hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sea ice growth processes
Sea ice is a complex composite composed primarily of pure ice in various states of crystallization, but including air bubbles and pockets of brine. Understanding its growth processes is important for climate modellers and remote sensing specialists, since the composition and microstructural properties of the ice affect how it reflects or absorbs sunlight.

Sea ice growth models for predicting the ice distribution and extent are also valuable for shipping. An ice growth model can be combined with remote sensing measurements in an assimilation model as a means of generating more accurate ice charts.

Porosity
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam).

There are many ways to test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT scanning.

The term porosity is used in multiple fields including pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing, petrophysics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering.
Dimorphotheca cuneata
Dimorphotheca cuneata, the rain flower  or  white bietou, is a plant species native to the Cape Provinces and Free State of South Africa (Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, Nama Karoo, etc.). as well as the Botswana and Namibia. It is also widely grown as an ornamental and reportedly sparingly naturalized in Gila County in the US State of Arizona.

Dimorphotheca cuneata is a subshrub that, in its natural habitat, will grow to be 100 cm (40 inches) tall. Cultivated specimens may measure 150 cm (60 inches). Leaves are long and narrow, with a few large teeth on the edges, giving off a strong scent when crushed. Wild flower heads have white ray florets and yellow disc florets, but this can vary in garden cultivars.

Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province.

The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism, home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic.
WTLJ
WTLJ (channel 54) is a religious television station licensed to Muskegon, Michigan, United States, serving West Michigan as an owned-and-operated station of Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). The station's transmitter is located in Allendale Charter Township in Ottawa County, just southwest of Grand Valley State University. Its signal is relayed on translator station WJGP-LD (channel 26; originally W24BO channel 24) in Kalamazoo.

Until June 2018, the station aired its own locally produced programs, Ask the Pastor and Down Home, from a studio adjacent to its transmitter. This ended with the elimination of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s Main Studio Rule earlier in the year and a decision by TCT's operators to consolidate all programming operations at its headquarters in Marion, Illinois.

Grand Valley State University
Grand Valley State University (GVSU, GV, or Grand Valley) is a public university in Allendale, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1960 as Grand Valley State College. Its main campus is situated on 1,322 acres (5.35 km2) approximately 12 miles (19 km) west of Grand Rapids. The university also features campuses in Grand Rapids and Holland and regional centers in Battle Creek, Detroit, Muskegon, and Traverse City.

GVSU enrolled more than 22,000 students as of fall 2025 from 82 of 83 Michigan counties and dozens of other states and foreign countries. It employed nearly 4,000 people, with about 1,800 faculty and 2,000 staff. The university has alumni from 50 U.S. states, Canada, and 25 other countries.

GVSU's NCAA Division II sports teams are the Lakers and they compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) in all 20 intercollegiate varsity sports. They have won 31 NCAA Division II National Championships.
Francisco Palencia
Juan Francisco "Paco" Palencia Hernández (born 28 April 1973) is a Mexican professional football manager and former footballer. Palencia began his career with Cruz Azul, where he played for nearly a decade and won multiple championships, including the Verano 1997 league title. He also participated in the 2001 Copa Libertadores, finishing as a runner-up and scored one goal in the final.

CONCACAF Gold Cup
The CONCACAF Gold Cup (Spanish: Copa Oro CONCACAF) is an association football  competition organized by CONCACAF as its premier continental tournament for men's senior national teams from North America, Central America and the Caribbean. The tournament is held every two years with its inaugural edition in 1991. It is the direct successor competition of the CONCACAF Championship (1963–1989).

So far, three national teams have won the tournament: Mexico (10 times), the United States (7), and Canada (1). All of them are member associations of the North American Football Union (NAFU).
Eiseniona
Eiseniona is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Lumbricidae.

