hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wak'ani (Potosí)
Wak'ani (Aymara wak'a girdle, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a girdle", hispanicized spelling Huacani) is a mountain in the Khari Khari mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Tomás Frías Province, east of Potosí. Wak'ani lies south and south-west of the mountains Khari Khari and Kimsa Waylla, north-west of the mountain Illimani and south-east of the Khari Khari Lakes.

Khari Khari
Khari Khari (Quechua, a thorny medical plant, a species of rubus, hispanicized spellings Cari Cari, Kari Kari, Kari-Kari) is a mountain in the Andes in the Potosí Department of Bolivia. It is the second highest elevation in the Potosí mountain range rising up to (5,040 m (16,535 ft). It is also the highest mountain in the Khari Khari mountain range, the northern part of the Potosí mountain range.

Khari Khari lies east of Potosí and north-east of the Khari Khari Lakes.
Macular telangiectasia
Macular telangiectasia is a condition of the retina, the light-sensing tissue at the back of the eye that causes gradual deterioration of central vision, interfering with tasks such as reading and driving.

Type 1, a very rare disease involving microaneurysms in the retina, typically affects a single eye in male patients, and it may be associated with Coats' disease.

Type 2 (referred to as MacTel) is the most common macular telangiectasia. It is categorized as "macular perifoveal telangiectasia", a neurodegenerative metabolic disorder, correlated with diabetes and coronary artery disease. It generally affects both eyes and usually affects both sexes equally.

Type 3 is an extremely rare, poorly understood neurological disease of the retina. It is characterized by occlusion and telangiectasia of the capillaries of the fovea in one or both eyes, as well as some exudation.

Vascularisation
Vascularisation or neovascularization (neo- + vascular + -ization) is the physiological process through which blood vessels form in tissues or organs.

Growth factors that inhibit neovascularization include those that affect endothelial cell division and differentiation. These growth factors often act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion; they include fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor.

It may occur through angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones), vasculogenesis (the creation of blood vessels during development, particularly in embryos) or arteriogenesis (where smaller vessels become enlarged into fully functioning arteries).
Will Hagerup
William Hagerup (born December 1991) is a former college football punter for the Michigan Wolverines. He holds the single-season average punting yards record and was the Big Ten Punter of the Year in 2012.

Punter (gridiron football)
A punter in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts (kicks) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage. This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football. Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations, when they throw or run the football to get a first down instead of punting.
Special Emergency Response Team
The Special Emergency Response Team (SERT) (French: Groupe spécial d'intervention d'urgence, GSIU) was an elite police tactical unit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The SERT was formed in 1986 to provide a tactical capability to respond to major terrorist incidents throughout Canada. The unit was disbanded in 1993 when responsibility for counter-terrorist response transferred from the RCMP to the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF).

Police tactical unit
A police tactical unit (PTU) is a specialized police unit trained and equipped to handle situations that are beyond the capabilities of ordinary law enforcement units because of the level of violence (or risk of violence) involved. The tasks of a police tactical unit may include executing dangerous search warrants and arrest warrants for dangerous persons; arresting or neutralizing dangerous or mentally ill armed persons; and intervening in high-risk situations such as shootouts, standoffs, hostage-takings, and terrorist incidents.
2020 Dallas Renegades season
The 2020 Dallas Renegades season was the first season for the Dallas Renegades as a professional American football franchise. They played as charter members of the XFL, one of eight teams to compete in the league for the 2020 season. The Renegades played their home games at the Globe Life Park in Arlington and were led by head coach Bob Stoops.

Their inaugural season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the XFL officially suspended operations for the remainder of the season on March 20, 2020.

Choctaw Stadium
Choctaw Stadium, formerly Globe Life Park, is a multi-purpose stadium in Arlington, Texas, United States. The venue opened in April 1994 as a baseball stadium with the name The Ballpark in Arlington, serving as the home for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball from 1994 through 2019. It replaced the nearby Arlington Stadium, and was succeeded by Globe Life Field.

