hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mišnice
The mišnice (also mjeršnice) is an instrument like a bagpipe, made from goatskin. Its date of invention is unknown but it is known to have existed in Europe by the 9th century. Different forms of the instrument were found in North Africa and Eastern Europe, especially Croatia, Serbia, Hungary and Ukraine.

It is played by blowing into one pipe while using the fingers to cover or uncover holes in another pipe. It sounds similar to modern bagpipes, but not identical. The chanter, on which the melody is played, is actually a double pipe, with six holes on each side; one set of holes is used as the drone, while the other plays the tune in almost the same register.

The mišnice has been featured in the paintings of Andrea Schiavone.

Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipe is well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, North Africa, West Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.

The term bagpipes is also used, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument,  air must be blown into it to produce a sound.
Department of Internal Affairs
The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA; Māori: Te Tari Taiwhenua) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with issuing passports; administering applications for citizenship and lottery grants; enforcing censorship and gambling laws; registering births, deaths, marriages and civil unions; supplying support services to ministers; and advising the government on a range of relevant policies and issues.

Other services provided by the department include a translation service, publication of the New Zealand Gazette (the official government newspaper), a flag hire service, management of VIP visits to New Zealand, running the Lake Taupō harbourmaster's office (under a special agreement with the local iwi) and the administration of offshore islands.

Michael Bassett
Michael Edward Rainton Bassett CNZM QSO (born 28 August 1938) is a former Labour Party member of the New Zealand House of Representatives and cabinet minister in the reformist fourth Labour government. He is also a noted New Zealand historian, and has published a number of books on New Zealand politics, including biographies of Prime Ministers Peter Fraser, Gordon Coates and Joseph Ward.
Vatican Hebrew MS 133
Vatican Hebrew MS 133 (Latin: Vaticanus Ebraeus 133 or Vat. ebr. 133), usually known in Hebrew as the Rome MS (כ״י רומי‎, K.Y. Romi), is a handwritten manuscript of a portion of the Jerusalem Talmud copied in the late 13th or early 14th centuries, containing approximately a quarter of the entire Jerusalem Talmud, Seder Zerai'm (excluding Tractate Bikkurim) and Tractate Sotah from Seder Nashim.

Vatican Hebrew MS 133 originally belonged to the Heidelberg Palatina collection, acquired in the early 16th-century, and later transferred to Rome in the 17th-century (1622), as a gift to Pope Gregory XV.

Zeraim
Seder Zeraim (Hebrew: סדר זרעים, romanized: Sēder Zərāʿim, lit. "Order of Seeds") is the first of the six orders, or major divisions, of the Mishnah, Tosefta, and the Talmud, and, apart from the first tractate which concerns the rules for prayers and blessings, primarily deals with the laws of agricultural produce and tithes of the Torah which apply in the Land of Israel, in both their religious and social aspects.
E12 European long distance path
The E12 European long distance path or E12 path is one of the twelve European long-distance paths. It passes through Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia and Croatia.

The E12 path is currently under construction and is planned to be 1,800km in length. A section has been completed in Marina di Camerota, South of Napoli, allowing hikers to experience the E12 path before it is fully completed. The path will connect the Mediterranean coast, as well as islands such as Majorca, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Malta and Sardinia.

European long-distance paths
The European long-distance paths (E-paths) are a network of long-distance footpaths that traverse Europe. While most long-distance footpaths on the continent are located in just one country or region, each of these numbered long-distance trails passes through many countries.

The first long-distance hiking trail in Europe was the National Blue Trail of Hungary, established in 1938. The formation of the European Union in 1993 made transnational hiking trails possible. Presently, the network consists of 12 paths and covers more than 65,000 kilometres (40,000 mi), crisscrossing the continent. In general, the routes connect and make use of existing national and local trails, such as the GR footpaths.

The trails are officially designated by the European Ramblers' Association.
Vuk (computer)
Vuk (pronounced [ʋûːk]) is a computer prototype designed by a group of students from Leskovac in SFRY (now Serbia). It was supposed to be a multipurpose educational computer. The development started in 1984 and in 1988 about ten prototypes were produced. Although the design received awards, the Yugoslav industry was not interested, so the computer never reached the production phase.

Computer data storage
Computer data storage or digital data storage is the retention of digital data via technology consisting of computer components and recording media. Digital data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.: 15–16

Generally, the faster and volatile storage components are referred to as "memory", while slower persistent components are referred to as "storage". This distinction was extended in the Von Neumann architecture, where the central processing unit (CPU) consists of two main parts: The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory, while the latter performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. In practice, almost all computers use a memory hierarchy,: 468–473  which puts memory close to the CPU and storage further away.