Species:

Eiseniona albolineata Cosín, Trigo & Mato, 1989

Eiseniona carpetana Alvarez, 1970

Eiseniona gabriellae Omodeo, 1984

Eiseniona gerardoi Díaz Cosín, 2014

Eiseniona gerardoi Omodeo, 1956

Eiseniona oliveirai (Rosa, 1894)

Eiseniona sineporis (Omodeo, 1952)

Lumbricidae
The Lumbricidae are a family of earthworms. About 33 lumbricid species have become naturalized around the world, but the bulk of the species are in the Holarctic region, from Canada (e.g. Bimastos lawrenceae on Vancouver Island) and the United States (e.g. Eisenoides carolinensis,  E. lonnbergi, and most Bimastos spp.) and throughout Eurasia to Japan (e.g. Eisenia japonica, E. koreana, and Helodrilus hachiojii).  An enigmatic species in Tasmania is Eophila eti.  Currently, 670 valid species and subspecies in about 42 genera are recognized. This family includes the majority of earthworm species well known in Europe and Asia.
Polygon (blockchain)
Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a blockchain platform which aims to create a multi-chain blockchain system compatible with Ethereum. As with Ethereum, it uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing transactions on-chain. Polygon's native token is POL, an ERC-20 token which allows for compatibility with other Ethereum cryptocurrencies. It is operated by Polygon Labs.

Polygon is a natively Layer-2 network that uses Ethereum as a base network. In particular, transactions are first validated inside Polygon and then periodically committed in a "checkpoint": a Merkle root of transaction hashes is committed to Ethereum's mainnet by using "Core contracts".

Polygon runs various decentralized applications (dApps) such as Defi, DAOs, and NFTs.

Decentralized application
A decentralised application (DApp, dApp, Dapp, or dapp) is an application that can operate autonomously, typically through the use of smart contracts, that run on a blockchain or other distributed ledger system. DApps provide some function or utility to its  with less human intervention. Control over DApps is distributed to holders of tokens that represent ownership. Without any one entity controlling the system, the application is therefore decentralised.
Paul Cornford
Paul Cornford is an English builder of boutique amplifiers, whose vacuum tube amplifiers have been highly praised. Notable users of Cornford's custom-made amps include Dave Kilminster (who uses Hellcat heads and 4x12 cabinets), Dweezil Zappa and Richie Kotzen. The company's Hurricane won an Editor's Pick Award from Guitar Player for its EL84-driven sound reminiscent of the Vox AC15.

Vox (company)
Vox is a British musical equipment manufacturer founded in 1957 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Dartford, Kent, England. The company is most famous for making the Vox AC30 guitar amplifier, used by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, Queen, Dire Straits, U2, and Radiohead; the Vox Continental electric organ, the Vox wah-wah pedal used by Jimi Hendrix, and a series of innovative electric guitars and bass guitars. Since 1992, Vox has been owned by the Japanese electronics firm Korg.
Madan Saddle
Madan Saddle (Bulgarian: Маданска седловина, ‘Madanska Sedlovina’ \ma-'dan-ska se-dlo-vi-'na\) is a saddle of elevation 1046 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands bounded by Neofit Peak to the northeast and Riggs Peak to the south-southwest.  Overlooking Gramada Glacier to the southeast.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the town of Madan in the Rhodope Mountains, southern Bulgaria.

63°01′37″S 62°36′05″W﻿ / ﻿63.02694°S 62.60139°W﻿ / -63.02694; -62.60139

Neofit Peak
Neofit Peak (Bulgarian: връх Неофит, romanized: vrah Neofit, IPA: [ˈvrɤx nɛˈɔfit]) is an ice-covered peak rising to 1657 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Situated 1.12 km south-southwest of Slaveykov Peak, 3.1 km southwest of the summit Mount Foster, 2.38 km northeast of Riggs Peak and 10.98 km northeast of Cape James.  Overlooking Gramada Glacier to the south, and Armira Glacier to the east and southeast.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  Named after the Bulgarian monk, scholar and artist Neofit Rilski (1793–1881) who translated the Bible into modern Bulgarian language.

