hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bacterioplankton counting methods
Bacterioplankton counting is the estimation of the abundance of bacterioplankton in a specific body of water, which is useful information to marine microbiologists. Various counting methodologies have been developed over the years to determine the number present in the water being observed. Methods used for counting bacterioplankton include epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, measures of productivity through frequency of dividing cells (FDC), thymidine incorporation, and leucine incorporation.

Factors such as salinity, temperature, latitude, various nutrient levels, water movement and the presence of other organisms can affect bacterioplankton enumeration. Changes in these factors affect the bacterioplankton count, causing it to vary by body of water, location, distance from shore and season.

Bacterioplankton count is usually expressed in cells per ml (cells ml−1).

SYBR Green I
SYBR Green I (SG) is an asymmetrical cyanine dye used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology. The SYBR family of dyes is produced by Molecular Probes Inc., now owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific. SYBR Green I binds to DNA. The resulting DNA-dye-complex best absorbs 497 nanometer blue light (λmax = 497 nm) and emits green light (λmax = 520 nm). The stain preferentially binds to double-stranded DNA, but will stain single-stranded (ss) DNA with lower performance. SYBR Green can also stain RNA with a lower performance than ssDNA.
Belfast International Tattoo
The Belfast International Tattoo, also referred to as the Belfast Tattoo, is an annual series of military tattoos and pipe band spectaculars performed by international performers, military musicians, and cultural display teams including various styles of dancing, in the Odyssey Arena in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The event is held typically in September and showcases the traditions of Ulster-Scots and global pageantry.

Various bands and dance performance groups from around the world have participated, hailing from countries Finland, Canada, Zimbabwe, Norway, America, Spain, Netherlands and Australia. Key performers from Northern Ireland are also featured in the Belfast Tattoo, including the Band of the Royal Irish Regiment, County Armagh Accordion Band, Ballylone Concert Flute Band, Hunter Moore Memorial Flute Band and Kathryn Stewart's Highland Dance Display Team.

Other appearances include the Chelsea Pensioners, the Royal British Legion, Mary Peters and the Julianna Unicyclists.

Military tattoo
A military tattoo is a performance of music or display of armed forces in general. The term comes from the early 17th-century Dutch phrase doe den tap toe ('turn off the tap'), a signal sounded by drummers or trumpeters to instruct innkeepers near military garrisons to stop serving beer and for soldiers to return to their barracks, and is unrelated to the ink tattoo that was borrowed from Tahitian.

The tattoo was originally a form of military music but the practice has evolved into more elaborate shows involving theatrics and musical performances. It is also used to designate military exhibitions such as the Royal International Air Tattoo.
Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York
The New York Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1768 by twenty New York City merchants.  As the first such commercial organization in the United States, it attracted the participation of a number of New York's most influential business leaders, including John Jacob Astor, Peter Cooper, and J. Pierpont Morgan. The chamber's members were instrumental in the realization of several key initiatives in the region – including the Erie Canal, the Atlantic cable, and the New York City Transit Authority. The Chamber of Commerce survives today as the Partnership for New York City, which was formed from the 2002 merger of the New York Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the New York City Partnership.

Cadwallader Colden
Cadwallader Colden (7 February 1688 – 28 September 1776) was an Irish-born physician, scientist and colonial administrator who served as the governor of New York from 1760 to 1762 and again from 1763 to 1765.
Hamza Akman
Hamza Yiğit Akman (born 27 September 2004) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for TFF 1. Lig club Pendikspor on loan from Eyüpspor. Akman represented Turkey at youth levels, latest at U21 level.

Galatasaray S.K. Football Academy
The Galatasaray S.K. Football Academy (Turkish: Galatasaray Spor Klubü Futbol Akademisi) is a football youth academy based in Florya Metin Oktay Facilities, Istanbul, Turkey, from where the organization manages a total of 11 youth teams (ages between 8–19). The academy is the primary youth clinic of Turkish footballing giants Galatasaray.
Nesoddtangen
Nesoddtangen is a village and the administrative centre of the municipality of Nesodden in Akershus, Norway.

