hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)
Vietnamization or Vietnamisation (Vietnamese: Việt hóa, chữ Hán: 越化 or Vietnamese: Việt Nam hóa, chữ Hán: 越南化) is the acquisition or imposition of elements of Vietnamese culture, in particular the Vietnamese language and customs. This was experienced in some historic periods by the non-Vietnamese populations of territories controlled or substantially under the influence of Vietnam. As with other examples of cultural assimilation, it is partly voluntary and partly forced and most visible in territories where the Vietnamese language or culture had been dominant or their adoption would result in increased prestige or social status, as was the case of nobility in Champa and other minorities like Tai, Chinese, and Khmers. Vietnamization was by and large practised by various administrations.

Chữ Hán
Chữ Hán (Vietnamese: 𡨸漢 [t͡ɕɯ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦] ⓘ, lit. 'Han characters') are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese (Hán văn; 漢文) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was annexed into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century.
Amauropelta campii
Amauropelta campii, synonym Thelypteris campii, is a species of fern in the family Thelypteridaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900 species of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae as the subfamily Thelypteridoideae.

The ferns are terrestrial, with the exception of a few which are lithophytes (grow on rocks).  The bulk of the species are tropical, although there are a number of temperate species.

These ferns typically have creeping rhizomes. The fronds are simply pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. There is either no frond dimorphism or only mild dimorphism, either open venation or very simple anastomosing. The sori are mostly reniform in shape and have indusia, except for the Phegopteris group.
Gilbert Gapay
Gilbert Italia Gapay (born February 4, 1965) is a retired Philippine Army general who served as the 54th Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Prior to his appointment, he served as the 61st Chief of the Army and the commander of the Armor "Pambato" Division.

1st Scout Ranger Regiment
The Scout Rangers (SR), known officially as the First Scout Ranger Regiment (FSSR), is a special operations forces of the Philippine Army (PA) that is specialized in combat patrols and scouting behind enemy lines in a special operations forces (SOF) style. The SR is similar to the 75th Ranger Regiment of the United States Army (USA). Their headquarters is based at Camp Pablo Tecson in San Miguel, Bulacan.

The regiment is also known as Musangs (in English, Scout Rangers).
Yassir al-Sirri
Yasser Tawfiq Ali El-Sirri (ياسر توفيق علي السري) (kunya Abu Ammar) is an Egyptian militant connected to the Vanguards of Conquest and al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya, sentenced to death in the 1998 Returnees from Albania trial.

Finding asylum in England, he became the director of the Islamic Information Centre.

Vanguards of Conquest
The Vanguards of  Conquest (Talaa'al al-Fateh) is a terrorist organization that was originally founded in 1993 as a branch of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad operating in Somalia but became a separate faction that eventually folded back into the group under the leadership of Ayman al-Zawahiri. The revived group is currently led by Magdy Salem. The group has intervened to stop jihadis in the Sinai Peninsula from attacking Israel.
Streets Run
Streets Run is a 5.2-mile-long (8.4 km) tributary of the Monongahela River in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.  This urban stream drains portions of the communities of Pittsburgh, Baldwin, Brentwood, West Mifflin and Whitehall, an area of about ten square miles.

Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Allegheny County (/ˌælɪˈɡeɪni/ AL-ig-AY-nee) is a county in Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,250,578, making it the state's second-most populous county, after Philadelphia County. Its county seat and most populous city is Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's second most populous city. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth, and is the center of the Pittsburgh media market.

Allegheny was the first county in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name. It was named after the Lenape word for the Allegheny River. The meaning of "Allegheny" is uncertain. It is usually said to mean "fine river". Some historians state that the name may come from a Lenape account of an ancient mythical tribe called "Allegewi" who lived along the river before being taken over by the Lenape.
1997 Stanford Cardinal football team
The 1997 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University  as a member of the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Tyrone Willingham, the Cardinal compiled an overall record of 5–6 with a mark of 3–5 in conference play, tying for seventh place in the Pac-10. The team played home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.

Tyrone Willingham
Lionel Tyrone Willingham (born December 30, 1953) is an American former football player and coach. He was the head coach at Stanford University (1995–2001), the University of Notre Dame (2002–2004), and the University of Washington (2005–2008), compiling a career college football record of 76–88–1.
Pedrick's, Arizona
Pedrick's was a steamboat landing owned by John Pedrick that supplied wood to steamboats on the lower Colorado River in Sonora, Mexico, from the mid 1850s to the late 1870s.  After the 1854 Gadsden Purchase, Pedrick's was within New Mexico Territory and Arizona Territory after 1863. Pedrick's landing was located 24 miles above Ogden's Landing and 31 miles below Fort Yuma.  Pedrick's lay along the east bank of the river just above what is now the Sonora – Arizona border in modern Yuma County, Arizona.