In 2020, the stadium was retrofitted for football and soccer. It is the current home of the North Texas SC of MLS Next Pro (FC Dallas's reserve team), and the Arlington Renegades of the UFL.

On August 25, 2021, Choctaw Casinos & Resorts bought the naming rights to the stadium.
Service composability principle
In computing, service composability is a design principle, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, that encourages the design of services that can be reused in multiple solutions that are themselves made up of composed services. The ability to recompose the service is ideally independent of the size and complexity of the service composition.

This principle is directly responsible for the agility promised by SOA as it promotes composing new solutions by reusing existing services.

Service (systems architecture)
In the contexts of software architecture, service-orientation and service-oriented architecture, the term service refers to a software functionality, or a set of software functionalities (such as the retrieval of specified information or the execution of a set of operations) with a purpose that different  clients can reuse for different purposes, together with the policies that should control its usage (based on the identity of the client requesting the service, for example).

OASIS defines a service as "a mechanism to enable access to one or more capabilities, where the access is provided using a prescribed interface and is exercised consistent with constraints and policies as specified by the service description".
Ralna English
Ralna Eve English is an American singer (born June 19, 1942) from Haskell, Texas. She gained fame as half of the husband-and-wife singing duo of Guy & Ralna with then-husband Guy Hovis, both of whom were featured performers on The Lawrence Welk Show.

The Lawrence Welk Show
The Lawrence Welk Show is an American televised musical variety show hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk. The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years, from 1951 to 1955, then nationally for another 16 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971, followed by 11 years in first-run syndication from 1971 to 1982. Repeat episodes are broadcast in the United States by PBS stations. These airings incorporate an original program—usually, a color broadcast from 1965 to 1982—in its entirety. In place of the commercials, newer performance and interview clips from the original stars and/or a family member of the performers are included; these clips are occasionally updated.
Jiangqiao campaign
The Jiangqiao campaign was a series of battles and skirmishes occurring after the Mukden Incident, during the invasion of Manchuria by the Imperial Japanese Army, prior to the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Nen River
The Nen River or Nenjiang (Chinese: 嫩江; pinyin: Nèn Jiāng; Wade–Giles: Nen-chiang), or  Nonni (Manchu: ᠨᠣᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ, Möllendorff: non ula, Abkai: non ula) is a river in Northeast China. The Nen River flows through the northern part of Heilongjiang Province and the northeastern section of Inner Mongolia, some parts of the river forming the border between the two regions. At 1,370 km (850 mi) in length, the Nen River is the longest tributary of the Songhua River.

The Nen River  flows in the general southern direction in a wide valley between the Greater Khingan and the Lesser Khingan mountain ranges in the west and east, respectively, and meets the Second Songhua River near Da'an to form the Songhua River.

The river is prone to flooding, as occurred most recently in 1998 and 2005.
2024 Baseball5 Asia Cup
The 2024 Baseball5 Asia Cup was the second edition of the Baseball5 Asia Cup, a Baseball5 tournament organized by WBSC Asia. The championship was held from 13 to 16 April 2024, in the Olympic Park in Seoul, South Korea and was contested between eight national teams.

Japan won the tournament, defeating Chinese Taipei 2 sets to 1 in the final game. China claimed the bronze medal, after defeating hosts South Korea 2 sets to 0 in the bronze medal game. Japan, Chinese Taipei and China qualify for the 2024 Baseball5 World Cup in Hong Kong.

2024 Baseball5 World Cup
The 2024 Baseball5 World Cup was the second edition of the Baseball5 World Cup, the mixed-gender Baseball5 (B5) world championship organized by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC). It was held in Hong Kong from 7 to 12 October 2024. Twelve teams took part.

The tournament was won by Cuba in their second straight Baseball5 World Cup title. The Cuban team defeated Japan in the championship game, a replay of the 2022 final, 2 sets to 0 to finish the tournament undefeated with a 9–0 record. Cuban players Briandy Molina and Haila González received the Male MVP and Female MPV of the World Cup.

France claimed the bronze after defeating Venezuela in the bronze medal game, 2 sets to 0.

