hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yale–NUS College
Yale–NUS College was a liberal arts college from April 2011 to June 2025 in Singapore. It was established in 2011 by the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Yale University. Following a unilateral decision by NUS  in 2021 to close Yale-NUS College and establish NUS College in its place, no further admissions were accepted after 2021, and the College was fully closed in 2025.

The Chronicle of Higher Education
The Chronicle of Higher Education is an American newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and student affairs professionals, including staff members and administrators. A subscription is required to read some articles.

The Chronicle is based in Washington, D.C., and is a major news service covering U.S. academia. It is published every weekday online and appears weekly in print except for every other week in May, June, July, and August and the last three weeks in December. In print, The Chronicle is published in two sections: Section A with news, section B with job listings, and The Chronicle Review, a magazine of arts and ideas. It also publishes Arts & Letters Daily.
Dale Wright Award
The Dale Wright Award for Distinguished, Professional and Exceptional Career Service to NATCA and the National Airspace System is an award presented by the National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) to honor an extraordinary, positive impact made on the organization's ability to call the National Airspace System the world’s safest. It is named after NATCA's former director of safety and technology, Dale Wright. It was first awarded to Dale Wright in 2012.

National Airspace System
The National Airspace System (NAS) is the airspace, navigation facilities and airports of the United States along with their associated information, services, rules, regulations, policies, procedures, personnel and equipment. It includes components shared jointly with the military. It is one of the most complex aviation systems in the world, and services air travel in the United States and over large portions of the world's oceans.
Subordinator (mathematics)
In probability theory, a subordinator is a stochastic process that is non-negative and whose increments are stationary and independent. Subordinators are a special class of Lévy process that play an important role in the theory of local time. In this context, subordinators describe the evolution of time within another stochastic process, the subordinated stochastic process. In other words, a subordinator will determine the random number of "time steps" that occur within the subordinated process for a given unit of chronological time.

In order to be a subordinator a process must be a Lévy process. It also must be increasing, almost surely, or an additive process.

Local time (mathematics)
In the mathematical theory of stochastic processes, local time is a stochastic process associated with semimartingale processes such as Brownian motion, that characterizes the amount of time a particle has spent at a given level. Local time appears in various stochastic integration formulas, such as Tanaka's formula, if the integrand is not sufficiently smooth. It is also studied in statistical mechanics in the context of random fields.
Nelliyalam
Nelliyalam is a municipality in The Nilgiris district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2011, the town had a population of 44,590.

The taluk headquarters of Pandalur and Devala (located in Gudalur taluk) are part of Nelliyalam municipality.

Devala, India
Devala  is a town in the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. It is situated at about 17 km from Gudalur on the Gudalur–Pandalur road. It is close to the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border, with Nilambur on the Kerala side.

Devala is receiving the highest rainfall after cherrapunji in the world.
Marsh Supermarkets
Marsh Supermarkets was an American retail food chain headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with a peak number of 86 stores in 2013 located throughout central Indiana and parts of western Ohio (including metropolitan Cincinnati). Its eventual parent company was Sun Capital Partners, headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida.

The company filed for bankruptcy on May 11, 2017, and was eventually liquidated. Topvalco, Inc., a subsidiary of supermarket competitor Kroger purchased 11 out of the 44 remaining stores while Ohio-based Fresh Encounter purchased another 15 stores. The unsold 18 stores were closed on or before July 8, 2017.

Van Wert, Ohio
Van Wert is a city in Van Wert County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located in northwestern Ohio approximately 77 miles (124 km) southwest of Toledo and 34 miles (55 km) southeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The population was 11,092 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Van Wert micropolitan area, which is included in the Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta combined statistical area.

Van Wert is named for Isaac Van Wart, one of the captors of Major John André in the American Revolutionary War. A center of peony cultivation, Van Wert has hosted the annual Van Wert Peony Festival on and off since 1902. Van Wert is home to the first county library in the United States, the Brumback Library.
François Marie Casimir de Négrier
François Marie Casimir de Négrier (27 April 1788 in Le Mans – 25 June 1848 in Lille) was a French general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars and the 1848 Revolution. Aged 12 he accompanied Jean Lannes on his embassy to Portugal. From 1830 he was colonel of the 54th Infantry Regiment.

