hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mechanical rectifier
A mechanical rectifier is a device for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) by means of mechanically operated switches.  The best-known type is the commutator, which is an integral part of a DC dynamo, but before solid-state devices became available, independent mechanical rectifiers were used for certain applications. Before the invention of semiconductors, rectification at high currents involved serious losses.

There were various vacuum/gas devices, such as the mercury arc rectifiers, thyratrons, ignitrons, and vacuum diodes. Solid-state technology was in its infancy, represented by copper oxide and selenium rectifiers. All of these gave excessive forward voltage drop at high currents. One answer was mechanically opening and closing contacts, if this could be done quickly and cleanly enough.

Metal rectifier
A metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide, germanium or selenium.  They were used in power applications to convert alternating current to direct current in devices such as radios and battery chargers.   Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s, under the trade name Westector (now used as a trade name for an overcurrent trip device by Westinghouse Nuclear).

In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices; in others the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to  selenium-iron types.
Rudolf von Colloredo
Rudolf Hieronymus Eusebius von Colloredo-Waldsee, born 2 November 1585 in České Budějovice, Kingdom of Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic), was a Bohemian nobleman and the brother of Hieronymus von Colloredo-Waldsee. A member of the Colloredo family, he distinguished himself in the Thirty Years' War, especially at the Battles of Mantua and Lützen.  Emperor Ferdinand III appointed him to the Imperial Privy Council and named him a Field Marshal. Although unable to prevent Prague Castle from falling to Sweden's Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, Colloredo-Waldsee's bold defense of Prague's old town halted the Swedish invasion of Bohemia on 26 July 1648 and saved the Habsburg's ancestral lands in Austria. After the war he built the Schönborn Palace in Prague, now home to the United States Embassy to the Czech Republic. He died in Prague on 24 February 1657.

Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 – 2 April 1657) was Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1625, King of Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 to his death.

Ferdinand ascended the throne at the beginning of the last decade of the Thirty Years' War and introduced lenient policies to depart from the old ideas of divine right held by his father, as he wished to end the war quickly. After military defeats and against a background of declining power, Ferdinand was compelled to abandon the political stances of his Habsburg predecessors in many respects to open the long road towards the much-delayed Peace of Westphalia. Although his authority as emperor was weakened after the war, his position in Bohemia, Hungary and Austria was stronger than that of his predecessors before 1618.

Ferdinand was the first Habsburg monarch to be recognised as a musical composer.
Chyby, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Chyby [ˈxɨbɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mniów, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Mniów and 19 km (12 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Mniów
Mniów [mɲuf] is a village in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mniów. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.
FK Obilić
Fudbalski klub Obilić (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Обилић) is a Serbian football club based in Vračar, a neighbourhood of Belgrade. It was named after medieval Serbian hero Miloš Obilić, a legendary 14th-century knight.

In its long history, Obilić's most notable success occurred in 1998, when it became only the third club since the breakup of Yugoslavia to win the national league, winning the 1997–98 season. As of 2025, one of the two Belgrade football giants, Crvena Zvezda and Partizan, have won every other year. At the time, it was bankrolled by Serbian warlord Arkan.

Since the 2001–02 season, when it finished in fourth place, Obilić has declined steeply: a club which once competed in European club competitions was relegated to the lowest tier of the Serbian football league system and now no longer competes in any recognised competition (with the exception of the women's team).

1998–99 First League of FR Yugoslavia
The 1998–99 First League of FR Yugoslavia was the seventh season of the FR Yugoslavia's top-level football league since its establishment. It was contested by 18 teams, and Partizan won the championship (declared on 12 June 1999).

The championship was stopped on 14 May 1999, because of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, after 24 rounds.
Presidents Cup (rugby league)
The NSWRL Presidents Cup is a semi-professional, open-aged rugby league football competition played in New South Wales. The competition is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). The competition includes teams from domestic rugby league clubs (mainly from the Illawarra District), Ron Massey Cup, Sydney Shield and Canterbury Cup clubs.

Group 10 Rugby League
Group 10 is a rugby league competition in the Central West area of New South Wales, under the auspices of the New South Wales Rugby League. It had been under the control of Country Rugby League but that changed after the NSWRL agreed to a new constitution and the CRL voted to wind up its affairs immediately. The decisions was made on 19 October 2019 and the merger means that the aim of a unified administration of the sport in NSW was achieved over a year ahead of time.

