hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Universities and antisemitism
There has been antisemitism at universities since the medieval period. Antisemitism has manifested in various ways in universities, including in policies and practices such as restricting the admission of Jewish students by a Jewish quota, or ostracism, intimidation, or violence against Jewish students, as well as in the hiring, retention and treatment of Jewish faculty and staff. In some instances, universities have been accused of condoning the development of antisemitic cultures on campus.

In many jurisdictions, especially since World War II, discriminatory practices, including within the context of a university, are in breach of anti-discrimination laws, though antisemitic cultural values still persists on many campuses.

Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law
The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded by Kenneth L. Marcus in 2012 with the stated purpose of advancing the civil and human rights of the Jewish people and promoting justice for all peoples. LDB is active on American campuses, where it says it combats antisemitism and anti-Zionism.

LDB was named after Louis D. Brandeis, a Jewish American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States active in the Zionist movement. LDB has no relation to Brandeis University or to Louis D. Brandeis himself.
Shimazu Yoshihisa
Shimazu Yoshihisa (島津義久; February 9, 1533 – March 5, 1611) was a powerful daimyō and the 16th Chief of Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province, the eldest son of Shimazu Takahisa. He was renowned as a great general, who managed to subjugate Kyushu through the deft maneuvering of his three brothers. Eventually, in 1585, Yoshihisa seceded control of the entire Kyushu region.

Chikugo Province
Chikugo Province (筑後国, Chikugo no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [tɕi̥ꜜ.kɯ.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), -kɯ.ŋo-, tɕi̥.kɯꜜ.ɡo-, -kɯꜜ.ŋo-, tɕi̥.kɯ.ɡoꜜ-, -kɯ.ŋoꜜ-]) was a province of Japan in the area of northern Kyūshū, corresponding to part of southwestern Fukuoka Prefecture. Chikugo bordered on Higo and Chikugo to the southeast, and Chikuzen to the north and east, Bungo to the east and Hizen to the west. Its abbreviated form name was Chikushū (筑州) (a name which it shared with Chikuzen Province), although it was also called Chikuin (筑陰). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Chikugo was one of the provinces of the Saikaidō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Chikugo was ranked as one of the "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital.
Noire River (Felton River tributary)
The Noire River (in French: Rivière Noire) is a tributary of the Felton River which flows into Baie Sauvage south of Grand lac Saint François which constitutes the head lake of the Saint-François River.

The course of the "Black River" crosses the municipalities of Nantes and Saint-Romain, in the Le Granit Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Estrie, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River, in Quebec, Canada.

Saint-François River
The Saint-François River (French: Rivière Saint-François, pronounced [ʁivjɛʁ sɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa]) is a right tributary of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada.

Its source is Lake Saint-François in Chaudière-Appalaches, southeast of Thetford Mines. It flows southwest towards Sherbrooke, where it changes course northwest towards Drummondville, and finally empties into the Saint Lawrence River near Pierreville. Its total length is 218 km.
PomBase
PomBase is a model organism database that provides online access to the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome sequence and annotated features, together with a wide range of manually curated functional gene-specific data. The PomBase website was redeveloped in 2016 to provide users with a more fully integrated, better-performing service (described in  ).

Model organism database
Model organism databases (MODs) are biological databases, or knowledgebases, dedicated to the provision of in-depth  biological data for intensively studied model organisms. MODs allow researchers to easily find background information on large sets of genes, efficiently plan experiments, integrate their data with existing knowledge, and formulate new hypotheses. They allow users to analyse results and interpret datasets, and  the data they generate are increasingly used to describe less well studied species. Where possible, MODs share common approaches to collect and represent biological information. For example, all MODs use the Gene Ontology (GO) to describe functions, processes and cellular locations of specific gene products. Projects also exist to enable software sharing for curation, visualization and querying between different MODs. Organismal diversity and varying user requirements however mean that MODs are often required to customize capture, display, and provision of data.
Campo Grande, Misiones
Campo Grande (Misiones) is an Argentine locality in the province of Misiones, the head of the Cainguás department. It borders the municipality of Aristóbulo del Valle, of the same department, and the municipalities of Ruiz de Montoya in the Libertador General San Martín department, Jardín América in the San Ignacio department, Campo Viera and Campo Ramón in the Oberá department, and those of 25 de Mayo and Alba Posse in the 25 de Mayo department.

In the municipality of Campo Grande, there is also the urban nucleus of Primero de Mayo, and another important place is Kilometer 17.

Due to the significant celebrations held on Teacher's Day, Campo Grande is known as the Provincial Capital of the Teacher.