The 2024 World Cup cost $12 million to host, with the Baseball Association of Hong Kong providing half of the funding. The event has been given "M" Mark status (major sport event) by the Hong Kong government.
Nikolai Yeremenko Sr.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Yeremenko Sr. (Belarusian: Мікалай Мікалаевіч Яроменка (старэйшы); (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Ерёменко-ста́рший) was a Belarusian Soviet film and theater actor. People's Artist of the USSR (1989).

Member of the Great Patriotic War. He managed to survive in a Nazi concentration camp.

After graduating in 1948, the studio theater of the Yakub Kolas Belarusian Drama Theater in Vitebsk, he became a theater actor (1948-1959). Since 1959   an actor of Yanka Kupala National Academic Theatre.

He began acting in films in 1960.

His son was also an actor, Nikolai Yeremenko Jr. (1949-2001).

People's Artist of the USSR
People's Artist of the USSR, also sometimes translated as National Artist of the USSR, was an honorary title granted to artists of the Soviet Union. The term is confusingly used to translate two Russian language titles: Народный артист СССР (Narodny artist SSSR), awarded in performing arts and Народный художник СССР (Narodny khudozhnik SSSR), granted in some visual arts.

As those titles were granted by the government, honorees were afforded certain privileges and would often receive commissions from the Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union. Accordingly, artists and authors who expressed criticism of the Communist Party were seldom granted such recognition, if not outright censored. Each Soviet Republic, as well as the Autonomous Republics (ASSRs), had a similar award that would be held previously by virtually every receiver of the higher title of People's Artist of the USSR.
Gnaeus Lucretius
Gnaeus Lucretius Trio was a Roman moneyer, who minted denarii in Rome c. 136 BC. He may be an ancestor of Lucius Lucretius Trio.

One of his denarii shows a head of Roma facing right with "TRIO" behind and an "X" below the chin. The reverse shows the Dioscuri galloping right with "CN. LVCR" below the horses and "ROMA" in the exergue. It is cataloged in 
"Roman Silver Coins" as "Lucretia 1" and in "Roman Republican Coinage" as "237/1".

Lucretia 1: Roma / Dioscuri

Moneyer
A moneyer is a private individual who is officially permitted to mint money. Usually the rights to coin money are bestowed as a concession by a state or government.  Moneyers have a long tradition, dating back at least to ancient Greece. They became most prominent in the Roman Republic, and continued into the Empire.  In Rome the position of Triumvir Monetalis, held by three people at a time, was a minor magistracy awarded by the Senate, often the first office held by young politicians, including Marcus Aurelius.

Moneyers were not limited to the ancient world. During the Middle Ages, European moneyers created currency on behalf of kings and potentates.  For a large part of that era, virtually all coins in circulation were silver pennies, and these often bore the name or other identification of the moneyer. In 17th century North America, John Hull acted as a moneyer for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Shichirō Murayama
Shichirō Murayama (村山 七郎, Murayama Shichirō; 25 December 1908 in Ibaraki Prefecture – 13 May 1995) was a Japanese linguist who started his career lecturing at Juntendo University, and went on to become full professor at Kyoto Sangyo University. One of the world’s foremost authorities on the Altaic languages, he later made important contributions to the mixed-language theory of the origins of Japanese. Denis Sinor regarded him, together with Shirō Hattori, Samuel E. Martin, and Osada Natsuki as one of the four scholars who have done the most to throw light on the origins of the Japanese language.

Samuel E. Martin
Samuel Elmo Martin (29 January 1924 – 28 November 2009) was an American linguist known for seminal work on the languages of East Asia, a professor at Yale University, and the author of many works on the Korean and Japanese languages.
Spirit of a Boy, Wisdom of a Man
"Spirit of a Boy, Wisdom of a Man" is a song written by Trey Bruce and Glen Burtnik. First recorded by Mark Collie on his 1995 album Tennessee Plates, it was later recorded by Randy Travis. Released in October 1998 as the third single from his 1998 CD, You and You Alone, it peaked at number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, behind "Stand Beside Me" by Jo Dee Messina.

