hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Landau-Mignotte bound
In algebra, a Landau–Mignotte bound (sometimes only referred to as Mignotte's bound) is one of a family of inequalities concerning a univariate integer polynomial f(x) and one of its factors h(x). A basic version states that the coefficients of h(x) are bounded independently of h(x) by an exponential expression involving only the degree and coefficients of f(x), i.e. only depending on f(x).

It has applications in computer algebra where these bounds can give a priori estimates on the run time and complexity of algorithms.

Euler's totient function
In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer  that are relatively prime to . It is written using the Greek letter phi as  or , and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers  in the range  for which the greatest common divisor  is equal to 1. The integers  of this form are sometimes referred to as totatives of .

For example, the totatives of  are the six numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8. They are all relatively prime to 9, but the other three numbers in this range, 3, 6, and 9 are not, since  and . Therefore, . As another example,  since for  the only integer in the range from 1 to  is 1 itself, and .

Euler's totient function is a multiplicative function, meaning that if two numbers  and  are relatively prime, then .
This function gives the order of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n (the group of units of the ring ). It is also used for defining the RSA encryption system.
Church Key
"Church Key" is an instrumental single that was released by California surf group The Revels on Tony Hilder's Impact Records label in 1960. It was a hit for the group and later a hit for Dave Myers and his Surf-Tones.

The title refers to the slang use of "church key" to mean a device for opening beer cans or beer bottles.

Robert Hafner
Robert Hafner (April 8, 1932 – October 12, 2013) was an American record producer and songwriter who, along with Tony Hilder, was responsible for many of the surf records that came out in California in the 1960s including "Vesuvius" and "Intoxica" by The Revels. He also contributed to the music for the film The Exiles. Music historian and author Robert Dalley said that he had a definite place in surf history.
The Hundreds
The Hundreds is a streetwear brand founded in Los Angeles in 2003 by law school classmates Bobby Kim and Ben Shenassafar. The Hundreds also sells a print magazine, footwear and eyewear. In 2011, Complex magazine named The Hundreds as the fifth-greatest streetwear brand.

Streetwear
Streetwear is a style of casual clothing that gained global popularity in the 1990s. Emerging from the fusion of New York hip-hop fashion and Californian surf culture, it evolved to incorporate elements of sportswear, punk, skateboarding, 1980s nostalgia, and Japanese street fashion.

Streetwear is commonly linked to exclusivity, as many brands limit production through artificial scarcity to drive demand. This has led to practices such as limited edition releases and resale markets. In the 21st century, streetwear intersected with haute couture, as luxury fashion houses adopted streetwear influences, while streetwear brands incorporated aspects of high fashion including runway presentation, designer collaborations, and premium branding.
Joe Watts
Joseph Watts (born 1942), also known as "The German", is an associate of the Gambino crime family. He was a close confidant of former boss John Gotti and participated in the infamous 1985 assassination of Paul "Big Paul" Castellano. Watts was not a made man due to being only Italian on his maternal side, while being German, Welsh on his paternal side.

After caporegime Tommy Bilotti was murdered, Watts was given Bilotti's black book for his loansharking operation, which made him a millionaire and a good earner for the Gambino family. Watts also insisted that Gotti should put a hit on his brother, Joey Bilotti as well. However, Bilotti accepted the fate of his brother and did not retaliate, therefore killing him was unnecessary.

In 2011, Watts was convicted for his part in a 1989 murder conspiracy ordered by John Gotti, and sentenced to 13 years in prison. He served his sentence at FCI Cumberland, and was released from prison on January 14, 2022.

Paul Castellano
Constantino Paul Castellano (Italian: [kastelˈlaːno]; June 26, 1915 – December 16, 1985) was an American crime boss who succeeded Carlo Gambino as head of the Gambino crime family of New York City. Castellano ran the organization from 1976 until his murder on December 16, 1985.
2025 J2 League
The 2025 J2 League, also known as the 2025 Meiji Yasuda J2 League (Japanese: 2025 明治安田J2リーグ, Hepburn: 2025 Meiji Yasuda J2 Rīgu) for sponsorship reasons, was the 27th season of the J2 League, the second-tier Japanese professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1999. This was also the eleventh season of the league since its rebrand from J.League Division 2.

RB Omiya Ardija
RasenBallsport Omiya Ardija or RB Ōmiya Ardija (RB大宮アルディージャ, Arubi Ōmiya Arudīja) is a Japanese professional association football club based in Ōmiya, Saitama Prefecture. Its "hometown" (as designated by the league) is shared with neighbours Urawa Red Diamonds. The team currently play in J2 League, the Japanese second tier of professional football, after promotion from the third tier in 2024.

