hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor laser theory
Semiconductor lasers or laser diodes play an important part in our everyday lives by providing cheap and compact-size lasers. They consist of complex multi-layer structures requiring nanometer scale accuracy and an elaborate design. Their theoretical description is important not only from a fundamental point of view, but also in order to generate new and improved designs. It is common to all systems that the laser is an inverted carrier density system. The carrier inversion results in an electromagnetic polarization which drives an electric field . In most cases, the electric field is confined in a resonator, the properties of which are also important factors for laser performance.

Laser diode rate equations
The laser diode rate equations model the electrical and optical performance of a laser diode. This system of ordinary differential equations relates the number or density of photons and charge carriers (electrons) in the device to the injection current and to device and material parameters such as carrier lifetime, photon lifetime, and the optical gain.

The rate equations may be solved by numerical integration to obtain a time-domain solution, or used to derive a set of steady state or small signal equations to help in further understanding the static and dynamic characteristics of semiconductor lasers.

The laser diode rate equations can be formulated with more or less complexity to model different aspects of laser diode behavior with varying accuracy.
Maldives national cricket team
The Maldives National Men's Cricket Team represents the country of Maldives in international cricket. Although they did not become an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) until 2001, they have taken part in the ACC Trophy on every occasion since its inception in 1996. They have never progressed beyond the first round of the tournament. They became an associate member in 2017.

With the separation of the ACC Trophy into Elite and Challenge divisions, following their performance at the 2006 ACC Trophy, the Maldives competed in the Challenge divisions in both 2009 (when they came 3rd) and in the 2010 competition. The 2010 competition marked their first victory in an international tournament, defeating Saudi Arabia by 1 wicket in the final of the competition.

As of February 2024, Pasindu Liyanaarachichi is the National Men's Coach. Azyan Farhath is the National Men's Captain.

Saudi Arabia national cricket team
The Saudi Arabia national cricket team represents Saudi Arabia in international cricket. The team is organized by the Saudi Arabian Cricket Federation, which became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2003 and an associate member in 2016.

Saudi Arabia made its international debut at the 2004 ACC Trophy in Malaysia, and has since played regularly in Asian Cricket Council (ACC) tournaments. After finishing second in the 2014 ACC Elite League, the team qualified for the World Cricket League for the first time. Saudi Arabia was due to compete in the 2015 Division Six event, but members of the team were denied visas by the host country, forcing the team to withdraw.
Geraint Rees
Geraint Ellis Rees is a British scientist who is Vice-Provost of research, innovation & global engagement  at University College London (UCL). Previously he served as Dean of the UCL Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL Pro-Provost (Academic Planning), Pro-Vice-Provost (AI)  and a Professor of Cognitive Neurology at University College London. He is also a Director of UCL Business, a trustee of the Alan Turing Institute, a trustee of the Francis Crick Institute and  a trustee of the Guarantors of Brain.

Until 2021 he was a founding Trustee of the charity in2scienceUK; until 2016 he was a member of the Francis Crick Institute Executive Team; from 2012 - 2014 he was Deputy Head of the UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences, and from 2009 to 2014 the Director of the UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience. He held a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellowship from 2003 to 2018.

UCL Neuroscience
UCL Neuroscience is a research domain that encompasses the breadth of neuroscience research activity across University College London's (UCL) School of Life and Medical Sciences. The domain was established in January 2008, to coordinate neuroscience activity across the many UCL departments and institutes in which neuroscience research takes place. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the UCL neuroscientist John O'Keefe. In two consecutive years 2017 and 2018, the Brain Prize, the world's most valuable prize for brain research at €1m, was awarded to UCL neuroscientists Peter Dayan, Ray Dolan, John Hardy, and Bart De Strooper.

