hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meng Huo
Meng Huo (fl. 210s–220s) was a local leader in the Nanzhong region in the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was popularly depicted as a local leader representing the gentries of the Nanzhong region, but some historians doubt his historical existence.

Meng Huo's popular image comes from the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. The novel portrays Meng Huo as a southern barbarian tribal leader. He also marries the fictional Lady Zhurong, who claims descent from the fire deity Zhurong.  In the Beijing Opera "Dragon and Phoenix Headgear" Zhurong and Meng Huo has a daughter named Huaman.

Chen Shou
Chen Shou (Chinese: 陳壽; 233–297), courtesy name Chengzuo (承祚), was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer who lived during the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is best known for his most celebrated work, the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi primarily in the form of biographies of notable persons of those eras. Today, Chen's Records of the Three Kingdoms is part of the Twenty-Four Histories canon of Chinese history.
Scott–Potter set theory
An approach to the foundations of mathematics that is of relatively recent origin, Scott–Potter set theory is a collection of nested axiomatic set theories set out by the philosopher Michael Potter, building on earlier work by the mathematician Dana Scott and the philosopher George Boolos.

Potter (1990, 2004) clarified and simplified the approach of Scott (1974), and showed how the resulting axiomatic set theory can do what is expected of such theory, namely grounding the cardinal and ordinal numbers, Peano arithmetic and the other usual number systems, and the theory of relations.

Zermelo set theory
Zermelo set theory (sometimes denoted by Z-), as set out in a seminal paper in 1908  by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) and its extensions, such as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG).  It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted.  This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.
Vestlands-Posten
Vestlands-Posten (or Vestlandsposten) was a newspaper published in Stavanger, Norway from 1878 to 1916.

Vestlands-Posten was founded by Lars Oftedal, a leading politician in the Liberal Party and later the Moderate Liberal Party, who was also a pastor and later a leader in a lay preaching movement. Hartvig Halvorsen was the newspaper's founding editor. Publishing three issues per week, Vestlands-Posten expanded rapidly and in the 1880s was the Norwegian newspaper with the largest readership outside Oslo (Christiania), the capital. Vestlands-Posten became the influential organ for Agrarian Liberals (Bonde-Venstre) and Liberal Party politics, later the Moderate Liberal Party.

Moderate Liberal Party
The Moderate Liberal Party (Norwegian: Moderate Venstre, literally "Moderate Left") was a political party in Norway that emerged from the moderate and religious branches of the Liberal Party in 1888. The party's turn towards cooperation with the Conservative Party caused a party split in 1891, eventually sharpening its profile as a moderate-conservative party based among the low church of south-western Norway. The party was dissolved shortly after the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905.
Bankalar Caddesi
Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street), also known as Voyvoda Caddesi (Voivode Street), in the historic Galata quarter (present-day Karaköy) of the Beyoğlu (Pera) district in Istanbul, Turkey, was the financial centre of the late Ottoman Empire. It strikes out west from busy Kemeraltı Caddesi in Karaköy and segues into Okçu Musa Caddesi which leads up to Şişhane and Tepebaşı in Beyoğlu.

Although most of the grand 19th-century buildings that line both sides of the street have survived into the 21st century, they are increasingly being converted into hotels, restaurants and cultural centres.

The southern stop of Tünel (1875), the world's second oldest subterranean railway line after London's Underground (1863), is just minutes' walk away from the eastern end of Bankalar Caddesi. The Karaköy tram stop on the T1 line is also very close to the start of the street.

Tünel
The Tünel (English: Tunnel, designated as the F2 line on the Istanbul transport map) is a historic underground rubber-tyred funicular line in Istanbul, Turkey. It has two stations, connecting Karaköy and Beyoğlu. The tunnel runs uphill from near the confluence of the Golden Horn with the Bosphorus and is about 573 metres (1,880 feet) long. It was inaugurated on 17 January 1875, making it the second oldest underground urban railway in the world, after the London Underground (1863).
Martin Molony Stakes
The Martin Molony Stakes is a Group 3 flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbred horses aged four years or older. It is run at Limerick over a distance of 1 mile, 4 furlongs and 110 yards (2,515 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in October.

The race was first run in 2003.  The race is named in honour of the locally born jockey Martin Molony who won six consecutive Irish jump racing Champion Jockey titles between 1946 and 1951. Prior to 2017 it was run in late April or early May.

Limerick Racecourse
Limerick Racecourse (Greenmount Park) is a horse racing venue in County Limerick, Ireland, which stages both National Hunt and flat racing. The course opened in October 2001 and is the first purpose-built racecourse in Ireland in 50 years. The present location is the seventh different horse racing location in Limerick since 1790. In 1999, the course at Greenpark near Limerick city closed after 130 years of racing.