Nesoddtangen is located on the tip of the peninsula between the inner Oslofjord (Indre Oslofjord) and its arm Bunnefjorden. It is situated 4 miles (7 kilometers) southwest of Oslo.  It had 13,150 residents in 2021; about two thirds of the municipality's population. Of the working population in Nesoddtangen, more than 90% work in Oslo. Passenger ferries are the most used commuting transportation.

The name Nesoddtangen is a triple tautology, consisting of three parts, nes, odd and tangen, all being synonyms signifying a small cape or promontory. Notable spots of attraction include Sjøbadet, Nesodden Cultural Centre, Bygdo Church, Gåserud Nature Reserve and Nesodden Beach.

Oslofjord
The Oslofjord (Norwegian: Oslofjorden, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈʊ̂ʂlʊˌfjuːɳ]; English: Oslo Fjord) is an inlet in southeastern Norway. The 120-kilometre (75 mi) fjord begins at the small village of Bonn in Frogn Municipality and stretching northwards to the city of Oslo, and then curving to the east and then south again. It then flows south to an imaginary line running between the Torbjørnskjær Lighthouse and Færder Lighthouse where it becomes part of the Skagerrak strait. The Skagerrak connects the North Sea and the Kattegat sea area, which leads to the Baltic Sea. The Oslofjord is not a fjord in the geological sense, but in the Norwegian language, the term fjord can refer to a wide range of waterways including inlets such as this one.

The bay is divided into the inner (indre) and outer (ytre) Oslofjord, separated by the 17 km (11 mi) long by 1 km (0.62 mi) wide Drøbak Sound. The innermost part is known as Bunnefjorden.
Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
The Church of Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss (Italian: Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri) is a Roman Catholic oratory in Vatican City.  The church was built by Pope Pius V in 1568 to serve as a private chapel for the Pontifical Swiss Guards, whose barracks are located next to Porta San Pellegrino, close to the Apostolic Palace. It is considered the national church of Switzerland in Rome.

The chapel is conveniently located on the path taken every day by the Guards from their barracks to Portone di Bronzo. It is accessible for the guards, day and night. Baptisms and marriages of members of the Guard can also be celebrated with the permission of the priest of the parish of Saint Anne in Vatican.

Porta San Pellegrino
Porta San Pellegrino is a gate in the outer wall of Vatican City. It is located beside Bernini's Colonnade and the small Vatican post; it is also known as Porta Viridaria. Rebuilt by Pope Alexander VI in 1492, the gate is surmounted by his papal coat of arms. The gate is little used. Originally part of the ninth-century Leonine Walls commissioned by Pope Leo IV to defend St. Peter's Basilica from Saracen raids, it once marked the principal northern entrance for pilgrims. Although its military purpose has long passed, the gate's austere ashlar masonry and heraldic reliefs still evoke its defensive and ceremonial significance.
Yergyolyokh
Yergyolyokh (Russian: Ергёлёх; Yakut: Өргөлөөх, Örgölööx) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Tastakhsky Rural Okrug of Namsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 65 kilometers (40 mi) from Namtsy, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 273, up from 267 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Namtsy
Namtsy (Russian: На́мцы; Yakut: Нам, Nam) is a rural locality (a selo), the administrative center of Namsky District and the only inhabited locality, as well as the administrative center, of Lensky Rural Okrug of Namsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 8,890, up from 8,249 recorded during the 2002 Census.
Outline of Bolivia
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Bolivia:

Bolivia – landlocked sovereign country located in central South America. It is bordered on the north and the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Paraguay, on the south by Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes mountains to the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country, and its main economic activities include agriculture, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

Potosí Department
Potosí (Spanish pronunciation: [potoˈsi]; Quechua: P'utuqsi; Aymara: Putusi) is a department in southwestern Bolivia. Its area is 118,218 km2 and its population is 856,419 (2024 census). The capital is the city of Potosí. 
It is a mostly barren, mountainous region with one large plateau to the west, where the largest salt flat in the world, Salar de Uyuni, is located.

