hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shaw Mills
Shaw Mills is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bishop Thornton, in Nidderdale in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It lies in the valley of Thornton Beck, a tributary of the River Nidd, 6 miles (10 km) north west of Harrogate.

The village probably takes its name from a corn mill kept by one Robert Shaw in the 16th century.  In 1812 John and George Metcalfe began spinning flax in the Low Mill at Shaw Mills  The High Mill and Low Mill both closed by 1861, but in about 1890 were restarted for silk-spinning. The mills closed soon after the First World War.  An industrial settlement developed in the 19th century to serve the mills.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Harrogate, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Nidderdale
Nidderdale, historically also known as Netherdale, is a valley in North Yorkshire, England. It is one of the Yorkshire Dales, which are part of the Pennines. It is named for the River Nidd, which rises on Great Whernside at the head of the dale. Nidderdale is not within the Yorkshire Dales National Park, but is protected as part of the Nidderdale National Landscape.

The only town in the dale is Pateley Bridge.  Other settlements include Wath, Ramsgill, Lofthouse, and Middlesmoor above Pateley Bridge, and Bewerley, Glasshouses, Summerbridge, Dacre, Darley, Birstwith, Hampsthwaite and Kettlesing below Pateley.
Rectified linear unit
In the context of artificial neural networks, the rectifier or ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function is an activation function defined as the non-negative part of its argument, i.e., the ramp function:

where  is the input to a neuron. This is analogous to half-wave rectification in electrical engineering.

ReLU is one of the most popular activation functions for artificial neural networks, and finds application in computer vision and speech recognition using deep neural nets and computational neuroscience.

Logistic function
A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation

where

is the carrying capacity, the supremum of the values of the function;

is the logistic growth rate, the steepness of the curve; and

is the  value of the function's midpoint.

The logistic function has domain the real numbers, the limit as  is 0, and the limit as  is .

The exponential function with negated argument () is used to define the standard logistic function where , which has the equation

and is sometimes simply called the sigmoid function. It is also sometimes called the expit, being the inverse function of the logit.

The logistic function finds applications in a range of fields, including biology (especially ecology), biomathematics, chemistry, demography, economics, geoscience, mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, linguistics, statistics, and artificial neural networks. There are various generalizations, depending on the field.
2-Furanone
2-Furanone is a heterocyclic organic compound. It is also known as γ-crotonolactone (GCL), as it is formally the lactone derived from γ-hydroxyisocrotonic acid. The chemical is colloquially called "butenolide", and is the parent structure for the butenolide class of compounds. It is a colourless liquid.

Furan
Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.  Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans.

Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water.  Its odor is strong and chloroform-like.  It is toxic and may be carcinogenic in humans. Furan is used as a starting point for other speciality chemicals.
John Somers Payne
John Somers Payne (pronunciation: dʒon somɘɹz peɪn; 25 January 1926 – 24 April 2013) was an Irish sport sailor, doyen of Cork Harbour Sailing and two-time Olympian. Payne competed as a member of the Irish National sailing teams in November 1956 and again at the August 1960 Olympics. In the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia Payne competed in the Men's Finn single-handed dinghy category and placed 16th. Four years later at the Olympic Games held off the coast of Naples, Italy, he competed in the same category and placed 18th, in what was his final sailing competition. John Somers Payne, also simply known as 'Somers' was often described by family and friends as an ‘inspiration’, as he was one of the first individuals from the coastal Cork village of Crosshaven to sail into the olympics.

Crosshaven
Crosshaven (Irish: Bun an Tábhairne) is a village in County Cork, Ireland. It is in lower Cork Harbour at the mouth of the River Owenabue, across from Currabinny Wood, 15 km south-east of the centre of Cork city. Originally a fishing village, from the 19th century, the economy of the area became more reliant on a growing tourism industry.
M-Azing
M&M'S Chocolate Bar (formerly known as M-Azing) is a candy bar manufactured by Mars, Incorporated. It is a milk chocolate candy bar with M&M's Minis inside. It has been available in crunchy and peanut butter flavors, in singles and miniatures varieties.

Candy bar
A candy bar is a type of portable candy that is in the shape of a bar.

Many varieties of candy bars exist, and many are mass-produced. Between World War I and the middle of the 20th century, approximately 40,000 brands of candy bars were introduced.
Arena México 57th Anniversary Show
The Arena México 57th Anniversary Show was a major professional wrestling event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) that took place on April 26, 2013, in CMLL's home arena Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico. The event commemorated the 57th anniversary of the completion of Arena México in 1958. Upon its completion Arena Mexico became CMLL's main venue and has served as the host of almost all major shows since then.

