hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pacificus–Helvidius Debates
The Pacificus–Helvidius Debates were a series of newspaper disputes between American Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison regarding the nature of presidential authority in the wake of George Washington's controversial Proclamation of Neutrality.

Penned between 1793 and 1794, the debates consisted of seven essays by Hamilton, writing as "Pacificus," and five essays by Madison, writing as "Helvidius," published intermittently in the Philadelphia newspaper, Gazette of the United States. The writings serve as a source on the original intent of the Founding Fathers concerning the exercise of executive war powers and as an early basis for the foreign policy of the United States.

Pamphlet war
A pamphlet war is a protracted argument or discussion through printed media, especially between the time the printing press became common, and when state intervention like copyright laws made such public discourse more difficult. The purpose was to defend or attack a certain perspective or idea. Pamphlet wars have occurred multiple times throughout history, as both social and political platforms. Pamphlet wars became viable platforms for this protracted discussion with the advent and spread of the printing press. Cheap printing presses, and increased literacy made the late 17th century a key stepping stone for the development of pamphlet wars, a period of prolific use of this type of debate. Over 2200 pamphlets were published between 1600–1715 alone.

Pamphlet wars are generally credited for powering many key social changes of the era, including the Reformation and the Revolution Controversy, the English philosophical debate set off by the French Revolution.
Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History
The Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History is a science and history museum in Corpus Christi, Texas, near Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge and the waterfront. It was established in 1957. Among its many displays covering an area of over 40,000 square feet are many artifacts found in the wreck of the Spanish ship San Estaban, including the world's oldest mariner's astrolabe with a confirmed date of 1554. An extension to the museum opened in May 1990 to house the Shipwreck! exhibition.

Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge
The Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge was a through arch bridge in Corpus Christi, Texas, that carried six lanes of U.S. Route 181 (US 181) and Texas State Highway 35 (SH 35) from downtown Corpus Christi to Rincon Point, known to locals as North Beach. The bridge crossed the Corpus Christi Ship Channel and handled nearly 26,000 vehicles daily.

A new bridge called the New Harbor Bridge was completed and opened to traffic on June 28, 2025. It allows larger ships to pass beneath, permit safer pedestrian transit, and reconfigure the highway interchange system in the surrounding community.
Panderichthys
Panderichthys is a genus of extinct sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) from the late Devonian period, about 380 Mya. Panderichthys, which was recovered from Frasnian (early Late Devonian) deposits in Latvia, is represented by two species. P. stolbovi is known only from some snout fragments and an incomplete lower jaw. P. rhombolepis is known from several more complete specimens. Although it probably belongs to a sister group of the earliest tetrapods, Panderichthys exhibits a range of features transitional between tristichopterid lobe-fin fishes (e.g., Eusthenopteron) and early tetrapods. It is named after the German-Baltic paleontologist Christian Heinrich Pander. Possible tetrapod tracks dating back to before the appearance of Panderichthys in the fossil record were reported in 2010, which suggests that Panderichthys is not a direct ancestor of tetrapods, but nonetheless shows the traits that evolved during the fish-tetrapod evolution.

Tristichopteridae
Tristichopterids (Tristichopteridae) were a diverse and successful group of fish-like tetrapodomorphs living throughout the Middle and Late Devonian. They first appeared in the Eifelian stage of the Middle Devonian. Within the group sizes ranged from a few tens of centimeters (Tristichopterus) to several meters (Hyneria and Eusthenodon).

Some tristichopterids share some of the features of the elpistostegalians, a diverse clade of tetrapodomorphs close to the origin of (and including) tetrapods. This mainly concerns the shape of the skull and a reduction in size of the posterior fins.

An old and persistent notion is that Eusthenopteron was able to crawl onto land using its fins. However, there is no evidence actually supporting this idea. All tristichopterids had become extinct by the end of the Late Devonian.
Special forces of Ukraine
Ukraine inherited its special forces (spetspryz) units from the remnants of the Soviet Armed Forces, GRU and KGB units. Ukraine now maintains its own Spetsnaz structure under the control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and under the Ministry of Defence, while the Security Service of Ukraine maintains its own Spetsnaz force, the Alpha group. In 2016 the Special Operations Forces were created as an independent branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine formed only by special forces units.

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Міністерство внутрішніх справ України, romanized: Ministerstvo vnutrishnikh sprav Ukrainy; pronounced [min⁽ʲ⁾iˈstɛrstwo ˈu̯nut⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾iʃn⁽ʲ⁾ix ˈsprɑu̯ ʊkrɐˈjinɪ]; MVS) is the ministry of the Ukrainian government that oversees the interior affairs of Ukraine.
Hadu people
The Hadu are an Afar ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa. They primarily reside in the northeastern regions of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, where they co-exist with other clans including the Arebta, the Dahimela, the Damohita, the Hadarmo, and the Seka.

