hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Herd immunity
Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or mass immunity) is a form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases. It occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, that the communicable pathogen cannot maintain itself in the population, its low incidence thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

Once the herd immunity has been reached, disease gradually disappears from a population and may result in eradication or permanent reduction of infections to zero if achieved worldwide. Herd immunity created via vaccination has contributed to the reduction of many diseases.

Serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their shared reactivity between their surface antigens and a particular antiserum, allowing the classification of organisms to a level below the species. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes serocomplex.

Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The Salmonella genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes. Vibrio cholerae, the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: O1 and O139.

Serotypes were discovered in hemolytic streptococci by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.
CD-Rider
CD-Rider (シーディー・ライダー, Shī Dī Raidā) is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Released through Victor Entertainment on August 24, 1988, the album features the hit singles "Stranger Tonight", "Stardust Dream" and "Dear (Cobalt no Kanata e)", the first two having hit No. 1. It was reissued on April 21, 2010, with five bonus tracks as part of Oginome's 25th anniversary celebration.

The album hit No. 1 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 175,000 copies.

Dear (Cobalt no Kanata e)
"Dear (Cobalt no Kanata e)" (DEAR〜コバルトの彼方へ〜, Diā ~Kobaruto no Kanata e~; lit. "Dear (Beyond Cobalt)") is the 16th single by Japanese singer Yōko Oginome. Written by Takafumi Sotoma and Ryō Asuka, the single was released on July 21, 1988, by Victor Entertainment.
Italy at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1972
Italy competed at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1972 in Sapporo, Japan, from 2 to 18 February 1972.

From 1948 through 1980, the alpine skiing events at the Winter Olympics also served as the World Championships, held every two years. With the addition of the giant slalom, the combined event was dropped for 1950 and 1952, but returned as a World Championship event in 1954 as a "paper race" which used the results from the three events. During the Olympics from 1956 through 1980, World Championship medals were awarded by the FIS for the combined event. The combined returned as a separate event at the World Championships in 1982 and at the Olympics in 1988.

Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Alpine Skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of six alpine skiing events.  The races were held February 14–23 at Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York, northeast of host Lake Placid.

This was the first Olympics in which the women's giant slalom consisted of two runs, rather than one, and both GS events ran only one run per day. This was the last Olympics which also served as World Championships for alpine skiing.
Women at the crucifixion
The presence of a group of female disciples of Jesus at the crucifixion of Jesus is found in all four Gospels of the New Testament. There have been different interpretations of how many and which women were present. Although some Christian traditions hold that there were Three Marys at the cross, only one gospel claims this, and these names differ from the other gospels.

Disciple (Christianity)
In Christianity, a disciple is a dedicated follower of Jesus. This term is found in the New Testament only in the Gospels and Acts. Originating in the ancient Near East, the concept of a disciple is an adherent of a teacher. Discipleship is not the same as being a student in the modern sense; a disciple in the ancient biblical world actively imitated both the life and teaching of the master. It was a deliberate apprenticeship which made the fully formed disciple a living copy of the master.

The New Testament records many followers of Jesus during his ministry. Some disciples were given a mission, such as the Little Commission, the commission of the seventy in Luke's Gospel, the Great Commission after the resurrection of Jesus, or the conversion of Paul, making them apostles, charged with proclaiming the gospel (the Good News) to the world. Jesus emphasised that being his disciples would be costly.
Sathmar Swabian
Sathmar Swabian (endonym: Schwǫbisch, Romanian: Șvabă sătmăreană or dialectul șvăbesc sătmărean, Hungarian: szatmári sváb) is an Upper Swabian dialect of High German spoken in Romania in Satu Mare (German: Sathmar) and Satu Mare County, north-western Transylvania by the Sathmar Swabians (German: Sathmarer Schwaben), who are among the few Danube Swabians who are in fact truly Swabian in origin. Many speakers now live in Germany but some remain in northwestern Transylvania, Romania, more specifically in Satu Mare County (German: Kreis Sathmar).

Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County (Romanian: Județul Satu Mare, pronounced [ˌsatu ˈmare], Hungarian: Szatmár megye) is a county (județ) of Romania, on the border with Hungary and Ukraine. The capital city is Satu Mare.
Kelvin Valley Railway
The Kelvin Valley Railway was an independent railway designed to connect Kilsyth, an important mining town in central Scotland, with the railway network. It connected Kilsyth to Kirkintilloch and thence over other railways to the ironworks of Coatbridge, and to Maryhill, connecting onwards to the Queen's Dock at Stobcross.