Arena México
Arena México is an indoor arena in Mexico City, Mexico, located in the Colonia Doctores neighborhood in the Cuauhtémoc borough. The arena is primarily used for professional wrestling, shows promoted by the promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). The building is called the "cathedral of lucha libre". Arena México has a seating capacity of 16,500 when configured for professional wrestling or boxing events. The current building was completed in 1956, built by Salvador Lutteroth, owner of CMLL at the time and is the largest arena built specifically for wrestling. The building was used as the venue for the boxing competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics, and throughout the last half of the 20th century hosted several large boxing events. The arena also serves as the headquarters for CMLL.
Cortlandt Street station (IRT Sixth Avenue Line)
The Cortlandt Street station was a station at Church Street on the demolished IRT Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had 3 tracks and two side platforms. It was served by trains from the IRT Sixth Avenue Line and opened on June 5, 1878. It closed on December 4, 1938. The next southbound stop was Rector Street. The next northbound stop was Park Place.

IRT Sixth Avenue Line
The IRT Sixth Avenue Line, often called the Sixth Avenue Elevated or Sixth Avenue El, was the second elevated railway in Manhattan in New York City, following the Ninth Avenue Elevated.

The line ran south of Central Park, mainly along Sixth Avenue. Beyond the park, trains continued north on the Ninth Avenue Line.
Walsall Rural District
Walsall was a rural district in Staffordshire, England from 1894 to 1934.

It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on Walsall rural sanitary district, and included the five parishes of Aldridge, Bentley, Great Barr, Pelsall and Rushall.  Four of these parishes were to the east of Walsall, and Bentley was to the west, forming an exclave.

It was subject to increased urban development in the early 20th century and was  abolished in 1934 under a County Review Order.  The parish of Bentley was split between the urban district of Darlaston and the parish of Short Heath (which itself was becoming part of the Willenhall urban district), while the rest of the rural district became the Aldridge urban district, and since 1974 has formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall in the metropolitan county of West Midlands.

Metropolitan Borough of Walsall
The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. It is named after its largest settlement, Walsall, but covers a larger area which also includes Aldridge, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Pelsall and Willenhall.

The borough had an estimated population of 254,500 in 2007.

The borough was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It is bounded on the west by the City of Wolverhampton, the south by the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, to the south east by the City of Birmingham, and by the Staffordshire districts of Lichfield, Cannock Chase and South Staffordshire to the east, north and northwest respectively.  Most of the borough is highly industrialised and densely populated, but areas around the north and east of the borough are open space.
Exotic affine space
In algebraic geometry, an exotic affine space is a complex algebraic variety that is diffeomorphic to  for some n, but is not isomorphic as an algebraic variety to .  An example of an exotic  is the Koras–Russell cubic threefold, which is the subset of  defined by the polynomial equation

Diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of differentiable manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another such that both the function and its inverse are continuously differentiable.
Rune Soldier
Rune Soldier (Japanese: 魔法戦士リウイ, Hepburn: Mahō Senshi Riui; lit. "Magical Soldier Louie") is a Japanese light novel series by Ryo Mizuno, which features the apprentice wizard Louie as the hero. The series takes place on the continent of Alecrast on the world called Forcelia, and is related to the Sword World RPG. It is a sibling series to Record of Lodoss War (also by Mizuno), taking place on a continent north of Lodoss Island.

An anime television series adaptation animated by J.C.Staff aired on Wowow from April to September 2001. There are also two manga adaptations.

J.C.Staff
J.C.Staff Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社ジェー・シー・スタッフ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Jē Shī Sutaffu) is a Japanese animation studio founded in January 1986 by Tomoyuki Miyata, who previously worked at Tatsunoko Production. The studio's first release was  Yōtōden in 1987. They have produced several well-known anime series, such as Aria the Scarlet Ammo, Azumanga Daioh, Bakuman, the A Certain Magical Index franchise (including Railgun and Accelerator), Date A Live III, The Disastrous Life of Saiki K., Edens Zero, The Familiar of Zero, Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest, Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma, Golden Time, Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?, Maid Sama!, Mewkledreamy, One-Punch Man season 2 and 3, Revolutionary Girl Utena, Slayers, Shakugan no Shana, The Pet Girl of Sakurasou, and Toradora!.
Hymenopus coronatus
Hymenopus coronatus is a mantis from the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is known by various common names, including walking flower mantis, orchid-blossom mantis and (pink) orchid mantis. It is one of several species known as flower mantis, a reference to their unique physical form and behaviour, which often involves moving with a "swaying" motion, as if being "blown" in the breeze. Several species have evolved to mimic orchid flowers as a hunting and camouflaging strategy, "hiding" themselves in plain view and preying upon pollinating insects that visit the blooms. They are known to grab their prey with blinding speed.

