hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sahduta
The sahduta (Classical Mandaic: ࡎࡀࡄࡃࡅࡕࡀ, Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [sahˈduta]) is the creed of Mandaeism. Sahduta (pronunciation: sahdutha) means 'testimony' or 'evidence' in Mandaic (cognate with Hebrew שָׂהֲדוּתָא (sāhdutā) 'testimony') is the fundamental declaration of faith in Mandaeism. It is a testimony affirming the existence of God (Hiia, 'Life'), their lord (Mara(i)), and the knowledge of life (Manda ḏ-Hiia). All three of these titles refer exclusively to Hayyi Rabbi (not to be confused with Manda ḏ-Hayyi, an uthra in Mandaeism, as his name also translates to "knowledge of life").

This statement is used in the preludes of many Mandaean manuscripts. The first part of the daily morning brakha also contains the sahduta.

Brakha
Daily prayer in Mandaeism, called brakha ࡁࡓࡀࡊࡀ in Mandaic (cognate with Hebrew berakhah and Arabic barakah) or occasionally birukta (birukhta), consists of set prayers that are recited three times per day. Mandaeans stand facing north while reciting daily prayers. Unlike in Islam and Eastern Christianity, prostration is not practiced.

Mandaean priests recite rahma prayers three times every day, while laypeople also recite the Rushuma (signing prayer) and Asut Malkia ("Healing of Kings") daily. When priests lead laypeople during prayers, laypeople repeat each word or phrase of a prayer after the priest, similar to certain parts of Roman Catholic masses.

In Mandaic, the generic term for an individual prayer is buta ࡁࡅࡕࡀ (plural form: bawata ࡁࡀࡅࡀࡕࡀ).
Hoy (American newspaper)
Hoy was a brand used for Spanish-language newspapers in a number of American cities, among which were New York and Los Angeles. Before the brand was no longer used, it was owned by Patrick Soon-Shiong.

On February 12, 2007, ImpreMedia announced its purchase of Hoy's New York edition. Hoy's Chicago and Los Angeles publications were not affected by the transaction. The New York Hoy was later merged into El Diario La Prensa.

In 2018, Patrick Soon-Shiong purchased Hoy titles in Los Angeles and San Diego, as part of his purchase of the assets related to the Los Angeles Times and San Diego Union-Tribune. A year later, both were folded into the respective Spanish editions of the Times and Tribune.

On November 12, 2019, Tribune Publishing announced that it would cease print and online publication of Hoy (Chicago) effective December 13.

The San Diego Union-Tribune
The San Diego Union-Tribune is a metropolitan daily newspaper published in San Diego, California, that has run since 1868. Its name derives from what were San Diego's two major daily newspapers, the morning San Diego Union and the San Diego Evening Tribune, which had the same publisher beginning in 1901 and were frequently referred to collectively as the Union-Tribune; they were merged into a single edition under that name in 1992.

The name was changed to U-T San Diego in 2012 but returned to The San Diego Union-Tribune in 2015.

In 2015, the newspaper was acquired by Tribune Publishing. In February 2018, it was announced it would be sold, along with the Los Angeles Times, to Patrick Soon-Shiong's investment firm Nant Capital LLC for $500 million plus $90 million in pension liabilities. The sale was completed on June 18, 2018. In July 2023, Soon-Shiong sold the paper to Digital First Media, a company owned by Alden Global Capital.
Short SB.1
The Short SB.1 was a British tailless glider designed by David Keith-Lucas and Professor Geoffrey T.R. Hill. Built by Shorts as a private research venture to test the concept of the aero-isoclinic wing, it was the first aircraft to incorporate this feature.

It was in effect a one-third scale glider version of Keith-Lucas' ambitious preliminary design P.D.1, intended to meet the Air Ministry's (V bomber) specification B.35/46, which was the basis for the Avro Vulcan, the Handley-Page Victor and the Vickers Valiant.

Glider (aircraft)
A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. Most gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane relies on rising air to maintain altitude) with some being powerful enough to take off by self-launch.

There are a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic efficiency, location of the pilot, controls and intended purpose. Most exploit meteorological phenomena to maintain or gain height. Gliders are principally used for the air sports of gliding, hang gliding and paragliding. However some spacecraft have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past military gliders have been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as paper planes and balsa wood gliders.
Justin Williams
Justin Craig Williams (born October 4, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes, Los Angeles Kings, and Washington Capitals.

