hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Freeview UK
Freeview is the collection of free-to-air services on the digital terrestrial television platform in the United Kingdom. The service was launched at 5 am on 30 October 2002 and is jointly operated by its five equal shareholders – BBC, ITV, Channel 4, BSkyB and transmitter operator Arqiva.

U&Dave
U&Dave is a British free-to-air television channel owned by UKTV, a subsidiary of BBC Studios. It is known for broadcasting modern comedy and factual programming, with both original production and repeats.

Launched in October 1998 as UK Gold Classics, the channel would undergo various identity and format changes before adopting the Dave branding on 15 October 2007. It was renamed U&Dave in July 2024 to mark the streaming service UKTV Play being renamed as U.

U&DaveJaVu is its sister timeshift channel. Unlike other commercial channels, it doesn't have a "+1" next to it and is named after the term déjà vu.
Smooth R&B
Smooth R&B is mellow R&B.

Smooth jazz - a mellower type of jazz, similar to R&B.

Slow jam - a ballad commonly marketed as R&B; sometimes has overlap with smooth jazz.

Urban adult contemporary - a radio format consisting mostly of R&B music. Some radio stations use "Smooth R&B" as their branding or tagline.

Smooth jazz
Smooth jazz is a commercially oriented style crossover jazz music. Although often described as a “genre,” it remains a debated and sometimes controversial topic among jazz musicians and critics. As a radio format, however, smooth jazz radio became the successor to easy listening music on radio station programming from the mid-1970s through the early 1990s.
AFC Rocar București
Rocar București was a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest, founded in 1953 and dissolved in 2009. The club had a meteoric appearance in the forefront of Romanian football. Promoted in 1999, the club from Drumul Găzarului Street in the Berceni Neighborhood, has made way back two years later. Also, Rocar reached the Cupa României final in the 2000–01 season.

1988–89 Divizia C
The 1988–89 Divizia C was the 33rd season of Liga III, the third tier of the Romanian football league system.

The format has been maintained to twelve series, each of them having 16 teams. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia B and the last two places from each series relegated to County Championship.
Bullfrog Road Bridge
The Bullfrog Road Bridge is a historic bridge between Emmitsburg, Frederick County and Taneytown, Carroll County in Maryland. The bridge crosses the Monocacy River on Bullfrog Road between the two counties. The bridge is a steel Parker through truss structure and is 183 feet in length and 16 feet-5 inches in width. It was built in 1908, by the York Bridge Company of York, Pennsylvania.

The Bullfrog Road Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Monocacy River
The Monocacy River (/məˈnɒkəsi/) is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is 58.5 miles (94.1 km) long, with a drainage area of about 970 square miles (2,500 km2). It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac.

The name "Monocacy" comes from the Shawnee name for the river Monnockkesey, which translates to "river with many bends." (However, another local tradition asserts that "Monocacy" means "well-fenced garden" in an Indian language.)

The Monocacy National Battlefield lies alongside part of the river, marking an 1864 engagement during the American Civil War, the Battle of Monocacy Junction. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal crosses over the river at the Monocacy Aqueduct, the largest of the 11 aqueducts on the canal.

Confluence of Monocacy and Potomac Rivers by the Monocacy Aqueduct
Poppy Adams
Poppy Adams is a British television documentary director/producer and novelist. She has made films for the BBC, Channel 4 and The Discovery Channel. Her first novel, The Behaviour of Moths (2008), was shortlisted for the Costa First Novel Award in the 2008 Costa Book Awards.

Adams attended the Dragon School in Oxford, England, and later received a degree in Natural Sciences from Durham University. She has made films for the BBC, Channel 4, and the Discovery Channel. The Behaviour of Moths has been read on the BBC's Book at Bedtime over ten episodes on Radio 4 by Stephanie Cole. She has also featured on the BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour.

Poppy Adams lives with her husband and three children in London.

Dragon School
The Dragon School is a private school across two sites in Oxford, England. The Dragon Pre-Prep (children aged 4–7) and Prep School (children aged 8–13) are both co-educational schools. The Dragon Prep School was founded in 1877 as the Oxford Preparatory School. It takes day pupils and boarders.

Originally established for boys, the Dragon School also accepted a small number of day girls with a close connection to the school, first admitting girls as boarders in 1994. The school educates children aged 4 to 13 in two sites in North Oxford: Bardwell Road and Richards Lane. Boarding starts at 8, and there are 10 boarding houses, including one weekly-boarding house. Dragon Lane runs along the edge of the school immediately to the west.
Cervarese Santa Croce
Cervarese Santa Croce is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Venice and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of Padua. The communal seat is in the frazione of Fossona.