The line opened in 1878. The hoped-for passenger traffic never developed, but the coal traffic from Kilsyth to the River Clyde was buoyant for many years. Motor bus competition had greatly reduced the passenger use of the line, and it closed to passengers in 1951. The mineral traffic was also declining and, in 1966, the line closed completely. None of it is active for rail purposes now.

Stobcross Railway
The Stobcross Railway was a railway line in Glasgow, Scotland, built by the North British Railway to connect from Maryhill to the new dock being built at Stobcross; the dock became the Queen's Dock, opened in 1877. The line was opened first, in 1874, and gave the North British company access to the north bank of the River Clyde; there was a goods depot at Partick.

As industry and housing developed further west the line became the stem of further branches, and in 1886 the sub-surface Glasgow City and District Railway connected through Queen Street Low Level to Stobcross.

Queen's Dock closed in 1969 and freight use of the line was minimal, but part of the line has been electrified and most of it is in use in 2015 for passenger trains.
Adrian Kubicki
Adrian Kubicki (born 1987) is a Polish diplomat, sociologist, and expert in public relations and communication. From 2016 to 2019 he was the Communications Director of LOT Polish Airlines. From 2019 to 2020 he was the  Director of the Polish Cultural Institute in New York. Since 2020, he has served as the Consul General of Poland in New York City.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, MSZ) is the Polish government department tasked with maintaining Poland's international relations and coordinating its participation in international and regional supra-national political organisations such as the European Union and United Nations. The head of the ministry holds a place in the Council of Ministers.
Richard J. Shaw
Richard Shaw (September 22, 1887 – August 23 1958) was an American architect active in twentieth-century Boston. He specialized in the design of institutional buildings and churches, many of which were designed in partnership with Timothy G. O'Connell, and is best remembered for the Hatch Memorial Shell on the Charles River Esplanade.

Boston Architectural College
The Boston Architectural College (BAC) is a private college in Boston. It is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The college's main building is at 320 Newbury Street in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood.
Legislative history of United States four-star officers, 1980–2016
From 1981, four-star appointments in the United States were governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA), which established the first unified framework for officer promotions in every armed service.

Under DOPMA, the president could designate positions of importance and responsibility to carry four-star rank, to be filled by general and flag officers on active duty in any service. Generals and admirals held four-star rank only while serving in designated positions, while transitioning between four-star assignments, for up to 6 months while hospitalized, or for up to 90 days (reduced to 60 days in 1991) pending retirement. All four-star appointments and reassignments had to be confirmed by the Senate. Retirement in four-star grades also needed Senate consent until Congress delegated this authority to the secretary of defense in 1996.

United States Pacific Fleet
The United States Pacific Fleet (USPACFLT) is a theater-level component command of the United States Navy, located in the Pacific Ocean. It provides naval forces to the Indo-Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, with large secondary facilities at Naval Air Station North Island, California.
Transversality
In mathematics, transversality is a notion that describes how spaces can intersect; transversality can be seen as the "opposite" of tangency, and plays a role in general position. It formalizes the idea of a generic intersection in differential topology. It is defined by considering the linearizations of the intersecting spaces at the points of intersection.

Tangent space
In mathematics, the tangent space of a manifold is a generalization of tangent lines to curves in two-dimensional space and tangent planes to surfaces in three-dimensional space in higher dimensions. In the context of physics, the tangent space to a manifold at a point can be viewed as the space of possible velocities for a particle moving on the manifold.
Olbernhau
Olbernhau (German pronunciation: [ˈɔlbɐnhaʊ] ⓘ) is a town in the district Erzgebirgskreis, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Ore Mountains, 35 km southeast of Chemnitz, and 23 km north of Chomutov, Czech Republic.

Erzgebirgskreis
Erzgebirgskreis is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is named after the Ore Mountains (German: Erzgebirge), a mountain range in the southern part of the district which forms part of the Germany–Czech Republic border. It borders (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Vogtlandkreis and Zwickau, the urban district Chemnitz, the district Mittelsachsen and the Czech Republic.
Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere
The under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere, or USC(OA), is a high-ranking official in the United States Department of Commerce and the principal advisor to the United States Secretary of Commerce on the environmental and scientific activities of the department. The under secretary is dual hatted as the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Commerce Department.

The under secretary is appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate to serve at the pleasure of the president.

In February 2025, President Trump nominated former acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere Neil Jacobs to the position. He was confirmed to the position on October 7.