In modern computers, hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are usually used as storage.
Ndiva Women's Film Festival
The Ndiva Women's Film Festival (NWFF) is an African film festival for women filmmakers and audiences, established in Accra, Ghana in 2017. The founder and executive director of NWFF is Aseye Tamakloe. The festival distinguishes three categories: film by women, films for women by women and films by men about women.

Shirley Frimpong-Manso
Shirley Frimpong-Manso, (born March 16, 1977 in Kwahu East District) is a Ghanaian film director, writer, and producer. She is the founder and CEO of Sparrow Productions, a film, television and advertising production company. She won Best Director at the 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards. Frimpong-Manso is also a principal of Sparrow Station, a video streaming service for African entertainment from Sparrow and other African film producers. In 2013, she was ranked the 48th most influential person in Ghana according to E.tv Ghana.
VideoGuard
VideoGuard (sometimes referred to simply as NDS), produced by NDS, is a digital encryption system for use with conditional access television broadcasting. It is used on digital satellite television systems – some of which are operated by News Corporation, which owned about half (49%) of NDS until its sale to Cisco in 2012 (becoming Cisco Videoscape division). Since 2018 VideoGuard is improved and maintained by Synamedia (Cisco's spun-off company based on its former Videoscape division). Its two most widely used implementations are Sky in the United Kingdom and Ireland and DirecTV in the United States, the former of which launched the digital version of the system in 1998.

Synamedia
Synamedia Ltd. (previously Cisco's SPVSS business, and formerly NDS Group Ltd., and later Cisco Videoscape) is a video technology provider headquartered in Staines-upon-Thames, UK. Its products cover content distribution and delivery, video processing, advanced advertising, broadband offerings, and video security.
Anti-submarine weapon
An anti-submarine weapon (ASW) is any one of a number of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew, to destroy (sink) the vessel or reduce its capability as a weapon of war. In its simplest sense, an anti-submarine weapon is usually a projectile, missile or bomb that is optimized to destroy submarines.

Magnetic anomaly detector
A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. The term typically refers to magnetometers used by military forces to detect submarines (a mass of ferromagnetic material creates a detectable disturbance in the magnetic field). Military MAD equipment is a descendant of geomagnetic survey or aeromagnetic survey instruments used to search for minerals by detecting their disturbance of the normal earth-field.
Straits View
Straits View is a planning area located in the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore. The area is currently relatively undeveloped, with fewer commercial developments compared to the adjacent Downtown Core.

Straits View planning area is bounded by Marina South to the north, the Downtown Core to the northwest and west, and the Singapore Strait to the south.

Central Region, Singapore
The Central Region is one of the five regions in the city-state of Singapore. It is the main metropolitan region surrounding the Central Area. Comprising 132.7 square kilometres (51.2 sq mi) of land area, it includes 11 planning areas (PAs) within the Central Area, as well as another 11 more outside it. The region is home to many of Singapore's national monuments as it was historically the area where the city was first founded and consists of country's only UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

Although the Central Area is by nature chiefly commercial, especially the area in the Downtown Core, it also includes numerous residential housing of various types, ranging from public Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats to more affluent forms of housing, such as private condominiums and bungalows. There are also at least 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) of green spaces, including parks, gardens and other recreational spaces linked by 19 km of park connectors.
Gwangju Koryoin Village
Gwangju Koryoin Village (Korean: 광주고려인마을) is an enclave of Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union) in Wolgok-dong, Gwangsan District, Gwangju, South Korea. Along with Ansan's Ttaetgol Village, it is one of the largest communities of Koryo-saram in the country. It had around 7,000 Koryo-saram residents by 2022.

The village has become a tourist destination. Signs written in Cyrillic script are visible throughout the district. In 2024, there were reportedly around 100 businesses operated by Koryo-saram, with restaurants and stores showcasing their culture. Restaurants serve Koryo-saram cuisine such as morkovcha and Russosphere dishes such as shashlik, plov, and somsa.

Gwangsan District
Gwangsan District (Korean: 광산구; RR: Gwangsan-gu) is a district, similar to a ward, situated in Gwangju, South Korea. The total population of the district, as of September 2004, is 295,294, and the population density of the district is 1,085 per 1 km.  Its area is about 45% of the city of Gwangju.

The district bird is the White Heron, the district flower is Magnolia, and the district tree is the Pine Tree. Gwangsan District has 1913 Songseong Market, and Songseong Market (held every 3,8 day), Yonga birthplace, and there has Korean wheat festival.
Volunteer-per-order
Volunteer-per-order was a naval rating for young gentlemen seeking a future career as officers in the Royal Navy between 1676 and 1837. Participants were guaranteed access to junior officer ranks after between two and five years study and practical experience. From 1676 to 1732, volunteers-per-order were also known as King's Letter Boys as their guarantee of a place in naval service was via a letter from the monarch.

