hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
U-rank
In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, U-rank is one measure of the complexity of a (complete) type, in the context of stable theories.  As usual, higher U-rank indicates less restriction, and the existence of a U-rank for all types over all sets is equivalent to an important model-theoretic condition: in this case, superstability.

Type (model theory)
In model theory and related areas of mathematics, a type is an object that describes how a (real or possible) element or finite collection of elements in a mathematical structure might behave.  More precisely, it is a set of first-order formulas in a language L with free variables x1, x2,..., xn that are true of a set of n-tuples of an L-structure .  Depending on the context, types can be complete or partial and they may use a fixed set of constants, A, from the structure .  The question of which types represent actual elements of  leads to the ideas of saturated models and omitting types.
1938 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1938 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 52nd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county hurling tournament. The championship began on 1 May 1938 and ended on 4 September 1938.

Tipperary were the defending champions but were disqualified from the championship after fielding an ineligible player in their Munster semi-final defeat of Clare.

On 4 September 1938, Dublin won the championship following a 2–5 to 1–6 defeat of Waterford in the All-Ireland final. This was their sixth All-Ireland title, their first in eleven championship seasons. It remains their last All-Ireland triumph.

Waterford's Locky Byrne was the championship's top scorer with 4–5.

1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 51st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 16 May 1937 and ended on 5 September 1937.

Limerick entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated in the provincial stages. Tipperary won the title following a 3–11 to 0–3 victory over Kilkenny in the final.
Codex Kingsborough
The Codex Kingsborough, also known as the Codex Tepetlaoztoc, is a 16th-century Mesoamerican pictorial manuscript detailing the history of Tepetlaoztoc and abuse of the indigenous Tepetlaoztoc population by the Spanish encomenderos who took control after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. It is in the collections of the British Museum.

Aztec codex
Aztec codices (Nahuatl languages: Mēxihcatl āmoxtli, pronounced [meːˈʃiʔkatɬ aːˈmoʃtɬi]; sg.: codex) are Mesoamerican manuscripts made by the pre-Columbian Aztec, and their Nahuatl-speaking descendants during the colonial period in Mexico. Most of their content is pictorial in nature and they come from the multiple Indigenous groups from before and after Spanish contact. Differences in styles indicate regional and temporal differences. The types of information in manuscripts fall into several broad categories: calendar or time, history, genealogy, cartography, economics/tributes, census and cadastral, and property plans. Codex Mendoza and the Florentine Codex are among the important and popular colonial-era codices. The Florentine Codex, for example is known for providing a Mexica narrative of the Spanish Conquest from the viewpoint of the Indigenous people, instead of Europeans.
Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani
Muhammad Beg Khan-e Rosebahani was Qiladar and Jagirdar of Banganapalle. He was a supposed uncle of Imad ul-Mulk, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Mubariz Khan Bahadur, Hizbar Jang, sometime Subadar of the Deccan and Wazir. In 1665, he was appointed as Qiladar of Banganapalle Fort and granted the surrounding districts in jagir by the Sultan of Bijapur. He died in 1686.

Banaganapalli
Banaganapalli is a town in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It lies in Nandyal district, 38 km west of the city of Nandyal. Banaganapalli is famous for its mangoes and has a cultivar, Banaganapalli, named after it. Between 1790 and 1948, Banaganapalli was the capital of the princely state of the same name, Banganapalle State.
Rigid-band model
The Rigid-Band Model (or RBM) is one of the models used to describe the behavior of metal alloys. In some cases the model is even used for non-metal alloys such as Si alloys. According to the RBM the shape of the constant energy surfaces (hence the Fermi surface as well) and curve of density of states of the alloy are the same as those of the solvent metal under the following conditions:

The excess charge of the solute atoms localizes around them.

The mean free path of the electrons is much greater than the lattice spacing of the alloy.

The electron states of interest in the pure solvent are all in one energy band, which is greatly separated in energy from the other bands.

The only effect of the addition of the solute, given that its valence is greater than that of the solvent, is the addition of electrons to the valence band. This results to swelling the Fermi surface and filling the density of states curve to a higher energy.

Density of states
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density of states is defined as , where  is the number of states in the system of volume  whose energies lie in the range from  to . It is mathematically represented as a distribution by a probability density function, and it is generally an average over the space and time domains of the various states occupied by the system. The density of states is directly related to the dispersion relations of the properties of the system. High DOS at a specific energy level means that many states are available for occupation.

Generally, the density of states of matter is continuous. In isolated systems however, such as atoms or molecules in the gas phase, the density distribution is discrete, like a spectral density. Local variations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often referred to as local densities of states (LDOSs).
1980 Volvo International
The 1980 Volvo International was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in North Conway, New Hampshire in the United States and was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was held from July 27 through August 3, 1980. Jimmy Connors won the singles title.