63°01′08.5″S 62°35′03″W﻿ / ﻿63.019028°S 62.58417°W﻿ / -63.019028; -62.58417
Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
The spread of HIV/AIDS has affected millions of people worldwide; AIDS is considered a pandemic.  The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2016 there were 36.7 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 1.8 million new HIV infections per year and 1 million deaths due to AIDS. Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS arise from several different sources, from simple ignorance and misunderstandings about scientific knowledge regarding HIV infections and the cause of AIDS to misinformation propagated by individuals and groups with ideological stances that deny a causative relationship between HIV infection and the development of AIDS. Below is a list and explanations of some common misconceptions and their rebuttals. Each entry on this list is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated.

Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.

In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from rejecting an organ transplant. Additionally, it is used for treating graft-versus-host disease after a bone marrow transplant, or for the treatment of auto-immune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's disease, or Crohn's disease. This is typically done using medications, but may involve surgery (splenectomy), plasmapheresis, or radiation. A person who is undergoing immunosuppression, or whose immune system is weak for some other reasons (such as chemotherapy or HIV), is said to be immunocompromised.
Sohrani
Sohrani (Persian: سهراني, also Romanized as Sohrānī also in Sindhi as Sindhi: سهرياني) is a village in Rameshk Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 104, in 25 families.

Rameshk Rural District
Rameshk Rural District (Persian: دهستان رمشك) is in Chah Dadkhoda District of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kangaru. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Rameshk, now a city.
Danko Lazović
Danko Lazović (Serbian Cyrillic: Данко Лазовић, pronounced [dâːŋko lâːzoʋitɕ]; born 17 May 1983) is a Serbian football administrator and former player who played as a forward. He represented the Serbia national team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

2006–07 Eredivisie
The 2006–07 Eredivisie season began on August 18, 2006. The season saw PSV Eindhoven quickly building a gap with the other teams. After 20 matches, the club was 11 points ahead of AZ and 12 points ahead of Ajax. The lead quickly dissipated in the 13 matches that followed. A draw of PSV at FC Utrecht in the penultimate round saw AZ and Ajax catching up. The three clubs were all on 72 points from 33 matches, with the AZ on top due to goal difference.

Ajax were second, PSV were third. AZ suffered a shock defeat at league minnows Excelsior Rotterdam in the final round, playing with 10 men after 15 minutes in the game. Ajax won 0–2 against Willem II, and PSV beat Vitesse 5–1. PSV and Ajax both finished on 75 points, but PSV finished first due to a better goal difference (+50, against +49 for Ajax) to end one of the most exciting and closest title races in many years.
Parada kingdom
Pāradas (alternatively Varadas, or Parita) was an Iron age kingdom described in various ancient and classical Indian texts. The exact location of the kingdom is unknown.  The Vayu Purana locates the tribe on the upper course of the Amu Darya (also known as Chaksu) and Syr Darya rivers in Central Asia. The Mahabharata, however, associates the Paradas with the tribes of Uttarapatha, and places them on the Sailoda River in the Xinjiang province of China. Additionally, the Ramayana locates the people in the Himalayas.

It is thought that the Pāradas are connected to the later Paratarajas, an Indo-Parthian dynasty in Pakistan during the 1st-3rd century CE.

Kshatriya
Kshatriya (Sanskrit: क्षत्रिय, romanized: Kṣatriya) (from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority"; also called Rajanya) is one of the four varnas (social orders) of Hindu society and is associated with the warrior aristocracy. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of later Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra.
Minamitane, Kagoshima
Minamitane (南種子町, Minamitane-chō) is a town located on the island of Tanegashima, in Kumage District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 April 2024, the town had an estimated population of 5,249 in 2893 households, and a  population density of 48 persons per km2.  The total area of the town is 109.94 km2 (42.45 sq mi). The main spaceport of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is located at the Tanegashima Space Center in Minamitane.

