hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crowds and Power
Crowds and Power (German: Masse und Macht) is a 1960 book by Elias Canetti, dealing with the dynamics of crowds and "packs" and the question of how and why crowds obey power of rulers. Canetti draws a parallel between ruling and paranoia. The book analyzes the memoirs of Daniel Paul Schreber and Sigmund Freud's book on them, and Gustave Le Bon.

The book was translated from German into English by Carol Stewart in 1962 and published by Gollancz.

Victor Gollancz Ltd
Victor Gollancz Ltd (/ɡəˈlænts/) was a major British book publishing house of the twentieth century and continues to publish science fiction and fantasy titles as an imprint of Orion Publishing Group.

Gollancz was founded in 1927 by Victor Gollancz, and specialised in the publication of high-quality literature, nonfiction, and popular fiction, including crime, detective, mystery, thriller, and science fiction. Upon Gollancz's death in 1967, ownership passed to his daughter, Livia, who in 1989 sold it to Houghton Mifflin. Three years later in October 1992, Houghton Mifflin sold Gollancz to the publishing house Cassell & Co. Cassell and its parent company Orion Publishing Group were acquired by Hachette in 1996, and in December 1998 the merged Orion/Cassell group turned Gollancz into its science fiction/fantasy imprint.
Karpno, Drawsko County
Karpno [ˈkarpnɔ] (German: Karpen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrowice, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Ostrowice, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 90 km (56 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 10.

Ostrowice
Ostrowice [ɔstrɔˈvit͡sɛ] (formerly German Wusterwitz) is a village in Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Until January 1, 2019, it was the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Ostrowice that was created after the Second World War but divided on January 1, 2019, between the administrative districts of Zlocieniec and Drawsko Pomorskie because of high debts. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Drawsko Pomorskie and 96 km (60 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 540.
Listed buildings in Thurcroft
Thurcroft is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. The parish contains 17 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the villages of Thurcroft and Brampton-en-le-Morthen and the surrounding area. The most important building in the parish is Thurcroft Hall, a country house, which is listed together with two associated structures. The other listed buildings consist of houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings, and a telephone kiosk.

Brampton-en-le-Morthen
Brampton-en-le-Morthen is a dormitory village in the civil parish of Thurcroft, in the Rotherham district, lying to the south of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England.

The village is located directly south-west of Thurcroft, west of Laughton en le Morthen and south-east of Morthen and Whiston.
Daniel Gooch standard-gauge locomotives
The Daniel Gooch standard-gauge locomotives comprise several classes of locomotives designed by Daniel Gooch, Superintendent of Locomotive Engines for the Great Western Railway (GWR) from 1837 to 1864.

2-4-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. In most of North America it became known as a Porter.

The notation 2-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached tender. A subset is 2-4-0WT, a configuration in which the water is under the bolier in a well tank.
Sylvanus Lowry
Sylvanus B. Lowry (July 24, 1824 – 1865) was an American Democratic political boss, newspaper publisher and pioneer in St. Cloud, Minnesota before the American Civil War. He moved there from Kentucky, bringing slaves with him as laborers. He was a profiteer of slavery-related-enterprises. He was elected to the Territorial Council, as the first president of the town council (the office of city mayor did not yet exist), and to the Minnesota State Senate in 1862.

Repeatedly attacked in writing by the abolitionist newspaper publisher Jane Swisshelm, he found his political influence reduced. He started a rival paper The Union. He died young in 1865.

Political boss
A party boss is a person who controls a faction or local branch of a political party. They do not necessarily hold public office themselves; most historical bosses did not, at least during the times of their greatest influence. Numerous officeholders in that unit are subordinate to the single boss in party affairs. Bosses may base their power on the support of numerous voters, usually organized voting blocs, and manage a coalition of these blocs and various other stakeholders. When the party wins, they typically control appointments in their unit, and have a voice at the higher levels.