Ahead of the 2022 season, the Group 10 and Group 11 competitions merged to form the Western Premiership.
2006 Shelbourne Irish Open
The 2006 Shelbourne Irish Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor carpet courts. It was the 1st edition of the event, and part of the 2006 ATP Challenger Series of the 2006 ATP Tour. It took place at the tennis courts at the Fitzwilliam Lawn Tennis Club in Dublin, Ireland, from 3 through 9 July 2006.

2006 ATP Tour
The 2006 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2006 tennis season. The ATP Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals. The ATP Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the Tennis Masters Cup, the ATP Masters Series, the International Series Gold and the International Series tournaments.

In singles, Roger Federer dominated the season. He won twelve tournaments, including three majors (Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open), four Masters Series titles (Indian Wells, Miami Open, Madrid Open and Rogers Cup) and the year-end championship. He finished the year with a 92–5 record.
Sofia Region
Sofia is a region in northern Madagascar. It is named for the Sofia River. It is the second largest Malagasy region (behind Atsimo-Andrefana) with an area of 50,100 km² (19,300 sq mi), and had a population of 1,500,227 in 2018. Antsohihy is the administrative capital.

Regions of Madagascar
Madagascar is divided into 24 regions (faritra). The regions are de facto first-level administrative divisions of the country, although they are formally subordinate to the six provinces.

The subdivision of Madagascar's provinces into regions dates to 2004, when 22 regions were established. In 2021, Vatovavy-Fitovinany was split into the regions of Fitovinany and Vatovavy. The law creating Ambatosoa from the northern part of Analanjirofo was enacted in 2023 and the new region was inaugurated in 2025.

The table below records the area of the regions using the current borders, along with the population within those borders as recorded in the 2018 census.
Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice
Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice is a 2006 non-fiction book by Raymond Arsenault, published by Oxford University Press.

The scope of the book ranges from the Irene Morgan case and the Journey of Reconciliation. The ending of the book refers to Irene Morgan.

According to David Hackett Fischer and James M. McPherson, this is the first book on the topic, written by someone who adopted being a historian as a career, that is "full-scale". Todd Moye of the University of North Texas described the work as "a travelogue of the modern civil rights movement".

An abridged version was released in 2011.

Journey of Reconciliation
The Journey of Reconciliation, also called "First Freedom Ride", was a form of nonviolent direct action to challenge state segregation laws on interstate buses in the Southern United States.
Bayard Rustin and 18 other men and women were the early organizers of the two-week journey that began on April 9, 1947. The participants started their journey in Washington, D.C., traveled as far south as North Carolina, before returning to Washington, D.C.

The journey was seen as inspiring the later Freedom Rides of the Civil Rights Movement from May 1961 onward. James Peck, one of the white participants, also took part in the Freedom Ride of May 1961.
James J. Hogan
James Joseph Hogan (July 6, 1837 – September 8, 1914) was a grocer, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer who was a native of British North America. He was the 17th mayor of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and the 36th speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly
The Speaker of the Wisconsin State Assembly is the presiding officer of the Wisconsin State Assembly, the lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature.  Article IV of the Constitution of Wisconsin, ratified in 1848, establishes the legislature and specifies the election of officers.  The role and responsibilities of the speaker are defined in the Assembly Rules, originally in Rule 1, and also, under the present rules, Rule 3.
Furqat
Zokirjon Xolmuhammad oʻgʻli (Uzbek: Zokirjon Xolmuhammad oʻgʻli, Зокиржон Ҳолмуҳаммад ўғли) (1859–1909), better known by his pen name Furqat, was an Uzbek author, poet, and political activist. He had a major influence on the development of modern Uzbek literature. He wrote one of the earliest pamphlets and satirical articles in Uzbek.

Furqat, like may other writers of the tsarist colonial period, was forced to praise the Russian Empire and its culture in his work. When he started to write poems that were critical of the cruelty of Russian rule, he was exiled to Chinese Turkestan.

Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Uzbek: Oʻzbeklar; Ўзбеклар; اۉزبېکلر‎) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, being the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Tajiks and Karakalpak minorities, and also form minority groups in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, and China. Uzbek diaspora communities also exist in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, United States, Ukraine, Pakistan, and other countries.
Church of St. Trophime, Arles
The Church of St. Trophime (French: Cathédrale Saint-Trophime d'Arles; Occitan: Catedrala Sant-Trofime d'Arle) (Trophimus) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral located in the city of Arles, in the Bouches-du-Rhône Department of southern France. It was built between the 12th century and the 15th century, and is in the Romanesque architectural tradition. The sculptures over the church's portal, particularly the Last Judgement, and the columns in the adjacent cloister, are considered some of the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture.

The church was built upon the site of the 5th-century basilica of Arles, named for St. Stephen.  In the 15th century a Gothic choir was added to the Romanesque nave.

