hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prehistoric East Africa
The prehistory of East Africa spans from the earliest human presence in the region until the emergence of the Iron Age in East Africa. Between 1,600,000 BP and 1,500,000 BP, the Homo ergaster known as Nariokotome Boy resided near Nariokotome River, Kenya. Modern humans, who left behind remains, resided at Omo Kibish in 233,000 BP. Afro-Asiatic speakers and Nilo-Saharan speakers expanded in East Africa, resulting in transformation of food systems of East Africa. Prehistoric West Africans may have diverged into distinct ancestral groups of modern West Africans and Bantu-speaking peoples in Cameroon, and, subsequently, around 5000 BP, the Bantu-speaking peoples migrated into other parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Central African Republic, African Great Lakes, South Africa).

History of East Africa
The history of East Africa has been divided into its prehistory, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed. East Africa is the eastern region of Africa, bordered by North Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Sahara Desert. Colonial boundaries are reflected in the modern boundaries between contemporary East African states, cutting across ethnic and cultural lines, often dividing single ethnic groups between two or more states.
Ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside
ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) is a colorimetric and spectrophotometric substrate for detection of β-galactosidase activity. This compound is normally colorless. However, if β-galactosidase is present, it hydrolyzes the ONPG molecule into galactose and ortho-nitrophenol. The latter compound has a yellow color that can be used to check for enzyme activity by means of a colorimetric assay (at 420 nm wavelength).  β-Galactosidase is required for lactose utilization, so the intensity of the color produced can be used as a measure of the enzymatic rate.

Though ONPG mimics lactose and is hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase, it is unable to act as an inducer for the lac operon. Without another lactose analog that can act as an inducer, such as isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), β-galactosidase will not be transcribed and ONPG will not be hydrolyzed.

Colorimeter (chemistry)
A colorimeter is a device used in colorimetry that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a given solution by the application of the Beer–Lambert law, which states that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance.
1992 Speedway World Pairs Championship
The 1992 Speedway World Pairs Championship was the twenty-third FIM Speedway World Pairs Championship. The final took place in Lonigo, Italy. The championship was won by United States who beat England in Run-Off (both 23 points) and Sweden (22 points).

Speedway World Pairs Championship
The Speedway World Pairs Championship was a motorcycle speedway event held annually in different countries. The first competition was held in 1968, and the final competition was held in 1993.  In 1994, it was merged with the World Team Cup to create the Speedway World Cup, which held its final edition in 2017.

The concept of an international pairs championship was re-established in the form of the Speedway of Nations, held for the first time in 2018.
Moscow Province
The Moscow Province (Russian: Московская провинция) was a province of Moscow Governorate of the Russian Empire, which existed 1719–1775. Its center was the city of Moscow.

Moscow province was formed as part of the Moscow gubernya by decree of Peter the Great in 1719. The cities of Moscow, Borisovo, Borovsk, Vereya, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Kashira, Klin, Kolomna, Maloyaroslavets, Mozhaysk, Ruza, Serpukhov with Obolensk and Tarusa counties were included in the province.

In November 1775, the division of gubernyas into provinces was abolished.

Provinces of the Russian Empire
Provinces (Russian: Провинция) were administrative divisions of the Russian Empire that existed between 1719 and 1775.

They were the next level of division after governorates. They were established as administrative units on 29 May 1719 with an edict (ukaz) of Peter the Great.
2016 ITF Women's Circuit UBS Thurgau
The 2016 ITF Women's Circuit UBS Thurgau was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and part of the 2016 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland, on 22–28 February 2016.

2016 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2016 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $100,000.
Passport (1961 film)
Passport is a 1961 Indian Bollywood drama film directed by Pramod Chakravorty. The film stars Madhubala and Pradeep Kumar.

Passport was released in October 1961 and became a commercial success. It was the last film to star Madhubala and Kumar together, and also one of the last films of Madhubala.

K. N. Singh
Krishan Niranjan Singh (1 September 1908 – 31 January 2000), known as K. N. Singh in Indian cinema, was a prominent villain and character actor. He appeared in over 200 Hindi films over a long career stretching from 1936 to the late 1980s.
Manual del Baratero
El Manual del Baratero, o arte de manejar la navaja, el cuchillo y la tijera de los jitanos (Manual of the Baratero, or the art of wielding the jackknife, the knife and the gypsy scissors) is a Spanish treatise of knife fighting published in 1849. It was written by an anonymous author referred to as M.d.R., identified in modern times with Spanish scholar and writer Mariano de Rementeria y Fica.

