hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour officially began in Pontchâteau (stage 1 to Machecoul) on 4 July, and Stage 11 occurred on 13 July with a mountainous stage to Morzine. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July.

1988 Tour de France
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000 km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000 km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial.

The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised.
Annals of Aachen
The Annals of Aachen (Latin: Annales Aquenses) is an anonymous late 12th-century compilation of Latin annals from St Mary's Church in Aachen. The annals were originally compiled in 1169 and subsequently extended down to 1196. The first part is little more than a list of Roman emperors from AD 1 until 684. Entries for the years 688–809 were borrowed from some Carolingian imperial annals and are closely related to the Annals of Saint-Amand. There follows a list of Carolingian and German rulers down to 1109. The reports on the reign of Henry V (1105–1125) are generally positive. The coverage of the Staufer rulers is also positive.

The Annals of Aachen contain the earliest example in Germany of the expression "to make a knight". It occurs in the account of the knighting of Frederick I's sons, Henry VI and Frederick VI in 1184: facti sunt milites, they were made knights. This is one of the earliest pieces of evidence for a ceremony of knighting in Germany.

Hohenstaufen
The Hohenstaufen dynasty (/ˈhoʊənʃtaʊfən/, US also /-staʊ-/, German: [ˌhoːənˈʃtaʊfn̩]), also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of German origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254. The dynasty's most prominent rulers – Frederick I (1155), Henry VI (1191) and Frederick II (1220) – ascended the imperial throne and also reigned over Italy and Burgundy. The non-contemporary name of 'Hohenstaufen' is derived from the family's Hohenstaufen Castle on Hohenstaufen mountain at the northern fringes of the Swabian Jura, near the town of Göppingen. Under Hohenstaufen rule, the Holy Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent from 1155 to 1268.
Coat of arms of Thuringia
The coat of arms of the German state of Thuringia 
was introduced in 1990. Like the 1949 coat of arms of Hesse it is based on the Ludovingian lion barry, also known as the "lion of Hesse", with the addition of eight mullets.

People's State of Reuss
The People's State of Reuss (German: Volksstaat Reuß) was a small, short-lived (1918–1920) central German state during the early years of the Weimar Republic. It was formed following the dissolution of the principalities of Reuss-Gera and Reuss-Greiz during the German revolution of 1918–1919. After Prince Heinrich XXVII abdicated for both principalities, they joined to form the People's State of Reuss. It became part of the new state of Thuringia when it was created on 1 May 1920.
Chaos War
"Chaos War" is a Marvel Comics storyline that began publication in October 2010 across nine comic book series: the five-issue miniseries Chaos War, written by Greg Pak and Fred Van Lente, supplemented by seven branded miniseries or one-shot publications, and by three issues of Incredible Hulks, a temporary iteration of the long-running series The Incredible Hulk. It follows the "Incredible Hercules" storyline written by Pak and Van Lente.

The plot concerns a group of mythological gods and others assembled by the Greek god superhero Hercules to battle the Chaos King, the embodiment of the chaos and nothingness that preceded creation, who wants to wipe out all existence.

The Incredible Hulk (comic book)
The Incredible Hulk is a superhero comic book series series published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, it stars scientist Bruce Banner, who is irradiated by gamma rays that cause him to transform under stress into the Hulk, a giant powerful green-skinned monster who is the manifestation of Banner's anger.

The comic has been published on and off since 1962, and has been passed to many high-profile comics writers, such as Bill Mantlo, Peter David, and Greg Pak. Throughout its publication history, it has been intermittently replaced as the primary Hulk title by other series, including Tales to Astonish (1963–68), Indestructible Hulk (2013–15), and The Immortal Hulk (2018–21). The title is currently being written by Phillip Kennedy Johnson, who will relaunch it as The Infernal Hulk in 2025.
XK (user assigned code)
XK is an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 equivalent user-assigned code element. It is de facto used to represent Kosovo.
Similarly, XKX is an ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 equivalent user-assigned code element for Kosovo  in the European Union, and XKK is used in the Unicode standard.

ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They allow a better visual association between the codes and the country names than the two-letter alpha-2 codes (the third set of codes is numeric and hence offers no visual association). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
CASINO
CASINO is a quantum Monte Carlo program that was originally developed in the Theory of Condensed Matter group at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.  CASINO can be used to perform variational quantum Monte Carlo and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the energy and distribution of electrons in atoms, molecules and crystals.

The principal authors of this program are R. J. Needs, M. D. Towler, N. D. Drummond and P. Lopez Rios.

