hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jack Jackson Jr.
Jack C. Jackson Jr. (Navajo) is an American attorney and politician from Arizona. A Democrat, he served in the Arizona Senate, representing the state's 2nd district in northern Arizona from 2011 until July 2013, when he left for an appointment with the U.S. Department of State.  He is a former member of the Arizona House of Representatives, having served from January 2003 to January 2005.

His father, Jack C. Jackson Sr., served in the Arizona House until 2004, and they were the first father and son to serve together in the state legislature. In 2004, Jackson Jr. declined to seek a second House term.

Arizona House of Representatives
The Arizona House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The upper house is the Senate. The House convenes in the legislative chambers at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. Its members are elected to two-year terms, with a term limit of four consecutive terms (eight years). Each of the state's 30 legislative districts elects two state house representatives and one state senator, with each district having a population of at least 203,000.

The last election occurred on November 5, 2024, with the Republican Party securing a majority in the House.
Gauthier Boccard
Gauthier Boccard (born 26 August 1991) is a Belgian professional field hockey player who plays as a defender or midfielder for Léopold and the Belgian national team. He played 310 matches for the Belgian national team from 2012 to 2025.

Men's EuroHockey Championship
The Men's EuroHockey Championship is an international men's field hockey competition organised by the European Hockey Federation (EHF) for the top eight European national teams. It is the top division of the EuroHockey Championships. The tournament started in 1970. When the tournament is held close to the Summer Olympic games or the Men's FIH Hockey World Cup, the winner of the tournament is awarded a place in those competitions.

The tournament has been won by five different national teams: Germany has the most titles with nine, the Netherlands follow with seven, Spain has two wins and England and Belgium have one title each.

The most recent edition, held in Mönchengladbach, Germany, was won by the Germany who won their ninth title by defeating the Netherlands 4–1 in the shoot-out in the final.
Werner De Bondt
Werner F.M. De Bondt is one of the founders in the field of behavioral finance. He is also the founding director of Richard H. Driehaus Center for Behavioral Finance at DePaul University in Chicago. Previously, he was the Frank Graner Professor of Investment Management at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Thomas F. Gleed Chair of Business Administration at Albers School of Business and Economics at the Seattle University.

Behavioural finance
Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of investors or financial analysts. It assumes that investors are not always rational, have limits to their self-control and are influenced by their own biases.

For example, behavioural law and economics scholars studying the growth of financial firms' technological capabilities have attributed decision science to irrational consumer decisions.: 1321  It also includes the subsequent effects on the markets. Behavioral Finance attempts to explain the reasoning patterns of investors and measures the influential power of these patterns on the investor's decision making. The central issue in behavioural finance is explaining why market participants make irrational systematic errors contrary to assumption of rational market participants. Such errors affect prices and returns, creating market inefficiencies.
Guadalajara Open
The Guadalajara Open is a defunct men's tennis tournament that was played on the Grand Prix tennis circuit founded in 1978. The event was held in Guadalajara, Mexico and was played on outdoor clay courts. Unseeded Gene Mayer won the first singles title while Sandy Mayer and Sherwood Stewart partnered to win the doubles title. The tournament then became part of the ATP Challenger Series in 1979, and played one final time in 1981.

Guadalajara currently is host to the Abierto Zapopan and Guadalajara Open Akron.

Guadalajara 125 Open
The Guadalajara 125 Open,  is a WTA 125-level professional women's tennis tournament that takes place in Guadalajara, Mexico on hardcourts in the early part of September. Its inaugural edition was in 2019 but the 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 and 2022 the event gained temporary WTA 250 status before returning to the WTA 125 level in 2024. It moved from a late winter to September timeslot in 2024 and is played at the Panamerican Tennis Center in the city of Zapopan, Mexico (Guadalajara metro area). The tournament was previously called the Abierto Zapopan, a name still commonly used to describe the event.
NGC 4506
NGC 4506 is a spiral galaxy located around 50 million light-years away in the constellation Coma Berenices. It is classified as peculiar due to the presence of dust that surrounds its nucleus. NGC 4506 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on January 14, 1787. It is a member of the Virgo Cluster.

Peculiar galaxy
A peculiar galaxy is a galaxy of unusual size, shape, or composition. Between five and ten percent of known galaxies are categorized as peculiar. Astronomers have identified two types of peculiar galaxies: interacting galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN).

