hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2021 U-20 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
The 2021 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations qualification was a men's under-20 football competition which decided the participating teams for the 2021 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations.

Players born 1 January 2001 or later were eligible to participate in the competition. A total of twelve teams qualified to play in the final tournament, including Mauritania who qualified automatically as hosts.

West African Football Union
The West African Football Union (French: Union des Fédérations Ouest-Africaines de Football; Portuguese: União das Federações Oeste Africanas), officially abbreviated as WAFU-UFOA and WAFU,  is a sports governing body representing the football associations in West Africa that was founded in 1975 and is a subregional body of the Confederation of African Football (CAF).

It mainly organizes qualifying tournaments/championships for the CAF Women's Champions League and CAF's national team competitions except the Africa Cup of Nations, but also organizes its own competitions, like the currently-inactive WAFU Nations Cup.
Mandala (Breaking Bad)
"Mandala" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. It was written by George Mastras and directed by Adam Bernstein. The episode aired on AMC on May 17, 2009. This episode introduces Gus Fring and Victor, played by Giancarlo Esposito and Jeremiah Bitsui respectively.

Breaking Bad season 2
The second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad premiered on March 8, 2009, and concluded on May 31, 2009. It consisted of 13 episodes, each running approximately 47 minutes in length. AMC broadcast the second season on Sundays at 10:00 pm in the United States. The complete second season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on March 16, 2010.
Gmina Dąbie, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Gmina Dąbie is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Koło County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Dąbie, which lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Koło and 135 km (84 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 130.06 square kilometres (50.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,644 (out of which the population of Dąbie amounts to 2,087, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 4,557).

Dąbie, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Dąbie (Polish pronunciation: [ˈdɔmbjɛ]) is a town on the Ner River in central Poland with 1,940 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in Koło County in Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land. Dabie is situated near several nature trails and is known locally for its scenic walking routes.
Amorphous carbonia
Amorphous carbonia, also called a-carbonia or a-CO2, is an exotic amorphous solid form of carbon dioxide that is analogous to amorphous silica glass. It was first made in the laboratory in 2006 by subjecting dry ice to high pressures (40-48 gigapascal, or 400,000 to 480,000 atmospheres), in a diamond anvil cell. Amorphous carbonia is not stable at ordinary pressures—it quickly reverts to normal CO2.

While normally carbon dioxide forms molecular crystals, where individual molecules are bound by Van der Waals forces, in amorphous carbonia a covalently bound three-dimensional network of atoms is formed, in a structure analogous to silicon dioxide or germanium dioxide glass.

Mixtures of a-carbonia and a-silica may be a prospective very hard and stiff glass material stable at room temperature. Such glass may serve as protective coatings, e.g. in microelectronics.

The discovery has implications for astrophysics, as interiors of massive planets may contain amorphous solid carbon dioxide.

Germanium dioxide
Germanium dioxide, also called germanium(IV) oxide, germania, and salt of germanium, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeO2.  It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 651
United Nations Security Council resolution 651, adopted unanimously on 29 March 1990, after recalling resolutions 598 (1987), 619 (1988), 631 (1989) and 642 (1989), and having considered a report by the Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on the United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group, the Council decided:

(a) to call on both Iran and Iraq to implement Resolution 598;

(b) to renew the mandate of the United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group for another six months until 30 September 1990;

(c) to request the Secretary-General to report on the situation and the measures taken to implement Resolution 598 at the end of this period.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 642
United Nations Security Council resolution 642, adopted unanimously on 29 September 1989, after recalling resolutions 598 (1987), 618 (1988) and 631 (1989) and having considered a report by the Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on the United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group, the Council decided:

(a) to call on both Iran and Iraq to implement Resolution 598;

(b) to renew the mandate of the United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group for another six months until 31 March 1990;

(c) to request the Secretary-General to report on the situation and the measures taken to implement Resolution 598 at the end of this period.
G2-M DNA damage checkpoint
The G2-M DNA damage checkpoint is an important cell cycle checkpoint in eukaryotic organisms that ensures that cells don't initiate mitosis until damaged or incompletely replicated DNA is sufficiently repaired. Cells with a defective G2-M checkpoint will undergo apoptosis or death after cell division if they enter the M phase before repairing their DNA. The defining biochemical feature of this checkpoint is the activation of M-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which phosphorylate proteins that promote spindle assembly and bring the cell to metaphase.