Afar people
The Afar (Afar: Qafár), also known as the Danakil, Adali and Odali, are a Cushitic ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti, as well as the entire southern coast of Eritrea. The Afar speak the Afar language, which is part of the East Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Afars are the only inhabitants of the Horn of Africa whose traditional territories border both the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
Billy J. Williams
Billy John Williams (born 1956) is an American attorney who served as the United States attorney for the District of Oregon from 2015 to 2021. He was most recently confirmed to the position by the U.S. Senate in March 2018. Williams was originally named Acting U.S. Attorney of the district in April 2015 and was appointed to the position by Chief U.S. District Judge Michael W. Mosman in February 2016. In November 2017, Williams was nominated by President Donald Trump to retain the position. His nomination was supported by Jeff Merkley and Ron Wyden, Oregon's U.S. Senators.

Michael W. Mosman
Michael Wise Mosman (born 1956) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon.  He served as Chief Judge for the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon from February 1, 2016, to December 23, 2019.  He also served a 7-year term on the FISA Court from May 4, 2013, to May 3, 2020. He previously served as the United States attorney for the same district.
Jackie Greene
Jackie Greene (born November 27, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has a solo career and became a member of The Black Crowes in 2013, though the band broke up in 2015 before he could contribute any studio work.

Gov't Mule
Gov't Mule (pronounced "Government Mule") is an American Southern rock jam band, formed in 1994 by guitarist Warren Haynes, bassist Allen Woody (both of The Allman Brothers Band at the time) and drummer Matt Abts (whom Haynes had worked with in the Dickey Betts Band.)

The band released their debut album, Gov't Mule in 1995, and have since released nine studio albums, plus numerous EPs and live releases.
Go for Your Guns
Go for Your Guns is the fifteenth album by the Isley Brothers. Released on April 16, 1977, on their T-Neck label, it was also the band's fifth album to be distributed by their deal with Epic. Released in mid-April 1977, the album peaked a month later at No. 1 on Billboard's Top Soul chart, and at No. 6 on the Billboard 200.

The album was remastered and expanded for inclusion in the 2015 released CD box set The RCA Victor & T-Neck Album Masters, 1959–1983.

Ronald Isley
Ronald Isley (/ˈaɪzli/ EYEZ-lee; born May 21, 1941) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Isley is the lead singer, a founding member, and last surviving original member of the family music group The Isley Brothers.
Magnesium anthracene
Magnesium anthracene is an organomagnesium compound that is almost invariably isolated as its adduct with three tetrahydrofuran (thf) ligands.  With the formula Mg(C14H10)(thf)3, this air- and water-sensitive orange solid is obtained by heating a suspension of magnesium in a thf solution of anthracene.

Anthracene
Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes, as a scintillator to detect high energy particles, as production of pharmaceutical drugs. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400–500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.
Frajštajn
Frajštajn (pronounced [ˈfɾaːi̯ʃtai̯n], German: Freistein) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica in northeastern Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Spodnja Polskava. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.

Spodnja Polskava
Spodnja Polskava (pronounced [ˈspoːdnja pɔlˈskaːʋa]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Stephen and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. It was built in the 16th century and refurbished in the Baroque style in the early 17th century.
2017 Auckland Darts Masters
The 2017 Auckland Darts Masters, presented by Burger King & TAB was the third staging of the tournament by the Professional Darts Corporation, as the fourth entry in the 2017 World Series of Darts. The tournament featured 16 players (eight PDC players facing eight regional qualifiers) and was held at The Trusts Arena in Auckland, New Zealand between 11 and 13 August 2017.

Gary Anderson was the defending champion after winning the second edition of the tournament, defeating Adrian Lewis 11–7 in the final, but lost in the first round to Australia's Kyle Anderson 6–4.

Kyle Anderson went on to win his first televised title after defeating compatriot Corey Cadby 11–10 in the final. He became only the 5th player to win a World Series of Darts event after Michael van Gerwen, Phil Taylor, Gary Anderson and Adrian Lewis, as well as being the first regional qualifier to win an event. The final was also the first World Series of Darts final without an invited player.

World Series of Darts
The World Series of Darts is a series of darts tournaments organised by the Professional Darts Corporation.

Beginning in 2013, the World Series has comprised between two and seven tournaments across the world, where a mixture of the top-ranked PDC players take on local qualifiers in a knockout format. Since 2015, there has been a World Series of Darts Finals tournament held annually, which has taken place in September at the AFAS Live in Amsterdam every year since 2022.
The First Lady (Colombian TV series)
Primera Dama (Spanish: Primera dama) or (Deseos de mujer) is a Colombian telenovela produced by Henry Toto Duquem for Caracol Televisión. It is an adaptation of the Chilean telenovela of the same name.