Quantum Monte Carlo
Quantum Monte Carlo encompasses a large family of computational methods whose common aim is the study of complex quantum systems. One of the major goals of these approaches is to provide a reliable solution (or an accurate approximation) of the quantum many-body problem.  The diverse flavors of quantum Monte Carlo approaches all share the common use of the Monte Carlo method to handle the multi-dimensional integrals that arise in the different formulations of the many-body problem.

Quantum Monte Carlo methods allow for a direct treatment and description of complex many-body effects encoded in the wave function, going beyond mean-field theory. In particular, there exist numerically exact and polynomially-scaling algorithms to exactly study static properties of boson systems without geometrical frustration.  For fermions, there exist very good approximations to their static properties and numerically exact exponentially scaling quantum Monte Carlo algorithms, but none that are both.
Boogie Knight
Jeremiah "Boogie" Knight (born January 12, 1999) is an American football player who is a wide receiver for the Mexicas de la Ciudad de México of the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA). He also played for the Asahi Soft Drink / Sekisui Challengers of the X-League. Knight played college football for the Akron Zips and Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks.

Julian Edelman
Julian Francis Edelman (born May 22, 1986) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons with the New England Patriots. He played college football for the Kent State Golden Flashes as a quarterback and was selected in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL draft by the Patriots, where he transitioned to a return specialist and wide receiver. Edelman became a primary offensive starter in 2013 and was a staple of the Patriots' receiving corps until his retirement after the 2020 season.

One of the NFL's most productive postseason receivers, Edelman ranks third in postseason receiving yards and receptions; he holds the Super Bowl records for punt returns and first-half receptions in a single game. A three-time Super Bowl winner, he was the receiving yards leader during his victories in Super Bowl XLIX and Super Bowl LIII. Edelman was named MVP of the latter, accounting for more than half his team's receiving yards.
Mohor Kunja
Mohor Kunja (earlier Citizen's Park) is a public urban park in Maidan, Kolkata. The park is located on Cathedral Road by the side of Victoria Memorial and opposite Nandan. The Park was opened as Citizen's Park. In 2007, the Park was renamed by Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, then Mayor of Kolkata as Mohor Kunja to honour Rabindra Sangeet expert Kanika Bandopadhyay, who is popularly known as Mohor-di. The construction cost of the park was Rupees 64 Lakhs. The park is known for its Musical fountains and atheistic beauty. The park also provides an open-air stage for cultural events.

Nandan (Kolkata)
Nandan is a government-sponsored film and cultural centre in Kolkata, India. The primary aim of the cultural hub is to encourage and facilitate cinematic awareness in society. It includes a few comparatively large screens.

Nandan is one of the main venues of the Kolkata International Film Festival, hosting it until 2010.
While in 2011 the opening and closing ceremonies were shifted to Netaji Indoor Stadium, Nandan remains the main centre for the festival.
2022 Youth Beach Handball World Championship
The 2022 IHF Youth Beach Handball World Championship will be the 2nd edition of the championship scheduled to be held in 14–19 June 2022 in Heraklion, Greece, under the aegis of the International Handball Federation (IHF).

Previously the championship was scheduled to be held in Nazaré, Portugal in July 2021. But on 19 February 2021, the IHF Council decided to move and postpone the event to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

IHF Youth Beach Handball World Championship
The IHF Youth Beach Handball World Championship is an international beach handball competition contested by the men's and women's youth national teams of the member federations of International Handball Federation, the sport's global governing body.

The tournament was established in 2017, taking place every two year. The current tournament format lasts over approximately 6 days and involves 16 men's and 16 women's teams initially competing in four groups of four teams. Three teams from each group will advance to main round and then semifinals are played. The losing semi-finalists play each other in a play-off match to determine the third and fourth-placed teams.

The most recent edition was held in Hammamet (Tunisia) and crowned Spain as champions in men's and women's category respectively beating Germany and Germany by 2–0.
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Short Form New Media
The Writers Guild of America Award for Best Short Form New Media is an award presented by the Writers Guild of America to the writers of the best short form new media series of the season. It has been awarded since the 63rd Annual Writers Guild of America Awards in 2011. The year indicates when each season aired.

Starting in 2023, the separate "Short Form New Media – Original" and "Short Form New Media – Adapted" categories were merged into one combined category.

