hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of human thought
The history of human thought covers the history of philosophy, history of science and history of political thought and spans across the history of humanity. The academic discipline studying it is called intellectual history.

Merlin Donald has claimed that human thought has progressed through three historic stages: the episodic, the mimetic, and the mythic stages, before reaching the current stage of theoretic thinking or culture. According to him the final transition occurred with the invention of science in Ancient Greece.

Adamites
The Adamites, also called Adamians, were adherents of an early Christian sect reportedly active in North Africa during the 2nd through 4th centuries. According to ancient sources, the group practiced ritual nudity, believing they had regained the primeval innocence of Adam and Eve before the Fall. Similar beliefs and practices were attributed to various groups in medieval and early modern Europe, whose adherents were also labeled Adamites by contemporary chroniclers.
1978–79 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey season
The 1978–79 Minnesota Golden Gophers men's ice hockey team represented the University of Minnesota in college ice hockey. In its 7th year under head coach Herb Brooks the team compiled a 32–11–1 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the eighth time. The Golden Gophers defeated North Dakota 4–3 in the championship game at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan to win their third national championship.

North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey
The North Dakota Fighting Hawks men's ice hockey team is the college ice hockey team of the University of North Dakota. They are members of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC) and compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I ice hockey. North Dakota is widely regarded as a premier college hockey school and has one of the most storied programs in NCAA history. UND has made over 30 appearances in the NCAA tournament, appeared in the Frozen Four 22 times, and has won 8 NCAA Division I Championships. The program has also achieved 15 WCHA Regular Season Championships, 6 NCHC Regular Season Championships, and 12 Conference Tournament Championships. The school's former nickname was the Fighting Sioux, which held a lengthy and controversial tenure before being retired in 2012 due to pressure from the NCAA. The official school nickname is now the Fighting Hawks, the voted name that was chosen by the university on November 18, 2015.
Abu Bakr Effendi
Sheikh Abu Bakr Effendi (c. 1814 – 29 June 1880), also spelt Ebu Bekir Efendi, was an Ottoman qadi sent in 1862 by Sultan Abdulaziz at the request of Queen Victoria to the Cape Colony, in order to teach and assist the Muslim community of the Cape Malays. He is known for having made several major contributions to Islam in South Africa, including the translation of his 1877 work, Bayân al-Dîn, into the Afrikaans language, then in a very early stage of development. He is credited with introducing the fez as headwear for male Muslims in the Cape, and his presence had a significant impact on the expansion and consolidation of Islam in the Cape Colony.

Slavery in South Africa
Slavery in South Africa existed from 1653 in the Dutch Cape Colony until the abolition of slavery in the British Cape Colony on 1 January 1834. This followed the British banning the trade of slaves between colonies in 1807, with their emancipation by 1834. Beyond legal abolition, slavery continued in the Boer republics, particularly the South African Republic (Transvaal) through the system of inboekstelsel after the Great Trek.
Ismaili Centre
The Ismaili Centres are symbolic markers of the permanent presence of the Nizari Ismailis in the countries and regions in which they are established, characterised by the Aga Khan IV as 'ambassadorial buildings'. Each building is architecturally unique and functions as a jamatkhana (place of worship), but also incorporates spaces for social and cultural gatherings, intellectual engagement and reflection, as well as spiritual contemplation. They facilitate mutual exchange and seek to foster understanding between diverse peoples, communities and faiths. Collectively and individually, the Centres represent the Nizari Ismaili community’s intellectual and spiritual understanding of Islam, as well as the community’s social conscience, outlook and attitude towards the societies in which it lives.

Nizari Isma'ilism
Nizari Isma'ilis (Arabic: النزارية, romanized: al-Nizāriyya) are the largest segment of the Ismailis, who are the second-largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers. Nizari teachings emphasise the independent legal jurisprudence or ijtihad — though they reject usul (legal reasoning) — pluralism (the acceptance of racial, ethnic, cultural and inter-religious differences) and social justice. Nizaris, along with Twelvers, adhere to the Jaʽfari school of jurisprudence. The Aga Khan, currently Aga Khan V, is the spiritual leader and Imam of most modern Nizaris. The global seat of the Ismaili Imamate is in Lisbon, Portugal.
1995 World's Strongest Man
The 1995 World's Strongest Man was the 18th edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Magnus Ver Magnusson from Iceland, it was his second consecutive and third overall title. Gerrit Badenhorst from South Africa finished second after finishing fourth the previous year, and Marko Varalahti from Finland finished third. The contest was held in Nassau, Bahamas.

