hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contact language
A contact language is a language developed spontaneously by two (or more) populations, each initially speaking their own language, as they come into regular contact and find ways to communicate together – whether for trade or other reasons.

Contact languages have varying degrees of complexity, depending on the duration and intensity of social relations between the two groups. They may range from basic trade languages with limited vocabulary, to fully-fledged language systems, known as pidgins and creoles.

When the resulting language shows a rough balance between elements of both original languages, it is labelled a hybrid or mixed language. When the contact language results from the merger of dialects that were already close to begin with, the resulting contact language is known as a koiné.

Koiné language
In linguistics, a koine or koiné language or dialect (pronounced /ˈkɔɪ.neɪ/, KOY-nay; from Ancient Greek  κοινή 'common') is a standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.

As speakers already understood one another before the advent of the koiné, the process of koineization is not as drastic as pidginization and creolization. Unlike pidginization and creolization, there is often no prestige dialect target involved in koineization.

The normal influence between neighbouring dialects is not regarded as koineization. A koiné variety emerges as a new spoken variety in addition to the originating dialects. It does not change any existing dialect, which distinguishes koineization from the normal evolution of dialects.

While similar to zonal auxiliary languages, koiné languages arise naturally, rather than being constructed.
Bekasi railway station
Bekasi Station (BKS) is a railway station located in Marga Mulya, North Bekasi, Bekasi, West Java. Located on an altitude of +19 meters above sea level, this station serves the KRL Commuterline and inter-city trains major cities in Java.

Kereta Api Indonesia
PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (lit. 'Indonesian Railways (State-owned) Limited', KAI) is the main state-owned railway operator of Indonesia. KAI provides intercity passenger services directly, while its subsidiaries provide commuter rail services (KAI Commuter), airport link services (KAI Bandara), freight rail services (KAI Logistik), as well as infrastructure maintenance (KAI Services). KAI also operates in other sectors, such as properties management (KAI Properti) and tourism (KAI Wisata). KAI also has indirect control of Whoosh through its ownership of a majority of shares in PT Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia (PSBI), another state-owned enterprise of Indonesia.

KAI operates on the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi, with a total of 6,945 kilometres (4,315 mi) of tracks. Also holds track-assets and planned services on Madura Island. In 2024, KAI carried 505 million passengers and 73.5 million tonnes of cargo, earning Rp 36.1 trillion in revenue.
Michael Coleman (bishop)
Christianity portal

The Rt Rev Michael Edward Coleman, was an Anglican bishop in the second quarter of the 20th century.

Born in April 1902  and educated at Bradfield College, he was ordained in 1928. After a curacy at Hucknall Torkard he was a Toc H Chaplain in Manchester and western Canada before joining the staff of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. In 1943 he became a Canon at Christ Church Cathedral, Victoria. Seven years later he was appointed  Bishop of Qu'Appelle, a post he held for a decade.

He died on 2 February 1969.

Bradfield College
Bradfield College is a coeducational public school (independent boarding and day school) for pupils aged 13–18, in the village of Bradfield, in Berkshire, in the United Kingdom. It is noted for its open-air Greek theatre and its triennial Greek play.

The school is a member of the Rugby Group, which also includes Rugby, Harrow, Shrewsbury, Wellington College and Charterhouse.

The college was founded in 1850 by Thomas Stevens, Rector and Lord of the Manor of Bradfield. It has around 490 male and 320 female pupils.
Liga IV Bucharest
Liga IV Bucharest is the municipal football division of Liga IV for clubs based in Bucharest, Romania. The competition is ranked as the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system and is organized by AMFB Bucharest – Asociația Municipală de Fotbal (lit. 'Municipal Football Association').

It is contested by a variable number of teams, depending on the number of teams relegated from Liga III, the number of teams promoted from Liga V Bucharest, and the teams that withdraw or enter the competition. The winner may or may not be promoted to Liga III, depending on the result of a promotion play-off contested against the winner of a neighboring county series.

București Region
Regiunea București (București/Bucharest region) was one of the newly established (in 1950) administrative divisions of the People's Republic of Romania, copied after the Soviet style of territorial organization.
Muscovy duck
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a shelduck native to the Americas, from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. The species has been domesticated, and feral Muscovy ducks can be found locally in New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and in Central and Eastern Europe.

Tadorna
The shelducks, most species of which are found in the genus Tadorna (except for the Radjah shelduck, which is now found in its own monotypic genus Radjah), are a group of large birds in the Tadornini tribe of the Anatidae, the biological family that includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl such as the geese and swans.
Escola de Formação de Oficiais da Marinha Mercante
The Merchant Marine Officers Training School (Portuguese: Escola de Formação de Oficiais da Marinha Mercante, EFOMM) is a military higher education institution, managed by the Brazilian Navy and maintained with resources from the Merchant Marine Fund. EFOMM serves as a reference center of the International Maritime Organization for the training of Merchant Marine Officers for the South American region.