Tanegashima Space Center
The Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC) is Japan's primary spaceport, covering approximately about 9.7 million square metres (2,400 acres; 970 ha). It is located on the southeastern tip of Tanegashima, the easternmost of the Ōsumi Islands, approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of the major island of Kyushu.

The site was selected on May 24, 1966, and construction began later that year on September 17. Exactly two years later, on September 17, 1968, it hosted its first launch, a small rocket. The facility officially opened on October 1, 1969, coinciding with the establishment of its initial operator, the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA).

Now operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) since its formation in 2003, TNSC is responsible for satellite assembly, as well as launch vehicle testing, launching, and tracking.
Kallmünz
Kallmünz is a municipality in the district of Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany. Located on Naab River about 25 km north of Regensburg, Kallmünz has preserved a beautiful medieval center. The main attractions are the ruins of the Kallmünz Castle above the town on a cliff and the old stone bridge over the Naab River. The Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky and the German expressionist painter Gabriele Münter met in Kallmünz during the summer of 1903. Since then, Kallmünz has been the constant home of a small art colony.

Kallmünz Castle, the seat of the former Counts of Kallmünz, has been fortified since the Bronze Age. Kallmünz also has a medieval bridge bearing masons' marks over the Naab River.

Regensburg (district)
Regensburg is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north, in clockwise direction) the districts of Schwandorf, Cham, Straubing-Bogen, Kelheim and Neumarkt. The city of Regensburg is enclosed by it, but is not part of the district; nonetheless it is its administrative seat.
East Vistas, Alberta
East Vistas is an unincorporated community in central Alberta, Canada within Leduc County. It is located on the north side of Highway 625, 1.6 km (0.99 mi) west of Beaumont, 3.6 km (2.2 mi) northeast of Leduc, 3.2 km (2.0 mi) south of Edmonton, and 0.8 km (0.50 mi) east of the Nisku Industrial Business Park.

Beaumont, Alberta
Beaumont (/ˈboʊmɒnt/ BOH-mont) is a city adjacent to Leduc County within the Edmonton Metropolitan Region of Alberta, Canada. It is at the intersection of Highway 625 and Highway 814, adjacent to the City of Edmonton and 6.0 kilometres (3.7 mi) northeast of the City of Leduc. The Nisku Industrial Park and the Edmonton International Airport are 4.0 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the west and 8.0 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest respectively.

Originally a French-speaking farming community, Beaumont is now a city with 20,888 people. Its downtown core resembles a French village with unique architecture and red brick walkways. It is named for the "beautiful hill" on which St. Vital Church, built in 1919, is located within the centre of the city.  The name was selected in 1895 as part of a petition for a post office.

Beaumont is one of four municipalities in Alberta that are officially bilingual.
Hong Kong Challenge
The Hong Kong Challenge (officially known as the Sun Hung Kai Properties Hong Kong Challenge) is a one-day professional cycling race held annually in Hong Kong since 2017. It is part of UCI Asia Tour in category 1.1.

The race was replaced with Hammer Hong Kong in 2018, and returned in 2023 Hong Kong Cyclothon event.

Hammer Series
The Hammer Series is a series of cycling races organised by Velon in which teams compete against each other to determine the winning formation, instead of individual riders. The races are part of the UCI Asia Tour or UCI Europe Tour in category 2.1 or 1.1. The races consist of three days, with each posing a separate challenge, sprint, climb and Team Time Trial chase. The races are organised by Velon.

The name Hammer refers to a pro cycling term “Drop the Hammer”, which is the moment when a rider decides to make a break away from his rivals.
Hustler Fund
The Hustler Fund, administratively also known as The Financial Inclusion Fund, is a loan project led by the Kenyan government which provides instant loans to Kenyan citizens upon request. The program was launched by President William Ruto in late 2022 with the intention of providing at least $420 million in loans.