The course is a right-handed oval track of about 11 furlongs (7,260 ft; 2,210 m). It is located on the M20 at exit 4, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) outside the city.
Hardy Lake
Hardy Lake, originally named Quick Creek Reservoir, is an Indiana state reservoir in Scott and Jefferson counties, Indiana. It is located four miles (6 km) east of Austin, Indiana and 35 miles (56 km) north of Louisville, Kentucky. It is the smallest reservoir maintained by the state of Indiana, measuring 2,448 acres (9.9 km2) of total property, and 741 acres (3.0 km2) of surface area for the lake. The lake is approximately 38 feet (12 m) deep.

Hardy Lake is surrounded by other state and federal properties. Fifteen miles to the north is the Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge, 12 miles to the northeast is Crosley Fish and Wildlife Area; 15 miles to the east is Clifty Falls State Park; 20 miles to the south is Clark State Forest; and 20 miles to the west is Starve Hollow S.R.A.

Clifty Falls State Park
Clifty Falls State Park is an Indiana state park on 1,416 acres (573 ha) in Jefferson County, Indiana in the United States. It is 46 miles (74 km) northeast of Louisville, Kentucky. The park attracts about 370,000 visitors annually.

On October 27, 1920, citizens of Madison, Indiana gave the land for the park, 570 acres (230 ha), to the state of Indiana at the suggestion of Richard Lieber.  This was after a year's work by the citizens.  A naturalist program for Indiana state parks started in 1927, with Clifty Falls being one of the first four parks to implement the program.

The park features Clifty Creek, Little Clifty Creek, and a canyon in which the sun only shines during midday.

It has many acclaimed nature trails, especially those that go near Clifty Falls. The Clifty Inn is available for overnight guests, and the park contains a campground with sites for RV and tent campers.
Kessleria helvetica
Kessleria helvetica is a moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in Switzerland. The species is endemic to the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, where it inhabits rocky slopes at elevations between 1,850 and 2,300 metres. It was formally described as a distinct species in the early 1990s after being distinguished from the closely related Kessleria albescens. While its larvae remain undocumented, they are believed to mine the leaves of Saxifraga species growing among rock faces, similar to other moths in the albescens species group. Adults can be identified by their chalk-white forewings with light and dark brown markings and their distinctively long flight period from June to August.

Ermine moth
Certain members of the unrelated snout moths (Pyralidae) are also known as "ermine moths." Spilosoma lubricipeda is an unrelated moth with the common name "white ermine."

An ermine moth is any moth in the family Yponomeutidae, which has several hundred species, most of them in the tropics. The larvae tend to form communal webs, and some are minor pests in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. Adult moths are minor pollinators.
2014 Pure Michigan 400
The 2014 Pure Michigan 400 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on August 17, 2014, at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan. Contested over 200 laps on the 2.0-mile (3.2 km) superspeedway, it was the 23rd race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Jeff Gordon won the race, his third win of the season. Kevin Harvick finished second while Joey Logano, Paul Menard, and Dale Earnhardt Jr. rounded out the top five. The top rookies of the race were Austin Dillon (22nd), Cole Whitt (25th), and Alex Bowman (26th).

NASCAR Cup Series at Michigan International Speedway
Stock car races events in the NASCAR Cup Series have been held annually at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn, Michigan since 1969.

A second race at the track was also held until 2020; prior to 2021, the only other season where only one race was held at the track was in 1973.
Arthropod defensin
Arthropod defensins are a family defensin proteins found in mollusks, insects, and arachnids. These cysteine-rich antibacterial peptides are primarily active against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi in vitro. However Drosophila fruit flies mutant for the fly defensin were more susceptible to infection by the Gram-negative bacteria Providencia burhodogranariea, and resisted infection against Gram-positive bacteria like wild-type flies. It remains to be seen how in vitro activity relates to in vivo function. Mutants for the defensin-like antimicrobial peptide Drosomycin were more susceptible to fungi, validating a role for defensin-like peptides in anti-fungal defence.

Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antimicrobials which demonstrate potential as novel therapeutic agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells. Unlike the majority of conventional antibiotics it appears that antimicrobial peptides frequently destabilize biological membranes, can form transmembrane channels, and may also have the ability to enhance immunity by functioning as immunomodulators.
Mawson's Huts
Mawson's Huts are a collection of buildings located at Cape Denison, in the far eastern sector of the Australian Antarctic Territory, some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) south of Hobart, Tasmania. The huts were erected and occupied by members of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition of 1911–1914, led by geologist and explorer Sir Douglas Mawson.

