hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2018 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool B
Pool B of the 2018 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa zone of the 2018 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

2018 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2018 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I were the final stages of the Group I zonal competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Using the positions determined in their pools, the fourteen teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2018 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I. The top two teams advanced to World Group II play-offs, and the bottom two teams were relegated to the Europe/Africa Zone Group II.
Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)
50°17′53″N 4°54′00″W﻿ / ﻿50.298°N 4.900°W﻿ / 50.298; -4.900

Grampound in Cornwall was a borough constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1826. It was represented by two Members of Parliament.

Thomas Oldfield
Thomas Hinton Burley Oldfield (1755–1822) was an English political reformer, parliamentary historian and antiquary. His major work, The Representative History, has been called "a domesday book of corruption".
Crimea attacks
Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the Russian-occupied Crimean Peninsula, from where the Russian Army had launched its offensive on Southern Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian war. Occupied since 2014, Crimea was a base for the subsequent Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast and Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.

Vladimir Putin has called Crimea a "sacred place" and a "holy land". Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of Russia Dmitry Medvedev said in July 2022 that the consequence of an attack on Crimea will be that, "the Day of Judgment will come for all of them there at once. Very fast and heavy. It will be very difficult to hide".

Dzhankoi (air base)
Dzhankoi is a military air base (ICAO: UKFY) near Dzhankoi, Crimea. It is currently operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces. Prior to the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, Dzhankoi was Ukrainian, and before 1992 Soviet, military airfield, and then a civilian airport.

As of 2024 satellite imagery shows runway 05/23 extended to 2.50 km.
Edward A. Hanna
Edward Arnold Hanna (April 7, 1922 – March 13, 2009) was an American businessman and politician. He was mayor of Utica, New York, from 1974 to 1978 and from 1996 to 2000, running as an independent. Often described as a populist, Hanna was widely regarded as eccentric and abrasive and constantly clashed with the Utica business and political establishment, the rest of city government, and other local groups. A "non-stop talker" who The New York Times called "flamboyant, combative, and controversial", he once described Utica as "a stinking, rotten town" and "a lousy place to live" and told Uticans to move away for better opportunities. He built and renovated a number of parks and public artworks during his terms. However, Hanna failed to stem Utica's long-term economic and population decline.

Political boss
A party boss is a person who controls a faction or local branch of a political party. They do not necessarily hold public office themselves; most historical bosses did not, at least during the times of their greatest influence. Numerous officeholders in that unit are subordinate to the single boss in party affairs. Bosses may base their power on the support of numerous voters, usually organized voting blocs, and manage a coalition of these blocs and various other stakeholders. When the party wins, they typically control appointments in their unit, and have a voice at the higher levels.

Reformers typically allege that political bosses are corrupt. This corruption is usually tied to patronage: the exchange of jobs, lucrative contracts and other political favors for votes, campaign contributions and sometimes outright bribes.
Propionispira raffinosivorans
Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria. It was originally isolated from spoiled beer and believed to have some causative effect in beer spoilage. Since then, it has been taxonomically reclassified and proven to play a role in anaerobic beer spoilage, because of its production of acids, such as acetic and propionic acid, during fermentation

Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
Ide Mahasudina
Ide Mahasudina (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1965 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by B. C. Srinivas and produced by Udaykumar and Dhanjee Kalyanjee. The film stars Rajkumar, Udaykumar, Balakrishna, and Raghavendra Rao. The film has musical score composed by B. Gopal. It was produced by actor Udaykumar: one of his initial film productions.

Udaykumar
Bommasandra Srinivasaiah Suryanarayana Murthy (16 March 1933 – 26 December 1985), known professionally as Udaykumar, was an Indian actor, writer, and film producer who worked primarily in Kannada cinema. Along with Rajkumar and Kalyan Kumar, he was part of the trio known as the Kumarathrayaru ("the three Kumars") of Kannada cinema. In addition to acting, he wrote several stage dramas and books.

Uday Kumar appeared in a wide variety of roles and collaborated with many notable actors of his era. In the early part of his career, he was cast in heroic roles, but he later became known for portraying complex antagonists, particularly in historical and mythological films, where he was frequently cast opposite Rajkumar’s protagonist roles.
RAF Bowes Moor
RAF Bowes Moor was a chemical warfare agent (CWA) storage site run by the Royal Air Force during and after the Second World War. The site was to the north of the village of Bowes in what is now County Durham, England. The Bowes Moor geographical feature runs from the north to the south west of the village. The Royal Air Force used the site to stock its chemical weapon supply, most of which was disposed of in situ by burning. The site, which closed in 1947, is known for the dangerous chemicals which leached into the soil.

The only unit to have officially worked at Bowes Moor was No. 81 Maintenance Unit RAF (1941–1947). The Bowes Loop of the Pennine Way goes through the site.