The club was known as Ōmiya Ardija (大宮アルディージャ, Ōmiya Arudīja), before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in late November 2024 who renamed the club.
Greg Brillantes
Gregorio Concepcion Brillantes (December 18, 1932 – September 26, 2025) was a Filipino writer best known for his English-language short stories. His 1980 short story “The Apollo Centennial” is particularly considered a "pathbreaking story" in Philippine Science Fiction.

Widely considered one of the most influential voices in Philippine English fiction, he received numerous awards during his lifetime, including the Free Press Literary Awards, the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Gawad CCP Para sa Sining, the writers’ union of the Philippines, the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas' Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas, and the Ateneo De Manila University's Tanghal ng Lahi Award; and was inducted to the hall of fame of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature.

N. V. M. Gonzalez
Néstor Vicente Madali González (8 September 1915 – 28 November 1999) was a Filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet. Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997.
2008 Arkansas Twisters season
The 2008 Arkansas Twisters season was the franchise's ninth season as a football franchise in the arenafootball2 league. The National Conference team, led by head coach Chris Siegfried, played their home games on Allstate Field at Alltel Arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas. The Diamonds finished the 2008 regular season with an 11–5 record and 2nd place in the Central Division. The team's playoff run ended in the first round with a 55–68 loss to the Central Valley Coyotes.

Chris Siegfried
Chris Siegfried is an American football coach and administrator. He was previously the offensive coordinator of the Jacksonville Sharks (2010) and Kansas City Brigade (2007), teams in the Arena Football League, the head coach of the Spokane Shock (2006), the South Georgia Wildcats (2005), and the West Texas Desert Hawks (2024), and the Cape Fear Wildcats (2002–2004) and Arkansas Twisters of the af2. While at Spokane, he led the first-year expansion team to a 14–2 regular season record and the ArenaCup Championship.
Battle of Medina Ridge
The Battle of Medina Ridge was a tank battle fought on February 27, 1991, during the Gulf War, between the U.S. 1st Armored Division and the 2nd Brigade of the Iraqi Republican Guard's Medina Luminous Division outside Basra, Iraq. The U.S. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, another major contributor, led the attack. Iraq's Motorized Division also participated. Medina Ridge is the name American troops gave to an approximately seven miles (11 km) long low rise.

The battle was fought for over two hours, making it the largest tank battle of the Gulf War. The battle took place west of phase line Kiwi, east of phase line Smash, and north of phase line Grape. Phase lines are map references occurring every few kilometers used to measure progress of an offensive operation.

Montgomery Meigs (born 1945)
Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (11 January 1945 – 6 July 2021) was a United States Army general. He was named for his triple great-granduncle, Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs, the father of Arlington National Cemetery, and for his father Lieutenant Colonel Montgomery Meigs, a World War II tank commander who was killed in action one month before Meigs was born.
Colterol
Colterol is a short-acting β2-adrenoreceptor agonist.   Bitolterol, a prodrug for colterol, is used in the management of bronchospasm in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Patents:

Beta2-adrenergic agonist
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, also known as adrenergic β2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic receptor. Like other β adrenergic agonists, they cause smooth muscle relaxation. β2 adrenergic agonists' effects on smooth muscle cause dilation of bronchial passages, vasodilation in muscle and liver, relaxation of uterine muscle. They are primarily used to treat asthma and other pulmonary disorders. Bronchodilators are considered an important treatment regime for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are usually used in combination with short acting medications and long acting medications in a combined inhaler.
Orange-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Orange-1 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Orange-1 District includes all of the Orange County towns of Chelsea, Corinth, Orange, Vershire, Washington, and Williamstown.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Orange-1 District had a population of 8,577 in that same census, 5.65% above the state average.

Corinth, Vermont
Corinth (/kəˈrɪnθ/ kə-RINTH) is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States.  The population was 1,455 at the 2020 census.

Local services include a general store, post office, doctor's office, library, and ball field.
July 31 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 30 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - Aug. 1

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on August 13 by Old Calendar.

For July 31st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 18.

July 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
July 17 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - July 19

All fixed commemorations below are celebrated on July 31 by Old Calendar.

For July 18th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on July 5.
Bénabar
Bruno Nicolini (born 16 June 1969), better known by his stage name Bénabar, is a French songwriter and singer, who could be compared to Vincent Delerm and other singers from his generation. As many of them he was influenced by Georges Brassens, Renaud, Jacques Higelin and also Tom Waits. His songs describe day-to-day life events with humour and a tender cynicism. His songs are influenced by French chanson and a heavy influence is placed on the piano or the accordion and on typical French fanfare (brass band) for the most upbeat of them. This genre of music is very typically French and differs from most in that emphasis is placed on appreciation of the lyrics and that it is linked to a specific culture of modern "guinche" (slang for "guinguette") appreciated a lot by Bobos among others.