Young gentlemen
Young gentlemen is an archaic term that was used in the Royal Navy to refer to boys aspiring to become commissioned officers, but who had not necessarily reached the rank of midshipmen.  Until promotion to lieutenant, these boys would serve in various ratings, and the term was used to group all these boys together.  A similar term today would be officer candidates or cadets.
Afro-Dutch people
Afro-Dutch or Black Dutch people are Dutch people who are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry. The majority of Afro-Dutch in the Netherlands are Afro-Caribbean and hail from the former and present Dutch overseas territories Suriname and the former Netherlands Antilles (mostly from Curaçao, Aruba and St Maarten). Of the approximately 500,000 Afro-Dutch people, about 300,000 people, or 60%, are from these territories. Whilst only a minority of Black Dutch citizens are of Sub-Saharan African migrant background, there is a sizable population of Cape Verdean, Ghanaian, Nigerian, Somali, Angolan and other African communities of more recent immigrants. The majority of Afro-Dutch people migrated to the Netherlands from the 1970s onwards, most of the recent migrants arriving either as political refugees seeking freedom or, more often, to escape regional conflicts, such as from Eritrea.

Arubans in the Netherlands
Arubans in the Netherlands (Dutch: Arubanen in Nederland) are migrants from Aruba to the Netherlands and their descendants. In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As of 2023, figures from Statistics Netherlands showed 32,884 people of Aruban origin in the Netherlands. Rotterdam has the largest Aruban community with around 4,000 people of Aruban descent. Large Aruban communities can also be found in Amsterdam, Tilburg, Almere and The Hague.
Aminophenazone
Aminophenazone (or aminopyrine, amidopyrine, Pyramidon) is a non-narcotic analgesic substance. It is a pyrazolone and a derivative of phenazone, which also has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. While inexpensive and effective, especially in the treatment of rheumatism, the drug carries a serious risk of severe and sometimes fatal side-effects, including agranulocytosis. While its production and use have been banned in many countries, including France, Thailand, India, Japan and USA, it is still sometimes used in the developing world.

A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of cytochrome P-450 metabolic activity in liver-function tests. It is also used in measuring the total body water in the human body system.

Antipyretic
An antipyretic (/ˌæntipaɪˈrɛtɪk/, from anti- 'against' and pyretic 'feverish') is a substance that reduces fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override a prostaglandin-induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, which results in a reduction in fever.

Most antipyretic medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the US are usually ibuprofen and aspirin, which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used primarily as anti-inflammatories and analgesics (pain relievers), but which also have antipyretic properties; and paracetamol (acetaminophen), an analgesic without anti-inflammatory properties.

There is some debate over the appropriate use of such medications, since fever is part of the body's immune response to infection. A study published by the Royal Society claims that fever suppression causes at least 1% more influenza deaths in the United States, or 700 extra deaths per year.
Cheryl Hanna
Cheryl Irene Hanna (born January 7, 1951) is an American artist and illustrator. Hanna was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, dropped out of the Pratt Institute before she resumed her study and received her B.A. from the Pratt Institute in 1973.

Hanna is a painter, children's book illustrator who is also known for her work in the medium of collage. Hanna's work has been exhibited at the Newark Museum and the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Hanna's 1987 book, "The Enchanted Hair Tale", in collaboration with author Alexis de Veaux was honored by the Coretta Scott King Award. She has also illustrated biographies of Phillis Wheatley, Selma Burke, and Mary Fields.

Selma Burke
Selma Hortense Burke (December 31, 1900 – August 29, 1995) was an American sculptor and a member of the Harlem Renaissance movement. Burke is best known for a bas relief portrait of President Franklin D. Roosevelt which may have been the model for his image on the obverse of the dime. She described herself as "a people's sculptor" and created many pieces of public art, often portraits of prominent African-American figures like Duke Ellington, Mary McLeod Bethune and Booker T. Washington. In 1979, she was awarded the Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award. She summed up her life as an artist, "I really live and move in the atmosphere in which I am creating".
South African Class 19E
The Transnet Freight Rail Class 19E of 2009 is a South African electric locomotive.

In 2009, Transnet Freight Rail placed the first of 110 Class 19E single-cab dual-voltage 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC electric locomotives with a Bo-Bo wheel arrangement in service on the Coalink line from Ermelo to Richards Bay.

Bo-Bo
Bo-Bo (Commonwealth), Bo′Bo′ (UIC), or B-B (AAR) is a wheel arrangement classification for railway locomotives with four powered axles mounted in two bogies. Each bogie has two axles, both of which are powered. This configuration is one of the most common arrangements for modern electric and diesel locomotives.
Covered in Blood
Covered in Blood is a compilation album by Arch Enemy, featuring all 24 covers the band recorded and released from 1996 until 2019. This is the only official Arch Enemy release that features all three lead vocalists that the band has had – Johan Liiva, Angela Gossow and Alissa White-Gluz.