When two galaxies come close to each other, their mutual gravitational forces can cause them to acquire highly irregular shapes. The terms 'peculiar galaxy' and 'interacting galaxy' have now become synonymous because the majority of peculiar galaxies attribute their forms to such gravitational forces.
Vickers Limited
Vickers Limited was a British engineering conglomerate. The business began in Sheffield in 1828 as a steel foundry and became known for its church bells, going on to make shafts and propellers for ships, armour plate and then artillery. Entire large ships, cars, tanks and torpedoes followed. Airships and aircraft were added, and Vickers jet airliners were to remain in production until 1965.

Financial problems following the death of the Vickers brothers were resolved in 1927 by separating Metropolitan Carriage Wagon and Finance Company and Metropolitan-Vickers, then merging the remaining bulk of the original business with Armstrong Whitworth to form Vickers-Armstrongs. The Vickers name resurfaced as Vickers plc between 1977 and 1999.

R100
His Majesty's Airship R100 was a privately designed and built British rigid airship made as part of a two-ship competition to develop a commercial airship service for use on British Empire routes as part of the Imperial Airship Scheme. The other airship, the R101, was built by the British Air Ministry, but both airships were funded by the Government.

R100 was built by the Airship Guarantee Company, a specially created subsidiary of the armaments firm Vickers-Armstrongs, led by Commander Dennis Burney. The design team was headed by Barnes Wallis, later famous for his invention of the bouncing bomb. The design team also included Nevil Shute Norway as the senior stress engineer.

R100 first flew in December 1929. It made a series of trial flights and a successful return crossing of the Atlantic in July–August 1930, but following the crash of R101 in October 1930 the Imperial Airship Scheme was terminated and R100 was broken up for scrap.
Museum of Ixelles
The Museum of Ixelles (French: Musée d'Ixelles; Dutch: Museum van Elsene), also called the (Municipal) Museum of Fine Arts of Ixelles (French: Musée (communal) des Beaux-Arts d'Ixelles; Dutch: (Gemeentelijk) Museum voor Schone Kunsten van Elsene), is a municipal art museum in Brussels, Belgium, focusing on Belgian art from the 19th and 20th centuries.

The museum is located at 71, rue Jean Van Volsem/Jean Van Volsemstraat in Ixelles. It is served by the bus stops Musée d'Ixelles/Museum van Elsene (on line 71) and Malibran (on lines 38 and 60).

René Magritte
René François Ghislain Magritte (French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about the nature and boundaries of reality and representation. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art, and conceptual art.
Fish For Four
Fisch zu viert (Fish for Four), subtitled Ein Kriminalstück älterer Art (A Crime Play of an Older Kind), is a 1970 East German film made for television by Deutsche Fernsehfunk and directed by Kurt Jung-Alsen. It is based on the 1968 radio play of the same name by Wolfgang Kohlhaase and Rita Zimmer and stars Inge Keller, Marianne Wünscher and Helga Göring as three sisters of the Heckendorf brewery and Herbert Köfer as their servant, Rudolf. The first broadcast of this black-and-white film was on 21 June 1970.

Deutscher Fernsehfunk
Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF; German for "German Television Broadcasting") was the state television broadcaster in the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) from 1952 to 1991.

DFF produced free-to-air terrestrial television programming approved by the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and broadcast to audiences in East Germany and parts of West Germany. DFF served as the main televised propaganda outlet of the SED with censored political and non-political programmes featuring bias towards the Marxist–Leninist ideology of the Eastern Bloc. DFF was known as Fernsehen der DDR (DDR-FS; "GDR Television" or "Television of [the] GDR") from 1972 until German reunification in 1990, and DFF assets were replaced by the West German network before it was dissolved on 31 December 1991.
Glasgow South
Glasgow South is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (Westminster). It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The current Member of Parliament (MP) is Gordon McKee of the Labour Party who gained the seat from Scottish National Party's Stewart McDonald at the 2024 general election.

The constituency was first used in the 2005 general election, and is the successor to Glasgow Cathcart.

Pollokshields (ward)
Pollokshields (Ward 6) is one of the 23 wards of Glasgow City Council. On its creation in 2007 and in 2012 it returned three council members, using the single transferable vote system. For the 2017 Glasgow City Council election, the boundaries were changed, the ward increased in size and returned four members.
Cogging torque
In electromechanics, the cogging torque of electrical motors is the torque due to the interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotor and the stator slots of a permanent magnet machine. It is also known as detent or no-current torque. This torque is position dependent and its periodicity per revolution depends on the number of magnetic poles and the number of teeth on the stator. Cogging torque is an undesirable component for the operation of such a motor. It is especially prominent at lower speeds, with the symptom of jerkiness. Cogging torque results in torque as well as speed ripple; however, at high speed the motor moment of inertia filters out the effect of cogging torque.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
Rotbav Bronze Age site
Rotbav "La Pârâuț", spelled La Pîrîuț until 1993, is a Bronze Age site in southeastern Transylvania, Romania, located at the southern border of the modern village of Rotbav, in Feldioara commune, and 20 km (12 mi) north of Brașov, capital of the county by the same name. The settlement of Rotbav is situated upon a high terrace formation above the Olt River. Its importance lies in a long stratigraphy comprising the timespan from the Early Bronze Age to the Bronze Age–Iron Age transition. It is the most extensively researched site of this period in the region.

Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni complex
The Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni complex was a late Bronze Age archaeological cultural complex located in Ukraine, Moldova and Romania, dating from the 16th to 11th centuries BC, consisting of the closely related Noua, Sabatinovka (Sabatynivka) and Coslogeni cultures.
Split Lake, Manitoba
Split Lake, or Tataskwayak (Cree: ᑕᑕᐢᑿᔭᕽ), is a community in Manitoba on the northern shore of Split Lake along the Nelson River, about 240 mi (390 km) west southwest of the river's mouth at Hudson Bay, and is within the Tataskweyak Cree Nation reserve, Split Lake 171. The community is located 143 km (89 mi) northeast of Thompson, roughly the halfway point of PR 280 in Northern Manitoba, and 169 km (105 mi) west of Gillam.

Gillam, Manitoba
Gillam is a town on the Nelson River in northern Manitoba, Canada. It is situated between Thompson and Churchill on the Hudson Bay Railway line.

Many residents of Gillam are employed by Manitoba Hydro at one of their many facilities or support groups. Located within Gillam's boundaries, Hydro has four hydro dams—Kettle Generating Station, Long Spruce Generating Station, Limestone Generating Station (the largest in Manitoba) and Keeyask (in construction)—three HVDC stations—Radisson, Henday, and Keewatinohk—and a few support groups.
George Charles Crick
George Charles Crick FGS FRGS FZS (9 October 1856 – 18 October 1917) was a British geologist, one of the original members of the Malacological Society of London on its foundation in 1893, an authority on the fossil Cephalopoda compiling an early catalogue on it for the Natural History Museum and an author of numerous papers in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London and the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.

Malacological Society of London
The Malacological Society of London is a British learned society and charitable organisation concerned with malacology, the study of molluscs, a large phylum of invertebrate animals divided into nine or ten taxonomic classes, of which two are extinct.

Founded in 1893, the society was one of the earliest such national bodies anywhere in the world concerned only with molluscs, although the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland is older.
Quebec-Centre (federal electoral district)
Quebec-Centre (French: Québec-Centre) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It consisted of Palace Ward, St. Louis Ward, St. John's Ward and the parts of Montcalm Ward and the Banlieue not included in Quebec West or Quebec East ridings. It was abolished in 1914 when it was redistributed into Quebec East and Quebec South ridings.

Quebec West
Quebec West (French: Québec-Ouest) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1935, and from 1949 to 1968.

It was created by the British North America Act, 1867. It was abolished in 1933 when it was redistributed into Portneuf, Quebec West and South and Québec—Montmorency ridings.

The riding was recreated in 1947 from parts of Quebec West and South riding.

It was abolished in 1966 when it was redistributed into Langelier, Louis-Hébert and Portneuf ridings.
Tartus Governorate
Tartus Governorate, officially Tartous Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة طرطوس Muḥāfaẓat Ṭarṭūs), is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western Syria, bordering Latakia Governorate to the north, Homs and Hama Governorates to the east, Lebanon to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. It is one of the few governorates in Syria that has an Alawite majority. Sources list the area as 1,890 km2 or 1,892 km2, with its capital being Tartus.

Homs Governorate
Homs Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حمص Muḥāfaẓat Ḥimṣ) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in central Syria. It has 42,226 km2 (16,304 sq mi).It is geographically the largest governorate in Syria. Homs Governorate has a population of 1,763,000 as of 2010. The Homs governorate is divided into six administrative districts (mantiqah), with the city of Homs as a separate district. Homs is the capital city of the district of Homs. Its governor is Namir Habib Makhlouf.
Solemn Collects
The Solemn Collects are a set of prayers of two types (biddings and collects) used in the Good Friday liturgy of the Episcopal Church (USA), which is published in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer.  They are among the most ancient prayers of the Christian church.

