hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
By-elections to the 3rd Canadian Parliament
By-elections to the 3rd Canadian Parliament were held to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada between the 1874 federal election and the 1878 federal election. The Liberal Party of Canada led a majority government for the 3rd Canadian Parliament.

The number of by-elections is notable and so is the number that were of successfully contested, mainly because courts in Canada began to take a more objective view of petitions at that time, following legal reforms on election procedure. Despite many new elections being called, many politicians were nonetheless reelected a second time.

The following list includes Ministerial by-elections which occurred due to the requirement that Members of Parliament recontest their seats upon being appointed to Cabinet. These by-elections were almost always uncontested. This requirement was abolished in 1931.

3rd Canadian Parliament
The 3rd Canadian Parliament was in session from March 26, 1874, until August 17, 1878 (4 years and 144 days). The membership was set by the 1874 federal election on January 22, 1874. It was dissolved prior to the 1878 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie and the 2nd Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, first led by Sir John A. Macdonald.

The Speaker was Timothy Warren Anglin. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1873-1882 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were five sessions of the 3rd Parliament:
Anthracite iron
Anthracite iron or anthracite pig iron is iron extracted by the smelting together of anthracite coal and iron ore, that is using anthracite coal instead of charcoal in iron smelting. This was an important technical advance in the late-1830s, enabling a great acceleration of the Industrial Revolution in the United States and in Europe.

Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company was a mining and transportation company headquartered in Mauch Chunk, now known as Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. The company operated from 1818 until its dissolution in 1964 and played an early and influential role in the American Industrial Revolution.

The company ultimately encompassed source industries, transport, and manufacturing, making it the first vertically integrated company in the United States.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Gizo
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gizo is  a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Honiara. It was erected Vicariate Apostolic in 1959 from the Vicariates Apostolic of Northern Solomon Islands and Southern Solomon Islands. In 1966, it was elevated to a diocese and was renamed as the Diocese of Gizo. St. Peter's Cathedral at Gizo is the mother church for the diocese.

Gizo, Solomon Islands
Gizo is the capital of the Western Province in Solomon Islands. With a population of 7,177 (as of 2019), it is the third largest town in the country. It is situated on Ghizo Island approximately 380 kilometres (236 miles) west-northwest of the capital, Honiara, and is just southwest of the larger island of Kolombangara.

Gizo has a small landing strip on the nearby island of Nusatupe to the north east of the town, making it relatively developed compared to other settlements in the general vicinity. These days Gizo is a tourism centre with diving and surfing being popular activities.
Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya
Baneswar Sarathibala Mahavidyalaya, established in 2009, is and Honours and General degree college in Baneswar. It is in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal, India. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated with  Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University.

Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University
Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University (CBPBU) is a public state university in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. The university was named after the 19th-century Rajbangshi leader and social reformist Panchanan Barma.
Merana
Merana is a commune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southeast of Turin and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Alessandria.

Merana borders the following municipalities: Piana Crixia, Serole, and Spigno Monferrato.

Alessandria
Alessandria (Italian: [alesˈsandrja] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Lissandria [liˈsɑŋdrja]) is a city and commune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. With a population of 92,518, it is the 3rd-largest city in Piedmont and the 53rd-largest in Italy.

Known for the famous hat manufacturing company Borsalino and for its proximity to the historical site of the battle of Marengo, led by Napoleon, the town is an important agricultural, industrial and logistic hub within its region and Italy's North-West. With a surface extension that makes it Piedmont's largest municipality and a population of 92 839 inhabitants  (the third most popolous city in the region), Alessandria is located in the centre of the so-called "industrial triangle", whose vertices are Turin, Milan and Genoa. Alessandria is also home to one of the headquarters of the University of Eastern Piedmont, which is an academic institution that has a tripolar structure shared with Vercelli and Novara.
Pyotr Andreevich Pilyutov
Pyotr Andreevich Pilyutov (Russian: Петр Андреевич Пилютов, Belarusian: Пётр Андрэевіч Пілютаў; 23 December [O.S. 10 December] 1906 – 24 March 1960) was a Soviet fighter pilot and flying ace during the Winter War and World War II who totaled 14 solo and 1 shared aerial victories. Pilyutov is a recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union award, taking part in the defense of Leningrad.

Asha, Russia
Asha (Russian: Аша́) is a town and the administrative center of Ashinsky District in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Sim River (a tributary of the Belaya), 377 kilometers (234 mi) west of Chelyabinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  31,881 (2010 census); 33,926 (2002 census); 38,646 (1989 Soviet census).
Razia Muradi
Razia Muradi (born in 1995 or 1996) is an Afghan woman who won a scholarship to Veer Narmad South Gujarat University in India before winning the university's gold medal for the highest grades in the academic year.

