hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shahidganj
Shahidganj, also spelt as Shaheedganj, originally Nakhas Chowk, is a square in Naulakha Bazaar, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located near Delhi Gate. Thousands of Sikhs were publicly executed at the location during the 18th century. Sikhs were executed at the site during the periods of Zakaria Khan, Yahya Khan, Shah Nawaz Khan, Mir Mannu, and Adina Beg. The site was the location of a legal battle between the Muslim and Sikh communities during British-rule in the early 20th century.

Subah of Lahore
The Subah of Lahore (Punjabi: لہور دا صوبہ, romanized: La(h)ōr Dā Sūbāh; Persian: صوبه لاهور, romanized: Sūbah-yi-Lāhor) was one of the three subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire in the Punjab region, alongside Multan and Delhi subahs, encompassing the northern, central and eastern Punjab. It was created as one of the original 12 Subahs of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by Akbar in 1580. In 1752, the Subahdar Moin-ul-Mulk transferred his allegiance to Ahmad Shah Durrani. The province ceased to exist as a political unit after the death of Adina Beg in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into Durrani Empire. Collectively, Lahore and Multan subahs, and parts of Delhi subah, comprised "Mughal Punjab".
1996 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
The 1996 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana was the 54th edition of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana road cycling stage race, which was held from 27 February to 2 March 1996. The race started in Calpe and finished in Valencia. The race was won by Laurent Jalabert of the ONCE team.

Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
The Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian pronunciation: [ˈvɔlta a la komuniˈtad valensiˈana]; English: Tour of the Valencian Community or Tour of Valencia) is a road cycling stage race held in the Valencian Community (Comunitat Valenciana), Spain. Its position in the cycling calendar means it is often used as preparation for the spring classics or the Grand Tours which take place later in the season.

No editions of the race were held between 2008 and 2015 because of funding issues. A first attempt to revive it for the 2010–11 UCI Europe Tour was unsuccessful. During 2015 a second attempt was started by Ángel Casero and his brother Rafael. In September the UCI granted the race a 2.1 status and made way for the return of the race which took place in early February. The race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020.
2005 Chrono des Herbiers
The 2005 Chrono des Herbiers was the 24th edition of the Chrono des Nations cycle race and was held on 16 October 2005. The race started and finished in Les Herbiers. The race was won by Ondřej Sosenka.

Chrono des Nations
Chrono des Nations – Les Herbiers Vendée is a single-day individual time trial road bicycle race held annually in October in Les Herbiers, Vendée, France. Since 2005, the race is organized as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

It was originally called Chrono des Herbiers but in 2006 the race merged with the now defunct Grand Prix des Nations to create the currently called Chrono des Nations.
Ridge Meadows Speed Skating Association
The Ridge Meadows Racers is a short track speed skating club based in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1979 by George Donatelli, the father of Olympic speed skater Eden Donatelli-Green, the club operates out of the Planet Ice arena. Over its history, the Ridge Meadows Racers has developed numerous high-level competitive skaters and is recognized for its contributions to the sport of short track speed skating in British Columbia, and Canada.

The club offers both high-performance training for athletes and learn-to-skate programs for beginners.

Maple Ridge, British Columbia
Maple Ridge is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the northeastern section of Greater Vancouver between the Fraser River and the Golden Ears, a group of mountain summits which constitute the southernmost portion of the Garibaldi Ranges of the Coast Mountains. Maple Ridge's population in 2021 was 90,990. Its downtown core area was once known as Haney.
Paul Gauguin Cultural Center
The Paul Gauguin Cultural Center (French: Le Centre Culturel Paul Gauguin) was finished in 2003, to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the death of Paul Gauguin, in Atuona, on Hiva ʻOa, in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia).

Atuona was Paul Gauguin's home for the last three years of his life, and he is buried in the cemetery (Calvary Cemetery, French: Cimetière Calvaire) there.

Hiva Oa
With its 320 square kilometres (124 square miles), Hiva Oa (Marquesan: Hivaʻoa) is the second largest island in the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Located at 9 45' south latitude and 139 W longitude, it is the largest island of the southern Marquesas group. Around 2,200 people reside on the island. A volcano, Temetiu, is Hiva Oa's highest point reaching an elevation of 1,269 m (4,163 ft.)
Udaipur International Cricket Stadium
Udaipur International Cricket Stadium is a cricket stadium in Udaipur, Rajasthan.

In 2013, after a dispute between the Rajasthan State Sports Council and the Rajasthan Cricket Association over the availability of Sawai Mansingh Stadium during the Indian Premier League, the RCA decided to construct their own stadium. RCA president CP Joshi decided that  the RCA will have three cricket venues in Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur for IPL matches. RCA has acquired land in Udaipur with 9.67 acres from the Udaipur Improvement Trust on a 99-year lease and stadium would have a capacity of 35,000 spectators.

