hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aptullah Kuran
Aptullah Kuran (4 December 1927 – 1 April 2002) was a Turkish historian of architecture and professor of Ottoman architecture, as well as the founding president of Boğaziçi University. After graduation from Robert College, he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in architecture at Yale University and his doctoral degree in history of art at Ankara University. In 1957, he joined the Faculty of Architecture at the Middle East Technical University as a faculty member. Between 1962 and 1968, he served as the dean of the METU Faculty of Architecture. He returned to Robert College in 1968, and became the first president of Boğaziçi University when Robert Yüksek was converted into a public university by Turkish authorities in 1971.

Aptullah Kuran is also the father of Duke University professor Timur Kuran, Suzan Kuran, and Melisa Kuran Fowler.

Boğaziçi University
Boğaziçi University  is a public research university in Istanbul, Turkey. Its main campus in Bebek is located just west of the Bosphorus, from which the institution takes its name. It is historically linked to Robert College, the first American college founded outside the United States. The university reports that its liberal approach has fostered an interdisciplinary and international research environment, and the peaceful coexistence of different lifestyles and worldviews.
2025 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships
The 2025 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships, officially known as the Tsingtao Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championship 2025 for sponsorship reasons, was the fourth edition of the Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships was held at the Conson Gymnasium, Qingdao, China from 11 to 16 February 2025. It was organized by Badminton Asia and hosted by the Chinese Badminton Association.

China national badminton team
The China national badminton team (Chinese: 中国国家羽毛球队; pinyin: Zhōngguó guójiā yǔmáoqiú duì) is a badminton team that represents the People's Republic of China in international badminton team competitions. In addition to the first national team, there is also the second national badminton team of China. Immediately afterward, there is the China National Badminton National Youth Team. All team procedures are managed by the China Badminton Association. The Chinese National Badminton Team is the most successful badminton team in history, having won 11 Thomas Cups, 16 Uber Cups, and 13 Sudirman Cups. China is also the only country to achieve a clean sweep gold medal in 2012 Olympics.
Netlify
Netlify is a cloud computing company that offers a development platform that includes build, deploy, and serverless backend services for web applications and dynamic websites.

The company enables building, deploying, and scaling websites whose source files are stored in the version control system Git and then generated into static web content files served via a content delivery network. Netlify functions are used in building dynamic websites with interactive features. The Netlify platform integrates with various plugins and application programming interfaces (APIs) to add extra features/functionality for web projects.

Platform as a service
Platform as a service (PaaS) or application platform as a service (aPaaS) or platform-based service is a cloud computing service model where users provision, instantiate, run and manage a modular bundle of a computing platform and applications, without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure associated with developing and launching application(s), and to allow developers to create, develop, and package such software bundles.
San Bonaventura al Palatino
The Church of San Bonaventura al Palatino is a small 17th century church building in Rome built on Via Marco Colidio on the Palatine Hill. It is a Franciscan monastery church built by Francesco Barberini on the request of the Blessed Bonaventura Gran and was completed in 1689.

Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill (/ˈpælətaɪn/ PAL-ə-tyne; Classical Latin: Palatium; New Latin: Collis/Mons Palatinus; Italian: Palatino [palaˈtiːno]), which relative to the seven hills of Rome is the centremost, is one of the most ancient parts of the city; it has been called "the first nucleus of the Roman Empire". The site is now mainly a large open-air museum whilst the Palatine Museum houses many finds from the excavations here and from other ancient Italian sites.

Imperial palaces were built there, starting with Augustus. Before imperial times the hill was mostly occupied by the houses of the rich.

The hill originally had two summits separated by a depression: the higher summit was called Palatium; the lower Germalus (or Cermalus). Using the Forma Urbis its perimeter enclosed 63 acres (25 ha); while the Regionary Catalogues of the 4th century enclose 131 acres (53 ha).
Frank Loughman
Francis Loughman (1892 – 13 May 1972) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) and Senator from the 1930s to the 1960s.

A pharmaceutical chemist before entering politics, Loughman was first elected to Dáil Éireann for the Tipperary constituency at the 1938 general election but lost his seat at the subsequent 1943 general election. He was re-elected at the 1944 general election but again lost his seat at the 1948 general election.  He was again elected at the 1957 general election and again lost his seat at the 1961 general election.

In the period between the 1948 and 1954 general elections, Loughman served as a member of 6th Seanad and 7th Seanad on the Cultural and Educational Panel.

7th Seanad
The 7th Seanad was in office from 1951 to 1954. An election to Seanad Éireann, the senate of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament), followed the 1951 general election to the 14th Dáil. The senators served until the close of poll for the 8th Seanad in 1954.
Armourdale (electoral district)
Armourdale was a provincial riding in Ontario, Canada. It was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from the 1963 provincial election until it was eliminated in 1987, when most of its territory was incorporated into the ridings of Wilson Heights, Willowdale, and York Mills. Armourdale was created from part of the former riding of York Centre. It was in the former borough of North York and occupied an area to the west of Yonge Street and east of Bathurst Street.