Writers Guild of America Awards
The Writers Guild of America Awards is an award for film, television, and radio writing including both fiction and non-fiction categories given by the Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America West since 1949.
Wilfrid Hornby
Wilfrid Bird Hornby was an Anglican colonial bishop at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

Born on 25 February 1851 and educated at Marlborough and Brasenose College, Oxford he was ordained in 1876. In 1880 he went on the Oxford Mission to Calcutta, returning in 1884. From 1885 to 1892 he was Vicar of St Columba's, Southwick, Sunderland when he was elevated to the episcopate as Bishop of Nyasaland. After only two years he returned to England, where he was Rector of St Clement's Church, Norwich then Vicar of Chollerton. In 1904 he was appointed Bishop of Nassau, a post he held until 1919. He died on 5 June 1935.

Marlborough College
Marlborough College is a public school (English private boarding school) for pupils aged 13 to 18 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. It was founded as Marlborough School in 1843 by the Dean of Manchester, George Hull Bowers, for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy. It now adopts a co-educational model. In 2023 there were around 1000 pupils, approximately 45% of whom were female.

In 2024, the school was included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among the top 30 senior schools in the UK. Fees for boarding pupils in 2024/2025 are £50,985 per year.
Senovo, Bulgaria
Senovo (Bulgarian: Сеново [ˈsɛnovo], locally [ˈsɛɳovo]) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Vetovo Municipality, Ruse Province, near the town Tsar Kaloyan. It is situated on the banks of the river Beli Lom in the Danubian Plain.

Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province
43°37′N 26°15′E﻿ / ﻿43.617°N 26.250°E﻿ / 43.617; 26.250

Tsar Kaloyan (Bulgarian: Цар Калоян [ˈt͡sar kɐɫoˈjan])  is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, situated in Razgrad Province near the town of Razgrad. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Tsar Kaloyan Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 3,856.

The village was named Torlak until 1934 when it was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan. In 1951 it was renamed Hlebarovo. In 1991 the name was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan.
1969 Glasgow Corporation election
An Election to Glasgow City Council was held on 6 May 1969, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. Of the councils 111 seats, 37 were up for election. The election saw Labour losing its majority, with the council being gained by a Progressive-Conservative alliance, who emerged from the election with a total of 57 of the council's 111 seats.

Following the election, Glasgow Corporation was composed of 37 Labour councillors, 12 Conservatives, 45 Progressives, 15 SNP, and 2 vacant ex officio members.

Turnout was 215,452, out of a total electorate of 609,753 (39.33% turnout).

1969 Scottish local elections
Local elections were held in Scotland in May 1969. The turnout was one of the lowest on record, due to heavy rain and television coverage of the Scotland-Northern Ireland International football match at Hampden Park, Glasgow.

The Scottish National Party failed to repeat their success in the 1968 local elections. Their hopes of becoming the second largest party in Edinburgh were dashed when they could only notch up a solitary win in Sighthill ward.

Labour lost ground overall, losing in Glasgow where the Conservatives and Progressives gained control for the first time in many years.  Labour did however regain control of Aberdeen, which they had lost in 1968.  They also regained Kilsyth and swept all six seats in Lochgelly, Fife.

The Progressives retained Dundee by the Lord Provost's casting vote.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 149
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 149 (P. Oxy. 149 or P. Oxy. I 149) is a receipt, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 22 September 572. Currently it is housed in the Egyptian Museum (10045) in Cairo.

Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (Egyptian Arabic: المتحف المصرى, romanized: al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi]) and also called the Cairo Museum or the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (EMC), is a national history museum in Cairo, Egypt.

An Egyptological museum, it houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world, including over 170,000 items. The Egyptian Museum occupies a building constructed in 1901 on Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, and is one of the largest museums in Africa as well as the first national museum of the Middle East.
Penile artery shunt syndrome
Penile artery shunt syndrome (PASS) is an iatrogenic clinical phenomenon first described by Tariq Hakky, Christopher Yang, Jonathan Pavlinec, Kamal Massis, and Rafael Carrion within the Sexual Medicine Program in the Department of Urology, at the University of South Florida, and Ricardo Munarriz, of Boston University School of Medicine Department of Urology in 2013. It may be a cause of refractory erectile dysfunction in patients who have undergone penile revascularization surgery.

Inferior epigastric artery
In human anatomy, the inferior epigastric artery is an artery that arises from the external iliac artery.: 225  It is accompanied by the inferior epigastric vein; inferiorly, these two inferior epigastric vessels together travel within the lateral umbilical fold (which represents the lateral border of Hesselbach's triangle, the area through which direct inguinal hernias protrude.) The inferior epigastric artery then traverses the arcuate line of rectus sheath to enter the rectus sheath,: 234  then anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery within the rectus sheath.: 225
WJTQ
WJTQ (100.7 FM) is an American commercial radio station serving the Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, markets. The station, established in 1965, is owned by Cumulus Media and its broadcast license is held by Cumulus Licensing, LLC.  Its studios are in Pensacola and its transmitter is near Foley, Alabama.