Sawai Mansingh Stadium
The Sawai Mansingh Stadium, popularly known as SMS Stadium, is a cricket stadium in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. It was built in 1969 during the reign of Sawai Man Singh II, the last ruling Maharaja of the state of Jaipur. The stadium is owned by the Government of Rajasthan and operated by RCA, having a seating capacity of about 24,000 spectators. The stadium is the home ground of Rajasthan Royals, a team in the Indian Premier League.
Nigel Searle
Nigel Searle is the former managing director of Sinclair Research Ltd, and one of the company's longest-serving employees. He joined Sinclair Radionics in 1973, and for most of the 1970s, Searle worked for Sinclair in the United States to promote the company's calculators and other products. In 1977, with Sinclair in financial trouble, Searle left the company. He rejoined in 1979 when Sir Clive Sinclair formed Science of Cambridge (later renamed Sinclair Research) and continued to work from the US, successfully promoting the ZX80 and ZX81 personal computers. In spring 1982, he moved back to the United Kingdom as Sinclair's managing director, a post he retained until 1986 when Amstrad took over the company's computer business.

Derek Riddell portrayed Searle in the 2009 BBC television movie Micro Men.

Sinclair Research
Sinclair Research Ltd is a British consumer electronics company founded by Clive Sinclair in Cambridge in the 1970s. In 1980, the company entered the home computer market with the ZX80 at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the ZX81 became available through retailers, introducing home computing to a generation, with more than 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the ZX Spectrum was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against Commodore and Amstrad.

A combination of the failures of the Sinclair QL computer and the TV80 pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions.
Timeline of Christianity
The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed historical account of the real historical events of Christianity from the beginning of the current era  (CE / AD) to the present. A.D. is the abbreviation of the Latin term "anno Domini" which translates to "the year of our Lord".  Among English speakers, A.D. was used with the words spelled out in Latin or in English on official documents and private letters before the 21st century. Question marks ('?') below on dates indicate approximate dates.  Christian events include miracles and fulfilled Hebrew prophecies.

The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.

Western text-type
In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including Cyprian, Tertullian and Irenaeus. The Western text had many characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725–1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.

However, the existence of a singular Western text-type has been criticized by some recent textual critics such as J. Read-Heimerdinger, instead preferring to call the Western text a group of text-types and not as a singular text-type.
Sign Language System
Sign Language System, also known as Signed Language or Signed Polish, is a manually coded form of Polish that uses the signs of Polish Sign Language. It is commonly used for simultaneous "translation" of Polish into sign.

In 2011, Polish Sign Language System was legally recognized.

Manually coded language
Manually coded languages are a family of gestural communication methods which include gestural spelling as well as constructed languages which directly interpolate the grammar and syntax of oral languages in a gestural-visual form—that is, signed versions of oral languages. Unlike the sign languages that have evolved naturally in deaf communities, these manual codes are the conscious invention of deaf and hearing educators, and as such lack the distinct spatial structures present in native deaf sign languages. MCLs mostly follow the grammar of the oral language—or, more precisely, of the written form of the oral language that they interpolate. They have been mainly used in deaf education in an effort to "represent English on the hands" and by sign language interpreters in K-12 schools, although they have had some influence on deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread.
Exercise intolerance
Exercise intolerance is a condition of inability or decreased ability to perform physical exercise at the normally expected level or duration for people of that age, size, sex, and muscle mass. It also includes experiences of unusually severe post-exercise pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting or other negative effects. Exercise intolerance is not a disease or syndrome in and of itself, but can result from various disorders.

In most cases, the specific reason that exercise is not tolerated is of considerable significance when trying to isolate the cause down to a specific disease. Dysfunctions involving the pulmonary, cardiovascular or neuromuscular systems have been frequently found to be associated with exercise intolerance, with behavioural causes also playing a part.

Exercise
Exercise or working out is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health. It is performed for various reasons, including weight loss or maintenance, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, improve health, or simply for enjoyment. Many people choose to exercise outdoors where they can congregate in groups, socialize, and improve well-being as well as mental health.

In terms of health benefits, usually, 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended for reducing the risk of health problems. At the same time, even doing a small amount of exercise is healthier than doing none. For people who currently get the smallest amount of physical activity, adding just two or three minutes per day of moderate physical activity could reduce the risk of premature death by 10%.
Lengshuijiang Subdistrict
Lengshuijiang (Chinese: 冷水江街道; pinyin: Lěngshuǐjiāng Jiēdào) is an urban subdistrict and the seat of Lengshuijiang City in Hunan, China. The subdistrict is located in the west central part of the city. It is bordered by Shatangwan Subdistrict to the east and southeast, Buxi Subdistrict to the south and southwest, Zhonglian Township to the northwest and north. It has an area of 15.9 km2 (6.1 sq mi) with a population of 81,200 (2015 end).