Three Members of Provincial Parliament represented the riding during its history. The most notable was Philip Givens who was a former mayor of Toronto. He ran in 1975 against Mel Lastman who went on to become mayor of North York and Toronto.

York Centre (provincial electoral district)
York Centre is a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been the name of ridings in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario three different times. It was created initially in 1955 from the southern part of York North. It was dissolved in 1963 when it was split into three ridings called Yorkview, Downsview and Armourdale. In 1967, it was reconstituted north of Steeles in the township of Markham. This lasted until 1999 when it was dissolved into Markham—Unionville. The name was given to a new riding formed in its original location south of Steeles. It remains as an existing riding today.
Tsering Damdul Lama
Tsering Damdul Lama is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) currently serving as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election, he was elected from the Humla 1 (constituency).

2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal
The Second Federal Parliament of Nepal, was elected by the 2022 general elections on 20 November 2022. The elections elected 275 Members of Parliament (MPs), 165 for each constituency and 110 through the party list, to the House of Representatives. The parliament convened for the first time on 9 January 2023 and was dissolved on 12 September 2025 following the 2025 Gen Z protests.
Sappho Painter
The Sappho Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active c. 510–490 BCE.

The artist's name vase is a kalpis depicting the poet Sappho, currently held by the National Museum, Warsaw (Inv. 142333). The hand of the Sappho Painter has been identified on 95 vessels, 70% of which are lekythoi. Their work has also been identified on tomb wall slabs and epinetra.

Nearly half of this artist's paintings are of the white-ground style. They apparently avoided the then-predominant red-figure technique, but sometimes used Six's technique whereby figures are laid on a black surface in white or red and details are incised so that the black shows through. They were influenced and possibly trained by the Edinburgh Painter, and shared a workshop with the Diosphos Painter.

Edinburgh Painter
The Edinburgh Painter was an Attic black-figure vase painter, active around 500 BC. His speciality was white-ground lekythoi painted in the black-figure style.

His real name is unknown. His conventional name is derived from his name vase in Edinburgh, National Museum of Scotland 1956.436.
(20161) 1996 TR66
(20161) 1996 TR66 is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting beyond Pluto in the Kuiper belt of the outermost Solar System, approximately 139 kilometers (86 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1996, by astronomers David Jewitt, Chad Trujillo, Jane Luu, and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. It was the first discovery of a twotino.

Chad Trujillo
Chadwick A. Trujillo (born November 22, 1973) is an American astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and the co-discoverer of Eris, the most massive dwarf planet known in the Solar System.

Trujillo works with computer software and has examined the orbits of the numerous trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), which is the outer area of the Solar System that he specialized in. Trujillo, along with Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz, discovered Eris in 2003. As a result of the discovery of the satellite Dysnomia, Eris was the first TNO known to be more massive than Pluto.
Iota Normae
The Bayer designation ι Normae, which is Latinized as Iota Normae and abbreviated ι Nor, is shared by two stars in the southern constellation of Norma:

ι1 Normae

ι2 Normae

The pair form a double star that can be viewed with a small telescope.

Bayer designation
A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek or Latin letter followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name. The original list of Bayer designations contained 1564 stars. The brighter stars were assigned their first systematic names by the German astronomer Johann Bayer in 1603, in his star atlas Uranometria. Bayer catalogued only a few stars too far south to be seen from Germany, but later astronomers (including Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille and Benjamin Apthorp Gould) supplemented Bayer's catalog with entries for southern constellations.
Atroxima afzeliana
Atroxima afzeliana is a species of plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to rainforests and forest fringes with altitudes below 200 metres (660 ft) in Western Tropical Africa. It was first described in 1868 by Daniel Oliver, at which point it was described as  a new Carpolobia or a new genus. In 1905, Otto Stapf classified it into the atroxima genus.

Carpolobia
Carpolobia is a genus of plants in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) that are native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. It was first written about in 1831 by George Don, at which point 4 species were identified. In 1849, the number of accepted species went down to 2. The other 2 became part of the legume family. The two species that remained, C. alba and C. lutea, were described as closely resembling each other. It was initially in the Polygaleae tribe before being split off in 1992 along with the genus Atroxima to form the new tribe of Carpolobieae.
Diano Marina
Diano Marina (Ligurian: A Maina de Dian, or simply Dian) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region of Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of Imperia.

Diano San Pietro
Diano San Pietro (Ligurian: Dian San Pê) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Genoa and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Imperia.