Reformers typically allege that political bosses are corrupt. This corruption is usually tied to patronage: the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes.
Joseph ha-Mashbir
Joseph ben Samuel ha-Mashbir (Hebrew: יוסף בן שמואל המשביר; c. 1650 – 13 January 1700) was a Karaite ḥakham and theologian. He was born in Derazhnia, Volhynia, and moved to Halicz, Galicia in about 1670.

He was the author of Porat Yosef, on Hebrew grammar; Sheber Yosef, on religious philosophy; Birke Yosef, the subject of which is not known; a commentary on the ten Karaite articles of faith; and Ner Ḥokhmah or Perush Seder ha-Tefillah, a commentary on the prayer-book. The last-named work remained unfinished at the time of the death of the author. Joseph also composed numerous liturgical poems, which were incorporated in the Karaite prayer-book.

A funeral oration was pronounced over him by Mordecai ben Nissan, who had consulted him on the answer he was to give to Jacob Trigland about the origin of Karaism.

Mordecai ben Nissan
Mordecai ben Nissan the Elder (Heb. מרדכי בן ניסן הזקן, Mordechai ben Nissan ha-Zaken) was a Karaite Jewish scholar who lived at Krasny Ostrów, Poland (now Kukeziv, Ukraine) in the second half of the 18th century.
Pin (harp)
The pin (Khmer: ពិណ, pĭn [pɨn]) is a Cambodian arched harp, one of the most historically important instruments in Cambodian music. The instrument went extinct c. 16th century, and is now being restored in modern times. Its historical importance is emphasized by the very name for Cambodian classical music, pinpeat (Khmer: ពិណពាទ្យ). After the pin was no longer being used, Cambodians continued to use the instrument's name for classical music into the present era. When the pin was no longer being used, the tonal range of other instruments was expanded, possibly to compensate. Burmese saung gauk and roneats had more keys for the chromatic scale and the number of gongs in the kong von thom and kong toch "more than doubled in number since the musician depicted on the Angkorian carvings."

Kong toch
The kong vong toch (Khmer: គងវង់តូច or kong touch Khmer: គងតូច) is a number of gongs that are attached to a circle-shaped rack, closely resembling its larger relative, the kong thom. Both instruments belong to the percussion family of traditional Khmer instruments, along with the roneat ek, roneat dek, and roneat thung. These instruments are all performed in the pinpeat and mahaori orchestras. The kong toch is made of three parts; the frame of the gong circle, the gongs themselves, and the gong mallets.

The kong toch is analogous to the khong wong lek used in Thai.
Cuisine of Commander Islands
Cuisine of Commander Islands (Russian: Командорская кухня) is a mixture of traditional Russian cuisine and cuisine of Aleut people, who inhabit the Commander Islands. Commander cuisine is largely based on fish meat, seafood, mushrooms, meat of sea mammals (seals, whales), game meat and vegetable (potato, onion, garlic, carrot) which was brought to the Commander island by Russians.

Seal meat
Seal meat is the flesh, including the blubber and organs, of seals used as food for humans or other animals. It is prepared in numerous ways, often being hung and dried before consumption. Historically, it has been eaten in many parts of the world.

Practice of seal consumption by humans continues today in Japan, Canada and Norway.
Saint Mary's Battery (Marsalforn)
Saint Mary's Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Santa Marija), also known as Qolla s-Safra Battery (Maltese: Batterija tal-Qolla s-Safra) or Gironda Battery (Maltese: Batterija ta' Gironda), was an artillery battery in Marsalforn, limits of Żebbuġ, Gozo, Malta. It was built by the Order of Saint John in 1715 as one of a series of coastal fortifications around the Maltese Islands.

The battery formed part of a chain of fortifications built to defend Marsalforn and nearby bays from Ottoman or Barbary attacks. Although the area was fortified by a number of towers, batteries, redoubts and entrenchments, all of these have been destroyed except for Qolla l-Bajda Battery between Qbajjar and Xwejni Bays.