Georges Brassens
Georges Charles Brassens (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ(ə) ʃaʁl bʁasɛ̃s]; Occitan: [ˈbɾasens]; 22 October 1921 – 29 October 1981) was a French singer-songwriter and poet.

An iconic figure in France, George Brassens is regarded as one of the most accomplished artists who has profoundly shaped French music and culture. He achieved fame through his elegant songs, characterised by harmonically complex music for voice and guitar, as well as articulate and diverse lyrics. He is considered one of France's most accomplished postwar poets. He also set to music poems by both relatively obscure poets and such well-known ones as Louis Aragon (Il n'y a pas d'amour heureux), Victor Hugo (La Légende de la Nonne, Gastibelza), Paul Verlaine, Jean Richepin, François Villon (La Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis), and Antoine Pol (Les Passantes).
Welsh heraldry
Heraldry in Wales has a tradition distinct from that of English and Scottish heraldry. There is evidence that heraldry was already being used in Wales by the middle of the thirteenth century; for instance, in Gwynedd, two sons of Llywelyn the Great are recorded as having borne coats of arms in this period. Following the integration of Wales into England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Welsh heraldic tradition became merged into that of England.

Deheubarth
Deheubarth (Welsh pronunciation: [dɛˈhəɨbarθ]; lit. 'Right-hand Part', thus 'the South') was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: Venedotia). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House of Dinefwr, but that Deheubarth itself was not considered a proper kingdom on the model of Gwynedd, Powys, or Dyfed is shown by its rendering in Latin as dextralis pars or as Britonnes dexterales ("the Southern Britons") and not as a named land. In the oldest British writers, Deheubarth was used for all of modern Wales to distinguish it from Hen Ogledd (Y Gogledd), the northern lands whence Cunedda originated.
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood season 1
The first season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood aired on VH1 from September 15, 2014 until December 9, 2014. It was primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud and Stefan Springman for Eastern TV, and Susan Levison, Nina L. Diaz and Vivian Gomez for VH1.

The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the Hollywood area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 14 episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by Mona Scott-Young.

Lil' Fizz
Dreux Pierre Frédéric (born November 26, 1985) better known by his stage name Lil' Fizz, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and actor best known for being the youngest member and rapper of the R&B group B2K. Formerly, he starred on the television show Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood.
Dikshitar
Dīkṣitars  or Thillai Vazh Anthaanar are a Vedic Shaiva Brahmin servitor community of Tamil Nadu, India, who are based mainly in the town of Chidambaram. Smartha (especially the Vadamas), Sri Vaishnava and other Brahmins in South India also carry the surname Dikshitars, but are different from the Chidambaram Dikshitar.

They are an exclusive group of Brahmins learned in the Vedas and yagnas (sacrifices) who also serve as the hereditary trustees of the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram. They are also called Thillai Muvayiravar or the Three Thousand of Thillai. Every Dikshitar once he is married becomes as of right a trustee and archaka of the Nataraja temple. A practice unique to the community is that the priests wear the tuft of hair in front of the head similar to the Nambuthiri Brahmans of Kerala.

Kutruva Nayanar
Kutruva Nayanar, also known as Kootruva , Kutruva, Kutruvar, Kootruvar,  Kurruva Nayanar, Kurruvar, Kurruvan, Kutruvanar, Kurrrruvar and Kalappalar, was a chieftain of Kalandai and a Nayanar saint, venerated in the Hindu sect of Shaivism. He is generally counted as the 39th in the list of 63 Nayanars. Kutruva is often described as a Jain, who became a devotee of Shiva, the patron god of Shaivism.
Synchronous impedance curve
The synchronous impedance curve (also short-circuit characteristic, SCC) of a synchronous generator is a plot of the output short circuit current as a function of the excitation current or field. The curve is typically plotted alongside the open-circuit saturation curve.

The SCC is almost linear, since under the short-circuit conditions the magnetic flux in the generator is below the iron saturation levels and thus the reluctance is almost entirely defined by the fixed one of the air gap. The name "synchronous impedance curve" is due to the fact that in the short-circuit condition all the generated voltage dissipates across the generator internal synchronous impedance .

The curve is obtained by rotating the generator at the rated RPM with the output terminals shorted and the output current going to 100% of the rated for the device (higher values are typically not tested to avoid overheating).

Excitation (magnetic)
In electromagnetism, excitation is the  process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current.