Diano San Pietro borders the following municipalities: Diano Arentino, Diano Castello, San Bartolomeo al Mare, Stellanello, and Villa Faraldi.

Diano San Pietro is the setting for the books by the English writer Annie Hawes, Extra Virgin and Ripe for the Picking.
Zhemgang
Zhemgang is a town in Zhemgang District, Bhutan. It is the capital (dzongkhag thromde) of the district, and is located in Trong Gewog.

In 2005, Zhemgang had a population of 2,332. The post code of Zhemgang is 34001.

Trong Gewog
Trong Gewog (Dzongkha: ཀྲོང་) is a gewog (village block) of Zhemgang District, Bhutan. It has a total area of 358 km2 and a total population of 3371. In 2003, The Dzongkhag administration declared Trong a “heritage village,” whereby house-owners were restricted from changing the appearance of their houses and surroundings. This was done to encourage the preservation of traditional Bhutanese architecture and increase culture-based tourism in the region. As of 2023, there were 380 households in this gewog, and 39 empty houses. The broader district of Zhemgang is known for its rich biodiversity, particularly of bird species, and Trong Gewog is a popular destination for bird-watching.

Within Trong Gewog, there are five Chiwogs; Gomphu, Tshanglajong Zuphel, Tama Berti, Soobdrang and Dangkhar.
Eigenmoments
EigenMoments is a set of orthogonal, noise robust, invariant to rotation, scaling and translation and distribution sensitive moments. Their application can be found in signal processing and computer vision as descriptors of the signal or image. The descriptors can later be used for classification purposes.

It is obtained by performing orthogonalization, via eigen analysis on geometric moments.

Eigendecomposition of a matrix
In linear algebra, eigendecomposition is the factorization of a matrix into a canonical form, whereby the matrix is represented in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Only diagonalizable matrices can be factorized in this way. When the matrix being factorized is a normal or real symmetric matrix, the decomposition is called "spectral decomposition", derived from the spectral theorem.
Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park
The Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park (Norwegian: Kristiansand Dyrepark) is a zoological garden and amusement park situated in of Kristiansand, Norway. It is Norway's most frequently visited attraction, covering an area of 60 hectares (150 acres). Established in 1966, it has been owned by Braganza since 2004.

The Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park has Norway's largest collection of animals. It consists of over a hundred species of animals from around the world, that move freely on a relatively large area.

Amusement attractions include Cardamom Town (Norwegian: Kardemomme by), which is made to look like the town in the book by Thorbjørn Egner, and Captain Sabertooth and pirate village Abra Havn (Abra Harbor), which is taken from a theatre act by the singer and actor Terje Formoe.

Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx. It is widely distributed from Northern, Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an elevation of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). Despite its wide distribution, it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching and depletion of prey.
National Australia Bank, Childers
The National Australia Bank is a heritage-listed bank building at 61 Churchill Street, Childers, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hubert George Octavius Thomas and built c. 1900. It is also known as Bank of North Queensland, Bank of Queensland, and National Bank of Australasia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Shire of Isis
The Shire of Isis was a local government area located in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia, to the south of Bundaberg. The Shire, administered from the town of Childers covered an area of 1,702.2 square kilometres (657.2 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1887 until 2008, when it was amalgamated with the City of Bundaberg and the Shires of Burnett and Kolan to form the Bundaberg Region.
O' Valley
O' Valley or Ouchterlony Valley is a Town Panchayat in the Gudalur Taluk of The Nilgiris district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The name is a contraction of an older name after a James Ouchterlony, who established coffee plantations in the area. This panchayat area is located between Mudumalai National Park and New Amarambalam Reserved Forest and has several valleys, streams and water falls.

Ooty
Ooty (Tamil: [uːʈ(ː)i] ⓘ; officially Udagamandalam (Tamil: [uðɐhɐmɐɳɖɐlɐm]), anglicized: Ootacamund listenⓘ, abbreviated as Udagai, Tamil: [uðɐhɐi]) is a town and municipality in the Nilgiris district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 86 km (53 mi) northwest of Coimbatore, and is the headquarters of Nilgiris district. Situated in the Nilgiri hills, it is known by the epithet "King of all the Hill Stations", and is a popular tourist destination.

Originally occupied by the Toda people, the area came under the rule of the East India Company in the 18th century. It later served as the summer capital of Madras Presidency. The economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism and agriculture. The town is connected to the plains by the Nilgiri ghat roads and Nilgiri Mountain Railway.
Tarneeb
Tarneeb (Arabic: طرنيب, romanized: ṭarnīb, lit. 'trump'), also spelled tarnibe and tarnib, and called hakam (حكم ḥakam) in the Arabian Peninsula, is a plain trick-taking card game played in various Middle Eastern countries, most notably in the countries of the Levant, and Tanzania. The game may be considered a variation of Whist, or a version of Spades.

