hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 4419
NGC 4419 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Coma Berenices.  It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 8 April 1784.

NGC 4419 is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.
Laghetto
Laghetto is a frazione of the comune of Colico, Lombardy, northern Italy.

Laghetto is a new name designed to combine many places, such as Borgonuovo, Fiumarga, La Cà and Corte, in a single village, the name officially appearing in 1770. In 1760 began the migration of some families who lived in Olgiasca following a tax dispute with the Austrian.

Sights include the church of Saint Fidelis of Como.

Colico
Colico (Comasque: Còlich [ˈkɔlik] or Còlegh [ˈkɔlek]; Latin: Colicum) is a town and comune in the province of Lecco, in Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated on the northern arm of Lake Como, where the river Adda enters the lake. Colico is the largest town in the northern part of Lake Como, which is often identified as its Colico branch.

Colico is a local transport hub, with boats to Como and Lecco, as well as trains and roads to Milan (via the eastern shore of the lake, Lecco and Brianza), to Chiavenna, and eastwards to Bolzano, via Passo dello Stelvio.

The Abbey of Piona on the Olgiasca peninsula lies within the comune.
2019 Women's South American Volleyball Championship
The 2019 Women's South American Volleyball Championship was the 33rd edition of the Women's South American Volleyball Championship held in Cajamarca, Peru and organised by South America's governing volleyball body, the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV).

Women's South American Volleyball Championship
The Women's South American Volleyball Championship is the official competition for senior women's national volleyball teams of South America, organized by the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV). The initial gap between championships was variable, but since 1967 they have been awarded every two years. The competition has been dominated by Brazil and Peru.
Tean, Staffordshire
Tean is a large village in the civil parish of Checkley in the Staffordshire Moorlands district, in the county of Staffordshire, England. It is around 15 miles (24 km) south-east of Stoke-on-Trent. The River Tean runs through the village, heading east towards Uttoxeter.

The village is itself composed of two villages: Upper Tean and Lower Tean. It is part of the Checkley ward. At the 2021 census the population of Tean was 98.7% white, 0.7% mixed, 0.4% Asian and 0.2% black.

The Heath House, a Gothic Revival mansion and estate, is located to the east of the village. The village also contains an historic tape mill (now converted into apartments / flats).

There are a number of pubs and shops, a doctors' surgery, nurseries, a village hall (Greatwood Hall), three churches, and a small park. There is free car parking signposted off one end of the High Street (between the two pubs).

Major employers in the area include Alton Towers, JCB, Toyota, and Fox's Biscuits.

Staffordshire Moorlands
Staffordshire Moorlands is a local government district in Staffordshire, England. Its council is based in Leek, the district's largest town. The district also contains the towns of Biddulph and Cheadle, along with a large rural area containing many villages. North-eastern parts of the district lie within the Peak District National Park.

The area's principal industries are agriculture, fashion and tourism. Visitor attractions include the National Trust property Biddulph Grange, the Churnet Valley Railway, the UK's largest theme park Alton Towers Resort, and the annual Leek Arts Festival. There are also a variety of outdoor pursuits such as rock climbing (The Roaches), sailing (Rudyard Lake) and cycling (Waterhouses).

The neighbouring districts are East Staffordshire, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Cheshire East, High Peak and Derbyshire Dales.
Beals v Saldanha
Beals v Saldanha is a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the conflict of laws, where the court established the requirements to enforce foreign judgments in Canada. The court held that foreign judgments were enforceable in Canada where there was a "real and substantial connection" between the foreign jurisdiction and the subject matter giving rise to the claim.

Real and substantial connection
In Canadian law, a real and substantial connection or the real and substantial connection test is a legal  principle used to determine whether a subject matter falls within a jurisdiction. The phrase was first adopted in Canada in the Supreme Court of Canada decision of Libman v. The Queen (1985). It is used in several circumstances in matters of conflict of laws.
Jonathan Ingram
Jonathan Ingram (born 23 June 1961) is an Australian inventor, businessman and author. He is particularly associated with development of early building information modelling (BIM) applications, including Sonata, Reflex and ProReflex - described as "the precursor to modern BIM applications". He was awarded the British Computer Society Medal for Outstanding Innovation in 1990, and the Royal Academy of Engineering's Prince Philip Medal in 2016 for his "exceptional contribution to Engineering".

