hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Private equity in the 1980s
Private equity in the 1980s relates to one of the major periods in the history of private equity and venture capital. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub-industries, leveraged buyouts and venture capital experienced growth along parallel although interrelated tracks.

The development of the private equity and venture capital asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century. The 1980s saw the first major boom and bust cycle in private equity. The cycle which is typically marked by the 1982 acquisition of Gibson Greetings and ending just over a decade later was characterized by a dramatic surge in leveraged buyout (LBO) activity financed by junk bonds. The period culminated in the massive buyout of RJR Nabisco before the near collapse of the leveraged buyout industry in the late 1980s and early 1990s marked by the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert and the high-yield debt market.

Forstmann Little & Company
Forstmann, Little & Company was an American private equity firm, specializing in leveraged buyouts (LBOs).  At its peak in the late 1990s, Forstmann Little was among the largest private equity firms globally.  Ultimately, the firm would suffer from the bursting of the internet and telecom bubbles, having invested heavily in technology and telecommunications companies. Following the death of the last surviving founder, Theodore Forstmann, in 2011, the firm was dissolved and its assets sold off. It closed in May 2014.
Thomas Hoccleve
Thomas Hoccleve or Occleve (1368/69–1426) was a key figure in 15th-century Middle English literature, significant for promoting Chaucer as "the father of English literature", and as a poet in his own right. His poetry, especially his longest work, the didactic work Regement of Princes, was extremely popular in the fifteenth century, but went largely ignored until the late twentieth century, when it was re-examined by scholars, particularly John Burrow. Today he is best known for his Series, which includes the earliest autobiographical description of mental illness in English, and for his extensive scribal activity. Three holographs of his poetry have survived, and he also copied literary manuscripts by other writers. As a clerk of the Office of the Privy Seal, he wrote hundreds of documents in French and Latin.

Frederick James Furnivall
Frederick James Furnivall FBA (4 February 1825 – 2 July 1910) was an English philologist, best known as one of the co-creators of the New English Dictionary. He founded a number of learned societies on early English literature and made pioneering and massive editorial contributions to the subject, of which the most notable was his parallel text edition of The Canterbury Tales. He was one of the founders of and teachers at the London Working Men's College and a lifelong campaigner against injustice.
2015 Senior Bowl
The 2015 Senior Bowl was an all-star college football exhibition game featuring players from the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season as well as prospects for the 2015 draft of the professional National Football League (NFL). The game concluded the post-season that had begun on December 21, 2014. Sponsored by Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, it was officially known as the Reese's Senior Bowl.

Played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama, the game featured the North and the South as the opposing teams. The NFL Network broadcast the game live on January 24, 2015, at 3:00 p.m. CST. The North won 34–13.

Sports Illustrated named Ali Marpet of Hobart and William Smith Colleges—the first NCAA Division III player selected for the Senior Bowl in its 66 years—the game's "biggest riser".

Ladd–Peebles Stadium
Ladd–Peebles Stadium (formerly Ernest F. Ladd Memorial Stadium) is a football stadium located in Mobile, Alabama. Opened in 1948, it has a seating capacity of 33,471. It is primarily used for American football. In addition to football, the stadium is also used for concerts (maximum capacity 50,000), boxing matches, high school graduations, trade shows, and festivals. Numerous entertainers have performed at Ladd–Peebles Stadium. It is currently the home of Two HBCU Football Classics. The Gulf Coast Challenge between the Jackson State Tigers and Alabama A&M Bulldogs and Port City Classic between the Alabama State Hornets and Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils.
Black Army Jacket
Black Army Jacket was an American powerviolence band. They released one album and many 7-inch EPs, splits and compilation appearances. Their members have gone on to play in such bands as Municipal Waste, Deny the Cross, Matt Pond PA, Burnt by the Sun and Hope Collapse.