Jean Lannes
Jean Lannes, 1st Duke of Montebello, Prince of Siewierz (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ lan]; 10 April 1769 – 31 May 1809), was a French military commander and a Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

He was one of Napoleon's most daring and talented generals, and is regarded by many as one of history's greatest military commanders. Napoleon once commented on Lannes: "I found him a pygmy and left him a giant". A personal friend of the emperor, he was allowed to address him with the familiar tu, as opposed to the formal vous.
Metropolis of Nicaea
The Metropolis of Nicaea (Greek: Μητρόπολις Νικαίας), was an ecclesiastical province (since the mid-4th century a metropolitan bishopric) of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the city of Nicaea in the province of Bithynia (now Iznik in Turkey). A prestigious see due to its proximity to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, and the location of two Ecumenical Councils in 325 and 787, the metropolitan see of Nicaea remained important until its conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1331. The Christian element in the diocese diminished rapidly after that, with the flight of the Greek population and the Islamization of the remainder. As a result, the seat of the diocese was moved to Cius. The metropolis remained active until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in the early 1920s. It remains a titular see of the Patriarchate of Constantinople as well as being, since the mid-15th century, a titular archbishopric of the Roman Catholic Church.

Bithynia
Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koine Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) is a geographical region of northwestern Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It borders Mysia to the southwest, Paphlagonia to the northeast along the Black Sea coast, and Phrygia to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.

Hellenistic Bithynia was an independent kingdom from the 3rd century BC. Its capital Nicomedia was rebuilt on the site of ancient Astacus in 264 BC by Nicomedes I. Bithynia was bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus (region) region as the province of Bithynia and Pontus.

In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine Opsikion theme. It became a border region to the Seljuk Empire in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the Ottoman Turks between 1325 and 1333.
St Luke's Garrison Chapel
The St Luke's Garrison Chapel is a defunct Anglican church which formed part of the Tigné Barracks and Cambridge Battery used by the British army until 1979. The building now contains offices of no religious purpose.

Cambridge Battery
Cambridge Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Cambridge) is a Victorian-era battery in Sliema, Malta. It is commonly referred to as Fort Cambridge (Maltese: Forti Cambridge), although it was never classified as a fort while in use. It originally contained an Armstrong 100-ton gun.
Bad Ems-Nassau
Bad Ems-Nassau is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde is in Bad Ems. It was formed on 1. January 2019 by the merger of the former Verbandsgemeinden Bad Ems and Nassau.

The Verbandsgemeinde Bad Ems-Nassau consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):

50°19′N 7°46′E﻿ / ﻿50.32°N 7.77°E﻿ / 50.32; 7.77

Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis is a district (Kreis) in the east of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Westerwaldkreis, Limburg-Weilburg, Rheingau-Taunus, Mainz-Bingen, Rhein-Hunsrück, Mayen-Koblenz, and the district-free city Koblenz.
Gasterophilus nasalis
Gasterophilus nasalis (also called throat bot fly or horse nasal bot fly) is a species of the genus Gasterophilus and family Oestridae. This species is found worldwide, but prominently present within the summer months. This species of G. nasalis primarily targets equines, such as horses, donkeys and the plains zebra. However, it's known that it targets cattle as well, along with mild cases of companion animals.

Botfly
Botflies, also known as warble flies, heel flies, and gadflies, are flies of the family Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut.  Dermatobia hominis is the only species of botfly known to parasitize humans routinely, though other species of flies cause myiasis in humans.
Pava (Puerto Rico)
A pava is a straw hat made out of the leaves of the Puerto Rican hat palm. It is normally associated with the Puerto Rican jíbaro and also a symbol used by politicians with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD).

Straw hat
A straw hat is a wide-brimmed hat that is woven out of straw or straw-like synthetic materials. Straw hats are a type of sun hat designed to shade the head and face from direct sunlight, but are also used in fashion as a decorative element or a uniform.
Eastern Michigan University Historic District
Eastern Michigan University Historic District is a historic district on the very south end of the Eastern Michigan University campus. Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan in Washtenaw County. The university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Several buildings since its founding have achieved historical significance and eventually establishing it on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The district was established in 1984.

Ypsilanti Water Tower
The Ypsilanti Water Tower is a historic water tower in Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States.

The tower was designed by William R. Coats and built as part of an elaborate city waterworks project that began in 1889. Located on the highest point in Ypsilanti, the tower was built in 1890 at a cost of $21,435.63 (equivalent to $680,948 in 2024). It has become a well-known landmark in Ypsilanti, and due to the building's shape and location, the tower is frequently used by residents as a point for providing directions for visitors and residents.
Impact and legacy of Illmatic
Illmatic, the 1994 debut album by Nas, made a significant impact on the hip hop genre. The album has been credited as one of the pivotal works that returned East Coast hip hop, particularly Queensbridge's hip hop scene, to prominence in a time when public attention was focused on West Coast releases. Nas' lyricism and storytelling on Illmatic has been regarded as setting a new standard for lyrical sophistication in major hip hop releases. The production of Illmatic has also been viewed as influential in cementing the characteristic sound of New York hip hop.

