hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Agostini v. Felton
Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. In this case, the Court overruled its decision in Aguilar v. Felton (1985), now finding that it was not a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment for a state-sponsored education initiative to allow public school teachers to instruct at religious schools, so long as the material was secular and neutral in nature and no "excessive entanglement" between government and religion was apparent. This case is noteworthy in a broader sense as a sign of evolving judicial standards surrounding the First Amendment, and the changes that have occurred in modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence.

Remand (court procedure)
Remand is when higher courts send cases back to lower courts for further action.

For example, in U.S. law, appellate courts remand cases to district courts for actions such as a new trial. Federal appellate courts, including the Supreme Court, have the power to "remand [a] cause and ... require such further proceedings to be had as may be just under the circumstances." This includes the power to make summary "grant, vacate and remand" (GVR) orders.

Appellate courts remand cases whose outcome they are unable to finally determine. For example, cases may be remanded when the appellate court decides that the trial judge committed a procedural error, excluded admissible evidence, or ruled improperly on a motion. In common law jurisdictions, remand refers to the adjournment (continuance) of criminal proceedings, when the accused is either remanded in custody or on bail. Appellate courts are said to remit matters to lower courts for further consideration.
Western Togoland
Western Togoland (French: Togoland de l'Ouest) is a self-proclaimed state that is considered by the international community to be part of Ghana. It claims five of the Volta and Oti Regions. On 25 September 2020 separatists in Western Togoland declared independence from the Republic of Ghana. Western Togoland has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 2017.

Oti Region
The Oti Region is one of the six newly created regions of Ghana and was carved out of the Volta Region in December 2018. This followed the campaign promise of Nana Akufo-Addo to create new regions in order to bring governance closer to the people. The region was inaugurated on May 14, 2019 with Dambai as its capital.
Samuel Fahlberg
Samuel Fahlberg (September 9, 1758 – November 28, 1834) was a Swedish colonial civil servant, cartographer and physician who held various positions within the colonial administration of Saint Barthélemy during its early 
Swedish period. He later went into exile following his attempts to suppress an uprising in Gustavia and accusations of involvement in a mutiny, actions that subsequently led to him being sentenced to death in absentia.

Trial in absentia
Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present. In absentia is Latin for "in (the) absence". Its interpretation varies by jurisdiction and legal system.

In common law legal systems, the phrase is more than a spatial description. In these systems, it suggests a recognition of a violation of a defendant's right to be present in court proceedings in a criminal trial. Conviction in a trial in which a defendant is not present to answer the charges is held to be a violation of natural justice. Specifically, it violates the second principle of natural justice, audi alteram partem (hear the other party).

In some civil law legal systems, such as that of Italy, absentia is a recognized and accepted defense strategy. Such trials may require the presence of the defendant's lawyer, depending on the country.
National Academy of Education
The National Academy of Education (NAEd) is a nonprofit, non-governmental organization in the United States that advances high-quality research to improve education policy and practice. Founded in 1965, the NAEd currently consists of over 300 elected regular members, international associates, and emeriti. Members and international associates are elected based on the outstanding scholarship related to education and provide pro-bono service on committees that provide advice to policymakers and practitioners on pressing issues in education. In addition, Academy members and other scholars are also deeply engaged in NAEd’s professional development programs focused on preparing the next generation of education researchers. Since 1986, NAEd has administered the NAEd/Spencer Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, and since 2011, NAEd has administered the NAEd/Spencer Dissertation Fellowship Program, both funded by The Spencer Foundation.

Patricia Graham
Patricia Albjerg Graham (born 1935) is a historian of American education. She was the first woman to be appointed as a dean at Harvard University, serving as dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Education from 1982 to 1991.

She began her teaching career in Deep Creek High School in Virginia in 1955 and went on to become a lecturer at Indiana University, professor of history and education at Barnard College and Teachers College, Columbia University, and dean of the Radcliffe Institute and of Harvard Graduate School of Education, where she held an endowed chair. She went on to serve as president of the Spencer Foundation from 1991 to 2000. On May 28, 2015, Graham was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by Harvard University.

She was married to historian Loren Graham (1933–2024) for 70 years until his death.
1976 Hang Ten 400
The 1976 Hang Ten 400 was an endurance race for Group C Touring Cars. The event was staged at the Sandown circuit in Victoria, Australia on 12 September 1976 over 130 laps of the 3.11 km circuit, a total of 403.8 km. The event was Round 8 of the 1976 Australian Touring Car Championship and Round 1 of the 1976 Australian Championship of Makes. It was the eleventh running of the endurance race which would later become known as the Sandown 500.

The race was won by Peter Brock driving a Holden Torana.