Spazz (band)
Spazz was an American powerviolence band active between 1992 and 2000. The trio released numerous records within this time, many of which are now highly collectible due to their relative rarity. The band's releases often showcased their unusual sense of humour: absurdly long and nonsensical song titles, audio samples from B movies and kung fu films between songs and the occasional use of hip hop beats as well as saxophones, banjos and other instruments rarely associated with hardcore punk. All three of the members shared vocal duties, usually changing in sequence from line to line. The group would typically play at all ages venues. 2015 saw the release of a tribute LP to Spazz by Scottish record label Mind Ripper Collective titled "Spazzin' To The Oldies - A Tribute To Spazz". In 2016, it was announced that Tankcrimes will reissue the out-of-print Spazz albums Sweatin' To The Oldies and Sweatin' 3: Skatin', Satan & Katon.
Blackall Woolscour
Blackall Woolscour is a heritage-listed wool scour at Evora Road, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of Blackall, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1908 to 1920s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Shed
A shed is typically a simple, single-storey (though some sheds may have two or more stories and or a loft) roofed structure, often used for storage, for hobbies, or as a workshop, and typically serving as outbuilding, such as in a back garden or on an allotment. Sheds vary considerably in their size and complexity of construction, from simple open-sided ones designed to cover bicycles or garden items to large wood-framed structures with shingled roofs, windows, and electrical outlets. Sheds used on farms or in the industry can be large structures. The main types of shed construction are metal sheathing over a metal frame, plastic sheathing and frame, all-wood construction (the roof may be asphalt shingled or sheathed in tin), and vinyl-sided sheds built over a wooden frame. Small sheds may include a wooden or plastic floor, while more permanent ones may be built on a concrete pad or foundation. Sheds may be lockable to deter theft or entry by children, domestic animals, wildlife, etc.
Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod
The Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod (1820–1920), commonly known as just the Tennessee Synod, was a Lutheran church body known for its staunch adherence to the Augsburg Confession and commitment to confessional Lutheranism. The synod began with six ministers in 1820 and had forty by 1919, plus ten students and candidates for ministry. It merged into the United Synod of North Carolina in 1920.

Augsburg Confession
The Augsburg Confession (German: Augsburger Bekenntnis), also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530.

The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, had called on the Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire and rally support against the Ottoman invasion in the 16th-century Siege of Vienna. It is the fourth document contained in the Lutheran Book of Concord.
De Kromme Dissel
De Kromme Dissel is a restaurant located in Heelsum in the Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin stars in the period 1971 to present. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16.0 points. (Out of 20)

Present head chef of De Kromme Dissel is Tonny Berentsen. Bert Willemsen was the first head chef to earn the Michelin star in 1971.

Restaurant De Kromme Dissel is part of the Bilderberg hotel chain.

The restaurant is located in an old Saxon farmhouse.

Heelsum
Heelsum is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Renkum, west of Arnhem.

Part of the Battle of Arnhem was fought in and around Heelsum. The initial British landings were carried out just north of the village.
Adrasteia
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Adrasteia (/ˌædrəˈstiːə/; Ancient Greek: Ἀδράστεια, Ionic Greek: Ἀδρήστεια), also spelled Adrastia, Adrastea, Adrestia, Adrestea, Adastreia or Adrasta, originally a Phrygian mountain goddess, probably associated with Cybele, was later a Cretan nymph, and daughter of Melisseus, who was charged by Rhea with nurturing the infant Zeus in secret, to protect him from his father Cronus. By at latest the fifth century BC, she became identified with Nemesis, the goddess of divine retribution.

Mount Ida (Turkey)
Mount Ida (Turkish: Kazdağı, pronounced [kazdaɯ], meaning "Goose Mountain", Kaz Dağları, or Karataş Tepesi, Greek: Ίδα) is a mountain in northwestern Turkey, some 20 mi (32 km) southeast of the ruins of Troy, along the north coast of the Edremit Gulf. It is between Balıkesir Province and Çanakkale Province.
Texas Heroes Monument
The Texas Heroes Monument is located in Galveston, Texas, and was commissioned by Henry Rosenberg to commemorate the brave people who fought during the Texas Revolution. The monument was built by New England Granite Works using Concord, New Hampshire, granite and bronze.  The total cost was $50,000, and it was shipped before June 4, 1899. The sculptor of the monument was Louis Amateis. It is located at the intersection of Broadway and Rosenberg Avenue. It was unveiled on April 22, 1900.