Cyclin-dependent kinase complex
A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin.  Once cyclin-dependent kinases bind to cyclin, the formed complex is in an activated state.  Substrate specificity of the activated complex is mainly established by the associated cyclin within the complex.  Activity of CDKCs is controlled by phosphorylation of target proteins, as well as binding of inhibitory proteins.
Mydicar
Mydicar is a genetically targeted enzyme replacement therapy being studied for use in patients with severe heart failure. It is designed to increase the level of SERCA2a, a sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca2+) ATPase found in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The SERCA2a gene is delivered to the heart via an adeno-associated viral vector. Using the α-myosin heavy chain gene promoter in the cardiac muscle cells, also called cardiomyocytes, Mydicar is able to direct the gene expression only to the heart muscle. Mydicar is being tested in a phase 2 study, in which has been compared to a placebo in 39 advanced heart failure patients. Thus far, patients treated with Mydicar have shown a 52% reduction in the risk of worsening heart failure compared to patients treated with the placebo.

Enzyme replacement therapy
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a medical treatment which replaces an enzyme that is deficient or absent in the body. Usually, this is done by giving the patient an intravenous (IV) infusion of a solution containing the enzyme.

ERT is available for some lysosomal storage diseases: Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, MPS I, MPS II (Hunter syndrome), MPS VI and Pompe disease. ERT does not correct the underlying genetic defect, but it increases the concentration of the enzyme that the patient is lacking. ERT has also been used to treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) resulting from an adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA-SCID).

Other treatment options for patients with enzyme or protein deficiencies include substrate reduction therapy, gene therapy, and bone-marrow derived stem cell transplantation.
Threefold Training
The Buddha identified the threefold training (Sanskrit: triśikṣā; Pali: tisikkhā; or simply śikṣā or sikkhā) as training in:

higher virtue (Pali adhisīla-sikkhā, Skt. adhiśīlaśikṣa)

higher mind (Pali adhicitta-sikkhā, Skt. samādhiśikṣa)

higher wisdom (Pali adhipaññā-sikkhā, Skt. prajñāśikṣa)

Aṅguttara Nikāya
The Aṅguttara Nikāya (aṅguttaranikāya; lit. 'Increased-by-One Collection', also translated "Gradual Collection" or "Numerical Discourses") is a Buddhist scriptures collection, the fourth of the five Nikāyas, or collections, in the Sutta Piṭaka, which is one of the "three baskets" that comprise the Pāli Tipiṭaka of Theravāda Buddhism. This nikāya consists of several thousand discourses ascribed to the Buddha and his chief disciples arranged in eleven "books", according to the number of Dhamma items referenced in them.
Chondroitin
A chondroitin, as the sulfate, is a component of bamacan, a proteoglycan (sugar-protein conjugate) that comprises some membranes. Chondroitin is a chondrin derivative.

Types include:

Chondroitin sulfate

Dermatan sulfate

Chondroitin as a supplement is now commonly used (often in combination with glucosamine) in treating the joint disease of osteoarthritis. In contrast to the symptomatic treatments, chondroitin can modify the progression of a disease process in the patient which it can be used as an alternative medicine. Chondroitin's effect toward the articular cartilage integrity as it is part of the proteoglycan molecules. The cartilage proteoglycan synthesis can speed up as chondroitin is going through the pathway of the alimentary canal. Research has been conducted to show the effectiveness of chondroitin and results indicate that it helps to manage pain in knee and hip, slow down the progression and also recovery. However, the effectiveness of the drugs is still doubtful.

Dermatan sulfate
Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.

It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is C14H21NO15S. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, iduronic acid (IdoA) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc). These repeating units are sulfated at a variety of positions. Dermatan sulfate is a component of the compound sulodexide.
Economic rent
In economics, economic rent is any payment to the owner of a factor of production in excess of the costs needed to bring that factor into production. In classical economics, economic rent is any payment made (including imputed value) or benefit received for non-produced inputs such as location (land) and for assets formed by creating official privilege over natural opportunities (e.g., patents). In the moral economy of neoclassical economics, assuming the market is natural, and does not come about by state and social contrivance, economic rent includes income gained by labor or state beneficiaries or other "contrived" exclusivity, such as labor guilds and unofficial corruption.

Renting
Renting, also known as hiring or letting, is an agreement where a payment is made for the use of a good, service or property owned by another over a fixed period of time. Typically a written agreement is signed to establish the roles and expectations of both the tenant and landlord.  There are many different types; a rental agreement tends to refer to short-term rental, whereas lease refers to longer-term rental, also known as leasing.
Señorita Panamá 2004
Señorita Panamá 2004 was the 22nd Señorita Panamá pageant and 39th celebration of the Miss Panama contest. It was held in National Theatre of Panama in Panama City, Panama, on September 11, 2004, after weeks of events. The winner of the pageant was Rosa María Hernández.

The pageant was broadcast live on RPC Televisión. About 12 contestants from all over Panamá competed for the prestigious crown. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Señorita Panamá 2003 Jessica Rodríguez crowned Rosa María Hernández of Los Santos as the new Señorita Panamá.

Hernández competed in the 54th edition of the Miss Universe 2005 pageant, at the Impact Arena, Bangkok, Thailand on May 31, 2005.

