hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William G. M. Davis
William George Mackey Davis (May 9, 1812 – March 11, 1898) was a Confederate States Army brigadier general and blockade runner during the American Civil War. He was a lawyer and cotton speculator before the war and a lawyer in Washington, D.C., after the war.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Winifred Emery
Winifred Emery (born Maud Isabel Emery; 1 August 1861 – 15 July 1924) was an English actress and actor-manager of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  She was the wife of the actor Cyril Maude.

Born into a family of actors, Emery began acting as a child. Her career grew through the 1880s and 1890s as she played leading roles in the West End of London. After a period away from the stage, she returned with leading roles in the company of Herbert Beerbohm Tree at His Majesty's Theatre. She continued to act steadily in her own touring theatre company with her husband and in London theatres until 1922.

Sydney Grundy
Sydney Grundy (23 March 1848 – 4 July 1914) was an English dramatist.  Most of his works were adaptations of European plays, and many became successful enough to tour throughout the English-speaking world.  He is, however, perhaps best remembered today as the librettist of several comic operas, notably Haddon Hall.
Man Suang
Man Suang (Thai: แมนสรวง) is a 2023 Thai historical mystery-drama film starring Apo Nattawin Wattanagitiphat and Mile Phakphum Romsaithong. It centers on the character of Khem, a commoner during the reign of King Rama III of the Rattanakosin period, who gets embroiled in the sociopolitical conflicts of a secret entertainment center, the titular Man Suang. Along his journey, he is accompanied by Wan, his best friend, and makes the acquaintance of Chatra, a nobleman with a hidden motive who works at Man Suang.

Khon
Khon (Thai: โขน, pronounced [kʰǒːn]) is a dance drama genre from Thailand. Khon has been performed since the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Born from the harmonious blend of traditional Thai performing arts, Khon has flourished into a distinctive cultural treasure of Thailand.

It is traditionally performed solely in the royal court by men in masks accompanied by narrators and a traditional piphat ensemble. A variation of this genre with female performers is called khon phu ying (โขนผู้หญิง).
Gmina Pątnów
Gmina Pątnów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pątnów, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Wieluń and 92 km (57 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 114.3 square kilometres (44.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,452.

Wieluń
Wieluń [ˈvjɛluɲ] (Latin: Velun) is a town in south-central Poland with 21,624 inhabitants (2021). The town is the seat of the Gmina Wieluń and Wieluń County, and is located within the Łódź Voivodeship. Wieluń is a capital of the historical Wieluń Land.

Wieluń has a long and rich history. In the past, it used to be an important urban trade centre of the Kingdom of Poland. Several Polish kings and notables visited the town, but following the catastrophic Swedish Deluge (1655–1660), Wieluń declined and never regained its status. In September 1939, during the invasion of Poland, it was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. The Bombing of Wieluń is considered to be the first World War II bombing in Europe. It killed at least 127 civilians, injured hundreds more and destroyed the majority of the town.
Ohio State Route 222
State Route 222 (SR 222) is a 29.14-mile-long (46.90 km) north–south state highway in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The southern terminus of SR 222 is at U.S. Route 52 (US 52) in the village of Chilo.  Its northern terminus is at a signalized T-intersection with US 50 approximately 3.50 miles (5.63 km) northwest of Batavia.

U.S. Route 50 in Ohio
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) runs east–west across the southern part of the state of Ohio, passing through Cincinnati, Chillicothe, and Athens. It is mainly a two-lane road except for the easternmost and westernmost parts. Near Athens it runs concurrently with State Route 32 (SR 32), a four-lane divided highway known as Corridor D, and from Coolville to the Ohio–West Virginia border it also overlaps SR 7 before crossing into Parkersburg, West Virginia.
Jean Elizabeth Hampton
Jean Elizabeth Hampton (June 1, 1954 – April 2, 1996) was an American political philosopher, author of Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Political Philosophy, The Authority of Reason, The Intrinsic Worth of Persons and, with Jeffrie G Murphy, Forgiveness and Mercy.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Berlin Goddess
The Berlin Goddess, or Berlin Kore is an Archaic Greek kore made in 570 B.C. discovered in the city of Keratea, which was a part of Attica, Greece. Discovered in 1923 in a complete state, it has since then placed on display at the Antikensammlung Berlin.

It is considered another major example of ancient Greek sculpture that maintains much of its polychromy, with traces of its original red, yellow, and blue pigments present.