Black Earth (Arch Enemy album)
Black Earth is the debut studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. Released on 2 October 1996 through Wrong Again, The album was reissued on 24 April 2007 through Regain Records, featuring "Losing Faith", two Iron Maiden covers and the video for "Bury Me an Angel". The album was reissued again on 28 April 2023 in various formats, along with a visualiser for “Dark Insanity”.
Maternus Cynegius
Maternus Cynegius (died 388) was a Roman bureaucrat and close confidant of the emperor Theodosius I. He held the offices of praetorian prefect of the East (384–388) and consul (388), and has been widely blamed by historians for instigating the widespread destruction of pagan temples and shrines throughout the eastern Roman provinces. Some recent authors, however, have questioned his role in events and his overall reputation as a Christian fanatic and temple destroyer.

John Matthews (historian)
John Frederick Matthews, FBA, FSA, FRHistS (born 1940) is a British historian and academic. Since 1996, he has been a professor of Roman history at Yale University, where he was also the John M. Schiff Professor of Classics and History from 2001 to 2014.
Proxy Networks, Inc.
Proxy Networks, Inc. is a software company that specializes in providing Remote Desktop Software and collaboration solutions for IT professionals, including technicians, network administrators, and IT managers. The company was established in 2006 following a venture capital-backed acquisition from Juniper Networks. Proxy Networks is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and is led by Chief Executive Officer Andy Kim.

Remote desktop software
Remote desktop software is software for remote administration of computers, allowing a desktop environment to be displayed on a computer, known as the client, other than the one on which it is running − the server. While commonly found in the context of personal computers, the concept also applies to other forms of computers, such as smartphones and dedicated servers.

Remote desktop applications have varying features. Some allow attaching to an existing user's session and "remote controlling", either displaying the remote control session or blanking the screen.
Aufbaugymnasium
The Aufbaugymnasium ("Structured Secondary School") is a school for mature students in Germany and Austria. It serves students who graduated from a Hauptschule or Realschule and are headed for the Abitur.
It is not to be confused with a traditional Gymnasium, which serves young students who have not graduated from another secondary school before.

Real school
Real school (German: Realschule, pronounced [ʁeˈaːlʃuːlə] ⓘ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (realna gimnazija), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (realskole), Sweden (realskola), Estonia (reaalkool), Finland (reaalikoulu), Hungary (reáliskola), Latvia (reālskola), Slovenia (realka), Serbia (realna gimnazija/realka), and the Russian Empire (реальное училище), including partitioned Poland (szkoła realna).
Ž
The grapheme Ž (minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of caron (Czech: háček, Slovak: mäkčeň, Slovene: strešica, Serbo-Croatian: kvačica, Polish: ptaszek). It is used in various contexts, usually denoting the voiced postalveolar fricative, the sound of English g in mirage, s in vision, or Portuguese and French j. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with [ʒ], but the lowercase ž is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. In addition, ž is used as the romanisation of Cyrillic ж in ISO 9 and scientific transliteration.

For use in computer systems, Ž and ž are at Unicode codepoints U+017D and U+017E, respectively.  On Windows computers, it can be typed with Alt+0142 and Alt+0158, respectively.

Ž is the last letter of most alphabets that contain it, but exceptions include Estonian, Karelian, Veps, and Turkmen.

Slovene alphabet
The Slovene alphabet or Slovenian alphabet (Slovene: slovenska abeceda, pronounced [slɔˈʋèːnska abɛˈtséːda] or slovenska gajica [- ˈɡáːjitsa]) is an extension of the Latin script used to write Slovene. The standard language uses a Latin alphabet which is a slight modification of the Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet.
1951 Paris Grand Prix
The 1951 Paris Grand Prix was a Non-Championship Formula One motor race held on 20 May 1951 at the Bois de Boulogne, in Paris, France. It was the last motor race to take place at the circuit, due to concerns over driver and spectator safety.

The 125-lap race was won by Maserati driver Giuseppe Farina, with José Froilán González and Louis Rosier second and third in Talbot-Lagos. Emmanuel de Graffenried started from pole in a Maserati and Juan Manuel Fangio set fastest lap in a Simca-Gordini.

Maserati in motorsport
Throughout its history, the Italian auto manufacturer Maserati has participated in various forms of motorsport including Formula One, sportscar racing and touring car racing, both as a works team and through private entrants. Maserati currently competes in Formula E in partnership with the Monaco Sports Group (MSG) as Maserati MSG Racing.