hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contraction (operator theory)
In operator theory, a bounded operator T: X → Y between normed vector spaces X and Y is said to be a contraction if its operator norm ||T || ≤ 1. This notion is a special case of the concept of a contraction mapping, but every bounded operator becomes a contraction after suitable scaling. The analysis of contractions provides insight into the structure of operators, or a family of operators. The theory of contractions on Hilbert space is largely due to Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy and Ciprian Foias.

Hille–Yosida theorem
In functional analysis in mathematics, the Hille–Yosida theorem characterizes the generators of strongly continuous one-parameter semigroups of linear operators on Banach spaces. It is sometimes stated for the special case of contraction semigroups, with the general case being called the Feller–Miyadera–Phillips theorem (after William Feller, Isao Miyadera, and Ralph Phillips). The contraction semigroup case is widely used in the theory of Markov processes. In other scenarios, the closely related Lumer–Phillips theorem is often more useful in determining whether a given operator generates a strongly continuous contraction semigroup. The Hille–Yosida theorem is named after mathematicians Einar Hille and Kōsaku Yosida, who independently proved it around 1948.
Chevrolet Vega
The Chevrolet Vega is a subcompact automobile manufactured and marketed by GM's Chevrolet division from 1970 until 1977. Available in two-door hatchback, notchback, wagon, and sedan delivery body styles, all models were powered by an inline four-cylinder engine designed specifically for the Vega, with a lightweight aluminum alloy cylinder block. The Vega first went on sale in Chevrolet dealerships on September 10, 1970. Variants included the Cosworth Vega, a short-lived limited-production performance version introduced spring 1975.

The Vega received the 1971 Motor Trend Car of the Year. Subsequently, the car became widely known for a range of problems related to its engineering, reliability, safety, propensity to rust, and engine durability. Despite numerous recalls and design upgrades, Vega's problems tarnished its reputation and that of General Motors. Production ended with the 1977 model year.

The car was named for Vega, the brightest star in the constellation Lyra.

Bumper (car)
A bumper is a structure attached to or integrated with the front and rear ends of a motor vehicle, to absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs. Stiff metal bumpers appeared on automobiles as early as 1904 that had a mainly ornamental function. Numerous developments, improvements in materials and technologies, as well as greater focus on functionality for protecting vehicle components and improving safety have changed bumpers over the years. Bumpers ideally minimize height mismatches between vehicles and protect pedestrians from injury. Regulatory measures have been enacted to reduce vehicle repair costs and, more recently, impact on pedestrians.
Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration
The Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration was one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals, the organization set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). At the 70th National Film Awards, the category was discontinued and combined with Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation, Best Film on Family Welfare and Best Film on Other Social Issues. The new award is named as Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values.

The award was instituted in 1965, at 13th National Film Awards and awarded annually for films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
Sarangdhar Sinha
Sarangdhar Sinha (6 February 1899 – 30 June 1982) was an Indian legislator, parliamentarian and academic. He was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha (1952-1957), lower house of the Parliament of India from Pataliputra in Bihar.

1st Lok Sabha
The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. The First Session of this Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May 1952.

Total Lok Sabha seats were 489 and total eligible voters were 17.3 crores. The Indian National Congress (INC) won 364 seats. They were followed by Independents, winning a total of 37 seats. The Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Socialist Party (India) followed with 16 and 12 seats respectively. Indian National Congress got 45% of the total votes in this election and won 76% of the 479 contested seats.
Turner's eremomela
Turner's eremomela (Eremomela turneri) is a species of bird formerly placed since 1990 in the "Old World warbler" (Sylviidae) assemblage. It was since definitely placed in the family Cisticolidae in 2008 after multiple genetic analysis.

It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Nandi County
Nandi County is a county in Kenya in the North Rift, occupying an area of 2,884.4 square kilometres. Its capital, Kapsabet, is the largest town in the county while other towns include Mosoriot, Tinderet, Kobujoi, Kaiboi, Kabiyet and Nandi Hills. According to a 2019 census, the county has a population of 885,711, made up of a number of Kenyan communities, the majority of whom belong to the native tribe called Nandi.