Edward Bagnall Poulton
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE FLS (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist, a lifelong advocate of natural selection through a period in which many scientists such as Reginald Punnett doubted its importance. He invented the term sympatric for evolution of species in the same place, and in his book The Colours of Animals (1890) was the first to recognise frequency-dependent selection. He is remembered for his pioneering work on animal coloration and camouflage, and in particular for inventing the term aposematism for warning coloration. He became Hope Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford in 1893.
2000 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 2000 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 7, 2000, during a year which coincided with a United States presidential election in which Pennsylvania was viewed as a swing state. Pennsylvania was one of four states that elected Republican Senators despite being won by Al Gore in the concurrent presidential election, the others being Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont.

Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Rick Santorum won re-election to a second term. This was the last time until 2024 where Republicans won the Class 1 Senate seat from Pennsylvania.

2000 United States Senate election in Maine
The 2000 United States Senate election in Maine was held November 7, 2000. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe was re-elected to a second term, defeating Democratic candidate Mark Lawrence.
Bergamot orange
Citrus bergamia, commonly known as the bergamot orange (pronounced /ˈbɜːrɡəmɒt/), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green colour similar to a lime, depending on ripeness.

Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of lemon (itself a hybrid between bitter orange and citron) and bitter orange. Extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea, snus, perfumes, and cosmetics. Use on the skin can increase photosensitivity, resulting in greater damage from sun exposure.

Lemon
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the Citrus genus of the flowering plant family Rutaceae. A true lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange. Its origins are uncertain, but some evidence suggests lemons originated during the 1st millennium BC in what is now northeastern India. Some other citrus fruits are called lemon.

The yellow fruit of the lemon tree is used throughout the world, primarily for its juice. The pulp and rind are used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5–6% citric acid, giving it a sour taste. This makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.

In 2024, world production was 23 million tonnes, led by India and Mexico with 31% of the total.
Stenotaenia
Stenotaenia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Anatolia, the Transcaucasus, and Iran. Their fruit have numerous vittae on their dorsal and commissural surfaces, a trait shared with the genus Opopanax.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
Rötenbach (Friedenweiler)
Rötenbach is a formerly independent village in the Black Forest that has belonged to the municipality of  Friedenweiler since 1 January 1975. About 1,400 of the 2,100 inhabitants of Friedenweiler live in Rötenbach.

Donaueschingen
Donaueschingen (German pronunciation: [ˌdoːnaʊˈʔɛʃɪŋən] ⓘ; Low Alemannic: Eschinge) is a German town in the Black Forest in the southwest of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg in the Schwarzwald-Baar Kreis. It stands near the confluence of the two sources of the river Danube (in German: Donau).

Donaueschingen stands in a basin within low mountainous terrain. It is located about 13 km (8.1 mi) south of Villingen-Schwenningen, 24 km (15 mi) west of Tuttlingen, and about 30 km (19 mi) north of the Swiss town of Schaffhausen. In 2015 the population was 21,750, making it the second largest town in the district (Kreis) of Schwarzwald-Baar. It is a regional rail hub.
Bone scintigraphy
A bone scan or bone scintigraphy /sɪnˈtɪɡrəfi/ is a nuclear medicine imaging technique used to help diagnose and assess different bone diseases. These include cancer of the bone or metastasis, location of bone inflammation and fractures (that may not be visible in traditional X-ray images), and bone infection (osteomyelitis).

Nuclear medicine provides functional imaging and allows visualisation of bone metabolism or bone remodeling, which most other imaging techniques (such as X-ray computed tomography, CT) cannot. Bone scintigraphy competes with positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of abnormal metabolism in bones, but is considerably less expensive. Bone scintigraphy has higher sensitivity but lower specificity than CT or MRI for diagnosis of scaphoid fractures following negative plain radiography.

Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine (nuclear radiology) is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear imaging is, in a sense, radiology done inside out, because it records radiation emitted from within the body rather than radiation that is transmitted through the body from external sources like X-ray generators. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For this reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
Troad
The Troad (/ˈtroʊˌæd/ or /ˈtroʊəd/; Greek: Τρωάδα, Troáda) or Troas (/ˈtroʊəs/; Ancient Greek: Τρῳάς, Trōiás or Τρωϊάς, Trōïás) is a historical region in northwestern Anatolia. It corresponds with the Biga Peninsula (Turkish: Biga Yarımadası) in the Çanakkale Province of modern Turkey. Bounded by the Dardanelles to the northwest, by the Aegean Sea to the west and separated from the rest of Anatolia by the massif that forms Mount Ida, the Troad is drained by two main rivers, the Scamander (Karamenderes) and the Simoeis, which join at the area containing the ruins of Troy.