Aristóbulo del Valle, Misiones
Aristóbulo del Valle (Misiones) is a village and municipality in Misiones Province in north-eastern Argentina.

The municipality contains part of the Valle del Arroyo Cuña-Pirú Reserve, created in 2000.
Left Coast Lifter
Left Coast Lifter is a floating derrick barge or sheerleg which was built to assist in the eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The barge carries a shear legs crane which is the largest barge crane ever used on the  U.S. West Coast.  The barge's name is taken from "Left Coast", a slang  phrase that plays on the fact that the U.S. West Coast is on the left of the United States when viewing a map with north oriented at the top.

Crane vessel
A crane vessel, crane ship, crane barge, or floating crane is a ship with a crane specialized in lifting heavy loads, typically exceeding 1,500 t (1,476 long tons; 1,653 short tons) for modern ships. The largest crane vessels are used for offshore construction.

The cranes are fitted to conventional monohulls and barges, but the largest crane vessels are often catamaran or semi-submersible types which provide enhanced stability and reduced platform motion. Many crane vessels are fitted with one or more rotating cranes. Some of the largest crane vessels use fixed sheerlegs instead; in these designs, the crane cannot rotate relative to the ship, and the vessel must be manoeuvered to place loads. Other vessels use large gantry cranes and straddle the load.
Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars
Eric Clapton: Life in 12 Bars is a 2017 documentary film about Eric Clapton, directed and co-produced by Lili Fini Zanuck. The film covers Clapton's early childhood, including the trauma of his mother leaving him to be raised by his grandparents, and his career, consisting of "a single-minded mission to raise the profile of the blues in popular culture". Clapton's tragedies, including his infatuation with Patti Boyd, then the wife of his best friend George Harrison, his struggles with drugs and alcoholism, and the death of his 4-year-old son Conor are highlighted.

Clapton and Zanuck previously worked together on the 1991 film Rush.

The film was released on home video on June 8, 2018.

Rush (1991 film)
Rush is a 1991 American crime drama film directed by Lili Fini Zanuck and based on a novel written by Kim Wozencraft. It stars Jennifer Jason Leigh and Jason Patric as two undercover police officers in the 1970s. They become drug addicts themselves and, under pressure from the chief of police, falsify evidence in some cases. The book and film are both based on a 1978-79 drug scandal involving the Tyler, Texas police department and Smith County, Texas Sheriff's Office. An FBI investigation led to the book's author and her partner pleading guilty to perjury, serving time in federal prison, and testifying in a federal civil rights case against Tyler police chief Willie Hardy, who was found not guilty.
Tamarillo
The tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) is a tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae (the nightshade family). It bears an egg-shaped edible fruit. It is common globally, especially in its native South America (as the Quechuan chilltu in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador, or as tomate andino in other Andean countries), and has been introduced in New Zealand, Nepal, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, and Bhutan.

Basal shoot
Basal shoots, root sprouts, adventitious shoots, and suckers are words for various kinds of shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the base of a tree or shrub, or from adventitious buds on its roots. Shoots that grow from buds on the base of a tree or shrub are called basal shoots; these are distinguished from shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the roots of a tree or shrub, which may be called root sprouts or suckers. A plant that produces root sprouts or runners is described as surculose. Water sprouts produced by adventitious buds may occur on the above-ground stem, branches or both of trees and shrubs. Suckers are shoots arising underground from the roots some distance from the base of a tree or shrub.
El Elegante Crater
El Elegante (Spanish for elegant one) is a maar (a type of volcanic crater) located in the Gran Desierto de Altar in the Sonoran Desert, Mexico.

At 250 metres (820 ft) deep and 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) across, it is the largest in the volcanic complex of Pinacate Peaks.

Volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava. A volcanic crater can be of large dimensions and sometimes of great depth. During certain types of explosive eruptions, a volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside, forming a type of larger depression known as a caldera.
WERS
WERS (88.9 FM) is one of Emerson College's two radio stations (the other being campus station WECB), located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Programming features over 20 different styles of music and news, including live performances and interviews.  WERS stands as the oldest non-commercial radio station in New England, and has been in operation since November 1949.  Among the founders of the station was WEEI program director Arthur F. Edes, who first taught broadcasting courses at Emerson in 1932 and helped to plan a campus radio station.  The chief architect of WERS in its early years was Professor Charles William Dudley.