Señorita Panamá
The Señorita Panamá is a national beauty pageant in Panama. As of the 2024 edition, Señorita Panamá winners represent Panamá in Miss Universe. The Miss Panama brand started in 1952, when the Panamanian Institute of Tourism received an invitation from Miss Universe to send a representative. In 1975, the Señorita Panamá name was used for the first time, reverting to Miss Panama in 1976.  In 1982, Señorita Panamá was created by RPC Channel 4 as an alternative to send its winners to the Miss World contest in London. These pageants, along with smaller pageants such as Miss International Panamá and Miss World Panamá celebrated to select delegates for international representations.
Heydarabad, Rudbar-e Jonubi
Heydarabad (Persian: حيدراباد, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād; also known as Heidar Abad Roodbar) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, in the Central District of Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 947, in 180 families.

Rudbar Rural District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County)
Rudbar Rural District (Persian: دهستان رودبار) is in the Central District of Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Firuzabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Eslamabad.
Kulturforum
The Kulturforum (English: Cultural Forum) is a collection of cultural buildings in Berlin. It was built up in the 1950s and 1960s at the edge of West Berlin, south of the Tiergarten, after most of the once unified city's cultural assets had been lost behind the Berlin Wall. The Kulturforum is characterized by its innovative modernist architecture; several buildings are distinguished by the organic designs of Hans Scharoun, and the Neue Nationalgalerie was designed by Mies van der Rohe. Today, the Kulturforum lies immediately to the west of the redeveloped commercial node of Potsdamer Platz.

Tiergarten (park)
The Tiergarten (German: [ˈtiːɐ̯ˌɡaʁtn̩] ⓘ, English: Animal Garden), formal German name: Großer  Tiergarten (English: Greater Animal Garden, or deer park, game hunting park), is a prominent park in Berlin's inner-city area, located completely in the district of the same name. It is one of the most popular parks in the city and at 210 hectares (520 acres) in size, is among the largest urban gardens in Germany. Only the Tempelhofer Park (previously Berlin's Tempelhof airport) and Munich's Englischer Garten are larger.
Ben Cheese
Ben Cheese (1955 – 21 January 2001) was a British engineer who worked on Sinclair's ZX Microdrives. Authors Ian Adamson and Richard Kennedy, in their book Sinclair and the "Sunrise" Technology, write that "it seems only fair to note that it was the tenacity and imagination of R&D staffer Ben Cheese that got the product [i.e., the Microdrive] to the market".

When Sinclair was sold, Cheese formed a company called Flare Technology with two other former Sinclair engineers, John Mathieson and Martin Brennan. Brennan and Mathieson went on to form Flare II, and to develop the Atari Jaguar console. Meanwhile, Cheese worked with Argonaut Software and Nintendo to develop the Super FX chip used in Super Nintendo Entertainment System games such as Star Fox.

Besides his engineering work, Ben Cheese also drew some mildly subversive cartoons for the Sinclair in-house newsletter called WHAM!, or What's Happening At Milton.

Ben Cheese died from cancer at age 46.

Sinclair Research
Sinclair Research Ltd is a British consumer electronics company founded by Clive Sinclair in Cambridge in the 1970s. In 1980, the company entered the home computer market with the ZX80 at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the ZX81 became available through retailers, introducing home computing to a generation, with more than 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the ZX Spectrum was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against Commodore and Amstrad.

A combination of the failures of the Sinclair QL computer and the TV80 pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions.
The Rhythm and the Blues
The Rhythm and the Blues is the thirteenth solo studio album by Australian rock musician Jimmy Barnes, released through Liberation Music on 28 August 2009. The album was produced by Don Gehman in Los Angeles and peaked at number one on the Australian Albums Chart for two weeks. The Rhythm and the Blues was Barnes' ninth solo album (thirteenth including his Cold Chisel records) to reach number one on the ARIA Charts, an all-time record for an Australian artist.

The album was touted as a sequel to Barnes' previous works Soul Deep and Soul Deeper... Songs From the Deep South. It features cover versions of tracks from throughout the late 1940s to the 1960s, with songs by the likes of Ray Charles, Little Richard, Ike & Tina Turner, Bo Diddley, Stevie Wonder and Nina Simone.

Soul Deeper... Songs from the Deep South
Soul Deeper... Songs From the Deep South is the tenth studio album by Australian rock singer Jimmy Barnes. Following the success of his 1991 album Soul Deep, Barnes returned with another album of soul covers. A special 2CD edition was released, featuring five bonus tracks. It was certified Platinum by ARIA in Australia.
Negus
Negus is the word for "king" in the Ethiopian Semitic languages and a title which was usually bestowed upon a regional ruler by the Negusa Nagast, or "King of Kings," in pre-1974 Ethiopia. The negus is referred to as Al-Najashi (النجاشي) in the Islamic tradition.