Stand Beside Me
"Stand Beside Me" is a song written by Stephen Allen Davis, and recorded by American country music singer Jo Dee Messina.  It was released in October 1998 as the third single from her album I'm Alright.  The song spent three weeks at the top of the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, making Messina the first female artist to score three multi-week Number One singles from one album.
Battle of Lake Hód
The Battle of Lake Hód (Hungarian: Hód-tavi csata) was fought between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans in September or October 1282. King Ladislaus IV of Hungary successfully repelled the invaders.

Pál Engel
Pál Engel (27 February 1938 – 21 August 2001) was a Hungarian medievalist historian and archivist, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He served as General Director of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences between 1996 and 1997. Despite Engel being an autodidact historian (who had no degree in history), he became a preeminent medievalist, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
1991 BDO World Darts Championship
The 1991 BDO World Darts Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the 1991 Embassy World Darts Championship) was held at the Lakeside Country Club in Frimley Green, Surrey from 4 to 12 January 1991. Phil Taylor was the defending champion, having won the title for the first time at the previous year's tournament, but he lost 4–3 in the quarter-finals to Dennis Priestley. Priestly defeated Eric Bristow 6–0 in the final to win his first world title. It was Bristow's tenth and last appearance in a world final and the only one in which he failed to win a single set.

Frimley Green
Frimley Green is a large village and ward of 580 acres (2.3 km2) in the borough of Surrey Heath, in Surrey, England. It lies 1 mi (1.6 km) south of the town of Frimley and 30 mi (48 km) south-west of central London. Lakeside Country Club was the national venue for the BDO international darts competition. It was played annually in the village between 1986 and 2019.
Megarididae
Megarididae is a family of true bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. The family consists of a single extant genus Megaris with about 16 species restricted to the Neotropical Realm and a fossil is known from Dominican amber.

Bugs in this family are small (< 5 mm long) and are beetle-like, convex and shiny. The family can be identified by an enlarged scutellum that covers the abdomen and wings entirely and the legs have two tarsal segments. The extant genus Megaris has the second tarsal segment much smaller than the first. The ocelli are ovoid-elliptical and the eyes are constricted. The antennae are four-segmented. They are smaller than the somewhat similar members of the Canopidae which have however slightly larger, have three tarsal segments, and have the lateral pronotal margins meeting in a rounded arc. A fossil species from 20 to 15 mya amber has been described as Minysporops dominicanus.

Canopus (insect)
Canopus is a genus of Neotropical bugs with about six species that form the family Canopidae. Bugs in the family Canopidae are small (5–7 mm long) and have a convex lady-bird beetle like shape and are thought to be fungus feeders. The scutellum completely covers the abdomen and wings. The antennae are five segmented.

Eight species are known:

C. andinus Horváth

C. burmeisteri McAtee and Malloch

C. caesus (Germar)

C. fabricii McAtee and Malloch

C. germari McAtee and Malloch

C. globosus Horváth

C. impressus Fabricius

C. orbicularis Horváth
Localization of a category
In mathematics, localization of a category consists of adding to a category inverse morphisms for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphisms. This is formally similar to the process of localization of a ring; it in general makes objects isomorphic that were not so before. In homotopy theory, for example, there are many examples of mappings that are invertible up to homotopy; and so large classes of homotopy equivalent spaces. Calculus of fractions is another name for working in a localized category.

Functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a mapping between categories.  Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) are associated to topological spaces, and maps between these algebraic objects are associated to continuous maps between spaces.   Nowadays, functors are used throughout modern mathematics to relate various categories. Thus, functors are important in every area of mathematics where category theory is applied.

The words category and functor were borrowed by mathematicians from the philosophers Aristotle and Rudolf Carnap, respectively.  The latter used functor in a linguistic context;
see function word.
Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven)
The Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor Op. 111 is the last of Ludwig van Beethoven's piano sonatas. The work was written between 1821 and 1822. Like other late period sonatas, it contains fugal elements. It was dedicated to his friend, pupil, and patron, Archduke Rudolf.

