hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dead centre (engineering)
In a reciprocating engine, the dead centre is the position of a piston in which it is either furthest from, or nearest to, the crankshaft. The former is known as  top dead centre (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead centre (BDC).

More generally, the dead centre is any position of a crank where the applied force is straight along its axis, meaning no turning force can be applied. Many sorts of machines are crank driven, including unicycles, bicycles, tricycles, various types of machine presses, gasoline engines, diesel engines, steam locomotives, and other steam engines. Crank-driven machines rely on the energy stored in a flywheel to overcome the dead centre, or are designed, in the case of multi-cylinder engines, so that dead centres can never exist on all cranks at the same time. A steam locomotive is an example of the latter, the connecting rods being arranged such that the dead centre for each cylinder occurs out of phase with the other one (or more) cylinders.

Crankshaft
A crankshaft is a mechanical component used in a piston engine to convert the reciprocating motion into rotational motion. The crankshaft is a rotating shaft containing one or more crankpins, that are driven by the pistons via the connecting rods.

The crankpins are also called rod bearing journals, and they rotate within the "big end" of the connecting rods.

Most modern crankshafts are located in the engine block. They are made from steel or cast iron, using either a forging, casting or machining process.
2020 in Southern Africa
The following lists events that happened during  2020 in Southern Africa. The countries are those described in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa.

The population of Southern Africa is 67,324,356 as of April 18, 2020, based on the latest United Nations estimates. The Southern Africa population is equivalent to 0.87% of the total world population.

Letsie III
Letsie III (born Mohato Bereng Seeiso; 17 July 1963) is King of Lesotho. He succeeded his father, Bereng Seeiso Moshoeshoe II, who was forced into exile in 1990. His father was briefly restored in 1995 but died in a car crash in early 1996, so Letsie succeeded him again for a second reign. As a constitutional monarch, most of King Letsie's duties as monarch of Lesotho are ceremonial. In 2000, he declared HIV/AIDS in Lesotho to be a natural disaster, prompting immediate national and international response to the epidemic.
Potato yellow vein virus
Potato yellow vein virus (PYVV) is a plant pathogen of the Closteroviridae family. It is a whitefly-transmitted closterovirus vectored by Trialeurodes vaporariorum, which is known to cause a yellowing disease in potato crops in South America. PYVV RNA have a conserved 3'-terminal secondary structure, which includes a pseudoknot.

Closteroviridae
Closteroviridae is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are seven genera in this family. Diseases associated with this family include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem.
MV Canadian Miner
MV Canadian Miner was a Canadian laker that was part of the fleet of Upper Lakes Shipping from 1994–2011. Initially constructed as Maplecliffe Hall in 1966, the ship was renamed Lemoyne in 1988 before becoming Canadian Miner in 1994. In 2011, the name was shortened to just Miner. In 2011 the vessel was taken out of service and sold for scrapping. While en route to the scrapyard in Turkey, the ship ran aground off Nova Scotia in 2011. The vessel was broken up in 2014 in Nova Scotia.

Lake freighter
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carriers operating on the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Freighters typically have a long, narrow hull, a raised pilothouse, and the engine located at the rear of the ship.

Lakers have been used since the late 19th century to haul raw material from docks in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Seaway regions to the industrial centers of Ontario, Quebec, and the American Midwest. The navigation season typically runs from late March through next mid-January due to the formation of ice on the lakes.

The largest lake freighters can travel up to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) and can carry as much as 78,850 long tons (80,120 t) of bulk cargo.

SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank in 1975, became widely known as the largest  vessel to be wrecked on the Great Lakes.
Ontario West Shore Railway
The Ontario West Shore Railway is a historic railway that operated in Ontario, Canada.

The company started construction on a railway line between Goderich and Kincardine in the early 1900s, but the line was never completed.  The company's president was J. W. Moyes of Toronto, Ontario. Moyes was neither wealthy nor a railroad man.

Ashfield–Colborne–Wawanosh
The Township of Ashfield–Colborne–Wawanosh is a municipality in Huron County, Ontario, Canada. It was formed as an amalgamation of the former Ashfield, Colborne and West Wawanosh townships in 2001, in an Ontario-wide local government restructuring imposed by the government of that time. The three former townships now comprise the wards of the amalgamated municipality.
German occupation of Latvia during World War II
The military occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on 10 July 1941, by Germany's armed forces. Initially, the territory of Latvia was under the military administration of Army Group North, but on 25 July 1941, Latvia was incorporated as Generalbezirk Lettland, subordinated to Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany. Anyone not racially acceptable or who opposed the German occupation, as well as those who had cooperated with the Soviet Union, was killed or sent to concentration camps in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost.: 56

Latvian Legion
The Latvian Legion (Latvian: Latviešu leģions) was a formation of the Nazi German Waffen-SS during World War II. Formed in 1943, it consisted primarily of ethnic Latvian men. The legion initially consisted of two divisions of the Waffen-SS: the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian), and the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian). Later in the war, Arajs Kommando was disbanded and some of its members were transferred to the Latvian Legion.