Autodesk Revit
Autodesk Revit is a building information modeling software for architects, structural engineers, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) engineers, and contractors. The original software was developed by Charles River Software, founded in 1997, renamed Revit Technology Corporation in 2000 and acquired by Autodesk in 2002. The software allows users to design a building and structure and its components in 3D Modeling, annotate the model with 2D drafting elements and access building information from the building model's database. Revit is 4D building information modeling (BIM) application capable with tools to plan and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from concept to construction and later maintenance and/or demolition.
Leven distillery
Leven distillery is an experimental Scotch single malt whisky distillery and bottling facility in Leven, Scotland. It is owned by the drinks giant Diageo. The bottling and packaging facility claims to be the biggest packaging plant on the planet. It is also therefore reported as Diageo’s largest packaging plant in the world.

Single malt Scotch
Single malt Scotch refers to single malt whisky made in Scotland. To qualify for this category, a whisky must have been distilled at a single distillery using a pot still distillation process and made from a mash of malted barley. Therefore, a single malt means that the whisky has not been blended elsewhere with whisky from other distilleries. As with any Scotch whisky, a single malt Scotch must be distilled in Scotland and matured in oak casks in Scotland for at least three years, although most single malts are matured longer.
Sara Varone
Sara Varone  (born 27 December 1972) is an Italian television host.

In 2006 her TV first appearance on Mediaset main channel Canale 5 in the Sunday afternoon show ‘’’Buona Domenica’’’ hosted by Paola Perego. In the show together with Elisabetta Gregoraci held a regular session devoted to “Gossip”. She remained part of the cast until 2009.

In 2009 she appeared on stage in a production of “Airplane”  (a theater adaptation of the movie of the same name). 
And in 2010 in the  play “Un giorno lungo quarant'anni” with Gianfranco D'Angelo.

Elisabetta Gregoraci
Elisabetta Gregoraci (born 8 February 1980) is an Italian fashion model and TV personality.

She was born in Soverato, province of Catanzaro, Calabria, in southern Italy.  Gregoraci started her career on the Italian television show Libero as a dancer, before replacing model Eva Herzigová for the Wonderbra campaign.
Graphical representations of two-way-contest opinion polling data from the 2008 United States presidential election
This article provides line graphs and bar charts of scientific, nationwide public opinion polls that have been conducted relating to the 2008 United States presidential election. All graph data is taken from Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008 and Statewide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2008. This page was last updated on November 8, 2008.

Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election
Statewide public opinion polls that were conducted relating to the 2008 United States presidential election are as follows.

Democratic nomineeBarack Obama

Republican nomineeJohn McCain

Democratic vice presidential nomineeJoe Biden

Republican vice presidential nomineeSarah Palin
Education in Ukraine
Starting in September 2018, children who start school have 12 years of education, while those already in school complete their studying by 11-year system. As a rule, schooling begins at the age of 6, unless your birthday is on or after 1 September.  In 2016/17, the number of students in primary and secondary school reached 3,846,000, in vocational school 285,800, and in higher education 1,586,700 students. According to 2017 EduConf speech of the (then) Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine, Liliya Hrynevych, the amount of budget financing for the sphere of education would reach about ₴53 billion in 2017 (compared to 42 in 2016).

The NGO Human Rights Measurement Initiative in the spring of 2022 concluded that Ukraine is fulfilling 84.2% of what they should be fulfilling on the right to education, based on their level of income.

Academic year
An academic year, or school year, is a period that schools, colleges and universities use to measure the duration of studies for a given educational level. Academic years are often divided into academic terms. Students attend classes and do relevant exams and homework during this time, which comprises school days (days when there is education) and school holidays (when there is a break from education). The duration of school days, holidays and school year varies across the world. The days in the school year depend on the state or country. For example, in most of the US states, there are 180 days in a school year, but in the US state of Minnesota there are 165 days in the year.
Saint Saviour, Guernsey
St Saviour (Guernésiais: Saint Sauveux; French: Saint-Sauveur) is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey. It is situated on the west coast of the island, west of the parish of Castel, east of St Pierre du Bois, and south of Perelle bay.

People from Saint Sauveux were nicknamed "fouormillaons" in Guernésiais, the insular Norman language of the island. The postal code for street addresses in this parish begins with GY7.

