Old Ålgård Church (Norwegian: Ålgård gamle kirke) is a historic parish church of the Church of Norway in Gjesdal Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Ålgård. It used to be the main church for the Ålgård parish which is part of the Jæren prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design and an Art Nouveau style in 1917 using designs by the architect Ole Stein. The church seats about 250 people.

Gjesdal
Gjesdal is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Jæren. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ålgård. Other villages in Gjesdal include Dirdal, Frafjord, Gilja, Gjesdal, and Oltedal. The municipality lies about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the southwest of the city of Stavanger in southwestern Norway.

The European route E39 highway runs through the western side of the municipality. On the east side of the municipality, the Frafjord Tunnel connects the Frafjord valley with the rest of the municipality.

The 618-square-kilometre (239 sq mi) municipality is the 187th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Gjesdal is the 95th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 12,302. The municipality's population density is 22 inhabitants per square kilometre (57/sq mi) and its population has increased by 11.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Tirokafteri
Ktipiti or htipiti (Greek: χτυπητή, pronounced [xtipiˈti]), also known as tirokafteri (Greek: τυροκαυτερή, pronounced [tirokafteˈri]) or kopanisti (not to be confused with the cheese of that name), is a cheese-based spread from Greece.

The preparation of the dish varies, but the most common ingredients are feta cheese (sometimes combined with one or more other types of soft, white cheeses), hot peppers (such as red cherry pepper), roasted peppers, olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, yogurt, or oregano. It is commonly eaten as part of a mezze platter, or by itself, with slices of warm pita bread.

Pita
Pita (/ˈpɪtə/ or US: /ˈpiːtə/; Greek: πίτα; Hebrew: פִּתָּה) or pitta (British English), also known as Arabic bread, Arab bread (Arabic: خبز عربي, romanized: khubz ʿArabī), Syrian bread, Lebanese bread, and pide (Turkish) is a family of yeast-leavened round flatbreads baked from wheat flour, common in the Mediterranean, Middle East, and neighboring areas. It includes the widely known version with an interior pocket. In the United Kingdom, the term is used for pocket versions such as the Greek pita, used for barbecues as a souvlaki wrap. The Western name pita may sometimes be used to refer to various other types of flatbreads that have different names in their local languages, such as numerous styles of Arab khubz ('bread').
Louise Seidler
Louise Seidler (15 May 1786, Jena – 7 October 1866, Weimar) was a German painter at the court of the grand dukes of Weimar, custodian of their art collection and a trusted friend of the poet Goethe and the painter Georg Friedrich Kersting.

Tempi Madonna
The Tempi Madonna is an oil painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Raphael. Created for the Tempi family, the work was acquired by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1829 and is currently housed in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. It is believed to have been painted in 1508, towards the end of Raphael’s Florentine period.
Café Mambo
Café Mambo is a bar located in Sant Antoni de Portmany, Ibiza. It is known for being the official pre party point for Pacha Ibiza, and hosting internationally known DJs such as John Digweed, Carl Cox, Erick Morillo, Benny Benassi, Paul van Dyk, Armin van Buuren, David Guetta, Martin Garrix and Swedish House Mafia  who have a weekly residency there during the summer.

BBC Radio 1 has hosted all but one of its "Weekends in Ibiza" at Cafe Mambo.

Popular Irish Radio Station RTÉ Pulse also regularly hosts events at the Mambo Studios (directly above the bar).

Bar (establishment)
A bar, also known as a saloon, a tavern or tippling house, or sometimes as a pub or club, is a retail business that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks. Bars often also sell snack foods, such as chips (crisps) or peanuts, for consumption on their premises. Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term "bar" refers both to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served and also by extension to the entirety of the establishment in which the bar is located.

The term derives from the metal or wooden bar (barrier) that is often located along the length of the "bar". Over many years, heights of bars were lowered, and high stools added, and the brass bar remains today.
Antonio Moraes
Antonio Moraes (né Morais; 13 July 1924 – 14 January 2012), known professionally as A. Moraes, was an Indian playwright, theatre director, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer known for his work in khell (street play), folk plays, and tiatr (theatre) productions.

Pajamas
Pajamas (American English) or pyjamas (Commonwealth English), sometimes colloquially shortened to PJs, jammies, jim-jams, or in South Asia, night suits, are several related types of clothing worn as nightwear or while lounging. Pajamas are soft garments derived from the Indian and Iranian bottom-wear, the pyjamas, which were adopted in the Western world as nightwear.
2025 Open de Rouen – Doubles
Aleksandra Krunić and Sabrina Santamaria defeated defending champion Irina Khromacheva and her partner Linda Nosková in the final, 6–0, 6–4 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Open de Rouen. It was the seventh WTA Tour doubles title for Krunić and third for Santamaria.

Tímea Babos and Khromacheva were the reigning champions, but Babos chose to compete in Stuttgart instead.

2025 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Doubles
Gabriela Dabrowski and Erin Routliffe defeated Ekaterina Alexandrova and Zhang Shuai in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2025 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix.

Chan Hao-ching and Veronika Kudermetova were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Tímea Babos and Luisa Stefani.
Hawijat al-Sallah
Hawijat al-Sallah (Arabic: حويجة السلة) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located north of Hama. It is situated in the Ghab plain. Nearby localities include subdistrict center Qalaat al-Madiq to the southeast, Kafr Nabudah to the east, al-Huwash to the north, Shathah to the northwest and Inab to the west. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hawijat al-Sallah had a population of 3,134 in the 2004 census.