UCL Neuroscience comprises over 450 senior principal investigators and includes 26 Fellows of the Royal Society and 60 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. It is currently ranked second in the world for neuroscience and behaviour by Thomson ISI Essential Science Indicators.
Barbara Stafford
Barbara M. Stafford (born May 7, 1953) is a former member of the Virginia House of Delegates. She won a special election to succeed her husband, Jeff Stafford, who died in office in 1990. Her district included parts of Bland, Giles and Tazewell counties.

In the subsequent 1991 general election, Democrat Grover Jennings defeated Republican Barnes Lee Kidd of Tazewell, but the results were reversed in the 1993 general election, and in 1995 Democrat John H. Tate Jr. defeated Kidd.

G. C. Jennings
Grover Cullen Jennings (April 21, 1939 – June 8, 2020) was an American attorney and politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1982 until 1993, when he was defeated for reelection by Barney Kidd. His father, W. Pat Jennings, was a member of the United States House of Representatives.

Jennings was born in Sugar Grove, Virginia and graduated from Marion High School in Marion, Virginia in 1958. He received his bachelor's degree from Virginia Tech in 1962 and his law degree from University of Richmond School of Law in 1965. Jennings practiced law in Marion, Virginia. He died in an automobile accident in Johnson City, Tennessee.
Uster Technologies
Uster Technologies, in its industry often called USTER, is a Swiss manufacturer of analytical instruments and on-line monitoring systems for the textile industry, based in Uster, Switzerland. It emerged as a management buy-out form of the textile division Zellweger Uster of the Zellweger Luwa Group in 2003. From 2007 until 2012 the company was publicly traded and listed on the main segment of SIX Swiss Exchange. Since 2012 Uster Technologies is a subsidiary of Toyota Industries.

Uster
Uster (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈʊstər]; Zurich German: Uschter, pronounced [uʃːtər]) is a town and the capital of the Uster District in the Swiss canton of Zürich.

The importance of the town of Uster has grown considerably with the construction of the S-Bahn network of the Zürich Transport Network. With over 36,000 inhabitants, it is the third largest town in the canton and is one of the twenty largest towns in Switzerland. Along with Wetzikon, it forms one of the two centres of the Zürcher Oberland. Uster is located next to a lake, called Greifensee.

The official language of Uster is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

The town of Uster received the Wakker Prize in 2001.
2023 Caribbean Baseball Cup
The 2023 Caribbean Baseball Cup was the fourth edition of the Caribbean Baseball Cup, an international baseball tournament organized the Caribbean Baseball Confederation (COCABE), a division of WBSC Americas. The championship was held from 2 to 8 October 2023 in Puerto Rico and was contested in a round-robin format between four national teams: hosts Puerto Rico, Cuba, Curaçao and the United States Virgin Islands.

The schedule initially included six games per team; however, due to heavy rains, only four games per team were played. All games were played over seven innings instead of the usual nine.

Cuba won the championship undefeated with a 4–0 record. Curaçao and Puerto Rico both finished with a 2–2 record, but since Curaçao defeated Puerto Rico 3–0, they secured the silver medal, while Puerto Rico settled for bronze. The U.S. Virgin Islands lost all their games, finishing fourth with a 0–4 record.

Caribbean Baseball Cup
The Caribbean Baseball Cup (Spanish: Copa del Caribe; Papiamento: Kopa Karibe) is a baseball tournament organized by Caribbean Baseball Confederation (COCABE), which is itself a division of WBSC Americas. It serves as a qualifier for higher-level tournaments, such as the Central American and Caribbean Games.

The tournament has served as a testing ground for smaller federations such as the Bahamas and Curaçao, whose players often represent larger national teams such as Great Britain and the Netherlands, respectively. Although not a Caribbean nation, Peru has participated in the tournament three times, winning a silver medal in 2019 and a bronze medal in 2021.
Mourholme
Mourholme, Maurholme, Morhull or Merhull was a manor and castle in north Lancashire, England, in the present parish of Warton, north of Carnforth. The castle of "Merhull" was surrendered to King John in 1216 by Gilbert Fitz Reinfred. It is not known whether it was built of timber or of stone.