Mount Ida (Turkey)
Mount Ida (Turkish: Kazdağı, pronounced [kazdaɯ], meaning "Goose Mountain", Kaz Dağları, or Karataş Tepesi, Greek: Ίδα) is a mountain in northwestern Turkey, some 20 mi (32 km) southeast of the ruins of Troy, along the north coast of the Edremit Gulf. It is between Balıkesir Province and Çanakkale Province.
1964 Curtis Cup
The 13th Curtis Cup Match was played on 11 and 12 September 1964 at Royal Porthcawl Golf Club in Porthcawl, Wales. The United States won by 101⁄2 matches to 71⁄2, to retain the Curtis Cup. This was the first Curtis Cup with two sets of matches, increasing the number of points available from 9 to 18.

The teams were level after the first day. The British Isles won two of the three foursomes matches but the United States won three of the six singles with another match halved. The teams were still level after the second day foursomes but the United States won four of the six singles with another halved, to win by three points.

Curtis Cup
The Curtis Cup is the best known team trophy for women amateur golfers, awarded in the biennial Curtis Cup Match. It is co-organised by the United States Golf Association and The R&A and is contested by teams representing the United States and "Great Britain and Ireland". The same two teams originally contested the Ryder Cup, but unlike that competition, the Curtis Cup has not widened the Great Britain and Ireland team to include all Europeans (nor has the analogous event for amateur men, the Walker Cup). Many women who have gone on to become stars of women's professional golf have played in the Curtis Cup.
Gambaga flycatcher
The Gambaga flycatcher (Muscicapa gambagae) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae.
It is sparsely distributed across the Sudan (region) and the Arabian Highlands.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland of low to medium canopy height.

It is similar in appearance to the spotted flycatcher, but can be distinguished by its smaller size and less distinct streaking.

Spotted flycatcher
The spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family.  It breeds in most of Europe and in the Palearctic to Siberia, and is migratory, wintering in Africa and south western Asia. It is declining in parts of its range.

This is an undistinguished looking bird with long wings and tail. The adults have grey-brown upperparts and whitish underparts, with a streaked crown and breast, giving rise to the bird's common name. The legs are short and black, and the bill is black and has the broad but pointed shape typical of aerial insectivores. Juveniles are browner than adults and have spots on the upperparts.
1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I – Pool B
Group A of the 1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I was one of two pools in the Asia/Oceania Zone Group I of the 1996 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top two teams advancing to the knockout stage and the bottom team being relegated down to Group II for 1997.

1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I – Knockout Stage
The Knockout Stage of the 1996 Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I was the final stage of the Zonal Competition involving teams from Asia and Oceania. Those that qualified for this stage placed first and second in their respective pools.

The four teams were then randomly drawn into a two-stage knockout tournament, with the winner advancing to the World Group II Play-offs.
Manhattan Madness (1916 film)
Manhattan Madness is a 1916 silent film comedy directed by Allan Dwan and starring Douglas Fairbanks. It was produced by Fine Arts Film Company and distributed by Triangle Film Corporation.

The film is preserved at George Eastman House and Museum of Modern Art.

Triangle Film Corporation
Triangle Film Corporation (also known as Triangle Motion Picture Company) was a major American motion-picture studio, founded in July 1915 in Culver City, California and terminated 7 years later in 1922.
Orthanes
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Orthanes or Orthannes (Ancient Greek: Ορθάν(ν)ης, romanized: Orthán(n)ēs) is a minor fertility and phallic god worshipped in Athens and the island of Imbros in the Aegean Sea. Little is known about Orthanes, his mythology and cult. Orthanes was seen as an ithyphallic god in the likes of Priapus, the fertility god with the enlarged genitalia. His imagery was used on coins from Imbros.

Pauly encyclopedias
The Pauly encyclopedias or the Pauly-Wissowa family of encyclopedias, are a set of related encyclopedias on Greco-Roman topics and scholarship. The first of these, Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft in Alphabetischer Ordnung or Ur-Pauly (1839–1852), was begun by compiler August Pauly. Other encyclopedias in the set include Pauly–Wissowa (1890–1978), Little Pauly (1964–1975), and The New Pauly (1996–2012).