Parishes of Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey includes the island of Guernsey and other islands such as Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, Brecqhou, and Lihou. Each parish was established, probably in the 11th century, as a religious area, each having its parish church. Administratively each parish is now administered by an elected council known as a Douzaine.
DVB-HTML
DVB-HTML, or Digital Video Broadcast HyperText Markup Language, is a standard for allowing digital televisions to access web content. It is an optional part of the larger MHP1.1 standard of DVB.

The specification is based on a modularized version of XHTML 1.1, and also includes Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 2.0, Document Object Model (DOM) 2.0, and ECMAScript (also known as JavaScript).

XHTML
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages which mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.

While HTML, prior to HTML5, was defined as an application of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a flexible markup language framework, XHTML is an application of XML, a more restrictive subset of SGML. XHTML documents are well-formed and may therefore be parsed using standard XML parsers, unlike HTML, which requires a lenient, HTML-specific parser.

XHTML 1.0 became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation on 26 January 2000. XHTML 1.1 became a W3C recommendation on 31 May 2001. XHTML is now referred to as "the XML syntax for HTML" and being developed as an XML adaptation of the HTML living standard.
The Punisher (1993 video game)
The Punisher is a 1993 beat 'em up video game developed and published by Capcom for arcades. It stars the Marvel Comics antihero the Punisher and co-stars S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Nick Fury as the second player's character as they embark on a mission to kill the crime lord the Kingpin and bring down his organization. While following the same general formula as Capcom's previous beat 'em ups, the game has a range of usable weapons and a comic book-style presentation.

The Punisher gained significant popularity in arcades and is widely regarded as one of the best titles in the beat 'em up genre as well as one of the best video game adaptations of comic books. A Sega Genesis port was developed by Sculptured Software and published by Capcom to mixed reviews and commercial failure.

PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
Pleomorphism (cytology)
Pleomorphism is a term used in histology and cytopathology to describe variability in the size, shape and staining of cells and/or their nuclei. Several key determinants of cell and nuclear size, like ploidy and the regulation of cellular metabolism, are commonly disrupted in tumors. Therefore,  cellular and nuclear pleomorphism is one of the earliest hallmarks of cancer progression and a feature characteristic of malignant neoplasms and dysplasia. Certain benign cell types may also exhibit pleomorphism, e.g. neuroendocrine cells, Arias-Stella reaction.

A rare type of rhabdomyosarcoma that is found in adults is known as pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma.

Despite the prevalence of pleomorphism in human pathology, its role in disease progression is unclear. In epithelial tissue, pleomorphism in cellular size can induce packing defects and disperse aberrant cells. But the consequence of atypical cell and nuclear morphology in other tissues is unknown.

Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy, microanatomy or histoanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures visible without a microscope.

Historically, microscopic anatomy was divided into organology, the study of organs, histology, the study of tissues, and cytology, the study of cells, although modern usage places all of these topics under the field of histology. In medicine, histopathology is the branch of histology that includes the microscopic identification and study of diseased tissue. In the field of paleontology, the term paleohistology refers to the histology of fossil organisms.
Olfactory trigone
The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance.

Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract.

It is part of the olfactory pathway.

Olfactory system
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for the sense of smell (olfaction). Olfaction is one of the special senses directly associated with specific organs. Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances, while the accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli.

The senses of smell and taste (gustatory system) are often referred to together as the chemosensory system, because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction.
Francis of Paola
Francis of Paola, O.M. (also known as Francis the Fire Handler; 27 March 1416 – 2 April 1507), was a Roman Catholic friar from the town of Paola in Calabria who founded the Order of Minims. He was named after Francis of Assisi and like him (but unlike most founders of men's religious orders) Francis of Paola was never ordained a priest.

Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (or Xystus IV, Italian: Sisto IV; born Francesco della Rovere; (21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 until his death in 1484. His accomplishments as pope included the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the creation of the Vatican Library. A patron of the arts, he brought together the group of artists who ushered the early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city's new artistic age.

Sixtus created the Spanish Inquisition through the Papal bull Exigit Sinceræ Devotionis (1478), and annulled the Pontifical decrees of the Council of Constance. He was noted for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi conspiracy, a plot to remove the Medici family from power in Florence.
2015 Big League World Series
The 2015 Big League World Series took place from July 28 - August 4 in Easley, South Carolina, United States. Guayama, Puerto Rico defeated Thousand Oaks, California in the championship game.