Pedrick's was also a ferry crossing of the Colorado River, also known as Paddock's Old Ferry, before the American Civil War but it had not been operating for some time before the war and the adobe house at the site was in ruins, according to a November 21, 1861 letter from Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. West, Commander of Fort Yuma to Lieut. Benjamin C. Cutler, acting Adjutant General of the military District of Southern California, in  Los Angeles.: 41, 732–33

Fort Yuma
Fort Yuma was a fort in California located in Imperial County, across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona. It was established in 1848. It served as a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 until 1861. The fort was retired from active military service on May 16, 1883, and transferred to the Department of the Interior. The Fort Yuma Indian School and the Saint Thomas Yuma Indian Mission now occupy the site. It is one of the "associated sites" listed as Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area. In addition, it is registered as California Historical Landmark #806.
Liberi
Liberi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Naples and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Caserta.

Liberi borders the following municipalities: Alvignano, Caiazzo, Castel di Sasso, Dragoni, Pontelatone, Roccaromana.

Caiazzo
Caiazzo is a city and comune in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy. It is located on the right bank of the Volturnus, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Capua.

Caiazzo is a member of Cittaslow.
Northumberland Betrayed By Douglas
Northumberland Betrayed By Douglas (also Northumberland Betrayed by Dowglas) is an English-language folk song, catalogued as Child ballad 176 and Roud Folk Song Index number 4006. It tells of the Seventh Earl of Northumberland fleeing to Scotland.

Child Ballads
The Child Ballads are 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, anthologized by Francis James Child during the second half of the 19th century. Their lyrics and Child's studies of them were published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. The tunes of most of the ballads were collected and published by Bertrand Harris Bronson in and around the 1960s.
Vidhurashwatha
Vidhurashwatha is a village in the Chikkaballapura District of Karnataka State in India. It is located near Gauribidanur, and is a regional piligimage center.

As the name suggests, it is historically connected with Vidhura from Mahabharata who is known to have planted a banyan tree which is still living. This place is also sometimes referred to as Jallianwalla Bagh of the south in recognition to the death of 25 people in firing by the British police during the Quit India Movement.

Chikkaballapur
Chikkaballapur or Chikkaballāpura is the district headquarters of the newly created Chikkaballapur district in the state of Karnataka, India, which was carved out from Kolar district. It is located within 3 km of Muddenahalli (the birthplace of eminent engineer and statesman Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya). A $400 million Pharmaceutical SEZ is being constructed in Chikkaballapur on 325 acres (1.32 km2), the first of its kind in India.  Furthermore, the noted Traveler Bunglow is being converted into a state-of-the-art bus terminus. A new district government headquarters and police headquarters is being constructed at a cost of $5 million. In addition, the state government is releasing over $10 million to develop the city and expand underground sanitary systems. It is a regional transport and educational hub, and is a major site for grape, grain, and silk cultivation.
Quincy Carter
LaVonya Quintelle "Quincy" Carter (born October 13, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs and was selected in the second round of the 2001 NFL draft. Carter played in the NFL for the Dallas Cowboys and New York Jets. Outside the NFL, he also was a member of the Bossier–Shreveport Battle Wings, Kansas City Brigade and Abilene Ruff Riders. Additionally, from 1996 to 1999, he was in the Chicago Cubs minor league baseball organization.

Joey Galloway
Joseph Scott Galloway (born November 20, 1971) is an American former professional football player who is an analyst with ESPN. He was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Galloway was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the eighth overall pick of the 1995 NFL draft, and also played for the Dallas Cowboys, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes.
1889 Pakhmutova
1889 Pakhmutova, provisional designation 1968 BE, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter.

It was discovered by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on 24 January 1968. The asteroid was named after Russian composer Aleksandra Pakhmutova.

Lyudmila Chernykh
Lyudmila Ivanivna Chernykh (Ukrainian: Людмила Іванівна Черних; Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Черны́х; June 13, 1935 – July 28, 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian-Soviet astronomer, wife and colleague of Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.
Foster Dam
Foster Dam is an embankment type rock-fill dam across the South Santiam River near Sweet Home, Oregon, United States.

Designed by the Corps of Engineers, it began service on August 22, 1968.  Its primary purpose is flood control but it also provides power, navigation improvement downstream and irrigation. The damming of the river created Foster Reservoir, which is a popular fishing and water sports area.  The reservoir stores 28,300 acre-feet (34,900,000 m3).  The powerhouse has two generators with a capacity totaling 20 MW.  The dam regulates water flow from the main facility, Green Peter Dam.

