hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 3134
NGC 3134 is a barred spiral galaxy in Leo. It is classified as a type S0 galaxy. It was discovered by David Peck Todd on 6 February 1878, while attempting to discover a trans-neptunian planet. He described it as "very faint, disc", and named it Todd 21. A nearby star, named Todd 21b, was a potential candidate for said planet and was measured 24 times to attempt to identify if it was moving. With many accurate measurements of Todd 21b, this was able to help prove Todd 21 was NGC 3134.

Leo (constellation)
Leo /ˈliːoʊ/ is one of the constellations of the zodiac, between Cancer, the Crab, to the west and Virgo, the Maiden, to the east. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for lion, and to the ancient Greeks represented the Nemean Lion killed by the mythical Greek hero Heracles as one of his twelve labors. Its old astronomical symbol is  (♌︎). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Leo remains one of the 88 modern constellations today, and one of the most easily recognizable due to its many bright stars and a distinctive shape that is reminiscent of the crouching lion it depicts.
Sister Souljah
Lisa Williamson (born January 28, 1964), known as Sister Souljah, is an American author, activist, rapper, and film producer.

She gained significant attention in 1992, when Bill Clinton, running as the presumptive Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States, criticized her remarks about race in the United States. The incident was the basis for the phrase "Sister Souljah moment", referring generally to a politician's calculated public repudiation of an extreme person, statement, group, or position associated with the politician's own party.

Enfield, North Carolina
Enfield is a town in Halifax County, North Carolina, United States, and was founded in 1740. As of the 2020 census, the town's population was 1,864, which reflected a decrease of almost 27% from the population of 2,538 in 2010. It is the oldest town in Halifax County, and was once the world's largest raw peanut market. Enfield is part of the Roanoke Rapids micropolitan area.
2010–11 Primera B Metropolitana
The 2010-11 Argentine Primera B Metropolitana was the 112th. season of Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system. The season began on 24 July 2010 and ended on 4 June 2011. A total of 22 clubs participated in the competition.

Atlanta won their 3rd. Primera B Metrop title promoting to Primera Nacional, while Deportivo Español was relegated to Primera C.

2010–11 Primera B Nacional
The 2010–11 Argentine Primera B Nacional was the 25th season of second division professional of football in Argentina. A total of 20 teams competed; the champion and runner-up were promoted to Argentine Primera División.
Biomedical text mining
Biomedical text mining (including biomedical natural language processing or BioNLP) refers to the methods and study of how text mining may be applied to texts and literature of the biomedical domain. As a field of research, biomedical text mining incorporates ideas from natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical informatics and computational linguistics. The strategies in this field have been applied to the biomedical literature available through services such as PubMed.

In recent years, the scientific literature has shifted to electronic publishing but the volume of information available can be overwhelming. This revolution of publishing has caused a high demand for text mining techniques. Text mining offers information retrieval (IR) and entity recognition (ER). IR allows the retrieval of relevant papers according to the topic of interest, e.g. through PubMed. ER is practiced when certain biological terms are recognized (e.g. proteins or genes) for further processing.

Word embedding
In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Word embeddings can be obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers.

Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, explainable knowledge base method, and explicit representation in terms of the context in which words appear.

Word and phrase embeddings, when used as the underlying input representation, have been shown to boost the performance in NLP tasks such as syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis.
Urinary meatus
The urinary meatus (/miːˈeɪtəs/, mee-AY-təs; pl.: meati or meatuses), also known as the external urethral meatus or external urethral orifice, is the opening where urine exits the urethra through the penis or vulva during urination. It is also where semen exits during male ejaculation, and other fluids during female ejaculation. The meatus has varying degrees of sensitivity to touch.

Semen
Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is a bodily fluid that contains spermatozoa from the male gonads of animals. In humans and placental mammals, seminal fluid is ejaculated through the penis via the urethra. This fluid contains proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose, which together promote the survival of spermatozoa and provide a medium through which they can move (or "swim") from the vagina into the uterus and to the fallopian tubes, where they can fertilize the female ovum and form a zygote (diploid cell).

Semen is collected from animals for artificial insemination or cryoconservation of genetic material. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of semen in efforts for conservation of a particular breed.
Rocafort station (Barcelona)
Rocafort is a Barcelona Metro station, named after the Carrer de Rocafort, in the Eixample district of the city of Barcelona. The station is served by line L1.

The station is located under the Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes between the Carrer de Rocafort and the Carrer de Calàbria. The station can be accessed from entrances on the Gran Via, the Carrer de Rocafort and the Carrer de Calàbria. It has twin tracks, flanked by two 88-metre (289 ft) long side platforms.

Rocafort is on the original section of line L1 (then the Ferrocarril Metropolitano Transversal de Barcelona) between Catalunya and Bordeta stations, which was opened in 1926.