Cumulus Media
Cumulus Media, Inc. is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.
O'zapft is!
The exclamation "O'zapft is!" (Bavarian for "It is tapped", standard German: "Es ist angezapft") is a tradition during the tapping of the first beer barrel by the mayor of Munich in the Schottenhamel tent at the opening of the Oktoberfest in Munich, Germany since 1950. The exclamation is followed by a signal of twelve gunshots, signalling that beer may now be sold in all of the tents. The opening ceremony takes place every year at noon on the first Saturday after 15 September. The traditional exclamation "O'zapft is!" is always followed by the wish "Auf eine friedliche Wiesn" ("for a peaceful Oktoberfest").

Bavarian language
Bavarian (Boarisch or Bairisch; German: Bayrisch [ˈbaɪʁɪʃ] ⓘ), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a group of Upper German varieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria, and South Tyrol in Italy. Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Sudetenland and western Hungary. Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), making it the largest of all German dialects. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.
Dyadic derivative
In mathematical analysis, the dyadic derivative is a concept that extends the notion of classical differentiation to functions defined on the dyadic group or the dyadic field. Unlike classical differentiation, which is based on the limit of difference quotients, dyadic differentiation is defined using dyadic (binary) addition and reflects the discontinuous nature of Walsh functions.

Hadamard transform
The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh–Hadamard transform, Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh–Fourier transform) is an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric, involutive, linear operation on 2m real numbers (or complex, or hypercomplex numbers, although the Hadamard matrices themselves are purely real).

The Hadamard transform can be regarded as being built out of size-2 discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs), and is in fact equivalent to a multidimensional DFT of size 2 × 2 × ⋯ × 2 × 2.  It decomposes an arbitrary input vector into a superposition of Walsh functions.

The transform is named for the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard (French: [adamaʁ]), the German-American mathematician Hans Rademacher, and the American mathematician Joseph L. Walsh.
Pine Lakes, Florida
Pine Lakes is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Florida, United States. The population was 862 at the 2010 census, up from 755 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Greater Orlando
The Orlando metropolitan area (officially, for U.S. census purposes, the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida metropolitan statistical area, MSA) is an inland metropolitan area in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. Its principal cities are Orlando, Kissimmee, and Sanford. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines it as consisting of the counties of Lake, Orange (including Orlando), Osceola, and Seminole.

According to the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Greater Orlando is 2,673,376, an increase of nearly 540,000 new residents between 2010 and 2020.

By population, it is the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida, the seventh-largest in the Southeastern United States, and the 22nd-largest in the United States. The MSA encompasses 4,012 square miles (10,400 km2) of total area (both land and water areas).
Rygnestadtunet
Rygnestadtunet is an open-air museum at Nordigard farm in northern Rygnestad in the municipality of Valle in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the Setesdal region of Norway, near the junction of the Norwegian National Road 9 and Norwegian County Road 45, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of the village of Valle. The farm museum today looks exactly as it did when it was deserted in 1919.  The farm was legally protected in 1923, it was purchased by the Setesdal Museum in 1938, and it was opened to the public as a museum in 1940. Excavations in the area indicate that the site has been populated since at least 900 AD.

Norwegian National Road 9
Norwegian National Road 9 (Norwegian: Riksvei 9, Rv9) is often called the Setesdal Road (Norwegian: Setesdalsveien) and it is the main thoroughfare through the Setesdalen valley. It runs from the city of Kristiansand in  the southern coast of Norway, through the Torridal and Setesdal valleys in Agder county to Haukeligrend in Telemark county in the north where it meets the European route E134 highway. The highway goes through the villages of Mosby, Homstean, Skarpengland, Hægeland, Hornesund, Hornnes, Evje, Byglandsfjord, Bygland, Ose, Rysstad, Valle, Flatland, Rygnestad, Bykle, Hovden, Bjåen, and Haukeli.

The highway is 235.7 kilometres (146.5 mi) long, with 220.1 kilometres (136.8 mi) in Agder county, and 15.6 kilometres (9.7 mi) in Telemark county.  The highway connects to the European route E18 and European route E39 highways in the city of Kristiansand.  At the other end of the highway, it connects to the European route E134 highway in Haukeli.