hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Null morpheme
In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form. In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is a concept useful for analysis, by contrasting null morphemes with alternatives that do have some phonetic realization. The null morpheme is represented as either the figure zero (0) or the empty set symbol ∅.

In most languages, it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes, indicating that the derived form does not differ from the stem. For example, plural form sheep can be analyzed as combination of sheep with added null affix for the plural. The process of adding a null affix is called null affixation, null derivation or zero derivation.  The concept was first used by the 4th century BCE Sanskrit grammarian from ancient India, Pāṇini, in his Sanskrit grammar.

Word stem
In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the morphology of the language in question. For instance, in Athabaskan linguistics, a verb stem is a root that cannot appear on its own and that carries the tone of the word.

Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony (for example in Polish, miast-o ("city") and w mieść-e ("in the city"); in English, sing, sang, and sung, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi).

Word stem comparisons across languages have helped reveal cognates that have allowed comparative linguists to determine language families and their history.
Medfield Rhododendrons
The Medfield Rhododendrons is a 196-acre (0.79 km2) nature reserve established in 1934 in Medfield, Massachusetts managed by the Trustees of Reservations.  The site contains the largest area of Rhododendron maximum in the state, which are currently listed as threatened by the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program due to over-collecting.

Medfield, Massachusetts
Medfield is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 12,799 according to the 2020 United States Census. The town contains the census-designated place of the same name. It is a community about 17 miles (27 km) southwest of Boston, Massachusetts, which is a 40-minute drive to Downtown Boston. Attractions include the Hinkley Pond and the Peak House.
Pradeep Vasant Naik
Air Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik, PVSM, VSM served as the 22nd Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force. He took office on 31 May 2009 following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major and was succeeded in office by Air Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne.

Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM) (IAST: Parama Viśiṣṭa Sēvā, lit. 'Supreme Distinguished Service Medal') is a military award of India. It is the highest peacetime medal of the Indian Armed Forces, and is awarded for "distinguished service of the most exceptional order." The medal is awarded for "distinguished service rendered by personnel of the Armed Forces."

All ranks of the Armed Forces, including Territorial Army, Auxiliary and Reserve forces, Nursing officers and other members of the Nursing services and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces are eligible for the medal, which may be awarded multiple times as well as posthumously.
Edina Knapek
Edina Knapek (born 5 October 1977) is a Hungarian foil fencer, bronze medallist at the 2002 and 2005 World Championships, and team gold medallist at the 2007 European Championships. She competed in the women's individual and team foil events at the 2000 and 2008 Summer Olympics.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
TRICOM-1R
TRICOM-1R, also known as Tasuki (COSPAR 2018-016A, SATCAT 43201), was a Japanese nanosatellite that was launched during the SS-520-5 sounding rocket test launch on 3 February 2018, with a mission to conduct store and forward data relay and Earth observation using a set of cameras.

Developed by the University of Tokyo, the spacecraft was a low-cost 3U CubeSat, with a goal of realizing future cost-competitive nanosatellites in the global market by using domestic commercial products.

TRICOM-1R decayed from orbit on 21 August 2018.

Hodoyoshi 3
Hodoyoshi-3 is a Japanese micro-satellite launched in 2014. The satellite is built in 0.5x0.5x0.65m box-shape bus, optimized for piggy-back launch.
All instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the spacecraft body and two stub wings, with estimated electrical power of 50W. For orbit-keeping, a hydrogen peroxide thruster is used. The satellite was developed under the Funding Program for World-Leading Innovation R&D on Science and Technology.
Lavastorm Analytics
Lavastorm is a global analytics software company based in Massachusetts. The company's products are most often used by business analysts looking to take on more responsibility for data preparation and to build advanced analytics, or by IT groups who are looking for more agile ways to provision governed data to business analysts.

Chief technology officer
A chief technology officer (CTO), chief technical officer, or chief technologist is a corporate officer tasked with managing technical operations of an organization. They oversee and supervise research and development and serve as a technical advisor to a higher executive such as a chief executive officer.

A CTO is very similar to a chief information officer (CIO). CTOs will make decisions for the overarching technology infrastructure that closely align with the organization's goals, while CIOs work alongside the organization's information technology ("IT") staff members to perform everyday operations. The attributes of the roles a CTO holds vary from one company to another, mainly depending on their organizational structure.
Gerdeh Rash, Miandoab
Gerdeh Rash (Persian: گرده رش) is a village in, and the capital of, Marhemetabad-e Jonubi Rural District in Lalaklu District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Lalaklu, and prior to that time, its capital was the village of Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh.

Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh
Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh (Persian: گوگ تپه خالصه) is a village in Marhemetabad Rural District of Gug Tappeh District in Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district. It was the capital of Marhemetabad-e Jonubi Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Lalaklu. It was the capital of Marhemetabad Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Zanjirabad.
Audrey Walsingham
Audrey Walsingham (née Shelton; 1568–1624) was an English courtier. She served as Lady of the Bedchamber to queen Elizabeth I of England, and then as Mistress of the Robes to Anne of Denmark from 1603 until 1619.

Lady of the Bedchamber
Lady of the Bedchamber  is the title of a lady-in-waiting holding the official position of personal attendant on a British queen regnant or queen consort. The position is traditionally held by the wife of a peer. A lady of the bedchamber would give instructions to the women of the bedchamber on what their queen wished them to do, or may carry out those duties herself.

The equivalent title and office has historically been used in most European royal courts (Dutch: Dames du Palais; French: Dames or Dame de Palais; German: Hofstaatsdame or Palastdame; Italian: Dame di Corte; Russian: Hofdame or Statsdame; Spanish: Dueña de honor; Swedish: Statsfru).
Latvia at the 1928 Winter Olympics
Latvia participated at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, held between 11 and 19 February 1928. The country's participation in the Games marked its second appearance at the Winter Olympics since its debut in the previous Games.

The Latvian team consisted of a lone athlete Alberts Rumba who competed across three events in speed skating. Rumba also served as the country's flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Latvia did not win any medal in the Games.

Latvia at the 1924 Winter Olympics
Latvia participated at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, held between 25 January and 5 February 1924. The country's participation in the Games was its debut appearance at the Winter Olympics. The Latvian team consisted of two athletes who competed in two sports. Roberts Plūme served as the country's flag-bearer during the opening ceremony. Latvia did not win any medal in the Games.
Halocnemum
Halocnemum is a genus of halophytic shrubs in the family Amaranthaceae. The plants are fleshy and apparently articulated with characteristic globular or short-cylindrical lateral branches, and reduced leaves and flowers. There are three or two species, occurring from Southern Europe and North Africa to Asia.

Halophyte
A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species.

The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.
Harrimaniidae
Harrimaniidae is a basal family of acorn worms. A taxonomic revision was undertaken in 2010, and a number of new genera and species found in the Eastern Pacific were described. In this family the development is direct without tornaria larva, and circular muscle fibers in their trunk is missing. There is some indication that Stereobalanus may be a separate basal acorn worm lineage, sister to all remaining acorn worms.

Saccoglossus
Saccoglossus      is a genus of acorn worm. It is the largest genus in the Enteropneusta class, with 20 species.

This genus is characterized especially by the concentric rings of muscle fibers in the proboscis. Many Saccoglossus can be found in coastal mud and sand habitat, often near bays. They dig tubes in the substrate, ejecting conical piles of castings in a spiral fashion.

Acorn worms of this genus are known for the production and accumulation of various halogenated phenols and pyrroles.
Zafarobod District, Tajikistan
Zafarobod District (Tajik: Ноҳияи Зафаробод, Nohiyai Zafarobod) is a district in Sughd Region, Tajikistan. Its capital is Zafarobod. The population of the district is 75,900 (January 2020 estimate). The entire population of the Yaghnob Valley was forcibly resettled in the Zafarabad region in the 1970s by the Soviets.

Districts of Tajikistan
As of 2020, the regions of Tajikistan are subdivided into 47 districts (Tajik: ноҳия, nohiya or Russian: район, rayon), not including 4 districts belonging to the capital city Dushanbe, and 18 cities of regional subordination (including Dushanbe, an extraregional capital city). Before ca. 2017, there were 58 districts. The districts are further subdivided into municipal units: either as urban municipalities called either as cities (Tajik: шаҳр, romanized: şahr, "cities") or towns (Tajik: шаҳрак, romanized: şahrak, "towns"), or as rural municipalities called jamoats (Tajik: ҷамоати деҳот, romanized: jamoati dehot, "village communes"), which in turn are further subdivided into villages (Tajik: деҳа or қишлоқ, romanized: deha or qyshloq, "villages/hamlets").

