hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science that studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets. This multidisciplinary approach of research draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology, climatology and other disciplines to understand both natural and human-induced changes in atmospheric composition. Key areas of research include the behavior of trace gasses, the formation of pollutants, and the role of aerosols and greenhouse gasses. Through a combination of observations, laboratory experiments, and computer modeling, atmospheric chemists investigate the causes and consequences of atmospheric changes.

Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). They are produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.

The most common example of a CFC is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12). R-12, also commonly called Freon, is used as a refrigerant. Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), gaseous fire suppression systems, and solvents. As a result of CFCs contributing to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) including R-410A, R-134a and R-1234yf.
2025–26 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 2
The second competition weekend of the 2025–26 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was held at the Olympic Oval in Calgary, Canada, from Friday, 21 November, until Sunday, 23 November 2025. It is the second of four events that determine qualification for speed skating at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

2025–26 ISU Speed Skating World Cup
The 2025–26 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was a series of five speed skating events that took place between November 2025 and January 2026. The World Cup is organised by the International Skating Union, ISU.

The first four were qualifying events for the 2026 Olympic Winter Games. All were qualifying events for the 2026 World Allround Speed Skating Championships and the 2026 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships.

World Cup titles were awarded to the top point earners in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, Long Distances, Mass Start, and Team Pursuit for men and women, as well as in the Mixed Gender Relay Team.
Thionyl group
The thionyl group is SO, a sulfur atom plus an oxygen atom.

It occurs in compounds such as thionyl fluoride, SOF2.

Thionyl chloride, SOCl2, is a common reagent used in organic synthesis to convert carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides.

In organic chemistry, the thionyl group is known as a sulfoxide group or sulfinyl group, and has the general structure RS(=O)R'.  In the context of acid-base reactions, it may also be referred to as a sulfinyl group (i.e. sulfinylamines).

Acyl chloride
In organic chemistry, an acyl chloride (or acid chloride) is an organic compound with the functional group −C(=O)Cl. Their formula is usually written R−COCl, where R is a side chain.  They are reactive derivatives of carboxylic acids (R−C(=O)OH).  A specific example of an acyl chloride is acetyl chloride, CH3COCl. Acyl chlorides are the most important subset of acyl halides.
Bilibino
Bilibino (Russian: Били́бино) is a town and the administrative center of Bilibinsky District in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located 625 kilometers (388 mi) northwest of Anadyr, the administrative center of the autonomous okrug. It is the second largest town in the autonomous okrug after Anadyr. Population: 5,546 (2021 census); 5,506 (2010 census); 6,181 (2002 census); 15,558 (1989 Soviet census).

Kolyma (river)
The Kolyma (Russian: Колыма, IPA: [kəlɨˈma]; Yakut: Халыма, romanized: Xalıma) is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and Magadan Oblast of Russia.

The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year, becoming free of ice only in early June, until October.
Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)
Harsh Vardhan  (born Harshvardhan Goel, 13 December 1954) is an Indian politician and otorhinolaryngologist. He had served as the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Earth Sciences in the BJP-led NDA government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi from 30 May 2019 to 7 July 2021. He represents Chandni Chowk in Delhi as a Member of Parliament in the 17th Lok Sabha. He was elected to the office of chairperson of the executive board of the World Health Organization from 22 May 2020. Vardhan has been prominent in the Indian government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. He later resigned from his cabinet post ahead of the cabinet reshuffle in July 2021.

He retired from active politics on 4 March 2024 after allegedly being denied a ticket for the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.

First Modi ministry
The First Narendra Modi ministry is the Council of Ministers headed by Narendra Modi that was formed after the 2014 general election which was held in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May in 2014. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2014 and this led to the formation of the 16th Lok Sabha. The Council assumed office from 27 May 2014.

The Council of Ministers included 10 female ministers, of whom 6 held the rank of Cabinet minister. This is the highest number of female Cabinet ministers in any Indian government in history. The only other government to appoint more than 1 female Cabinet minister, was the first UPA government from 2004 to 2009, which had 3 female Cabinet Ministers.
Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway
The Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway was a controversial, mostly-elevated, never-built freeway that would have cut through the French Quarter (Vieux Carré) of New Orleans, Louisiana. From 1964 to 1969, it was also designated Interstate 310 (I-310).

Earhart Expressway
The Earhart Expressway, named for former New Orleans Commissioner of Public Utilities, Fred A. Earhart, is a state highway located in both Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish, Louisiana.  It is also designated as Louisiana Highway 3139 (LA 3139), spanning a total of 5.2 miles (8.4 km).  Although it is an odd-numbered highway and is bannered north/south, it travels in a more east-to-west direction.
Abgarm, Gevar
Abgarm (Persian: ابگرم, also Romanized as Ābgarm) is a village in Gevar Rural District, Sarduiyeh District, Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 11 families.

