hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Guyana Airways
Guyana Airways was the flag carrier of Guyana. During its operations, Guyana Airways operated services to destinations in the Caribbean, the United States and Canada. The airline was headquartered in Georgetown, Guyana. It was declared insolvent in 2001.

De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
The de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter is a Canadian STOL (short takeoff and landing) utility aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada in the mid-1960s and still in production. It was built by De Havilland Canada from 1965 to 1988. In 2022, Viking Air purchased the type certificate and restarted production in 2008, before re-adopting the name De Havilland Canada. In 2023, DHC started production of the 300-G, an upgraded version of the Series 400 with Garmin avionics.

The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOL capabilities, twin turboprop engines and high rate of climb have made it a successful commuter airliner, typically seating 18–20 passengers, as well as a cargo and medical evacuation aircraft. The Twin Otter has also been popular with commercial skydiving operations and is used by the United States Army Parachute Team and the 98th Flying Training Squadron of the United States Air Force.
Guaminí Partido
Guaminí Partido is a partido in the west of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina.

The provincial subdivision has a population of about 11,000 inhabitants in an area of 4,840 km2 (1,869 sq mi), and its capital city is Guaminí, which is 492 km (306 mi) from Buenos Aires.

Partidos of Buenos Aires
A partido is the second-level administrative subdivision used only in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They are formally considered to be a single administrative unit, usually contain one or more population centers (i.e., towns and cities), and are divided into localidades. The subdivision in partidos in Buenos Aires Province is distinct from all other provinces of Argentina, which call their second-level subdivisions departamento and are further subdivided into distinct municipalities.
Baseball in Ireland
The first baseball game in Ireland was held in Dublin in 1874, and it continues to be played by several teams including in the Irish Baseball League. Baseball Ireland is the governing body of baseball on the island of Ireland, covering both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Ashbourne, County Meath
Ashbourne (Irish: Cill Dhéagláin, meaning 'Déaglán's church') is a town in County Meath, Ireland. Located about 20 km north of Dublin and close to the M2 motorway, Ashbourne is a commuter town within Greater Dublin. In the 26 years between the 1996 and 2022 census, the town tripled in population from approximately 4,900 to 15,680 inhabitants. The town is passed by the Broad Meadow Water, which comes from Ratoath and Dunshaughlin.
I Dreamed a Dream (musical)
I Dreamed a Dream is a jukebox musical with the book co-written by Alan McHugh and Elaine C. Smith and produced by Michael Harrison. It is based on the life of Susan Boyle and her 2010 autobiography, The Woman I Was Born to Be.  The score features songs recorded by Boyle, hymns, traditional songs and popular songs, mostly from the 1960s to the 1980s.

The show premiered on 27 March 2012 at the Theatre Royal in Newcastle, directed by Ed Curtis and choreographed by Nick Winston. Smith stars as Susan Boyle, and Boyle herself sings two songs at the end of most performances. It has received generally favourable reviews.  The production's tour of the UK and Ireland continued through much of 2012.

Jukebox musical
A jukebox musical is a stage musical or musical film in which a majority of the songs are well-known, pre-existing popular music songs, rather than original music composed for the musical.

Some jukebox musicals use a wide variety of songs, while others confine themselves to songs previously performed by one singer or band, or written by one songwriter. In such cases, the plot is often a biography of the artist or artists. In other jukebox musicals, the plot is purely fictional. For musicals about a musician or musical act, some of the songs can be diegetic, meaning that they are performed within the world of the play or film. Works in which all of the music is diegetic, however, such as a biographical film about a singer who is at times shown performing their songs, are generally not considered jukebox musicals.

Revues that lack a plot are also usually not described as jukebox musicals, although plotless shows that include a dance element sometimes are.
MAB Model A
The MAB Model A is a 6.35 mm (.25 ACP) caliber pocket pistol made in France.  MAB stands for Manufacture d'armes de Bayonne. It is patterned after the Browning FN 1906 / Colt Model 1908.

MAB Model A is a single action, striker-fired, semi-automatic pistol with a blowback action.

Model A has a manual safety on the left side of the frame as well as a Browning-style grip safety at the rear of the frame. This feature ensures that the firing mechanism does not operate unless the grip lock is depressed against the palm of the operator's hand, thereby eliminating chances of accidental firing of the weapon.

The slide is marked: Pistolet Automatique MAB Brevette Modele A. This translates from French as: Automatic Pistol MAB Patented Model A.

Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket
The Model 1908 Vest Pocket is a compact, hammerless, striker-fired, semi-automatic single-action pistol. Manufactured by the Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1908 to 1948, it was marketed as a small concealable firearm which could be easily tucked into a vest pocket for unobtrusive carry. Designed by John Moses Browning, the Model 1908 followed Browning’s earlier European version, introduced by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal as the FN Model 1906. Both pistols were chambered for the Browning-invented .25 ACP (6.35mm Browning) cartridge.
Jewish leadership
Jewish leadership (Hebrew: מנהיגות יהודית) has evolved over time. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, there has been no single body that has a leadership position over the entire Jewish diaspora. Various branches of Judaism, as well as Jewish religious or secular communities and political movements around the world elect or appoint their governing bodies, often subdivided by country or region.

Hebrew Bible judges
The judges (sing. Hebrew: שופט, romanized: šōp̄ēṭ, pl. שופטים šōp̄əṭīm) whose stories are recounted in the Hebrew Bible, primarily in the Book of Judges, were individuals who served as military leaders of the tribes of Israel in times of crisis, in the period before the monarchy was established.
Special Area No. 4
Special Area No. 4 is a special area in central Alberta, Canada. It is a rural municipality similar to a municipal district; however, the elected council is overseen by four representatives appointed by the province, the Special Areas Board.

Special Area 4 has one provincial park, Gooseberry Lake Provincial Park. Lakes include Grassy Island Lake and Sounding Lake.

Gooseberry Lake Provincial Park
Gooseberry Lake Provincial Park  is a provincial park in Alberta, Canada, located 13.5 km (8.4 mi) north from Consort and 51 km (32 mi) south from Czar, immediately east of Buffalo Trail.

The park is situated on the north-western shore of Gooseberry Lake, at an elevation of 700 metres (2,300 ft) and has a surface of .9 square kilometres (0.35 sq mi). It was established on November 21, 1932 and is maintained by Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation.
Nathan Smith (footballer, born 1996)
Nathan James Smith (born 3 April 1996) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for EFL League Two club Tranmere Rovers.

Smith turned professional at Port Vale in June 2014 and spent the 2014–15 season on loan at Stafford Rangers and the 2015–16 season on loan at Torquay United, winning the Player of the season award at Torquay. He made his Football League debut for Port Vale in August 2016 and went on to win the club's Player of the Year award for the 2016–17 relegation season. He helped the club to win promotion out of League Two via the play-offs in 2022 and was then again named as Port Vale's Player of the Year in 2022–23. He served as club captain for the 2023–24 relegation season and was then again promoted out of League Two before leaving the club at the end of the 2024–25 season. He then signed with Tranmere Rovers in June 2025.

EFL Young Player of the Month
The EFL Young Player of the Month is an award for young players in all three divisions of the English Football League. To be eligible players must be under-21 or turn 21 during the current season. It was first awarded in December 2009. Victor Moses of Crystal Palace was the first winner.
Lena Gold Mining Partnership
In 1855, two merchants, Pavel Basnin and Petr Katyshevtsev, members of the top guild and honorary citizens of Irkutsk, founded the Lena Gold Mining Partnership. By the beginning of the 1870s, Evzel Gintsburg and the Meyer & Co trading house had begun accumulating shares of the mining partnership. In 1882, the Gintsburg dynasty – headed by father Evzel (Osip) Gabrielovich Gintsburg (1812–1878) and his son Horace (1833–1909) – started to dominate the gold trade in the Lena River region.

Lena massacre
The Lena Massacre or Lena Execution (Russian: Ленский расстрел, romanized: Lensky rasstrel) refers to the shooting of goldfield workers on strike in northeast Siberia near the Lena River on 17 April [O.S. 4 April] 1912.

The strike had been provoked by exceptionally harsh working conditions, and when the strike committee was arrested, a large crowd marched in protest. They were fired on by soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army, causing hundreds of casualties. The incident did much to stimulate revolutionary sentiment in Russia, and Alexander Kerensky's reporting of it in the Duma brought him to public notice for the first time.
Gerald Henry Fitzmaurice
Gerald Henry Fitzmaurice CB CMG (15 July 1865 – 23 March 1939) was a British diplomat.

Born in Dublin, Fitzmaurice was descended from a minor branch of the Petty-Fitzmaurice family. In 1888, he joined the Levant Consular Service. In December 1902 he was appointed to serve on the Joint Commission for the demarcation of the border between the British-ruled Aden Settlement and interior tribes loyal to the Ottoman Empire.  In 1905 he was appointed British consul to Constantinople. In 1907 he was made chief dragoman, and in 1908 he received the rank of first secretary. He retired from the consular service in 1921.

Fitzmaurice was a Roman Catholic and was buried in a simple grave at St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Kensal Green in London.