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to operate and manage the United States environmental satellite programs, and manage the data gathered by the National Weather Service and other government agencies and departments.
Rickety Stitch and the Gelatinous Goo
Rickety Stitch and the Gelatinous Goo is a young adult and middle grade fantasy, graphic novel series. The series includes Rickety Stitch Book 1: The Road to Epoli, Rickety Stitch Book 2: The Middle-Route Run and Rickety Stitch Book 3: Battle Of The Bards.

Junior Library Guild
Junior Library Guild, formerly the Junior Literary Guild, is a commercial book club devoted to juvenile literature. It was created in 1929 as one of the enterprises of the Literary Guild, an adult book club created in 1927 by Samuel W. Craig and Harold K. Guinzburg. Book clubs often marketed books to libraries as well, and by the 1950s the majority of the Junior Literary Guild's sales were to libraries. In 1988, the name was changed to the Junior Library Guild to reflect this change in the company's business.

The Junior Library Guild is operated by Media Source Inc., which is based in Plain City, Ohio. The editorial department is in New York City.
Joseph Vivien
Joseph Vivien (1657 – 5 December 1735) was a French painter from Lyon.

He left Lyon for Paris at the age of twenty and found employment in the large atelier of Charles Le Brun, the equivalent of an academy.

He was received in the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture in 1701, under the designation peintre en pastel. His morceaux de reception, pastel portraits of the sculptor François Girardon and the architect Robert de Cotte, are in the Louvre Museum.  He was appointed counsellor to the Academy and provided with lodging under royal auspices at the Gobelins Manufactory.

From Paris he visited Brussels. Vivien was taken up by the francophile Elector of Cologne and worked in Munich as first painter to the Elector's brother, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria. At the time of his death in Bonn, he was engaged on a vast canvas combining portraits of the whole family of the Elector, in oils.

François Girardon
François Girardon (French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʒiʁaʁdɔ̃]; 17 March 1628 – 1 September 1715) was a French sculptor of the Louis XIV style or French Baroque, best known for his statues and busts of Louis XIV and for his statuary in the gardens of the Palace of Versailles.
Rineloricaria catamarcensis
Rineloricaria catamarcensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to Argentina, where it lives in the Tala River and Salí River basins of Catamarca Province. It reaches 11 cm (4.3 inches) in length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Armando Castelar
Armando Castelar (born 5 November 1955 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian economist who was Head of the Economics Department of the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) for eight years, leading the Bank's research work and advising the Executive Board on macroeconomic issues. He is also a former analyst of Arminio Fraga and his Gávea Investimentos. Since 2010 he has been Coordinator of Applied Economic Research at Instituto Brasileiro de Economia (IBRE)/Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Brazil's leading think tank, and Professor of Economics at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

Arminio Fraga
Armínio Fraga Neto (born 20 July 1957, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist who was president of the Central Bank of Brazil from 1999 to 2003. From 1993 until his appointment to the Central Bank, he was Managing Director of Soros Fund Management in New York.  Since 2001, he has been a member of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty.
Huang (surname)
Huang (/ˈhwɑːŋ/; traditional Chinese: 黃; simplified Chinese: 黄) is a Chinese surname. While Huáng is the pinyin romanization of the word, it may also be romanized as Hwang, Wong, Waan, Wan, Waon, Hwong, Vong, Hung, Hong, Bong, Eng, Ng, Uy, Wee, Oi, Oei, Oey, Ooi, Ong, or Ung due to pronunciations of the word in different dialects and languages. It is the 96th name on the Hundred Family Surnames poem.

This surname is known as Hwang in Korean. In Vietnamese, the name is known as Hoàng or Huỳnh.

Huang is the 7th most common surname in China. Hoang/Huynh is the 5th most common surname in Vietnam. The population of Huangs in China and Taiwan was estimated at more than 35 million in 2020; it was also the surname of more than 2 million overseas Chinese, 5.7 million Vietnamese (6%), and an estimated 1 million Koreans (The 2015 census of South Korea revealed it was the surname for 697,171 South Koreans, ranked 16th).

Huang is also the pinyin romanization of the very rare surname 皇.

Shaohao
Shaohao (Chinese: 少皞; pinyin: Shàohào; lit. 'Lesser brightness'), also known as Jin Tian (金天), was a legendary Chinese sovereign, usually identified as a son of the Yellow Emperor. According to some traditions, such as that within the Book of Documents, Shaohao is one of the Five Emperors. His place in the mythical lineage of the Yellow Emperor has been subject to controversy. Members of the 19th–20th century Doubting Antiquity School of historians posited that Shaohao was added to the orthodox succession legend by Liu Xin as part of a politically motivated campaign revising ancient texts c. 1 AD.
2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election
The 2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election took place on Tuesday, April 5, 2011. The incumbent justice, David Prosser Jr., was re-elected to another ten-year term, defeating assistant attorney general JoAnne Kloppenburg. Unlike past elections for the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the race gained significant nationwide publicity as it was widely seen as the first referendum on Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's proposed anti-union legislation and the resulting protests.