In Brazil, there are two sister schools maintained by the Brazilian Navy, one being at the Centro de Instrução Almirante Graça Aranha (CIAGA), in Rio de Janeiro, and the other at the Centro de Instrução Almirante Brás de Aguiar (CIABA), in Belém, Pará.

Centro de Instrução Almirante Brás de Aguiar
The Almirante Brás de Aguiar Instruction Center (Portuguese: Centro de Instrução Almirante Brás de Aguiar, CIABA) OMN is a military organization of the Brazilian Navy. The institution it is charged with training officers for the Brazilian Merchant Marine and Brazilian Navy Reserve Officer Corps.

Located in the Amazon region, it nonetheless attracts exchange students from all over the country and even from other Latin American and African countries.  The students are Midshipmen in the Brazilian Navy during the three-year-long course. The Academy is certified by the International Maritime Organization and its graduates receive an STCW certificate.
WLWI-FM
WLWI-FM (92.3 FM, "I-92") is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States.  The station is owned by Cumulus Media and the broadcast license is held by Cumulus Licensing, Inc.  The WLWI studios are located on the third floor of The Colonial Financial Center in downtown Montgomery, and the transmitter tower is in Montgomery's northeast side.

Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.
Hans-Joachim Buddecke
Hans-Joachim Buddecke (22 August 1890  – 10 March 1918) was a German flying ace in World War I, credited with thirteen victories. He was the third ace, after Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke, to earn the Blue Max (Pour le Mérite). He saw combat in three theaters during the First World War: Bulgaria, Turkey, and the Western Front. His exploits at Gallipoli arena won him the nickname El-Schahin, "hunter falcon".

Royal Naval Air Service
The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force (RAF), the world's first independent air force.

It was replaced by the Fleet Air Arm, initially consisting of those RAF units that normally operated from ships, but emerging as a separate unit similar to the original RNAS by the time of the Second World War.
Thai calendar
In Thailand, two main calendar systems are used alongside each other: the Thai solar calendar, based on the Gregorian calendar and used for official and most day-to-day purposes, and the Thai lunar calendar (a version of the Buddhist calendar, technically a lunisolar calendar), used for traditional events and Buddhist religious practices.

Chinese astrology
Chinese astrology is based on traditional Chinese astronomy and the Chinese calendar. Chinese astrology flourished during the Han dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD).

Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmonies: heaven, earth, and human), and uses the principles of yin and yang, wuxing (five phases), the ten Heavenly Stems, the twelve Earthly Branches, the lunisolar calendar (moon calendar and sun calendar), and the time calculation after year, month, day, and shichen (時辰, double hour). These concepts are not readily found or familiar in Western astrology or culture.
La Fattoria season 2
La Fattoria 2 is the second season of The Farm was held in 2005, and is one that has undergone major changes. It aired from March 16, 2005 on Canale 5 (the last season was aired on Italia 1) with the conduction of Barbara D'Urso, who has replaced Daria Bignardi as happened previously in the conduct of Grande Fratello. As posted in the location, a ranch in Brazil, was chosen Pupo.

The edition was won by Raffaello Tonon, who clashed for the final victory Sunday, May 29 with singer Mal and Patrizia Rossetti, with whom he befriended in the transmission, the final was followed by 5.696 million (with 31.58% share).

The Farm (franchise)
The Farm is a reality competition television franchise format created by the Swedish producer Strix. With over 100 licenses sold around the world and aired in more than 50 countries, The Farm is one of their most popular formats, including The Bar and Fame Factory. It has been constantly on air somewhere in the world since 2001. The format is distributed by Fremantle.
Harutoridaichi Pit Dwellings
The Harutoridaichi Pit Dwelling site (春採台地竪穴群, Harutoridaichi tateana-gun) is an archaeological site located in the Harutoridaichi neighbourhood of the city of Kushiro, Hokkaidō, Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1935.

