hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rationalizable strategy
Rationalizability is a solution concept in game theory. It is the most permissive possible solution concept that still requires both players to be at least somewhat rational and know the other players are also somewhat rational, i.e. that they do not play dominated strategies. A strategy is rationalizable if there exists some possible set of beliefs both players could have about each other's actions, that would still result in the strategy being played.

Rationalizability is a broader concept than a Nash equilibrium. Both require players to respond optimally to some belief about their opponents' actions, but Nash equilibrium requires these beliefs to be correct, while rationalizability does not. Rationalizability was first defined, independently, by Bernheim (1984) and Pearce (1984).

Solution concept
In game theory, a solution concept is a formal rule for predicting how a game will be played. These predictions are called "solutions", and describe which strategies will be adopted by players and, therefore, the result of the game. The most commonly used solution concepts are equilibrium concepts, most famously Nash equilibrium.

Many solution concepts, for many games, will result in more than one solution. This puts any one of the solutions in doubt, so a game theorist may apply a refinement to narrow down the solutions. Each successive solution concept presented in the following improves on its predecessor by eliminating implausible equilibria in richer games.
Porter-Parsonsfield Bridge
The Porter-Parsonsfield Bridge is a covered bridge in western Maine, and one of the few 19th-century covered bridges left in the state.  The bridge spans the Ossipee River just east of the modern alignment of North Road (Maine State Route 160), which it formerly carried, between the towns of Porter and Parsonsfield.  Built in 1876 by the towns, it is a Paddleford truss bridge which has been strengthened with laminated arches.  The bridge was closed to traffic in 1960, and is now maintained by the state.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Parsonsfield, Maine
Parsonsfield is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,791 at the 2020 census. Parsonsfield includes the villages of Kezar Falls, Parsonsfield, and North, East and South Parsonsfield. It is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area.
Nikolay Semyonovich Mosolov
Nikolay Mosolov, or N. Massaloff (1845–1914) was an engraver and lithographer known for his etchings after works in museums. He was from the Russian Empire

He was the son of the etcher and print collector Semyon Nicolaevitch Mosolov and studied under Fyodor Iordan at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. He completed his education in Dresden and Paris, where he worked in the studio of Léopold Flameng as an illustrator and won his first gold medal for his etchings. In 1872 he published in French his etchings from paintings of the Hermitage in Vienna, signing as N. Massaloff. He donated his collection of paintings and prints to the Rumyantsev Museum.

After Rembrandt, 1872

After Lucas Conrad Pfandzelt, 1870

Fyodor Iordan
Friedrich Ludwig Jordan, russified as Fyodor Ivanovich Iordan (13 August 1800 – 19 September 1883) was a Russian engraver and art professor. He was best known for portraits and reproductions of the Old Masters.
2024 AON Open Challenger
The 2024 AON Open Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 20th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Genoa, Italy between 2 and 8 September 2024.

AON Open Challenger
The Genoa AON Open Challenger - Memorial Giorgio Messina is an annual tennis tournament held in Genoa, Italy in September, since 2003. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played on outdoor clay courts. The tournament has been organized annually with the sole exceptions of 2020 and 2021, when it was canceled because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
1981 Avon Championships of Kansas
The 1981 Avon Championships of Kansas  was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Municipal Auditorium  in Kansas City, Missouri in the United States that was part of the 1981 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from January 12 through January 18, 1981. Second-seeded Andrea Jaeger won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.

1981 WTA Tour
The 1981 World Championship Series was the 9th season since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced on January 4, 1981, and concluded on December 19, 1981, after 36 events. The  World Championship Series was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The year is divided into two sponsors with the first three months sponsored by Avon Series and the latter part by Toyota Series. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF tournaments were not part of the tour, although they awarded points for the WTA World Ranking.
Hur (Bible)
Hur (Hebrew: חוּר, romanized: Ḥūr, also Chur) was a companion of Moses and Aaron in the Hebrew Bible. He was a member of the Tribe of Judah. His identity remains unclear in the Torah itself, but it is elaborated in rabbinical commentary.

Other individuals named Hur are also mentioned in the Bible.

