hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
United Africa Company
The United Africa Company (UAC) was a British company which principally traded in West Africa during the 20th century.

The United Africa Company was formed in 1929 as a result of the merger of The Niger Company, which had been effectively owned by Lever Brothers since 1920, and the African & Eastern Trade Corporation. In the early 1930s the United Africa Company was nearly reduced to bankruptcy and as a result it came under the control of Unilever which had just been formed.  Unilever had only been created from the merger of Lever Brothers and the Dutch Margarine Union earlier on 3 March 1929. The United Africa Company continued as subsidiary of Unilever until 1987 when it was absorbed by the parent company.

Margarine Unie
Naamloze Vennootschap Margarine Unie (English: Margarine Union Limited) was a Dutch company formed in 1927 in Oss by the merger of four margarine companies, Antoon Jurgens United, Van den Bergh's, Centra, and Schicht's. Margarine Unie was the dominant producer of margarine  in the UK.
2017 Independence Bowl
The 2017 Independence Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 27, 2017, at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana.  The 42nd annual Independence Bowl featured the Southern Miss Golden Eagles of Conference USA against the Florida State Seminoles of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Sponsored by Walk-On's Bistreaux & Bar, the game was officially known as the Walk-On's Independence Bowl.

The contest was televised on ESPN, with kickoff at 1:30 p.m. (EST). It was one of the 2017–18 bowl games concluding the 2017 FBS football season. Florida State defeated Southern Miss, 42–13.

2017–18 NCAA football bowl games
The 2017–18 NCAA football bowl games was a series of college football bowl games which completed the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The games began on December 16, 2017, and aside from the all-star games ended with the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship, which was played on January 8, 2018.

The total of 40 team-competitive bowls in FBS, including the national championship game, was one less than the previous year, with the folding of the Poinsettia Bowl. To fill the 78 available bowl slots, a total of 15 teams (19% of all participants) with non-winning (6–6) seasons participated in bowl games.  This marks only the second time in seven years that no teams with losing seasons (6–7 or 5–7) had to be invited to fill available bowl berths.
Hokitika Cemetery
Hokitika Cemetery, also known as Seaview Cemetery, is the cemetery for Hokitika in New Zealand.

The cemetery is located on Hospital Hill Road in the suburb of Seaview on an elevated site north-east of the town, giving a good outlook over the settlement and the Tasman Sea. State Highway 6 is located at the bottom of the hill. Hokitika Airport is located just east of the cemetery. Previously, the jail, mental institution (Seaview Asylum) and hospital were located between the cemetery and the airport, and there is a memorial in the cemetery to the inmates of the asylum and gaol who were buried in unmarked graves.

Seaview Asylum
The Seaview Asylum (also known as Seaview Hospital) was a psychiatric hospital located to the north of Hokitika, in the West Coast Region of New Zealand's South Island, adjacent to the former Westland Hospital. Open from 1872 to 2002, Seaview trained psychiatric nurses and was once the town's biggest employer. One of the remaining hospital buildings burnt down in 2025.
4th Parliament of Lower Canada
The 4th Parliament of Lower Canada was in session from January 9, 1805, to April 27, 1808. Elections to the Legislative Assembly in Lower Canada had been held in July 1804. All sessions were held at Quebec City.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Rufous-winged buzzard
The rufous-winged buzzard (Butastur liventer) is an Asian bird of prey. It is a resident breeder of Indochina, Java and Sulawesi. It is a species of deciduous forest and second growth up to 800 m.

The adult rufous-winged buzzard is 38–43 cm long. It has a grey head and underparts, with some streaking on the crown, neck and breast. The rest of the upperparts are rufous grey, and the uppertail is bright rufous. In flight, from above it shows rufous-chestnut flight feathers and the rufous uppertail, and from below it has a grey body, white underwing coverts, and greyish flight feathers and undertail. It is monomorphic. The juvenile is duller and browner, with a brown-grey head and white supercilium.

This species is similar in size and shape to the migratory grey-faced buzzard, but that species has browner upperparts and tail, a white throat, and brown-barred white belly.

The rufous-winged buzzard eats lizards, small mammals and large insects. Its call is a shrill pit-piu.

Grey-faced buzzard
The grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus) is an Asian bird of prey. It is typically 41–46 cm (16–18 in) in length, making it a small-sized raptor. It breeds in Manchuria, Korea and Japan; it winters in South-east Asia.