WEZE
WEZE (590 AM) – branded 590 AM The Word – is a commercial Christian radio station licensed to Boston, Massachusetts, serving Greater Boston and much of surrounding New England. Owned by Salem Communications, WEZE is the Boston affiliate for the Salem Radio Network. The WEZE studios are located in the Boston suburb of North Quincy, and the station transmitter resides in neighboring Medford. Besides a standard analog transmission, WEZE is available online.
Hominy Hills
The Hominy Hills are a range of low, gravel-capped hills and upland areas located along the boundary of Colts Neck, Howell and Wall Townships, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, and extending east into the Borough of Tinton Falls (formerly part of Shrewsbury Township), and extending west to the eastern sections of Freehold and Marlboro Townships. The hills attain heights of over 300 feet (91 meters) in elevation, attaining a maximum elevation of 307 feet (94 meters) at Throckmorton Hill, which is the highest point in Howell Township.

Howell Township, New Jersey
Howell Township is a township in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township is the largest municipality in the county by total area, comprising about 61.21 square miles (158.5 km2). It is located in the New York Metro Area and has been a steadily growing bedroom community of New York City. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 53,537, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 2,462 (+4.8%) from the 2010 census count of 51,075, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,172 (+4.4%) from the 48,903 counted in the 2000 census.
Falcine sinus
A falcine sinus is a venous channel that lies within the falx cerebri connecting the vein of Galen and the posterior part of superior sagittal sinus. It is normally present during fetal development and involutes after birth. The presence of a falcine sinus has been associated with a vein of Galen malformation and other vascular anomalies. The persistence of a falcine sinus after the neonatal period was previously thought to be rare, but has recently been described to be present in up to 5% of all people, appearings in approximately 2.1% of CT examinations of adult patients. Some authors have studied the plexus rather than the sinus, a rare form of the venous pathway between the layers of the cerebral falx, which connects the superior sagittal sinus with the inferior sagittal sinus and the straight sinus.

Superior sagittal sinus
The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within the human head, is an unpaired dural venous sinus lying along the attached margin of the falx cerebri. It allows blood to drain from the lateral aspects of the anterior cerebral hemispheres to the confluence of sinuses. Cerebrospinal fluid drains through arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus and is returned to the venous circulation.
The Albigenses (novel)
The Albigenses is an 1824 gothic historical novel by the Irish writer Charles Maturin, published in four volumes by Hurst, Robinson, and Company in London and Constable in Edinburgh. It was published in the year of his death, and was his final novel followed by the short story Leixlip Castle (1825). The plot is set in the early thirteenth century based on the Catharists of Southern France, also known as Albigenses, after the town of Albi. Maturin, a Church of Ireland clergyman, was known for his Gothic novels and plays. Inspired by the success of Walter Scott's Waverley novels, he turned to historical fiction and the novel bears particular similarities with Scott's Ivanhoe.

Ivanhoe
Ivanhoe: A Romance (/ˈaɪvənhoʊ/ EYE-vən-hoh) by Walter Scott is a historical novel published in three volumes, in December 1819, as one of the Waverley novels. It marked a shift away from Scott's prior practice of setting stories in Scotland and in the more recent past. It became one of Scott's best-known and most influential novels.

Set in England in the Middle Ages, with colourful descriptions of a tournament, outlaws, a witch trial, and divisions between Jews and Christians, Normans and Saxons, the novel was credited by many, including Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin, with inspiring increased interest in chivalric romance and medievalism. As John Henry Newman put it, Scott "had first turned men's minds in the direction of the Middle Ages". It was also credited with influencing contemporary popular perceptions of historical figures such as King Richard the Lionheart, Prince John, and Robin Hood.
Royal Crown Hotel
The Royal Crown Hotel is a Grade II listed building located at 2 High Street at the junction with The Esplanade in Rochester, Kent, England. The former public house and hotel was constructed between 1859 and 1861 as a Victorian commercial building serving travellers and residents at the strategic gateway to Rochester Bridge across the River Medway. The building was granted Grade II listed status on 2 December 1991 (List Entry Number: 1336126). The structure remains a prominent landmark within the Historic Rochester Conservation Area.

Rochester Bridge
Rochester Bridge is a bridge over the River Medway in Rochester, Kent, England. For centuries, it was the lowest fixed crossing of the river in South East England. There have been several generations of bridge at this spot, and the current "bridge" is in fact four separate bridges: the Old Bridge and New Bridge carrying the A2 road, Railway Bridge carrying the railway and the Service Bridge carrying service pipes and cables. The bridge links the towns of Strood and Rochester in Medway. All except the railway bridge are owned and maintained by the Rochester Bridge Trust.
Integral polytope
In geometry and polyhedral combinatorics, an integral polytope is a convex polytope whose vertices all have integer Cartesian coordinates. That is, it is a polytope that equals the convex hull of its integer points.
Integral polytopes are also called lattice polytopes or Z-polytopes (after the Z set). The special cases of two- and three-dimensional integral polytopes may be called integral polygons or integral polyhedra, respectively.