Geographically, the unique jug-shaped structure of Nandi County is bound by the Equator to the south and extends northwards to latitude 0034’N. The western boundary extends to west. The county's major area is covered by the Nandi Hills.
No Time to Die (1958 film)
No Time to Die (U.S. title: Tank Force!; also known as Tankforce) is a 1958 British war film directed by Terence Young and starring Victor Mature, Leo Genn, Anthony Newley and Bonar Colleano. It is about American sergeant David Thatcher in the British Army during the Second World War.

11th Hussars
The 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army established in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the First World War and Second World War but then amalgamated with the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales' Own) to form the Royal Hussars in 1969.
2013 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 2013 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Bulldogs were led by ninth year head coach Kevin Higgins and played their home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. They played as members of the Southern Conference, as they have since 1936. They finished the season 5–7, 4–4 in SoCon play to finish in a four way tie for fourth place.

At the end of the season, head coach Kevin Higgins resigned to become an assistant coach at Wake Forest.

Johnson Hagood Stadium
Johnson Hagood Stadium is an 11,500-seat football stadium, the home field of The Citadel Bulldogs football team, in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. The stadium is named in honor of Brigadier General Johnson Hagood, CSA, class of 1847, who commanded Confederate forces in Charleston during the Civil War and later served as Comptroller and Governor of South Carolina.
Governor of Ağrı
The Governor of Ağrı (Turkish: Ağrı Valiliği) is the bureaucratic state official responsible for both national government and state affairs in the Province of Ağrı. Similar to the Governors of the 80 other Provinces of Turkey, the Governor of Ağrı is appointed by the Government of Turkey and is responsible for the implementation of government legislation within Ağrı. The Governor is also the most senior commander of both the Ağrı provincial police force and the Ağrı Gendarmerie.

Ministry of Interior (Turkey)
The Ministry of Interior or Ministry of the Interior or Interior Ministry (Turkish: İçişleri Bakanlığı lit. Ministry of Internal Affairs) is a government ministry of the Republic of Turkey, responsible for interior security affairs in Turkey.

As of 10 February 2026, the current Minister of the Interior is Mustafa Çiftçi.
Makaa–Njem languages
The Makaa–Njem languages are a group of Bantu languages spoken in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. They are coded Zone A.80 in Guthrie's classification.

According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), adding the Kako languages (Guthrie's A.90) forms a valid node, called Pomo–Bomwali (Kairn Klieman 1997).

Kwakum language
Kwakum (ISO [kwu]) is classified as belonging to the Bantu subgroup A90 (Kaka) of the Zone “A” Bantu languages, and specifically labelled A91 by Guthrie. According to one of the newest updates to the Bantu classification system, other languages belonging to this subgroup are: Pol (A92a), Pɔmɔ (A92b), Kweso (A92C) and Kakɔ (A93). The Kwakum people refer to themselves (and their language) as either Kwakum or Bakoum (sometimes spelled Bakum). However, they say that the "Bakoum" pronunciation only began after the arrival of Europeans in Cameroon, though it is frequently used today. Kwakum is mainly spoken in the East region of Cameroon, southwest of the city Bertoua.
1998–99 Croatian Second Football League
The 1998–99 Druga HNL was the 8th season of Druga HNL, the second level league in Croatian football.

The format of the league was changed and the five regional subdivisions which composed the Druga HNL in the 1997–98 season were merged into a single nationwide format for the 1998–99 season. A total of 19 clubs competed in Druga HNL this season, in a double round-robin format.

1997–98 Croatian Second Football League
The 1997–98 Druga HNL (also known as 2. HNL) season was the 7th season of Croatia's second-level football since its establishment in 1992.

The league consisted of 82 teams organized into three geographic groups: Sjever (North, 16 teams), Istok (East, 16 teams), Središte (Center, 17 teams), Zapad (West, 16 teams), and Jug (South, 17 teams).
Orivirran saarto
Orivirran saarto is a ruin of a 16th-century fortress located in Savonranta, Finland. It is believed to be built some time between 1540 and 1550 and was used until the beginning of the 17th century. Its status was to be an early warning for the St. Olaf's Castle which is still located 50 km to south. It has a four cornered layout with dimensions of 60 m by 20 m build from stones and an outer fortress around 65 m by 75 m. When operational it had 300 to 400 soldiers and 5 to 10 cannons.

In 1592 Russians and Cossacks destroyed the fortress. It did not survive after that and today there exists only some ruins of the fortress with a memorial stone (1965, H. Havas).