The battery consisted of a semi-circular gun platform ringed by a parapet, and two blockhouses joined together by a wall. It has been demolished and no remains can be seen.

Żebbuġ, Gozo
Żebbuġ (Maltese: Iż-Żebbuġ) is a village and an administrative unit of Malta, in the northwest coast of the island of Gozo. It is located close to Għarb and Għasri and is built on two hilltop plateaus, Ta' Abram and Ix-Xagħra taż-Żebbuġ. The fishing port and tourist resort of Marsalforn lies within the Żebbuġ Council. The village has a population of 2,956 (as of March 2014), which makes it the fifth largest in Gozo, after Xewkija.

With an area of 7.6 km2, Żebbuġ is the largest local council in Gozo by land area. The word Żebbuġ means "wild olive trees", a crop for which the village used to be noted, although nowadays very few olive trees remain on the slopes of Żebbuġ. The village is also well known for its fine lacework and its nearby coastal beauty spots.
Our Season
Our Season (Korean: 3일의 휴가; lit. '3 Days Vacation') is a 2023 South Korean fantasy drama film directed by Yook Sang-hyo, starring Kim Hae-sook, Shin Min-a, Kang Ki-young, and Hwang Bo-ra. The film is about a miraculous moment that happens when a mother comes down from the sky on a three-day vacation and stays with her daughter. It was released theatrically on December 6, 2023.

Hwang Bo-ra
Hwang Bo-ra (Korean: 황보라; born October 2, 1983) is a South Korean actress. Hwang made her acting debut in 2003 and became popular after she played a quirky-looking "cup noodle girl" in a ramyeon commercial. In 2007, Hwang played the daughter/narrator in black comedy Skeletons in the Closet (also known as Shim's Family), for which she won Best New Actress at the Busan Film Critics Awards and Director's Cut Awards.

This was followed by supporting roles in films and television dramas such as Arang and the Magistrate (2012), The Eldest (2013), and Cunning Single Lady (2014). Hwang has also played leading roles in ghost romance Jumunjin (2010; which reunited her with Rainbow Romance co-star Kim Kibum), revenge drama Dangerous Woman (2011), and horror movie Navigation (2014).
HOME Investment Partnerships Program
The HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) is a type of United States federal assistance that the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides to states to create decent and affordable housing, particularly housing for low and very low income Americans. It is the largest Federal block grant to states and local governments designed exclusively to create affordable housing for low-income families, providing approximately US$2 billion each year.

The program is commonly referred to as the Home Investment or Home Partnership Program, and is often operating in conjunction with other housing and other urban development programs, such as the CDBG program. Its federal identification number, or CFDA number, is 14.239.

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It administers federal housing and urban development laws. It is headed by the secretary of housing and urban development, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's Cabinet.

Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon B. Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.
Cubitt Town
Cubitt Town is a district on the eastern side of the Isle of Dogs in London, England. This part of the former Metropolitan Borough of Poplar was redeveloped as part of the Port of London in the 1840s and 1850s by William Cubitt, Lord Mayor of London (1860–1862), after whom it is named. It is on the east of the Isle, facing the Royal Borough of Greenwich across the River Thames. To the west is Millwall, to the east and south is Greenwich, to the northwest Canary Wharf, and to the north — across the Blue Bridge — is Blackwall. The district is situated within the Blackwall & Cubitt Town Ward of Tower Hamlets London Borough Council.

Port of London
The Port of London is that part of the River Thames in England lying between Teddington Lock and the defined boundary (since 1968, a line drawn from Foulness Point in Essex via Gunfleet Old Lighthouse to Warden Point in Kent) with the North Sea and including any associated docks. Once the largest port in the world, it was the United Kingdom's largest port as of 2020. Usage is largely governed by the Port of London Authority ("PLA"), a public trust established in 1908; while mainly responsible for coordination and enforcement of activities, it also has some minor operations of its own.