Australian Antarctic Territory
The Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT) is a part of East Antarctica claimed by Australia as an external territory. It is administered by the Australian Antarctic Division, an agency of the federal Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.  It is the largest sector of Antarctica by area claimed by any country. Australia is an original signatory to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, under which all territorial claims are held in abeyance. Only four other countries accept Australia's claim to sovereignty, being New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, and Norway, all of which have territorial claims in Antarctica and mutually accept one another's claims.
United States Property and Fiscal Officer
The United States Property and Fiscal Officer (USPFO) position was created as part of the National Defense Act of 1916, Pub.L. 64–85, 39 Stat. 166, enacted June 3, 1916, a federal law that updated the Militia Act of 1903, which related to the organization of the military, particularly the National Guard. The USPFO is the single T-10 NG Officer through which all federal resources flow to the State Military Department in support of the Army and Air National Guard of that state.

National Defense Act of 1916
The National Defense Act of 1916, Pub. L. 64–85, 39 Stat. 166, enacted June 3, 1916, was a United States federal law that updated the Militia Act of 1903, which related to the organization of the military, particularly the National Guard. The principal change of the act was to supersede provisions as to exemptions. The 1916 act included an expansion of the Army and the National Guard, the creation of an Officers' and an Enlisted Reserve Corps, and the creation of a Reserve Officers' Training Corps. The president was also given expanded authority to federalize the National Guard, with changes to the duration and the circumstances under which he could call it up. The Army began the creation of an Aviation arm, and the federal government took steps to ensure the immediate availability of wartime weapons and equipment by contracting in advance for production of gunpowder and other material.
John Stedronsky
John Stedronsky (June 22, 1849 – May 11, 1924) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball for the 1879 Chicago White Stockings. He was the first Austrian in the history of Major League Baseball.

Jan Štědronský was born in Štědronín, Bohemia, Austrian Empire on June 22, 1849, and his family emigrated to the United States in 1853. He married and had five children. Stedronsky suffered a stroke and died on May 11, 1924. He was buried at Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

Woodland Cemetery (Cleveland)
Woodland Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located at 6901 Woodland Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. Established in 1853, it became Cleveland's main public cemetery after its founding and remained so for the next half-century. It fell into extreme disrepair, and most of its outstanding architectural features dismantled or demolished. In 1986, Woodland Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery has since undergone restoration.
Chanticleer Point
Chanticleer Point is a geographical landmark on the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge. It is the first notable overlook encountered traveling east on the Historic Columbia River Highway. It is a typical location from which to take photos of the gorge featuring Crown Point and the Vista House prominently. It overlooks Rooster Rock State Park.

The overlook is part of the Oregon state park system and its official name is the Portland Women's Forum State Scenic Viewpoint. A plaque placed at the site describes the Forum's support of this landmark.

Vista House
Vista House is a museum at Crown Point in Multnomah County, Oregon, that also serves as a memorial to Oregon pioneers and as a comfort station for travelers on the Historic Columbia River Highway. The site, situated on a rocky promontory, is 733 feet (223 m) above the Columbia River on the south side of the Columbia River Gorge. The octagonal stone building was designed by Edgar M. Lazarus in the style of Art Nouveau, and completed in 1918 after nearly two years of construction.

In 2000, restoration on the building began, and lasted five years. The Vista House is located within the Corbett locality, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Vista House is a popular place for viewing the aurora borealis.
Parlascio
Parlascio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Casciana Terme Lari, province of Pisa. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 149.

Parlascio is about 39 km from Pisa and 7 km from Lari.

Lari, Tuscany
Lari is a walled mountaintop frazione, or hamlet, in the comune of Casciana Terme Lari, 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Florence and 25 kilometres (16 mi) southeast of Pisa, in the Tuscany region of Italy. The municipal seat of its comune, Lari dates from at least the 9th century BC, a fact established by its traces of Etruscan architecture. It sits at a high elevation for Tuscany and centers around a castle, with distant views in all directions. Physician Eusebio Valli was born in the hamlet.
Organ Needle
Organ Needle is the highest point of the Organ Mountains in the south-central part of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It lies in Doña Ana County, 13 miles (20,921 m) east-northeast of Las Cruces and 4 miles (6 km) southwest of White Sands, headquarters of the White Sands Missile Range. It is at the southeast end of a narrow ridge of vertically jointed granite (more specifically, quartz monzonite) called The Needles.

Organ Needle is one of the most dramatic peaks in the state. True to its name, it is a steep, pointed summit. Moreover, it rises 4,000 feet (1,220 m) above the edge of the Tularosa Basin to the northeast in only 2 miles (3.2 km), and 5,100 feet (1,554 m) above Las Cruces, giving it as large and as steep a degree of local relief as any peak in the state, including Big Hatchet Peak, Sandia Crest, and Shiprock.

Climbing Organ Needle involves tricky route-finding, a vertical gain of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) and a difficult scramble (class 3+ or 4).