Ephrath
Ephrath, Ephrathah and Ephratah  are variant spellings of the same Hebrew name (Hebrew: אֶפְרָת \ אֶפְרָתָה) mentioned in the Bible. 
Ephrath usually refers to the ancient name for Bethlehem in Judah. 
It originally referred to the region around Bethlehem and was later identified with the town itself. (Genesis 35:19, Micah 5:2). A person from Ephrath is called an Ephrathite (as a geographic tribal designation; 1 Sam 17:12; Ruth 1:2).

It is also the name of Caleb's wife, who bore Hur, an ancestor of Bethlehem's founders. (1 Chronicles 2:19)

The name comes from the Hebrew root פָּרָה (parah) and means to be fruitful, to bear fruit, to increase.
Kaliwungu, Banjarnegara
Kaliwungu (Indonesian pronunciation: [kaliˈwuŋu]) is a village in the town of Mandiraja, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It has an area of 529.73 hectares and a population of 3,479 inhabitants in 2010.

Mandiraja, Banjarnegara
Mandiraja (Indonesian pronunciation: [mandiˈrad͡ʒa]) is a district (kecamatan) in Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The district has an area of 52.62 km², with a population of 78,090 people at the 2020 Indonesian population census, and which was officially estimated to have reached 83,462 in mid 2024. Mandiraja is also 6 km east of the General Sudirman Airport.
Trenten Merrill
Trenten Merrill (born May 18, 1990) is an American Paralympic athlete who specializes in long jump. He represented the United States at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. Merrill's right foot was amputated after a dirt bike accident.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's long jump
The Men's long jump athletics events for the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place at the Tokyo National Stadium from August 27 to September 4, 2021. A total of 10 events were contested in this discipline.
North Koreans in South Korea
As of 2006, the South Korean Ministry of Unification registered about 9,000 North Koreans in South Korea. Many thousands of them escaped from North to South as a result of the North Korean famine of 1994–1998. North Koreans living in South Korea are often mistreated at schools, denied employment, and are subject to other kinds of ethnic issues due to their being from North Korea.

Ministry of Unification
The Ministry of Unification (Korean: 통일부) is an executive department of the South Korean government aimed at promoting Korean reunification. It was first established in 1969 as the National Unification Board, under the rule of Park Chung Hee. It gained its current status in 1998 and has played a major role in promoting inter-Korean dialogues, exchanges and cooperation. Its headquarters are on the third and fourth floors of the Seoul Government Complex in Jongno District, Seoul.
All in One Voice
All in One Voice is the twelfth studio album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler.  It was released in 1998 by EastWest Records, following her previous album with EastWest, Free Spirit (1995). The album remains the least commercially successful in Tyler's career as it failed to chart worldwide.

Free Spirit (Bonnie Tyler album)
Free Spirit is the eleventh studio album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler, released in Europe in October 1995, by EastWest Records and in the United States on 26 March 1996 by Atlantic Records. Tyler recorded the album with numerous producers, and it was her first album release in the UK and the US since Hide Your Heart (1988).

The album saw only moderate success in a small number of European countries, peaking highest in Norway at No. 22. Four singles were released in support of the album, with "Making Love (Out of Nothing at All)" narrowly missing the UK Top 40.
Natiq Makrani
Mirza Gul Muhammad Khan Makrani (Balochi: میرزا گل محمد خان مکرانی; 1813–1848), better known as Natiq Makrani (Balochi: ناطق مکرانی) was a Baloch writer, mystic, poet and theologian of the 13th lunar century and Balochi literature.

Baloch people
The Baloch people or the Balochs are an Iranian nomadic pastoral ethnic group which speaks the Western Iranic Balochi language and are native to the Balochistan region of South and West Asia, occupying parts of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. There are also Baloch diaspora communities in neighbouring regions, including in Central Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula.

The majority of the Baloch reside within Pakistan. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan, while 40% are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number resides in the Pakistani Punjab. They make up 3.6% of Pakistan's total population, 2% of Iran's population, and around 0.5%–1% of the population of Afghanistan, and the largest non-Arab community in Oman.
Da 2nd Phaze
Da 2nd Phaze is the second album by English grime MC Wiley. It was released on 1 July 2006 by Boy Better Know after his departure from XL Recordings. The tracks "Eskiboy", "Gangsterz", and "Johnny Was A Badboy" were released again on Wiley's third album Playtime Is Over in 2007.

Playtime Is Over (Wiley album)
Playtime Is Over is the third studio album by English grime artist Wiley. It was released on Big Dada Recordings and was recorded in Bow, East London. The album was released on 4 June 2007, the same day as former protégée Dizzee Rascal's Maths + English, and reached 71 in the UK Album Chart. Playtime Is Over was the featured album on MySpace the week before its release.