Bowes Moor
Bowes Moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the County Durham district in south-west County Durham, England. It is an extensive area of moorland, most of it covered by blanket bog, which supports significant breeding populations of a number of wading birds. The SSSI forms part of the North Pennine Moors SAC, a Special Area of Conservation.

The Pennine Way National Trail passes through the area, as does the A66 road, which crosses Bowes Moor using the Stainmore Gap between Bowes and Stainmore. Bowes Moor sits on the River Greta and has changed very little since Roman times. Many Roman artifacts have been found here over the years, including a Roman aqueduct.
TBE buffer
TBE or Tris/Borate/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, boric acid and EDTA.

In molecular biology, TBE and TAE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids, the most common being electrophoresis. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble in water. EDTA is a chelator of divalent cations, particularly of magnesium (Mg2+). As these ions are necessary co-factors for many enzymes, including contaminant nucleases, the role of the EDTA is to protect the nucleic acids against enzymatic degradation. But since Mg2+ is also a co-factor for many useful DNA-modifying enzymes such as restriction enzymes and DNA polymerases, its concentration in TBE or TAE buffers is generally kept low (typically at around 1 mM).

According to studies by Brody and Kern, sodium boric acid is a superior and cheaper conductive media for most DNA gel electrophoresis applications.

Buffer solution
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)
The Fourth Army of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Dördüncü Ordu) was one of the field armies of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the middle nineteenth century, during Ottoman military reforms.

The army did not survive the WWI battles in Palestine and Syria.

23rd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)
The 23rd Division was a formation of the VIII Corps of the Ottoman Army based in Homs. It had been intended that its manpower would be raised from locally recruited Syrians and Arabs.

The division was composed of two infantry regiments the 68th and 69th.
Wachsenburggemeinde
Wachsenburggemeinde (German pronunciation: [ˈvaksn̩bʊʁkɡəˌmaɪndə], lit. 'Wachsenburg Municipality') is a former municipality in the district Ilm-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. The municipality was named after the Wachsenburg Castle which is located in its center. It consisted of the five villages named Bittstädt, Haarhausen, Holzhausen, Röhrensee, and Sülzenbrücken. Since 31 December 2012, it is part of the municipality Amt Wachsenburg, formed after being merged with Ichtershausen.

Ichtershausen
Ichtershausen (German pronunciation: [ɪçtɐsˈhaʊzn̩]) is a village and a former municipality in the district Ilm-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 31 December 2012, it is part of the municipality Amt Wachsenburg.
Colonial Advocate
The Colonial Advocate was a weekly political journal published in Upper Canada during the 1820s and 1830s. First published by William Lyon Mackenzie on May 18, 1824, the journal frequently attacked the Upper Canada aristocracy known as the "Family Compact", which governed the province. Over its twelve years in publication, Mackenzie explicitly advocated constitutional change to resemble a more American government with the principles of responsible government, and working for the greater good of the people. The Colonial Advocate was used as a voice for constitutional reform, educating and inspiring citizens to take action against their government, making Mackenzie and his paper an important leader in the formation of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837.

Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto
Sir John Beverley Robinson, 1st Baronet, CB (26 July 1791 – 31 January 1863) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He was considered the leader of the Family Compact, a group of families which effectively controlled the early government of Upper Canada.
Lee Shau-kee
Lee Shau-kee GBM (Chinese: 李兆基; 20 February 1928 – 17 March 2025) was a Hong Kong business magnate, investor and philanthropist. He was a real estate tycoon and majority owner of Henderson Land Development, a property conglomerate with interests in property, hotels, restaurants and internet services in Hong Kong and other countries. In 2019, aged 91, Lee stepped down as chairman and managing director of the company, in favour of two of his sons, Peter and Martin Lee. He retained a role as an executive director.

His personal wealth was estimated by Bloomberg Billionaires Index to be US$23.2 billion at the time of his death, making him the second wealthiest man in Hong Kong (behind Li Ka-shing), and the 89th richest in the world. Before the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, he was the fourth-richest person in the world.

Grand Bauhinia Medal
The Grand Bauhinia Medal (Chinese: 大紫荊勳章) is the highest award under the Hong Kong honours and awards system;  it is to recognise the selected person's lifelong and highly significant contribution to the well-being of Hong Kong. The awardee is entitled to the postnominal letters GBM and the style The Honourable.  The award was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system, following the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The list was empty from 2003 to 2004. Bauhinia, Bauhinia blakeana, is the floral emblem of Hong Kong.
Hawkins Preserve
Hawkins Preserve is a 122-acre (0.49 km2) property within the city limits of Cortez, Colorado.  It is protected by a conservation easement held by the Montezuma Land Conservancy.