Sandown Raceway
Sandown International Raceway is a motor racing circuit in the suburb of Springvale in Melbourne, Victoria, approximately 25 km (16 mi) south east of the city centre. Sandown is considered a power circuit with its "drag strip" front and back straights being 899 and 910 m (983 and 995 yd) long respectively.
Earth Defense Force 2025
Earth Defense Force 2025 is a third-person shooter developed by Sandlot and published by D3 Publisher, for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is the follow-up to Earth Defense Force 2017. A remastered version, titled Earth Defense Force 4.1: The Shadow of New Despair, was released for PlayStation 4 and Windows in 2016, which includes the original game as well as a new expansion. A Nintendo Switch version was released in Japan in December 2022. A reboot titled Earth Defense Force 5 was released on December 7, 2017.

Third-person shooter
Third-person shooter (TPS) is a subgenre of 3D shooter games in which the gameplay consists primarily of shooting. It is closely related to first-person shooters, but with the player character visible on-screen during play. While 2D shoot 'em up games also employ a third-person perspective, the TPS genre is distinguished by having the game presented with the player's avatar as a primary focus of the camera's view.
2004 Chennai Open
The 2004 Chennai Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the SDAT Tennis Stadium in Chennai in India, part of the International Series of the 2004 ATP Tour. It ran from 5 January through 11 January 2004. First-seeded Carlos Moyá won the singles title while Rafael Nadal and Tommy Robredo took the doubles.

2004 ATP Tour
The 2004 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2004 tennis season. The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organised by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments.
Gmina Przedecz
Gmina Przedecz is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Przedecz, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north-east of Koło and 136 km (85 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 76.52 square kilometres (29.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,319 (out of which the population of Przedecz amounts to 1,771, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 2,548).

Koło
Koło (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkɔwɔ] ⓘ) is a town on the Warta River in central Poland with 23,101 inhabitants (2006). It is situated in the Greater Poland Voivodship and it is the capital of Koło County.
The Milk of Sorrow
The Milk of Sorrow (Spanish: La teta asustada, lit. 'The scared tit') is a 2009 Peruvian-Spanish drama film directed, written and co-produced by Claudia Llosa. The film stars Magaly Solier and addresses the fears of abused women during Peru's recent history.

It won the Golden Bear award and FIPRESCI prize at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival, as well as the award for best film in the 24 Festival Internacional de Cine de Guadalajara in Mexico. It was nominated for the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, becoming the first Peruvian film to be nominated for the award.

Golden Bear
The Golden Bear (German: Goldener Bär) is the highest prize awarded for the best film at the Berlin International Film Festival and is, along with the Palme d'Or and the Golden Lion, widely considered among the most prestigious film festival awards. The bear is the heraldic animal of Berlin, featured on both the coat of arms and flag of Berlin.
Benbrack
Benbrack (Irish: Binn Bhreac, meaning 'Speckled Peak') at 582 metres (1,909 ft), is the 251st–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale; while it does not have the elevation to be a Vandeleur-Lynam, it has the prominence to rank as a Marilyn. Benbrack is situated on its own small massif to the north of the core Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland. It is the 10th-tallest of the core Twelve Bens, and is linked by a deep col to Muckanaght, which is itself attached by a high ridge to the tallest mountain of the Twelve Bens range, Benbaun at 729 metres (2,392 ft).

Connemara National Park
Connemara National Park (Irish: Páirc Naisiúnta Chonamara) is one of eight national parks in Ireland, managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. It is located in the northwest of Connemara in County Galway, on the west coast.
History of Lafayette, Louisiana
Lafayette, Louisiana, and the surrounding area is a mix of American Indian, African American, English, French and Spanish culture.  The area is situated in the region known as South Central Louisiana. The Vermilion River runs through the city.  Today, the city and parish are at the heart of Acadiana.

Acadiana
Acadiana (/əˌkeɪdiˈænə/; French and Louisiana French: L'Acadiane or Acadiane), also known as Cajun Country  (Louisiana French: Pays des Cadiens), is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that has historically contained much of the state's Francophone population.

Many inhabitants of Cajun Country have Acadian ancestry and identify as Cajuns or Creoles. Of the 64 parishes that make up the U.S. state of Louisiana, 22 named parishes and other parishes of similar cultural environment make up this intrastate region. Lafayette Parish and the seven surrounding parishes are identified as the "Cajun Heartland, USA" district.
Bean Validation
Bean Validation defines a metadata model and API for JavaBean validation. The metadata source is annotations, with the ability to override and extend the meta-data through the use of XML validation descriptors.

Originally defined as part of Java EE, version 2 aims to work in Java SE apps as well.

Java Bean Validation (JSR 303) originated as a framework that was approved by the JCP as of 16 November 2009 and accepted as part of the Java EE 6 specification. The Hibernate team provides with Hibernate Validator the reference implementation of Bean Validation and also created the Bean Validation TCK any implementation of JSR 303 needs to pass.