1980 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1980 Volvo Grand Prix was a men's professional tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments. The Grand Prix circuit is a precursor to the ATP Tour.

Volvo became the new tour sponsor of the Grand Prix circuit after Colgate-Palmolive decided to end its sponsorship. Eight World Championship Tennis tournaments were incorporated into the circuit.
2023 Pit Boss 250
The 2023 Pit Boss 250 presented by USA Today was the 6th stock car race of the 2023 NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the 3rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, March 25, 2023, in Austin, Texas, at Circuit of the Americas, a 3.426 miles (5.514 km) permanent asphalt road course. The race completed the scheduled 46 laps. A. J. Allmendinger, driving for Kaulig Racing, would put on a dominating performance, leading 28 laps for his 16th career NASCAR Xfinity Series win, and his first of the season. To fill out the podium, William Byron, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, and Ty Gibbs, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series at Circuit of the Americas
Stock car races in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series has been held at Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas as a companion to the Cup race at the track since 2021. The 250 kilometres (160 mi) race is currently known as Focused Health 250 for sponsorship reasons. Shane van Gisbergen is the defending winner.
Q-Squared
Q-Squared (full title Star Trek: The Next Generation – Q-Squared) is a non-canon Star Trek novel by Peter David. It spent five weeks on the New York Times bestseller list in 1994.

Q-Squared was released in July 1994 as one in a series of "Giant Novels" for the Star Trek line from Pocket Books. Although the novel was primarily based on and around the characters of Star Trek: The Next Generation, this book was particularly notable for bringing together the characters of Q from Star Trek: The Next Generation and Trelane from Star Trek: The Original Series.

Beverly Crusher
Dr. Beverly Crusher is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise, played by Gates McFadden. Debuting in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, McFadden appeared in every season, except for the second, as well as its spin-off feature films: Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection, and Star Trek: Nemesis.  McFadden returned to the role in the third season of Star Trek: Picard. She also had cameo appearances in Star Trek: Prodigy, both as a holographic recreation and the real Crusher.

Crusher was the chief medical officer of the Enterprise-D and Enterprise-E, two starships in the Star Trek universe.
2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2 – Men's 500 metres
The men's 500 metres races of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 2, arranged in the Taereung International Ice Rink, in Seoul, South Korea, were held on the weekend of 21–23 November 2014.

Race one was won by Pavel Kulizhnikov of Russia, while Mo Tae-bum of South Korea came second, and Ruslan Murashov of Russia came third. Dai Dai Ntab of the Netherlands won Division B of race one, and was thus, under the rules, automatically promoted to Division A for race two.

In race two, the top two were the same as in race one, Kulizhnikov and Mo, while Laurent Dubreuil of Canada took the bronze. Pim Schipper of the Netherlands won Division B of race two.

2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2
The second competition weekend of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was held in the Taereung International Ice Rink in Seoul, South Korea, from Friday, 21 November, until Sunday, 23 November 2014.

Continuing his success debut of the previous weekend, Pavel Kulizhnikov of Russia won both 500 m races, and the 1000 m race. Claudia Pechstein of Germany bettered her own record as the oldest winner of a World Cup race, to 42 years and 272 days, as she won the women's 5000 m.
Akash-NG
Akash - New Generation (IAST: Ākāśa "Sky") abbreviated as Akash-NG is a medium-ranged, mobile surface-to-air missile defense system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited, and Bharat Electronics for the Indian Air Force.

For the Akash-NG project, DRDO selected Electropneumatics and Hydraulics India, a private company, under Development cum Production Partner programme. Akash-NG is the successor of Akash Mark 1, and Akash Prime series of missiles with improvements.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Kleinbartloff
Kleinbartloff (German pronunciation: [ˈklaɪnbaʁtˌlɔf]) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it has been part of the municipality of Niederorschel.

Eichsfeld (district)
Eichsfeld is a district in Thuringia, Germany, and part of the historical region of Eichsfeld. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Nordhausen, Kyffhäuserkreis and Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, and by the states of Hesse (district Werra-Meißner-Kreis) and Lower Saxony (district Göttingen).
Comfort Cove-Newstead
Comfort Cove-Newstead is a small fishing community located outside Campbellton, on the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, (on the Bay of Exploits).

It has a recently renovated town hall, a fire department, a corner store with post office, two churches, and other services including a fish processing plant and a vegetable farm.

There are many services such as a playground, town hall, community center, fish plant, fire hall, local store, vegetable farm and more. The children in this town, along with those from Campbellton, Birchy Bay, Baytona, Loon Bay and Michaels Harbour attend a k-9 school in the Campbellton and high school in Lewisporte.

