hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Palladium–NHC complex
In organometallic chemistry, palladium-NHC complexes are a family of organopalladium compounds in which palladium forms a coordination complex with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). They have been investigated for applications in homogeneous catalysis,
particularly cross-coupling reactions.

Homogeneous catalysis
In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst in a solution. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis describes processes where the catalysts and substrate are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas, respectively. The term is used almost exclusively to describe solutions and implies catalysis by organometallic compounds. Homogeneous catalysis is an established technology that continues to evolve. An illustrative major application is the production of acetic acid. Enzymes are examples of homogeneous catalysts.
Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo
The Faculty of Letters is one of the ten constituent undergraduate faculties of the University of Tokyo. The Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology is affiliated with the faculty, and these two schools operate as one organisation in practice.

Bansho Shirabesho
The Bansho Shirabesho (蕃書調所), or "Institute for the Study of Barbarian Books," was the Japanese institute charged with the translation and study of foreign books and publications in the late Edo Period.
Lêkê
Lêkê are a type of plastic sandals popular in Ivory Coast, including as footwear for amateur soccer games.

Lêkê are considered the national shoes of Ivory Coast, worn by people of all ages, including school children and adults. Amateur soccer players wear lêkê for their practicality on sandy pitches and dusty surfaces, citing their lightness, better fit, and comfort. The popularity of lêkê in Ivory Coast extends beyond sports, being worn at parties and other social events.

Sandal
Sandals are an open type of footwear consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps that go over the instep and around the ankle. Sandals may also feature a heel of varying heights. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be unclear (as with huaraches—the woven leather footwear from Mexico—and peep-toe pumps), sandals are generally understood to leave most of the foot exposed.

People choose to wear sandals for several reasons, including comfort in warm weather, economic benefits (sandals typically require less material than closed shoes and are easier to manufacture), and as a fashion statement. Sandals are commonly worn in warmer climates or during warmer seasons to keep feet cool and dry. The open design reduces the risk of developing athlete's foot compared to enclosed shoes, and wearing sandals may be part of the treatment regimen for such infections.
Mellona
Mellona or Mellonia was an ancient Roman goddess said by St. Augustine to promote the supply of honey (Latin mel, mellis) as Pomona did for apples and Bubona for cattle. Arnobius describes her as "a goddess important and powerful regarding bees, taking care of and protecting the sweetness of honey."

W.H. Roscher includes Mellona among the indigitamenta, the list of deities maintained by Roman priests to assure that the correct divinity was invoked for rituals.

Pomona (mythology)
Pomona (/pəˈmoʊnə/ ⓘ, Latin: [poːˈmoːna]) was a goddess of fruitful abundance and plenty in ancient Roman religion and myth. Her name comes from the Latin word pomum, "fruit", specifically orchard fruit.

Pomona was said to be a wood nymph. Pomona does not have a clear counterpart in Greek mythology, although the fruit goddess Opora can be seen as her equivalent.
Kazipara Halt railway station
Kazipara Halt railway station is a halt railway station on the Howrah–Azimganj line of Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Maklishpur, Kazipara in Murshidabad district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Howrah railway division
Howrah Division is the oldest operational railway division under the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Serving as a major rail hub for Eastern India, its headquarters based in Howrah, West Bengal, and has historical and strategic importance for passenger and freight transport. It is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone. In 2025, the Howrah Division marked its 100th anniversary since it was officially established as a division. It covers the area more than 400 km which includes parts of Bihar and Jharkhand also. The division manages nearly 200 stations ranging from major terminals to smaller halts.

Asansol railway division, Sealdah railway division and Malda railway division are the other railway divisions under ER Zone headquartered at Kolkata.
1977–78 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 12th World Cup season began in December 1977 and concluded in March 1978.  Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won his third consecutive overall title.  Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein won the women's overall title.

A break in the schedule was for the 1978 World Championships, held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, West Germany, between 29 January and 5 February 1978.

During this season, no combined races were included in the World Cup. Combined was resumed in the following season 1978/79.  A demonstration parallel slalom race was run as the last race of the season, in Arosa, Switzerland on 19 March 1978, but it did not count in the official standings for either men or women.  However, it became the model for a season-ending team parallel slalom race to be run as a part of the season-ending events.

FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1978
The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1978 were held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, West Germany, between 29 January and 5 February. It held competitions in alpine skiing like downhill, special slalom, giant slalom and combined. The combined was only a "paper race".