The property for the preserve was donated to the Cortez Cultural Center in the 1990s by Jack Hawkins which includes:

Biological and botanical resources in a pinion-juniper woodland that is bounded by sandstone potholes and McElmo Creek.

Prehistoric archaeological sites.

Hovenweep National Monument
Hovenweep National Monument is located on land in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, between Cortez, Colorado and Blanding, Utah on the Cajon Mesa of the Great Sage Plain.  Shallow tributaries run through the wide and deep canyons into the San Juan River.

Although Hovenweep National Monument is largely known for the six groups of Ancestral Puebloan villages and its kiva, there is evidence of occupation by hunter-gatherers from 8,000 to 6,000 B.C. until about AD 200.  Later, a succession of early puebloan cultures settled in the area and remained until the 14th century.

Hovenweep became a National Monument in 1923 and is administered by the National Park Service. In July 2014, the International Dark-Sky Association designated Hovenweep an International Dark Sky Park.
Jonny Lindfors
Major General Dan Jonny Mattias Lindfors (born 25 February 1975) is a Swedish Army officer. Lindfors has served as commander of the King's Guard Battalion in the Life Guards, of Norrbotten Regiment, and as Assistant Chief of Armed Forces Training & Procurement. He assumed the position of Chief of Army on 18 June 2023.

NATO Medal
The NATO Medal is an international military decoration which is awarded to various militaries of the world under the authority of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is manufactured by Eekelers-Centini Intl, of Hemiksem, Belgium.
Hoard of the Dragon Queen
Hoard of the Dragon Queen is an adventure module created by Kobold Press and published by Wizards of the Coast (WotC) in 2014 as the first adventure for the 5th edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. It is the first part of the two-part Tyranny of Dragons storyline, the sequel being The Rise of Tiamat.

Faerûn
Faerûn (/feɪˈruːn/ fay-ROON) is a fictional continent and the primary setting of the Dungeons & Dragons world of Forgotten Realms. It is described in detail in several editions of the Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting (first published in 1987 by TSR, Inc.) with the most recent being the 5th edition from Wizards of the Coast, and various locales and aspects are described in more depth in separate campaign setting books. Around a hundred novels, several computer and video games and a film use Faerûn as the setting.
Uncial 089
Uncial 089 in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 28 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century. The codex now is located at the Russian National Library (Gr. 280) in Saint Petersburg. It came to Russia from Sinai.

Codex Regius (New Testament)
Codex Regius is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. It is designated by siglum Le or 019 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε56 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 8th century. The manuscript has several gaps. Textual critic Frederick H. A.  Scrivener described it as "by far the most remarkable document of its age and class.": 137
Richard Rashke
Richard L. Rashke (born 1936) is an American journalist, teacher and author, who has written non-fiction books, as well as plays and screenplays. He is especially known for his history, Escape from Sobibor, first published in 1982, an account of the mass escape in October 1943 of hundreds of Jewish prisoners from the extermination camp at Sobibor in German-occupied Poland. The book was adapted as a 1987 TV movie by the same name.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company (HMH)
(/ˈhoʊtən/,
HOH-tən)
is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works. The company is based in the Boston Financial District. It was formerly known as the Houghton Mifflin Company, but it changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of Harcourt Publishing. Before March 2010, it was a subsidiary of Education Media and Publishing Group Limited, an Irish-owned holding company registered in the Cayman Islands and formerly known as Riverdeep. In 2022, it was acquired by Veritas Capital, a New York–based private-equity firm.
Borough of Onslow
The Borough of Onslow was a local government district immediately to the north of Wellington, New Zealand.  Incorporated on 13 March 1890 it included the districts of: Wadestown, Crofton, Khandallah and Kaiwarra but not Johnsonville. It replaced the Kaiwarra Town Board, the Wellington District Roads Board and a small part of the very wide jurisdiction of the Hutt County Council.  Johnsonville Town Board remained independent.

Most of the population, in Wadestown, amalgamated with Wellington City in 1907, the rest in 1919.

Johnsonville, New Zealand
Johnsonville is a large suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is seven kilometres north of the city centre, at the top of the Ngauranga Gorge, on the main route to Porirua (State Highway 1). It is commonly known by locals as "J'ville". Johnsonville was settled from the 1840s, became a town by 1896 and grew rapidly during the twentieth century. Johnsonville became an independent town district in 1908 and amalgamated with Wellington City in 1953.
C̈
C̈, c̈ in lower case, also called C with diaeresis, is a letter in the Chechen language. It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate /t͡ʃ/, like the English pronunciation of ch in the word chocolate.

The original letter representing the voiceless postalveolar affricate consonant in Chechen was ç, but was changed to c̈ just as ş was changed to s̈.

It is also used in the digraph c̈h in the Yanesha and Chamicuro; c̈h represents /t͡ʂ/, and ch (without the diaeresis) represents /t͡ʃ/.