There are about 248 private dwellings, in Comfort Cove-Newstead, covering a land area of about 29.83 square km.  There is a Salvation Army place of worship, a United Church, and Cull's Point Cemetery there.

Baytona
Baytona is a small rural community found in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is situated off Route 340, which runs from Lewisporte to Twillingate island, aptly named "Road to the Isles". A bay separates Baytona from a neighboring town called Birchy Bay. The first settlers of Baytona were fishermen, with women mainly staying home to raise children; however, with a depletion in cod stocks and lobsters, there was a shift away from the fishing industry.

Baytona has a fire department, town council and a recreation committee. There is currently one running convenience store. The community has a playground, and a basketball court.

The town also has an Anglican and a Pentecostal church.
Austro-German Postal Union
The Austro-German Postal Union (Deutsch-Österreichischer Postverein, literally "German–Austrian Postal Association") was a union of the postal systems of the Austrian Empire and the pre-Empire German states. The union was established on 1 July 1850. The administrative prerequisites were already provided by the German Zollverein established in 1834. On 18 October 1847 the representatives convened to the German Postal Conference in Dresden on a suggestion of Prussia and Austria. Not until 6 April 1850, Prussia and Austria, slowed by political circumstances, closed a contract establishing a German–Austrian Postal Association in Berlin.

Kreuzer
The Kreuzer (German: [ˈkʁɔʏtsɐ] ⓘ), in English also spelled kreutzer (/ˈkrɔɪtsər/ KROYT-sər), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871–1873, and in Austria and Switzerland.  After 1760 it was made of copper. In south Germany the kreuzer was typically worth 4 Pfennige and there were 60 Kreuzer to a gulden. Kreuzer was abbreviated as  Kr, kr, K or Xr.
The Jazz Cafe
The Jazz Cafe is a music venue in Camden Town, London. It opened in 1990 on the former premises of a branch of Barclays Bank and has had several owners throughout its history as a music venue.

The venue holds 450 people across both floors.

The music venue also curates Jazz Cafe Festival, a London day festival which takes place in Burgess Park.

Camden Town
Camden Town (/ˈkæmdən/ ⓘ) is an area in the London Borough of Camden, around 2.5 miles (4 km) north-northwest of Charing Cross. Historically in Middlesex, it is identified in the  London Plan as one of 34 major centres in Greater London.

Laid out as a residential district from 1791 and originally part of the manor of Kentish Town, Camden Town became an important location during the early development of the railways, which reinforced its position on the London canal network. The area's industrial economic base has been replaced by service industries such as retail, tourism and entertainment. The area now hosts street markets and music venues associated with alternative culture.
National Security Committee (Kazakhstan)
The National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSC) is an intelligence agency in Kazakhstan founded on 13 July 1992. It primarily manages the Border Service of Kazakhstan, which conducts oversight over the international borders of Kazakhstan. The NSC also oversees the Arystan ('Lions') commando unit.

Altynbek Sarsenbayuly
Altynbek Särsenbaiūly (Kazakh: Алтынбек Сәрсенбайұлы; 12 September 1962 – 11 February 2006) was a Kazakh politician who served in the Government of Kazakhstan before becoming a political opposition leader. At the time of his death, he served as the co-chairman of Nağyz Aq Jol.

In 2003, after a long career in senior government positions of Kazakhstan, such as Information Minister and Ambassador to Russia, Altynbek joined the opposition ranks in protest against what he regarded as the administration's authoritarian policies.

Soon after his decision to contest in the 2005 Kazakh presidential election, Altynbek faced government intimidation tactics, including a physical assault by unidentified individuals during a presidential campaign meeting with voters and the alleged beating of his two nephews in November 2005.
Prostaglandin DP2 receptor
Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2 or CRTH2) is a human protein encoded by the PTGDR2 gene. DP2 has also been designated as CD294 (cluster of differentiation 294). It is a member of the class of prostaglandin receptors which bind with and respond to various prostaglandins. DP2 along with prostaglandin DP1 receptor are receptors for prostglandin D2 (PGD2). Activation of DP2 by PGD2 or other cognate receptor ligands has been associated with certain physiological and pathological responses, particularly those associated with allergy and inflammation, in animal models and certain human diseases.

Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.
Ichor
In Greek mythology, ichor (/ˈaɪkər/) is the ethereal fluid making up the blood of the gods and/or immortals. The Ancient Greek word ἰχώρ (ikhṓr) is of uncertain etymology, and has been suggested to be a foreign word, possibly the pre-Greek substrate.