World's Strongest Man
The World's Strongest Man is an international strongman competition held every year. Organized by American event management company IMG, a subsidiary of Endeavor, it is broadcast in the US during summers and in the UK around the end of December each year. Competitors qualify based on placing in the top three at the four to eight Giants Live events each year. The current event sponsor is SBD Apparel.

The competition has been won by 25 men representing 14 nationalities. Three of the past champions Bill Kazmaier, Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson and Brian Shaw have been inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.
Club soda
Club soda is a form of carbonated water manufactured in North America, commonly used as a drink mixer. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, or sodium citrate is added to artificially replicate constituents commonly found in natural mineral waters and offset the acidity of introducing carbon dioxide gas (which creates low 3–4 pH carbonic acid when dissolved in water).

Naturally effervescent Selters water from Germany gave rise to the generic use of the term for carbonated water, particularly from a soda siphon, in the United States and Canada as seltzer. Seltzer water is artificially carbonated but lacks added minerals.

Soda siphon
The soda siphon (sometimes spelled syphon), also known as the seltzer bottle, siphon seltzer bottle, or just siphon) is a device for storing and dispensing carbonated beverages (typically carbonated water) while maintaining the internal pressure, thereby preventing it from going flat. The carbonated beverage is dispensed using the internal pressure of the bottle, so the setup is not a true siphon in its operation.
2020 Herald Sun Tour
The 2020 Jayco Herald Sun Tour was a road cycling stage race that took place between 5 and 9 February 2020 in  Victoria, Australia. It was the 67th edition of the Herald Sun Tour and was a part of the 2020 UCI Oceania Tour.

2020 UCI Oceania Tour
The 2020 UCI Oceania Tour was the 16th season of the UCI Oceania Tour. The season began on 15 January 2020 with the New Zealand Cycle Classic and finished on 9 February 2020 with the Herald Sun Tour.

Throughout the season, points were awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determined how many points were awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points were awarded.
The UCI ratings from highest to lowest were are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.1 and 1.2
Dear Happy
Dear Happy is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin. It was released on 17 January 2020, through Aplin's own label Never Fade Records, and distribution group AWAL. Dear Happy marks Aplin's first studio-length release since her second studio album Light Up the Dark (2015). The album was announced through Aplin's Twitter and website on 10 September 2019. Aplin will tour in support of the record in early 2020.

Light Up the Dark (album)
Light Up the Dark is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin, which was released by Parlophone Records on 18 September 2015. The album peaked at number fourteen in the UK Albums Chart.
Soil chemistry
Soil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange ions, and is considered the father of soil chemistry. Other scientists who contributed to this branch of ecology include Edmund Ruffin, and Linus Pauling.

Soil texture
Soil texture is the identifying quality of the upper layer of earth, which is composed of sand, silt and clay.Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law.  Soil texture has agricultural applications such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the soil to environmental and management conditions such as drought or calcium (lime) requirements. Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. The USDA soil taxonomy and WRB soil classification systems use 12 textural classes whereas the UK-ADAS system uses 11.  These classifications are based on the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil.
1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Cornwall (Duke of Cornwall's) Artillery Volunteers were formed in 1860 as a response to a French invasion threat. They served as a Coast Artillery unit during both World Wars, and also manned batteries serving overseas. The unit continued in existence until the dissolution of Coast Artillery in the UK in 1956.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
Margrit Conrad
Margrit Conrad (21 September 1918 – 2 August 2005) was a Swiss contralto in opera and concert.

Conrad was born in Lucerne. She studied at the conservatory of Zürich with Ria Ginster. She recorded Bach cantatas with Diethard Hellmann. She died in Baden, aged 86.

Contralto
A contralto (Italian pronunciation: [konˈtralto]) is a classical female singing voice whose vocal range is the lowest of their voice types.

The contralto voice type is fairly rare. A contralto's range is similar to that of a mezzo-soprano, and almost identical to that of a countertenor – typically from the F below middle C (F3 in scientific pitch notation) to the second F above middle C (F5), although, at the extremes, some voices can reach the D below middle C (D3) or the second B♭ above middle C (B♭5). The contralto voice type includes coloratura, lyric, and dramatic contraltos.
Woody's Knob
Woody's Knob (Charlie Woody Mountain), at an elevation of 4,170 feet, is a summit or "knob" in the Blue Ridge Mountains and one of the highest points in the unincorporated village of Little Switzerland and in Mitchell County, North Carolina.