Olavinlinna
Olavinlinna (Finnish: [ˈolɑʋinˌlinːɑ]; Swedish: Olofsborg), also known as St. Olaf's Castle, is a 15th-century three-tower castle located in Savonlinna, Finland. It is built on an island in the Kyrönsalmi strait that connects the lakes Haukivesi and Pihlajavesi. It is the northernmost medieval stone fortress still standing and also the best preserved of all the medieval castles in the Swedish realm.
The castle forms a spectacular stage for the Savonlinna Opera Festival, which was held for the first time in the summer of 1912.
Olivier Brousse
Olivier Brousse (born 28 February 1965) is the CEO of the largest European landscaping company with 1 bn € of annual revenues from 6 countries. He joined in 2021. Before joining idverde he was CEO of John Laing PLC in London, an international greenfield infrastructure investor, where he led the successful IPO and grew the business internationally.

Previously he was CEO of the Saur Group, the third largest water and waste company in France, CEO of Veolia Transportation in the US, and CEO of Connex, one of the UK’s busiest rail networks.

Aspen Institute
The Aspen Institute is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1949 as the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., but also has a campus in Aspen, Colorado, its original home.

Its stated mission is to "drive change through dialogue, leadership, and action to help solve the greatest challenges of our time". The Aspen Institute’s work focuses on many sectors including business, education, communications, energy and environment, health, security and international affairs.
Dhofar Club
Dhofar Sports, Cultural and Social Club (Arabic: نادي ظفار الرياضي الثقافي الاجتماعي), commonly known as Dhofar, is an Omani sports club based in Salalah, Oman. Founded in 1970, it is the most decorated club in the history of Omani football, having won a record 11 league titles and 11 Sultan Qaboos Cups. The club currently competes in the Oman Professional League, the top flight of Omani football, following its successful licensing appeal and return for the 2025–26 season. Dhofar plays its home matches at the government-owned Al-Saada Stadium, which serves as its primary venue for domestic and regional competitions.

AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League
The AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League (Arabic: دوري أبطال الخليج للأندية), formerly known as the GCC Champions League, is a regional football competition governed by the Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation (AGCFF) for clubs from its eight member nations.

The tournament was founded by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and was first organised in 1982. During its early years, the GCC Club Championship also acted as a qualification tournament for the Asian Club Championship. The last edition organised by the GCC was the 30th edition in 2015, which featured twelve teams, while its attempts to organise the 31st edition failed.

The tournament was relaunched by the AGCFF for the 2024–25 season under the name AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League, featuring eight teams. Duhok are the current champions, having beaten Al-Qadisiya in the 2025 final.
Halophyte
A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species.

The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.

Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride /ˌsoʊdiəm ˈklɔːraɪd/, commonly known as table salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is transparent or translucent, brittle, hygroscopic, and occurs as the mineral halite. In its edible form, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes, and it is a major source of sodium and chlorine compounds used as feedstocks for further chemical syntheses. Another major application of sodium chloride is de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather.
MCACEA
MCACEA (Multiple Coordinated Agents Coevolution Evolutionary Algorithm) is a general framework that uses a single evolutionary algorithm (EA) per agent sharing their optimal solutions to coordinate the evolutions of the EAs populations using cooperation objectives. This framework can be used to optimize some characteristics of multiple cooperating agents in mathematical optimization problems. More specifically, due to its nature in which both individual and cooperation objectives are optimize, MCACEA is used in multi-objective optimization problems.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
1988 East Kilbride District Council election
Elections to East Kilbride District Council were held on 5 May 1988, on the same day as the other Scottish local government elections. This was the fifth election to the district council following the local government reforms in the 1970s.

The election used the 16 wards created by the Initial Statutory Reviews of Electoral Arrangements in 1980. Each ward elected one councillor using first-past-the-post voting.

Labour maintained control of the district council after winning 14 of the 16 seats – taking over half of the popular vote. The remaining two seats were won by the Conservatives. The Scottish National Party (SNP) came second on the popular vote but did not gain any seats as the election resulted in the same political composition as the previous election.

1988 Scottish local elections
Local elections were held in Scotland on 5 May 1988, to elect members to all 53 district councils under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which had established the two-tier system of regions and districts.
2003 Central American Championships in Athletics
The 15th Central American Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Cementos Progreso in Guatemala City, Guatemala, between June 20-21, 2003.

A total of 41 events were contested, 21 by men and 20 by women.