Dragoman
A dragoman (ترجمان) was an interpreter, translator, and official guide between Turkish-, Arabic-, and Persian-speaking countries and polities of the Middle East and European embassies, consulates, vice-consulates and trading posts. A dragoman had to have a knowledge of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and European languages.

In the Ottoman Empire, dragomans were mainly members of the Ottoman Greek community, who possessed considerable multilingual skills, because Greek trading communities did substantial business in the markets of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. To a lesser extent, other communities with international commercial links, notably the Armenians, were recruited.
Jonstrup
Jonstrup is a suburban neighbourhood situated in Furesø Municipality on the west side of Hareskoven forest in the northwestern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. The original village has merged with the neighbouring villages of Måløv in Ballerup Municipality and Smørumnedre in Egedal Municipality to form an urban agglomeration with a population of 21,768 (2025). The neighbourhood is separated from Måløv by Mølledalen, Møllemosen, and Værebro Å.

Furesø Municipality
Furesø Municipality (Danish: Furesø Kommune) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) in Denmark. It has a population of 42,540 (1 January 2025) and a total area of 55.68 km2 (21.50 sq.mi.) with water and forest making up around 10 and 15 km2, respectively. The municipality belongs to the Copenhagen Capital Region and lies 20 km northwest of Copenhagen. Its mayor is Ole Bondo Christensen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. It is a municipality with much forest and access to several lakes, of which it is named after the largest, Furesøen, which has a popular beach with rest rooms, a small candy/ice shop and in addition sportsboat (competition) clubs and a restaurant open all year.
FC Unterföhring
The FC Unterföhring is a German association football club from the town of Unterföhring, Bavaria.

The club's greatest success came in 2017 when it qualified for the Regionalliga Bayern, the fourth tier of the German football league system.

Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern
The Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern was the seventh tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria (German: Oberbayern). Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the sixth tier of the league system, until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the fifth tier.

The league was disbanded at the end of the 2011–12 season, when major changes to the Bavarian football league system were carried out. Above the Bezirksoberligas, the Landesligas were expanded in number from three to five divisions and the Bezirke have two to three regional leagues, the Bezirksligas, as its highest level again, similar to the system in place until 1988.
2016 CopperWynd Pro Women's Challenge
The 2016 CopperWynd Pro Women's Challenge was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and part of the 2016 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, on 31 October–6 November 2016.

2016 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2016 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $100,000.
Palo Colorado Canyon, California
Palo Colorado Canyon is an unincorporated community in the Big Sur region of Monterey County, California. The canyon entrance is located 11.3 miles (18.2 km) south of the Carmel River at the former settlement of Notley's Landing, 6.5 miles (10 km) north of Point Sur, and at an elevation of 112 feet (34 m).

Point Sur State Historic Park
Point Sur State Historic Park is a California State Park on the Big Sur coastline of Monterey County, California, United States, 19 miles (31 km) south of Rio Road in Carmel. The 1889 Point Sur Lighthouse is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Thermoeconomics
Thermoeconomics, also referred to as Bioeconomics or Biophysical Economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory.  Thermoeconomics is considered the statistical physics of economic value and is one subfield of econophysics, extenuating to Ecological Economics.

It is the study of the ways and means by which human societies procure and use energy and other biological and physical resources to produce, distribute, consume and exchange goods and services, while generating various types of waste and environmental impacts. Biophysical economics builds on both social sciences and natural sciences to overcome some of the most fundamental limitations and blind spots of conventional economics. It makes it possible to understand some key requirements and framework conditions for economic growth, as well as related constraints and boundaries.

Econophysics
Econophysics is a transdisciplinary research field in heterodox economics. It applies theories and methods originally developed by physicists to problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics. Some of its application to the study of financial markets has also been termed statistical finance referring to its roots in statistical physics. Econophysics is closely related to social physics.
Comparison of music streaming services
The following is a list of on-demand music streaming services. These services offer streaming of full-length content via the Internet as a part of their service, without the listener necessarily having to purchase a file for download. This type of service is somewhat similar to Internet radio. Many of these sites have advertising that supports free-to-listen options as well as paid subscription-based premium options.

Some services offer non-free options in the style of a digital music store. For a list of online music stores that provide a means of purchasing and downloading music as files of some sort, see comparison of digital music stores. Many sites from both of these categories offer services similar to an online music database.

CarPlay
CarPlay is an Apple standard that enables a car radio or automotive head unit to be a display and controller for an iOS device. It is available on iPhone 5 and later models running iOS 7.1 or later.