Many other hip hop artists have described Illmatic as having influenced them. Additionally, the album has received substantial discussion in academic and literary fields, including in the 2009 book Born to Use Mics. When reviewing Nas' later albums, critics have frequently compared those albums to Illmatic; in particular, Nas' albums from the later 1990s were often criticized for their departures from Illmatic's style.

Wordplay
Wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which words used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of wordplay include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres, and telling character names (such as in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, Ernest being a given name that sounds exactly like the adjective earnest).

Wordplay is quite common in oral cultures as a method of reinforcing meaning. Examples of text-based (orthographic) wordplay are found in languages with or without alphabet-based scripts, such as homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese.
Scientology front groups
Scientology front groups are organizations named or operated in such a way as to disguise their association with the Church of Scientology. The Church uses front groups to introduce its ideas and techniques into society by presenting a neutral or secular face to gain access to audiences that would reject Scientology branding. These groups are also used to recruit new members, and to advance the Church's political interests. The Times reported that the Church attracts "the unwary through a wide array of front groups in such businesses as publishing, consulting, health care and even remedial education." Many of the groups are founded on pseudoscience, named disingenuously, and underplay their links to Scientology and L. Ron Hubbard.

World Literacy Crusade
World Literacy Crusade (WLC) was a non-profit organisation formed in 1992 by the Rev. Alfreddie Johnson to fight illiteracy, and supported by the Church of Scientology. The group uses "study technologies" and "drug rehabilitation technologies" developed by L. Ron Hubbard, the Church's founder. It has been characterized as a "Scientology front group", and has been promoted by celebrity Scientologists such as Isaac Hayes and Anne Archer.
1999 Kerry Senior Football Championship
The 1999 Kerry Senior Football Championship was the 99th staging of the Kerry Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Kerry County Board in 1889. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 20 April 1999. The championship ran from 13 June to 24 October 1999.

East Kerry entered the championship as the defending champions in search of a third successive title. An Ghaeltacht made their first ever appearance in the championship.

The final was played on 24 October 1999 at Austin Stack Park in Tralee, between East Kerry and Feale Rangers, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. East Kerry won the match by 0-10 to 1-06 to claim their seventh championship title overall and a third title in succession.

Feale Rangers' Tadhg Kennelly was the championship's top scorer with 2-17.

1889 Kerry Senior Football Championship
The 1889 Kerry Senior Football Championship was the inaugural staging of the Kerry Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Kerry County Board.

On 26 May 1889, Laune Rangers won the championship following a 0–06 to 0–03 defeat of Dr. Crokes in the final at the Kerry County Athletic Club grounds.
Antral lavage
Antral lavage is a largely obsolete surgical procedure in which a cannula  is inserted into the maxillary sinus via the inferior meatus to allow irrigation and drainage of the sinus.
It is also called proof puncture, as the presence of an infection can be proven during the procedure. Upon presence of infection, it can be considered as therapeutic puncture. Often, multiple repeated lavages are subsequently required to allow for full washout of infection.

In contemporary practice, endoscopic sinus surgery has largely replaced antral lavage and as such, it is rarely performed.

Pus
Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during infections, regardless of cause. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple or spot.
Ludmila Semenyaka
Ludmila Semenyaka (Russian: Людмила Семеняка, born 16 January 1952) is a Soviet ballerina, born in Leningrad. She studied at the Vaganova School as a pupil of Nina Belikova. She joined the Kirov Ballet in 1970 and later the Bolshoi Ballet in 1972, where she was a prima ballerina. She was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1986 and received the USSR State Prize.

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
Olga Zhanibekova
Olga Zhanibekova (born July 15, 1986, in Aktyubinsk, Kazakh SSR) is a female freestyle wrestler from Kazakhstan who participated in women's freestyle wrestling 72 kg at 2008 Summer Olympics. She lost in the 1/8 of final with Rosângela Conceição from Brazil.

Rosângela Conceição
Rosângela Conceição also known as Zanza is a former freestyle wrestling, judo, grappling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) competitor from Brazil. She was the first Brazilian woman to compete in Olympic wrestling at the 2008 Olympic Games and the first woman to win a BJJ world title.
Callback verification
Callback verification, also known as callout verification or Sender Address Verification, is a technique used by SMTP software in order to validate e-mail addresses. The most common target of verification is the sender address from the message envelope (the address specified during the SMTP dialogue as "MAIL FROM"). It is mostly used as an anti-spam measure.