Deaf Smith
Erastus "Deaf" Smith (April 19, 1787 – November 30, 1837), who earned his nickname due to hearing loss in childhood, was an American frontiersman noted for his part in the Texas Revolution and the Army of the Republic of Texas. He fought in the Grass Fight and the Battle of San Jacinto. After the war, Deaf Smith led a company of Texas Rangers.

Smith died in Richmond, Texas, aged 50, at the home of Randall Jones. Some later accounts would give tuberculosis as the cause of death although no cause of death was given in contemporary accounts. The Episcopal churchyard has a modest marker, "Deaf Smith, the Texas Spy, Died Nov. 30, 1837", but his exact burial site is unknown.
Iqbal Hussain Durrani
Iqbal Hussain Durrani is a retired Pakistani civil servant who served in BPS-22 grade as the National Security Secretary of Pakistan. Durrani belongs to the Pakistan Administrative Service and is the son-in-law of former Chief Minister of Sindh, Qaim Ali Shah. History was made when Prime Minister Imran Khan in 2019 promoted both Durrani as well as his wife, Pakistan Administrative Service officer Naheed Shah Durrani, to grade 22; as it was the first time in the country's bureaucratic history that both husband and wife were promoted together to the elite rank of Federal Secretary.

Durrani spent majority of his active service years in the Government of Sindh having served as provincial secretary of various departments. He was widely regarded as being one of the most influential provincial secretaries of Sindh. He belongs to the 15th CTP and is batchmates with Sikandar Sultan Raja, Fawad Hasan Fawad, Rizwan Ahmed, Hussain Asghar, Jawad Rafique Malik and Allah Dino Khawaja.

Fawad Hasan Fawad
Fawad Hasan Fawad (Urdu:  فواد حسن فواد) is a Pakistani public policy practitioner, former civil servant who served in BPS-22 grade as the Principal Secretary to two Prime Ministers Nawaz Sharif and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi; and later as caretaker Federal Minister for Privatisation and  Federal Minister for Inter Provincial Coordination.

His work during his tenure as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of Pakistan from November 2015 to June 2018 was largely focused on the fruition of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, effectively spearheading multiple infrastructure and energy projects and directing sector-wide investment across the nation.

Fawad was promoted to the rank of Federal Secretary in December 2017.
2015 Sydney Motorsport Park Super Sprint
The 2015 Sydney Motorsport Park Super Sprint was a motor race for V8 Supercars held on the weekend of 21–23 August 2015. The event was held at the Sydney Motorsport Park in Sydney, New South Wales, and consisted of two sprint races, each over a distance of 60 kilometres (37 miles) and one endurance race over a distance of 200 kilometres (124 miles). It was the eighth round of fourteen in the 2015 International V8 Supercars Championship. Prior to the start of the race James Courtney withdrew due to sustaining a chest injury, two broken ribs and a punctured lung, when hit by a section of metal advertising board thrown through the air by down draught from a Royal Australian Navy helicopter.

2015 International V8 Supercars Championship
The 2015 International V8 Supercars Championship (often simplified to the 2015 V8 Supercars Championship) was an FIA-sanctioned international auto racing series for V8 Supercars. It was the seventeenth running of the V8 Supercar Championship Series and the nineteenth series in which V8 Supercars have contested the premier Australian touring car title.

Mark Winterbottom of Prodrive Racing Australia secured his first championship title with one race remaining, winning nine races during the season, while Triple Eight Race Engineering won the Teams' Championship. The Enduro Cup was won by Garth Tander and Warren Luff, driving for the Holden Racing Team.
COSMOSPACE
COSMOSPACE (COSMO Surface-Pair Activity Coefficient Equation) is an activity coefficient model in which the activity coefficient of the components in a
liquid chemical mixture can be related through their molar fraction.  It was initially developed as an implicit solution to COSMO-RS.