Glossary of card game terms
The following is a glossary of terms used in card games. Besides the terms listed here, there are thousands of other common and uncommon slang terms. Terms in this glossary are not game-specific (e.g. specific to bridge, hearts, poker or rummy), but apply to a wide range of card games played with non-proprietary packs. It should not include terms solely related to casino or banking games. For glossaries that relate primarily to one game or family of similar games, see Game-specific glossaries.
Lublin District
Lublin District (German: Distrikt Lublin) was one of the first four Nazi districts of the General Governorate region of German-occupied Poland during World War II, along with Warsaw District, Radom District, and Kraków District. On the south and east, it initially bordered the Soviet Union. After Operation Barbarossa, it bordered Reichskommissariat Ukraine to the east and Galizien District to the south, which was also part of the General Governorate.

Kraków District
Kraków District (German: Distrikt Krakau, Polish: Dystrykt krakowski) was one of the original four administrative districts set up by Nazi Germany after the German occupation of Poland during the years of 1939–1945. This district, along with the other three districts, formed the General Government. It was established on October 12, 1939 by Adolf Hitler, with the capital in occupied Kraków – the historic residence of Polish royalty. The Nazi Gauleiter Hans Frank became the Governor-General of the entire territory of the General Government. He made his residence in Kraków at the heavily guarded Wawel castle. Frank was the former legal counsel to the Nazi Party.
M (1951 film)
M is a 1951 American thriller film noir directed by Joseph Losey, an English-language remake of Fritz Lang's 1931 German film about a child murderer. The film stars David Wayne, Howard da Silva, Luther Adler and Martin Gabel in the leading roles. This version shifts the location of action from Berlin to Los Angeles. The film was produced independently, and released by Columbia Pictures in March 1951. Both versions of M were produced by Seymour Nebenzal, whose son, Harold, was associate producer of the 1951 version.

Much as the original film was widely interpreted as an allegory for Nazism, Losey's interpretation was influenced by his experiences in the Red Scare and the Hollywood blacklist. Several of the cast and crew would be targeted by the blacklist, and Losey himself would move to Europe soon after the film's release when he was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Foster Hirsch
Foster Hirsch is the author of 16 books on subjects related to theatre and film. A native of California, Hirsch received his B.A. from Stanford University and holds M.F.A, M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University. Hirsch joined the English department of Brooklyn College in 1967, and in 1973 became one of the first professors to join the school's newly established film department. He has also been associated with the Pine Bluff Film Festival since its inception in 1994.
Phytolaccaceae
Phytolaccaceae is a family of flowering plants. Though almost universally recognized by taxonomists, its circumscription has varied. It is also known as the Pokeweed family.

The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), also recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. The family comprises five genera, totalling 33 known species. It is divided into the subfamilies Agdestioideae and Phytolaccoideae, with the former Rivinioideae in the Takhtajan system, now placed in its own family Petiveriaceae

Achatocarpaceae
The Achatocarpaceae are a family of woody flowering plants consisting of two genera and 11 known species, and has been recognized by most taxonomists. The family is found from the southwestern United States south to tropical and subtropical South America.

The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. It forms a clade together with Amaranthaceae and Caryophyllaceae, two very large families.
Cor!!
Cor!! was a British comic book launched in June 1970 by IPC (International Publishing Corporation), their sixth new comic in just over a year. Cor!! was edited by Bob Paynter.

The comic had 32 pages and included full-colour front and back pages and centre spread.  It depicted traditional British characters, albeit with a slight tweak.  The unruly schoolkids of The Gaswork Gang echoed The Bash Street Kids of The Beano, Tomboy was firmly in the Minnie the Minx vein, whilst Tricky Dicky seemed like a version of Roger the Dodger, albeit with longer hair and shorter trousers.

The Bash Street Kids
The Bash Street Kids is a comic strip in the British comic magazine The Beano. It also appeared briefly in The Wizard as series of prose stories in 1955.  The strip, created by Leo Baxendale as When the Bell Rings!, first appeared in issue 604. It became The Bash Street Kids in 1956 and has become a regular feature, appearing in every issue. From 1962, until his death in 2023, David Sutherland drew over 3000 strips in his time as illustrator.
Sarabhai family
The Sarabhai family is a prominent Indian family active in several fields. The patriarch, Ambalal Sarabhai, was a leading industrialist. While he created significant wealth, his children interested themselves in a wide variety of other endeavours, and the family is better known for those activities, rather than for their industrial enterprise. The family's business activities continue through Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises.

Nehru Foundation for Development
Nehru Foundation for Development (NFD) is a charitable trust dedicated to rural development and environment awareness. It was founded by Vikram Sarabhai in 1965. The foundation is dedicated to promoting basic environmental education and thinking on current problems of development at individual and the societal level.