It is a bird of open land. It eats lizards, small mammals and large insects.

The adult has a grey head, breast and neck, white throat, black moustaches and mesial stripes, brown back and upperwings, and brown bars on white underparts and underwings. The juvenile is brown and mottled above, pale below with brown streaks, and has a broad white supercilium and brown face.
René Abeliuk
René Abeliuk Manasevich (14 February 1931 – 19 November 2014) was a Chilean lawyer, academic and politician. One of the key opposition leaders against the Pinochet dictatorship, Abeliuk served as Minister of State and executive vice-president of CORFO during the first democratic administration of President Patricio Aylwin.

Chilean Social Democracy Party
The Chilean Social Democracy Party (Spanish: Partido Socialdemocracia Chilena (SDCH), until August 1973 Radical Left Party (Partido Izquierda Radical) was a Chilean political party of centre to centre-left orientation, formed by dissident Radicals in 1971.
Schreder RS-15
The RS-15 is a Richard Schreder-designed metal Racing Class sailplane that was offered as a kit for homebuilding during the 1970s and 1980s.

Unlike Schreder's other designs, which are all designated HP (for High Performance), the RS-15 takes its nomenclature from the designer's initials and its wingspan in metres.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Precious Is the Night
Precious Is the Night (Chinese: 今宵多珍重) is a 2020 Taiwanese-Singaporean mystery thriller drama film written and directed by Wayne Peng, and starring Chuando Tan, Nayeli, Chang Tsu-lei, Lydia Lau King-man, Chen Yixin, Xiang Yun and Tay Ping Hui. The film had its world premiere at the 57th Golden Horse Awards on November 5, 2020. It was officially released in Singapore on April 29, 2021. It received 2 nominations at the 57th Golden Horse Awards, including Best Cinematography for Wayne and Best Makeup & Costume Design for Lim Sau-hoong. It was selected as the Singaporean entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 94th Academy Awards. It is also available for streaming on Disney+ through Hotstar in selected regions.

57th Golden Horse Awards
The 57th Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 第57屆金馬獎) was held on November 21, 2020 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. Organized by the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival Executive Committee, the awards honored the best in Chinese-language films of 2019 and 2020. The ceremony was televised by TTV.
Field research
Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures.

Field research involves a range of well-defined, although variable, methods: informal interviews, direct observation, participation in the life of the group, collective discussions, analyses of personal documents produced within the group, self-analysis, results from activities undertaken off- or on-line, and life-histories. Although the method generally is characterized as qualitative research, it may (and often does) include quantitative dimensions.

Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, FBA (born Alfred Reginald Brown; 17 January 1881 – 24 October 1955) was an English social anthropologist who helped further develop the theory of structural functionalism. He conducted fieldwork in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia, which became the basis of his later books. He held academic appointments at universities in Cape Town, Sydney, Chicago, and Oxford, and sought to model the field of anthropology after the natural sciences.
Talbragar Shire Council Chambers
The Talbragar Shire Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former council chambers and former bank building located in Macquarie Street, Dubbo, in the Dubbo Regional Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The building was designed by Architect Hilley. It is also known as CBC Bank and Commercial Banking Company. The property is owned by Dubbo Regional Council and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Australian non-residential architectural styles
Australian non-residential architectural styles are a set of Australian architectural styles that apply to buildings used for purposes other than residence and have been around only since the first colonial government buildings of early European settlement of Australia in 1788.

Their distribution follows closely the establishment and growth of the different colonies of Australia, in that the earliest colonial buildings can be found in New South Wales and Tasmania.

The classifications set out below are derived from a leading Australian text.
Ollie Halsall
Peter John "Ollie" Halsall (14 March 1949 – 29 May 1992) was an English guitarist, songwriter, and singer, best known for his role in the Rutles, the bands Patto, Timebox, and Boxer, and for his contribution to the music of Kevin Ayers. He is also notable as one of the few players of the vibraphone in rock music. He was known by his childhood nickname "Olly" or "Ollie" which was simply a corruption of his surname. The Ollie Halsall Archive was established in 1998, with the aim of documenting and promoting his work.

