hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Computer access control
In computer security, general access control includes identification, authorization, authentication, access approval, and audit. A more narrow definition of access control would cover only access approval, whereby the system makes a decision to grant or reject an access request from an already authenticated subject, based on what the subject is authorized to access. Authentication and access control are often combined into a single operation, so that access is approved based on successful authentication, or based on an anonymous access token. Authentication methods and tokens include passwords, biometric scans, physical keys, electronic keys and devices, hidden paths, social barriers, and monitoring by humans and automated systems.

Authentication
Authentication (from Greek: αὐθεντικός authentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης authentes, "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity.

Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person, or in a certain place (i.e. to assert that it is not counterfeit), or in a given period of history (e.g. by determining the age via carbon dating). In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. It might involve validating personal identity documents.
Chamaesphecia masariformis
Chamaesphecia masariformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in south-eastern Europe, Turkey, northern Iran, the Middle East, the Caucasus, southern Russia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

The wingspan is 21–23 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July.

The larvae feed on Verbascum species (including Verbascum lychnites, Verbascum thapsus and Verbascum nigrum), Scrophularia canina and possibly Astragalus ponticus.

Sesiidae
The Sesiidae or clearwing moths are a diurnal moth family in the order Lepidoptera known for their Batesian mimicry in both appearance and behaviour of various Hymenoptera.

The family consists of 165 genera spread over two subfamilies, containing in total 1525 species and 49 subspecies, most of which occur in the tropics, though there are many species in the Holarctic region as well, including over a hundred species known to occur in Europe.: Backcover, 6
Ralph Clayton
Ralph Darrell Clayton (born September 29, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). A native of Detroit, Michigan, Clayton played college football as a "wingback" for the University of Michigan from 1976 to 1979 and was the leading receiver for the Michigan Wolverines football team in both 1977 and 1978. After being selected by the New York Jets in the second round of the 1980 NFL draft, Clayton missed the 1980 NFL season due to injury.  He later signed with St. Louis and appeared in seven games for the Cardinals during the 1981 NFL season.

1980 NFL season
The 1980 NFL season was the 61st regular season of the National Football League.

Prior to the season in March 1980, fellow NFL owners voted against the proposed move by the Raiders from Oakland, California to Los Angeles. Raiders team owner Al Davis along with the Los Angeles Coliseum sued the NFL charging that they had violated antitrust laws. A verdict in the trial would not be decided until before the 1982 NFL season and thus the 1980 and 1981 Raiders would continue to play in Oakland while awaiting a judgement.

Meanwhile, the season ended at Super Bowl XV played on January 25, 1981, in New Orleans, Louisiana, with these same Oakland Raiders defeating the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10, making them the first Wild Card team ever to win the Super Bowl.
Dispur
Dispur (/dɪsˈpʊər/, Assamese: [ˈdispuɹ] ⓘ) is the capital of the Indian state of Assam and is a suburb of Guwahati.

It became the capital in 1973, when Shillong the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.

Dispur is the seat of power of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat (Janata Bhawan) building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Legislative Assembly House, MLA Hostels and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road pass through Dispur. To the south of Dispur lies the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural centre created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the township of Jatia.

The Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, one of the busiest tea trading facilities in the world, is located in the city.

Jatia
Jatia is a locality in the city of Guwahati. It is speculated  to be the ancient capital of Assam,  known under the  name of Pragjyotishpura.

The locality is a suburb of Guwahati, though it is claimed that the name Jatia itself is the remnant of archaic name pragjyotisha pura. It is a high-traffic area besides the G.S. Road along with Ganeshguri, Tarun Nagar, Jyotikuchi and Ghoramara areas.

Famous residents of Jatia include late Padum Barua (maker of the Assamese realist film Ganga Silonir Pakhi), Kanak Sen Deka (editor of the Assamese Newspaper Agradoot), Ratna Singha (First Manipuri woman Superintendent of Police).

The Dispur Manipuri Nupi Marup is headquartered in Jatia. Bemarai Singha is the president of the non-governmental organisation which is involved in  pioneering work for Manipuri women.

Jatia is a low lying area which was affected by flooding after heavy rains in June 2025.

Jatia LPS is well known school in the area.
Besal, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Besal (Urdu: بیسل) is a small village located in Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It sits 3260 meters above sea level. It is adjacent to the Kunhar River, about 45 kilometers north of Naran. It is the starting point for hiking trails like Dudipatsar Trail. It is accessible by cars and motorbikes.

Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan Valley (Hindko, Urdu: وادی کاغان) is an alpine valley in Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The valley stretches 154 kilometres (96 mi) across the mountaineous northern Pakistan, rising from its lowest elevation of 650 m (2,134 ft) to its highest point at the Babusar Pass around 4,170 m (13,690 ft). Landslides triggered by the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake destroyed many passes leading into the valley, though roads have since been rebuilt. Kaghan is a popular tourist attraction in Pakistan.
Kristof Wilke
Kristof Wilke (born 17 April 1985 in Radolfzell) is a German former representative rower. He is a three time world champion and an Olympic gold medallist.

At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he stroked the German men's eight crew that won the gold medal in the eights competition. Later that year each member of the crew was awarded the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (Silver Laurel Leaf), Germany's highest sports award, for the achievement.

Silbernes Lorbeerblatt
Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪlbɐnəs ˈlɔʁbeːɐ̯ˌblat], lit. 'Silver Laurel Leaf'), the highest sports award in Germany, was endowed on 23 June 1950 by the German President Theodor Heuss. It is awarded to athletes and teams of exemplary character that have won medals at Olympic and Paralympic Games, won important international titles like the
football World Cup, or placed several times at international championships.

To be honored with Silbernes Lorbeerblatt, an athlete or a team has to be nominated by the president of the German Olympic Sports Confederation to the German President. The request will be reviewed by the Office of the German President and the Federal Ministry of the Interior as this agency is responsible for sport in Germany. The President and the Minister of the Interior both sign the application, following article 58 of the Grundgesetz.
Tunbridge (UK Parliament constituency)
Tunbridge was a parliamentary constituency in Kent, centred on the town of Tonbridge.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

It was created for the 1885 general election, and abolished for the 1918 general election, when it was replaced by the new Tonbridge constituency.

Tonbridge
Tonbridge (/ˈtʌnbrɪdʒ/ TUN-brij) (historic spelling Tunbridge) is a market town in Kent, England, on the River Medway, 4 miles (6 km) north of Royal Tunbridge Wells, 12 miles (19 km) south west of Maidstone and 29 miles (47 km) south east of London. In the administrative borough of Tonbridge and Malling, it had an estimated population of 41,293 in 2019.
Gain (laser)
In laser physics, gain or amplification is a process where the medium transfers part of its energy to the emitted electromagnetic radiation, resulting in an increase in optical power. This is the basic principle of all lasers.
Quantitatively, gain is a measure of the ability of a laser medium to increase optical power. However, overall a laser consumes energy.

Laser science
Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers.

Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as nonlinear optics and quantum optics.
Nomination
Nomination is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to a public office, or the bestowing of an honor or award. A collection of nominees narrowed from the full list of candidates is a short list.

Ballot
A ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting. It was originally a small ball (see blackballing) used to record decisions made by voters in Italy around the 16th century.

Each voter uses one ballot, and ballots are not shared. In the simplest elections, a ballot may be a scrap of paper on which each voter writes in the name of a candidate, but governmental elections use printed ballots to protect the secrecy of the votes. The voter casts their ballot in a box at a polling station.

In British English, this is usually called a "ballot paper". The word ballot is used for an election process within an organization (such as a trade union "holding a ballot" of its members).
Television in Hungary
Television in Hungary was introduced in 1957. Transmission in colour was introduced to Hungarian television for the first time in 1971. Hungary had only one television channel until 1973. It was only in the mid 1990s when private and commercial broadcasting was introduced to Hungary.

Duna World
Duna World is the international television service of Duna Média, the Hungarian public broadcaster. It airs a mix of programming from Duna TV's domestic channels, together with special programmes aimed at the Hungarian diaspora in Europe, Africa, North America (especially in states near the Canada–United States border), Australia, Eurasia (Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) and now in Asia Pacific.

Hr:Duna World
Trichozoa
Trichozoa is a proposed group of excavates.

"Fornicata" is a similar grouping, but it excludes Parabasalia.

"Eopharyngia" is an even more narrow grouping, including Retortamonadida and Diplomonadida but not Carpediemonas.

Retortamonad
The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the Chilomastix cuspidata exists.  They are grouped under the taxon Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other.  There are two genera: Retortamonas with two flagella, and Chilomastix with four.  In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove.