Along with other medieval and Roman buildings in Arles, in 1981 the church was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments group.

Four Evangelists
In Christian tradition, the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four canonical Gospel accounts. In the New Testament, they bear the following titles: the Gospel of Matthew; the Gospel of Mark; the Gospel of Luke; and the Gospel of John.
Omnivoropteryx
Omnivoropteryx (meaning "omnivorous wing") is a genus of primitive flying avialan from the early Cretaceous Upper Jiufotang Formation of China. The authors who described Omnivoropteryx, Stephen Czerkas and Qiang Ji, stated that their specimen closely resembles Sapeornis, but the pubis was longer and, since no skull was known for Sapeornis, they did not consider the two names synonyms. The later discovery of Sapeornis skulls shows that they were indeed similar to Omnivoropteryx. This may make Omnivoropteryx a junior synonym of Sapeornis, and the name may be abandoned.

Jiufotang Formation
The Jiufotang Formation (Chinese: 九佛堂组; pinyin: jiǔfótáng zǔ; previoiusly transliterated as Chiufotang Formation) is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms (see Jehol Biota). It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with estimates ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. New uranium-lead dates reveal the formation is deposited in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Fossils of Microraptor and Jeholornis are from the Jiufotang.
Leiuperinae
The Leiuperinae are a subfamily of frogs in the family Leptodactylidae. Over 90 species are in five genera. The distribution of this subfamily is from southern Mexico to the Central America and much of South America.

Engystomops
Engystomops is a genus of frogs in the family Leptodactylidae. They are commonly known as foam frogs or túngara frogs, though the latter name most commonly refers to Engystomops pustulosus. They are native to the Americas from southern Mexico south to the Amazon Basin.

This genus was maintained on its own until 1970, when it was merged into Physalaemus, a genus of similar frogs. As studies progressed, there was increasing evidence that Physalaemus was not a monophyletic group; it was made up of several groups. One of those groups consisted of several frogs more closely related to each other than to the rest of the Physalaemus, and they were represented by P. pustulosus, now Engystomops pustulosus. This group was split off in 2005 on the basis of characters such as basic morphology and vocalizations, as well as allozyme and other genetic analysis. The group was given the revalidated name Engystomops. It included two newly described species.
VIA Eden
VIA Eden is a variant of VIA's C3/C7 x86 processors, designed to be used in embedded devices. They have smaller package sizes, lower power consumption, and somewhat lower computing performance than their C equivalents, due to reduced clock rates. They are often used in EPIA mini-ITX, nano-ITX, and Pico-ITX motherboards. In addition to x86 instruction decoding, the processors have a second undocumented Alternate Instruction Set.

The Eden is available in four main versions:

The Eden ULV 500 MHz was the first variant to achieve a TDP of 1W .

Alternate Instruction Set
The Alternate Instruction Set (AIS) is a unique secondary instruction set architecture found in the VIA C3 series of x86-32 CPUs made by VIA Technologies. The  hidden processor mode is accessed by executing the x86 instruction JMPAI (0F 3F).  If AIS mode has been enabled, the processor will perform a JMP EAX and begin executing AIS instructions at the address of the EAX register.  Using AIS allows native access to the Centaur Technology-designed RISC core inside the processor.
Trigae
There are two triga sculptures installed on the roof corners of the National Theatre in Prague, Czech Republic. The horses are controlled by the winged goddess Victoria. The sculptures were proposed and modeled by Czech sculptor Bohuslav Schnirch (1845–1901) and created by Ladislav Šaloun (1870–1946). The works were installed in 1911. Šaloun's wife, Julia, served as the model for Victoria. The statues were renovated several times, most recently in 2008.

National Theatre (Prague)
The National Theatre (Czech: Národní divadlo) is a historic opera house in Prague, Czech Republic. It is known as the alma mater of Czech opera, and as the national monument of Czech history and art.

The National Theatre belongs to the most important Czech cultural institutions, with a rich artistic tradition, which helped to preserve and develop the most important features of the nation–the Czech language and a sense for a Czech musical and dramatic way of thinking.

Today the National Theatre consists of three artistic ensembles: opera, ballet and drama. They alternate in their performances in the historic building of the National Theatre, in the State Opera, in the Estates Theatre and in the Kolowrat Theatre. All three artistic ensembles select their repertoire both from classical heritage, and modern authors.
Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate
Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (calcium stearoyl lactylate or CSL) or E482 is a versatile,  FDA approved food additive.  It is one type of a commercially available lactylate.  CSL is  non-toxic, biodegradable, and typically manufactured using  biorenewable feedstocks.  Because CSL is a safe and highly effective food additive, it is used in a wide variety of products from  baked goods and  desserts to packaging.