The port can handle cruise liners, roll-on roll-off ferries and cargo of all types at the larger facilities in its eastern extent. As with many similar historic European ports, such as Antwerp and Rotterdam, many activities have steadily moved downstream towards the open sea as ships have grown larger and the land upriver taken over for other uses.
Adams Ranch
Adams Ranch, Inc. is located on 65,000 acres (26,000 ha) in the following areas of Florida: St. Lucie, Osceola and Okeechobee counties. The ranch raises the following cattle breeds: Braford, Arrab, Abeef and Argel. They also grow various citrus fruit. It is a family owned and operated corporation. The ranch has about 10,000 cows and 400 bulls.

Osceola County, Florida
Osceola County (/ˌɒsiˈoʊlə/ OSS-ee-OH-lə) is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 388,656. Its county seat is Kissimmee. Osceola County is included in the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Fla. Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Being 54.3% Hispanic, Osceola is one of three Hispanic-majority counties in Florida, owing to its large Puerto Rican American population. It also is the 12th-largest majority-Hispanic county in the nation.
Carex praticola
Carex praticola is a species of sedge known by the common name meadow sedge. It is native to most of northern North America, including most of Canada and the northernmost United States. It grows in many habitat types from wet to dry, including moist mountain meadows and woodlands. This sedge produces dense clumps of stems approaching a meter in maximum height. The inflorescence is an erect or nodding cluster of several flower spikes in color light greenish or brown to white. The fruit is covered in a perigynium which is white to cream, sometimes with a coppery center, and translucent.

Perigynium
In botany, a perigynium (plural: perigynia), also referred to as a utricle, typically refers to a sac that surrounds the achene of plants in the genus Carex (Cyperaceae). The perigynium is a modified prophyll, also known as a glume, which is tissue of leaf origin that encloses the dry, one-seeded achene.

In liverworts, "perigynium" refers to a tube-shaped structure that encases the archegonium and the developing sporophyte.

The location, size, shape, hairiness, color, and other aspects of the perigynium are important structures for distinguishing Carex species. They are often subtended by a scale, which may also aid in identification.
Odd cycle transversal
In graph theory, an odd cycle transversal of an undirected graph is a set of vertices of the graph that has a nonempty intersection with every odd cycle in the graph. Removing the vertices of an odd cycle transversal from a graph leaves a bipartite graph as the remaining induced subgraph.

Induced subgraph
In graph theory, an induced subgraph of a graph is another graph, formed from a subset of the vertices of the graph and all of the edges, from the original graph, connecting pairs of vertices in that subset.
Battle for Central Somalia (2009)
A series of battles in Hiiraan, Middle Shabelle and Galguduud, between rebels of al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam and Somali government forces and ICU militants loyal to the government, erupted during spring 2009. The fighting led to al-Shabaab capturing major government strongholds and Ethiopian forces re-entering Somalia and setting up bases in Hiraan. There was a halt in fighting during a government offensive in Mogadishu, which started on May 22.

Galguduud
Galguduud (Somali: Galgaduud, Arabic: جلجدود, Italian: Galgudud or Ghelgudud) is an administrative region (gobol) of Galmudug state in central Somalia. Its administrative capital is Dusmareb. The largest town in the region is El Buur, which lies at the centre of the region.

Galguduud is bordered by Ethiopia; the Somali regions of Mudug, Hiran, and Middle Shebelle (Shabeellaha Dhexe); and the Indian Ocean.
The largest clan in this region is the Hawiye, specially the Murusade subclan, as well as the Habargidir, 
The region of Galgaduud and southern Mudug formed the Galmudug State by 2016, which considers itself an autonomous state within the larger Federal Republic of Somalia, as defined by the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia.
2017–18 Liga Nacional de Básquet season
The 2017–18 Liga Nacional de Básquet season is the 34th season of the top professional basketball league in Argentina. The season started on 20 September 2017 with the Torneo Súper 20, which finished on 18 November 2017. The regular season began on 29 November 2017 and finished on 6 May 2018. Starting this season, the competition format underwent significant changes. Instead of two conferences (North and South), all 20 teams are placed in a single group and play a double round-robin, where the best 16 teams at the end of the season qualify for the championship playoffs, while the two teams with the worst record play in a best-of-five relegation series. Before the start of the regular season, the Torneo Súper 20 took place, which awarded two berths to the 2018 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol. Salta Basket was relegated after losing the playoff series against Ferro Carril Oeste. San Lorenzo won their third consecutive title, defeating San Martín de Corrientes in the finals.