Kushiro
Kushiro (釧路市, Kushiro-shi) is a city in Kushiro Subprefecture on the island of Hokkaido, Japan. Located along the coast of the North Pacific Ocean, it serves as the subprefecture's capital and it is the most populated city in the eastern part of the island.  As of 31 October 2025, the city had an estimated population of 151,833 in 90771 households, and a population density of 111 people per km2. The total area of the city is 1,363.26 km2 (526.36 sq mi).
Zhang Jun (prince)
Zhang Jun (張駿 Zhāng Jùn; 307 – 28 June 346), courtesy name Gongting (公庭), formally Duke Zhongcheng of Xiping (西平忠成公, posthumous name given by Jin Dynasty) or Duke Wen of Xiping (西平文公, posthumous name used internally in Former Liang) was a ruler of the Chinese Former Liang state. During his reign, he at times used the Jin-created title of Duke of Xiping, but when forced to submit to Former Zhao and Later Zhao, he used the title "Prince of Liang". Late in his reign, even when not under Later Zhao's pressure, he claimed the title of "Acting Prince of Liang." During the brief reign of his son Zhang Zuo, he was honored as Prince Wen of Liang (涼文王). The Book of Jin describes Zhang Jun as having an extraordinary appearance and was talented at literature. However, he was also an extravagant and dissipated man.

Zhang Shi (Former Liang)
Zhang Shi (Chinese: 張寔, died c.August 320) was the regional warlord and ruler in the Former Liang state.  He was the eldest son of Zhang Gui, who was a governor of Liang province under the Jin Dynasty. In 314, Zhang Shi inherited the title Duke of Xiping as well as the governorship of Liang from his father. He was posthumously known as Prince Ming of Former Liang (Chinese: 涼明王)

When the Western Jin Dynasty collapsed, Zhang Shi declared Liang an independent regional state, but decided to retain the Jin calendar system.  In 320 AD, he was killed by an associate named Yan Sha (Chinese: 閻沙). Zhang's younger brother Zhang Mao replaced him.
2026 Colorado State Treasurer election
The 2026 Colorado State Treasurer election will be held on November 3, 2026, to elect the Colorado State Treasurer. Primary elections will be held on June 30. Incumbent Democratic treasurer Dave Young is term-limited and ineligible to run for re-election, initially choosing to run for U.S. House, but later withdrew.

Colorado Senate
The Colorado State Senate is the upper house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Colorado. It is composed of 35 members elected from single-member districts, with each district having a population of about 123,000 as of the 2000 census. Senators are elected to four-year terms, and are limited to two consecutive terms in office. Senators who are term-limited become eligible to run again after a one-term (four year) respite.

The Colorado Senate convenes at the State Capitol in Denver.
Michael Barber (wide receiver)
Michael Dale Barber, Jr. (born June 19, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Marshall University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2005. Selected in the fourth round (pick 112) of the 1989 NFL draft by the San Francisco 49ers, he played four seasons in the NFL. He was inducted into the West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2020.

West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame
The West Virginia Sports Hall of Fame is an athletics hall of fame in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The inductees are selected by the West Virginia Sports Writers Association. As of 2025, there are a total of 193 members.
1986 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1986 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.

Torneo di Viareggio
The Torneo di Viareggio (English: Viareggio Tournament), officially named the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale, is a youth association football tournament held annually in the commune of Viareggio, Italy and its surrounding areas. Established in 1949, the Torneo di Viareggio is considered one of the most important youth football tournaments in the world.

It coincides with the Carnival of Viareggio, starting on the third Monday of Carneval. The tournament runs for a fortnight, and finishes on the last Monday of Carnival. For this reason, it is also known as Coppa Carnevale (English: Carnival Cup).
Bonitus (magister militum)
Bonitus was a Salian Frank of Laetic origin. He was the first ever Frank to be made magister militum, in 324. He fought beside Constantine against Licinius and was the father of the general Claudius Silvanus.

Magister militum
Magister militum (Latin for "master of soldiers"; pl.: magistri militum) was a top-level military command used in the late Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great. The term referred to the senior military officer (equivalent to a war theatre commander, the emperor remaining the supreme commander) of the empire. The office continued to exist and evolve during the early Byzantine Empire. In Greek sources, the term is translated either as strategos or as stratelates (although these terms were also used non-technically to refer to commanders of different ranks).
Tébessa
Tébessa or Tebessa (Arabic: تبسة Tibissa, Tbessa or Tibesti), the classical Theveste, is the capital city of Tébessa Province in northeastern Algeria, near the border with Tunisia. It hosts several historical landmarks, the most important one being the wall that surrounds the city and its gates. The city is also known for its traditional Algerian carpets. Tébessa was home to over 190,000 people in 2007.

Tebessa Basilica
The Tébessa Basilica is a Late Roman archeological site located in the eastern Algerian city of Theveste, which is known today as Tébessa. It is one of the largest remains of Roman basilicas in Northern Africa. It was dedicated to St. Crispina to honor her martyrdom in 305 CE. This basilica was originally thought to have been created as a secular building for the Roman military; it developed into a religious building as new additions were built in the 4th and 5th century.
Host (film)
Host is a 2020 British independent screenlife supernatural horror film directed by Rob Savage, who co-wrote it with Gemma Hurley and Jed Shepherd. A screenlife film that takes place entirely on a Zoom video call, it follows a group of friends who inadvertently summon a demon during an online séance.