A modified double-elimination format was introduced this year.

Big League World Series
The Big League World Series was a baseball tournament for youth aged 15 to 18 years old that began in 1968. On August 26, 2016, Little League International announced that it was eliminating the Big League Level of both baseball and softball, citing low participation levels over the previous 15 years. It was patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball. Most recently, the tournament was held in Easley, South Carolina.

The Big League World Series was held at four different sites.

Winston-Salem, North Carolina 1968–1969

Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1970–1998

Tucson, Arizona 1999–2000

Easley, South Carolina 2001–2016
Cortana (virtual assistant)
Cortana is a discontinued virtual assistant developed by Microsoft that used the Bing search engine to perform tasks such as setting reminders and answering questions for users.

Cortana was available in English, Portuguese, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese language editions, depending on the software platform and region in which it was used.

In 2019, Microsoft began reducing the prevalence of Cortana and converting it from an assistant into different software integrations. It was split from the Windows 10 search bar in April 2019. In January 2020, the Cortana mobile app was removed from certain markets, and on March 31, 2021, the Cortana mobile app was shut down globally. On June 2, 2023, Microsoft announced that support for the Cortana standalone app on Microsoft Windows would end in late 2023 and would be replaced by Microsoft Copilot, an AI chatbot. Support for Cortana in the Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft 365 mobile apps was discontinued in fall of 2023.

Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge is a proprietary cross-platform web browser created by Microsoft and based on the Chromium open-source project, superseding Edge Legacy. In Windows 11, Edge is the only browser available from Microsoft. However, a bypass is available to open Internet Explorer.

First made available only for Android and iOS in 2017, in late 2018, Microsoft announced it would completely rebuild Edge as a Chromium-based browser with Blink and V8 engines, which allowed the browser to be ported from Windows 10 to macOS and Linux. The new Edge was publicly released in January 2020, and on Xbox as well as Linux in 2021. Edge was also available on Windows 7 and 8/8.1 until early 2023.

By 2022, Edge was used by 11% of PCs worldwide. In February 2023, according to StatCounter, Microsoft Edge became the third most popular browser in the world, behind Safari and Chrome, while as of January 2025, Edge is second most popular PC/desktop web browser with Safari sliding to 3rd place.
Ari Sirka
Ari Sirka (Aymara ari pointed, sharp, sirka vein of the body or a mine, "pointed vein", also spelled Arisirka) is a mountain in the western extensions of the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4,460 m (14,630 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Los Andes Province, Batallas Municipality. It lies at the Lawrawani Lake.

Cordillera Real (Bolivia)
The Cordillera Real is a mountain range in the South American Altiplano of Bolivia, forming part of the Andes. This range of fold mountains, largely composed of granite, is located southeast of Lake Titicaca, and east of the Bolivian capital of La Paz. The range stretches 125 km in length and 20 km in width. Even though it is only 17° south of the Equator, the Cordillera Real is relatively densely glaciated. This is due to its proximity to the Amazon lowlands with its associated moist air masses.
SMS Wolf (1860)
SMS Wolf was a steam gunboat of the Jäger class built for the Prussian Navy in the late 1850s and early 1860s. The ship was ordered as part of a program to strengthen Prussia's coastal defense forces, then oriented against neighboring Denmark. She was armed with a battery of three guns. The ship saw very little activity during her career. She was activated during the three wars of German unification: the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864. the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. She participated in a minor skirmish against Danish forces in the first conflict, and then took part in operations against the Kingdom of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War. She saw no action during the war with France. Wolf remained in service until mid-1873; she was struck from the naval register in 1875, used as a storage hulk for nearly a decade, before being sunk as a target ship for torpedo tests in 1884. The wreck was then raised and scrapped.

Jade Bight
The Jade Bight (also known as Jade Bay; German: Jadebusen, pronounced [ˈjaːdəˌbuːzn̩] ⓘ) is a bight or bay on the North Sea coast of Germany. It was formerly known simply as (the) Jade or Jahde. Because of the very low input of freshwater, it is classified as a bay rather than an estuary.