The event is the last time the championships were held here until 2011. Garmisch hosted the first Olympic alpine skiing competition (Combined event), at the 1936 games.
Bakoty
Bakoty (Ukrainian: Бакоти) is a village in the Vyshnivets settlement hromada of the Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast in Ukraine. After the liquidation of the Zbarazh Raion on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Vyshnivets settlement hromada
Vyshnivets settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Вишнівецька селищна територіальна громада, romanized: Vyshnivetska selyshchna terytorialna hromada is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Vyshnivets. Its population is 17,267 (2022 estimate) Established on 13 September 2016.
Rubus × suspiciosus
Rubus × suspiciosus (or Rubus suspiciosus) is a naturally occurring hybrid species of flowering plant in the blackberry genus Rubus, family Rosaceae, native to Madeira and the Canary Islands. Its parents are thought to be Rubus bollei and R. ulmifolius.

Rubus
Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles. Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.

Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term cane fruit or cane berry applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Nicholas Mavrocordatos
Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Greek: Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670 – September 3, 1730) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariot Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities, Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two occasions). He was succeeded as Grand Dragoman (1709) by his brother John Mavrocordato (Ioan), who was for a short while hospodar in both Wallachia and Moldavia.

Dragoman of the Porte
The Dragoman of the Sublime Porte (Ottoman Turkish: tercümân-ı bâb-ı âlî; Greek: διερμηνέας της Υψηλής Πύλης, romanized: diermineas tis Ypsilis Pylis), Dragoman of the Imperial Council (tercümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn), or simply Grand Dragoman (μέγας διερμηνέας, megas diermineas) or Chief Dragoman (tercümân başı), was the senior interpreter of the Ottoman government—frequently referred to as the "Sublime Porte"—and de facto deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821, the office was occupied by Phanariotes, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire.
2024 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste
The 2024 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Trieste was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 5th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Trieste, Italy between 8 and 14 July 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
HMS Shalimar
HMS Shalimar (P242) was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in April 1944, she conducted one war patrol off the Orkney Islands, then was assigned to the Pacific theater, arriving there in September. The submarine conducted one war patrol off the Nicobar Islands, destroying several small ships with gunfire. During her next three patrols in the Strait of Malacca, Shalimar sank twelve sailing vessels, eleven landing craft, four coasters, three lighters, three tugboats, and one minesweeper. After the war ended, the boat was sent back to England, placed in reserve, then sold for scrap in July 1950.

QF 3-inch 20 cwt
The QF 3-inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun became the standard anti-aircraft gun used in the home defence of the United Kingdom against German Zeppelins airships and bombers and on the Western Front in World War I. It was also common on British warships in World War I and submarines in World War II. 20 cwt referred to the weight of the barrel and breech, to differentiate it from other 3-inch guns (1 cwt = 1 hundredweight = 112 lb, 51 kg, hence the barrel and breech together weighed 2,240 lb, 1,020 kg). While other AA guns also had a bore of 3 inches (76 mm), the term 3-inch was only ever used to identify this gun in the World War I era, and hence this is what writers are usually referring to by 3-inch AA gun.
Wells-next-the-Sea
Wells-next-the-Sea is a port town on the north coast of Norfolk, England.

The civil parish has an area of 16.31 km2 (6.30 sq mi) and in 2001 had a population of 2,451, reducing to 2,165 at the 2011 census.

Wells is 15 miles (24 km) to the east of the resort Hunstanton, 20 miles (32 km) to the west of Cromer, and 10 miles (16 km) north of Fakenham. The city Norwich lies 32 miles (51 km) to the south-east. Nearby villages include Blakeney, Burnham Market, Burnham Thorpe, Holkham and Walsingham.

Burnham Thorpe
Burnham Thorpe is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is 19 miles (31 km) north-east of King's Lynn and 31 miles (50 km) north-west of Norwich and is one of the seven Norfolk Burnhams. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 131, a slight decrease from 144 at the 2011 census.

The village is notable for being the birthplace of Admiral Horatio Nelson, victor at the Battle of Trafalgar and one of Britain's greatest heroes. At the time of his birth, Nelson's father, Edmund Nelson, was rector of the church in Burnham Thorpe.
Santo Tomas, La Union
Santo Tomás, officially the Municipality of Santo Tomas (Ilocano: Ili ti Santo Tomas; Pangasinan: Baley na Santo Tomas; Filipino: Bayan ng Santo Tomas), is a coastal municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 42,777 people.

Japanese in the Philippines
Japanese in the Philippines, or Japanese Filipino, refers to one of the largest branches of Japanese diaspora having historical contact with and having established themselves in what is now the Philippines. This also refers to Filipino citizens of either pure or mixed Japanese descent residing in the country, the latter a result of intermarriages between the Japanese and local populations.
Todor Kavaldzhiev
Todor Kolev Kavaldzhiev (Bulgarian: Тодор Колев Кавалджиев; 26 January 1934 – 6 February 2019) was the vice president of Bulgaria from 1997 until 2002. He was a partner to President Petar Stoyanov. He was proven to be an anti-communist, due to being repressed during the communist era in Bulgaria. He was also an activist into restoring the BZNS Nikola Petkov.