Vertex (geometry)
In geometry, a vertex (pl.: vertices or vertexes), also called a corner, is a point where two or more curves, lines, or line segments meet or intersect. For example, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the point where edges of polygons and polyhedra meet are vertices.
1951 French Grand Prix
The 1951 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims-Gueux on 1 July 1951. It was race 4 of 8 in the 1951 World Championship of Drivers and was won by Juan Manuel Fangio and Luigi Fagioli driving an Alfa Romeo. It was the first of three occasions where two drivers would be credited with a Grand Prix win after sharing a car.

The race, which also carried the honorific title of European Grand Prix, saw the World Championship debuts of Aldo Gordini, André Simon and Onofre Marimón. Fagioli's victory, his first in a World Championship race, made him the oldest driver to win a World Championship Grand Prix, a record he still holds. This race also holds the record for the longest Formula One Grand Prix in terms of total distance needed to cover. 77 laps of the 4.856 mile Reims-Gueux circuit totaled to 373.961 miles.

European Grand Prix
The European Grand Prix (also known as the Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One event that was introduced during the mid-1980s and was held every year from 1993 to 2012, except in 1998. During these years, the European Grand Prix was held in a country that hosted its own national Grand Prix at a different point in the same season, at a different circuit (except in 2007). The race returned as a one-off in 2016, being held on a street circuit in Baku, Azerbaijan.

In earlier years, the European Grand Prix was not a race in its own right, but an honorific title given to one of the national Grands Prix in Europe. The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix, held at Monza, and the last was the 1977 British Grand Prix at Silverstone.
5th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 5th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2005 made by people over the age of 50. This was the first year that winners were announced at an in-person ceremony instead of being listed only in an issue of AARP the Magazine. The ceremony was hosted by Angela Lansbury and Shelley Berman at the Bel-Air Hotel in Los Angeles on February 7, 2006. Capote won Best Movie for Grownups, and David Strathairn won the award for Breakaway Accomplishment for Good Night, and Good Luck.

This was the last year that the AARP gave out awards for television (in the Best TV Movie category) until 2020. It was the first year an award was given for Best Comedy for Grownups.

AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The AARP Movies for Grownups Awards are awards given out to "champion films made by and for grownups." Given annually by the AARP, they began in 2002 with the goal of encouraging Hollywood to make more movies by and about people over the age of 50. The first awards were announced in an issue of AARP the Magazine, before transitioning to an annual ceremony in 2006. Since 2018, the awards have been telecast throughout the United States on PBS.
Reducing subspace
In linear algebra, a reducing subspace  of a linear map  from a Hilbert space  to itself is an invariant subspace of  whose orthogonal complement  is also an invariant subspace of  That is,  and  One says that the subspace  reduces the map

One says that a linear map is reducible if it has a nontrivial reducing subspace. Otherwise one says it is irreducible.

If  is of finite dimension  and  is a reducing subspace of the map  represented under basis  by matrix  then  can be expressed as the sum

where  is the matrix of the orthogonal projection from  to  and  is the matrix of the projection onto   (Here  is the identity matrix.)

Furthermore,  has an orthonormal basis  with a subset that is an orthonormal basis of . If  is the transition matrix from  to  then with respect to  the matrix  representing  is a block-diagonal matrix

with  where , and

Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.
2009 Vattenfall Cyclassics
The 2009 Vattenfall Cyclassics is a one-day road race, which is part of the 2009 UCI ProTour, took place on 16 August 2009. The race covered a total of 225 kilometres (140 mi) and took place in Hamburg, Germany.

2009 UCI ProTour
The 2009 UCI ProTour was the fifth series of the UCI ProTour. Two new teams, the American Garmin–Slipstream and the Russian Team Katusha, joined the ProTour, effectively taking over the licenses of Crédit Agricole and Gerolsteiner. Two existing teams changed title sponsors: Team CSC from Denmark became Team Saxo Bank, and Saunier Duval–Scott changed name to Fuji–Servetto. As in 2008, the races organized by the three Grand Tour organizers were not part of the ProTour. Rather than a ranking based only on the ProTour, the UCI designed a World Calendar, on which the Monument events and Grand Tours were included, with a corresponding 2009 UCI World Ranking.

The first race was the 2009 Tour Down Under in January, and the series ended with the 2009 GP Ouest-France in August.