The site of the castle was partially excavated in 1975, at which time it had already been damaged by gravel extraction, and the site has since been flooded forming Pine Lake, which lies east of the A6 road and west of the M6 motorway.

The name is preserved in the title of the Mourholme Local History Society: The Society for the Old Parish of Warton, Lancashire, whose area of interest covers the modern parishes of Borwick, Carnforth, Priest Hutton, Silverdale, Warton, Yealand Conyers and Yealand Redmayne. The Society publishes The Mourholme Magazine of Local History.

Borwick
Borwick is a village and civil parish in the City of Lancaster district of Lancashire, England, about 8 miles north of Lancaster, on the Lancaster Canal.  It is situated just south of the border with Cumbria. The parish of Borwick had a population of 210 recorded in the 2001 census, decreasing to 181 at the 2011 Census.

Borwick railway station was on the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway, now Leeds to Morecambe Line, until its closure in 1960.
USS LST-50
USS LST-50 was an LST-1-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II.

LST-50 was laid down on 29 August 1943 at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania by the Dravo Corporation; launched on 16 October 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Tito Tarquinio; and commissioned on 27 November 1943.

Dravo Corporation
Dravo Corporation was an American shipbuilding company with shipyards in Pittsburgh and Wilmington, Delaware. It was founded by Frank and Ralph Dravo in Pittsburgh in 1891. The corporation went public in 1936 and in 1998 it was bought out by Carmeuse for $192 million ($370.4 million today). On March 5, 1942, it became the first corporation to receive the Army-Navy "E" Award for outstanding war time production. Dravo ranked 72nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. By the 1970s, the corporation had moved into the business of building locks and dams on the Ohio River.
Gmina Wąwolnica
Gmina Wąwolnica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Wąwolnica, which lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Puławy and 31 km (19 mi) west of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 62.15 square kilometres (24.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,936 (4,799 in 2015).

Puławy
Puławy (pronounced [puˈwavɨ] ⓘ, also written Pulawy) is a city in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, at the confluence of the Vistula and Kurówka Rivers. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. The city's 2019 population was estimated at 47,417. Its coat of arms is based on Pogonia.

Puławy was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. At that time it was spelled Pollavy, its name probably coming from a Vistula River ford located nearby. The town is a local center of science, industry and tourism, together with nearby Nałęczów and Kazimierz Dolny. Puławy is home to Poland's first permanent museum and is a Vistula River port.

The town has two bridges and four rail stations, and serves as a road junction. Nearby Dęblin has a military airport.
Ruco Chan
Chan Chin-pang (Chinese: 陳展鵬; born 14 January 1977), better known as Ruco Chan, is a Hong Kong actor and singer.

Chan is the first TVB actor to win My Favourite TVB Actor at the StarHub TVB Awards for three consecutive years (2014, 2015, 2016), and is also the first actor to make two consecutive wins for Favourite TVB Actor at the TVB Star Awards Malaysia (2015, 2016). In 2016, Chan won the TVB Anniversary Award for Best Actor with his performance in the action drama A Fist Within Four Walls.

TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Male Character
The TVB Anniversary Award for Most Popular Male Character is one of the TVB Anniversary Awards presented annually by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) to recognize an actor who has delivered a popular performance in a Hong Kong television drama role throughout the designated year. The My Favourite Male Television Role (我最喜愛的電視男角色) was not introduced to the awards ceremony until 2006, nine years after its establishment. In 2013, the name was changed to Most Popular Male Television Role (最受歡迎電視男角色).