UNIQUAC is a first order approximation for the interactions in a fluid. This means that the local concentrations around the different types of molecules in a fluid mixture are taken independently from each other. This leads to an inconsistency, which gives systematic errors for strong interacting molecules. This inconsistency is solved in the COSMOSPACE model. This is achieved by applying a self-consistent partition sum description of the ensemble of molecule surfaces. Therefore, the COSMOSPACE model outperforms Uniquac in the description of vapor–liquid and liquid–liquid phase equilibria.

Activity coefficient
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms of simple concentrations or partial pressures of the substances present e.g. Raoult's law. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration by an activity coefficient. Analogously, expressions involving gases can be adjusted for non-ideality by scaling partial pressures by a fugacity coefficient.

The concept of activity coefficient is closely linked to that of activity in chemistry.
2017 German Indoor Athletics Championships
The 2017 German Indoor Athletics Championships (German: Deutsche Leichtathletik-Hallenmeisterschaften 2017) was the 64th edition of the national championship in indoor track and field for Germany. It was held on 18–19 February at the Arena Leipzig in Leipzig – the seventh time the venue had hosted the championships. Ticketing for the event was sold out. A total of 25 events, 13 for men and 12 for women, were contested plus six further events were held separately. It was to serve as preparation for the 2017 European Athletics Indoor Championships.

Several national championship events were staged elsewhere: 3 × 800 m and 3 × 1000 m relays were held on 26 February at the Glaspalast Sindelfingen in Sindelfingen, while racewalking events were hosted at the Leichtathletikhalle Erfurt in Erfurt on 5 March. Indoor combined events were held at the Leichtathletik-Halle in Hamburg on 28 and 29 January.

German Indoor Athletics Championships
The German Indoor Athletics Championships (German: Deutsche Leichtathletik-Hallenmeisterschaften) is an annual indoor track and field competition organised by the German Athletics Association, which serves as the German national championship for the sport. Typically held over two to three days in February during the German winter, the first Unified Germany championships occurred in 1991, succeeding the West German and East German indoor nationals. The unified indoor event preceded the newly-unified outdoor German Athletics Championships in the summer of 1991. National indoor championships in relays, racewalking and combined track and field events are usually contested at separate locations.
Nduga people
Nduga is an indigenous tribe in the Central Highlands region of southern Papua, particularly in the Nduga Regency and surrounding areas. The territory of the Nduga people borders the Dani and Lani to the north, the Asmat to the south, the Damal to the west, and the Ngalik to the east.

The Nduga tribe is divided into two groups: the Nduga tribe in the hot areas (lowlands), such as in Mapenduma, Central Mbua up to Kora-Lower, Wosak-Lower, Kenyam, Geselma, Wandud, and Alama. The second group consists of the Nduga tribe living in cold areas (highlands), such as in Yigi, Upper Mbuwa, Iniye, Upper Wosak, and Upper Kora.

Damal people
The Damal or Damalme are a group of people living in the highlands of the Central Papua province of Indonesia. They primarily live in Beoga Valley along the river of Beogong. The Damal people are closely related to the Delem people and the Amungme people living in the southern lowland region. Delem is an ethnic group reportedly descended from the Damal people, Dani people, and Wano people.

According to oral history, the Damal people came from a place called Mepingama in Baliem Valley, and then Kurima where they gathered, and Hitigima the place where they started creating Honai houses with thatched roofs. From Kurima the ancestors of many Papuan tribes including Damal traveled west and settled in Ilop which now are called Beoga and Ilaga. From their heartland in Beoga and Ilaga, some Damal moved to Jila, Alama, Bella, Tsinga, Hoeya, Tembagapura (Kampung Waa), Aroanop, Timika, and Agimuga.
Sackets Harbor and Ellisburg Railroad
Sackets Harbor & Ellisburgh Railroad was incorporated on April 19, 1850, and opened on June 1, 1853 (1853-06-01).