Cerro Potosí was the richest province in the Spanish Empire, providing a great percentage of the silver that was shipped to Europe.

Potosi is also the location of the San Cristóbal silver, zinc and lead mines, developed by the US company Apex Silver Mines Limited of Colorado and sold in November 2008 to the Japanese Sumitomo Corporation.
Frognal and Fitzjohns (ward)
Frognal and Fitzjohns was an electoral ward in the London Borough of Camden, in the United Kingdom. The ward was created for the 2002 elections and last used for the 2018 elections. It returned three councillors to Camden London Borough Council.

It covered the western areas of Hampstead, between Hampstead Village and Finchley Road and took its name from Frognal and Fitzjohns Avenue. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 11,986. The ward was abolished from the 2022 election, and part of its area became the newly created Frognal ward, with a smaller area transferred to Belsize.

Notable former councillors include Siobhan Bailllie, MP for Stroud, Laura Trott, MP for Sevenoaks, and Gio Spinella, leader of the Conservative Group on Camden Council.

Frognal
Frognal is a small area of Hampstead, North West London in the London Borough of Camden. Frognal is reinforced as the name of a minor road, which goes uphill from Finchley Road and at its upper end is in the west of Hampstead village.
Comparison of Cantonese transcription systems
The chart below shows the difference between S. L. Wong romanization, the Cantonese Transliteration Scheme, ILE romanization, Jyutping, Yale, Sidney Lau, Meyer–Wempe, along with IPA, S. L. Wong phonetic symbols and Cantonese bopomofo.

S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
Wong Shik Ling (also known as S. L. Wong) published a scheme of phonetic symbols for Cantonese based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in the book A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton.  The scheme has been widely used in Chinese dictionaries published in Hong Kong.  The scheme, known as S. L. Wong system (黃錫凌式), is a broad phonemic transcription system based on IPA and its analysis of Cantonese phonemes is grounded in the theories of Y. R. Chao.

Other than the phonemic transcription system, Wong also derived a romanisation scheme published in the same book.  See S. L. Wong (romanisation).
Seoul Metro 6000 series
The Seoul Metro 6000 series is a metro train introduced by the Seoul Transportation Corporation from 1999 to 2000 with the opening of Seoul Subway Line 6. Currently, a total of 39 8-car trains (312 total units) are in operation on Line 6, and an additional 2 8-car trains (16 total units) are in operation on Line 7.

Hyundai Rotem
Hyundai Rotem Company, often referred to as Hyundai Rotem (Korean: 현대로템; RR: Hyeondae Rotem), is a South Korean manufacturer of railway rolling stock, railway signalling,  defense products and plant equipment. It is a member of Hyundai Motor Group and has presence in more than 50 countries worldwide. As of 2024, Hyundai Rotem has more than 4,100 employees.
Aquilegia oxysepala
Aquilegia oxysepala is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus Aquilegia (columbine) in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to East Asia, with a range extending from southeastern Siberia to Japan. It produces purple and yellow flowers that bloom for three weeks in May. The plant has been used medicinally in China for thousands of years, while modern scientific research has determined that its extract has limited antioxidant qualities.

Superoxide
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−2. The systematic name of the anion is dioxide(1−). The reactive oxygen ion superoxide is particularly important as the product of the one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature. Molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a diradical containing two unpaired electrons, and superoxide results from the addition of an electron which fills one of the two degenerate molecular orbitals, leaving a charged ionic species with a single unpaired electron and a net negative charge of −1. Both dioxygen and the superoxide anion are free radicals that exhibit paramagnetism. Superoxide was historically also known as "hyperoxide".
Jewish English Lexicon
Jewish English Lexicon (JEL) is an online dictionary of the language spoken by Jewish English speakers, encompassesing a varied assortment of terms that originate from ancient and modern Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino, Arabic, among other languages. The lexicon treats "Jewish English" as a Jewish dialect of English as the overall structure of English remains intact despite the numerous distinctive additions from other languages.