John Halsey (musician)
John Halsey (born 23 February 1945) is an English rock drummer, best known for his appearance in the television film All You Need is Cash (1978) as Barrington Womble ("Barry Wom") of The Rutles. Previous to this he had played with fellow future Rutle Neil Innes's band Fatso and appeared with them in the BBC Television comedy series, Rutland Weekend Television, fronted by a third Rutle, Eric Idle.
Halsey is also known for his session work.
Arkansas Traveler (folklore)
The Arkansas Traveler, or Arkansas Traveller, is a figure of American folklore and popular culture from the first half of the 19th century. The character is said to have originated with Sandford C. Faulkner.

It has had a widespread impact on culture as the namesake of newspapers, radio and television shows, a baseball team, a fruit variety, an album by Texan folk singer Michelle Shocked and an honorary title awarded by the governor of the state of Arkansas. The character has also been perceived as a discriminatory stereotype of 'hillbillies' and has been heavily criticized.

Sandford C. Faulkner
Sandford C. Faulkner (March 3, 1803 – August 4, 1874), better known as Sandy Faulkner, was an American planter, raconteur and fiddler who personified the mid-19th century folk song "Arkansas Traveler," for which he received writing credit. It has since gone on to become the official state historic song of Arkansas.
Mannophryne
Mannophryne is a genus of frogs native to Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago. They are sometimes known as the fingered poison frogs. This genus was created in 1992 and corresponds to the former Colostethus trinitatis species group. All species have a dark throat collar.

Mannophryne trinitatis
The yellow-throated frog, Trinidadian stream frog, or Trinidad poison frog (Mannophryne trinitatis) is a diurnal species of frog in the family Aromobatidae that is endemic to the island of Trinidad in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad poison frogs can be found in rocky streams in moist montane forests. The species has cryptic coloration and is sexually dimorphic. Mannophryne venezuelensis from the Paria Peninsula in Venezuela were also formerly included in this species. Currently this species is listed as of "Least Concern" on IUCN, but there is a general lack of understanding of its distribution. The frog experiences habitat loss. Both sexes are territorial and provide parental care together.
Gura, Eritrea
Gura (Tigrinya: ጉራዕ) or Gura'e is a settlement in Eritrea's Debub region in northeast Africa. It is located in the eponymous Gura Valley in the southeastern Eritrean Highlands. It is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) SE of Dekemhare and about 32 kilometres (20 mi) SSE of the capital Asmara.

Southern region (Eritrea)
The Southern region (Tigrinya: ዞባ ደቡብ, romanized: zoba debub, Arabic: ‎‎‎‎إقليم الجنوبي), is an administrative region of Eritrea. The region was formed on 15 April 1996, from the historical provinces of Seraye and Akele Guzai. It lies along a portion of the national border with Ethiopia. As of 2005, the region had a population of 952,100 compared to a population of 839,700 in 2001. The net growth rate was 11.81 per cent. The total area of the province was 8000.00 km2 and the density was 119.01 persons per km2. The highest point in Eritrea, is Mount Soira 3,018 m (9,902 ft), is located in the region, situated east of Senafe. It shares borders with Central region in the north, Northern Red Sea in the east, Gash Barka in the west and Ethiopia in the south. It is the largest region in the country by population.
Jama Mosque, Golconda
The Jama Masjid, originally named as Safa Masjid (Arabic: صفا مسجد), is a Friday mosque located in Golconda, Hyderabad, in the Hyderabad district of the state of Telangana, India. It was constructed in 1518 CE by the first Qutb Shahi ruler, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, while he was governor of the Bahmani Sultanate in current Telangana.

Congregational mosque
A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (Arabic: مَسْجِد جَامِع, romanized: masjid jāmi‘, or simply جَامِع, jāmi‘; Turkish: Cami), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (جامع كبير, jāmi‘ kabir; Ulu Cami), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as jumu'ah. It can also host the Eid prayers in situations when there is no musalla or eidgah available nearby to host the prayers. In early Islamic history, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area. In early centuries, the congregational mosque was also a center of social and public life, hosting various other activities in addition to prayers, such as judicial and educational functions.
Sodium diuranate
Sodium diuranate, also known as the yellow oxide of uranium, is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula Na2U2O7. It is a sodium salt of a diuranate anion. It forms a hexahydrate Na2U2O7·6H2O. Sodium diuranate is commonly referred to by the initials SDU. Along with ammonium diuranate it was a component in early yellowcakes. The ratio of the two compounds is determined by process conditions; however, yellowcake is now largely a mix of uranium oxides.