Mount Mitchell
Mount Mitchell (Attakulla in Cherokee) is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland North America east of the Mississippi River. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians about 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Asheville. It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchell's elevation is 6,684 feet (2,037 m)  above sea level. Mount Mitchell is ranked 31st by topographic isolation.
Orthodox Mennonites
The Orthodox Mennonites, also called Wellesley Orthodox Mennonites and Huron Orthodox Mennonites, are two groups of traditional Old Order Mennonites in Canada and the US with about 650 baptized members. Even though plain to a very high degree and primitivist concerning technology, they are rather intentionalist minded than ultra traditional. Since 1999 they were joined by several other Old Order Mennonite communities.

Huron County, Ontario
Huron County (/ˈhjʊərɒn, -ən/ HURE-on, -⁠ən) is a county in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is located on the southeast shore of its namesake, Lake Huron, in the southwest part of the province. The county seat is Goderich, also the county's largest community.

The population reported in the 2021 Census for this predominantly agricultural area with many villages and small towns was 61,366 in a land area of 3,398 square kilometres.  Of the total population, 7,881 reside in Goderich.
British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan
The Department of Ancient Egypt is a department forming an historic part of the British Museum, with Its more than 100,000 pieces making it the largest[h] and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities outside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Amarna
Amarna (/əˈmɑːrnə/; Arabic: العمارنة, romanized: al-ʿAmārna) is an extensive ancient Egyptian archaeological site containing the ruins of Akhetaten, the capital city during the late Eighteenth Dynasty. The city was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, and abandoned shortly after his death in 1332 BC.

The site is on the east bank of the Nile River, in what today is the Egyptian province of Minya. It is about 58 km (36 mi) south of the city of al-Minya, 312 km (194 mi) south of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, and 402 km (250 mi) north of Luxor (site of the previous capital, Thebes). The city of Deir Mawas lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south.

Activity in the region flourished from the Amarna Period until the later Roman era.
Nuoro Cathedral
Nuoro Cathedral otherwise the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Snows (Italian: Cattedrale di Santa Maria della Neve; Duomo di Nuoro), is the main place of Roman Catholic worship in Nuoro, Sardinia, and the cathedral church of the diocese of Nuoro.

Built in the mid-nineteenth century, it stands in a square called the Piazza Santa Maria della Neve and is dedicated to the Madonna of the Snow (in Italian: Madonna della Neve; also, Our Lady of the Snows, Italian: Nostra Signora della Neve), the patron saint of Nuoro, whose cult is closely linked to the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

Diocese of Nuoro
The Diocese of Nuoro (Latin: Dioecesis Nuorensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church on the east-central coast Sardinia, facing the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Cagliari. Historically it was the diocese of Galtellì until 1779, and then the diocese of Galtellì-Nuoro until 1928. In 1928, it became the Diocese of Nuoro.
Gmina Radków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Gmina Radków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Radków, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Włoszczowa and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 86.32 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,668.

Włoszczowa County
Włoszczowa County (Polish: powiat włoszczowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Włoszczowa, which lies 46 kilometres (29 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce.

The county covers an area of 906.38 square kilometres (350.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 45,137, out of which the population of Włoszczowa is 9,985, and the rural population is 35,152.
Irish people in Jamaica
Irish people in Jamaica or Irish Jamaicans, are Jamaican citizens whose ancestors originated from Ireland. If counted separately, Irish people would be the second-largest reported ethnic group in Jamaica, after Afro-Jamaicans.

Afro-Jamaicans
Afro-Jamaicans or Black Jamaicans are people from Jamaica who have ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa, whose ancestors were brought to the island from West and Central Africa through the transatlantic slave trade starting in the 17th century.

Afro-Jamaicans are Jamaicans of predominantly African descent. They represent the largest ethnic group in the country.

The ethnogenesis of the Black Jamaican people stemmed from the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th century, when enslaved Africans were transported as slaves to Jamaica and other parts of the Americas. During the period of British rule, slaves brought to Jamaica by European slave traders were primarily Akan, some of whom ran away and joined with Jamaican Maroons and even took over as leaders.
Rishra
Rishra is a city and a municipality in Srirampore subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

Hooghly River
The Hooghly River (/ˈhuːɡli/; Bengali: Hugli [ˈɦuɡli]) is the westernmost distributary of the Ganges, situated in West Bengal, India. It is known in its upper reaches as the Bhagirathi. The Bhagirathi splits off from the main branch of the Ganges at Giria. A short distance west, it meets the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal, which massively increases its flow. The river then flows south to join the Jalangi at Nabadwip, where it becomes the Hooghly proper. The Hooghly continues southwards, passing through the metropolis of Kolkata. Thereafter, it empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its tributaries include the Ajay, Damodar, Rupnarayan, and Haldi.