Jewish English varieties
Jewish English is a cover term for varieties of the English language spoken by Jews. They may include significant amounts of vocabulary and syntax taken from Yiddish, and both classical and modern Hebrew. These varieties can be classified into several types: Yeshivish, Yinglish, and Heblish, as well as more flexible mixtures of English and other Jewish languages, which may contain features and other elements from languages other than Yiddish and Hebrew.

The classification "Jewish English" eliminates the need for concern with identifying the specific origin of the non-English components of any such variant. This offsets, for example, misperceptions that can result from failure to note the Hebrew origin of a word that may have become widely known in Anglophone contexts via Yiddish, and may be, therefore, simply regarded as Yiddish. (This problem is illustrated in the list of English words of Yiddish origin.)
Air Resupply And Communications Service
The Air Resupply And Communications Service (ARCS) is an inactive United States Air Force organization. It was assigned to Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland.  Established during the Korean War, the mission of ARCS was providing the Air Force an unconventional warfare capability during the 1950s. It was inactivated in 1954, but elements continued to operate until the reactivation of air commando units by the Kennedy Administration in 1962.

Kadena Air Base
Kadena Air Base (嘉手納飛行場, Kadena Hikōjō) (IATA: DNA, ICAO: RODN) is a United States Air Force base in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa, in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It is often referred to as the "Keystone of the Pacific" because of its highly strategic location. It is located 650 km (400 mi) off the coast of China and at a distance of 770 km (480 mi) from Shanghai, a major Chinese economic hub. It is home to the USAF's 18th Wing, the 353rd Special Operations Wing, reconnaissance units, 1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment, and a variety of associated units. Over 20,000 American servicemembers, family members, and Japanese employees live or work at Kadena Air Base. It is the largest and most active U.S. Air Force base in East Asia.
Arytainilla
Arytainilla is a genus of mostly Palaearctic plant lice belonging to the subfamily Psyllinae (it was previously placed in a subfamily Arytaininae); the genus was erected by Marianna Loginova in 1972.  Distribution records include Europe and North Africa, with possible introductions to New Zealand, Australia and western USA. Arytainilla spartiophila is one of the two British "broom psyllids": the other is in the related genus Arytaina.

Psyllinae
Psyllinae is a subfamily of plant-parasitic hemipterans in the family Psyllidae.  It includes minor pest species such as: the apple psylla, Cacopsylla mali and Cacopsylla pyri (a.k.a. Psylla pyri), commonly known as the pear psylla.
27th Sports Emmy Awards
The 27th Sports Emmy Awards honoring American sports coverage in 2005 were presented on May 1, 2006 at Frederick P. Rose Hall in the Jazz at Lincoln Center, New York City. The nominees were announced on March 29.

NASCAR on Fox
NASCAR on Fox, also known as Fox NASCAR, is the branding used for broadcasts of NASCAR races produced by Fox Sports and have aired on the Fox television network in the United States since 2001. Speed, a motorsports-focused cable channel owned by Fox, began broadcasting NASCAR-related events in February 2002, with its successor Fox Sports 1 taking over Fox Sports' cable event coverage rights when that network replaced Speed in August 2013. Throughout its run, Fox's coverage of NASCAR has won thirteen Emmy Awards.
Chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia
The Chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia and Samogitia (see #Name) is an early modern chronicle of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It is considered the second redaction of the Belarusian–Lithuanian Chronicles. It was written in the Ruthenian language in the 1520s among the aristocracy of Vilnius.