Email filtering
Email filtering is the processing of email to organize it according to specified criteria. The term can apply to the intervention of human intelligence, but most often refers to the automatic processing of messages at an SMTP server, possibly applying anti-spam techniques. Filtering can be applied to incoming emails as well as to outgoing ones.

Depending on the calling environment, email filtering software can reject an item at the initial SMTP connection stage or pass it through unchanged for delivery to the user's mailbox.  It is also possible to redirect the message for delivery elsewhere, quarantine it for further checking, modify it or 'tag' it in any other way.
Aveek Sarkar
Aveek Sarkar (Bengali: অভীক সরকার; born 9 June 1945) is an Indian newspaper promoter and proprietor. He is the present chairman of Press Trust of India and vice chairman and editor emeritus of ABP Group. Previously he was editor-in-chief of Anandabazar Patrika and The Telegraph. He was also the chief editor of ABP Group of publications. He was ranked as one of the most powerful Indians in 2009 by The Indian Express. He played vital roles during the formation of Penguin India, the Indian counterpart of Penguin Books and during the acquisition of STAR News in 2003.

Sarkar spent a year as an understudy to Sir Harold Evans in Britain, taking time to understand what went on at the previous two papers at which Evans had worked – The Northern Echo and the Manchester Evening News – before joining him at The Sunday Times.

Anandabazar Patrika
Anandabazar Patrika is a Bengali-language broadsheet daily newspaper published in Kolkata, India, and owned by the ABP Group. First issued on 13 March 1922 as a four-page evening paper and noted for its bold stance against colonial rule, earning the nickname “danger signal” in contemporary British press. It has grown to become one of India's top regional-language newspapers, with a certified average circulation of 802,289 copies for January–June 2022.

The paper is currently edited by Ishani Dutta Ray. Its major competitors include Bartaman, Ei Samay, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkal, Jago Bangla, Ganashakti and Dainik Statesman—as noted in regional media landscape surveys.
Stericated 7-cubes
In seven-dimensional geometry, a stericated 7-cube is a convex uniform 7-polytope with 4th-order truncations (sterication) of the regular 7-cube.

There are 24 unique sterication for the 7-cube with permutations of truncations, cantellations, and runcinations. 10 are more simply constructed from the 7-orthoplex.

This polytope is one of 127 uniform 7-polytopes with B7 symmetry.

7-cube
In geometry, a 7-cube is a seven-dimensional hypercube with 128 vertices, 448 edges,  672 square faces, 560 cubic cells, 280 tesseract 4-faces, 84 penteract 5-faces, and 14 hexeract 6-faces.

It can be named by its Schläfli symbol {4,35}, being composed of 3 6-cubes around each 5-face.  It can be called a hepteract,  a portmanteau of tesseract (the 4-cube) and hepta for seven (dimensions) in Greek. It can also be called a regular tetradeca-7-tope or tetradecaexon, being a 7 dimensional polytope constructed from 14 regular facets.
Chome Forest Reserve
Chome Forest Reserve is a  forest reserve of Tanzania in the Pare Mountains of Kilimanjaro Region. It is located between the West Usambaras and the North Pare Mountains.
It lies in Pare District of Kilimanjaro Region.

The highest altitude in the reserve has Shengena Peak. It covers 14,231 hectares of various forest types. Chome Forest Reserve has numerous bird species. The reserve sits in the part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, nominated for the World Heritage List in 2010. There is a direct climatic influence of the Indian Ocean.
The area has been logged for many years.
It is surrounded by numerous villages.
It harbours several types of monkey.

Pare Mountains
The Pare Mountains (Milima ya Upare in Swahili)  is a mountain range in northeastern Tanzania, located north of the Usambara Mountains. The mountains are administratively located in the Kilimanjaro Region, specifically in the Mwanga District and Same District. The North and South Pare mountain ranges reach a height of 2,464 meters at Shengena Peak. They are separated into North Pare Mountains and South Pare Mountains and are part of the Eastern Arc of mountains. The mountains are named after the indigenous Pare people who reside there.

Bird species in the Pare mountains include the endemic South Pare white-eye (Zosterops winifredae), the mountain buzzard (Buteo oreophilus), olive woodpecker (Mesopicos griseocephalus), moustached tinkerbird (Pogoniulus leucomystax), and the African hill babbler (Pseudoalcippe abyssinica).