She is a critic of the Taliban.

Veer Narmad South Gujarat University
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University is a public university located in the city of Surat, Gujarat, India. Previously known as South Gujarat University, it was renamed as Veer Narmad South Gujarat University (VNSGU) in 2004 in honour of the famous scholar and Gujarati poet Narmad. Established  in 1965, the university offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses, including non-traditional postgraduate departments such as public administration, rural studies, comparative literature, and aquatic biology.
FAUST (programming language)
Free and open-source software portal

FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific purely functional, text-based visual programming language for implementing signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plug-ins, or standalone applications. A FAUST program denotes a signal processor: a mathematical function that is applied to some input signal and then fed out. It is free and open-source software released with a GNU General Public License (GPL).

Function composition
In mathematics, the composition operator  takes two functions,  and , and returns a new function .  When the composite function  (pronounced " of ") is evaluated at an input , the result is . That is, the function  is applied after applying  to .

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, sometimes also denoted by . As a result, all properties of composition of relations are true of composition of functions, such as associativity.
Karumbakkam
Karumbakkam is a village located in the Chengalpattu taluk of the Kanchipuram district of the Indian state Tamil Nadu. According to the 2011 Census information, the total geographical area of the village is 184.89 hectares (0.714 sq mi), and the total population is 1,330.

Kanchipuram district
Kanchipuram district is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The area comprising the present day Kancheepuram district was earlier a part of Chingleput district. The original Chingleput district was split in 1997 into form the present day Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts.

On 18 July 2019, Chengalpattu district was carved out of Kanchipuram district, with suburbs from Chengalpet towards Chennai under the district headquarters in Chengalpet. The separation came into effect from 29 November which was done by former Chief Minister Mr. Edappadi K Palaniswami.
Lucas Industries
Lucas Industries plc, now known as Lucas Automotive, is one of the world’s oldest continuously trading automotive brands, tracing its origins to 1875 and the first patent issued to its founder, Joseph Lucas.

Based originally in Birmingham, the company grew over the years into a manufacturer and supplier of automotive industry and aerospace industry components to vehicle and aerospace manufacturers around the world.

Lucas continues to operate as a recognised brand for automotive aftermarket products manufactured and distributed by exclusive agreements with established international partners. Lucas products are available in most countries and there are manufacturing plants located in Europe, South America, Tunisia, China, and other locations.

Brake
A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction.
5-inch gun
A 5-inch gun is a gun with a 5-inch bore. Examples include these naval weapons:

BL 5 inch gun Mk I – V British naval and coast defence guns of 1880s-1890s

5-inch gun M1897 and M1900 - US Army coast artillery weapons 1900-1920

5"/25 caliber US anti-aircraft gun

5"/40 caliber gun - USN gun

5"/50 caliber gun - USN gun

5"/51 caliber US anti-ship gun

5"/38 caliber US dual-purpose gun

5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun US dual-purpose gun

5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun US (and 5"/62 caliber Mark 45 Model 4 gun)

Oto Melara 127/54C dual-purpose gun Italian naval gun

Oto Melara 127/64 dual-purpose gun Italian naval gun

5-inch/50-caliber gun
The 5"/50 caliber gun (spoken "five-inch-fifty-caliber") was the first long barrel 5-inch (127 mm) gun of the United States Navy and was used in the secondary batteries of the early Delaware-class dreadnought battleships, various protected cruisers, and scout cruisers. They were also refitted in the secondary batteries of the armored cruiser New York and the New Orleans-class protected cruisers. They were later used on cargo ships, store ships and unclassified auxiliaries during World War II as well as in emergency coastal defense batteries.
1963 Six Hour Le Mans
The 1963 Six Hour Le Mans was an endurance race for Sports Cars, Touring Cars & Grand Touring Cars. The race was held at the Caversham Airfield circuit in Western Australia on 3 June 1963. It was the ninth annual Six Hour Le Mans race.

The race was won by Jeff Dunkerton driving a Lotus Super 7. The winning car completed 194 laps, a total distance of 427 miles (688 km).

Six Hour Le Mans
The Six Hour Le Mans was an endurance motor race for sports cars and touring cars held annually in Western Australia, Australia from 1955 to 1972.