The 15th Division was administratively subordinated to the VI SS Corps, but operationally it was in reserve or at the disposal of the XXXXIII Army Corps, 16th Army, Army Group North. The 19th Division held out in the Courland Pocket until May 1945, the close of World War II, when it was among the last of Nazi Germany's forces to surrender.
Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency
The Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency (Norwegian: Klima- og forurensningsdirektoratet, Klif), named Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (Norwegian: Statens forurensningstilsyn, SFT) until 2010, was a Norwegian government agency from 1974 to 2013 when it was merged into the Norwegian Environment Agency.

The agency was responsible for ensuring that pollution, waste and other harmful substances did not result in health damage, inflict the well-being or hinder the production and reproduction of nature. In particular it had a responsibility of pollution related to sea and water, chemicals, waste and recycling, global warming, air pollution and noise.

It was subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment and was responsible to ensure that the Pollution Act, the Product Control Act and the Climate Quota Act were followed, including issuing permits for submission, including controlling that these permissions are followed. The agency had 325 employees based in Oslo.

Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norwegian: Klima- og miljødepartementet, KLD) is a Norwegian ministry established on 8 May 1972. The Ministry of Climate and Environment has a particular responsibility for carrying out the climate and environmental policies of the Government. Before 2014 the name was Ministry of the Environment (Norwegian: Miljøverndepartementet).

It is led by the Minister of Climate and Environment, currently Andreas Bjelland Eriksen (Labour Party) since 2023. The ministry reports to the legislature (Storting).
Computer graphics lighting
Computer graphics lighting is the collection of techniques used to simulate light in computer graphics scenes. While lighting techniques offer flexibility in the level of detail and functionality available, they also operate at different levels of computational demand and complexity. Graphics artists can choose from a variety of light sources, models, shading techniques, and effects to suit the needs of each application.

Texture mapping
Texture mapping is a term used in computer graphics to describe how 2D images are projected onto 3D models. The most common variant is the UV unwrap, which can be described as an inverse paper cutout, where the surfaces of a 3D model are cut apart so that it can be unfolded into a 2D coordinate space (UV space).
Tietgensgade
Tietgensgade is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from H. C. Andersens Boulevard in the northeast to Kvægtorvgade at the Meat-Packing District in the southwest, linking Stormgade in the city centre with Ingerslevsgade and Halmtorvet/Sønder Boulevard in Vesterbro. The street follows the rear side of Tivoli Gardens and Copenhagen Central Station. The viaduct that carries it across the railway tracks at the central station is known as Tietgensbro (Tietgen's Bridge). A series of staircases and lifts provides direct access from the viaduct to the station platforms.

H. C. Andersens Boulevard
H. C. Andersens Boulevard is the most densely trafficked artery in central Copenhagen, Denmark. The 1.3 km long six-lane street passes City Hall Square on its way from Jarmers Plads, a junction just north of Vesterport station, to Lange Bridge which connects it to Amager Boulevard on Amager. From Jarmers Plads traffic continues along Gyldenløvesgade which on the far side of The Lakes splits into Aaboulevard and Rosenørns Allé. At the City Hall Square the boulevard meets Vesterbrogade, another very busy and importaint street. Major landmarks along the street include Copenhagen City Hall, Copenhagen Central Fire Station and the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek.
1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December)
The 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic (December) was the 31st edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on December 31. It matched the No. 10 SMU Mustangs of the Southwest Conference (SWC) and the No. 4 Georgia Bulldogs of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Kickoff for the Saturday game was 1:30 p.m. CST and it was televised by CBS.

This was the first playing of the Cotton Bowl Classic in December—the "1967 game" was moved to New Year's Eve because New Year's Day was a Sunday in 1967. The decision to move the game had been announced in January 1966. The other major bowls (Sugar, Orange, Rose) were played on January 2.

1967 Rose Bowl
The 1967 Rose Bowl was the 53rd edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 2, 1967. The game was played between the Purdue Boilermakers of the Big Ten Conference and the USC Trojans of the AAWU. A total of 101,438 people attended the game. Purdue won 14−13.

Purdue defensive back John Charles was named the Player of the Game. Because New Year's Day fell on Sunday in 1967, the game was delayed until January 2.
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) is the organosulfur compound with the formula ONSC(CH3)2CH(NHAc)CO2H.  It is a green solid.

SNAP is an S-nitrosothiol and is used as a model for the general class of S-nitrosothiols which have received much attention in biochemistry because nitric oxide and some organic nitroso derivatives serve as signaling molecules in living systems, especially related to vasodilation.
SNAP is derived from the amino acid penicillamine. S-Nitrosoglutathione is a related agent.