Buxi, Lengshuijiang
Buxi Subdistrict (Chinese: 布溪街道; pinyin: Bùxī Jiēdào) is an urban subdistrict in Lengshuijiang, Loudi City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 20,000 and an area of 12.24 square kilometres (4.73 sq mi).
Costică Ștefănescu
Costică Ștefănescu (26 March 1951 – 20 August 2013) was a Romanian professional football player and coach. He spent the majority of his playing career at Universitatea Craiova, where he made a club-record 378 appearances. He was the all-time appearance leader in Liga I with 490 matches, until his record was broken in October 2012 by Ionel Dănciulescu. In 1983, Ștefănescu was nominated for the Ballon d'Or. He played for Romania from 1977 to 1985, and was capped 64 times.

In August 2013, he died after he jumped from the fifth floor of a hospital in Bucharest, where he had been receiving treatment for cancer.

1979–80 Divizia A
The 1979–80 Divizia A season was the 62nd edition of the Romanian football championship and the 42nd since the introduction of the divisional system. The season began on 12 August 1979 and concluded on 25 May 1980. Universitatea Craiova won the championship for the second time in its history.
2002 NASDAQ-100 Open – Women's doubles
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Nathalie Tauziat were the defending champions, but Tauziat did not compete in this edition. Sánchez Vicario teamed up with Daniela Hantuchová and lost in first round to Elena Dementieva and Janette Husárová.

Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title, defeating Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez 7–6(7–4), 6–7(4–7), 6–3 in the final. It was the 32nd title for Raymond and the 36th title for Stubbs in their respective careers. It was also the 6th title for the pair during this season, including other 2 Tier I wins in Tokyo and Indian Wells.

2002 Pacific Life Open – Women's doubles
Nicole Arendt and Ai Sugiyama were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Arendt with Liezel Huber and Sugiyama with Elena Tatarkova.

Sugiyama and Tatarkova lost in the second round to Elena Dementieva and Janette Husárová.

Arendt and Huber lost in the quarterfinals to Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez.

Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won in the final 7–5, 6–0 against Dementieva and Husárová.
Lissajous-toric knot
In knot theory, a Lissajous-toric knot is a knot defined by parametric equations of the form:

where , , and  are integers, the phase shift  is a real number
and the parameter  varies between 0 and .

For  the knot is a torus knot.

Knot (mathematics)
In mathematics, a knot is an embedding of the circle (S1)  into three-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (also known as E3).  Often two knots are considered equivalent if they are ambient isotopic, that is, if there exists a continuous deformation of R3 which takes one knot to the other.

A crucial difference between the standard mathematical and conventional notions of a knot is that mathematical knots are closed — there are no ends to tie or untie on a mathematical knot. Physical properties such as friction and thickness also do not apply, although there are mathematical definitions of a knot that take such properties into account. The term knot is also applied to embeddings of S j in Sn, especially in the case j = n − 2. The branch of mathematics that studies knots is known as knot theory and has many relations to graph theory.
2015–16 Pro A season
The 2015–16 LNB Pro A season was the 94th season of the LNB Pro A. The season started on October 3, 2015 and ended June 14, 2016.

Monaco and Antibes Sharks were newcomers this season. Limoges CSP was the defending champion. ASVEL took the title, after beating Strasbourg IG 3–2 in the Finals.

Olympique Antibes
Olympique Antibes, in full Olympique d'Antibes Juan-les-Pins and branded as Antibes Sharks, is a basketball club from the city of Antibes, France. Established in 1933, the club's men's senior team currently plays in LNB Pro B, the French second division. The club has won the French championship three times, the last being in 1995.
Caritas Fiji
Caritas Archdiocese of Suva, operating under the name Caritas Fiji, is a not-for-profit social welfare organisation in Fiji. It is the social arm of the Catholic Church in Fiji.

Caritas Fiji became a member of both Caritas Oceania and Caritas Internationalis in 2019.

Caritas Internationalis
Caritas Internationalis (Latin pronunciation: [kaː.ri.t̪as in̪.t̪er.nat̪.t̪͡s̪iˈɔː.na.lis]; lit. 'Charity International') is a confederation of 162 national Catholic relief, development, and social service organisations operating in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. The name Caritas Internationalis refers to both the global network of Caritas organisations and to its general secretariat based in Vatican City.