Vice President of Bulgaria
The vice president of the Republic of Bulgaria is the principal assistant to the president of Bulgaria and the first in the line of succession to the presidency. It is the only active vice presidential office in the European Union (EU).

The vice president is elected by popular vote every five years alongside the president. The most recent election took place in 2021. The office has been vacant since 23 January 2026, when Iliana Iotova succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Rumen Radev.
Cumnock East (ward)
Cumnock East was one of 32 electoral wards of East Ayrshire Council. Originally created in 1984, the ward was initially within Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council before the local government reforms in the 1990s. The ward elected one councillor using the first-past-the-post voting electoral system.

The ward was a Labour stronghold as the party successfully held the seat at every election. Eric Ross was the only councillor elected as he represented the ward from 1984 to 2007.

In 2007, the ward was abolished and replaced by the multi-member Cumnock and New Cumnock ward as council elections moved to a proportional voting system – the single transferable vote – following the implementation of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004.

Cumnock and Doon Valley
55°27′58″N 4°27′04″W﻿ / ﻿55.466°N 4.451°W﻿ / 55.466; -4.451

Cumnock and Doon Valley (Scottish Gaelic: Cumnag agus Srath Dhùin) was one of nineteen local government districts in the Strathclyde region of Scotland from 1975 to 1996.
Chris Soules
Christopher Douglas Soules (born November 6, 1981) is an American reality television personality and farmer who starred in the nineteenth season of ABC's The Bachelor. He earned his role as the Bachelor by becoming a fan favorite during his time on the tenth season of The Bachelorette with Andi Dorfman, where he placed third. He has also appeared in Dancing with the Stars.

Andi Dorfman
Andi Janette Dorfman (born April 3, 1987) is an American television personality. She was a contestant on the eighteenth season of The Bachelor, and the lead on tenth season of The Bachelorette. She became famous for walking out on bachelor Juan Pablo Galavis in the ninth episode of The Bachelor. She became the first former attorney to appear as The Bachelorette.
Extra (gum)
Extra is a brand of sugarfree chewing gum produced by the Wrigley Company in several markets in the world with different variations.

An American piece of Extra gum is approximately 2.5 gram in weight and has 2 grams of sugar alcohol. This compares to a 1.9 gram in weight and 1 gram sugar alcohol value in an American piece of Orbit gum.

Chewing gum
Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum is composed of gum base, sweeteners, softeners/plasticizers, flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered polyol coating. Its texture is reminiscent of rubber because of the physical-chemical properties of its polymer, plasticizer, and resin components, which contribute to its elastic-plastic, sticky, chewy characteristics.
Matt "Guitar" Murphy
Matthew Tyler Murphy (December 29, 1929 – June 15, 2018), known as Matt "Guitar" Murphy, was an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was associated with Memphis Slim, The Blues Brothers and Howlin' Wolf. In 2012, Murphy was elected to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Lou Marini
Louis Eugene Marini Jr. (born May 13, 1945), known as "Blue Lou" Marini,  is an American saxophonist, arranger, and composer. He is best known for his work in jazz, rock, blues, and soul music, as well as his association with The Blues Brothers.
Bor, Niğde
Bor is a town in Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 14 km (8.7 mi) to the southeast of the city of Niğde (very frequent busses run between the two), on a high plain (altitude 1,115 m (3,658 ft)). It is the seat of Bor District. Its population is 41,999 (2022).

The area is situated just north of the Taurus Mountains, not far from the Cilician Gates (Gülek Boğazı), the mountain pass leading to Cilicia and Syria, and has long been a place of commercial and military importance.

Niğde
Niğde (Turkish pronunciation: [ni:de]; Ancient Greek: Νίγδη; Hittite: Nahita, Naxita) is a city and is located in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Niğde Province and Niğde District. Its population is 170,511 (2022). It lies at an elevation of 1,276 m (4,186 ft).

The city is small with plenty of green space and gardens around the houses. Its people generally tend to be religious and conservative.

Medieval monuments are scattered about the centre of the town, especially around the market place.

The nearest airport is Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport (NAV) which is 90.6 km (50.6 miles) away.
1991 Women's Junior World Handball Championship
The 1991 Women's Junior World Handball Championship was the eighth edition of the tournament which took place in France from 23 August to 1 September 1991. Seventeen teams competed in the competition from four continents with Brazil and Chinese Taipei making there first appearance in a tournament.

After 62 matches, the Soviet Union took home their seventh gold medal and their fifth in a row after defeating South Korea by a single goal in the gold-medal match. Denmark finished in third place overall after they defeated Sweden in the bronze medal playoff.