Bordeta (Barcelona Metro)
Bordeta was a former station on Barcelona Metro line L1, in the Sants-Montjuïc district of the Spanish city of Barcelona. The station site is between the current stations of Mercat Nou and Santa Eulàlia.

Bordeta was opened in 1926, as the western terminus of the original section of line L1 to Catalunya station. It ceased to be a terminus in 1932, when the line was extended one stop west to the first Santa Eulàlia station. It closed in 1983, with the relocation of Santa Eulàlia station and opening of the westward extension of the line to Torrassa station, as it was deemed too close to the new Santa Eulàlia station.
Angela Barry
Angela Barry (née Richards) is a Bermudian writer and educator. She spent more than 20 years living abroad – in England, France, The Gambia, Senegal and Seychelles – before returning to Bermuda, where she has primarily worked as a lecturer since the 1990s. Her creative writing reflects her connections with the African diaspora, and as a PhD student at Lancaster University she worked on cross-cultural projects. She was married to Senegalese Abdoulaye Barry and they have two sons, Ibou and Douds, although eventually divorcing.

Margaret Busby
Margaret Yvonne Busby, CBE, Hon. FRSL (born 1944), also known as Nana Akua Ackon, is a Ghanaian-born publisher, editor, writer and broadcaster, resident in the UK. She was Britain's youngest publisher as well as the first black female book publisher in the UK when she and Clive Allison (1944–2011) co-founded the London-based publishing house Allison and Busby (A & B) in the 1960s. She edited the anthology Daughters of Africa (1992), and its 2019 follow-up New Daughters of Africa. She is a recipient of the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature. In 2020, she was voted one of the "100 Great Black Britons". In 2021, she was honoured with the London Book Fair Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2023, Busby was named as president of English PEN.
BibDesk
BibDesk is an open-source reference management software package for macOS, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It can also be used to organize and maintain a library of documents in PDF format and other formats. It is primarily a BibTeX front-end for use with LaTeX, but also offers external bibliographic database connectivity for importing, a variety of means for exporting, and capability for linking to local documents and automatically filing local documents. It takes advantage of many macOS features such as AppleScript and Spotlight.

First launched publicly in 2002, BibDesk is under continuing development by various contributors via SourceForge. The original developer was Michael McCracken, and much of the code has subsequently been written by Adam Maxwell and Christiaan Hofman. Also available directly from SourceForge, it is currently bundled with the MacTeX distribution of TeX Live.

Zotero
Zotero (/zoʊˈtɛroʊ/ ⓘ) is a free and open-source reference management software to manage bibliographic data and related research materials, such as PDF and ePUB files. Features include web browser integration, online syncing, generation of in-text citations, footnotes, and bibliographies, integrated PDF, ePUB and HTML readers with annotation capabilities, and a note editor, as well as integration with the word processors Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer, OnlyOffice, and Google Docs. It was originally created at the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University and, as of 2021, is developed by the non-profit Corporation for Digital Scholarship.
History of the Scythians
The history of the Scythians spans the period from the development of early steppe nomadism in the early-1st millennium BCE to the "Migration Period" in the mid-1st millennium CE. This history unfolds across time and space in Central Asia and Siberia, the Caucasus, ancient West Asia (ie. the Ancient Near East) and the Pontic Steppe.

Two main sources provide information on the historical Scythians:

Akkadian cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia which deal with early Scythian history from the 7th century BCE,

and Graeco-Roman sources which cover all of Scythian history, most prominently those written by Herodotus of Halicarnassus; the Greco-Roman sources are less reliable because the information they contain is mixed with folk tales and learnt constructs of historians.

Agathyrsi
The Agathyrsi were an ancient people belonging to the Scythian cultures who lived in Pryazovia before being later displaced by the Scythians into the Transylvanian Plateau, in the region that later became Dacia. The Agathyrsi are largely known from Herodotus of Halicarnassus's description of them in the 5th century BC.
Putney, Connecticut
Putney is a section in the north end of Stratford, Connecticut. The area includes Boothe Memorial Park and Museum and Putney Chapel (built c. 1844) and abuts the neighborhood of Oronoque. The area roughly includes all property from Chapel Street and Harry B. Flood Middle School across Connecticut Route 110 and the park to the River Road and Housatonic River.

Connecticut Route 110
Route 110 is a state highway in Connecticut running for 15.95 miles (25.67 km) from Interstate 95 (I-95) in Stratford to Route 111 in Monroe.

In Shelton, Route 110 is designated the Veterans Memorial Highway.
Amarna letter EA 256
Amarna letter EA 256, in short EA 256, catalogued under the title Oaths and Denials, is one of a total of about 350 so-called Amarna letters, belonging to an official correspondence dating to the mid-14th century BC (about 1350 BC till 20–25 years later). The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten's city Akhetaten, on the floor of the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh; others were later found, adding to the body of letters.