Williams won the Stanley Cup three times: in 2006 with the Hurricanes and in 2012 and 2014 with the Kings. Nicknamed "Mr. Game 7", Williams played nine game seven playoff games in his NHL career, with his team sporting a 8–1 record in these games. He currently is tied for most goals in these games with Glenn Anderson at seven, and has the outright record for most game seven points, with 15. Williams won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player of the playoffs in 2014 with the Kings.

Presidents' Trophy
The Presidents' Trophy (French: Trophée des présidents) is an award presented by the National Hockey League (NHL) to the team that finishes with the best record (i.e., most points) during the regular season. The Presidents' Trophy has been awarded 37 times to 18 different teams since its inception during the 1985–86 NHL season.

The trophy winner is guaranteed home-ice advantage for the first round of the Stanley Cup playoffs, but winning the award does not assure playoff success, as only eight winners have gone on to win the Stanley Cup; three Presidents' Trophy winners have been defeated in the Stanley Cup Final. However, the team winning the trophy has won the Cup more than any other playoff seed. The most recent team to win both the trophy and the Stanley Cup in the same season is the 2012–13 Chicago Blackhawks; the only team to accomplish this feat more than once is the Detroit Red Wings (2002 and 2008).
JWH-081
JWH-081 is an analgesic chemical from the naphthoylindole family, which acts as a cannabinoid agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. With a Ki of 1.2nM it is fairly selective for the CB1 subtype, its affinity at this subtype is measured at approximately 10x the affinity at CB2(12.4nM). It was discovered by and named after John W. Huffman.

JWH-081 may be neurotoxic to animals when administered in high doses.

John W. Huffman
John William Huffman (July 21, 1932 – May 14, 2022) was a professor of organic chemistry at Clemson University who first synthesised novel cannabinoids. His research, funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, was focused on making a drug to target endocannabinoid receptors in the body.
Consolidated Fund
In many states with political systems derived from the Westminster system, a consolidated fund or consolidated revenue fund is the main bank account of the government.  General taxation  is taxation paid into the consolidated fund (as opposed to hypothecated taxes earmarked for specific purposes), and general spending is paid out of the consolidated fund.

Auditor general
An auditor general, also known in some countries as a comptroller general or comptroller and auditor general, is a senior civil servant charged with improving government accountability by auditing and reporting on the government's operations.

Frequently, the institution headed by the auditor general is a member of the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).
2015 KPIT MSLTA Challenger
The 2015 KPIT MSLTA Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place at Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex in Pune, India from 26 to 31 October 2015.

2015 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2015 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2015 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 166 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 38th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 7th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Random optimization
Random optimization (RO) is a family of numerical optimization methods that do not require the gradient of the optimization problem and RO can hence be used on functions that are not continuous or differentiable. Such optimization methods are also known as direct-search, derivative-free, or black-box methods.

The name random optimization is attributed to Matyas  who made an early presentation of RO along with basic mathematical analysis. RO works by iteratively moving to better positions in the search-space which are sampled using e.g. a normal distribution surrounding the current position.

Derivative-free optimization
Derivative-free optimization (sometimes referred to as blackbox optimization) is a discipline in mathematical optimization that does not use derivative information in the classical sense to find optimal solutions: Sometimes information about the derivative of the objective function f is unavailable, unreliable or impractical to obtain. For example, f might be non-smooth, or time-consuming to evaluate, or in some way noisy, so that methods that rely on derivatives or approximate them via finite differences are of little use. The problem to find optimal points in such situations is referred to as derivative-free optimization, algorithms that do not use derivatives or finite differences are called derivative-free algorithms.
2022 South and Central American Women's Youth Handball Championship
The 2022 South and Central American Women's Youth Handball Championship was the first edition of the tournament, took place in Taubaté, Brazil, from 26 to 30 April 2022. It acted as the South and Central American qualifying tournament for the 2022 Women's Youth World Handball Championship.

2022 IHF Women's U18 Handball World Championship
The 2022 IHF Women's U18 Handball World Championship was the ninth edition of the IHF Women's Youth World Championship, held from 30 July to 10 August 2022 in Skopje, North Macedonia under the aegis of the International Handball Federation (IHF). Originally scheduled to be held in Tbilisi, Georgia, it was moved to North Macedonia in April 2022 due to uncertainty because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the safety of the tournament held in Georgia.

South Korea won their first-ever title with a 31–28 win over Denmark in the final.
KHangMan
KHangMan is an educational computer game designed for young children based on the classic Hangman game. It is part of the KDE Software Compilation, specifically, in the kdeedu package.