The original equivalent of the award was called My Favourite Television Roles of the Year (本年度我最喜愛的電視角色), which was created in 2003. The award was given to 12 winners for both actors and actresses. In 2006, the award was divided into two separate gender categories and reduced to one specific winner.
South Mountain, Texas
South Mountain is a town in Coryell County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, South Mountain had a population of 411. It is part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Temple, Texas
Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States.  As of 2020, the city has a population of 82,073 according to the U.S. census.  Temple lies in the region referred to as Central Texas and is a principal city in the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood metropolitan area, which as of the 2020 Census had a population of 475,367. Located off Interstate 35, Temple is 65 miles (105 km) north of Austin, 34 miles (55 km) south of Waco and 27 miles east of Killeen.
FC Fredericia
Fodbold Club Fredericia af 1991 (Danish pronunciation: [fʁeðɐˈʁetɕæ, fʁæðɐˈʁætɕæ]), simply known as FC Fredericia, is a professional association football club based in the town of Fredericia, Denmark, that competes in the Danish Superliga, the top tier of the Danish football league system. Founded in 1991 as a merger between Fredericia fF and Fredericia KFUM, it is affiliated to DBU Jutland. The team plays its home matches at Fredericia Stadium, named Monjasa Park for sponsorship reasons, where it has been based since 2006.

In 2002, Fredericia fF pulled out of the merger, which means that FC Fredericia today continues to be the professional branch of Fredericia KFUM. Despite this, FC Fredericia has enjoyed considerable success since its foundation as they have risen through the pyramid; from their inception when they competed in the Denmark Series, the fourth tier of Danish football.

Danish 1st Division
The 1st Division (1. Division) is the second-highest football league in Denmark, also known as Betinia LIGA for sponsorship reasons. From 1945 to 1991, the 1. Division was the name of the highest level of football in Denmark. With the formation of the Danish Superliga, the 1st Division became the second tier of Danish football. While all the teams in the Superliga are full-time professional the 1. Division has a mixture of full-time professional and semi-professional teams.

The top-ranking teams each year win promotion to the Superliga, while the bottom finishers get relegated to the Danish 2nd Division.

Viaplay broadcasts all matches from the league.
Vikna Wind Farm
Vikna Wind Farm (Norwegian: Vikna vindmøllepark) was a wind farm located on Husfjellet, just west of the village of Garstad on the island Mellom-Vikna in Nærøysund Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The wind farm consisted of five wind turbines, with an installed capacity of 2.2 megawatts (3,000 hp) (calculated as 3 x 0.4 MW + 2 x 0.5 MW), with an average annual production of 5.8 gigawatt-hours (21 TJ). The wind farm began operation in 1991 and was owned by Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk. It was decommissioned in 2015.

Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk
Nord-Trøndelag Elektrisitetsverk or NTE is a power company serving northern Trøndelag county in Norway and owned by the local governments of 19 municipalities that it serves. NTE is one of the largest producers of electricity in Norway, with an annual production of 3.4 terawatt-hours (12 PJ) per year (2013). In addition, the company is a provider of electrical installation and electrical application retailing as well as optic fiber broadband. The company has its headquarters in Steinkjer.
Natalie Harp
Natalie Joy Harp is an American political aide and former television presenter who has served as the executive assistant to the president since 2025.

Harp graduated from Point Loma Nazarene University and from Liberty University in 2015 with an MBA. In 2019, she rose to prominence on Fox News after praising president Donald Trump for signing into law a federal right-to-try law that she claimed allowed her to access experimental treatments, saving her life. Trump invited Harp to serve as a member of the advisory board for his 2020 presidential campaign and to speak at the 2020 Republican National Convention. Harp worked for One America News Network, a far-right television channel, from 2020 to 2022. She later became an aide for Trump, exerting influence over his communications.

In January 2025, Trump named Harp as his executive assistant to the president.

All or Nothing (book)
All or Nothing: How Trump Recaptured America is a book by Michael Wolff. It was published by Crown Publishing Group in 2025. This book is the fourth in a series by Wolff updating information on the then-upcoming second presidency of Donald Trump and focuses on the lead up to him winning the 2024 United States presidential election.
Gegeol radish
Gegeolmu, or gegeol radish, is a variety of white radish. It is a round, pungent radish with a thick rind and firm flesh that does not get soft even after a few years of storage as kimchi.