Penicillamine
Penicillamine, sold under the brand name of Cuprimine among others, is a medication primarily used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, and various heavy metal poisonings. It is taken by mouth.

Penicillamine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1970. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Singh
Singh (IPA: /ˈsɪŋ/ SING) is a title, middle name, or surname that means "lion" in various South Asian and Southeast Asian communities. Traditionally used by the Hindu Kshatriya community, it was later mandated in the late 17th century by Guru Gobind Singh (born Gobind Das) for all male Sikhs as well, in part as a rejection of caste-based prejudice and to emulate Rajput naming conventions. As a surname or a middle name, it is now found throughout the world across communities and religious groups, becoming more of a generic, caste-neutral, decorative name—similar to names such as Kumar and Lal.

Kumar
Kumar (pronunciationⓘ; Sanskrit: कुमार, romanized: kumārá) is a title, given name, middle name, or a family name found in the Indian subcontinent, mainly in, but not limited to, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, though not specific to any religion, ethnicity, or caste. It is a generic title which variously means prince, son, boy, or chaste. It is the 11th most common family name in the world as of August 2019.
Choseley
Choseley is a tiny hamlet and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated between the villages of Titchwell and Docking and about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from each. The town of Fakenham is 20 km (12 mi) to the south-east, the town of King's Lynn is 25 km (16 mi) to the south-west, and the city of Norwich is 60 km (37 mi) to the south-east.

The villages name means 'Gravelly wood/clearing'.

The civil parish has an area of 2.75 km2 (1.06 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 18 in 10 households. At the 2011 Census the population remained less than 100. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough, 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge, 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich, and about 5 miles (8 km) inland from The Wash estuary.
Pascal Wintzer
Pascal Jean Marcel Wintzer (born 18 December 1959) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who has been archbishop of Sens since 2024. He was the archbishop of Poitiers from 2012 to 2024, after serving as apostolic administrator there for a year and as an auxiliary bishop from 2007 to 2011.

He was, at the time he took each rank, the youngest bishop and the youngest archbishop in France.

Joseph Duval
Joseph Marie Louis Duval (11 October 1928 – 23 May 2009) was the French Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen.

Born in Chênex, Duval was ordained to the priesthood on 8 June 1953. On 14 May 1974 Pope Paul VI appointed Duval auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rennes, and he was consecrated on 6 July 1974. On 5 June 1978 Pope Paul VI appointed Duval Coadjutor Archbishop of Rouen and, on 6 May 1981, he became the archbishop. He retired on 16 October 2003.

Archbishop Duval was concerned about the activities of Bishop Jacques Gaillot while archbishop.
Hirschstein
Hirschstein is a municipality in the district of Meißen, in Saxony, Germany.

The following villages belong to Hirschstein: Althirschstein, Bahra, Böhla, Boritz, Heyda, Kobeln, Mehltheuer, Neuhirschstein, Pahrenz, Prausitz and Schänitz.

Leopold III of Belgium and his family were held in Castle Hirschstein from June 1944 to March 1945 by the Nazis.

Meissen (district)
Meissen (German: Meißen) is a district (Kreis) in Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the state of Brandenburg, the district of Bautzen, the urban district Dresden, the districts Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Mittelsachsen and Nordsachsen.
Scorzè
Scorzè is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Venice, in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Venice.

The country is bordered by Zero Branco, Trebaseleghe, Venezia, Noale and Salzano.

The municipality of Scorzè contains many hamlets which are: Rio San Martino, Peseggia, Cappella, and Gardigiano.

It is situated on an area inhabited since the Paleovenetian era, then colonized by the Romans. In the Middle Ages it was a feud of the bishops of Treviso, who had as vassals in the territory several families, in particular the Tempesta and the Scorzadis; then part of the Serenissima; since 1866, after the treaty of Vienna becomes a comune in the Kingdom of Italy, then Republic.

It is an important agricultural, handicraft, industrial center, and is home to numerous companies, both large and small, and a hub of a certain importance from the point of view of traffic and the national electricity distribution network.

Trebaseleghe
Trebaseleghe (Italian: [trebaˈzeːleɡe]; Venetian: Trebaxéłeghe [tɾebaˈzeɰeɡe]; lit. 'three basilicas') is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region of Veneto, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Venice and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Padua.