Gevar Rural District
Gevar Rural District (Persian: دهستان گور) is in Sarduiyeh District of Jiroft County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sahebabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qalatuiyeh.
Morris Oxford
Morris Oxford is a series of motor car models produced by Morris of the United Kingdom, from the 1913 'bullnose' Oxford to the Farina Oxfords V and VI.

Named by W R Morris after "the city of dreaming spires", the university town in which he grew up, the manufacture of Morris's Oxford cars would turn Oxford into an industrial city.

From 1913 to mid-1935 Oxford cars grew in size and quantity. In 1923 they, together with the Cowley cars were 28.1 per cent of British private car production. In 1925 Morris sold near double the number and they represented 41 per cent of British production. Meanwhile, Oxfords grew larger from the first 1018 cc, Nine horsepower, two-seater car to the last 2½-litre Twenty horsepower car.

The model name was recycled in 1948 and lasted almost another 23 years through to 1971 but in this time the market sector and engine-size remained nearly constant between 1476 cc and 1622 cc.

British Motor Corporation
The British Motor Corporation Limited (BMC) was a UK-based vehicle manufacturer formed in early 1952 to give effect to an agreed merger of the Morris and Austin businesses.

BMC acquired the shares in Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company. Morris Motors, the holding company of the productive businesses of the Nuffield Organization, owned MG, Riley, and Wolseley.

The agreed exchange of shares in Morris or Austin for shares in the new holding company, BMC, became effective in mid-April 1952.

In September 1965, BMC took control of its major supplier of bodies, Pressed Steel, acquiring Jaguar's body supplier in the process. In September 1966, BMC merged with Jaguar Cars. In December 1966, BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings Limited (BMH).

BMH merged, in May 1968, with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, which made trucks and buses and owned both Standard-Triumph International Limited and the Rover Company to become British Leyland.
Central Catholic High School (Pittsburgh)
Central Catholic High School is a private, Roman Catholic, Lasallian, all-boys college preparatory school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a part of the Diocese of Pittsburgh. The De La Salle Brothers administer and partially staff the school.

Woodland Hills High School
Woodland Hills Senior High School is a large, suburban public high school providing grades 9–12 for the Woodland Hills School District located in Churchill, Pennsylvania, United States. It serves the communities of Braddock, Braddock Hills, Chalfant, Churchill, East Pittsburgh, Edgewood, Forest Hills, North Braddock, Rankin, Swissvale, Turtle Creek and Wilkins Township. Woodland Hills High School was the result of a 1981 court-ordered desegregation merger. Before the merger, it was named Churchill High School.

In the 2018–2019 school year, enrollment was reported as 1,381 pupils in 9th through 12th grades.

Students may attend Forbes Road CTC for training in the trades. The Allegheny Intermediate Unit (IU3) provides the school with a wide variety of services like specialized education for disabled students and hearing, speech and visual disability services, as well as professional development for staff and faculty.
Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme
The Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme consists of two 200 megawatts (270,000 hp) turbine units located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) upstream of the Kogelberg Dam on the Palmiet River near Cape Town, South Africa. The pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant is capable of responding to a surge in peak power demand in minutes. At night, excess power on the grid generated by conventional coal and nuclear plants is used to pump water to the upper Rockview Dam overlooking Gordon's Bay.

It is regarded as a forerunner in environmental engineering. The whole Palmiet site is a conservation area and in December 1998 the area was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO - the first in South Africa.

Rockview Dam
Rockview Dam is a zoned earth-fill/rock-fill type dam located on the Palmiet River near Grabouw, Western Cape, South Africa. It was established in 1986 and serves mainly for pumping purposes (storage). The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3).
Zwarte Paard
Zwarte Paard is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Buren, and lies about 7 km north of Tiel.

It was first mentioned in 1899 as Zwarte Paard, and translates to "black horse", however it is named after a house. The postal authorities have placed Zwarte Paard under Ingen. It consists of about 20 houses.

Tiel
Tiel (Dutch pronunciation: [til] ⓘ) is a municipality and a town in the middle of the Netherlands. The town is enclosed by the Waal river and the Linge river to the South and the North, and the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal to the East. Tiel comprises the population centres Kapel-Avezaath, Tiel and Wadenoijen. The city was founded in the 5th century CE.
Grinna Lighthouse
Grinna Lighthouse (Norwegian: Grinna fyr) is a coastal lighthouse in Nærøysund Municipality in Trøndelag, Norway. It was established in 1904 and automated in 1987.  Grinna lighthouse stands on the islet of Grinna in the South Gjæslingan island group on the north side of the Foldafjord. The 19-metre (62 ft) high red tower emits a light every six seconds. The white occulting light flashes every six seconds, and it can be seen for about 12.5 nautical miles (23.2 km; 14.4 mi).

