hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
British Society for Geomorphology
The British Society for Geomorphology (BSG), incorporating the British Geomorphological Research Group (BGRG), is the professional organisation for British geomorphologists and provides a community and services for those involved in teaching or research in geomorphology, both in the UK and overseas. The society’s journal, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms is published by Wiley-Blackwell and online access is available free to members. The society is affiliated with the Royal Geographical Society as an affiliated research group and with the Geological Society of London as a specialist group.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek  γῆ (gê) 'earth'  μορφή (morphḗ) 'form' and  λόγος (lógos) 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform and terrain history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology, climatology, and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.
Nakatsu Domain
Nakatsu Domain (中津藩, Nakatsu-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now northern Ōita Prefecture. It was centered around Nakatsu Castle in what is now Nakatsu, Ōita and was ruled by the fudai daimyō Okudaira clan for much of its history.

Miyazu Domain
Miyazu Domain (宮津藩, Miyazu-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Tango Province in what is now the northern portion of modern-day Kyoto Prefecture. It was centered around the Miyazu Castle which was located in what is now the city of Miyazu, Kyoto and was controlled by a number of fudai daimyō clans through its history.
Borge Municipality (Nordland)
Borge is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until 1963. It was located on the northern part of the island of Vestvågøya in what is now Vestvågøy Municipality. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Bøstad where Borge Church is located. Other villages in the municipality included Borg, Knutstad, and Tangstad.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality was the 379th largest by area out of the 705 municipalities in Norway. Borge Municipality was the 208th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 4,082. The municipality's population density was 21.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (55/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 10.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Knutstad
Knutstad is a village in Vestvågøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the northeastern part of the island of Vestvågøya, along the European route E10 highway, about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of the village of Bøstad. Knutstad Chapel is located in the village.
Inverted totalitarianism
Inverted totalitarianism is a theoretical system where economic powers like corporations exert subtle but substantial power over a system that superficially seems democratic. Over time, this theory predicts a sense of powerlessness and political apathy, continuing a slide away from political egalitarianism.

Sheldon Wolin coined the term in 2003 to describe what he saw as the emerging form of government of the  United States. He said that the United States was turning into a managed democracy (similar to an illiberal democracy). He uses the term "inverted totalitarianism" to draw attention to the totalitarian aspects of such a system, while the term inverted helps to portray the many differences with classical totalitarianism.

Political apathy
In political science, political apathy is a lack of interest or apathy towards politics. This includes voter apathy, information apathy and lack of interest in elections, political events, public meetings, and voting.

Voter apathy is a lack of interest among voters in the elections of representative democracies. Political apathy or lack of interest is often cited as a cause of low turnout among eligible voters in jurisdictions where voting is optional, and the donkey vote where voting is compulsory. This phenomenon occurs to some extent across all countries or entities where citizens are able to vote. Political apathy has led to increased concerns regarding representative democracies because election results do not encompass the entire population who are eligible to vote.
StrataFlash
StrataFlash is a NOR flash memory technology first developed by Intel.

It stores two or more bits of information per cell rather than just one, in an architecture called multi-level cell (MLC). This is accomplished by storing intermediate voltage levels instead of using only the two levels (discharged = "0" and charged = "1") of traditional binary memories. The StrataFlash technology evolved out of Intel's ETOX flash memory products. Two bits per cell are achieved with four levels of voltage, while three bits per cell can be achieved with eight levels.

Research of this technology began in 1992 and the first commercial products were released in 1997.
Further developments allowed faster read speeds by offering synchronous burst mode and asynchronous page mode read operations.

StrataFlash was widely used on early digital devices with XScale processor, such as early PDAs and early smartphones.

Burst mode (computing)
Burst mode is a generic electronics term referring to any situation in which a device is transmitting data repeatedly without going through all the steps required to transmit each piece of data in a separate transaction.
Software Industry Survey
The Software Industry Survey is an annual, for-the-public scientific survey about the size, composition, current state and future of the software industry and companies in Europe with origin in Finland.

Apart from these reports, the survey's data is used as input for various scientific studies based on the collected data. Results are also used by media companies like newspapers as source for news articles.