Cervarese Santa Croce borders the following municipalities: Montegalda, Montegaldella, Rovolon, Saccolongo, Teolo, Veggiano.

The Castello di San Martino, on the Bacchiglione river, is a medieval castle surrounded by a park, a popular destination for walks.

Montegalda
Montegalda is a town in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, Italy. It is east of SP20.

It borders with the other commune of Montegaldella, separated by the Bacchiglione river.

Sights in Montegalda include the Castello Grimani-Sorlini, perched on top of a hill near the town centre and the only castle within a radius of 16 kilometres (10 mi); it is privately owned.
Eastern Market, Melbourne
The Eastern Market (also known as Paddys Market) was one of the three markets established in central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in the 1840s. It operated from 1847 until the demolition of its buildings in 1960.

The Market began as a general second-hand market but went through several changes of use over its 113 years of operation including as a fruit and vegetable market, entertainment precinct and town square. It declined in popularity and importance as the Queen Victoria Market took away trade from both the Eastern and Western Market.

Bourke Street
Bourke Street is one of the main streets in the Melbourne central business district and a core feature of the Hoddle Grid. It was traditionally the entertainment hub of inner-city Melbourne, and is now also a popular tourist destination and tram thoroughfare.

During the Marvellous Melbourne era, Bourke Street was the location of many of the city's theatres and cinemas. Today it continues as a major retail shopping precinct with the Bourke Street Mall running between Elizabeth and Swanston Streets, numerous offices to the west end and restaurants to the east. Its liveliness and activity has often been contrasted with the sobering formality of nearby Collins Street. For this reason, "Busier than Bourke Street" is a popular colloquialism denoting a crowded or busy environment.

Bourke Street is named for Irish-born British Army officer Sir Richard Bourke, who served as the Governor of New South Wales from 1831 and 1837 during the drafting of the Hoddle Grid.
Fathollah Mojtabaei
Fathollah Mojtabaei (Persian: فتح‌الله مجتبایی; born December 10, 1927, Tehran) is an Iranian author and historian. He is a permanent member of Academy of Persian Language and Literature and a member of the faculty of the Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.

Shahnameh
The Shahnameh is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran. Consisting of some 50,000 distichs or couplets (two-line verses), the Shahnameh is one of the world's longest epic poems, and the longest epic poem created by a single author. It tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of Iran from the creation of the world until the Muslim conquest in the seventh century. Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the greater region influenced by Persian culture such as Armenia, Dagestan, Georgia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan celebrate this national epic.

The work is of central importance in Persian culture and Persian language. It is regarded as a literary masterpiece, and definitive of the ethno-national cultural identity of Iran.
Lückentheorie
"Lückentheorie" (German pronunciation: [ˈlʏkən.teoˌʁiː], gap theory), is a term proposed by German jurist and politician Friedrich Julius Stahl. It was employed by Otto von Bismarck in order to resolve the constitutional conflict in Prussia from 1862-1866 with the Landtag in the favor of the King. The theory implied that when the Prussian Constitution of 1850 did not come to an agreement on the vote of the budget, there is a legal gap that can be filled by the "monarchical principle". The Lückentheorie affirms the King as the sole one with the power to decide on matters of the Constitution, and that the King could overrule Landtag opposition. Since the Minister President of Prussia belonged to the royal government, as an extension of the King, he was by extension superior to the Landtag in case of conflict.

Constitution of Prussia (1850)
The 1850 Constitution of Prussia was an amended version of the 1848 Constitution. Unlike the earlier version that King Frederick William IV had unilaterally imposed on the Kingdom of Prussia on 5 December 1848, the 1850 revision was a cooperative effort between the new Prussian Parliament, the King and his ministers. The changes they made to the 1848 Constitution were mostly relatively minor. The king remained in a position of dominance over the three branches of government, and Parliament had no control over the military, but liberal elements such as the catalogue of fundamental rights, the introduction of jury courts and certain limitations on the monarch's power remained in place.

The 1850 Constitution, frequently modified, was the fundamental law of Prussia until the end of the German Empire in 1918.
Gmina Krzykosy
Gmina Krzykosy is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Środa County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Krzykosy, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Środa Wielkopolska and 45 km (28 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

The gmina covers an area of 110.46 square kilometres (42.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,500.