The town houses the headquarters of Grafica Veneta, the Italian publisher of the Harry Potter books, which partially converted its production to protective masks for the general population during the 2019-20 COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.
Nicolas Bedos
Nicolas Simon Bedos (French pronunciation: [nikɔla simɔ̃ bədos]; born 21 April 1979) is a French comedian, writer, director and actor. The son of Guy Bedos, he became known in 2004 as a playwright. In 2013, he joined Laurent Ruquier's late-night On n'est pas couché television talk show as a satirist, which he left two years later. His first film, Mr. & Mrs. Adelman, premiered in 2017. On 22 October 2024, a Paris court sentenced Bedos to one in year in jail, with six months suspended, and required addiction and psychological therapy after he was convicted of sexually assaulting two women in 2023.

Laurent Ruquier
Laurent Hugues Emmanuel Ruquier (French pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ yɡ emanɥɛl ʁykje]; born 24 February 1963) is a French television presenter, radio host and comedian. He is also a lyricist, writer, columnist and impresario; he has been co-owner and general manager of Théâtre Antoine-Simone Berriau in Paris since 2011. He is best known for hosting the talk show On n'est pas couché on France 2 every Saturday evening from 2006 to 2020.
Quinton (musical instrument)
The quinton is a bowed musical instrument, in use mostly in France in the 18th century (between 1730 and 1789). It takes its name from the fact that, in ensembles, it played the  quinta vox or quintus. Another derivation of the name may be from the number of strings and for consonance with violon. By the same name it is sometimes denoted the pardessus de viole, an originally six-stringed instrument of the family of the viols, since the pardessus lost one string and adopted the same tuning of the quinton. However, while the pardessus is viol-shaped, the quinton is violin-shaped.

Pardessus de viole
The pardessus de viole is the highest-pitched member of the viol family of instruments.  It is a bowed string instrument with either five or six strings and a fretted neck. The pardessus first appeared in the early 18th century, and was commonly played by women, particularly in French-speaking countries.
Angora Peak
Angora Peak is a summit in the Sierra Nevada south of Lake Tahoe in El Dorado County, California. The summit marks a point on the eastern boundary of the Desolation Wilderness and is in the Eldorado National Forest.

The peak is located south of Fallen Leaf Lake and northwest of the Angora Lakes.

El Dorado County, California
El Dorado County (/ˌɛl dəˈrɑːdoʊ/ ⓘ; El Dorado, Spanish for "The Golden one"), officially the County of El Dorado, is a county located in the U.S. state of California, named after the mythical city of El Dorado.
As of the 2020 census, the population was 191,185. The county seat is Placerville. The county is part of the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located entirely in the Sierra Nevada, from the historic Gold Country in the western foothills to the High Sierra in the east. El Dorado County's population has grown as Greater Sacramento has expanded into the region. Where the county line crosses US 50 at Clarksville, the distance to Sacramento is 15 miles (24 km). In the county's high altitude eastern end at Lake Tahoe, environmental awareness and environmental protection initiatives have grown along with the population since the 1960 Winter Olympics, hosted at the former Squaw Valley Ski Resort in neighboring Placer County.
Aston Clinton Ragpits
Aston Clinton Ragpits is a 2.9-hectare (7.2-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Aston Clinton in Buckinghamshire. It is a former chalk quarry, which is now a nature reserve managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. It is in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

This grassland site has steeply sloping old pits and spoil heaps, with a rich assembly of shrubs, herbs and invertebrates, including twenty-seven butterfly species. There is some mature woodland with beech, yew, ash and whitebeam, together with a hedge and areas of scrub. There are eight orchid species.

There is access from St Leonards Road close to its junction with Upper Icknield Way.

Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust
The Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust (BBOWT) is a Wildlife Trust covering the counties of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire in England.

The trust was formerly called the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Naturalists' Trust (BBONT).
Thyristor-switched capacitor
A thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in electrical power systems.  It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor switched capacitor is an important component of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC), where it is often used in conjunction with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Static VAR compensators are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) family.

Snubber
A snubber is a device used to suppress ("snub") a phenomenon such as voltage transients in electrical systems, pressure transients in fluid systems (caused by for example water hammer) or excess force or rapid movement in mechanical systems.
Fajã do Belo
The Fajã do Belo is a permanent debris field, known as a fajã, built from the collapsing cliffs on the northern coast of the civil parish of Ribeira Seca, in the municipality of Calheta, island of São Jorge, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores.

São Jorge Island
São Jorge (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈʒɔɾʒɨ]; Portuguese for 'Saint George') is an island in the central group of the Azores archipelago and part of the autonomous region of Portugal.  Separated from its nearest neighbours (Pico and Faial islands) by  the 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) Pico-São Jorge Channel, the central group is often referred colloquially as part of the Triângulo ("Triangle") group or just "The Triangle". São Jorge is a relatively long thin island with tall cliffs, whose 8,381 inhabitants are concentrated on various geological debris fields (fajãs) along the north and south coasts; from east to west, the island is 53 kilometres (33 mi) long and, north to south, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) wide: its area is 237.59 square kilometres (91.73 mi2).