2018 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol
The 2018 Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol, or 2018 FIBA South American Basketball League, was the 23rd edition of the second-tier level continental professional club basketball competition in the Americas, the FIBA Americas League. Sixteen teams from South America competed over three rounds to determine the champion. The defending champions, Guaros de Lara, did not have the opportunity to defend their title, after the Venezuelan Basketball Federation failed to register the team in the competition, alleging financial troubles. Franca of Brazil won their first Liga Sudamericana de Básquetbol championship in team history by beating Instituto of Argentina.
2005 IAAF World Athletics Final
The 3rd IAAF World Athletics Final was held at the Stade Louis II, in Monte Carlo, Monaco on September 9, and September 10, 2005.

The hammer throw event for men and women had to take place in Szombathely, Hungary  on September 3 as the Monaco stadium was not large enough to hold the event.

IAAF World Athletics Final
The IAAF World Athletics Final was an annual track and field competition organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). It was inaugurated in 2003 to replace the IAAF Grand Prix Final. The competition was part of the IAAF World Athletics Series and was the seasonal culmination of the IAAF World Outdoor Meetings series from 2003 to 2005, then the IAAF World Athletics Tour from 2006 to 2009. Due to changes in the one-day meeting system introduced by the IAAF, the World Athletics Final was discontinued after the 2009 season.
Bremen Eins
Bremen Eins is a German, public radio station owned and operated by the Radio Bremen (RB). It launched on 23 April 2001, succeeding Hansawelle and Radio Bremen Melodie.

The station is aimed at an audience aged 45 and above. It broadcasts an adult contemporary format, focusing on music from the 1970s to 1990s.  Programming is produced between 5:00 AM (6:00 AM on Sundays) and midnight. Outside of these times, SWR1's night programme is broadcast. As of 2023, Bremen Eins has more than 350,000 daily listeners.

Südwestrundfunk
Südwestrundfunk (pronounced [zyːtˈvɛstˌʁʊntfʊŋk]; lit. 'Southwest Broadcasting'), shortened to SWR (pronounced [ˌɛsveːˈʔɛʁ]), is a regional public broadcasting corporation serving the southwest of Germany, specifically the federal states of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate. The corporation has main offices in three cities: Stuttgart, Baden-Baden and Mainz, with the director's office being in Stuttgart. It is a part of the ARD consortium.

It broadcasts on two television channels and six radio channels, with its main television and radio office in Baden-Baden and regional offices in Stuttgart and Mainz. It is the second largest broadcasting organization in Germany behind WDR. SWR, with a coverage of 55,600 km2 (21,500 sq mi), and an audience reach estimated to be 14.7 million. SWR employs 3,700 people in its various offices and facilities.
Jahn–Teller effect
The Jahn–Teller effect (JT effect or JTE) is an important mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in molecular and solid-state systems which has far-reaching consequences in different fields, and is responsible for a variety of phenomena in spectroscopy, stereochemistry, crystal chemistry, molecular and solid-state physics, and materials science. The effect is named for Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller, who first reported studies about it in 1937.

Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei. EPR spectroscopy is useful for analyzing metal ions and organic radicals (compounds with unpaired electrons). The technique reveals some structural information but often simply provides a characteristic "finger print".  The measurement requires a large magnet into which the sample is placed.  Signals are detected using microwaves.  In contrast to NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy is less common.  For a given sample, some of the parameters of interest are g-values (analogous to chemical shift), anisotropy (asymmetry), hyperfine coupling constants (analogous to coupling constant J), and relaxation times.