Software industry
The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MBaaS, MSaaS, DCaaS etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery. The software and computer services industry spends more than 11% of its net sales for Research & Development which is in comparison with other industries the second highest share after pharmaceuticals & biotechnology.
KGAL
KGAL (1580 AM, "NewsTalk 1580") is a commercial radio station licensed to Lebanon, Oregon, United States, and serving the Mid–Willamette Valley. It airs a talk format and is owned by the Eads Broadcasting Corporation.

The studios and transmitter are on KGAL Drive in Lebanon, off Santiam Highway SE (U.S. Route 20).

Lebanon, Oregon
Lebanon (/ˈlɛbənən/ LEB-ən-ən) is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. Lebanon is located in northwest Oregon, southeast of Salem. The population was 19,690 at the 2020 census. Lebanon sits beside the South Santiam River on the eastern edge of the Willamette Valley, close to the Cascade Range and a 25-minute drive to either of the larger cities of Corvallis and Albany. Lebanon is known for its foot-and-bike trails and its small-town character.
2015 Cup of China
The 2015 Cup of China was the third event of six in the 2015–16 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Capital Indoor Stadium in Beijing on November 6–8. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2015–16 Grand Prix Final.

2015–16 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
The 2015–16 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating was a series of senior invitational internationals which ran from October 23 to December 13, 2015. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points based on their placement at each event and the top six in each discipline qualified to compete at the Grand Prix Final, held in Barcelona, Spain.

Organized by the International Skating Union, the series set the stage for the 2016 Europeans, the 2016 Four Continents, and the 2016 World Championships. The corresponding series for junior-level skaters was the 2015–16 ISU Junior Grand Prix.
The Twilight Children
The Twilight Children is a comic book limited series written by American cartoonist Gilbert Hernandez (of Love and Rockets fame) and drawn by the late Canadian master cartoonist Darwyn Cooke. Vertigo published the four-issue series from October 2015 to January 2016.

Gilbert Hernandez
Gilberto Hernández (born February 1, 1957), usually credited as Gilbert Hernandez and also by the nickname Beto (Spanish: [ˈbeto]), is an American cartoonist.  He is best known for his Palomar/Heartbreak Soup stories in Love and Rockets, an alternative comic book he shared with his brothers Jaime and Mario.
Raymond Muir
Raymond Douglas Muir (June 5, 1897 – June 23, 1954) was an American civil servant who served as Chief Usher in the White House from 1933 to 1938, and Deputy Chief of Protocol for the United States Department of State from 1951 until his death in 1954.

White House Chief Usher
The White House chief usher is the head of household staff and operations at the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the president of the United States. The position is currently held by Robert B. Downing.
McLennan Handicap
The McLennan Handicap was an American thoroughbred horse race run annually each February from 1934–1961 at Hialeah Park Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. First run in 1934 as the Joseph McLennan Memorial Handicap, the race was named In honor of the late Joseph "Sandy" McLennan, the former racing secretary at Hialeah Park and at Chicago's Arlington Park who died in December 1933.  In winning the first edition in 1934, Col. Edward R. Bradley's Blessed Event equaled the world record for a mile and an eighth on dirt.  In 1938 the race name was shortened to the McLennan Memorial Handicap and shortened again in 1948 to the McLennan Handicap.

In 1941 the race had twenty-five entries and had to be run in two divisions.

Hialeah Park Race Track
The Hialeah Park Race Track (also known as the Hialeah Race Track or Hialeah Park) is a historic racetrack in Hialeah, Florida, United States. Its site covers 40 square blocks of central-east side Hialeah from Palm Avenue east to East 4th Avenue, and from East 22nd Street on the south to East 32nd Street on the north. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The facility is served by the Miami Metrorail at Hialeah Station at Palm Avenue and East 21st Street.
Maddie Leech
Madelaine Leech (born 4 May 2003) is an English international cyclist. In 2022, she represented England at the Commonwealth Games and won a bronze medal in the women's team pursuit. She was a two-time medalist at the 2025 UEC European Track Championships. She has ridden for UCI Women's Continental Team Lifeplus–Wahoo. and currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team Alba Development Racing Team

2025 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 122nd UCI Track Cycling World Championships were held in Santiago, Chile from October 22 to 26, 2025. The event was organized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in conjunction with the Chilean National Sports Cycling Federation (Federación Deportiva Nacional de Ciclismo de Chile).

The championships were originally awarded to San Juan, Argentina, but the Argentine cycling federation relinquished hosting rights due to financial difficulties.