The retortamonads lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, and peroxisomes.  They are close relatives of the diplomonads, and are placed among the metamonads along with them. Due to the abundant phylogenetic similarities between the two flagellates, since diplomonads do not ancestrally lack mitochondrion, this suggests that retortamonads are also secondarily amitochondriate.
Francisco Jê Acaiaba de Montezuma, Viscount of Jequitinhonha
Francisco Jê Acaiaba de Montezuma, first and only Viscount of Jequitinhonha, born Francisco Gomes Brandão (23 March 1794 – 15 February 1870), was a Brazilian jurist, diplomat and politician. He was a senator for the province of Bahia from 1851 to 1870, commanded two ministries during the regency of Diogo Antônio Feijó and was president of the Bank of Brazil.

Montezuma graduated in law from the University of Coimbra. He was the founder and first president of the Institute of Brazilian Lawyers. He was also a pioneer in Brazilian Freemasonry, being the greatest Brazilian Masonic authority of his time. As a politician, he was one of the early proponents of abolitionism.

Diogo Feijó
Diogo Antônio Feijó (10 August 1784 – 10 November 1843) was a Brazilian politician and Catholic priest. He was the regent of the Empire of Brazil from October 1835 to September 1837. Aside from members of the Imperial family, he was the first to ever hold this position alone; the other was his appointed successor after his resignation, the Marquis of Olinda. Both were regents at the time Emperor Pedro II was still a minor.
Public Warning
Public Warning is the first studio album by English hip hop artist Lady Sovereign, released on 31 October 2006. Was originally due for release in November 2005 but was pushed back after Lady Sovereign was signed by Island Def Jam.

In a July 2006 press release, the album's track listing was confirmed. Public Warning features Lady Sovereign's three past singles, tracks from her two EPs: Vertically Challenged and Blah Blah, as well as newly recorded tracks for the release, including "Love Me or Hate Me" and "Those Were the Days". The album was released in the U.K. on 5 February 2007, with a live cover of the Sex Pistols' "Pretty Vacant" as a bonus track.

Public Warning received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the production and lyrical content for carrying both humor and substance. The album sold over 125,000 copies in the United States and sold 250,000 copies worldwide.

Blah Blah (EP)
Blah Blah EP is the second EP from UK hip hop artist Lady Sovereign. It was only released in the UK.

The lead track from the EP was "Blah Blah". The song had a music video, which was included on the DVD, however, unlike "Random" being the lead single from Vertically Challenged, "Blah Blah" was never released as a single in its own right. It was originally due to be the follow-up to "Random" but "9 to 5" was chosen instead.

The EP also came with a bonus DVD and is individually numbered authenticating its limited printing.
London Pulse
London Pulse is an English netball team based at the Copper Box Arena in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford, London. Since 2019 their senior team has played in the Netball Super League, where they have made two grand finals, taking the title in 2025.

Surrey Storm
Surrey Storm was an English netball team based at the University of Surrey. Their senior team played in the Netball Super League between 2005 and 2024. Between 2001 and 2005 they played in the Super Cup as London Hurricanes. After forming a partnership with Brunel University London, they became the Brunel Hurricanes. In 2005–06 they were founder members of the new Netball Super League. Before the 2009–10 Netball Super League season, they relocated to the University of Surrey and became Surrey Storm. They were Super League champions in 2015 and 2016. In 2023, England Netball announced plans to relaunch the Netball Super League in 2025, with an aim to professionalise the league. During the tender process, the new operating standards for clubs made it unfeasible for Surrey Storm to participate in the league and the franchise disbanded after the 2024 season.
Psoromic acid
Psoromic acid is a β-orcinol depsidone with the molecular formula C18H14O8. Its depsidone structure was conclusively confirmed by spectroscopic and degradative studies in 1976. The compound is most commonly found in Antarctic lichens and has demonstrated antiviral properties in laboratory studies. The first total synthesis of this lichen product was reported in 1979.