Antikensammlung Berlin
The Antikensammlung Berlin (Berlin antiquities collection) is one of the most important collections of classical art in the world, now held in the Altes Museum and Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. It contains thousands of ancient archaeological artefacts from the ancient Greek, Roman, Etruscan and Cypriot civilizations. Its main attraction is the Pergamon Altar and Greek and Roman architectural elements from Priene, Magnesia, Baalbek and Falerii. In addition, the collection includes a large number of ancient sculptures, vases, terracottas, bronzes, sarcophagi, engraved gems and metalwork.
Ed Logg
George Edward "Ed" Logg (born 1948) is a retired American arcade video game designer, first employed at Atari, Inc. and later at Atari Games. He currently resides in San Jose, California. He was educated at University of California, Berkeley and also attended Stanford University.

Millipede (video game)
Millipede (stylized as millipede in western releases and as Milli-Pede in Japan) is a 1982 fixed shooter video game developed and published by Atari, Inc. for arcades; in Japan, it was distributed by Namco. It is the sequel to 1981's Centipede, with more gameplay variety and a wider array of insect enemies. The objective is to score as many points as possible by destroying all segments of a millipede that moves toward the bottom of the screen, as well as eliminating or avoiding other enemies. As with its predecessor, the game is played with a trackball and a single fire button which can be held down for rapid-fire.

Millipede was ported to the Atari 2600 and Atari 8-bit computers, and later to the Atari ST and Nintendo Entertainment System.
Epirus TV1
Epirus TV1 (formerly abbreviated as TV1) is a Greek television channel of Ioannina. It broadcasts in Epirus, in western Central Greece, in Ionian islands, in northwestern Peloponnese, in western Evrytania, in northwestern Ilia and in west parts of Trikala and Karditsa.

News broadcasting
News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting various news events and other information via television, radio, or the internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network. A news broadcast may include material such as sports coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, political commentary, expert opinions, editorial content, and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience. An individual news program is typically reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A frequent inclusion is live or recorded interviews by field reporters.
The Bull's Head, Barnes
The Bull's Head, also known as The Bull, is a pub in Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England. It hosts live music in an attached music room that has a seated capacity of 70 people.

Overlooking the river Thames, it was one of the first and most important jazz venues in Britain. The Bull's original music room was opened at the same time as Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club and became known as the "suburban Ronnie Scott's". The front entrance is located on The Terrace with a side entrance on Barnes High Street.

The Terrace, Barnes
The Terrace is a street in Barnes in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. It forms part of the A3003 road, and runs west from its junction with Barnes High Street and Lonsdale Road to the east, where it becomes Mortlake High Street. Only one side of the street has houses; they all overlook the River Thames.

The Terrace runs along the west bend of the river and is lined with Georgian mansions, most of them dating from the 18th century and some from as early as 1720. Many of the houses are Grade II listed buildings and there have been several notable residents.

The street also includes Barnes Railway Bridge, Barnes Bridge station and a Victorian pub, The White Hart, which overlooks the Thames and is a prominent landmark on the course of the Boat Race.  It served as a headquarters for Barnes Football Club in the mid-19th century.
A4109 road
The A4109 road, known as the Inter Valley Road, links Aberdulais with Glynneath in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales.

The route begins in Aberdulais at the junction with the A4230 and A465 roads; it diverges northwards away from the A465 up the Dulais Valley and crosses through the settlements of Crynant, Ynysfforch, Seven Sisters, Onllwyn, Dyffryn Cellwen and Banwen where it has a junction with the A4221.  The road then continues in a southeasterly direction along the Inter Valley Road to Glynneath where it again connects with the A465.

Onllwyn
Onllwyn (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈɔnɬʊɨn]) is a small village and community in Neath Port Talbot, Wales, near Seven Sisters. The community area also covers the small settlements of Dyffryn Cellwen and Banwen. To the north is Coelbren, Powys, while to the east the Afon Pyrddin forms the boundaries of both Powys and the Brecon Beacons National Park.
Simon Mboso Kiamputu
Simon Mboso Kiamputu is a Congolese politician. On 5 February 2007, he was appointed as the Minister of Industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, under Antoine Gizenga Government that ran from 25 November 2007 under the leadership of Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga. He is a member of Unified Lumumbist Party (ULP).