Ş
S-cedilla (majuscule: Ş, minuscule: ş) is a letter used in some of the Turkic languages. It occurs in the Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish, and Turkmen alphabets. It is also planned to be in the Latin-based Kazakh alphabet.
It is used in Brahui, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Kurdish, and Tatar as well, when they are written in the Latin alphabet.

It commonly represents /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like sh in shoe).

It is written as the letter S with a cedilla below and it has both the lower-case (U+015F) and the upper-case variants (U+15E).
Wallace Carnegie Library
The Wallace Carnegie Library, in Wallace, Idaho, was built in 1911.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

It is located at 415 River St. adjacent to a small city park.

It is a one-story brick Carnegie library built upon a high basement in English Renaissance Revival style.  Its entrance is through a portico with Ionic columns at the top of a flight of concrete steps.

Wallace, Idaho
Wallace is a city in and the county seat of Shoshone County, Idaho, in the Silver Valley mining district of the Idaho Panhandle. Founded in 1884, Wallace sits alongside the South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River (and Interstate 90). The town's population was 791 at the 2020 census.

The Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes rail trail passes through Wallace.
Ambrosius Jääskeläinen
Metropolitan Ambrosius (Secular name: Risto Tapani Jääskeläinen) (b. 10 August 1945, Tohmajärvi, Finland,) is the retired Metropolitan of Helsinki. He matriculated from the Joensuu Lyceum in 1964. He completed the degree of Master of Theology at Helsinki University in 1968. He also completed the degree of Master of Political Science in 1972.

Uspenski Cathedral
Uspenski Cathedral (Finnish: Uspenskin katedraali, Swedish: Uspenskijkatedralen) is a Greek Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Helsinki, Finland, and main cathedral of the Orthodox Church of Finland, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos (the Virgin Mary). Its name comes from the Old Church Slavonic word uspeniecode: chu promoted to code: cu , which denotes the Dormition. It is the largest Orthodox church in both Northern and Western Europe.
.17-223
The .17-223 / 4.4x45mm is a centerfire wildcat rifle cartridge. It is based on the .223 Remington, but the neck is re-sized to accept a .17 caliber bullet. The .17 Remington is nearly identical, but on the latter the shoulder is moved .087 in (2.2 mm) back to allow a longer case neck.

.223 Remington
The .223 Remington, also known as 223 Remington by SAAMI  and 223 Rem. by the C.I.P., (pronounced "two-two-three") is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire intermediate cartridge. It was developed in 1957 by Remington Arms and Fairchild Industries for the U.S. Continental Army Command of the United States Army as part of a project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity firearm. Firing a .2245 in (5.70 mm) projectile, the .223 Remington is considered one of the most popular common-use cartridges and is used by a wide range of semi-automatic and manual-action rifles.
George E. Lee
George Ewing Lee (April 28, 1896–October 2, 1958) was an American jazz bandleader.

Born in Boonville, Missouri, Lee was the older brother of pianist/singer Julia Lee. He played in a band while serving in the Army in 1917; following this, he sang in a vocal quartet, and in 1920, he formed an ensemble of his own. With his sister as one of the group's members, he was a regular player at Lyric Hall in Kansas City through much of the 1920s. In 1927, they recorded as an octet, with Jesse Stone on piano, for Meritt Records; among the tunes was "Down Home Syncopated Blues," the earliest recording of Julia Lee's voice. They recorded six tunes for Brunswick in 1929.

In 1933, Lee's group was absorbed into the Bennie Moten Orchestra. In 1935, he struck out on his own again; he moved to Jackson, Michigan, in 1940, retired from music in 1941, and began managing a nightclub in Detroit in 1942. Later in the 1940s, he moved to San Diego, where he died on October 2, 1958.

Julia Lee (musician)
Julia Lee (October 31, 1902 – December 8, 1958) was an American blues and dirty blues musician. Her most commercially successful number was the US Billboard R&B chart topping hit "(Opportunity Knocks But Once) Snatch and Grab It" in 1947. She is best known for her trademark double entendre songs.
Carolyn Sampson
Carolyn Margaret Sampson OBE (born 18 May 1974) is an English soprano in opera and concert. Specialising in historically informed performance, she has sung in Masaaki Suzuki's recording project of Bach cantatas and has appeared at the English National Opera.

Jean-Baptiste Lully
Jean-Baptiste Lully born Giovanni Battista Lulli (28 or 29 November [O.S. 18 or 19 November] 1632 – 22 March 1687) was an Italian-French composer, dancer and instrumentalist, who is considered a master of the French Baroque music style. Best known for his operas, he spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV and became a French subject in 1661. He was a close friend of the playwright Molière, with whom he collaborated on numerous comédie-ballets, including L'Amour médecin, George Dandin ou le Mari confondu, Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, Psyché and his best known work, Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.