All competitions were held at the Peñalolén Velodrome in the Chilean capital.
Moutier
Moutier (French pronunciation: [mutje]; Arpitan: Motiér) is a municipality in Switzerland. Until 31 December 2025, the town belonged to the Jura bernois administrative district of the canton of Bern. On 28 March 2021, the population voted to secede and join the Canton of Jura. The decision entailed a lengthy process of transfer of competences between cantonal authorities.

The change to the canton of Jura took effect on 1 January 2026.

Until then, Moutier was the largest town in Bernese Jura.

Protestant Church of Switzerland
The Protestant Church in Switzerland (PCS), formerly named Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches until 31 December 2019, is a federation of 25 member churches – 24 cantonal churches and the Evangelical-Methodist Church of Switzerland. The PCS is not a church in a theological understanding, because every member is independent with its own theological and formal organisation. It serves as a legal umbrella before the federal government and represents the church in international relations.
Except for the Evangelical-Methodist Church, which covers all of Switzerland, the member churches are restricted to a certain territory.

The president of the PCS is Rita Famos.
Joints & Jam
"Joints & Jam" is the second single by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas, taken from their debut studio album, Behind the Front. The song features the vocals of Ingrid Dupree. The song is featured in the Bulworth soundtrack. A remix of this song, titled "That's the Joint", appears on the group's fifth studio album, The E.N.D. The song samples "Love Till the End of Time" by Paulinho da Costa and Hill sings a reworking of Frankie Valli's "Grease". The song was sampled in the Nextmen's "Amongst the Madness" which appeared in the classic video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3.

Grease (song)
"Grease" is a song written by Barry Gibb and recorded by Frankie Valli: it was released as a single in May 1978. It is the title song for the musical motion picture Grease of that year, which was in turn based on the 1971 stage play Grease. The song celebrates the greaser lifestyle. It sold over seven million copies worldwide and appeared twice on the film's soundtrack, first as the opening track and again as the closing track. "Grease" is one of four songs written specifically for the film that had not been in the stage production.
Rose Goslinga
Rose Goslinga is a microinsurer and advocate for creating insurance for small-scale farmers in Africa. Goslinga led the development of the Syngenta Foundation's Kilmo Salam (Swahili for "safe farming) program which provides lost cost insurance to nearly 200,000 farmers in Kenya and Rwanda. In 2012, Goslinga became a fellow at the Mulago Foundation.

Goslinga founded Pula Advisors in 2015, an insurance advisory service for African farmers. Pula works in eight countries, supporting programs in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Malawi.

Microinsurance
Microinsurance is the protection of low-income people (defined as those living on more than approximately $1 but less than $4 per day) against specific perils in exchange for regular premium payment proportionate to the likelihood and cost of the risks involved. This definition is exactly the same as one might use for regular insurance except for the clearly prescribed target market: low-income people. The target population typically consists of persons ignored by mainstream commercial and social insurance schemes, as well as persons who have not previously had access to appropriate insurance products.

The institutions or set of institutions implementing microinsurance are commonly referred to as a microinsurance scheme.
HMS Leander (F109)
HMS Leander (F109) was the nameship of the Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy (RN). She was originally intended to be part of the Rothesay class and would have been known as Weymouth. Leander was, like the rest of the class, named after a figure of the classical Greek mythology. She was built by the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland and was launched on 28 June 1961. She was commissioned on 27 March 1963.

Leander-class frigate
The Leander-class, or Type 12I (Improved) frigates, comprising twenty-six vessels, was among the most numerous and long-lived classes of frigate in the Royal Navy's modern history. The class was built in three batches between 1959 and 1973. It had an unusually high public profile, due to the popular BBC television drama series Warship. The Leander silhouette became synonymous with the Royal Navy through the 1960s until the 1980s.

The Leander design or derivatives of it were built for other navies:

Royal New Zealand Navy as the Leander class

Chilean Navy: Condell class

Royal Australian Navy: River class

Indian Navy: Nilgiri class

Royal Netherlands Navy: Van Speijk class
Baynes Lake
Baynes Lake is an unincorporated rural community on the east shore of Lake Koocanusa, just north of the mouth of the Elk River, in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. Off BC Highway 93, the locality is by road about 65 kilometres (40 mi) southEAST of Cranbrook and 44 kilometres (27 mi) southWEST of Fernie.