An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be produced by  permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with field coils, a current must flow in the coils to generate (excite) the field, otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. Field coils yield the most flexible form of magnetic flux regulation and de-regulation, but at the expense of a flow of electric current. Hybrid topologies exist, which incorporate both permanent magnets and field coils in the same configuration. The flexible excitation of a rotating electrical machine is employed by either brushless excitation techniques or by the injection of current by carbon brushes (static excitation).
Grebe River
The Grebe River is a river in Fiordland, New Zealand. It arises north-west of Lake Monowai in an area once part of the lake but cut off by an enormous landslide about 13,000 years ago. The river now flows north, between the Townley Mountains to the west, and the Hunter Mountains to the east, and into Lake Manapouri's South Arm. Its major tributaries are Jaquiery Stream, Florence Stream, Emerald Stream, and Percy Stream, all from the west.

Borland Road runs along much of the Grebe Valley to Lake Manapouri. It was built in 1963 to support a transmission line between the lake and Tiwai Point aluminium smelter. A tramping track runs from the northern end of Lake Monowai to the head of the Grebe and up to the road. The Department of Conservation maintains several huts for trampers in the area.

Whitewater kayaking/canoeing is possible on the last three km of the Grebe, from Percy Valley to Lake Manapouri.

Lake Monowai
Lake Monowai (officially Monowai Lake; Māori: Manokīwai) is a large lake (31 square kilometres or 12 square miles) in the southern part of Fiordland National Park, in New Zealand's South Island, 120 kilometres northwest of Invercargill. At an altitude of 196 metres in a long curved valley, the lake appears on maps shaped like a letter "U". The western part of the lake is set in beautiful mountainous country. It is drained in the northeast by the short Monowai River, which enters the Waiau River eight kilometres to the northeast.
Nicomachus
Nicomachus of Gerasa (Ancient Greek: Νικόμαχος; c. 60 – c. 120 AD)  was an Ancient Greek Neopythagorean philosopher from Gerasa, in the Roman province of Syria (now Jerash, Jordan). Like many Pythagoreans, Nicomachus wrote about the mystical properties of numbers, best known for his works Introduction to Arithmetic and Manual of Harmonics, which are an important resource on Ancient Greek mathematics and Ancient Greek music in the Roman period. Nicomachus' work on arithmetic became a standard text for Neoplatonic education in Late antiquity, with philosophers such as Iamblichus and John Philoponus writing commentaries on it. A Latin paraphrase by Boethius of Nicomachus's works on arithmetic and music became standard textbooks in medieval education.

Aristoxenus
Aristoxenus of Tarentum (Greek: Ἀριστόξενος ὁ Ταραντῖνος; born c. 375, fl. 335 BC) was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher, and a pupil of Aristotle. Most of his writings, which dealt with philosophy, ethics and music, have been lost, but one musical treatise, Elements of Harmony (Greek: Ἁρμονικὰ στοιχεῖα; Latin: Elementa harmonica), survives incomplete, as well as some fragments concerning rhythm and meter. The Elements is the chief source of our knowledge of ancient Greek music.
Clem Tavares
David Clement Tavares Jr. (13 October 1924 – 17 January 1968) was a Jamaican politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica from February 1967 to April 1967 under Donald Sangster.

Tavares was the Member of Parliament of Saint Andrew South Western in 1959. He also was the Minister of Housing in 1962. His nephew, Tom-Tavares-Finson was the President of the Senate. He died in 1968 at the age of 43 from heart complications.A statue in his honor was unveiled in Payne Avenue, St. Andrew, in October 2023.

Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica
Deputy Prime Minister of Jamaica is a senior cabinet-level position in Jamaica.

The deputy prime minister is appointed by the Governor-General of Jamaica 
on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Jamaica.
Anica Mrose Rissi
Anica Mrose Rissi is an American author of children's books and young adult novels. Her first book, Anna, Banana, and the Friendship Split, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2015. Her nonfiction pieces have been published by the New York Times and The Writer magazine.

Starred review
A starred review is a book review marked with a star to denote a book of distinction or particularly high quality. A starred review can help to increase media coverage, bookstore placement and sales of a book.

Outlets that published starred reviews include:

Booklist

The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books

The Horn Book Magazine

Kirkus Reviews

Library Journal

School Library Journal

Publishers Weekly

Shelf Awareness
Coprinopsis
Coprinopsis is a genus of mushrooms in the family Psathyrellaceae. Coprinopsis was split out of the genus Coprinus based on molecular data. The species Coprinopsis cinerea is a model organism for mushroom-forming basidiomycota, and its genome has recently been sequenced completely.

Coprinopsis cinerea
Coprinopsis cinerea is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. Commonly known as the gray shag, it is edible, but must be used promptly after collecting.

Coprinopsis cinerea is an important model organism for studying fungal sex and mating types, mushroom development, and the evolution of multicellularity of fungi. The genome sequence was published in 2010. It is considered to be particularly suited organism to study meiosis, due to its synchronous meiotic development and prolonged prophase.