Semitic root
The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or "radicals" (hence the term consonantal root). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowels and non-root consonants (or "transfixes"), which go with a particular morphological category around the root consonants, in an appropriate way, generally following specific patterns.

It is a peculiarity of Semitic linguistics that many of these consonantal roots are triliterals, meaning that they consist of three letters (although there are a number of quadriliterals, and in some languages also biliterals). Such roots are also common in other Afroasiatic languages. While Berber mostly has triconsonantal roots, Chadic, Omotic, and Cushitic have mostly biconsonantal roots; and Egyptian shows a mix of biconsonantal and triconsonantal roots.
Onslow Airport
Onslow Airport (IATA: ONS, ICAO: YOLW) is located 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) south of the coastal town of Onslow in Western Australia's Pilbara region.

The airport is used for FIFO, private charter, general aviation, Royal Flying Doctor Services and RPT services (Regular Public Transport) operated by QantasLink and Virgin Australia Regional Airlines who operate several services per week. The airport is owned and operated by the Shire of Ashburton.

Shire of Ashburton
The Shire of Ashburton is one of the four local government areas in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, covering an area of 105,647 square kilometres (40,791 sq mi). It is named after the Ashburton River.

The shire's administration centre is in the town of Tom Price. It had a population of about 13,000 as at the 2016 Census, most of whom live in the mining towns or in nearby mining camps. Most of the land is taken up by pastoral leases or protected areas (including the Karijini National Park). Other than agriculture, industries important to Ashburton include mining, oil, natural gas, fishing, and tourism.
Steve Davis (executive)
Steven M. Davis (born 1979 or 1980) is a business executive. In early 2025, he was the effective leader of the United States Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Davis has also served as president of the Boring Company.

The New York Times characterized Davis as Elon Musk's "top lieutenant", having played many roles within Musk's enterprises, particularly focused on cost cutting, firing, and dismantling organizations.
Musk has compared him to chemotherapy, that is, poison to save a body from imminent death of cancer. His methods are controversial, as "experts are worried that the focus on reducing expenses could lead to a breakdown in provision of essential [government] services."

Jared Birchall
Jared John Birchall (born 1974) is an American business executive and a former banker. He is the chief executive officer of neurotechnology company Neuralink and the wealth manager of billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk since 2016. As Musk's adviser and right-hand man, Birchall holds executive or administrative positions in other endeavors of his including the Boring Company, Musk Foundation, xAI, and managing his family office.
Independent Spirit Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
The Independent Spirit Award for Best Breakthrough Performance is an award presented annually at the Independent Spirit Awards to honor outstanding performances given by a new talent in an independent film. It was first presented in 1995 at the 10th Independent Spirit Awards as Best Debut Performance, which was won by Sean Nelson for his performance in the film Fresh.

The category was then discontinued in 2005, but it was later re-introduced as Best Breakthrough Performance at the 2023 ceremony. The Best Breakthrough Performance in a New Scripted Series category was added ahead of the 2024 ceremony.

10th Independent Spirit Awards
The 10th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 1994, were announced on March 25, 1995. Hosted by Kevin Pollak, it was the second ceremony to be held under a tent in a parking lot on the beach in Santa Monica.
Heart 80s
Heart 80s is a national digital radio station owned and operated by Global as a spin-off from Heart. The station broadcasts from studios at Leicester Square in London.

Launched on 14 March 2017, Heart 80s is a rolling music service playing non-stop “feel good” music from the 1980s. It has its own dedicated live breakfast show, hosted by Simon Beale, 6–10 am weekdays and 8 am – noon each Saturday. At other times, the station is mostly an automated service.

The station broadcasts nationally on Digital One DAB and online alongside the existing Heart extra service. Shortly after its launch it replaced Heart Extra on television platforms. Like all of its Heart network sister channels, it is also broadcast via satellite on Astra 2G.

On 28 August 2019, the station switched its Digital One service from broadcasting in mono using DAB to a stereo service in the DAB+ standard. The surplus capacity vacated by this move was used the following day to add another sibling, Heart 90s in DAB+.

Heart (radio network)
Heart is a network of thirteen independent adult contemporary radio stations in the United Kingdom, broadcasting a mix of local and networked programming, although only the stations in Scotland and Wales still have their own shows. Ten of the stations are owned and operated by Global, while the other three are owned and operated under separate franchise agreements. The national version of the network is widely available on Global Player, Freeview, Sky, Freesat, Virgin Media and Digital One DAB.

According to RAJAR as of Q4 2025, the entire Heart network has been named "UK biggest radio brand," receiving 12.71 million weekly listeners, beating edgily behind their rival station BBC Radio 2 (with 12.7 million). Heart Breakfast, hosted by Jamie Theakston and Amanda Holden, has 4.1 million listeners, on par with BBC Radio 1 morning show, hosted by Greg James.