Sandia Mountains
The Sandia Mountains (Southern Tiwa: Posu gai hoo-oo, Eastern Keres: Tsepe, Navajo: Dził Nááyisícode: nav promoted to code: nv , Tewa: Oekuu Pʼin, Northern Tiwa: Kep’íanenemą, Jemez: Kiutawe, Zuni: Chibiya Yalanne)  is a mountain range located in Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, immediately to the east of the city of Albuquerque in New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The mountain range is just due south of the southern terminus of the Rocky Mountains, and is part of the Sandia–Manzano Mountains. This is largely within the Cibola National Forest and protected as the Sandia Mountain Wilderness. The highest point is Sandia Crest, 10,678 feet (3,255 m) AMSL.
Kim Jin-pyo (politician)
Kim Jin-pyo (Korean: 김진표; Hanja: 金振杓; born 4 May 1947) is a South Korean politician who previously served as a government minister under two liberal Presidents Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun and has represented Suwon at the National Assembly since 2004. He has dedicated his career in public service as a public servant for 30 years and then as government minister and a parliamentarian. He belongs to the more conservative wing of the liberal Democratic Party.

Ministry of Economy and Finance (South Korea)
The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MOEF; Korean: 재정경제부) oversees the financial policies of the Government of the Republic of Korea. It publishes a monthly report on the national economy, known as the "Green Book." The current minister is Choi San-mok. The headquarters is in the Sejong Government Complex in Sejong City.

According to Chapter 3 Article 19 of the Government Organisation Act, the Minister of Economy and Finance also acts as the Deputy Prime Minister, together with the Minister for Education.

MOEF has enforcement functions as well. It oversees the National Tax Tribunal and the Financial Intelligence Unit.

The ministry was formed in 1994 through the merger of the old Economic Planning Board (est. 1961) and Ministry of Finance (est. 1948).
2007 IIHF World U18 Championship Division II
The 2007 IIHF World U18 Championship Division II were a pair of international under-18 ice hockey tournaments run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Division II tournaments made up the third level of competition at the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. The Group A tournament took place between 15 and 21 April 2007 in Miskolc, Hungary and the Group B tournament took place between 12 and 18 March 2007 in Miercurea Ciuc, Romania. The Netherlands and Lithuania won the Group A and Group B tournaments respectively and gained promotion to Division I for the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships. While Mexico finished last in Group A and Serbia last in Group B and were both relegated to Division III for 2008.

2007 IIHF World U18 Championships
The 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships was an ice hockey tournament held in Rauma and Tampere, Finland. The championships began on April 11, 2007, and finished on April 22, 2007. Games were played at Äijänsuo Arena in Rauma and Tampere Ice Stadium in Tampere. Russia defeated the United States 6–5 in the final to claim the gold medal, while Sweden defeated Canada 8–3 to capture the bronze medal.
Tertenia
Tertenia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Ogliastra in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Cagliari and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Tortolì.

Tertenia borders the following municipalities: Cardedu, Gairo, Jerzu, Lanusei, Loceri, Osini, Ulassai.

It is located in a high valley at the base of Mt. Arbu and Mt. Ferru, along the Rio Quirra river.

Tortolì
Tortolì (Italian: [tortoˈli] ⓘ; Sardinian: Tortolì or Tòrtuelie; Latin: Portus Ilii) is a town and municipality, which along with Lanusei is a co-capital of the Province of Ogliastra in the autonomous region of Sardinia in Italy. With a population of 10,980, it is the largest municipality in the province and the 23rd-largest in Sardinia.
Pedro Arrupe
Pedro Arrupe y Gondra, SJ (14 November 1907 – 5 February 1991) was a Spanish Catholic priest who served as the 28th superior general of the Society of Jesus from 1965 to 1983. He has been called a second founder of the Society, which he led in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, especially with regard to faith that does justice and preferential option for the poor.

Born in 1907 in Bilbao, Arrupe joined the Jesuits in 1927 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1936. While serving as a novice master outside Hiroshima in 1945, Arrupe used his medical background as a first responder to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

In 1983, paralysis from a stroke caused Arrupe to resign from office. He lived on until 1991, when he died in the local Jesuit infirmary. His cause for sainthood was opened by the Jesuits and the Diocese of Rome in 2018.

Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
Ad maiorem Dei gloriam or Ad majórem Dei glóriam, also rendered as the abbreviation AMDG, is a Latin quote which can be translated as "For the greater glory of God." It has been used as a rallying cry for Catholics throughout history, especially during the Thirty Years' War, and is currently the motto of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), an order of the Catholic Church.
Merv Toms
John Mervin Toms (23 January 1909 – 8 October 1971) was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1956 to 1971. He was appointed Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in July 1971, but served only a few months before dying in office.

Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly is the presiding officer in the Legislative Assembly. The office has existed since the creation of the Legislative Assembly in 1890 under the Constitution Act 1889. The 32nd and current Speaker is Labor MLA Stephen Price, who has held the role since the 2025 state election.