Sweet Home, Oregon
Sweet Home is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States, with a population of 9,828 at the 2020 census. Sweet Home is referred to as the 'Gateway to the Santiam Playground' due to its proximity to nearby lakes, rivers and the Cascade Mountains.
Chris Steele-Perkins
Christopher Horace Steele-Perkins (28 July 1947 – 8 September 2025) was a British photographer and member of Magnum Photos, best known for his depictions of Africa, Afghanistan, England, Northern Ireland, and Japan.

Corcoran Gallery of Art
The Corcoran Gallery of Art was an art museum in Washington, D.C., at the location where the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, a part of the George Washington University, is now.

Founded in 1869 by philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran, the gallery was one of the earliest public art museums in the United States.  It held an important collection that became concentrated in American art. In 1890, it started its art school. Its Beaux-Arts style building on The Ellipse was opened in 1897. Due to a prolonged economic shortfall, the Gallery failed in October 2014; pursuant to its founding charter, its art school and building transferred to GWU and the 19,456 works in its collection were distributed to other public museums and institutions in Washington, D.C., primarily the National Gallery of Art.
NGC 3030
NGC 3030 (also known as PGC 28302 or MCG-02-25-021) is a lenticular galaxy located within the Hydra constellation. It is classified as a type E-S0 galaxy. The galaxy was first discovered in 1886 by astronomer Francis Leavenworth. He described it to be "extremely faint, very small, round, brighter middle". It's around 25 thousand light years across.

Hydra (constellation)
Hydra is the largest of the 88 modern constellations, measuring 1303 square degrees, and also the longest at over 100 degrees. Its southern end borders Libra and Centaurus and its northern end borders Cancer. It was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. Commonly represented as a water snake, it straddles the celestial equator.
Patronal festival
A patronal feast or patronal festival (Spanish: fiesta patronal; Catalan: festa patronal; Portuguese: festa patronal; Italian: festa patronale; French: fête patronale) is a yearly celebration dedicated – in countries influenced by Christianity – to the 'heavenly advocate' or 'patron' of the location holding the festival, who is a saint or virgin. The day of this celebration is called patronal feast day, patronal day or patron day of said location.

Patronal festivals may reflect national holidays (e.g. the feast of Saint George, patron saint of England, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Portugal, and various regions of Spain), but they usually reflect the celebration of a single city or town.
In larger cities, there may even be several festivals, usually about the patron saint of the local parish.

Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul or Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul is a liturgical feast in honor of the martyrdom in Rome of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, which is observed on 29 June. The celebration is of ancient Christian origin, the date selected being the anniversary of either their death or the translation of their relics.
Charles Pigeon
Charles-Joseph Pigeon (29 March 1838 – 18 March 1915) was born in Le Mesnil-Lieubray in Normandy in France.

He started as a salesman in Le Bon Marché in Paris, where he became a close friend of Ernest Cognacq, subsequently the founder of the Samaritaine department store.

Pigeon became a dealer in cycle lamps and other lamps. His invention and manufacture of the Pigeon lamp, a non-exploding gasoline lamp, in 1884 (exhibited at the Exposition universelle de 1900), made him famous and wealthy.

After his death he remains noted for his family grave in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris, which he commissioned in 1905 to hold up to 18 family members. The main feature is a life-sized bronze sculpture of Pigeon (notebook and pencil in hand) and his wife lying on a bed, overlooked by an angel, which had been illuminated by a lamp for many years by his custodians.

Montparnasse Cemetery
Montparnasse Cemetery (French: Cimetière du Montparnasse [simtjɛʁ də mɔ̃paʁnas]) is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, in the city's 14th arrondissement. The cemetery is roughly 19 hectares (47 acres) and is the second largest cemetery in Paris. The cemetery has over 35,000 graves, and approximately 1,000 people are buried there each year.

The cemetery is the resting place for a variety of individuals including political figures, philosophers, artists, actors, and writers. Additionally, the cemetery contains a number of tombs commemorating those who died in the Franco-Prussian war during the siege of Paris (1870–1871) and the Paris Commune (1871).
2003 WABA Champions Cup
The WABA Champions Cup 2003 was the 6th staging of the WABA Champions Cup, the basketball club tournament of West Asia Basketball Association. The tournament was held in Tehran, Iran between June 11 and June 13. The winner qualify for the Asian Basketball Confederation Champions Cup 2003.

