hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rank–size distribution
Rank–size distribution is the distribution of size by rank, in decreasing order of size. For example, if a data set consists of items of sizes 5, 100, 5, and 8, the rank-size distribution is 100, 8, 5, 5 (ranks 1 through 4). This is also known as the rank–frequency distribution, when the source data are from a frequency distribution. These are particularly of interest when the data vary significantly in scales, such as city size or word frequency. These distributions frequently follow a power law distribution, or less well-known ones such as a stretched exponential function or parabolic fractal distribution, at least approximately for certain ranges of ranks; see below.

A rank-size distribution is not a probability distribution or cumulative distribution function. Rather, it is a discrete form of a quantile function (inverse cumulative distribution) in reverse order, giving the size of the element at a given rank.

Yule–Simon distribution
In probability and statistics, the Yule–Simon distribution is a discrete probability distribution named after Udny Yule and Herbert A. Simon.  Simon originally called it the Yule distribution.

The probability mass function (pmf) of the Yule–Simon (ρ) distribution is

for integer  and real , where  is the beta function.  Equivalently the pmf can be written in terms of the rising factorial as

where  is the gamma function.  Thus, if  is an integer,

The parameter  can be estimated using a fixed point algorithm.

The probability mass function f has the property that for sufficiently large k we have

This means that the tail of the Yule–Simon distribution is a realization of Zipf's law:  can be used to model, for example, the relative frequency of the th most frequent word in a large collection of text, which according to Zipf's law is inversely proportional to a (typically small) power of .
Hannah Momoh
Hannah Momoh (born as Hannah Victoria Lucinda Wilson) served as First Lady of Sierra Leone from 28 November 1985 – 29 April 1992. In 1967 she married Joseph Saidu Momoh, 2nd President of Sierra Leone. They had one daughter.

First Lady of Sierra Leone
The title First Lady of Sierra Leone is held by the female spouse of the president of Sierra Leone. The first lady is a representative of the people of Sierra Leone at home and abroad. The Office of the First Lady is an extension of State House and is responsible for social events and ceremonies at State Lodge. The First Lady’s Office is not established by an act of parliament and cannot receive government funding.

Since 1971, Sierra Leone has had six first ladies. The first was Rebecca Stevens, wife of former president Siaka Stevens, who remained at her family's private residence at 1 King Harmon Road while her husband lived at State House and Kabasa Lodge.
Cem Özdemir
Cem Özdemir (German: [ˈdʒɛm ˈøsdemiːɐ̯]; Turkish: [ˈdʒem ˈœzdemiɾ]; born 21 December 1965) is a German politician who served as Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture in the cabinet of Chancellor Olaf Scholz from 2021 to 2025. He is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens party.

Between 2008 and 2018, Özdemir co-chaired the Green Party, together with Claudia Roth and later Simone Peter. He has been a Member of the German Bundestag since 2013, previously holding a seat between 1994 and 2002. From 2004 to 2009, he served as a Member of the European Parliament. Alongside Katrin Göring-Eckardt, he stood as one of the top two Green candidates in the 2017 federal election. From 2018 until 2021, he chaired the Bundestag Committee on Transport. In November 2024, following the government crisis, he replaced Free Democratic Party (FDP) politician Bettina Stark-Watzinger as Federal Minister of Education and Research.

2009 German federal election
A federal election was held in Germany on 27 September 2009 to elect the members of the 17th Bundestag.

The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU), and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) won the election, and the three parties formed a new centre-right government with Angela Merkel as chancellor. While CDU/CSU's share of votes decreased slightly, it was more than compensated by the gains of their "desired coalition partner", the liberal FDP, that won the strongest result in its history.

CDU and CSU's former partner in the "Grand coalition", the Social Democratic Party (SPD) led by Frank-Walter Steinmeier, conceded defeat after dropping by more than 11 percentage points, receiving its hitherto worst result since the end of the Second World War (only undercut in 2017 and 2025). At 70.8 percent, the voter turnout was the lowest in a German federal election since 1949.
Francisco Duque III
Francisco Tiongson Duque III (Tagalog: [fɾɐnˈsisko ˈdukɛ]; born February 13, 1957) is a Filipino physician and government official who served as Secretary of Health in the Cabinet of President Rodrigo Duterte from 2017 to 2022, a position he had previously held from 2005 to 2009 in the Cabinet of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. From 2010 to 2015, he served as the chair of the Civil Service Commission.