Lichen product
Lichen products, also known as lichen substances, are organic compounds produced by a lichen. Specifically, they are secondary metabolites. Lichen products are represented in several different chemical classes, including terpenoids, orcinol derivatives, chromones, xanthones, depsides, and depsidones. Over 1000 lichen products of known chemical structure have been reported in the scientific literature, and most of these compounds are exclusively found in lichens. Examples of lichen products include usnic acid (a dibenzofuran), atranorin (a depside), lichexanthone (a xanthone), salazinic acid (a depsidone), and isolichenan, an α-glucan. Many lichen products have biological activity, and research into these effects is ongoing.
IMSA GT classes
IMSA GT classes are former classifications of sports prototypes in sports car racing competing in the IMSA GT Championship. The classes were used at different, overlapping times during the period from 1971 to 1998, over which the championship ran.

Naturally aspirated engine
A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.
Cross Lake (Manitoba)
Cross Lake is a large lake in Manitoba on the Nelson River north of Lake Winnipeg. It is long and narrow and extends 102 kilometres (63 mi) east-northeast.

The Nelson River west channel enters the lake at the Jenpeg Dam and the Nelson River east channel enters near the communities of Cross Lake and Cross Lake First Nation. The river then flows north to Sipiwesk Lake. The Minago River enters on the west.

The lake level is regulated by Manitoba Hydro at the Jenpeg Generating Station (54°32′36″N 98°1′36″W﻿ / ﻿54.54333°N 98.02667°W﻿ / 54.54333; -98.02667﻿ (Jenpeg)) at the southern end of the lake.

Lake Winnipeg
Lake Winnipeg (French: Lac Winnipeg) is a 24,514-square-kilometre (9,465-square-mile) lake in North America, in the Canadian province of Manitoba. Its southern end is about 55 kilometres (34 miles) north of the namesake city, Winnipeg. It is the 12th largest lake on Earth, Canada's sixth-largest freshwater lake, and the third-largest freshwater lake contained entirely within Canada. It is relatively shallow, with a mean depth of 12 metres [39 feet]. Its deepest section is a narrow 36-metre (118-foot) deep channel between the northern and southern basins.

The lake's east side has pristine boreal forests and rivers that were inscribed in 2018 as Pimachiowin Aki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake is 416 km (258 mi) from north to south, with remote sandy beaches, large limestone cliffs, and many bat caves in some areas. Manitoba Hydro uses the lake as one of the largest reservoirs in the world. There are many islands, most of them undeveloped.
1998 Romanian Open – Doubles
The 1998 Romanian Open was a men's tennis tournament played on Clay in Bucharest, Romania that was part of the International Series of the 1998 ATP Tour. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 14 September – 21 September.

1998 ATP Tour
The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP World Tour Finals, the ATP Super 9, the Championship Series and the World Series tournaments.
Self-propulsion
Self-propulsion is the autonomous displacement of nano-, micro- and macroscopic natural and artificial objects, containing their own means of motion. Self-propulsion is driven mainly by interfacial phenomena. Various mechanisms of self-propelling have been introduced and investigated, which exploited phoretic effects, gradient surfaces, breaking the wetting symmetry of a droplet on a surface, the Leidenfrost effect, the self-generated hydrodynamic and chemical fields originating from the geometrical confinements, and soluto- and thermo-capillary Marangoni flows. Self-propelled system demonstrate a potential as micro-fluidics devices and micro-mixers. Self-propelled liquid marbles have been demonstrated.

Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
Macedonian Cross
The Macedonian Cross (Macedonian: Македонски крст, Makedonski krst), also known as Veljusa Cross (Вељушки крст, Veljuški krst; or Cross from Veljusa (Крстот од Вељуса, Krstot od Veljusa)) and Strumica Cross (Струмички крст, Strumički krst), is a variation of the Christian cross which is mainly connected with the Christianity in North Macedonia. The cross is a symbol of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The cross can be found on many churches in North Macedonia, it is displayed on the coat of arms of the Macedonian Orthodox Church, and the cross is the main element of the "Holy Macedonian Cross Table Medal" of the Macedonian Orthodox Church.

Christian cross
The Christian cross, seen as symbolizing the crucifixion of Jesus, is a symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix, a cross that includes a corpus (a representation of Jesus's body, usually three-dimensional) and to the more general family of cross symbols. The term cross is now detached from its original specifically Christian meaning, in modern English and many other Western languages.

The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms and the Greek cross with equal arms; there are numerous variants, partly with confessional significance—such as the tau cross, the double-barred cross, triple-barred cross, and cross-and-crosslets—and many heraldic variants, such as the cross potent, cross pattée, and cross moline, cross fleury.