Kenyan shilling
The Kenyan shilling (Swahili: shilingi; abbreviation: KSh; ISO code: KES) is the currency of Kenya. It is divided into 100 cents. The Central Bank of Kenya Act cap 491, mandated the printing and minting of the Kenyan currency.
Charlevoix, Michigan
Charlevoix (/ˈʃɑːrləvɔɪ/ SHAR-lə-voy) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Charlevoix County. Part of Northern Michigan, Charlevoix is located on an isthmus between Lake Michigan and Lake Charlevoix, bisected by the short Pine River. Charlevoix serves as the main access point for Beaver Island, the largest island in Lake Michigan, which can be accessed by Island Airways or carferry. The population of Charlevoix was 2,348 at the 2020 census. Charlevoix is mostly surrounded by Charlevoix Township, but the two are administered autonomously.

Boyne City, Michigan
Boyne City (/bɔɪn/) is a city in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,816 at the 2020 census, making it the largest city in Charlevoix County. Boyne City is located at the eastern end of Lake Charlevoix, Michigan's third largest inland lake. The city is also the site of the mouth of the Boyne River, named for the River Boyne in Leinster, Ireland.
Yeh Saali Zindagi
Yeh Saali Zindagi (transl. This damn life) is a 2011 Hindi crime thriller film directed by Sudhir Mishra. The film stars Irrfan Khan, Chitrangada Singh, Arunoday Singh and Aditi Rao Hydari in the lead roles. The film was released on 4 February 2011 to positive reviews but was a below average grosser at the box office.

Manu Rishi
Manu Rishi Chadha (born 3 January 1971) is an Indian actor, lyricist, script and dialogue writer who works in Hindi films. Rishi is trained under theatre director Arvind Gaur for six years. He won the Filmfare Best Dialogue Award in 2009 for Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! He also won the IIFA Best Dialogue Award for Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!.
Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park
The Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna is a national park in Italy. Created in 1993, it covers an area of about 368 square kilometres (142 sq mi), on the two sides of the Apennine watershed between Romagna and Tuscany, and is divided between the provinces of Forlì Cesena, Arezzo and Florence.

It extends around the long ridge, descending steeply along the parallel valleys of the Romagna side and more gradually on the Tuscan side, which has gentler slopes, especially in the Casentino area, which slopes down gradually to the broad valley of the Arno.

On 7 July 2017, in Kraków, the UNESCO Commission included the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve and the Beech Forests included in the perimeter of the park, in the World Heritage List within the serial site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe.

Chestnut orchard
A chestnut orchard  is an open stand of grafted chestnut  (selva castanile) trees for fruit production. In this agroforestry system, trees are usually intercropped with cereals, hay or pasture. These orchards are traditional systems in Canton of Ticino (Switzerland) and Northern Italy, where they are called “selva castanile”. Similar systems can also be found in the Mediterranean region, for example, in France, Greece, Portugal or Spain.
2019 African Handball Super Cup
The 2019 African Handball Super Cup (25th edition), also known as Babacar Fall Super Cup, in honour of the first chairman of the African Handball Confederation, was a handball competition organized by the African Handball Confederation, under the auspices of the International Handball Federation, the handball sport governing body. The matches, held on 4 April 2019 at the Salle Omnisport Al Inbiâat, in Oudja, Morocco, were contested by Zamalek, the 2018 African Handball Champions League winner and Al Ahly, the 2018 African Handball Cup Winners' Cup winner, on the man's side and Clube Desportivo Primeiro de Agosto, the 2018 African Women's Handball Champions League winner and Petro de Luanda, the 2018 African Women's Handball Cup Winners' Cup winner. Zamalek, on the man's side and Primeiro de Agosto, on the woman's side, were the winners.

The winners qualified to the 2019 IHF Super Globe.

2019 IHF Super Globe
The 2019 IHF Super Globe was the thirteenth edition of the IHF Men's Super Globe, a yearly club world championship in handball organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The tournament was held in Dammam, Saudi Arabia from 27 to 31 August 2019.

FC Barcelona won their fifth title after defeating THW Kiel 34–32 in the final.