It was apparently planned for release in the U.S. on 11 September 2007. On this album, Wiley also addresses a feud between himself and Dizzee Rascal with the song "Letter 2 Dizzee". Dizzee later replied with the song "Pussyole", which featured on his album Maths + English. "No Qualms", which samples Jme's 2006 song "Poomplex", is a response to Nasty Jack's "Pimp on Flows" diss track.
Pennsylvania v. Nelson
Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 497 (1956), was a United States Supreme Court case that established a precedent for the preemption of United States Federal law over State laws. The case was argued November 15–16, 1955 and the decision was handed down April 2, 1956. The State of Pennsylvania tried to convict a man of sedition under a state law, but a Federal law existed on the same subject. The Court ruled that the Federal law, the Smith Act, overruled the state law, the Pennsylvania Sedition Act, even though the state law was created before the federal law. Nelson, who was convicted under the state law, was therefore mistried.

Federal preemption
In the law of the United States, federal preemption is the invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law.  The rules of preemption seek to restrict it to only where it is explicit or necessary. In the course of adjudicating cases, the issue of preemption may be heard in either state or federal court.
Parade Square
Parade Square (Polish: Plac Defilad) is a square in downtown Warsaw, laying between Świętokrzyska Street to the north, Aleje Jerozolimskie to the south, Marszałkowska Street to the east and the monumental Palace of Culture and Science to the west. With 147,000 m2 (1,580,000 sq ft) of extension, it is the largest city square in Europe and one of the largest in the world.

Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw
Marszałkowska Street (Polish: ulica Marszałkowska), also known by its English name Marshal Street, is one of the main thoroughfares of Warsaw, Poland, located in the district of Śródmieście. It runs along the north–south axis, from Bank Square in the north to the Union of Lublin Square in the south.
Sébastien Rale
Sébastien Rale (French pronunciation: [sebastjɛ̃ ʁal]; also Racle, Râle, Rasle, Rasles, and Sebastian Rale; January 20, 1657 – August 23, 1724) was a French Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who preached amongst the Abenaki and encouraged their resistance to British colonization during the early 18th century. This encouragement culminated in Dummer's War (1722–1725), where Rale was killed by a group of New England militiamen. Rale also worked on an Abenaki-French dictionary during his time in North America.

Francis Parkman
Francis Parkman Jr. (September 16, 1823 – November 8, 1893) was an American historian, best known as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie and Rocky-Mountain Life and his monumental seven-volume France and England in North America. These works are still valued as historical sources and as literature. He was also a leading horticulturist, briefly a professor of horticulture at Harvard University and author of several books on the topic. Parkman wrote essays opposed to legal voting for women that continued to circulate long after his death. Parkman was a trustee of the Boston Athenæum from 1858 until his death in 1893.
Kasanga language
Kasanga (Cassanga) or Haal is a Senegambian language traditionally spoken in a few villages of Guinea-Bissau. The language is referred to as gu-haaca by its speakers. Speakers are shifting to Mandinka.

Senegambian languages
The Senegambian languages, traditionally known as the Northern West Atlantic, sometimes confusingly referred to in literature as the Atlantic languages, are a branch of Atlantic–Congo languages most commonly spoken in Senegal and neighboring southern Mauritania, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea. The nomadic Fula people have also spread their languages from Senegal across the western and central Sahel. The most populous unitary language is Wolof, the national language of Senegal, with four million native speakers and millions more second-language users. There are perhaps 13 million speakers of the various varieties of Fula, and over a million speakers of Serer . The most prominent feature of the Senegambian languages is that they are devoid of tone, unlike the vast majority of Atlantic-Congo languages.
1933 Dagenham Urban District Council election
The eighth election to Dagenham Urban District Council took place on 1 April 1933. The ratepayers' associations put forward a full slate of candidates for the second year in a row, but made no gains. The new People's Party was set up by Augustus Gibbs, who had previously been a Labour Party member, but was unable to gain any seats. Gibbs resigned from the council after the election, which triggered a by-election in the Dagenham ward in May. Another by-election took place in Chadwell Heath ward in September, following the resignation of James Tyler.