IHF Women's U20 Handball World Championship
The IHF Women's U20 Handball World Championship (or the IHF Women's Junior World Championship) is the official competition for women's national handball teams under age 20, has been organized by the International Handball Federation since 1977. It takes place every two years in even years.
Miho Shrine
Miho Jinja (美保神社) is a Shinto shrine in Matsue, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The Taisha-zukuri Honden of 1813 is an Important Cultural Property. A collection of 846 musical instruments dedicated to the shrine, and two dugout-canoes used in the Morotabune rite have been designated as Important Tangible Folk Cultural Property.

Taisha-zukuri
Taisha-zukuri or Ōyashiro-zukuri (大社造) is an ancient Japanese architectural   style and the oldest Shinto shrine architectural style. Named after Izumo Taisha's honden (sanctuary), like Ise Grand Shrine's shinmei-zukuri style it features a bark roof decorated with poles called chigi and katsuogi, plus archaic features like gable-end pillars and a single central pillar (shin no mihashira). The honden's floor is raised above the ground through the use of stilts (see photo).
Like the shinmei-zukuri and sumiyoshi-zukuri styles, it predates the arrival of Buddhism in Japan.
Alexander Kokorinov
Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Фили́ппович Коко́ринов; 10 July 1726 – 21 March 1772) was a Russian architect and educator of Siberian origin, generally remembered for his role in establishing the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Peterburg, of which he was the official builder and then administrator from 1758 until his death. Kokorinov has been house architect of the Razumovsky family and Ivan Shuvalov, the founding president of the Academy. Kokorinov's surviving architectural legacy, once believed to be substantial, has been reduced by recent research to only two buildings, the Imperial Academy of Arts and Kirill Razumovsky palace in Saint Petersburg. The Academy was designed by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe based on an earlier proposal by Jacques-François Blondel, while Kokorinov managed the construction in its early phases (1764–1772).

Dmitry Shvidkovsky
Dmitry Shvidkovsky (Russian: Дмитрий Олегович Швидковский, born 14 May 1959) is a Russian educator and historian of architecture of Russia and the United Kingdom during the Age of Enlightenment. A 1982 alumnus and long-term professor of Moscow Architectural Institute, Shvidkovsky was appointed its rector in 2007.
Ansel Briggs
Ansel Briggs (February 3, 1806 – May 5, 1881) was an American politician and businessman that served as the first Governor of Iowa from 1846 to 1850, a member of the Democratic Party, he also was a member of the fifth territorial assembly representing Jackson County.

Iowa Territory
The Territory of Iowa was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 3, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Iowa. The remainder of the territory would have no organized territorial government until the Minnesota Territory was organized on March 3, 1849.
Rowallan Castle
Rowallan Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal an Rubha Àlainn) is an ancient castle located in Scotland. The castle stands on the banks of the Carmel Water, which may at one time have run much closer to the low eminence upon which the original castle stood, justifying the old name Craig of Rowallan. Elizabeth Mure (died before May 1355) was mistress and then wife of Robert, High Steward of Scotland, and Guardian of Scotland (1338–1341 and from October 1346), who later became King Robert II of Scotland. She may have been born at Rowallan.

Earl of Loudoun
Earl of Loudoun (pronounced "loud-on" /ˈlaʊdən/), named after Loudoun in Ayrshire, is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1633 for John Campbell, 2nd Lord Campbell of Loudoun, along with the subsidiary title Lord Tarrinzean and Mauchline. The 1st Earl's wife Margaret was the granddaughter and heiress of Hugh Campbell, who had been created Lord Campbell of Loudoun; he resigned the peerage in favour of his grandson-in-law, who was later created an earl.

The 6th Countess married the 2nd Earl of Moira, who was later created Marquess of Hastings. The next three Earls also held that Marquessate. However, with the death of the 4th Marquess, the Marquessate became extinct, but the Earldom passed to the elder daughter of the 2nd Marquess.

The heir apparent to the Earldom uses the courtesy title Lord Mauchline.
Die Gleichen
Die Gleichen (German pronunciation: [diː ˈɡlaɪçn̩]) are a pair of hills, up to 430 metres high, in the district of Göttingen in South Lower Saxony in Germany. The twin hills, that were once the site of two fortifications, gave their name to the village of Gleichen.

Göttingen (district)
Göttingen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡœtɪŋən] ⓘ) is a district (German: Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the northwest and clockwise) the districts of Northeim and Goslar, and by the states of Thuringia (district of Eichsfeld) and Hesse (districts of Werra-Meißner and Kassel, and the district-free city of Kassel). The capital is the university city of Göttingen.