It is notorious in the historical European martial arts for addressing in a unique way the Andalusian tradition of short bladed weapons, being possibly the oldest conserved European treatise solely dedicated to knife fighting. Its name references the baratero, a figure from the criminal underworld of 19th century Spain. The contents of the manual exist within a martial tradition with branches in all of Ibero-America and Italy.

Basques
The Basques are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture, shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians, and are considered among the last remaining direct descendants of Neolithic Europeans populations in Europe. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria)—a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
Dalton, Pennsylvania
Dalton is a borough in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania and is located approximately eight miles north of the city of Scranton in a suburban area known as "the Abingtons." Dalton is also approximately three miles north of Clarks Summit, the hub of the Abington community. The population was 1,283 at the 2020 census.

Clarks Summit, Pennsylvania
Clarks Summit is a borough in Lackawanna County, northwest of Scranton in Northeastern Pennsylvania. The population was 5,108 at the 2020 census. It is also the northern control city of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension, I-476, though the official terminus is in adjacent South Abington Township.
Extreme point
In mathematics, an extreme point of a convex set  in a real or complex vector space or affine space is a point in  that does not lie in any open line segment joining two points of  The extreme points of a line segment are called its endpoints. In linear programming problems, an extreme point is also called vertex or corner point of

Graduate Texts in Mathematics
Graduate Texts in Mathematics (GTM) (ISSN 0072-5285) is a series of graduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag.  The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are yellow books of a standard size (with variable numbers of pages).  The GTM series is easily identified by a white band at the top of the book.

The books in this series tend to be written at a more advanced level than the similar Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics series, although there is a fair amount of overlap between the two series in terms of material covered and difficulty level.
RTL Living
RTL Living is a German pay television channel operated by the RTL Group, launched on 1 December 2006. Its programming consists of television shows about trends, lifestyle, life and travel. On October 1, 2015, RTL Group announced that it was relaunching and redesigning its three pay TV channels RTL Living, RTL Crime and Passion (then RTL Passion) as of November 12, 2015. At the same time, new channel logos will also be introduced for these channels.

As part of Mediengruppe RTL Deutschland’s rebranding effort, RTL Living was rebranded along with RTL Passion and the parent channel RTL on 15 September 2021, by becoming a multi-colourful logo instead of green, pink and the three colours: red, yellow and blue from the parent channel.

RTL Group
RTL Group S.A. ("Radio Télévision Luxembourg") is a Luxembourg-based international media conglomerate owned by the Mohn Family, with another corporate office in Cologne, Germany. The company operates 56 television channels and 36 radio stations in Germany, France and other European countries. It also offers national streaming platforms, content productions and a range of digital services. Important segments of RTL Group are RTL Deutschland, Groupe M6 and Fremantle.

The company in its present form was established by Bertelsmann, Groupe Bruxelles Lambert (GBL), and Pearson plc in 2000. As of 2024 Bertelsmann, a conglomerate based in the German city of Gütersloh owns 76% of the shares in the company, after holding a stake of more than 90% in the past. RTL Group is one of a total of eight divisions of Bertelsmann: It is responsible for more than a third of its revenue and a large share of its operating profit.

It is one of the founding members of the European Broadcasting Union.
Justin Bijlow
Justin Bijlow (Dutch: [ˈjʏstin 'bɛiloː, ˈdʑus-]; born 22 January 1998) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Genoa.

Bijlow went through the academy of Feyenoord, where he signed his first professional contract in February 2015 and made his debut in August 2017. With Feyenoord, he won the Eredivisie twice, the KNVB Cup twice and the Johan Cruyff Shield three times. In 2022, he captained Feyenoord in the UEFA Europa Conference League final. However, he suffered multiple injuries. In January 2026, Bijlow signed for Genoa.

Having played for multiple national youth teams, Bijlow made his debut for the Netherlands national team in September 2021. He was later included in their squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2024 and the 2023 UEFA Nations League Finals, and has earned 8 caps.

2020–21 Eredivisie
The 2020–21 Eredivisie was the 65th season of the Eredivisie since its establishment in 1955. The season began on 12 September 2020 and concluded on 16 May 2021.

On 2 February 2021, the KNVB announced that effective immediately clubs would be allowed to make an extra substitution for suspected concussions as part of an IFAB sanctioned trial. This trial will allow teams to make up to six substitutions across four breaks in the match instead of five substitutions across three breaks in the match.

Ajax, having won the title in 2018–19, were the title holders, since the 2019–20 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands after 25  matchdays and the title was not awarded.
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) series 12
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! returned for its twelfth series on 11 November 2012 and finished on 1 December 2012. Ant & Dec returned as main hosts, with Laura Whitmore and Joe Swash returning as hosts of spin-off show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!. On 16 June 2012, it was announced that Russell Kane would be leaving Get Me Out of Here! NOW!. He has been replaced by comedian Rob Beckett.