Środa Wielkopolska
Środa Wielkopolska (Polish: [ˈɕrɔda vjɛlkɔˈpɔlska]; until 1968 Środa) is a town in western-central Poland, situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Poznań, with 22,001 inhabitants (2009). It is the seat of Środa County, and of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska (a district within the county).
Nandini Chakravorty
Nandini Chakravorty (born 10 June 1969) is an Indian Administrative Service officer of 1994 batch (West Bengal) cadre. She is currently serving as the Chief Secretary of West Bengal since 1 January 2026, becomes first woman chief secretary of West Bengal.

Chief secretary (India)
The Chief Secretary is the highest-ranking executive official and civil servant of the government of an Indian state. The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre Indian Administrative Service and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the chief minister on all matters of state administration.

The Chief Secretary is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the Indian order of precedence. The Chief Secretary acts as an ex-officio secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called "Secretary to the Cabinet". The status of this post is equal to that of a Secretary to the Government of India.
Gil Bispo
Gil Bispo is a settlement in the middle of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. It is part of the municipality of Santa Catarina. It lies 1 km northeast of Assomada city centre. In 2010 its population was 998.

Assomada
Assomada is a city on the Sotavento (leeward) island of Santiago in Cape Verde. Since 1912, it is the seat of the municipality of Santa Catarina, which comprises the central western part and much of the interior of the island. It is the largest city in that region.
Puerto Rico Highway 152
Puerto Rico Highway 152 (PR-152) is a rural road that travels from Barranquitas to Naranjito in central Puerto Rico. This road extends from PR-156 in downtown Barranquitas and ends at its junction with PR-5 and PR-164 near downtown Naranjito.

Puerto Rico Highway 5
Puerto Rico Highway 5 (PR-5) is a main highway in the San Juan Metropolitan area which connects the cities of Cataño to Bayamón and is being extended and converted to a tollway (it has a toll plaza in Bayamón near PR-2 and PR-174) to access the municipalities of Naranjito and Comerío. It is a short freeway from south Cataño to the business area in Bayamón. It makes intersections with PR-22, PR-6, PR-2 and PR-199, where it ends at this time. The highway will parallel PR-167 and will contain the new cable-stayed bridge being built between Bayamón and Naranjito. It will probably end in Puerto Rico highway 152 when completed.
Vishal Sinha
Vishal Sinha (born 7 March 1975)  is an Indian cinematographer who works in Hindi films. He has shot films such as Darna Mana Hai (2003), Bhoot (2003), Ab Tak Chhappan (2004), and Raanjhanaa (2015). He debuted as an independent cinematographer with the film Bhoot directed by Ram Gopal Verma, and worked as camera operator in Ketan Mehta's Mangal Pandey: The Rising. Besides feature films, he has also shot many advertising films, documentaries and short films.

Bhoot (film)
Bhoot (transl. Ghost) is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language supernatural horror film directed by Ram Gopal Varma and stars an ensemble cast of Ajay Devgn, Urmila Matondkar, Nana Patekar, Rekha, Fardeen Khan(in a cameo) and Tanuja. It is the second horror film made by Ram Gopal Verma after Raat. The film was perceived to be different from a typical Hindi film as it did not feature the songs composed for it. The film was later dubbed in Telugu as 12 Va Anthasthu and remade in Tamil as Shock.

Bhoot was a box-office hit. Urmila won several accolades and awards for her performance as a possessed wife. Over the years, it has been considered one of the best Bollywood horror films of all time. Verma made a sequel called Bhoot Returns which was released on 12 October 2012.
Golden Valley (Herefordshire)
The Golden Valley is the name given to the valley of the River Dore in western Herefordshire, England. The valley is a picturesque area of gently rolling countryside. It lies in the lee of the Black Mountains, Wales.

The main villages are Dorstone, Peterchurch, Abbey Dore and Ewyas Harold.

Hay-on-Wye
Hay-on-Wye, or simply Hay (Welsh: Y Gelli Gandryll; Welsh pronunciation: [ə ˈɡɛɬi ˈgandrɪɬ] or simply Y Gelli), is a market town and community in Powys, Wales. With over twenty bookshops, it is often described as a "town of books"; it is both the National Book Town of Wales and the site of the annual Hay Festival. The community had a population of 1,675 at the 2021 census.

The town is twinned with Redu, a village in the Belgian municipality of Libin, and with Timbuktu, Mali, West Africa.

Hay-on-Wye is often named as one of the best places to live in Wales and has been named as one of the UK's best Christmas destinations.
Spherical measure
In mathematics — specifically, in geometric measure theory — spherical measure σn is the "natural" Borel measure on the n-sphere Sn.  Spherical measure is often normalized so that it is a probability measure on the sphere, i.e. so that σn(Sn) = 1.