Antoine Gizenga cabinet
The Antoine Gizenga cabinet consisted of the Ministers of State, Ministers and Deputy Ministers appointed by Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Gizenga was Prime Minister from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008.
His first cabinet was appointed on 5 February 2007, with 59 members. A new government was announced on 25 November 2007, with its size reduced to 44 ministers.
2022–23 Nicholls Colonels women's basketball team
The 2022–23 Nicholls Colonels women's basketball team represented Nicholls State University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Colonels, led by fifteenth year head coach DoBee Plaisance, played their home games at Stopher Gym located in Thibodaux, Louisiana as members of the Southland Conference.  The Colonels finished the 2022–23 season with a 5–24 overall record and a 2–16 record for last place in Southland Conference play.  They failed to qualify for the 2023 Southland Conference women's basketball tournament.

2023 Southland Conference women's basketball tournament
The 2023 Southland Conference women's basketball tournament was the postseason women's basketball championship for the Southland Conference. The tournament took place March 6–9, 2023. The tournament winner received an automatic invitation to the 2023 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament.
Charles River Esplanade
The Charles River Esplanade is a park in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Owned by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, it is located on the south bank of the Charles River Basin and comprises part of the Charles River Reservation. The park was dedicated in 1910 as the Boston Embankment. The Esplanade went through a major expansion from 1928 to 1936.

Harvard Bridge
Harvard Bridge, also known locally as the Massachusetts Avenue Bridge and "Mass. Ave." Bridge, is a steel haunched girder bridge carrying Massachusetts Avenue (Route 2A) over the Charles River and connecting Back Bay, Boston with Cambridge, Massachusetts. At 2,164.8 feet (387.72 sm; 659.82 m), it is the longest bridge over the Charles River.

After years of disagreement between the cities of Boston and Cambridge, the bridge was built jointly by the two cities between 1887 and 1891. It is named for John Harvard, the founder of Harvard University. Originally equipped with a central swing span, it was revised several times over the years until its superstructure was completely replaced in the late 1980s due to unacceptable vibration and the collapse of a similar bridge in Connecticut.

The bridge is known locally for being marked off in the idiosyncratic unit of length called the smoot.
Baambrugse Zuwe
Baambrugse Zuwe is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is located in the municipality of De Ronde Venen, northeast of Vinkeveen. The hamlet consists of one road, close to 4 km long, going straight through the lake area the Vinkeveense Plassen.

It was first mentioned in 1851 as Vinkeveensche-Zuwe (De), and means side-wards dike belonging to Baambrugge (originally Vinkeveen). Baambrugse Zuwe is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Vinkeveen. There are no place name signs, and it consists of about 240 houses.

De Ronde Venen
De Ronde Venen (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈrɔndə ˈveːnə(n)] ⓘ; lit. 'the round peat bogs') is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. On 1 January 2011, the municipality of Abcoude was amalgamated into De Ronde Venen.
Propeller synchronization
In aviation, propeller synchronization is a mechanism that automatically synchronizes all propellers of a multi-engine, propeller-driven aircraft so that they rotate at the same speed.

Propeller synchronization serves mainly to increase the comfort of crew and passengers, since its primary purpose is to reduce the “beats” generated by propellers that are turning at slightly different speeds.  These beats can become very irritating to persons inside the aircraft after a time.  Synchronization is not normally necessary for proper operation of the aircraft.

Some aircraft provide a visual indicator of propeller synchronization in the cockpit.  Pilots can use this indicator to decide whether or not to engage propeller synchronization, or to help them synchronize propeller speeds manually.

Propeller (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, an aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew, converts rotary motion from an engine or other power source into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, or of the automatically variable "constant-speed" type.

The propeller attaches to the power source's driveshaft either directly or through reduction gearing. Propellers can be made from wood, metal or composite materials.

Propellers are only useful at subsonic airspeeds generally below about 480 mph (770 km/h), although a speed of Mach 1.01 in a dive was achieved, with a propeller efficiency of 78%, by the McDonnell XF-88B experimental propeller-equipped aircraft.
History of Vancouver Whitecaps FC
The history of Vancouver Whitecaps FC, a professional soccer team based in Vancouver, Canada, spans over four decades. The first team to use the "Whitecaps" name was the Vancouver Whitecaps of the now-defunct North American Soccer League, playing from 1974 to 1984. After two years while the core of the players were focused on preparations for the 1986 World Cup, a second version of the club was founded in 1986 as the Vancouver 86ers. This team bought back the Whitecaps name in 2000 and has operated continuously in various leagues since 1986. A Whitecaps FC team began play in Major League Soccer starting in 2011 making it the first time since 1984 that a "Whitecaps" team played in the top tier of soccer in the United States and Canada.

Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992)
The Canadian Soccer League was a Division 1 professional soccer league that operated for six seasons between 1987 and 1992. It was a nationwide league that had teams in six provinces over the course of its history. It was the last top-division league in Canada until the Canadian Premier League began play in 2019.
Equations defining abelian varieties
In mathematics, the concept of abelian variety is the higher-dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve. The equations defining abelian varieties are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety. In dimension d ≥ 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations.

There is a large classical literature on this question, which in a reformulation is, for complex algebraic geometry, a question of describing relations between theta functions. The modern geometric treatment now refers to some basic papers of David Mumford, from 1966 to 1967, which reformulated that theory in terms from abstract algebraic geometry valid over general fields.

Graded ring
In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring such that the underlying additive group is a direct sum of abelian groups  such that ⁠⁠. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gradation or grading.

A graded module is defined similarly (see below for the precise definition). It generalizes graded vector spaces. A graded module that is also a graded ring is called a graded algebra. A graded ring could also be viewed as a graded ⁠⁠-algebra.

The associativity is not important (in fact not used at all) in the definition of a graded ring; hence, the notion applies to non-associative algebras as well; e.g., one can consider a graded Lie algebra.
Sandy River Plantation, Maine
Sandy River Plantation is a plantation in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 128 at the 2020 census. It is home to the popular Saddleback Mountain Ski Resort and the Rangeley Lakes Nordic Trail Center (although visitors must drive through Dallas Plantation to reach it).

Plantation (Maine)
In the U.S. state of Maine, a plantation is a type of minor civil division falling between unincorporated area and a town. The term, as used in this sense in modern times, appears to be exclusive to Maine. Plantations are typically found in sparsely populated areas.
Gardner (crater)
Gardner is a small lunar impact crater in the northeast part of the Moon. It was named after an American physicist Irvine Clifton Gardner in 1976. It lies due east of the crater Vitruvius, in a section of rough terrain north of the Mare Tranquillitatis. Gardner was previously designated Vitruvius A before being given its present name by the IAU. To the northeast of Gardner is the larger crater Maraldi.

It is a circular crater with sloping inner walls and an interior floor that occupies about half the total crater diameter. The southern half of the floor has a slight rise before reaching the inner wall. The crater is not significantly eroded, and the outer rim is relatively sharp and well-defined.  The most distinctive feature is a row of four rounded hills along the northern floor of the crater.

To the south is an elevated area unofficially known as the Gardner Megadome. In the vicinity of the dome are satellite craters including Vitruvius B, H, and T, and Maraldi D.

Maraldi (lunar crater)
Maraldi is a worn, eroded crater on the western edge of the Sinus Amoris, in the northeast part of the Moon. To the west-southwest is the crater Vitruvius, and to the northwest lies the worn Littrow crater. Just to the northeast of the crater is the dome-like Mons Maraldi rise.

The crater is named after two Italian-born French astronomers: Giovanni Domenico Maraldi and Giacomo F. Maraldi.

Maraldi has a very worn outer wall that is deeply incised and has the appearance of a circular range of peaks rather than a crater rim. The interior has been flooded with basaltic lava, leaving a flat surface with a low albedo. There is a low ridge just to the northwest of the midpoint, and several tiny craters mark the floor surface.

Maraldi is a crater of Nectarian age.
Itatiba
Itatiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil, approximately 80 km from the State Capital. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population in 2022 was 121,590 in an area of 322.269 km2 (124.429 sq mi). The average elevation is 750 m. The place's name comes from the Tupi Guarani language, and means "Many Rocks". The city is known as the "Princess of the Hill" due to its rugged terrain. According to the Industry Federation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN), Itatiba was the ninth city with the highest quality of life in Brazil (fourth in the state of São Paulo), presenting a FIRJAN Municipal Development Index of 0.8779 in 2018. In the 1970s, it was used to known as the colonial-style furniture capital of Brazil. Itatiba also has one of the biggest thematic zoos in Latin America, the "Zooparque".

The city is also base of the famous country club and golf course Quinta da Baroneza.

Valinhos
Valinhos (Portuguese pronunciation: [vaˈliɲus]) is a municipality (município) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the birthplace of Adoniran Barbosa. Valinhos is famous for its purple fig, the theme of its annual Fig Fest. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 131,210 (as of 2020) in an area of 148.54 square kilometres (57.35 square miles). Its elevation is 660 m (2,165.35 ft). Its name means 'little valleys' in Portuguese.