The numbering of the districts follows the map.
Maltby-Stevens Factory Site
The Maltby-Stevens Factory Site is a historic archaeological industrial site in North Branford, Connecticut.  Located on the banks of the Farm River, the factory was a major local employer in the second half of the 19th century, producing buttons and dried coconut, among a diversity of products.  The site, now foundations and water power infrastructure remnants, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Farm River (Connecticut)
Farm River is a south-flowing river located entirely within the U.S. state of Connecticut. Because it begins as freshwater in its northern reaches and flows into tidal salt water at Long Island Sound, Farm River is by definition an estuary. The river is 16.5 miles (26.6 km) long.
5222 Ioffe
5222 Ioffe, provisional designation 1980 TL13, is a rare-type carbonaceous Palladian asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1980, by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, Crimea. It is the largest of the Palladian asteroids apart from Pallas itself.

Nikolai Chernykh
Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh (Russian: Никола́й Степа́нович Черны́х, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ tɕɪrˈnɨx]; 6 October 1931 – 25 May 2004) was a Russian-born Soviet astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyi, Crimea.
Zache
Zache or Zacha (died after 1055) was a noble in the Kingdom of Hungary, who served as palatine (Latin: comes palatii) around 1055, during the reign of Andrew I of Hungary. His name was mentioned in the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany.

Palatine of Hungary
The Palatine of Hungary (Hungarian: nádor or nádorispán, German: Landespalatin, Latin: palatinus regni Hungariae) was the highest-ranking office in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1848. Initially, Palatines were representatives of the monarchs, later (from 1723) the vice-regent (viceroy). In the early centuries of the kingdom, they were appointed by the king, and later (from 1608) were elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary. A Palatine's jurisdiction included only Hungary proper, in the Kingdom of Croatia until 1918 the ban held similar function as the highest office in the Kingdom (after the king himself), monarch's representative, commander of the royal army and viceroy (after the union of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with Hungary in 1102).
Arum × sooi
Arum × sooi is a hybrid species of flowering plant within the family Araceae. The species resulted from hybridisation between the diploid Arum cylindraceum and the tetraploid Arum maculatum. Arum × sooi is native to temperate Europe, where it can be found inhabiting the countries of Hungary and Spain.

Arum maculatum
Arum maculatum, commonly known as cuckoopint, jack-in-the-pulpit and other names (see common names), is a woodland flowering plant species in the family Araceae. It is native across most of Europe, as well as Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus.
Guy H. Sturgis
Guy Hayden Sturgis (March 3, 1877 – January 18, 1951) of Portland, Maine, was a long-serving Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from August 13, 1923, to March 8, 1949, serving as Chief Justice after August 8, 1940.

Born in New Gloucester, Maine, Sturgis was "educated in the town's common schools, and graduated from Bowdoin College in 1898. He received a law degree from Columbia University Law School in 1899, and studied law at the office of Thomas B. Reed". Sturgis served as Maine Attorney General from 1917 to 1920.

Maine Attorney General
The Maine attorney general is the chief legal advisor and prosecutor of the state of Maine. The constitutional basis of the office is Article IX, Section 11 of the Maine Constitution, and the holder of the position is chosen biennially by the Maine Legislature in joint session. Maine is the only state to select its attorney general in such a manner; in 2023 a group of state Republicans called for the attorney general to be selected by popular vote, though no action was taken on the proposal.

The powers of the attorney general are derived from the Maine Revised Statues Annotated, Title 5, Chapter 9. These include representing the state in civil actions, investigating and prosecuting homicides, advising district attorneys, and providing written opinions on matters of law at the request of the governor or the legislature. The attorney general is empowered to appoint deputy and assistant attorneys general, who serve at the attorney general's pleasure.
Amaro, Friuli Venezia Giulia
Amaro (Friulian: Damâr; Slovene: Amar) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Udine.

Amaro borders the following municipalities: Cavazzo Carnico, Moggio Udinese, Tolmezzo, Venzone.

Venzone
Venzone (Friulian: Vençon; Slovene: Pušja vas; German: Peuscheldorf) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
Narharinath Rural Municipality
Narharinath (Nepali: नरहरिनाथ गाउँपालिका) is a rural municipality located in Kalikot District of Karnali Province of Nepal.

According to Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration, Narharinath rural municipality has an area of 143.86 square kilometres (55.54 sq mi) and the total population of the rural municipality is 21,366 as of 2011 Nepal census.