Probability measure
In mathematics, a probability measure is a real-valued function defined on a set of events in a σ-algebra that satisfies measure properties such as countable additivity.  The difference between a probability measure and the more general notion of measure (which includes concepts like area or volume) is that a probability measure must assign value 1 to the entire space.

Intuitively, the additivity property says that the probability assigned to the union of two disjoint (mutually exclusive) events by the measure should be the sum of the probabilities of the events; for example, the value assigned to the outcome "1 or 2" in a throw of a die should be the sum of the values assigned to the outcomes "1" and "2".

Probability measures have applications in diverse fields, from physics to finance and biology.
Speculative attack
In economics, a speculative attack is a precipitous selling of untrustworthy assets by previously inactive speculators and the corresponding acquisition of some valuable assets (currencies, gold). The first model of a speculative attack was contained in a 1975 discussion paper on the gold market by Stephen Salant and Dale Henderson at the Federal Reserve Board. Paul Krugman, who visited the Board as a graduate student intern, soon adapted their mechanism to explain speculative attacks in the foreign exchange market.

There are now many hundreds of journal articles on financial speculative attacks, which are typically grouped into three categories: first, second, and third generation models.  Salant has continued to explore real speculative attacks in a series of six articles.

Black Wednesday
Black Wednesday, or the 1992 sterling crisis, was a financial crisis that occurred on 16 September 1992 when the UK Government was forced to withdraw sterling from the (first) European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM I), following a failed attempt to keep its exchange rate above the lower limit required for ERM participation. At that time, the United Kingdom held the presidency of the Council of the European Union.

The crisis damaged the credibility of the second Major ministry in handling of economic matters. The ruling Conservative Party suffered a landslide defeat five years later at the 1997 general election and did not return to power until 2010. The rebounding of the UK economy in the years following Black Wednesday has been attributed to the depreciation of sterling and the replacement of its currency tracking policy with an inflation targeting monetary stability policy.
Visual effects
Visual effects (sometimes abbreviated as VFX) is the process by which imagery is created or manipulated outside the context of a live-action shot in filmmaking and video production.
The integration of live-action footage and other live-action footage or computer-generated imagery (CGI) elements to create realistic imagery is called VFX.

VFX involves the integration of live-action footage (which may include in-camera special effects) and generated-imagery (digital or optics, animals or creatures) which look realistic, but would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, time-consuming or impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using CGI have more recently become accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and relatively easy-to-use animation and compositing software.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Weelsby Road Halt railway station
Weelsby Road Halt was a railway halt on the East Lincolnshire Railway which served the Weelsby Road area of eastern Grimsby in Lincolnshire between 1905 and 1940. The station was opened as part of a new motor train service between Grimsby and Louth. It was the site of major works in 1933 when a plate girder bridge was constructed to replace a level crossing, enabling road traffic to pass underneath through a subway. The station closed in 1952 following a period of temporary closure during the Second World War. The line through Weelsby remained open for freight until December 1980. The trackbed was later reused by Humberside County Council to construct the A16 Peaks Parkway which now runs through the site. Building of the road put an end to the aspirations of the Great Northern and East Lincolnshire Railway plc (now the Lincolnshire Wolds Railway) to reopen the line as a heritage railway.

Louth railway station
Louth railway station was a station in Louth, Lincolnshire, England. It served as a junction for several different now closed lines which converged on the town.

The closure of the station has left Louth which has over 16,000 residents the largest town in Lincolnshire without a railway station.
Johnstown Riverhawks
The Johnstown Riverhawks was a professional indoor American football team based out of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. A charter member of the American Indoor Football Association (AIFA), it played its home games at Cambria County War Memorial Arena.

Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Johnstown is the largest city in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 18,411 as of the 2020 census. Located 57 miles (92 km) east of Pittsburgh, it is the principal city of the Johnstown metropolitan area, which had 133,472 residents in 2020. It is also part of the Johnstown–Somerset combined statistical area, which includes both Cambria and Somerset counties. Once a bustling industrial center, like many cities in the Rust Belt, Johnstown was severely affected by the loss of jobs in the steel industry due to globalization and the movement of American manufacturing to overseas markets.
Waliszewice
Waliszewice [valiʂɛˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goszczanów, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Goszczanów, 28 km (17 mi) north-west of Sieradz, and 72 km (45 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Goszczanów
Goszczanów [ɡɔʂˈt͡ʂanuf] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Goszczanów. It lies approximately 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Sieradz and 67 km (42 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

There is a parish church of Saints Martin & Stanislaus. Founded by Adam Poniatowski herbu (Coat of Arms) Szreniawa and built in 1666, in Baroque style.