Central American Championships in Athletics
The Central American Championships in Athletics (Campeonatos Centroamericanos Mayores) is an athletics event organized by the Confederación Atlética del Istmo Centroamericano CADICA (Central American Isthmus Athletic Confederation) open for athletes from member associations.
Ungmennafélagið Sindri
Ungmennafélagið Sindri (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈuŋkˌmɛnːaˌfjɛːˌlaijɪð ˈsɪntrɪ], lit. 'Sindri Youth Club'), commonly known as Sindri, is an Icelandic multi-sports club from the town of Höfn located on the east coast of Iceland. It fields departments in basketball, football, gymnastics, swimming, track & field and volleyball.

3. deild karla
3. deild karla (e. Men's Third division) is a football league in Iceland. It is the fourth level in the Icelandic football league system. The league was reformed into a 10-team double round-robin tournament for the 2013 season, with the introduction of the newly established 5th level of the Icelandic football league system, 4. deild karla.
Robert Polzin
Robert Polzin is a biblical scholar. He is Professor Emeritus at Carleton University, and has degrees from the University of San Diego and Harvard University.

Polzin is best known for a series of volumes in which he attempted a "synchronic, literary reading of the Deuteronomic History." These were Moses and the Deuteronomist (1980), Samuel and the Deuteronomist (1989), and David and the Deuteronomist (1993).

Polzin has also made a significant contribution to the study of Biblical Hebrew. Dong-Hyuk Kim argues that the methods Polzin developed in his 1976 study Late Biblical Hebrew: Toward an Historical Typology of Biblical Hebrew Prose have since been employed by a younger generation of scholars.

University of San Diego
The University of San Diego (USD) is a private Catholic research university in San Diego, California, United States. Chartered in 1949 as the independent San Diego College for Women and San Diego University (comprising the College for Men and School of Law), the two institutions merged in 1972.

The university includes the College of Arts and Sciences, Hahn School of Nursing and Health Science, Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies, Division of Professional and Continuing Education, Knauss School of Business, School of Law, School of Leadership and Education Services (SOLES), and the Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering.

USD has 89 undergraduate and graduate programs, and enrolls approximately 9,073 undergraduate, paralegal, graduate and law students. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The San Diego Toreros compete in NCAA Division I (FCS) as a member of the West Coast Conference.
Abdelrazaq Al-Hussain
Abdelrazaq Al-Hussain (Arabic: عَبْد الرَّزَّاق الْحُسَيْن; born 15 September 1986, in Aleppo) is a Syrian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Saudi Arabian club Al-Ansar and the Syria national team.

Syrian Premier League
Prime Premier League (Arabic: دوري برايم للمحترفين), formerly known as the Syrian Premier League, is a professional association football league in Syria and the top division of the Syrian football league system. The league comprises 16 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Syrian League 1st Division. The league was founded in 1966 and, as of 2025, operates under a new name and branding as part of a wider restructuring and modernization process.

The first team to win the title was Al-Ittihad Ahli in 1967, whilst Al-Jaish has the record with 17 league titles. Their closest rivals, Al-Karamah, have won the league 8 times.

In the beginning, the main tournament was the first division, then the Syrian Football Association developed the competition in a historic step that allowed the participation of foreign players to turn the competition into a professional league.
Avenue Market
39°18′13″N 76°38′09″W﻿ / ﻿39.3037°N 76.6357°W﻿ / 39.3037; -76.6357

The Avenue Market, originally known as the Lafayette Market, is a historic marketplace built in 1871 in Upton, West Baltimore, United States. The market is on Pennsylvania Avenue and is near the Old West Baltimore Historic District. The market has seen multiple iterations, having been rebuilt after burning to the ground in 1953, renovated and given its current name in 1996, and renovated again in 2012. Another redevelopment is expected to begin in the summer of 2022.

Upton–Avenue Market station in the Baltimore Metro SubwayLink system serves the area and includes the market in its name.

Upton, Baltimore
Upton is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The neighborhood is in the western section of the city, roughly between Fremont Avenue and McCulloh Street, extending from Dolphin Street to Bloom Street. Its principal thoroughfare is Pennsylvania Avenue.

Located within the Old West Baltimore Historic District, Upton has historically been one of the economic, political and cultural centers of the city's black community. In the early 21st century, it is the focus of the city's urban revitalization programs.