Municipal Borough of Dagenham
Dagenham was a local government district in south west Essex, England from 1926 to 1965 covering the parish of Dagenham. Initially created as an urban district, it was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1938. It was established to deal with the increase in population and the change from rural to urban area caused by the building of the Becontree estate by the London County Council and the subsequent movement of people from Inner London. Peripheral to London, the district formed part of the Metropolitan Police District and London Traffic Area. It now forms the eastern sections of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and the London Borough of Redbridge in Greater London.
Lyssacinosida
Lyssacinosida (also spelled Lyssacinosa) is an order of glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by their parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton. Lyssacine sponges have existed since the Upper Ordovician, and three families (four including Aulocalycidae) are still alive today. The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is one of the most well-known and culturally significant of the glass sponges.

Venus' flower basket
The Venus' flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) is a species of glass sponge found in the deep waters of the Pacific Ocean, usually at depths below 500 m (1,600 ft). Like other glass sponges, they build their skeletons out of silica, which forms a unique lattice structure consisting of spicules. This body structure is of great interest in materials science as the optical and mechanical properties are in some ways superior to man-made materials. Like other sponges, they feed by filtering sea water to capture plankton and marine snow. Little is known regarding their reproductive habits, though the fluid dynamics of their body structure likely influence reproduction and it is hypothesized that they may be hermaphroditic.
Equidigital number
In number theory, an equidigital number is a natural number in a given number base that has the same number of digits as the number of digits in its prime factorization in the given number base, including exponents but excluding exponents equal to 1. For example, in base 10, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 (2 × 5) are equidigital numbers (sequence A046758 in the OEIS). All prime numbers are equidigital numbers in any base.

A number that is either equidigital or frugal is said to be economical.

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009, and is its chairman.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of November 2025, it contains over 390,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields. There is also an advanced search function called SuperSeeker which runs a large number of different algorithms to identify sequences related to the input.
93 Leonis
93 Leonis (93 Leo) is a binary star in the constellation Leo. Its apparent magnitude is 4.522. Based on the system's parallax, 93 Leonis is located about 233 light-years (71 parsecs) away.

93 Leonis is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. Two components are known to exist, because their spectral lines shift periodically, due to the Doppler effect. The two stars are a G-type red giant and an A-type main-sequence star. They complete an orbit once every 71.69 days. The system is also known to be an RS Canum Venaticorum variable, due to its binarity. For that reason, it has been given the variable star designation DQ Leonis.

In Chinese astronomy, 93 Leonis is called 太子, Pinyin: Tàizǐ, meaning Crown Prince, because this star is marking itself and stand alone in Crown Prince asterism, Supreme Palace enclosure mansion (see : Chinese constellation).

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
Giornale di Malta
The Giornale di Malta was a newspaper published in the British protectorate of Malta between 1812 and 1813. At the time of its issue, it was the only periodical publication in Malta. The Giornale di Malta was preceded by Il Cartaginese (1804–1805) and it was succeeded by Gazetta del Governo di Malta (1813–present).

A total of 94 issues of the newspaper were published. The first 46 issues of the newspaper are believed to have been printed at the press of the Sicilian Regiment in Malta, and later issues were printed at the government printing press.

Copies of the publication are now preserved at the National Library of Malta.

Malta Protectorate
Malta Protectorate (Italian: Protettorato di Malta, Maltese: Protettorat ta' Malta) was the political term for Malta when it was a British protectorate. The protectorate existed between the capitulation of the French forces in Malta in 1800 and the transformation of the islands to the Crown Colony of Malta in 1813.
Magia gens
The gens Magia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned at the time of the Second Punic War.  Although several of them performed useful service to the Roman state, none of the Magii ever held the consulship.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Northern Metropolitan Region
Northern Metropolitan Region is one of the eight electoral regions of Victoria, Australia, which elects five members to the Victorian Legislative Council (also referred to as the upper house) by proportional representation. The region was created in 2006 following the 2005 reform of the Victorian Legislative Council.

The region comprises the Legislative Assembly districts of Broadmeadows, Brunswick, Essendon, Greenvale, Kalkallo, Melbourne, Northcote, Pascoe Vale, Preston, Richmond and Thomastown.

Electoral regions of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, the upper house of the Parliament of the Australian State of Victoria, are elected from eight multi-member electorates called regions. The Legislative Council has 40 members, five from each of the eight regions.

The boundaries of the electoral regions were last drawn in 2021.