Secretary of Health (Philippines)
The secretary of health (Filipino: Kalihim ng Kalusugan) is the Cabinet of the Philippines member who is in charge of the Department of Health. The secretary of health is also the ex-officio chairperson of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth).
Laelius utilis
Laelius utilis is a hymenopteran parasitoid in the family Bethylidae. It is a gregarious idiobiont larval ectoparasitoid of the larger cabinet beetle, Trogoderma inclusum, a small beetle in the family Dermestidae. It has been reported from the USA (District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, North Carolina and Virginia) and Canada (Ontario).

Laelius utilis and Laelius centratus look very similar. However, the three central propodeal carinae are complete in L. centratus but only the median carina is complete in L. utilis.

Laelius centratus
Laelius centratus is a hymenopteran parasitoid in the family Bethylidae. It is a gregarious idiobiont larval ectoparasitoid of the larvae of small dermestid beetles. It has been reported from Canada, Mexico, and the USA.

Known hosts are:

Trogoderma parabile Beal

Trogoderma simplex Jayne

Trogoderma versicolor Creutz
Afriex
Afriex is a United States registered financial technology company that provides cross-border payment and money transfer services. Founded in 2019 and headquartered in Wilmington, Delaware, the company provides international money transfer services across multiple continents.

Y Combinator
Y Combinator, LLC (YC) is an American technology startup accelerator and venture capital firm launched in March 2005 which has been used to launch more than 5,000 companies. The accelerator program started in Boston and Mountain View, relocated to San Francisco in 2019, and was entirely online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Companies started via Y Combinator include Airbnb, Coinbase, Cruise, DoorDash, Dropbox, Instacart, Reddit, Stripe, Scale AI, Deel, Helion Energy, Starcloud, and Twitch.
Fish Springs Range
The Fish Springs Range is a 16-mile (26 km) long narrow, and north-trending mountain range located in center-west Juab County, Utah. The northeast of the range borders the Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge; the entire east of the range borders the Fish Springs Flat, where the east region of the flat borders the Thomas Range.

The Fish Springs Range lies at the south of the Great Salt Lake Desert; southwards, as well as southwest and southeastwards, north-trending valleys and mountain ranges drain northwards to the Great Salt Lake Desert. The sequence of these landforms west-to-east, are Snake Valley (Great Basin), Confusion Range, Tule Valley-(Fish Springs Range-north), House Range, Whirlwind Valley, and Drum Mountains.

The south of the range borders the north of Tule Valley.

Great Salt Lake Desert
The Great Salt Lake Desert (colloquially referred to as the West Desert) is a large dry lake in northern Utah, United States, between the Great Salt Lake and the Nevada border. It is a subregion of the larger Great Basin Desert, and noted for white evaporite Lake Bonneville salt deposits including the Bonneville Salt Flats.
VS-24
Sea Control Squadron 24 (VS-24) was a squadron of the United States Navy. Originally established as VB-17 on 1 January 1943, it was redesignated as VA-5B on 15 November 1946, redesignated as VA-64 on 27 July 1948, redesignated as VC-24 on 8 April 1949 and redesignated as VS-24 on 20 April 1950, it was disestablished on 1 June 1956. It was however reestablished again before being decommissioned in 2007.

Grumman S-2 Tracker
The Grumman S-2 Tracker (S2F prior to 1962) is the first purpose-built, single airframe anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft to enter service with the United States Navy. Designed and initially built by Grumman, the Tracker was of conventional design — propeller-driven with twin radial engines, a high wing that could be folded for storage on aircraft carriers, and tricycle undercarriage. The type was exported to a number of navies around the world. Introduced in 1952, the Tracker and its E-1 Tracer derivative saw service in the U.S. Navy until the mid-1970s, and its C-1 Trader derivative until the mid-1980s, with a few aircraft remaining in service with other air arms into the 21st century. Argentina was the last country to operate the Tracker, with the last two Trackers being taken out of service on 19 November 2025.
Temporal expressions
A temporal expression in a text is a sequence of tokens (words, numbers and characters) that denote time, that is express a point in time, a duration or a frequency. 
Examples:

A point in time:

A duration:

A frequency:

Initially, temporal expressions were considered a type of named entities and their identification was part of the named entity recognition task. Since the Automatic Content Extraction program in 2004 there has been a separate task identified and called Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalisation (TERN). Timex evaluation is now evaluated in two major temporal annotation challenges: TempEval and i2b2, both of which prefer the TimeML-level TIMEX3 standard.

Named-entity recognition
Named-entity recognition (NER) (also known as (named) entity identification, entity chunking, and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities mentioned in unstructured text into pre-defined categories such as person names (PER), organizations (ORG), locations (LOC), geopolitical entities (GPE), vehicles (VEH), medical codes, time expressions, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc.