Collectively and individually, their missions are "to serve the poor and to promote charity and justice throughout the world". Caritas Internationalis is the second-largest international humanitarian aid network in the world after the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Tinde
Tinde (Ancient Greek: Τίνδη), also known as Tindium or Tindion (Τίνδιον), was a town of Chalcidice in ancient Macedonia. It belonged to the Delian League since it appears in the tribute registry of Athens for the year 434/3 BCE, where it paid a phoros of 3000 drachmas jointly with the cities of Cithas, Gigonus, Smila and Lisaea.

Its site is unlocated, but probably in Bottiaea.

Gigonus
Gigonus or Gigonos (Ancient Greek: Γίγωνος) was an ancient Greek polis (city-state) in the Chalcidice, ancient Macedonia. It is cited by Herodotus as one of the cities—together with Lipaxus, Combreia, Lisaea, Campsa, Smila, Aeneia—located in the vicinity of the Thermaic Gulf, in a region called Crusis near the peninsula of Pallene, where Xerxes recruited troops in his expedition of the year 480 BCE against Greece.

Subsequently the city belonged to the Delian League since it appears on a tribute list to Athens in 434/3 BCE. Gigonus is also cited by Thucydides as the place where the Athenians, under the command of Callias, established a camp in the year 432 BCE when they were heading against Potidaea.

The site of Gigonus is located near modern Nea Kallikrateia.
Reorganization plan of United States Army
The reorganization plan of the United States Army was implemented from 2006 to 2016 under the direction of the Brigade Modernization Command.
This effort formally began in 2006 when General Peter Schoomaker (the 35th Army Chief of Staff) was given the support to move the Army from its Cold War divisional orientation to a full-spectrum capability with fully manned, equipped and trained brigades; this effort was completed by the end of 2016. It has been the most comprehensive reorganization since World War II and included modular combat brigades, support brigades, and command headquarters, as well as rebalancing the active and reserve components.

The plan was first proposed in 1999 by Army Chief of Staff General Eric Shinseki but was bitterly opposed internally by the Army.

United States European Command
The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles (54,000,000 km2) and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, the Caucasus, and Russia. The Commander of the United States EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) within NATO, a military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base.
ECHAM
ECHAM is a general circulation model (GCM) developed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, one of the research organisations of the Max Planck Society. It was created by modifying global forecast models developed by ECMWF to be used for climate research. The model was given its name as a combination of its origin (the 'EC' being short for 'ECMWF') and the place of development of its parameterisation package, Hamburg. The default configuration of the model resolves the atmosphere up to 10 hPa (primarily used to study the lower atmosphere), but it can be reconfigured to 0.01 hPa for use in studying the stratosphere and lower mesosphere.

Different versions of ECHAM, primarily different configurations of ECHAM5, have been the basis of many publications, listed on the ECHAM5 website.

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe. It is based at three sites: Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom; Bologna, Italy; and Bonn, Germany. It operates one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe and the world's largest archive of numerical weather prediction data.
Broadmeadows, Scottish Borders
Broadmeadows is a village in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the A708 near Selkirk.

It is known for having Scotland's first youth hostel, which was converted from a row of four cottages by the late William Stewart Morton, and opened by the Scottish Youth Hostels Association as Broadmeadows Youth Hostel on 2 May 1931. It is located in secluded woodland in the Yarrow Valley.

Broadmeadows Youth Hostel and villagers featured in the short film As Long as You're Young (1962) (12'50" - 13'40"), produced by Glasgow Films Ltd, and catalogued by the National Library of Scotland.

Places nearby include Boleside, Bowhill, Caddonfoot, Ettrickbridge, Lindean, Philiphaugh, Sundhope, Yarrow Water and Yarrowford.

Bowhill, Scottish Borders
Bowhill is a village off the A708, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, near Selkirk, by the Yarrow Water

Other places nearby include Bowhill House, Boleside, Broadmeadows, Ettrickbridge, Kirkhope.
Slovenia women's national under-18 basketball team
The Slovenia women's national under-18 and under-19 basketball team is a national basketball team of Slovenia, administered by the Basketball Federation of Slovenia. It represents the country in under-18 and under-19 women's international basketball competitions.

Basketball Federation of Slovenia
The Basketball Federation of Slovenia (Slovene: Košarkarska zveza Slovenije) also known as KZS is the governing body of basketball in Slovenia. It was founded in 1950 as a member of the larger Yugoslav Basketball Federation (see also: Basketball in Yugoslavia). In 1992, KZS joined the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) on its own.

The Basketball Federation of Slovenia operates the Slovenia men's national team and Slovenia women's national team. They organize national competitions in Slovenia, for both the men's and women's senior teams and also the youth national basketball teams.

The top professional league in Slovenia is the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League.