After the viral success of a short prank video by Savage featuring a handful of the film's cast, he developed the concept into a feature-length film, which was shot over 12 weeks directly on the Zoom software during the COVID-19 pandemic. The cast members were in charge of their own cameras, sound, makeup, lighting, and stunts, with Savage directing them remotely from his home.

Host debuted on Shudder on 30 July 2020, and was released in cinemas and digital platforms by Vertigo Releasing on 4 December 2020. The film received positive reviews from critics, who praised its themes of social anxiety, its use of jump scares, and the cast's chemistry.

Screenlife
Screenlife or computer screen film is a form of visual storytelling in which events are shown entirely on a computer, tablet, or smartphone screen. It became popular in the 2010s owing to the growing impact of the Internet and mobile devices. Within a video essay, the format is often called desktop documentary.
2019 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2019 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 125th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The championship began on 12 April 2019 and ended on 6 October 2019.

Na Piarsaigh were the defending champions.

On 6 October 2019, Patrickswell won the championship after a 1–17 to 0–15 defeat of Na Piarsaigh in the final at the LIT Gaelic Grounds. This was their 20th championship title overall and their first title since 2016.

Murroe-Boher's Seán Tobin was the championship's top scorer with 2–53.

2018 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2018 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 124th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The group stage placings were confirmed on 21 November 2017. The championship began on 20 April 2018 and ended on 27 October 2018.

Na Piarsaigh were the defending champions.

On 27 October 2018, Na Piarsaigh won the title following a 2–22 to 3–10 defeat of Doon in the final at the Gaelic Grounds. It was their fifth championship title overall and their second title in succession.

Na Piarsaigh's Shane Dowling was the championship's top scorer with 1–65.
Chatham Memorial Arena
The Chatham Memorial Arena is an ice hockey arena located in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, built in 1949. The arena seats approximately 2,500 spectators and is the home to the Chatham Maroons of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.  Located in a residential area on the south side of Chatham, the Memorial Arena has seen numerous renovations in the past ten years, the most recent addition being the installation of a larger, more modern score clock as well as improved lighting.

The Chatham Memorial Arena is the largest sports venue in the municipality of Chatham-Kent.  The facility houses ice hockey and figure skating in the winter and ball hockey in the summer.  It is also an integral part of the annual Jaycee Fair festivities.

Amenities in the venue are limited.  With only two concession stands, one souvenir stand and single washrooms, the arena is outdated.  However, the arena features a very rustic if not rough atmosphere, and the local fans do their best to add to this.

OHA Senior A League (1890–1979)
The Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League was a top tier Canadian senior ice hockey league in Ontario from 1890 until 1979.  The league was sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association and the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association and its clubs competed for the Allan Cup.
Stanisław Zagórski
Stanisław Andrzej Zagórski (born 11 January 1933) is a Polish graphic designer, illustrator, type designer and educator. He is known for his work in book design, record jackets, magazine illustration, posters and advertisements. Zagórski is one of the founders of the Polish School of Posters and became one of the first Polish graphic artists to achieve success in the United States. He has received numerous creative awards from the American Institute of Graphic Arts, the Art Directors Club of New York, and the Society of Illustrators.

Society of Illustrators
The Society of Illustrators (SoI) is a professional society based in New York City. It was founded in 1901 to promote the art of illustration and, since 1959, has held an annual exhibition.

Since absorbing the Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art (MoCCA) in 2012, the Society has also promoted the art of comics. In addition to its holding exhibitions in its own Museum of American Illustration, the Society holds the annual MoCCA Festival, an independent comics showcase.
Abyei District
Abyei District was a former district of the Sudan, considered part of the state of West Kurdufan.  Upon the dissolution of West Kurdufan in 2005, it was included in the state of South Kurdufan.  Its administrative centre was the town of Abyei.

South Kordofan
South Kordofan (Arabic: جنوب كردفان Ǧanūb Kurdufān) is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 158,355 km2 and an estimated population of approximately 2,107,623 people (2018 est). Kaduqli is the capital of the state. It is centered on the Nuba Mountains. At one time it was supposed that South Kordofan was the only state in (North) Sudan suitable for producing oil, but oil has also been discovered in neighboring White Nile State in larger quantities.

Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, residents of South Kordofan were to hold popular consultations in 2011 to determine the constitutional future of the state. However, South Kordofan governor Ahmed Haroun suspended the process, and violence followed. Haroun had previously been charged with war crimes against civilians and crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.