Pella, Jordan
Pella (Greek: Πέλλα, Arabic: فحل) was an ancient city in what is now northwest Jordan, and contains ruins from the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Canaanite, Hellenistic and Islamic periods. It is located near a rich water source within the eastern foothills of the Jordan Valley, close to the modern village of Ṭabaqat Faḥl (Arabic: طبقة فحل) some 27 km (17 mi) south of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Tiberias). The site is situated 130 km (81 mi) north of Amman: a drive of about two hours (due to the difficult terrain), and an hour southwest by car from Irbid, in the north of the country. Pella's ruins – predominantly temples, churches, and housing – have been partially excavated by teams of archaeologists; they attract thousands of tourists annually but especially in spring, during which time the area is awash with spring flowers.
Ælfric Puttoc
Ælfric Puttoc (died 22 January 1051) was Archbishop of York from 1023 to his death, and briefly Bishop of Worcester from 1040 to 1041.  He may have crowned Harold Harefoot in 1036, and certainly assisted in that king's disinterment in 1040 and at the coronation of Edward the Confessor in 1043.  He founded houses of canons and encouraged the cult of John of Beverley.

Archbishop of York
The archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and the metropolitan bishop of the province of York, which covers the northern regions of England (north of the Trent) as well as the Isle of Man.

The archbishop's throne (cathedra) is in York Minster in central York, and the official residence is Bishopthorpe Palace in the village of Bishopthorpe outside York. The current archbishop is Stephen Cottrell, since the confirmation of his election on 9 July 2020.
Wallis and Futuna Rugby Committee
The Wallis and Futuna Rugby Committee (French: Comité de Rugby Wallis et Futuna, —or officially: Comité Territorial de Rugby Wallis et Futuna) is a committee under the umbrella of the French Rugby Federation which is the governing body for rugby union within Wallis and Futuna.

It is an associate member of the Oceania Rugby, which is the regional governing body for Oceania, but it is not affiliated with World Rugby in its own right.

Oceania Rugby
Oceania Rugby, previously known as the Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU), is the regional governing body for rugby union in Oceania. It was founded in 2000 to represent the interests of Oceania rugby within World Rugby, the international governing body. It presently encompasses fourteen full members and two associate members.
Toppenstedt
Toppenstedt is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany, not very far from the Lüneburg Heath.

It consists of two villages: Toppenstedt and Tangendorf. In both villages agriculture and tourism are key economic factors.

In 1930, a farmer discovered during his work the Tangendorf disc brooch, a fibula, dating from about 300 AD. An image of this fibula is part of Toppenstedt 's coat of arms.

Harburg (district)
District Harburg is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It takes its name from the town of Harburg upon Elbe, which used to be the capital of the district but is now part of Hamburg and therefore no longer within the district. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Lüneburg, Heidekreis, Rotenburg (Wümme) and Stade, by the City of Hamburg and the State of Schleswig-Holstein (District of Lauenburg).
David Hamilton Golland
David Hamilton Golland (born 1971) is an American historian of the 20th-century United States with a focus on the history of civil rights, public policy, politics, and labor.  He serves as dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Professor of History at Monmouth University.

Catherine Clinton
Catherine Clinton (born 1952 in Seattle, Washington) is an American historian who is the Denman Professor of American History at the University of Texas at San Antonio. She specializes in American history, particularly the history of the Southern United States, the American Civil War, American women, and African-American history.Guggenheim Fellowship
Volterra lattice
In mathematics, the Volterra lattice, also known as the discrete KdV equation,  the Kac–van Moerbeke lattice, and the Langmuir lattice, is a system of ordinary differential equations with variables indexed by some of the points of a 1-dimensional lattice. It was introduced by Marc Kac and Pierre van Moerbeke (1975) and Jürgen Moser (1975) and is named after Vito Volterra. The Volterra lattice is a special case of the generalized Lotka–Volterra equation describing predator–prey interactions, for a sequence of species with each species preying on the next in the sequence.  The Volterra lattice also behaves like a discrete version of the KdV equation.  The Volterra lattice is an integrable system, and is related to the Toda lattice. It is also used as a model for Langmuir waves in plasmas.

Toda lattice
The Toda lattice, introduced by Morikazu Toda (1967), is a simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in solid state physics. It is famous because it is one of the earliest examples of a non-linear completely integrable system.

It is given by a chain of particles with nearest neighbor interaction, described by the Hamiltonian

and the equations of motion

where  is the displacement of the -th particle from its equilibrium position,

and  is its momentum (mass ),

and the Toda potential .
Tsivilsky Uyezd
Tsivilsky Uyezd (Циви́льский уе́зд) was one of the subdivisions of the Kazan Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the western part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Tsivilsk.