Brookfield, Wisconsin
Brookfield is a city in eastern Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. It had a population of 41,464 at the 2020 census. The city is adjacent to the Town of Brookfield and is part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area.
Englyn
Englyn (pronounced [ˈɛŋ.lɪn]; plural englynion) is a traditional Welsh short poem form. It uses quantitative metres, involving the counting of syllables, and rigid patterns of rhyme and half rhyme. Each line contains a repeating pattern of consonants and accent known as cynghanedd.

Rhyme
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (usually the same phonemes) in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of rhyming (perfect rhyming) is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic effect in the final position of lines within poems or songs. More broadly, a rhyme may also variously refer to other types of similar sounds near the ends of two or more words. Furthermore, the word rhyme has come to be sometimes used as a shorthand term for any brief poem, such as a nursery rhyme or Balliol rhyme.
Cassa Hotel & Residences
Cassa Hotel & Residences is a 48-story building at 70 West 45th Street in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It was designed by TEN Arquitectos headed by Mexican architect Enrique Norten in collaboration with the American design firm CetraRuddy and developed by Solly Assa's Assa Properties.

The building is a combination of a boutique hotel, spanning from the second to the 27th floor, and luxury condominiums from the 28th to the 48th floor.

The building, originally scheduled to open in Spring 2010, opened on August 1, 2010.

Boutique hotel
Boutique hotels are small-capacity hotels that provide more personalized service than typical hotels. They typically have fewer than a hundred rooms, and are considered more "trendy" and "intimate", often due to their location in urban areas. They will usually also display a strong sense of aesthetic, and have a unique, un-homogenized character. They may be themed too, such as by having a focus on nature, environment, cuisine, history, community and cultural immersion, attentive service, or well-being.
William L. Campbell
William L. Campbell (September 5, 1946 – February 9, 2005) was a Canadian film editor who is best known for his work on David Winning's first feature film Storm.

He was also notable as one of the original founding members of the Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers in 1976.

He was responsible for editing several award-winning First Nations documentaries in Vancouver, British Columbia.  
His ex-wife Dale and three children live in Calgary, Alberta.

David Winning
David Winning is a Canadian-American film and television director, screenwriter, producer, editor, and occasional actor. Although Winning has worked in numerous film and TV genres, his name is most commonly associated with science fiction, thrillers and drama.
Rich Coggins
Richard Allen Coggins (born December 7, 1950) is an American former outfielder for the Baltimore Orioles (1972-1974), Montreal Expos (1975), New York Yankees (1975-1976) and Chicago White Sox (1976).

Coggins helped the Orioles win the 1973 and 1974 American League Eastern Division . He finished sixth in voting for 1973 American League Rookie of the Year. He was traded along with Dave McNally and minor-league right-handed pitcher Bill Kirkpatrick from the Orioles to the Expos for Ken Singleton and Mike Torrez at the Winter Meetings on December 4, 1974.

In five seasons he played in 342 games and had 1,083 at bats, 125 runs, 287 hits, 42 doubles, 13 triples, 12 home runs, 90 RBI, 50 stolen bases, 72 walks, .265 batting average, .312 on-base percentage, .361 slugging percentage, 391 total bases, 26 sacrifice hits, 5 sacrifice flies and 5 intentional walks. Defensively, he compiled a .986 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions.

1974 Major League Baseball season
The 1974 Major League Baseball season: The Oakland Athletics won their third consecutive World Series, defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers four games to one.

Two notable personal milestones were achieved during the 1974 season. The first came on April 8, when Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves blasted his 715th career home run, breaking the all-time career home run mark of 714 set by Babe Ruth. Aaron would finish his career with 755 home runs, a record that would stand until Barry Bonds broke it in 2007. The second milestone came on September 10, when the St. Louis Cardinals' Lou Brock stole his 105th base off pitcher Dick Ruthven and catcher Bob Boone of the Philadelphia Phillies. This broke the single-season stolen base record of 104, set by Maury Wills in 1962. Brock stole 118 bases for the season, a record that would stand until 1982, when Rickey Henderson stole 130.