The series stars Christian Meier as Leonardo Santander, Carina Cruz as Paloma Zamudio and Javier Jattin as Mariano Zamora.

Primera dama (Chilean TV series)
Primera dama (lit: First Lady), is a Chilean television soap opera created by Sebastián Arrau. Starring Celine Reymond, Julio Milostich, Mario Horton, and Catalina Guerra, it aired on Canal 13 from August 30, 2010, to March 9, 2011.
Nakai conjecture
In mathematics, the Nakai conjecture is an unproven characterization of smooth algebraic varieties, conjectured by Japanese mathematician Yoshikazu Nakai in 1961.
It states that if V is a complex algebraic variety, such that its ring of differential operators is generated by the derivations it contains, then V is a smooth variety. The converse statement, that smooth algebraic varieties have rings of differential operators that are generated by their derivations, is a result of Alexander Grothendieck.

The Nakai conjecture is known to be true for algebraic curves and Stanley–Reisner rings. A proof of the conjecture would also establish the Zariski–Lipman conjecture, for a complex variety V with coordinate ring R. This conjecture states that if the derivations of R are a free module over R, then V is smooth.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
Isaac Glanville Fonseca
Isaac Glanville Fonseca OBE was a British Virgin Islands political figure around the time of the restoration of democracy in 1950.  Fonseca was one of the community leaders who participated in the "march of 1949" and later went on to become one of the longest serving legislators in the British Virgin Islands, winning a total of six general elections before retiring from politics.

Governor of the Virgin Islands
The governor of the Virgin Islands is the representative of the British monarch in the United Kingdom's overseas territory of the British Virgin Islands. The governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government. The role of the governor is to act as the de facto head of state, and is responsible for appointing the premier and the executive council.

The current governor is Daniel Pruce.

The governor has a viceregal flag, the Union Flag defaced with the territory's coat of arms. The official residence of the governor is Government House located in Road Town, Tortola.
Miguel Ángel Rojas
Miguel Ángel Rojas (born 1946, Bogotá, Colombia) is a conceptual art and filmmaker. His work includes drawing, painting, photography,  installations and video and is often related to contexts expanding on issues of sexuality, urban culture, systems of violence, substance abuse, and economic inequalities. He has been working as a photographer, painter and architect since the 1970s.

Bogotá Museum of Modern Art
The Bogotá Museum of Modern Art (Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá, known as MAMBO) is a museum  of modern art located in Bogotá, Colombia. It is one of the main cultural and artistic establishments in Colombia.
Uhlenhorster HC
Uhlenhorster Hockey-Club e. V. (also known as UHC Hamburg) is a German professional field hockey and tennis club based in Hamburg. It was founded in 1901, since 1923 their home ground is located in Hummelsbüttel, Wandsbek.

Uhlenhorster HC is one of the most successful clubs in Germany, both at the Senior and Academy levels, with squads playing in the Men's and Women's Bundesligas. The men's side have won the Euro Hockey League three times. Uhlenhorster Hockey Club Academy is one of the leading hockey academies in Europe and has produced a number of international players.

Wandsbek
Wandsbek (German pronunciation: [ˈvantsbeːk] ⓘ) is the second-largest of seven boroughs that make up the city and state of Hamburg, Germany. The name of the district is derived from the river Wandse which passes through here. Wandsbek, which was formerly an independent city, is urban and, along with Eilbek and Marienthal, part of the city's economic and cultural core. In 2020 the population was 442,702, making it the most populous borough in Hamburg.
Scouting in the Republic of China
The Scout movement and Guiding in the Republic of China (Taiwan) is served by:

Girl Scouts of Taiwan, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

Scouts of China, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement

Scouts of China
The Scouts of China or the General Association of the Scouts of China (Taiwan) in full, is the National Scouting Organization (NSO) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and represents the Scouting organization in Taiwan. It is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement since 1937. In 2021, the Scouts of China had 53,972 members.
South Arabia
South Arabia (Arabic: جنوب الجزيرة العربية), or Greater Yemen, is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it historically included Najran, Jazan, and Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family.

Modern South Arabian languages
The Modern South Arabian languages, also known as Eastern South Semitic languages, are a group of endangered languages spoken by small populations inhabiting the Arabian Peninsula, in Yemen (including Socotra) and Oman. Together with the Ethiosemitic and Sayhadic languages, the Western branch, they form the South Semitic sub-branch of the Afroasiatic language family's Semitic branch.

Mehri and Hobyot are spoken in both Yemen and Oman. Soqotri is only spoken in the Yemeni archipelago of Socotra, and the Harsusi, Bathari, and Shehri languages are only spoken in Oman.
Moculta, South Australia
Moculta is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the state capital of Adelaide and about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of the municipal seat of Angaston. At the 2016 census, Moculta shared a population of 227 with part of Truro).