Kafr Nabudah
Kafr Nabudah (Arabic: كفر نبودة, also spelled Kafar Nabuda) is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located northwest of Hama. Nearby localities include Qalaat al-Madiq and Jamasat Udayat to the west, al-Suqaylabiyah to the southwest, al-Mughayr and Karnaz to the south, Kafr Zita to the southeast and al-Habit to the east. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kafr Nabudah had a population of 13,513 in the 2004 census, making it the largest locality in the Qalaat al-Madiq nahiyah ("subdistrict.")
Pannier market
A pannier market is a form of indoor market especially popular in Devon in the West Country of the United Kingdom where they can be found in various cities and towns. They take their name from the panniers once used to carry goods to market on the back of pack animals.

The word "pannier" derives from the French meaning 'basket', so "pannier market" literally meant "basket market"; in Devon it has become a term for a fruit and vegetable market. Today they are a form of market hall that will have market stalls from which goods are sold. Examples can be found in Plymouth, Truro, Bideford, Great Torrington, Barnstaple, Tavistock, Tiverton, Newton Abbot, Holsworthy and Sherborne, among others.

Market stall
A market stall or market booth, is a structure used by merchants to display and house their merchandise in a street market, fairs and conventions. Some commercial marketplaces, including market squares or flea markets, may permit more permanent stalls. Stalls are also used throughout the world by vendors selling street food.

There are many types of stalls, including carts designed to be pulled by hand or cycles; makeshift structures like tents, or converted tow-caravans and motor vehicles.

Market stalls can also provide an effective means of testing buyer responses to new products.
Tunjiška Mlaka
Tunjiška Mlaka (pronounced [ˈtuːnjiʃka ˈmlaːka]) is a dispersed settlement next to Tunjice in the Tunjice Hills (Slovene: Tunjiško gričevje) west of the town of Kamnik in Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.

Kamnik
Kamnik (pronounced [ˈkáːmnik] ⓘ; German: Stein or Stein in Oberkrain) is the ninth-largest town of Slovenia, located in the traditional province of Upper Carniola (northern Slovenia). It is the seat of the Municipality of Kamnik, which encompasses a large part of the Kamnik Alps and the surrounding area. The town of Kamnik has three castles as well as many examples of historical architecture.
2012 Milton Keynes Council election
The 2012 Milton Keynes Council election took place on Thursday 3 May 2012 to elect members of Milton Keynes Unitary Council in Buckinghamshire, England. One third of the council – the 17 seats contested in the 2008 election – was up for election and the council, which totals 51 seats, was under no overall control in advance of and after the vote. 7 of the Conservative Party's 21 seats were up for election, 4 of the Liberal Democrats's 17, 2 of the Labour's 9 and all 4 Independents.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Conservative 20 (–1)

Labour 16 (+7)

Liberal Democrat 15 (–2)

Others 0 (–4)

One Liberal Democrat had become independent between the 2011 and 2012 elections.

2008 Milton Keynes Council election
The 2008 Milton Keynes Council election took place on 1 May 2008 to elect members of Milton Keynes Unitary Council in Buckinghamshire, England. One third of the council – the 17 seats contested in the 2004 election – was up for election and the council, which totalled 51 seats, remained under no overall control.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Liberal Democrat 21 (–1)

Conservative 20 (+5)

Labour 10 (–4)
Immunoediting
Immunoediting is a dynamic process that consists of immunosurveillance and tumor progression. It describes the relation between the tumor cells and the immune system. It is made up of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Interleukin 12
Interleukin 12  (IL-12) is an interleukin that is naturally produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, helper T cells and human B-lymphoblastoid cells (NC-37) in response to antigenic stimulation. IL-12 belongs to the family of interleukin-12. IL-12 family is unique in comprising the only heterodimeric cytokines, which includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35. Despite sharing many structural features and molecular partners, they mediate surprisingly diverse functional effects.
High1
High1 (Korean: 하이원) was an ice hockey team based in Seoul, South Korea. Formed in 2004, the team was initially made up of players from the defunct Korean Ice Hockey League who didn't immediately move to Anyang Halla from the Hyundai and Dongwon teams as well as other disbanded teams and players who had returned from military service. Prior to the 2007–08 season, the team was known as Kangwon Land (Korean: 강원랜드), named after their owner, Kangwon Land Corporation. Between 2005 and 2019, High1 competed in the Asia League Ice Hockey.

Korea National Ice Hockey Championship
The Korea National Ice Hockey Championship (Korean: 전국종합아이스하키선수권대회) is an annual ice hockey tournament played in South Korea. Any team from South Korea could participate, as long as it is a member of the Korea Ice Hockey Association. The inaugural edition was held in 1946.
Gonzaga, Lombardy
Gonzaga (Upper Mantuan: Gunsàga) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Mantua. Located in a region known as the "Lower Mantuan" (Bassa Mantovana) is notable for being the ancestral home of the House of Gonzaga, rulers of the Duchy of Mantua between 1328 and 1707.

Cremona
Cremona (/krɪˈmoʊnə/ krim-OH-nə, UK also /krɛˈ-/ krem-, Italian: [kreˈmoːna]; Cremunés: Cremùna; Emilian: Carmona) is a city and comune (municipality) in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Po Valley. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city and province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, and several members of the Amati family.