As described by the  Food Chemicals Codex 7th edition, CSL is a cream-colored powder.  CSL is currently manufactured by the esterification of stearic acid and lactic acid with partial neutralization using food-grade hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide).  Commercial grade CSL is a mixture of calcium salts of stearoyl lactic acid, with minor proportions of other salts of related acids.  The  HLB for CSL is 5.1.  It is slightly soluble in hot water.  The pH of a 2% aqueous suspension is approximately 4.7.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.
Egyptian Democratic Labour Congress
The Egyptian Democratic Labour Congress (EDLC) is an independent national trade union centre formed in 2013.  Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 large numbers of independent trade unions emerged.  While the first independent unions in the public sector joined the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU), the EDLC grouped together mostly private sector trade unions.  The EDLC has its origins in the work of Kamal Abbas of the Centre for Trade Union and Workers' Services (CTUWS), a non-government organization which supported workers during the Mubarak regime, when independent unions were banned.

Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions
The Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU, also referred to as the Egyptian Independent Trade Union Federation) was the first independent national trade union center to be founded following the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Previously, independent trade unionism was illegal and almost all trade unions were under government control.
Basin bridge
Basin bridge is a neighbourhood in Chennai district of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India. It is located at an altitude of about 28 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of 13°06′23.5″N 80°16′31.2″E﻿ / ﻿13.106528°N 80.275333°E﻿ / 13.106528; 80.275333 (i.e., 13.106535°N, 80.275340°E). George Town, Royapuram, Kondithope, Mannadi Vannarapettai, Tondiarpet, Sowcarpet, Vallalar Nagar and Kasimedu are some of the important neighbourhoods of Basin Bridge area.

Sowcarpet
Sowcarpet is a neighborhood in the northern part of Chennai, India. Sowcarpet is one of the oldest neighborhoods of the city with narrow streets and vintage buildings. It is a bustling commercial area of the city, and a range of wholesale markets are located here. The locality is known as the North Indian hub of Chennai owing to the presence of the North Indian community here. Sowcarpet is home to the largest Marwadi community in South India.
World Series of Poker Africa
The World Series of Poker Africa (WSOPA) is the second expansion effort of World Series of Poker-branded poker tournaments outside the United States. Since 1970, participants had to travel to Las Vegas if they wanted to compete in the World Series of Poker (WSOP). Although the WSOP started holding circuit events in 2005 in other states, the main tournaments, which awarded bracelets to the winners, were exclusively held in Las Vegas. In 2007, the inaugural World Series of Poker Europe marked the first time that a WSOP bracelet was awarded outside Las Vegas.  In 2010, the WSOP expanded overseas once again, only this time to Gauteng, South Africa. While the WSOPE awarded bracelets, the WSOPA was considered a circuit event with the winners receiving Championship Rings instead of bracelets.  The WSOPA did not occur in 2011, but the series of tournaments resumed in 2012.

World Series of Poker Europe
The World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion effort of World Series of Poker-branded poker tournaments outside the United States. Since 1970, participants had to travel to Las Vegas if they wanted to compete in the World Series of Poker (WSOP). Although the WSOP held circuit events in other locations, the main tournaments, which awarded bracelets to the winners, were exclusively held in Las Vegas. The inaugural WSOPE, held in 2007, marked the first time that a WSOP bracelet was awarded outside Las Vegas.  From its inception to the 2013 tournament, players from 19 countries — USA (10), France (4), UK (3), Denmark (3), Canada (2), Norway (2), Portugal (2), Italy (2), Afghanistan, Germany, Indonesia, Spain, New Zealand, Sweden, Tunisia, Switzerland, Australia, Italy and Finland — have won bracelets.
Witold Lesiewicz
Witold Lesiewicz (9 September 1922 – 23 March 2012) was a Polish film director and screenwriter. He directed 24 films between 1949 and 1979. He completed the work on the 1963 film Passenger after the death of director Andrzej Munk.

Andrzej Munk
Andrzej Munk (16 October 1921 – 20 September 1961) was a Polish film director, screen writer and documentalist. He was one of the most influential artists of the post-Stalinist period in the People's Republic of Poland. His feature films Man on the Tracks (Człowiek na torze, 1956), Eroica (Heroism, 1958), Bad Luck (Zezowate szczęście, 1960), and Passenger (Pasażerka 1963), are considered classics of the Polish Film School developed in mid-1950s. He died as a result of a car crash in Kompina in a head-on collision with a truck.