Mikałaj Ułaščyk
Mikałaj Ułaščyk (Belarusian language: Мікалай Улашчык Mikalai Ulashchyk; Russian: Николай Николаевич Улащик; February 14, 1906 – November 22, 1986) was a Belarusian academic historian and archaeologist known for significant contributions to the research in the medieval history of Belarus.
Calciborite
Calciborite, CaB2O4, is a rare calcium borate mineral.

It was first described in 1955 in the Novofrolovskoye copper–boron deposit, near Krasnoturinsk, Turinsk district, Northern Ural Mountains, Russia. It occurs in a skarn deposit formed in limestone adjacent to a quartz diorite intrusive. It occurs associated with: sibirskite (another rare calcium borate mineral), calcite, dolomite, garnet, magnetite and pyroxene. It has also been reported from the Fuka mine of Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison. Large calcite crystals are used in optical equipment, and limestone composed mostly of calcite has numerous uses.

Other polymorphs of calcium carbonate are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite over timescales of days or less at temperatures exceeding 300 °C, and vaterite is even less stable.
Sean Robinson (rugby union, born 1991)
Sean Andrew Robinson (born 8 February 1991) is an English rugby union player who played for Newcastle Falcons from 2014 to 2023.

Robinson was educated at King's School, Worcester and Durham University, where he read Physics.

King's School, Worcester
The King's School, Worcester is a private co-educational day school refounded by Henry VIII in 1541. It occupies a site adjacent to  Worcester Cathedral on the banks of the River Severn in the centre of the city of Worcester. It offers mixed-sex mainstream education that follows the UK National Curriculum to around 1,465 pupils aged 2 to 18. At age 11, approximately two thirds of pupils join the senior school from its two prep schools, King's Hawford and King's St Albans, while others come from maintained schools in the city of Worcester and the surrounding areas that include Malvern, Redditch, Kidderminster, Evesham and Pershore.
Roman Gromadsky
Roman Borisovich Gromadsky (Russian: Рома́н Бори́сович Грома́дский; December 18, 1940 – August 28, 2021) was a Soviet and Russian theater and film actor and theater teacher. He was awarded People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1983.

People's Artist of the RSFSR
People's Artist of the RSFSR (Russian: Народный артист РСФСР, Narodnyj artist RSFSR) was an honorary title granted to Soviet Union artists, including theatre and film directors, actors, choreographers, music performers, and orchestra conductors, who had outstanding achievements in the arts, and who lived in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). This title was one rank below Honored Artist of the RSFSR and one above People's Artist of the USSR.

The title was introduced on 10 August 1931. In 1992, after the Russian SFSR was renamed as the Russian Federation, it was replaced by People's Artist of Russia.
Rhodesia cricket team
The Rhodesia cricket team played first-class cricket and represented originally the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and later the unilaterally independent state of Rhodesia which became Zimbabwe. In 1980 the Rhodesia cricket team was renamed as the Zimbabwe-Rhodesia cricket team, and in 1981 it adopted its current name of the Zimbabwe national cricket team.

Zimbabwe national cricket team
The Zimbabwe men's national cricket team, also known as the Chevrons, represents Zimbabwe in men's international cricket and is overseen by Zimbabwe Cricket. Zimbabwe has been a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1992. As of October 2025, Zimbabwe was ranked 11th by the ICC in all three formats of the game: Tests, One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20 internationals (T20Is).
Joseph of Arimathea
Joseph of Arimathea (Ancient Greek: Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ Ἀριμαθαίας) is a Biblical figure who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion. Three of the four canonical Gospels identify him as a member of the Sanhedrin, while the Gospel of Matthew identifies him as a rich disciple of Jesus. The historical location of Arimathea is uncertain, although it has been identified with several towns. A number of stories about him developed during the Middle Ages.

New Testament apocrypha
The New Testament apocrypha (singular apocryphon) are a number of writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings, the nature of God, or the teachings of his apostles and of their lives. Some of these writings were cited as scripture by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the 27 books of the modern canon. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant churches generally do not view the New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.