WABA Champions Cup
The WABA Champions Cup, between 2011 and 2012 known as the West Asian Basketball League (WABL), was the West Asian club championship for basketball organized by West Asia Basketball Association, and took place every year, It also served as a qualifying tournament for the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.
Nanocassiope
Nanocassiope is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species:

Nanocassiope alcocki  (Rathbun, 1902)

Nanocassiope grandulipes  (Sakai, 1939)

Nanocassiope melanodactylus  (A. Milne Edwards, 1868)

Nanocassiope oblonga  Davie, 1995

Nanocassiope polita  (Rathbun, 1894)

Nanocassiope tridentata  Davie, 1995

Xanthidae
Xanthidae is a family of crabs known as gorilla crabs, mud crabs, pebble crabs or rubble crabs. Xanthid crabs are often brightly coloured and are highly poisonous, containing toxins which are not destroyed by cooking and  for which no antidote is known. The toxins are similar to the tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin produced by puffer fish, and may be produced by bacteria in the genus Vibrio living in symbiosis with the crabs, mostly V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus.
2016 Copa Luis Villarejo
The 2016 Copa Luis Villarejo was the first edition of the Copa Luis Villarejo, a cup tournament for clubs in Puerto Rico organized by the Puerto Rican Football Federation. The champions and runners-up of this tournament are eligible to enter the 2017 Caribbean Club Championship, which serves as a qualifying tournament for the 2017 CONCACAF League and the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League.

Metropolitan FA
The Metropolitan Football Academy is a Puerto Rican professional football club based in San Juan that currently plays in the Liga Puerto Rico. The club plays its home matches at the Parque Reparto Metropolitano.
Fondouk El Haddadine
Fondouk El Haddadine (arabic : فندق الحدادين) or the blacksmiths' fondouk, is an old fondouk (or hotel) in the medina of Sfax located near Bab Jebli.

It represents one of its most important monuments.

Medina of Sfax
34°44′05″N 10°45′44″E﻿ / ﻿34.734766°N 10.762225°E﻿ / 34.734766; 10.762225

The Sfax medina is the medina quarter of the Tunisian city of Sfax. It was built by Aghlabid prince Abu Abbass Muhammad between 849 and 851. The medina is home to about 113,000 residents, and is dominated by the Great Mosque of Sfax.

On 12 February 2012, the Tunisian government submitted a nomination to add it on the UNESCO UNESCO World Heritage List. It is considered one of the rare medieval cities of North Africa to keep its original weft even with all the modifications of its buildings throughout the decades. It represents also the best example of the most conserved Arab-Muslim town planning in all the Mediterranean Basin.
Its monuments are classified as national historical monuments since 1912.
Iwawa
Iwawa is an island in Rutsiro District, Western Province, Rwanda on Lake Kivu. It is the site of the Iwawa Rehabilitation and Vocational Skills and Development Center (Iwawa RC), a rehabilitation center established in 2010. The center, which is operated by the Rwanda National Rehabilitation Service, has been accused of being a prison camp for homeless people, drug users and street children. Vaccinations were carried out at the center in September 2021.

In 1995, it was the site of a Hutu militia camp which was attacked by the Rwandan Patriotic Front of Paul Kagame.

Rutsiro District
Rutsiro (akarere) is one of seven districts making up the Western Province. Its headquarter is located in Gihango sector. It is located 150 km from Kigali. It has a population of 369,180 of which 60% are under 25. The population density is 320 inhabitants per km² (2022).
2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference
The 2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was a conference that was held from 21 October to 1 November 2024, in Cali, Colombia. The monitoring framework agreed at the previous conference should allow the progress of the countries towards national goals and targets under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework to be evaluated.

Following a partial collapse in the original negotiations, an extended session of the COP16 was held in Rome, Italy, from 25 to 27 February 2025, as the participating nations eventually agreed on a roadmap to provide developing countries with US$200 billion a year to finance the implementation of conservation targets by 2030.

Digital sequence information
Digital sequence information (DSI) is a placeholder term used in international policy fora, particularly the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), to refer to data derived from dematerialized genetic resources (GR).
Virgile Gaillard
René Paul Virgile Gaillard (28 July 1877 – 7 March 1943) was a French footballer who played as a midfielder and who competed in the football tournament at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, winning a silver medal as a member of the USFSA Olympic team representing France, which was primarily made up of Club Français players.

1898 USFSA Football Championship
The 1898 USFSA Football Championship was the 5th staging of the USFSA Football Championship.

It was played on neutral grounds, in a league system with Standard Athletic Club being proclaimed champions of France after beating Club Français 3–2 in a play-off title-decider, since they had finished level on 18 points.
George L. Littlefield
George Leander Littlefield (1824 – December 19, 1902) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the leader of Rhode Island's late nineteenth-century textile industry with ownership and managerial roles in the Cumberland Mills Company, the Pawtucket Hair Cloth Company and other firms. He was a director of several Rhode Island banks and was prominent in local Democratic politics, nominated for the positions of mayor of Pawtucket, and governor and senator. His bequest of $500,000 to Brown University was the largest given to the university at the time.

Alfred H. Littlefield
Alfred Henry Littlefield  (April 2, 1829 – December 21, 1893) was an American businessman and politician. He was a member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and the Rhode Island Senate, and was the 35th Governor of Rhode Island.