Tsivilsk
Tsivilsk, also rendered Tzivilsk or Civilsk, is a town and the administrative center of Tsivilsky District of the Chuvash Republic, Russia, located 37 kilometers (23 mi) from the republic's capital city of Cheboksary, at the crossroads of the highways from Nizhny Novgorod to Kazan and from Tsivilsk to Ulyanovsk. Population:  13,479 (2010 Census); 12,967 (2002 Census); 10,053 (1989 Soviet census).
Qaleh Juq, Kermanshah
Qaleh Juq (Persian: قلعه جوق, also Romanized as Qal‘eh Jūq; also known as Khalajān, Khalajūn, Khiljān, and Qal‘eh Joq) is a village in Gavrud Rural District, in the Central District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 12 families.

Gavrud Rural District (Sonqor County)
Gavrud Rural District (Persian: دهستان گاورود) is in Bavaleh District of Sonqor County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Deh-e Rezvan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qomam.
Kerem Bulut
Kerem Bulut (born 3 February 1992) is an Australian professional soccer player. Bulut represented the Australia under-20 national team at the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship, where he scored seven goals in six games to win the Golden Boot as Australia finished second at the tournament, he also played at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, where Australia were eliminated at the group stages.

2010–11 Czech Cup
The 2010–11 Czech Cup was the 18th edition of the annual football knockout tournament organized by the Czech Football Association of the Czech Republic. It began on 18 July 2010 with the preliminary round and ended with the final on 25 May 2011.

Mladá Boleslav prevailed in Stadion v Jiráskově ulici, Jihlava at the 25 May 2011 Cupdefeating Sigma Olomouc, under a penalty score of 4–3. 5,430 in attendance.
2021 Aaha Rara Gold Cup
The 2021 Aaha! Rara Gold Cup was the 19th edition of the Aaha Gold Cup held in Pokhara and organised by Sahara Club. 8 teams participated in the tournament. All matches were held at the Pokhara Rangasala. Due to a sponsorship deal with Him-Shree Foods, the tournament is officially known as the 19th Aaha! Rara Gold Cup 2021, after "RARA" instant noodles.

Pokhara Rangasala
The Pokhara Rangasala (Nepali: पोखरा रङ्गशाला) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal. It has a capacity of 18,500 spectators. The venue is located to the south of Pokhara at Rambazaar on the eastern bank of Seti river.
Sri Lanka Judicial Service
The Judicial Service in Sri Lanka forms the professional judges of the Judiciary of Sri Lanka. It consists of the judges of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, High Courts and the judicial officers (District judges and Magistrates). Appointments are made by the President and the Judicial Service Commission.

Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
The Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka, commonly known as the Appeal Court, is the second most senior court in the Sri Lankan legal system, with only the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka above it. Established in 1971, under the Court of Appeal Act No. 44 of 1971, the Appeal Court has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court or any lower court; its own decisions may be additionally appealed to the Supreme Court. The Appeal Court is headed by the president of the Court of Appeal.
Lacunary function
In analysis, a lacunary function or series is an analytic function that cannot be analytically continued anywhere outside the radius of convergence within which it is defined by a power series. The word lacunary is derived from lacuna (pl. lacunae), meaning gap, or vacancy.

The first examples of lacunary functions involved Taylor series with large gaps, or lacunae, between the non-zero coefficients of their expansions. More recent investigations examine Fourier series with similar gaps between non-zero coefficients. In modern usage, a lacunary series may be either a Taylor series or a Fourier series.

Radius of convergence
In mathematics, the radius of convergence of a power series is the radius of the largest disk at the center of the series in which the series converges.  It is either a non-negative real number or .  When it is positive, the power series converges absolutely and uniformly on compact sets inside the open disk of radius equal to the radius of convergence, and it is the Taylor series of the analytic function to which it converges. In case of multiple singularities of a function (singularities are those values of the argument for which the function is not defined), the radius of convergence is the shortest or minimum of all the respective distances (which are all non-negative numbers) calculated from the center of the disk of convergence to the respective singularities of the function.
High Cup Gill
High Cup Gill (or High Cup Nick or just High Cup), almost a geometrically perfect U-shaped chasm, is a valley deeply incised into the Pennine scarp to the northeast of Appleby-in-Westmorland in Cumbria and within the North Pennines AONB in northern England. It is considered to be glacial in origin, ice having over-ridden the area during successive ice ages. To its southeast is Murton Fell and Dufton Fell is to the north.

Murton, Cumbria
Murton is a small village and civil parish in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England. The parish had a population of 330 in 2001, rising to 360 at the 2011 Census. Settlements within the parish include the villages of Hilton, Langton, and Brackenber as well as various small farms, houses and cottages. The town of Appleby-in-Westmorland is to the south-west.