Kumalgaun, Kotbada, Rupsa, Malkot and Lalu which previously were all separate Village development committees merged to form this new local level body. Fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015, Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration replaced all old VDCs and Municipalities into 753 new local level bodies.

The rural municipality is divided into total 9 wards and the headquarters of this newly formed rural municipality is situated at Kumalgaun.

Kotbada
Kotbada  is a village development committee in Kalikot District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census it had a population of 5893 people living in 854 individual households.
Moster Municipality
Moster is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county, Norway. The 65.5-square-kilometre (25.3 sq mi) municipality existed from 1916 until its dissolution in 1963. The area is now part of Bømlo Municipality in the traditional district of Sunnhordland in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Mosterhamn, where the Old Moster Church is located (the oldest surviving stone church in Norway).

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 65.5-square-kilometre (25.3 sq mi) municipality was the 577th largest by area out of the 705 municipalities in Norway. Moster Municipality was the 471st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,841. The municipality's population density was 28.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi) and its population had increased by 5.3% over the previous 10-year period.

Old Moster Church
Old Moster Church (Norwegian: Moster gamle kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bømlo Municipality in Vestland county, Norway, and it is one of the oldest churches in all of Norway. It is located in the village of Mosterhamn on the island of Moster. It used to be the main church for the Moster parish which is part of the Sunnhordland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white stone church was built in a long church design in the 12th century using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 80 people.
Rhizocarpon smaragdulum
Rhizocarpon smaragdulum is a species of crustose lichen belonging to the genus Rhizocarpon in the family Rhizocarpaceae. It was first identified and formally described by Evgeny Davydov and Lidia Yakovchenko in 2014, with the type specimen collected in the Altai Mountains. Characteristics of the lichen include its distinct yellow thallus with greenish patches and a unique reproductive feature of producing a single spore per ascus.

Rhizocarpaceae
Rhizocarpaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi; together with the family Sporastatiaceae it constitutes the order Rhizocarpales in the Ascomycota, class Lecanoromycetes. These lichens are primarily rock-dwellers that form thin, paint-like crusts tightly attached to stone surfaces, though some species grow as small scales or radiating rosettes. The family includes five genera found mainly in cool to cold regions around the world, where they colonize exposed siliceous and basic rocks in sunny locations. Most species reproduce through small black disc-shaped fruiting bodies that sit flush with or slightly above the crusty surface, and they often contain distinctive chemical compounds that help with identification.
Hermann Minkowski
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 – 12 January 1909) was a mathematician and professor at the University of Königsberg, ETH Zürich, and the University of Göttingen, described variously as German, Polish, Lithuanian-German, or Russian. He created and developed the geometry of numbers and elements of convex geometry, and used geometrical methods to solve problems in number theory, mathematical physics, and the theory of relativity.

Minkowski is perhaps best known for his foundational work describing space and time as a four-dimensional space, now known as "Minkowski spacetime", which facilitated geometric interpretations of Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905).

Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for their discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He derived the Lorentz transformation of the special theory of relativity, as well as the Lorentz force, which describes the force acting on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field. He was also responsible for the Lorentz oscillator model, a classical model used to describe the anomalous dispersion observed in dielectric materials when the driving frequency of the electric field was near the resonant frequency of the material, resulting in abnormal refractive indices.

Lorentz received many other honors and distinctions, including a term as Chairman of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, the forerunner of UNESCO, from 1925 until his death in 1928.
Waif and stray
Waif and stray was a legal privilege commonly granted by the Crown to landowners under Anglo-Norman law. It usually appeared as part of a standard formula in charters granting privileges to estate-holders, along the lines of "with sac and soc, toll and team, infangthief and outfangthief" and so on.

A waif was an item of ownerless and unclaimed property found on a landowner's territory, while a stray referred to a domestic animal that had wandered onto the same land. Both terms originated from Anglo-Norman French. A grant of waif and stray permitted the landowner to take ownership of such goods or animals if they remained unclaimed after a set period of time.  In late medieval England, the management of waifs and strays required the coordination and cooperation of lords and the local communities they presided over.

In later centuries, the expression "waifs and strays" came to be used as metaphors for – and ultimately became synonymous with – abandoned or neglected children.

Soke (legal)
The term soke (/ˈsoʊk/; in Old English: soc, connected ultimately with secan, "to seek"), at the time of the Norman conquest of England, generally denoted "jurisdiction", but its vague usage makes it lack a single, precise definition.