Initially run at the Caversham Airfield circuit, the event was moved, along with all other WA circuit racing, to the then new Wanneroo Raceway in 1969.
Tjore
Tjore is a village in Grimstad municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located on the southern shore of the Landvikvannet lake, just north of the European route E18 highway. The village lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the village of Østerhus, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) south of the village of Roresand, and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of the town of Grimstad.

Grimstad (town)
Grimstad (listenⓘ) is a town in Grimstad municipality in Agder county, Norway.  The town is also the administrative centre of the municipality. It is located on the Skaggerak coast in Southern Norway along the Groosefjorden, between the towns of Arendal (to the northeast) and Lillesand (to the southwest). The 10.02-square-kilometre (2,480-acre) town has a population (2019) of 13,543 and a population density of 1,352 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,500/sq mi). In Norway, Grimstad is considered a by which can be translated as either a "town" or "city" in English.

Grimstad Church is located on a small hill overlooking the town's harbour. The University of Agder is located in the town as well.
Rostovsky Uyezd (Yaroslavl Governorate)
Rostovsky Uyezd (Ростовский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Yaroslavl Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Rostov.

Rostov Veliky
Rostov Veliky  (Russian: Ростов Великий, IPA: [rɐˈstof vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj], Rostov the Great) is a town in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, one of the oldest in the country and a tourist center of the Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero, 202 kilometers (126 mi) northeast of Moscow. Population: 30,406 (2021 census); 31,792 (2010 census); 34,141 (2002 census); 35,707 (1989 Soviet census).

The name of the town was officially changed to Rostov Veliky on 8 January 2025. The name of the town railway station is Rostov Yaroslavsky, due to its location in Yaroslavl Oblast.
Cape Agulhas Local Municipality elections
The Cape Agulhas Local Municipality council consists of eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in six wards, while the remaining five are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021, the Democratic Alliance (DA) lost its majority, returning with a plurality of five seats.

Cape Agulhas Local Municipality
Cape Agulhas Municipality (Afrikaans: Kaap Agulhas Munisipaliteit) is a municipality located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. As of 2011, it had a population of 33,038. Its municipality code is WC033. It is named after Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa. The largest town is Bredasdorp, which is the seat of the municipal headquarters. It also includes the villages of Napier, Struisbaai, Elim, Arniston and L'Agulhas, and the De Hoop Nature Reserve.
Anaku
Anaku (アナク) is a kata derived from Ananku (See Karate kata). It is translated as "Expression Pivoting Form" or "Pivoting Swallow Form".  This kata is typically taught to Go Kyu (Green Belt Kata).

Anaku is used to teach two principles: shifting from Kiba Dachi to Zenkutsu Dachi to Kiba Dachi, and T'ung Gee Hsing's principle of pounding, which is hitting the same spot multiple times.

Chotoku Kyan is credited with recomposing this kata for Karate in 1895.

Karate kata
Kata (Japanese: 形, or more traditionally, 型; lit. "form") is a Japanese word describing detailed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs. Karate kata are executed as a specified series of a variety of moves, with stepping and turning, while attempting to maintain perfect form. The kata is not intended as a literal depiction of a mock fight, but as a display of transition and flow from one posture and movement to another, teaching the student proper form and position, and encouraging them to visualise different scenarios for the use of each motion and technique. Karateka "read" a kata in order to explain the imagined events, a practice known as bunkai. There are various kata, each with many minor variations.
Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum
Russian interference in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum is a debated subject and remains unproven, though multiple sources argue evidence exists demonstrating that the Russian government attempted to influence British public opinion in favour of leaving the European Union. Investigations into this subject have been undertaken by the UK Electoral Commission, the UK Parliament's Culture Select Committee and Intelligence and Security Committee, and the United States Senate. "The Russia Report" published by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament in July 2020 did not specifically address the Brexit campaign, but it concluded that Russian interference in UK politics is commonplace. It also found substantial evidence that there had been interference in the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.

Culture, Media and Sport Committee
The Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, formerly the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, is one of the select committees of the House of Commons, established in 1997. It oversees the operations of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport which replaced the Department for National Heritage.
Rundu Urban
Rundu Urban is an electoral constituency in the Kavango East region of Namibia. It covers the urban area of Rundu, the region's capital and one of Namibia's largest cities. The constituency also covers parts of the Sauyemwa, Safari, Tutungeni, Katutura, Donkerhoek and  Kehemu neighborhoods. It had a population of 20,953 in 2011, up from 19,173 in 2001. As of 2020 the constituency had 35,740 registered voters.

In 2013 the Kavango Region of which Rundu was the capital, was split into Kavango East and Kavango West. Rundu became the capital of Kavango East, and Rundu Urban also belongs to this region.