Uraninite
Uraninite, also known as pitchblende, is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely UO2 but because of oxidation typically contains variable proportions of U3O8. Radioactive decay of the uranium causes the mineral to contain oxides of lead and trace amounts of helium. It may also contain thorium and rare-earth elements.
One Standard German Axiom
The One Standard German Axiom (OSGA) is a concept by Austrian-Canadian UBC linguist Stefan Dollinger from his 2019 monograph The Pluricentricity Debate (in German "Axiom des Einheitsdeutschen"). OSGA is used to describe the long-standing "scepticism" towards or "outright rejection" of the idea of multiple standard varieties in German dialectology and linguistics. It has been elaborated in several articles since and is the central theme in the 2025 general audience book Austrian German: a 300-year Love Story (original title Österreichisches Deutsch: eine 300-jährige Liebesgeschichte).

German studies
German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates German language, literature, and culture in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies.

Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.
History of equity and trusts
The law of trusts was constructed as a part of "Equity", a body of principles that arose in the Courts of Chancery, which sought to correct the strictness of the common law. The trust was an addition to the law of property, in the situation where one person held legal title to property but the courts decided it was fair just or "equitable" that this person be compelled to use it for the benefit of another. This recognised as a split between legal and beneficial ownership: the legal owner was referred to as a "trustee" (because he was "entrusted" with property) and the beneficial owner was the "beneficiary".

The Doctor and Student
The Doctor and Student: Or Dialogues between a Doctor of Divinity and a Student in the Laws of England is a legal treatise by Christopher St. Germain, first published in the early 16th century. As its name suggests, the work is structured as a set of dialogues between the eponymous doctor, a doctor of divinity; and a student of the English common law. Doctor and Student explores the relationship between the common law and equity and distinguishes a number of sources of legal principles. It was an important text for English law students at least until William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England was published in the mid-18th century.
Catacombs of Domitilla
The Catacombs of Domitilla are an underground Christian cemetery named after the Domitilla family that had initially ordered them to be dug. Located in Rome, Italy, are the human-made subterranean passageways used for cemeteries and religious practice. They are among the largest catacombs in Rome, spreading out 17 km, largely along the ancient Via Ardeatine, laid out on four levels, and housing approximately 15,000 bodies underground. The Catacombs of Domitilla are the only catacombs in Rome that have an underground basilica and are one of only five Roman catacombs open to the public. Constructed during the second and third centuries, this labyrinth of underground passages contains frescoes and a wealth of Christian iconography while also presenting masterful engineering skills and innovative architectural techniques.

Hypogeum
A hypogeum or hypogaeum (/ˌhaɪpəˈdʒiːəm/ HY-pə-JEE-əm; plural hypogea or hypogaea; literally meaning "underground") is an underground temple or tomb.

Hypogea will often contain niches for cremated human remains or loculi for buried remains. Occasionally tombs of this type are referred to as built tombs.

The term hypogeum can also refer to any antique building or part of building built below ground such as the series of tunnels under the Colosseum which held slaves (particularly enemy captives) and animals while keeping them ready to fight in the gladiatorial games. The animals and slaves could be let up through trapdoors under the sand-covered arena at any time during a fight.
The Ulster-Scot
The Ulster-Scot is a free, bi-monthly publication produced by the Ulster-Scots Agency, published in Northern Ireland. It is a product of incentives to encourage awareness of Ulster heritage and often provided as a supplement with local newspaper The News Letter.  It was first published in November 2002. 

The news topics are based around the heritage of Ulster Scots and the Ulster variant of the Scots language. The main content of the paper is written in English with various sections in Ulster-Scots.  It reports on Ulster-Scots events such as dances and Burns suppers, as well as releases of traditional music on CD and books about Ulster-Scots language and culture.

The term Ulster-Scots refers to people from Scotland that settled in Ulster, and their descendants. It also refers to their heritage and cultural traditions.

It can be read online at the Ulster Scots Agency website, ulsterscotsagency.com.

News Letter
The News Letter is one of Northern Ireland's main daily newspapers, published from Monday to Saturday. It is the world's oldest English-language general daily newspaper still in publication, having first been printed in September 1737. The newspaper's editorial stance and readership, while originally republican at the time of its inception,: 134–164  is now unionist. Its primary competitors are the Belfast Telegraph and The Irish News.

The News Letter has changed hands several times since the mid-1990s, and is now owned by National World. It was formerly known as the Belfast News Letter, but its coverage spans the whole of Northern Ireland (and often Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland), so the word Belfast does not appear on the masthead any more.