Nærøysund Municipality
Nærøysund is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Namdalen. The municipality was established on 1 January 2020 after the merger of the old Vikna Municipality and Nærøy Municipality. The municipality is unique in that it has two equal administrative centres: Kolvereid and Rørvik. The other main population centres of Nærøysund include Abelvær, Foldereid, Gravvika, Ottersøya, Salsbruket, Steine, Torstad, Austafjord, Ramstad, Garstad, and Valøya.

The 1,346-square-kilometre (520 sq mi) municipality is the 70th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Nærøysund Municipality is the 114th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,968. The municipality's population density is 7.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (19/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Radioplane Company
The Radioplane Company was an American aviation company that produced drone aircraft primarily for use as gunnery targets. During World War II, they produced over 9,400 of their Radioplane OQ-3 model, a propeller-powered monoplane, making it the most-used target aircraft in the US. In the post-World War II era they introduced their Radioplane BTT series, which was produced for years and eventually reached almost 60,000 examples. They also produced several radio control and self-guided missiles, the largest being the GAM-67 Crossbow, which did not enter service. The company was purchased by Northrop Corporation in 1952, and moved to one of Northrop's factories in 1962. One of the last projects carried out at the original Radioplane factory in Van Nuys, California, was the construction of the Gemini Paraglider.

Van Nuys
Van Nuys (/væn ˈnaɪz/ ⓘ van NYZE) is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California, United States. Home to Van Nuys Airport and the Valley Municipal Building, it is the most populous neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley.
Muroto (train)
The Muroto (むろと) was a limited express service in Japan operated by JR Shikoku. It ran from Tokushima to Mugi, and continued on from Mugi to Awa-Kainan as a Local service.

The Muroto service was introduced on 13 March 1999 and discontinued on 15 March 2025.

Shikoku Railway Company
The Shikoku Railway Company, commonly known as JR Shikoku, is the smallest of the seven constituent companies of the Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It operates 855.2 kilometres (531.4 mi) of intercity and local rail services in the four prefectures on the island of Shikoku in Japan. The company has its headquarters in Takamatsu.
Scouting in displaced persons camps
Scouting has been active in displaced persons camps (DP camps) and in the lives of refugees since World War I. During and after World War II, until the early 1950s, Scouting and Guiding flourished in these camps. These Scout and Girl Guide groups often provided postal delivery and other basic services in displaced persons camps. This working system was duplicated dozens of times around the world. In the present, Scouting and Guiding once again provide services and relief in camps throughout war-torn Africa.

Magyar Cserkészszövetség
Magyar Cserkészszövetség (Hungarian Scout Association), the primary national Scouting organization of Hungary, was founded in 1912, and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922 and again after the rebirth of Scouting in the country in 1990. The coeducational Magyar Cserkészszövetség had 12,937 members in 2021.
Kon (Pre-Incan mythology)
In Pre-Incan mythology, Kón (Con) was the god of rain and wind that came from the North. He is thought to be a deity to the Paracas Civilization, who was later adopted into Nazca and Incan mythology through different names. He was a son of Inti (the sun god) and Mama Killa ("mother moon").

Inti
Inti (Quechua: inti, lit. 'sun') is the ancient Inca sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun. Worshiped as a patron deity of the Inca Empire, Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult. The most common belief was that Inti was born of Viracocha, who had many titles, chief among them being the God of Creation.

The word inti is not of Quechua origin but a loanword from Puquina. Borrowing from Puquina explains why historically unrelated languages such as Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche have similar words for the Sun. Similitudes are not only linguistic but also symbolically as in Mapuche and Central Andean cosmology the Sun (Inti/Antu) and the Moon (Killa/Cuyen) are spouses.
Martyazo
The Republic of Martyazo (French: République de Martyazo) was a short-lived secessionist state proclaimed by Hutu rebels at Vyanda in Burundi's province of Makamba in the early May 1972 during the Ikiza, a period of genocidal violence affecting Burundi.

René Lemarchand
René Lemarchand (born 1932) is a French-American political scientist who is known for his research on ethnic conflict and genocide in Rwanda, Burundi and Darfur. Publishing in both English and French, he is particularly known for his work on the concept of clientelism. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida, and continues to write, teach internationally and consult. Since retiring he has worked for USAID (Agency for International Development, Department of State) out of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire as a Regional Consultant for West Africa in Governance and Democracy, and as Democracy and Governance advisor to USAID / Ghana.
Jemma Simmons
Jemma Anne Simmons is a fictional character that originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen, first appeared in the 2013 pilot episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and has continually been portrayed by Elizabeth Henstridge.