The application features four themes (sea, winter, bee, and desert). In the sea theme, each incorrect guess makes a lighthouse project another piece of the hangman. In the winter theme, a snowman is partially melted after each incorrect guess. In the bee theme, a yellow hangman is created in the background. In the desert theme, a hangman is constructed next to a cactus.
The player guesses letters one by one to attempt to figure out the word given. After ten incorrect guesses, the player loses and the word is revealed. A hint for each word can be activated in the options. Words are available in more than 30 languages and 18 categories.

The program was available only for Linux operating systems, but with the beta release of KDE for Windows, it is now available on Microsoft Windows.

KDE Software Compilation
The KDE Software Compilation (KDE SC) was an umbrella term for the desktop environment plus a range of included applications produced by KDE. From its 1.0 release in July 1998 until the release of version 4.4 in February 2010, the Software Compilation was simply known as KDE, which stood for K Desktop Environment until the rebrand. The then called KDE SC was used from 4.4 onward until the final release 4.14 in July 2014. It consisted of the KDE Plasma 4 desktop and those KDE applications, whose development teams chose to follow the Software Compilation's release schedule. After that, the KDE SC was split into three separate product entities: KDE Plasma, KDE Frameworks and KDE Applications, each with their own independent release schedules.
Cooper ministry
Following the 1937 Bombay Presidency elections, Indian National Congress emerged as the largest group in the Bombay Legislative Assembly. However, when its leader B. G. Kher refused to form a government, Governor Lord Brabourne instead invited Dhanjishah Cooper, an independent member from Satara, to be the Presidency's prime minister on 1 April 1937. Cooper accepted and thus, became's Bombay's first prime minister. The four-member ministry he formed shortly resigned due to lack of majority support, and was replaced by Kher's ministry in July 1937.

Bombay Legislative Assembly
Bombay Legislative Assembly came into existence in 1937, as the legislature of Bombay Presidency, a province of India. It functioned until 1960, when separate states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were formed.
Mashallah ibn Athari
Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Persian: ماشاءالله ابن اثری یهودی; c. 740 – 815), known as Mashallah, was an 8th-century Persian Jewish astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician. Originally from Khorasan, he lived in Basra (in present-day Iraq) during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣūr and al-Ma’mūn, and was among those who introduced astrology and astronomy to Baghdad. The bibliographer ibn al-Nadim described Mashallah "as virtuous and in his time a leader in the science of jurisprudence, i.e. the science of judgments of the stars". Mashallah served as a court astrologer for the Abbasid caliphate and wrote works on astrology in Arabic. Some Latin translations survive.

The Arabic phrase mā shā’ Allāh indicates a believer's acceptance of God's ordainment of good or ill fortune. His name is probably an Arabic rendering of the Hebrew Shiluh. Al-Nadim writes Mashallah's name as Mīshā ("Yithru" or "Jethro").

The crater Messala on the Moon is named after Mashallah.

Walter William Skeat
Walter William Skeat, FBA (21 November 1835 – 6 October 1912) was a British philologist and Anglican deacon. The pre-eminent British philologist of his time, he was instrumental in developing the English language as a higher education subject in the United Kingdom.
The Jive Collection, Vol. 2
The Jive Collection, Vol. 2 is a third compilation album by American rapper Kool Moe Dee. It was released on June 27, 1995, through Jive Records, making it his second compilation album on the label. It is composed of twelve songs from Kool Moe Dee's previous albums: Kool Moe Dee (1986), How Ya Like Me Now (1987), Knowledge Is King (1989), Funke, Funke Wisdom (1991) and Greatest Hits (1993).

How Ya Like Me Now
How Ya Like Me Now is the second solo studio album by American rapper Kool Moe Dee from the Treacherous Three. It was recorded at Battery Studios in London, England, and released on November 3, 1987, via Jive Records.

The album was produced by Teddy Riley, Bryan "Chuck" New, LaVaba Mallison, Pete Q. Harris, and Kool Moe Dee. It peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard 200 and No. 4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. It is his best-selling album to date, achieving platinum certification by the RIAA. The album spawned three singles: "How Ya Like Me Now", "Wild Wild West" and "No Respect".
Special Unit Golubovi
Golubovi was a special forces unit of the National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, which was split up into nine other Brigades numbering 10,000 soldiers. It was commanded by Zlatko Hušidić.  It operated from 1993 to 1994, most notably in the village of Vrnograč, alongside other units such as Ajkini and Metalni. The unit had been destroyed by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1994, during Operation Tiger-Sloboda. It was reformed in 1995, seeing action again in Vrnograč and advancing to Bužim until their defeat in 1995.