On 1 December 2012, the series was won by EastEnders actress Charlie Brooks, with Ashley Roberts and David Haye placed runner-up and third place respectively.

Helen Flanagan would return to the series ten years later to participate in I'm a Celebrity... South Africa alongside other former contestants to try to become the first I'm a Celebrity legend. She finished joint 7th

I'm a Celebrity: Unpacked
I'm a Celebrity: Unpacked (known originally as I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!  Now! until 2015 and later I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp from 2016 until 2019) is the companion series to I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, that was originally broadcast live on ITV2 from August 2002 to December 2019, and returned in November 2024. It features behind-the-scenes footage and interviews with contestants after they have been voted off by the public.

In 2020, Extra Camp was replaced by online spin-off show I'm a Celebrity...The Daily Drop presented by Vick Hope, which also aired on ITV2 after being uploaded online every weekday morning on ITV Hub but was axed in 2021. In October 2024, it was reported that a new companion show would accompany the upcoming twenty-fourth series of I'm a Celebrity; it is currently presented by former Extra Camp host Joel Dommett and Kemi Rodgers.
Recently, My Sister Is Unusual
Recently, My Sister is Unusual (最近、妹のようすがちょっとおかしいんだが。, Saikin, Imōto no Yōsu ga Chotto Okashiin Da Ga.; lit. "Lately, My Little Sister's Been Acting A Bit Strange, But."), also known as ImoCho (妹ちょ。), is a Japanese manga series by Mari Matsuzawa, serialized in Fujimi Shobo's Monthly Dragon Age since November 9, 2010. An anime television series premiered in Japan in January 2014. It was adapted into a light novel written by Kougetsu Mikazuki, which was published on January 18, 2014, under Fujimi Shobo's Fujimi Fantasia Bunko imprint. A live action film adaptation premiered on May 17, 2014.

Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Fujimi Fantasia Bunko (富士見ファンタジア文庫, Fujimi Fantajia Bunko) is a light novel publishing imprint affiliated with the Japanese publishing company Fujimi Shobo, a brand company of Kadokawa Corporation. It was established in 1988 and is aimed at young adult male audience. Many light novels published under this imprint are serialized in Fujimi Shobo's Dragon Magazine.
Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District
The Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District (MTD) is a public transit agency providing bus service in the southern portion of Santa Barbara County, California. It serves the cities of  Santa Barbara,  Carpinteria, and Goleta as well as the unincorporated areas of Montecito, Summerland, and Isla Vista. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 4,832,900, or about 16,900 per weekday as of the first quarter of 2025.

Montecito, California
Montecito (archaic use of Spanish for woodland or countryside) is an unincorporated town in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast of California, Montecito sits between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Montecito is best known for its concentration of prominent and wealthy residents. In 2024, the median home price was $7.5 million. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Montecito as a census-designated place (CDP). The population as of 2022 is approximately 8,638 residents.
Leaiopria wildi
Leaiopria wildi is a species of parasitoid wasp in the subfamily Diapriinae of the family, Diapriidae, and was first described in 1980 by Ian D. Naumann & Lubomír Masner.

This species of wasp is endemic to Australia (Victoria), and is closely associated with Nasutitermes dixoni termites, from whose subterranean galleries it has been collected.

It is thought that Leaiopria wildi may parasitize immature stages of the termite N. dixoni.

Diapriidae
The Diapriidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. These tiny insects have an average length of 2–4 mm and never exceed 8 mm. They typically attack larvae and pupae of a wide range of insects, especially flies. The about 2,300 described species in around 200 described genera are divided into three subfamilies, and the group has a global distribution.

Diapriids show considerable diversity of form, with aptery (lack of wings) fairly common, sometimes in both sexes. Nearly all species exhibit noticeable sexual dimorphism, with males and females often mistaken for separate species. The wings, when present, show characteristically reduced venation, with the greatest reduction in the subfamilies Ambositrinae and Diapriinae.
6021st Reconnaissance Squadron
The 6021st Reconnaissance Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last was assigned to the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, stationed at Yokota Air Base, Japan.  It was discontinued on 8 December 1957.