Most research on NER/NEE systems has been structured as taking an unannotated block of text, such as transducing:

Jim bought 300 shares of Acme Corp. in 2006.

into an annotated block of text that highlights the names of entities:

[Jim]Person bought 300 shares of [Acme Corp.]Organization in [2006]Time.

In this example, a person name consisting of one token, a two-token company name and a temporal expression have been detected and classified.
Laser light show (Grand Coulee Dam)
The laser light show at Grand Coulee Dam, which began in 1989, is one of the largest light shows in the U.S. The 37 minute show runs daily from Memorial Day through September 30.  An addition of fireworks lights up the sky above the dam on the Sunday of each Memorial Day weekend, and July 4.

The Grand Coulee Dam premiered its first non-laser light show in 1957.  Approximately 740 flood lamps near the base of the dam lit up the dam, but not enough water flooded down the spillway for the desired effect.

Laser lighting display
A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the use of  laser light to entertain an audience.  A laser light show may consist only of projected laser beams set to music, or may accompany another form of entertainment, typically musical performances.

Laser light is useful in entertainment because the coherent nature of laser light allows a narrow beam to be produced, which allows the use of optical scanning to draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance, as is common with video projection. This inherently more focused beam is also extremely visible, and is often used as an effect.  Sometimes the beams are "bounced" to different positions with mirrors to create laser sculptures.
Ystumllyn
Ystumllyn is a Grade II* listed house in Criccieth, Wales. Founded in the late-16th-century, and significantly expanded in the early-18th-century, it is remarkable as an "important example" of the vernacular architecture of both periods.

Criccieth
Criccieth, also spelled Cricieth ([ˈkrɪkjɛθ] ⓘ), is a town and community in Gwynedd, Wales, on the boundary between the Llŷn Peninsula and Eifionydd. The town is 5 miles (8 km) west of Porthmadog, 9 miles (14 km) east of Pwllheli and 17 miles (27 km) south of Caernarfon. It had a population of 1,826 in 2001, reducing to 1,753 at the 2011 census.

The town is a seaside resort, popular with families. Attractions include the ruins of Criccieth Castle, which have extensive views over the town and surrounding countryside. In the centre is Y Maes, part of the original medieval town common.

The town is noted for its fairs, held on 23 May and 29 June every year, when large numbers of people visit the fairground and the market which spreads through many of the streets of the town.

The town styles itself the "Pearl of Wales on the Shores of Snowdonia".
Margaromma
Margaromma is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae. The eight described species occur mostly in Australia and New Zealand, with several other species on Pacific islands. One species (M. nitidum) is found in Cameroon.

M. spatiosum from Sarawak has not been studied since its first description in 1907. It reaches a body length of about 5 mm. M. spatiosum has a high cephalothorax, with a flattish area just behind the rear eyes. The eye region is black, the rear part dark red, with white bands around the sides. The abdomen is almost circular and truncated at the front. It is brown, much lighter than the cephalothorax, with some red and white hairs. The legs are brown, with darker front legs. Murphy & Murphy (2000) cast some doubt if the species really belongs to Margaromma.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Dhekiajuli Road railway station
Dhekiajuli Road Railway Station is a railway station on Rangiya–Murkongselek section under Rangiya railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway zone. This railway station is situated at New Misamari, Dhekiajuli in Sonitpur district in the Indian state of Assam.

Rangiya railway division
Rangiya railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Northeast Frontier Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 1 April 2003 carved out from Alipurduar railway division and its headquarter is located at Rangiya in the state of Assam. Katihar, Lumding, Tinsukia and Alipurduar are the other four railway divisions under the NFR Zone headquartered at Maligaon, Guwahati.
William Twisse
William Twisse (1578 – 20 July 1646) was a prominent English clergyman and theologian. He was named prolocutor of the Westminster Assembly in an ordinance dated 12 June 1643, putting him at the head of the churchmen of the Commonwealth. He was described by a Scottish member, Robert Baillie, as "very good, beloved of all, and highlie esteemed; but merelie bookish."

Robert Baillie
Robert Baillie (30 April 1602 – 1662) was a Church of Scotland minister who became famous as an author and a propagandist for the Covenanters.

In Baillie's engagement with the theological and liturgical controversies of the mid-Seventeenth Century, Baillie sought to reconcile his strong belief in maintaining Kirk unity with a firm adherence to a Christian doctrine dictated by the divine 'truth' revealed in Scripture.