Book of Common Prayer (1979)
The 1979 Book of Common Prayer is the official primary liturgical book of the U.S.-based Episcopal Church. An edition in the same tradition as other versions of the Book of Common Prayer used by the churches within the Anglican Communion and Anglicanism generally, it contains both the forms of the Eucharistic liturgy and the Daily Office, as well as additional public liturgies and personal devotions. It is the fourth major revision of the Book of Common Prayer adopted by the Episcopal Church, and succeeded the 1928 edition. The 1979 Book of Common Prayer has been translated into multiple languages and is considered a representative production of the 20th-century Liturgical Movement.: 6 : 4
Vanity plate
A vanity plate is a special type of vehicle registration plate on an automobile or other vehicle. The owner of the vehicle pays extra money to have their own choice of numbers or letters, usually portraying a recognizable phrase, slogan, or abbreviation, on their plate. Sales of vanity plates are often a significant source of revenue for North American provincial and state licensing agencies. In some jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, vanity plates have a different color scheme and design.

Vehicle registration plates of Washington, D.C.
The U.S. federal district of Washington, D.C., first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1903. Registrants provided their own license plates for display until 1907, when the district began to issue plates. Plates are issued by the District of Columbia Department of Motor Vehicles (DC DMV). Front and rear plates are required for most classes of vehicles, while only rear plates are required for motorcycles and trailers.
Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle welterweight
The men's freestyle welterweight was a freestyle wrestling event held as part of the Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event. Welterweight was the median category, including wrestlers weighing up to 72 kilograms. Arvo Haavisto, a 1924 bronze medalist in the lightweight category, won the tournament.

Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics
At the 1928 Summer Olympics, thirteen wrestling events were contested, for all men. There were six weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and seven classes in freestyle wrestling. The freestyle competitions were held from July 30 to August 1, 1928 and the Greco-Roman events were held from August 2 to August 5, 1928.
Kakao Games
Kakao Games Corp. (Korean: 카카오게임즈) is a South Korean video game publisher and a subsidiary of Kakao. It specializes in developing and publishing games on PC, mobile, and VR platforms. Each is represented by Namgoong Hoon and Cho Gye-hyun.

Originally known as Daum Games before the acquisition of Daum, Kakao Games has expanded from game distribution solely in Korea. Now, Kakao Games distributes its games globally throughout North America, Europe, and other parts of Asia thanks in part to its social aspect with KakaoTalk. Kakao uses the game portal of Daum and social network of KakaoTalk to connect players within their games.

Daum (web portal)
Daum (Korean: 다음) is a South Korean web portal. Daum was founded in 1995 and launched on December 20th, 1995 by the company Daum Communications.  It also offers a variety of services, including cloud storage (Daum Cloud), Daum Dictionary (for mobile devices), Daum Comics, and map service (Daum Maps).

Daum Kakao is the company behind the Kakao messaging service and Daum is a Korean web portal with many services.
Stinespring dilation theorem
In mathematics, Stinespring's dilation theorem,  also called Stinespring's factorization theorem, named after W. Forrest Stinespring, is a result from operator theory that represents any completely positive map on a C*-algebra A as a composition of two completely positive maps each of which has a special form:

A *-representation of A on some auxiliary Hilbert space K followed by

An operator map of the form T ↦ V*TV.

Moreover, Stinespring's theorem is a structure theorem from a C*-algebra into the algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space. Completely positive maps are shown to be simple modifications of *-representations, or sometimes called *-homomorphisms.

Operator theory
In mathematics, operator theory is the study of linear operators on function spaces, beginning with differential operators and integral operators. The operators may be presented abstractly by their characteristics, such as bounded linear operators or closed operators, and consideration may be given to nonlinear operators. The study, which depends heavily on the topology of function spaces, is a branch of functional analysis.

If a collection of operators forms an algebra over a field, then it is an operator algebra. The description of operator algebras is part of operator theory.
Soroush Plus
Soroush Plus (Persian: سروش پلاس, Messenger angel) is an Iranian cross-platform, instant messaging (IM), social media and VoIP service developed by the Setak Houshmand Sharif. It is one of the most widely used messaging apps in Iran, with more than 35 million users. Soroush enables users to send text and voice messages, share images and videos, make voice and video calls, share files and locations, pay bills, and access AI and services.

Soroush is available on Android, iOS, macOS, Windows, Linux, and the web. Registration requires a mobile telephone number.

Cross-platform software
Within computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several computing platforms. Some cross-platform software requires a separate build for each platform, but some can be directly run on any platform without special preparation, being written in an interpreted language or compiled to portable bytecode for which the interpreters or run-time packages are common or standard components of all supported platforms.

For example, a cross-platform application may run on Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. Cross-platform software may run on many platforms, or as few as two. Some frameworks for cross-platform development are Codename One, ArkUI-X, Kivy, Qt, GTK, Flutter, NativeScript, Xamarin, Apache Cordova, Ionic, and React Native.