Rundu
Rundu is the capital and the largest city of the Kavango-East Region in northern Namibia. It lies on the border with Angola on the banks of the Kavango River, about 1,000 metres (3,300 feet) above sea level. Rundu's population is growing rapidly. The 2001 census counted 36,964 inhabitants; and for the 2011 census it climbed to 63,430.
Vice State President of the South African Republic
The Vice State President of the South African Republic (Dutch: Vise-staatspresident der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) was the second highest political position in the South African Republic.

The vice president was chosen by the Volksraad among the members of the Executive Council (Uitvoerende Raad). The vice president was to act if the State President of the South African Republic was indisposed in case of mental or bodily disability, or was outside of the country. The vice president was constitutional successor of the president.

The position was first established in March 1877 before the British annexation in April 1877.

Volksraad (South African Republic)
The Volksraad of the South African Republic (English: "People's Council" of the South African Republic, Afrikaans: Volksraad van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) was the parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR), it existed from 1840 to 1877, and from 1881 to 1902 in part of what is now South Africa. The body ceased to exist after the British Empire's victory in the Second Anglo-Boer War. The Volksraad sat in session in Ou Raadsaal in Church Square, Pretoria.
Shindō-ryū
This tradition Shindo Ryu (神道流) was founded by Ushu Tatewaki during the 16th Century.   Takenaga was also influenced by Yagyu Munenori and studied the Yagyu Shinkage Ryu. Before Takenaga Hayato returned to his home in Sendai he was directed by Yagyu Munenori to include the name Yagyu in his tradition of Shingan Ryu. As a result of his influence Ushu Tatewaki and the Shindō-ryū (神道流) is acknowledged first in the genealogy of the Yagyu Shingan Ryu, followed by the other traditions of which Takenaga Hayato mastered.

Yagyū Shinkage-ryū
Yagyū Shinkage-ryū (柳生新陰流) is one of the oldest Japanese schools of swordsmanship (kenjutsu). Its primary founder was Kamiizumi Nobutsuna, who called the school Shinkage-ryū.  In 1565, Nobutsuna bequeathed the school to his greatest student, Yagyū Munetoshi, who added his own name to the school. Today, the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū remains one of the most renowned schools of Japanese swordsmanship.  Its name roughly means Yagyū New Shadow School.
Annie McGuire
Annie McGuire is an American sitcom starring Mary Tyler Moore that aired on CBS from October 26 to December 28, 1988.

Though short-lived, Annie McGuire earned positive reviews from both the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times. The series was notable for its early use of a single-camera format and lack of a laugh-track, adopting a more realistic style than the traditional multi-camera sitcom at the time. Aspects of this stylistic approach would later gain widespread popularity in hybrid comedies like Seinfeld, The Larry Sanders Show and many others

The series was created by veteran writer-producers Elliot Shoenman (known for The Cosby Show) and Paul Wolff (known for Remington Steele, Little House on the Prairie, Family Ties) as a star vehicle for Mary Tyler Moore. It also featured prominent comedian David Steinberg as a director, who would subsequently go on to direct episodes of Seinfeld, It's Garry Shandling's Show, and Curb Your Enthusiasm.

It's Garry Shandling's Show
It's Garry Shandling's Show is an American television sitcom that originally aired on Showtime from September 10, 1986, to May 25, 1990. The series, created by Garry Shandling and Alan Zweibel, is notable for breaking the fourth wall.

In the series, Garry Shandling plays a stand-up comedian who is aware that he is a television character. The series features Shandling interacting with the studio audience and manipulating storylines for better outcomes. The series was critically acclaimed and ran for 4 seasons and 72 episodes. Initially aired on Showtime, it was later picked up by Fox for reruns. The show received multiple awards and nominations, including five CableACE Awards and four Primetime Emmy Award nominations.
2019 Zhengzhou Open
The 2019 Zhengzhou Open was a professional tennis tournament, played on outdoor hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and part of the Premier series on the 2019 WTA Tour, offering a total of $1,000,000 in prize money. It took place at the Zhongyuan Tennis Training Base Management Center in Zhengzhou, China, on 9–15 September 2019.

2019 WTA Tour
The 2019 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2019 tennis season. The 2019 WTA Tour calendar was composed of the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). The Hopman Cup, organized by the ITF, also is included but did not distribute ranking points.

Prior to the season, the WTA announced usage of a shot clock at all Premier events. Players had have a minute to get on court, five minutes to warm up, and one minute to start the match. The time allotted to players in between points has been increased from 20 to 25 seconds. Finally, players were allowed only one toilet break in a match.