The earliest settlers in the area were English, Scottish and Irish migrants, among them the brothers Abraham and David Shannon. German migrants also came to the area from 1853. They built both the Gruenberg (1859) and Gnadenberg Lutheran churches. The township of Moculta itself was surveyed in 1865 and occupied soon after.

The locality of Grünberg was renamed to Karalta as a consequence of the move to rename "names of enemy origin" during World War I, but has been named back to the anglicised Gruenberg since then. It is now included in Moculta and Penrice Gnadenberg is also now included in Moculta.

English and Barossa are spoken here

Truro, South Australia
Truro (postcode 5356, altitude 311m) is a town in South Australia, 80 km northeast of Adelaide. It is situated in an agricultural and pastoral district on the Sturt Highway, east of the Barossa Valley, where the highway crosses somewhat lofty and rugged parts of the Mount Lofty Ranges.  At the 2021 census, Truro had a population of 523.

Truro is in the Mid Murray Council local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Schubert and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Barker.
Lutetium(III) nitrate
Lutetium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of lutetium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Lu(NO3)3. The compound forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates. The compound is poisonous.

Lutetium(III) oxide
Lutetium(III) oxide, a white solid, is a cubic compound of lutetium sometimes used in the preparation of specialty glasses. It is also called lutecia. It is a lanthanide oxide, also known as a rare earth.
Geology of Iran
The main points that are discussed in the geology of Iran include the study of the geological and structural units or zones; stratigraphy; magmatism and igneous rocks; ophiolite series and ultramafic rocks; and orogenic events in Iran.

Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains are a mountain range in West Asia spanning Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. The mountain range has a total length of 1,600 km (990 miles). The Zagros range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly follows Iran's western border while covering much of southeastern Turkey and northeastern Iraq. From this border region, the range continues southeast to the waters of the Persian Gulf. It spans the southern parts of the Armenian highlands, and the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau, ending at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest point is Mount Dena, at 4,409 metres (14,465 ft).
Wulik River
The Wulik River (Iñupiaq: Ualliik kuuŋak) is a stream, about 80 miles (130 km) long, in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alaska. Originating in the De Long Mountains in the North Slope Borough, it flows southwest to Kivalina Lagoon in the Chukchi Sea, east of Kivalina. It heads in the De Long Mountains, which is 5 miles (8 km) north of Sheep Mountain, and it is 42 miles (67 km) northwest of Noatak.

Umiak Bend, along the river and 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Kivalina, was named after an Inuit skin boat (umiak) was destroyed there by rough water.

In 1886, a United States Navy lieutenant reported the Inuit name of this river as "Woleek."

De Long Mountains
The De Long Mountains are a mountain range in the North Slope Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. The range is located at the west end of the Brooks Range and extends west from Uivaksak Creek and the head of the Kuna River.  They were named in 1886 after the Arctic explorer George Washington De Long (1844–1881).

The highest point is Black Mountain at 5,020 feet (1,530 m).
Athabasca Healthcare Centre
Athabasca Healthcare Centre is a medical facility located in Athabasca, Alberta.

Alberta Health Services is responsible for the operations of the hospital. The hospital contains 27 acute care beds and 23 continuing care beds.

The hospital was built in 1984.

Athabasca, Alberta
Athabasca /ˌæθəˈbæskə/ (2021 population 2,759), originally named Athabasca Landing, is a town in northern Alberta, Canada. It is located 145 km (90 mi) north of Edmonton at the intersection of Highway 2 and Highway 55, on the banks of the Athabasca River. It is the centre of Athabasca County. It was known as Athabasca Landing prior to August 4, 1913.
1990 Budweiser at The Glen
The 1990 Budweiser at The Glen was the 18th stock car race of the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the fifth iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, August 12, 1990, before an audience of 120,000 in Watkins Glen, New York, at the shortened layout of Watkins Glen International, a 2.428-mile (3.907 km) permanent road course layout. On the final restart with three laps to go in the race, Hendrick Motorsports driver Ricky Rudd would manage to defend the field and pull away for the victory, coming back from an early spin in the race and two flat tires. The victory was Rudd's 11th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his only victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Junior Johnson & Associates driver Geoff Bodine and King Racing driver Brett Bodine would finish second and third, respectively.

1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
The 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 42nd season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 19th modern-era Cup Series. It began on Sunday, February 11, and ended on Sunday, November 18. Because of a highly controversial penalty to Mark Martin early in the season, Dale Earnhardt with Richard Childress Racing was crowned the Winston Cup champion for the fourth time, edging out Martin by 26 points.