Aether (classical element)
According to ancient and medieval science, aether (/ˈiːθər/, alternative spellings include æther, aither, and ether), also known as the fifth element or quintessence, is the material that fills the region of the universe beyond the terrestrial sphere. The concept of aether was used in several theories to explain several natural phenomena, such as the propagation of light and gravity. In the late 19th century, physicists postulated that aether permeated space, providing a medium through which light could travel in a vacuum, but evidence for the presence of such a medium was not found in the Michelson–Morley experiment, and this result has been interpreted to mean that no luminiferous aether exists.
Zaliznyi Port
Zaliznyi Port (Ukrainian: Залізний Порт, lit. 'Iron Port'; Russian: Зализный Порт), also known as Zhelezny Port (Russian: Железный Порт), is a resort village (selo) along the Black Sea coast, located in the Bekhtery rural hromada of Skadovsk Raion of Kherson Oblast in Ukraine. It is situated near the outskirts of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve, being located ~45 km from Skadovsk and ~60 km from Kherson cities.

Hladkivka, Skladovsk Raion
46°24′23″N 32°38′15″E﻿ / ﻿46.40639°N 32.63750°E﻿ / 46.40639; 32.63750

Hladkivka (Ukrainian: Гладківка) is a village in southern Ukraine, and is located in Skadovsk Raion of Kherson Oblast. It belonged to Hola Prystan Raion before it was merged into Skladovsk Raion in 2020.
Dieuwertje Blok
Dieuwer Sarah "Dieuwertje" Blok (8 August 1957 – 2 March 2025) was a Dutch actress, writer and radio and television presenter who was best known for presenting Het Sinterklaasjournaal from 2001 to 2024.

Radio personality
A radio personality is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host (North American English), radio presenter (British English) or radio jockey. Radio personalities who introduce and play individual selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys or "DJs" for short. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, and satellite radio program hosts, and non-host contributors to radio programs, such as reporter
G.I. Joe: America's Movable Fighting Man
G.I. Joe: America's Movable Fighting Man is a line of action figures produced by Hasbro. The initial product offering represented four of the branches of the U.S. armed forces. The term G.I. stands, in popular usage, for Government Issue and became a generic term for U.S. soldiers (predating the action figures), especially ground forces. The term originated in WWI, when much of the government-issued equipment was stamped "G.I.", meaning that it was made from galvanized iron. The development of G.I. Joe led to the coining of the term "action figure".

Action figure
An action figure is a poseable character model figure made most commonly of plastic, and often based upon characters from a film, comic book, military, video game, television program, or sport; fictional or historical. These figures are usually marketed toward boys and adult collectors. The term was coined by Hasbro in 1964 to market G.I. Joe to boys (while competitors called similar offerings boy's dolls).

According to a 2005 study in Sweden, action figures which display traditional masculine traits primarily target boys. While most commonly marketed as a child's toy, the action figure has gained widespread acceptance as collector item for adults. In such a case, the item may be produced and designed on the assumption it will be bought solely for display as a collectible and not played with like a child's toy.
2001–02 Zamalek SC season
The 2001–02 season is Zamalek Sports Club 91st season of football since existence in 1911, 47th consecutive season in the Egyptian Premier League, the top flight in the Egyptian football. The club qualified to the 1st edition of the Egyptian Super Cup, also qualified to the 2002 CAF Champions League, as well as represent the CAF at the 2001 FIFA Club World Championship as the first Egyptian team.

2001 FIFA Club World Championship
The 2001 FIFA Club World Championship was a football tournament arranged by FIFA to take place in Spain from 28 July to 12 August 2001. It was supposed to be the second edition of the FIFA Club World Championship, after the first edition in 2000, but was cancelled owing to a combination of factors such as the collapse of FIFA's marketing partner ISL. FIFA had originally planned to postpone the tournament until 2003.
Prince Max Emanuel of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1935)
Max Emanuel Prinz von Thurn und Taxis (7 September 1935 – 5 March 2020) was the heir presumptive to the nominal title of Fürst von Thurn und Taxis that is held, according to the traditional house law of the former German princely House of Thurn and Taxis, by his nephew Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis. Max Emanuel was a member of the former German princely House of Thurn and Taxis, whose wealth derived from founding the German postal service and brewing.

Albert von Thurn und Taxis
Albert, 12th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (Albert Maria Lamoral Miguel Johannes Gabriel Fürst von Thurn und Taxis, pronounced [ˈalbɛʁt maˈʁiːa lamoˈʁal miˈɡɛl joˈhanəs ˈɡaːbʁieːl fʏʁst fɔn ˈtʊʁn ʔʊnt ˈtaksɪs]; born 24 June 1983), is a German aristocrat, businessman and race car driver.: 540  He has been listed as the world's youngest billionaire many times since his father's death in 1990, first appearing on the list when he was eight years old.