Java annotation
In the Java computer programming language, an annotation is a form of syntactic metadata that can be added to Java source code, like an attribute. Classes, methods, variables, parameters and Java packages may be annotated. Like Javadoc tags, Java annotations can be read from source files.  Unlike Javadoc tags, Java annotations can also be embedded in and read from Java class files generated by the Java compiler.  This allows annotations to be retained by the Java virtual machine at run-time and read via reflection. It is possible to create meta-annotations out of the existing ones in Java.
Robati, Iran
Robati (Persian: رباطي, also Romanized as Robāţī; also known as Robāţ) is a village in Takht-e Jolgeh Rural District, in the Central District of Firuzeh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 135, in 32 families.

Takht-e Jolgeh Rural District
Takht-e Jolgeh Rural District (Persian: دهستان تخت جلگه) is in the Central District of Firuzeh County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bozquchan. The rural district was previously administered from the city of Firuzeh.
Amblystegium
Amblystegium is a genus of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae. The genus was described in 1853 by Wilhelm Philippe Schimper. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.

Species:

Amblyaspis belus

Amblyaspis prorsa

Amblyaspis roboris

Amblyaspis scelionoides

Amblystegium serpens

Amblystegium tenax

Amblyaspis tritici

Amblystegium serpens
Amblystegium serpens, also known as the creeping feathermoss or nano moss,  is a species of moss. It is a common species in Britain.

The species is pleurocarpous in form, with ovate to lanceolate leaves which end in a fine acute point. It forms creeping mats on decaying tree stumps, hedgebanks and other shaded sites.

It can live under water, and is used as a plant in some home aquariums.
Ghost Rider 2099
Ghost Rider 2099 is a comic book series that was published by Marvel Comics, under the Marvel 2099 imprint, from 1994 to 1996. The series is set in the year 2099, in a dystopian possible future of the Marvel Universe, and features Kenshiro "Zero" Cochrane, a hacker who was killed but resurrected as the Ghost Rider — his mind controlling a powerful and well-armed robot. As with most of the Marvel 2099 titles, the protagonist was a futuristic version of a commercially successful Marvel Universe character. The series was heavily influenced by cyberpunk science fiction.

Marvel Universe
The Marvel Universe is a fictional shared universe where the stories in most American comic book titles and other media published by Marvel Comics take place. Superhero teams such as the Avengers, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, the Guardians of the Galaxy, and many Marvel superheroes live in this universe, including characters such as Spider-Man, Wolverine, the Hulk, Captain America, and Iron Man. It also contains well-known supervillains such as Doctor Doom, Magneto, the Green Goblin, Loki, and Thanos. It also contains antiheroes such as Deadpool, Ghost Rider, the Punisher, Elektra, and Black Cat.

The Marvel Universe is further depicted as existing within a "multiverse" consisting of thousands of separate universes, all of which are the creations of Marvel Comics and all of which are, in a sense, "Marvel universes". In this context, "Marvel Universe" is taken to refer to the mainstream Marvel continuity, which is known as Earth-616 or Prime Earth.
Turners Falls branch (New Haven)
The Turners Falls branch was a railway line in Franklin County, Massachusetts, in the United States. It ran 9 miles (14 km) from a junction with the Shelburne Falls Extension at South Deerfield, Massachusetts, to Turners Falls, Massachusetts. It was originally built in 1868 by the New Haven and Northampton Railroad, later part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The Boston and Maine Railroad, which had its own branch to Turners Falls, acquired the Turners Falls branch from the New Haven in 1947 and abandoned its own line. The B&M subsequently abandoned the branch in 1985. Part of it is now the Canalside Rail Trail.

Fitchburg Railroad
The Fitchburg Railroad is a former railroad company, which built a railroad line across northern Massachusetts, United States, leading to and through the Hoosac Tunnel. The Fitchburg was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900. The main line from Boston to Fitchburg is now operated as the MBTA Fitchburg Line; Pan Am Railways runs freight service on some other portions.
Pioneer Field (Tusculum)
Pioneer Field is a 3,500-seat college football stadium located in Tusculum, Tennessee. The stadium is the home of the Pioneers football team of Tusculum College. The Pioneers compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II South Atlantic Conference (SAC).

Tusculum, Tennessee
Tusculum is a city in Greene County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,298 at the 2020 census. It is the site of Tusculum University, the oldest university in Tennessee and the 28th oldest in the United States. Tusculum is a suburb of nearby Greeneville. The population of both Greeneville and Tusculum combined was approximately 18,777 at the 2020 census.
Howard Transit
Howard Transit was the primary public transit system in Howard County, Maryland, which grew from the former ColumBus bus system in Columbia, Maryland.  First Transit replaced Veolia Transport as the operating company in July 2007.

Howard Transit was replaced by the Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland in 2014.

Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland
The Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland, locally referred to as the RTA, is a transit organization providing fixed-route and paratransit services across Central Maryland. The RTA is made up of multiple jurisdictions including Anne Arundel County, Howard County, the City of Laurel, Northern Prince George's County, and Baltimore County.
2010 New South Wales Swifts season
The 2010 New South Wales Swifts season saw New South Wales Swifts compete in the 2010 ANZ Championship. Swifts went through the entire regular season home and away undefeated, winning 13 consecutive matches and finishing as minor premiers. They were the first team in the history of the ANZ Championship to do this. However they subsequently lost both the major semi-final and the preliminary final to Adelaide Thunderbirds and Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic respectively and finished the season in third place.

Adelaide Thunderbirds
Adelaide Thunderbirds are an Australian professional netball team based in Adelaide, South Australia. Since 2017 they have played in Super Netball. Between 2008 and 2016, they played in the ANZ Championship and between 1997 and 2007, they played in the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league. Thunderbirds have won five premierships. They won their first two premierships in 1998 and 1999 during the Commonwealth Bank Trophy era, their third and fourth in 2010 and 2013 during ANZ Championship era, and their sixth in 2023, 2024 during the Super Netball era. Historically, Thunderbirds are one of Australia's most successful netball teams. Between 1997 and 2010 they finished in the top three of every regular season, and are the first and only team to win a Trophy at all 3 eras.
Kings Colony, Shastripuram
Shastripuram Housing Colony is an area in the Ranga Reddy District of Telangana, India. It comes under Rajendra Nagar Circle 6 Government of Telangana. The government has begun the Mir Alam Tank water cleaning project. It is the only HUDA approved Layout Colony in Rajendra Nagar Area. It is spread across 284 Acres.it consist of 1855 plots.this colony starts from ansari road,shaik ki masjid,ak and sons collection and ends in Shastripuram.

Mir Alam Tank
Mir Alam Tank is a reservoir in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is located to the south of Musi river. It was the primary source of drinking water to Hyderabad before Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar were built.
Lamyatt
Lamyatt is a village and civil parish in the county of Somerset, England. It lies 5 miles (8 km) south east of Shepton Mallet, 2 miles (3 km) north east of Castle Cary, and 3 miles (5 km) south of Evercreech. The parish has a population of 183.

Castle Cary
Castle Cary (/ˌkɑːsəl ˈkɛəri/) is a market town and civil parish in south Somerset, England, 5 miles (8 km) north west of Wincanton and 8 miles (12.9 km) south of Shepton Mallet, at the foot of Lodge Hill and on the River Cary, a tributary of the Parrett.
Little Green Island
Little Green Island is a granite island, with an area of 87 hectares (210 acres), in south-eastern Australia.  It is part of Tasmania’s Great Dog Island Group, lying in eastern Bass Strait between Flinders and Cape Barren Islands in the Furneaux Group.  It is partly a conservation area, and partly private property, used for grazing livestock.  The island has been degraded by repeated burning and grazing.  Commercial muttonbirding took place until 1957, and recreational muttonbirding since then.  The island is part of the Franklin Sound Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it holds over 1% of the world populations of six bird species.

Great Dog Island (Tasmania)
The Great Dog Island, also known as Big Dog Island, and part of the Great Dog Group within the Furneaux Group, is a 354-hectare (870-acre) granite island, located in Bass Strait, lying south of the Flinders Island and north of the Cape Barren Island, in Tasmania, in south-eastern Australia.

The island is private property and has been severely affected by grazing livestock, fire, muttonbirding and the introduction of exotic animals.  The island is part of the Franklin Sound Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it holds over 1% of the world populations of six bird species.
Vanessa Estelle Williams
Vanessa Estelle Williams (born May 12, 1963) is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her roles as Maxine Joseph–Chadway in the Showtime drama series, Soul Food (2000–2004), for which she received NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series and as Nino Brown's feisty gun moll, Keisha in the 1991 crime drama film, New Jack City. Williams is also known for her role as Anne-Marie McCoy in the first and fourth of the Candyman films, and as Rhonda Blair in the first season of the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place (1992–93).

Soul Food (film)
Soul Food is a 1997 American comedy-drama film written and directed by George Tillman Jr. in his major studio debut. Featuring an ensemble cast, the film stars Vanessa Williams, Vivica A. Fox, Nia Long, Michael Beach, Mekhi Phifer, Jeffrey D. Sams, Irma P. Hall, Gina Ravera and Brandon Hammond. The story centers on the trials of an extended Black American family, held together by longstanding family traditions which begin to fade as serious problems take center stage.

Tillman based the family in the film on his own and Soul Food was widely acclaimed for presenting a more positive image of African-Americans than is typically seen in Hollywood films. In 2000, Showtime premiered a one-hour television series based upon the film. In 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox is planning a sequel for the film called More Soul Food, written by Tillman.