More than 800 car and motorcycle models support CarPlay, according to Apple. Vehicle owners can add support by installing certain aftermarket vehicle audio products. Most CarPlay systems connect to iOS through USB, some are wireless, and wireless support can be added through aftermarket dongles. CarPlay Ultra, a more integrated version of CarPlay, was first announced on Aston Martin DBX707 in May 2025.
Pheromone trap
A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap. Pheromone traps are used both to count insect populations by sampling, and to trap pests such as clothes moths to destroy them.

Pheromone
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek  φέρω (phérō) 'to bear' and  hormone) is a chemical that is secreted or excreted by an organism, which triggers a social response in members of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates, plants and ciliates communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of chemical ecology.
History of health care reform in the United States
The history of health care reform in the United States has spanned many decades with health care reform having been the subject of political debate since the early part of the 20th century. Recent reforms remain an active political issue. Alternative reform proposals were offered by both of the major candidates in the 2008, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections.

United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
The United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (HELP) generally considers these major social policy issues. Its jurisdiction also extends beyond these issues to include several more specific areas, as defined by Senate rules.
Ostrich guitar
The ostrich guitar or ostrich tuning is a type of trivial tuning. It assigns one note to all strings, e.g. E-E-e-e-e'-e' or D-D-D-D-d'-d'. The term "ostrich guitar" was coined by Lou Reed after the pre-Velvet Underground song "The Ostrich"
by Lou Reed and the Primitives, on which he first recorded using this tuning, the first known commercial composition to make use of a trivial guitar tuning.

William Sethares
William A. Sethares (born April 19, 1955) is an American professor of electrical engineering and music theorist at the University of Wisconsin. In music, he has contributed to the theory of dynamic tonality and provided a formalization of consonance.
Kshamavani
Kshamavani (Sanskrit: Kṣamāvaṇī) or "Forgiveness Day" is a day of forgiving and seeking forgiveness for the followers of Jainism. Digambaras celebrate it on the first day of Ashvin Krishna month of the lunar-based Jain calendar. Śvētāmbaras celebrate it on Samvatsari, the last day of the annual Paryushana festival. which coincides with the Chaturthi, 4th day of Shukla Paksha in the holy month of Bhadra.  "Micchami Dukkadam" is the common phrase when asking for forgiveness. It is a Prakrit phrase meaning "May all the evil that has been done be fruitless".

Śvetāmbara
The Śvetāmbara (/ʃwɛˈtʌmbərə/; also spelled Shwetambara, Shvetambara, Svetambara or Swetambara) is one of the two main branches of Jainism, the other being the Digambara. Śvetāmbara in Sanskrit means "white-clad", and refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go nude. Śvetāmbaras do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.

The Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards Jain nuns, their legends and the texts they consider as important. Śvetāmbara Jain communities are currently found mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and coastal regions of Maharashtra. According to Jeffery D. Long, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, about four-fifths of all Jains in India are Śvetāmbaras.
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית Ārāmît) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.

Frequentative
In grammar, a frequentative form (abbreviated FREQ or FR) of a word indicates repeated action but is not to be confused with iterative aspect. The frequentative form can be considered a separate but not completely independent word called a frequentative. The frequentative is no longer productive in English, unlike in some language groups, such as Finno-Ugric, Balto-Slavic, and Turkic.
Battle of New Market order of battle: Union
The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of New Market in the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and the reports.

Battle of New Market
The Battle of New Market was fought on May 15, 1864, in Virginia during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. A makeshift Confederate army of 4,100 men defeated the larger Army of the Shenandoah under Major General Franz Sigel, delaying the capture of Staunton by several weeks.

The battle is primarily remembered today for being the only time in American history a school's student body was used as an organized combat unit. (see also Battle of Natural Bridge) During the battle Confederate general John C. Breckinridge ordered cadets from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), averaging 18 years of age but with several child soldiers no older than 15, to join an attack on the Union lines. The event is central to the Institute's history and heritage.
Meda Nunatak
Meda Nunatak (Bulgarian: нунатак Меда, ‘Nunatak Meda’ \'nu-na-tak 'me-da\) is the rocky ridge extending 2.65 km in west-northwest to east-southeast direction, 700 m wide and rising to 1128 m in Attlee Glacier on Foyn Coast, Antarctic Peninsula.

The feature is named after Meda of Odessos (4th century BC), a Thracian princess and wife of Philip II of Macedon.

Attlee Glacier
Attlee Glacier (66°13′S 63°46′W﻿ / ﻿66.217°S 63.767°W﻿ / -66.217; -63.767) is a glacier 8 miles (13 km) long, which flows east-southeast from the plateau escarpment on the east side of Graham Land to the head of Cabinet Inlet to the north of Bevin Glacier.