In the series, Simmons is one of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s top scientific minds. Though her experience is vast, she is particularly expert in biological sciences. Many of her storylines involve her relationship with her best friend, and later husband, Leopold Fitz. Over the course of the series, she develops from a relatively young and inexperienced S.H.I.E.L.D. scientist to one of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s most senior agents, also clocking significant experience as a field agent. She is distinguished from her colleagues by taking very determined and sometimes coldly rational decisions in the pursuit of what she believes is right.

Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and television series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios: based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple different species have been introduced.
Emmelshausen
Emmelshausen (German pronunciation: [ɛml̩sˈhaʊzn̩]) is a town in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, to which it also belongs. Emmelshausen is a state-recognized climatic spa (Luftkurort), and in state planning is set out as a lower centre.

Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis is a district (German: Kreis) in the middle of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise) Mayen-Koblenz, Rhein-Lahn, Mainz-Bingen, Bad Kreuznach, Birkenfeld, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Cochem-Zell.
Dardanus tinctor
Dardanus tinctor, the anemone hermit crab, is a species of marine hermit crab in the family Diogenidae. Dardanus tinctor is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region, including the Red Sea. It reaches a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in).

Diogenidae
The Diogenidae are a family of hermit crabs, sometimes known as "left-handed hermit crabs" because in contrast to most other hermit crabs, its left chela (claw) is enlarged instead of the right. It comprises 429 extant species, and a further 47 extinct species, making it the second-largest family of marine hermit crabs, after the  Paguridae.
Artaxias II of Iberia
Artaxias II (Georgian: არშაკ) or Arsuk (არსუკ) (died in 1 AD), was a member of the Nimrodid Dynasty and was a king (mepe) of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 20 BC to 1 AD.

According to a legendary account from the medieval Georgian annals, he was a descendant of Nimrod and Parnavaz through his father, Mirian II, and was a member of the Arshakuniani dynasty through his mother.  Arsuk has to deal with the return of the exiled Pharnabazid prince Aderki (son of Kartam, adopted son of Bratman).  In an ensuing battle between the two, Aderki emerged victorious and became king.

Pharnavaz I
Pharnavaz I[a] (/fɑːrnɑːvɑːz/) was a king (mepe) of Kartli, an ancient Georgian kingdom known as Iberia in classical antiquity. The Georgian Chronicles credits him with being the first monarch founding the kingship of Kartli and the Pharnavazid dynasty, while other independent chronicles, such as The Conversion of Kartli make him the second Georgian monarch. Based on the medieval evidence, most scholars locate Pharnavaz's rule in the 3rd century BC: 302–237 BC according to Prince Vakhushti of Kartli, 299–234 BC according to Cyril Toumanoff and 284–219 BC according to Pavle Ingoroqva. Pharnavaz's rise, advent and imperial expansion of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of Alexander the Great over the Achaemenid Empire. Pharnavaz ruled under the suzerainty of the Seleucid Empire.
Terry Bruce (politician)
Franklin Terry Bruce (born March 6, 1975) is a former Republican member of the Kansas Senate, representing the 34th district from 2005 until 2017. He previously worked as an Assistant District Attorney for Reno County, Kansas. He has also interned with Speaker of the House Robin Jennison and has worked for House Majority Leader Clay Aurand.

He first served in the Kansas Senate beginning in 2005. However, he lost his primary in 2016 to fellow Republican Ed Berger.

Clay Aurand
Clay Aurand (born May 30, 1962) is a former Republican member of the Kansas House of Representatives, representing the 109th district from 1995 to 2013.

A farmer and stockman from Belleville, Kansas, Aurand has a BS in political science from Kansas State University.
Riemann–Hilbert problem
In mathematics, Riemann–Hilbert problems, named after Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert, are a class of problems that arise in the study of differential equations in the complex plane. Several existence theorems for Riemann–Hilbert problems have been produced by Mark Krein, Israel Gohberg and others.

David Hilbert
David Hilbert  (/ˈhɪlbərt/; German: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.

Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas including invariant theory, the calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, the foundations of geometry, spectral theory of operators and its application to integral equations, mathematical physics, and the foundations of mathematics (particularly proof theory). He adopted and defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. In 1900, he presented a collection of problems that set a course for mathematical research of the 20th century.

Hilbert and his students contributed to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. He was a co-founder of proof theory and mathematical logic.