Two large volumes of Baillie's sermons survive in manuscript.  He was also conscientious in ensuring that copies were made of his outgoing correspondence and other documents with a view to creating a body of evidence which could be used to prepare a historical account of the Covenanters.  This material remains a valuable source for historians of the period.
2011 Melon Music Awards
The 2011 Melon Music Awards were held on Thursday, November 24, 2011, at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul, South Korea, the event's first use of the venue. Organized by Kakao M through its online music store Melon, the 2011 ceremony was the third installment of the event since its offline launch in 2009. Beast, IU and 2NE1 received the most nominations at the ceremony, have each been nominated five times. The trio along with Super Junior were the only artists who received multiple accolades, with all four artists winning two awards each. Furthermore, the aforementioned trio won the three daesang prizes at the event.

Melon Music Awards
The Melon Music Awards (Korean: 멜론 뮤직어워드) is a major music awards show that is held annually by Kakao Entertainment (a Kakao company) through its online music store Melon. The event was initially a fan-voted award conducted entirely online from 2005 through 2008, and has been officially held offline in Seoul since 2009.

The award show uses digital data from the Melon music platform, online voting and judges' evaluation—to base its awards on artists who have performed exceptional during the year.
Szczupliny
Szczupliny [ʂt͡ʂuˈplinɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rybno, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) east of Rybno, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Działdowo, and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Rybno, Działdowo County
Rybno [ˈrɨbnɔ] is a village in Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rybno. It lies approximately 24 km (15 mi) north-west of Działdowo and 61 km (38 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.
Leitenhausen
Leitenhausen was a village in Germany, founded in 1317 A D. It was part of the former municipality Gompertshausen. It was destroyed by the East German authorities in 1972 as it stood too close to the Inner German border (part of the larger "Iron Curtain"), the border between the post-war states of East and West Germany. It lay in the extreme south of Thuringia in Heldburger Land in the district of Hildburghausen, only a few hundred metres away from the Thuringian-Bavarian border.

In 1970 the last family left the village. After that, in May 1972, all the houses were demolished and the land leveled. What remains is a plaque on the old village site.

Gompertshausen
Gompertshausen (German pronunciation: [ɡɔmpɐtsˈhaʊzn̩]) is a village and a former municipality in the region Heldburger Land in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it has been part of the town of Heldburg.
United Way
United Way is an international network of over 1,800 local nonprofit fundraising affiliates. Prior to 2015, United Way was the largest nonprofit organization in the United States by donations from the public. Individual United Ways mobilize a single fundraising campaign to raise money for various nonprofits, with most donations coming through payroll deductions.

Girl Guides
Girl Guides (or Girl Scouts in the United States and some other countries) are organisations within the Scout Movement originally and largely still for girls and women only. The Girl Guides began in 1910 with the formation of The Girl Guides Association in the United Kingdom, following which, similar girl-only organisations were formed in other countries. Many girls and some organisations preferred to use the name Girl Scouts.
Scottish Building Society
Scottish Building Society is a building society with the Head Office based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the oldest remaining building society in the world, the only independent building society based in Scotland and the 24th largest in the United Kingdom based on total assets of £740.7 million at 31 January 2024. It is a member of the Building Societies Association.

Building Societies Association
The Building Societies Association (BSA) is the trade body that represents all building societies and several large credit unions in the United Kingdom. It was established in 1869 under the original name Building Societies Protection Association, with the aim of coordinating a collective response to proposed government changes that threatened stamp duty exemptions for mutual lenders.

As of 2024, the BSA represents 49 member institutions, comprising 42 building societies and 7 credit unions, which together serve approximately c. 26 million customers across the UK.

The association advocates on behalf of its members in relation to financial services regulation, legislation, and policy developments in both the UK and Europe. It also provides research, public affairs support, and guidance for the mutual sector, with a focus on ensuring a sustainable and competitive environment for member institutions.
NGC 5012
NGC 5012 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Coma Berenices. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 2,883±19 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 138.7 ± 9.8 Mly (42.52 ± 2.99 Mpc). However, 17 non-redshift measurements give a closer mean distance of 122.14 ± 4.22 Mly (37.447 ± 1.295 Mpc). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 10 April 1785.

NGC 5012 is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.
Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland
Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland (20 July 1851– 27 June 1913), styled Lord Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower until 1858, Earl Gower between 1858 and 1861 and Marquess of Stafford between 1861 and 1892, was a British peer and politician from the Leveson-Gower family.

Leveson-Gower family
Leveson-Gower (/ˈluːsənˈɡɔːr/ LOOS-ən-GOR;), also Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, is the name of a historically prominent British noble family. Over time, several members of the Leveson-Gower family were made knights, baronets and peers. Hereditary titles held by the family include the dukedom of Sutherland, as well as the
ancient earldom of Sutherland (created c. 1230) and the earldom of Granville (created 1833). Several other members of the family have also risen to prominence.