Lockheed T-33
The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird) is an American subsonic jet trainer. It was produced by Lockheed and made its first flight in 1948. The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed P-80/F-80 starting as TP-80C/TF-80C in development, then designated T-33A.  It was used by the U.S. Navy initially as TO-2, then TV-2, and after 1962, T-33B. The last operator of the T-33, the Bolivian Air Force, retired the type in July 2017, after 44 years of service.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 451
United Nations Security Council Resolution 451, adopted on 15 June 1979, noted a report of the Secretary-General that, due to the existing circumstances, the presence of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) would continue to be essential for a peaceful settlement.

The council expressed its concerns regarding actions which could heighten tensions, and asked the Secretary-General to report back again before 30 November 1979 to follow the implementation of the resolution.

The council reaffirmed its previous resolutions, including Resolution 365 (1974), expressed its concern over the situation, urged the involved parties to work together toward peace and once more extended the stationing of the Force in Cyprus, established in Resolution 186 (1964), until 15 December 1979.

The resolution was adopted by 14 votes to none; China did not participate in the voting.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 186
United Nations Security Council Resolution 186, adopted unanimously on 4 March 1964 during the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, calling on all member states to conform to their obligations under the Charter, asked the Government of Cyprus to take all additional measures necessary to stop violence and bloodshed and called on communities in Cyprus and their leaders to act with restraint.  The resolution then recommended the creation of a peace-keeping force in the interest of preserving international peace and to prevent a recurrence of fighting and that, in agreement with the Governments of Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom, a mediator would be appointed to try to promote a peaceful solution to the problem confronting Cyprus.
Lynas
Lynas Rare Earths, Ltd.  is an Australian rare-earths mining company with two major operations: a mining and concentration plant at Mount Weld in Western Australia, and the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) in Kuantan, Malaysia. The company was founded in the 1990s and is headquartered in Perth, Western Australia.

The project produces radioactive waste, and has met with resistance from local communities.

Lynas is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange as a S&P/ASX 200 company.

Australian Securities Exchange
Australian Securities Exchange Ltd (ASX) is an Australian public company that operates Australia's primary securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange (sometimes referred to outside of Australia, or confused within Australia, as the Sydney Stock Exchange, which is a separate entity). The ASX was formed on 1 April 1987, through incorporation under legislation by the Parliament of Australia as an amalgamation of the six state securities exchanges. It merged with the Sydney Futures Exchange in 2006.

Today, ASX has an average daily turnover of A$4.685 billion and a market capitalisation of around A$1.6 trillion, making it one of the world's top 20 listed exchange groups and the largest in the southern hemisphere.

ASX Clear is the clearing house for all shares, structured products, warrants and ASX Equity Derivatives.
Falun Mine
Falun Mine (Swedish: Falu Gruva) was a mine in Falun, Sweden, that operated for a millennium from the 10th century to 1992. It produced as much as two-thirds of Europe's copper needs and helped fund many of Sweden's wars in the 17th century. Technological developments at the mine had a profound influence on mining globally for two centuries. The mine is now a museum and in 2001 was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Johan Gottlieb Gahn
Johan Gottlieb Gahn (19 August 1745 – 8 December 1818) was a Swedish chemist and metallurgist who isolated manganese in 1774.

Gahn studied in Uppsala from 1762 to 1770 and became acquainted with chemists Torbern Bergman and Carl Wilhelm Scheele. 1770 he settled in Falun, where he introduced improvements in copper smelting, and participated in building up several factories, including those for vitriol, sulfur and red paint.

He was the chemist for the Swedish Board of Mines from 1773 to 1817. He was very reluctant to publish his scientific findings himself, but freely communicated them to Bergman and Scheele. One of Gahn's discoveries was that manganese dioxide could be reduced to manganese metal using carbon, becoming the first to isolate this element in its metal form.

In 1784, Gahn was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He also had a managerial career in Swedish mining.
University Press of Mississippi
The University Press of Mississippi (UPM), founded in 1970, is a university press that is sponsored by the eight state universities in Mississippi (i.e., Alcorn State University, Delta State University, Jackson State University, Mississippi State University, Mississippi University for Women, Mississippi Valley State University, University of Mississippi, and the University of Southern Mississippi), making it one of the few university presses in the United States to have more than one affiliate university.

A member of the Association of University Presses since 1976, the University Press of Mississippi issues around 85 new books each year, and as of 2022, it has published over 2000 titles. The press is best known for its works pertaining to African American history, children's literature, pop culture media (e.g., film, television, and comic books), and regional studies.

Association of University Presses
The Association of University Presses (AUPresses) is an association of nonprofit, mostly, but not exclusively, North American university presses. It is based in New York City. Until December 2017, it was known as the Association of American University Presses (AAUP).

In 2021, AUPresses became an affiliate member of the American Council of Learned Societies. AUPresses is also an affiliate member of the International Publishers Association.