Being a speciality crop of Icheon and Yeoju in Korea, gegeol radish has been included in the Ark of Taste, an international catalogue of endangered heritage foods.

Cheong (food)
Cheong (Korean: 청; Hanja: 淸) is a name for various sweetened foods in the form of syrups, marmalades, and fruit preserves. In Korean cuisine, cheong is used as a tea base, as a honey or sugar substitute in cooking, as a condiment, and also as an alternative medicine to treat the common cold and other minor illnesses.

Originally, the word cheong (청; 淸) was used to refer to honey in Korean royal court cuisine. The name jocheong (조청; 造淸; "crafted honey") was given to mullyeot (liquid-form yeot) and other human-made honey-substitutes. Outside the royal court, honey was called kkul (꿀), which is a native Korean (non-Sino-Korean) word.
Flag of Belgium
The national flag of the Kingdom of Belgium is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13∶15, and therefore, unlike the flags of Switzerland and the Vatican City, it is not a perfect square.

In 1830, the flag, at that time non-officially, consisted of three horizontal bands, with the colors red, yellow and black. On 23 January 1831, the National Congress enshrined the tricolor in the Constitution, but did not determine the direction and order of the color bands. As a result, the "official" flag was given vertical stripes with the colors black, yellow and red.

United Belgian States
The United Belgian States (Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten; French: États-Belgiques-Unis), also known as the United States of Belgium, was a short-lived confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) established under the Brabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor, Joseph II.

United Belgian States' area coincided between 1789 and 1790 with the western and central part of present-day Belgium. Before that, it corresponded to the largest part of the Austrian Netherlands, that is to say, regions within the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs.
Imagination Unlimited
Imagination Unlimited is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty, first published in hardcover by Farrar, Straus & Young in 1952. As originally published, the anthology includes thirteen stories by various authors, with an introduction and four brief essays by the editors. In the UK The Bodley Head published the work as two separate anthologies in 1953, one, containing the first six stories, under the same title as the American edition and the other, containing the remaining seven stories, as Men of Space and Time. The anthology was also reprinted in an abridged paperback edition containing seven of the stories by Berkley Books in April, 1959. Only the original edition included the introduction and the essays.

Ten of the stories collected originally appeared in the magazine Astounding; the others came from Thrilling Wonder Stories, Imagination and Galaxy Science Fiction.

Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. Since 1993, the publisher has been a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.
Pepe Jaramillo
Pepe Jaramillo (born José Jaramillo García; born October 27, 1921, Lerdo, Durango, Mexico; died April 30, 2001, Andalucía, Spain) was a notable Mexican pianist, composer, arranger, and recording artist. He was most active in London as an EMI recording artist in the 1960s and 1970s. Born in Lerdo, Durango, he began his professional music career playing in night clubs in Mexico City. Relocating to London, England, in his thirties, his many recordings and acclaimed concert appearances brought him international fame. At the age of 79, Jaramillo died of anemia in his sleep at his villa in Andalusia, Spain. Online, and within other sources, Jaramillo has often been confused with an Ecuadorean singer of the same name.

Geoff Love
Geoffrey Love (4 September 1917 – 8 July 1991) was a prolific British band leader, musical director, and arranger of easy listening instrumental versions of popular music and film themes. He provided accompanying music for recordings for many vocalists. Starting in the late 1950s, he recorded under the stage name Manuel and the Music of the Mountains. He also recorded under his own name.
Angel of the Night
Angel of the Night is the second studio album by American R&B singer Angela Bofill. It was produced by GRP Records label heads Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen.

The album was digitally remastered and re-released on 2001 by Buddah Records.

GRP Records
GRP® Records (Grusin-Rosen Productions) is a jazz record label founded by Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen in 1978. Distributed by Verve Records, GRP® was originally known for its digital recordings that focuses on its jazz genre.