On March 30, 1860, it was re-organized into Sackets Harbor, Rome & N.Y. Railroad before ceasing operation in 1862 (1862). Its route took it from Sackets Harbor through Smithville, Henderson, and Belleville, joining the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad at Pierrepont Manor.

Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad
The Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad was a railroad that grew, in stages, from Rome, New York to Watertown and then to Ogdensburg, New York and Massena, New York.  The original Rome and Watertown Railroad terminated in Cape Vincent, NY on the St. Lawrence River. A branch of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad, commonly known as "The Hojack Line", operated along the south shore of Lake Ontario, from Oswego, New York to Niagara Falls, New York.

After it was merged into the New York Central in 1913, the RW&O line was known as the St. Lawrence Division.
Villafuerte, Michoacán
Villafuerte is a small town in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is also known as "El Rancho" and is part of the Zamora Valley. Villafuerte is approximately 1.5 miles from Ario de Rayón (Ario Santa Monica).

Villafuerte's president is Salvador Rodriguez (since 2006).

The town has one main street and less than eighty houses. Towns surrounding Villafuerte are: Jacona, Zamora, La Colonia, La Rinconada, Ario de Rayón, El Llano and Rancho Nuevo and is near water bodies like La Estancia, Camecuaro and Ixtlán de los Hervores.

Ixtlán de los Hervores
Ixtlán de los Hervores, also known as Ixtlán, is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is located 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Jiquilpan by state highway 16 and 26 kilometres (16 mi) to the northeast of the city of Zamora by way of highway 35. It is about 80 miles (130 km) southeast of Guadalajara.

Ixtlán de los Hervores is known for its thermal water springs. In Ixtlán de los Hervores one will find three geysers that surges up from the depths of the earth with tremendous pressure. The jet rises more than 30 metres (98 ft) in height and reaches temperatures of 96 °C (205 °F). There are two new geysers, one near the soccer field. A rustic spa has been built near the geyser with services for people who are seeking the healing powers of sulphurous waters found here.
Rubenstein v. State
Jacob Rubenstein v. State of Texas 407 S.W.2d 793 (1966) was a decision by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, the highest criminal appellate court in the State of Texas, that Jack Ruby, real name Jacob Rubenstein, the killer of Lee Harvey Oswald, had been denied a fair trial. The decision ordered his conviction reversed. Ruby died before he could be retried.

Parkland Memorial Hospital
Parkland Memorial Hospital is a public hospital located in Dallas, Texas. It is the main hospital of the Parkland Health & Hospital System and serves as Dallas County's public hospital. It is located within the Southwestern Medical District. The hospital is staffed by the faculty, residents, and medical students of UT Southwestern Medical Center. Parkland Hospital was first established on Maple Avenue in 1894. In 1954, the hospital relocated to a second campus on Harry Hines Boulevard. A third facility, located across the street from the second site, opened in 2015 and remains the current location as of 2025. The second campus was demolished between 2024 and 2025. The Parkland Medical District continues to provide services and medical education to Dallas County.
Tetramethylammonium fluoride
Tetramethyl­ammonium fluoride, commonly abbreviated TMAF, is the quaternary ammonium salt with the formula (CH3)4NF. This hygroscopic white solid is a source of “naked fluoride": fluoride ions not complexed with a metal atom. Most other soluble salts of fluoride are in fact bifluorides, HF2–. Historically, there have been two main approaches to prepare tetramethyl­ammonium fluoride: hydrofluoric acid neutralization of tetramethyl­ammonium hydroxide, and salt metathesis between different ammonium salts and inorganic fluoride sources, such as KF or CsF. Because the fluoride anion is extremely basic, the salt slowly reacts with acetonitrile, inducing dimerization to CH3C(NH2)=CHCN, which co-crystallizes.

Caesium fluoride
Caesium fluoride (cesium fluoride in American English) is an inorganic compound with the formula CsF. A hygroscopic white salt, caesium fluoride is used in the synthesis of organic compounds as a source of the fluoride anion.  The compound is noteworthy from the pedagogical perspective as caesium also has the highest electropositivity of all commonly available elements and fluorine has the highest electronegativity.