Vrnograč
Vrnograč (Cyrillic: Врнограч) is a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the municipality of Velika Kladuša of the Una-Sana Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the census of 1991, it had 1,201 people, including a majority of Bosniaks. According to the 2013 census, its population was 762.
Abdullah Maroofi
Abdullah Maroofi (born 1967) is an Indian Islamic scholar, mufti, and writer who specialises in Hadith studies. Since 2001, he has been serving as a lecturer in the department of specialisation in Hadith at Darul Uloom Deoband and is currently the supervisor of the department.

Mazahir Uloom Jadeed
Mazahir Uloom Jadeed is an Islamic seminary in Saharanpur, India, which split from the Mazahir Uloom as an independent and separate seminary in 1988. It publishes a monthly journal entitled Mazāhir-e-Uloom. As of March 2022, Muhammad Aaqil Saharanpuri is the rector and senior professor of hadith at the seminary.
2014 NCAA Division I Women's Swimming and Diving Championships
The 2014 NCAA Women's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the 33rd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I women's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.

This year's events were hosted by the University of Minnesota at the University Aquatic Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Defending champions Georgia again topped the team standings, finishing 125.5 points ahead of Stanford. This was the Lady Bulldogs' sixth women's team title.

NCAA Division I women's swimming and diving championships
The NCAA Division I women's swimming and diving championships are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of women's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every year since 1982, except 2020.

The meet is typically held on the second-to-last weekend (Thursday-Saturday) in March.

The swimming-portion of the meet takes place in a 25-yard pool, except in 2000 and 2004 which swam in a 25-meter course.

Stanford have been the most successful program, with 11 national titles.

Virginia are the reigning national champions, winning their fifth national title in 2025.
Group delay and phase delay
In signal processing, group delay and phase delay are functions that describe in different ways the delay times experienced by a signal’s various sinusoidal frequency components as they pass through a linear time-invariant (LTI) system (such as a microphone, coaxial cable, amplifier, loudspeaker, communications system, ethernet cable, digital filter, or analog filter).

These delays are sometimes frequency dependent, which means that different sinusoid frequency components experience different time delays. As a result, the signal's waveform experiences distortion as it passes through the system. This distortion can cause problems such as poor fidelity in analog video and analog audio, or a high bit-error rate in a digital bit stream.

Optimum "L" filter
The Optimum "L" filter (also known as a Legendre–Papoulis filter) was proposed by Athanasios Papoulis in 1958. It has the maximum roll-off rate for a given filter order while maintaining a monotonic frequency response. It provides a compromise between the Butterworth filter, which is monotonic but has a slower roll-off, and the Chebyshev filter, which has a faster roll-off but has ripple in either the passband or the stopband. The filter design is based on Legendre polynomials; this is the reason for its alternate name and the L in Optimum "L".
Geloso
Geloso, founded in 1931 by Giovanni Geloso, was an Italian manufacturer of radios, televisions, amplifiers, amateur radio receivers, audio equipment and electronic components. Its headquarters were situated in Milan, viale Brenta, 29.

Amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.

Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was, in the 1920s, adopted by amateur radio operators.
Reece Hussain
Reece Hussain (born 8 December 1995) is an English cricketer. He made his first-class debut on 28 March 2017 for Oxford MCCU against Surrey as part of the Marylebone Cricket Club University fixtures. He was educated at Felsted School and Oxford Brookes University.

Felsted School
Felsted School is a co-educational independent boarding and day school, situated in Felsted in Essex, England. It is in the British public school tradition, and was founded in 1564 by Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich. Felsted is one of the 12 founder members of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, and a full member of the Round Square Conference of world schools. 
Felsted School is featured in the Good Schools Guide and is regularly featured in Tatler's Schools Guide. Felsted School was shortlisted for 'Boarding School of the Year' 2020 by the Times Education Supplement (TES).

Felsted is notable for having educated a British head of state, Richard Cromwell, who was Lord Protector from 1658 to 1659. The current buildings date from the 1850s and were largely designed by Frederic Chancellor.
DVB-T
DVB-T, short for Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial, is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in Singapore in February 1998. This system transmits compressed digital audio, digital video and other data in an MPEG transport stream, using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (COFDM or OFDM) modulation. It is also the format widely used worldwide (including North America) for Electronic News Gathering for transmission of video and audio from a mobile newsgathering vehicle to a central receive point.
It is also used in the US by amateur television operators.

European Telecommunications Standards Institute
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization operating in the field of information and communications. ETSI supports the development and testing of global technical standards for ICT-enabled systems, applications and services.