Fernie, British Columbia
Fernie is a city in the Elk Valley area of the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located on BC Highway 3 on the western approaches to the Crowsnest Pass through the Rocky Mountains. Founded in 1898 and incorporated as the City of Fernie in July 1904, the municipality has a population of over 5,000 with an additional 2,000 outside city limits in communities under the jurisdiction of the Regional District of East Kootenay. A substantial seasonal population swells the city during the winter months.

Fernie lies on the Elk River, along Canada's southernmost east-west transportation corridor through the Rockies that crosses the range via the Crowsnest Pass, 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the east. As the largest and longest-established community between Cranbrook and Lethbridge, Fernie serves as a minor regional centre, particularly for its fellow Elk Valley communities.
The Curse at Alton Manor
The Curse at Alton Manor is a dark ride at the Alton Towers theme park near the village of Alton in Staffordshire, England, opened on 18 March 2023. There is a minimum height restriction of 0.9 metres. Guests under 1.1 metres must be accompanied by an adult.

The ride originally opened in 1992 as The Haunted House, before a retheme as Duel – The Haunted House Strikes Back! with the addition of interactive laser shooting in 2003. The same ride system and building was re-used for The Curse at Alton Manor with a new theme and scenes.

Dark ride
A dark ride—or ghost train when horror themed—is an indoor amusement ride on which passengers aboard guided vehicles travel through specially lit scenes that typically contain animation, sound, music and special effects. Appearing as early as the 19th century, such exhibits include tunnels of love, scary themes and interactive stories. Dark rides are intended to tell stories, with thematic elements that immerse riders, which unfold throughout the course of the attraction.
Baltic Hockey League
The Baltic Hockey League (Estonian: Balti Hokiliiga; Latvian: Baltijas hokeja līga; Lithuanian: Baltijos lygos) is a professional ice hockey competition based in the Baltic states featuring club teams from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The competition was founded in 2018, and the first edition of the competition began in November, 2020.

Darius Kasparaitis
Darius Kasparaitis (born October 16, 1972) is a Lithuanian–American former professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins, Colorado Avalanche, and New York Rangers. He is a four-time Olympian and three-time medalist, winning one gold medal, one silver medal, and one bronze medal. He received the title of Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1992 and was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 2016. His 28 career Olympic games is a record among Russian national team players.
Interpretation Act 1850
The Interpretation Act 1850 (13 & 14 Vict. c. 21), also known as Lord Brougham's Act, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that simplified the language that was used in statutes.

The act devised the current system of dividing legislation into sections which are automatically substantive enactments, and also made various other provisions for interpreting other statutes. For example, it stated that the masculine includes the feminine (thus enabling "he" to be written instead of "he or she"), unless expressly indicated otherwise.

Record Commission
The Record Commissions were a series of six royal commissions of Great Britain and (from 1801) the United Kingdom which sat between 1800 and 1837 to inquire into the custody and public accessibility of the state archives. The commissioners' work paved the way for the establishment of the Public Record Office in 1838. The commissioners were also responsible for publishing various historical records, including the Statutes of the Realm (i.e. of England and Great Britain) to 1714 and the Acts of Parliament of Scotland to 1707, as well as a number of important medieval records.

Although the six commissions were technically distinct from one another, there was a considerable degree of continuity between them, and it is common practice to regard them as a single entity and to refer to them in singular form as the Record Commission.
Joseph Scapa
Joseph Brian Scapa (born March 18, 1974) is an American politician who served in the Kansas House of Representatives as a Republican from 2011 to 2016.

He was originally elected in the 87th district in 2010, facing no opposition in the primary and winning a relatively easy general election victory 65% to 35% over Democrat Om Chauhan.

In 2012, redistricting changed district lines and Scapa ran in the 88th district. He once again faced no opposition in the primary, but this time lost the general election in a narrow 53%-47% race to Patricia Sloop. In 2014, Scapa made a comeback, challenging Sloop again and winning with 50.2% of the vote. He ran for re-election in 2016, but lost to Democrat Elizabeth Bishop, in his final election as of 2023.

Elizabeth Bishop (politician)
Elizabeth Bishop (born June 4, 1943) is an American politician who served in the Kansas House of Representatives from the 88th district from 2017 through 2021.

She resigned her seat to allow Democratic committeepersons from her district to choose her successor. On June 16, 2021, they picked Chuck Schmidt, a retired teacher, to succeed her.