The Hooghly has religious significance as Hindus consider the river sacred. It also plays a major role in the agriculture, industry, and climate of the state.
2004 Kerry Senior Football Championship
The 2004 Kerry Senior Football Championship was the 104th staging of the Kerry Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Kerry County Board in 1889. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 25 March 2004. The championship ran from 7 May to 18 December 2004.

An Ghaeltacht entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Laune Rangers in the semi-finals.

The final was played on 7 November 2004 at FitzGerald Stadium in Killarney, between South Kerry and Laune Rangers in what was their first ever meeting in the final. South Kerry won the match by 1-13 to 2-05 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a first title in 22 years.

Colm Cooper was the championship's top scorer with 3-21.

1889 Kerry Senior Football Championship
The 1889 Kerry Senior Football Championship was the inaugural staging of the Kerry Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Kerry County Board.

On 26 May 1889, Laune Rangers won the championship following a 0–06 to 0–03 defeat of Dr. Crokes in the final at the Kerry County Athletic Club grounds.
Globivenus rugatina
Globivenus rugatina, or the queen Venus clam, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Veneridae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from North Carolina to the West Indies.

Veneridae
The Veneridae or venerids, common name: Venus clams, are a very large family of minute to large, saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs. Over 500 living species of venerid bivalves are known, most of which are edible, and many of which are exploited as food sources.

Many of the most important edible species are commonly known (in the US) simply as "clams". Venerids make up a significant proportion of the world fishery of edible bivalves. The family includes some species that are important commercially, such as (in the US) the hard clam or quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria.
1985 Individual Long Track World Championship
The 1985 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 15th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 15 September 1985 at the Korskro Motor Centre in Esbjerg in Denmark.

The world title was won by Simon Wigg of England.

FIM Long Track World Championship
This is the complete list of Individual Long Track World Championship medalists from 1971. Also included are the medalists from 1957 to 1970 when the championship was known as the European Individual Long Track Championship.
Lolo (footballer, born 1984)
Manuel Jesús Ortiz Toribio (born 22 August 1984), known as Lolo, is a Spanish former professional footballer. A versatile defensive unit, he could play as both a central defender or defensive midfielder.

2006–07 Segunda División B
The Segunda División B 2006–07 season was the 30th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 27 August 2006, and the season ended on 24 June 2007 with the promotion play-off finals.
Rufous fishing owl
The rufous fishing owl (Scotopelia ussheri), also known as the rufous-backed fishing-owl or Ussher's fishing owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is endemic to west Africa, where it is a highly localised resident along forest rivers.

Pel's fishing owl
Pel's fishing owl (Scotopelia peli) is a large species of owl in the family Strigidae, found in Africa. It lives near rivers and lakes, and feeds nocturnally on fish and frogs snatched from the surface of lakes and rivers. The species prefers slow-moving rivers with large, overhanging trees to roost in and forage from. It nests in hollows and the forks of large trees. Even though two eggs are laid, often only one chick is raised.
Tā moko
Tā moko is the permanent marking or tattooing as customarily practised by Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. It is one of the five main Polynesian tattoo styles (the other four are Marquesan, Samoan, Tahitian and Hawaiian).

Tohunga-tā-moko (tattooists) were considered tapu, or inviolable and sacred.

Michael King (historian)
Michael King OBE (15 December 1945 – 30 March 2004) was a New Zealand historian, author, and biographer. He wrote or edited over 30 books on New Zealand topics, including the best-selling Penguin History of New Zealand, which was the most popular New Zealand book of 2004.
WLYE-FM
WLYE-FM (94.1 MHz) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country format. Licensed to Glasgow, Kentucky, United States, the station serves the Bowling Green area.  The station is currently owned by Commonwealth Broadcasting, and features programming from Fox News Radio.

The station's studios and offices are located at 902 West Main Street in downtown Glasgow. WLYE's transmitter is located on the southeastern outskirts of the city off Kentucky Route 90.

Glasgow, Kentucky
Glasgow is a home rule-class city in Barren County, Kentucky, United States. It is the seat of its county. Glasgow is the principal city of the Glasgow micropolitan area, which comprises Barren and Metcalfe counties. The population was 15,014 at the 2020 U.S. census.

The city is well known for its annual Scottish Highland Games. In 2007, Barren County was named the number one rural place to live by The Progressive Farmer magazine.