The sonata consists of two contrasting movements. The second movement is marked as an arietta with variations. Thomas Mann called it "farewell to the sonata form". The work entered the repertoire of leading pianists only in the second half of the 19th century. Rhythmically visionary and technically demanding, it is one of the most discussed of Beethoven's works.

A-flat major
A-flat major is a major scale based on A♭, with the pitches A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats.

The A-flat major scale is:

The A-flat harmonic major and melodic major scales are

Its relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, would require seven flats and is usually written as the enharmonic key of G-sharp minor instead, with five sharps.

In tuning systems where the number of notes per octave is not a multiple of 12, notes such as G♯ and A♭ are not enharmonically equivalent, nor are the corresponding key signatures. These tunings can produce keys with no analogue in 12-tone equal temperament, possibly requiring double sharps, double flats, or microtonal alterations in key signatures.
Coat of arms of Croatia
The coat of arms of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Grb Republike Hrvatske) consists of one main shield and five smaller shields which form a crown over the main shield. The main coat of arms is a checkerboard that consists of 13 red and 12 white fields (called in blazon Chequy of twenty-five gules and argent). It is also informally known in Croatian as šahovnica ("chessboard", from šah, "chess"). The five smaller shields represent five different historical regions within Croatia. The checkerboard as a heraldic symbol of Croatia was introduced in the late 15th century, and officially since 1527 election in Cetin, replacing the original coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia.

Socialist Republic of Croatia
The Socialist Republic of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Socijalistička Republika Hrvatska), commonly abbreviated as SR Croatia and referred to as simply Croatia, was a constituent republic and federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. By its constitution, modern-day Croatia is its direct continuation.

Along with five other Yugoslav republics, Croatia was formed during World War II and became a socialist republic after the war. It had four full official names during its 48-year existence (see below). By territory and population, it was the second largest republic in Yugoslavia, after the Socialist Republic of Serbia.

In 1990, the government dismantled the single-party system of government – installed by the League of Communists – and adopted a multi-party democracy. The newly elected government of Franjo Tuđman moved the republic towards independence, formally seceding from Yugoslavia in 1991 and thereby contributing to its dissolution.
Sri Lanka Marine Corps
Sri Lanka Marine Corps (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා මැරීන් බලකාය, romanized: śrī laṁkā mærīn baḷakāya) was formed in 2016 under the assistance of the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit of the United States Marine Corps in November 2016 and received further training from the Commando Regiment of Sri Lanka Army.

The first group consisting of 164 Marines including six officers and 158 sailors passed out on 27 February 2017 in Naval Base SLNS Barana in Mullikulam in a ceremony attended by the President Maithripala Sirisena, Commander of the Navy Vice Admiral Ravindra Wijegunaratne alongside the tri-force Commanders and senior officers. On July 29, 2017, Vice Admiral Wijegunarathna declared open the new Marine Headquarters, SLNS Vidura in Sampoor, Trincomalee.

Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment
The Commando Regiment (Sinhala: කොමාන්ඩෝ ‍රෙජිමේන්තුව komāndo rejimēnthuwa; Tamil: இலங்கை இராணுவத்தின் கமாண்டோ படைப்பிரிவ) is a tier two special operations forces unit in the Sri Lanka Army. It was formed in 1980 and is based in Ganemulla, a suburb of Colombo.

The unit specializes in various roles including air assault and airborne operations, anti-hijacking in urban terrains, clandestine operations, counterinsurgency in jungle and urban terrains, direct action on key targets, hostage rescue, maneuver warfare, providing security in areas at risk of attack or terrorism, reconnaissance and surveillance in operations areas, special reconnaissance, support international counterterrorism, VIPs protection, and war dogs operations.

The Commando Regiment currently consists of four regular battalions organized into the Commando  Brigade, under the operational command of I Corps, forming its Special Operations Forces along with the Sri Lanka Army Special Forces Regiment (SF).