hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard F. Natonski
Richard F. Natonski is a retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant general whose last assignment was as the Commander of U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command. He assumed the post in August 2008, having previously served as the United States Marine Corps Deputy Commandant for Plans, Policies and Operations from 2006. He retired at Marine Barracks 8th & I on 8 September 2010.

Marine Corps University
Marine Corps University is a military education university system of the United States Marine Corps. It is part of the Naval University System and accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Master's Degrees.
2015 African Olympic Qualifier (field hockey)
The 2015 African Olympic Qualifier was the third edition of the African Olympic Qualifier for Men and Women. It was held from 23 October to 1 November 2015 in Randburg, South Africa. Nine teams competed in the men's and seven in the women's tournament. The winner of the tournament qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics.

On 30 October South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) published a statement reiterating that it will not consider qualifying though the continental qualifying tournament acceptable. SASCOC and the South African Hockey Association had previously specified 2014-15 FIH Hockey World League as the only Olympic selection route for the South Africa men's and women's national field hockey teams.

All times are local (UTC+2).

Men's African Olympic Qualifier
The Men's African Olympic Qualifier is the African qualification tournament for the men's field hockey event at the Summer Olympics. It is held every four years and was introduced after field hockey was removed from the All-Africa Games program. The first edition was held in Nairobi, Kenya simultaneously with the 2007 All-Africa Games.
Tregaron
Tregaron (Welsh: [treˈɡaːrɔn] "town of St Caron") is an ancient market town in Ceredigion, Wales. It is sited astride the River Brenig, a tributary of the River Teifi, and is 11 miles (18 km) north-east of Lampeter. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the ward of Tregaron was 1,213 and 67% of the population could speak Welsh; Tregaron is a community covering 33 square miles (85 km2); two-thirds of the population were born in Wales.

Lampeter
Lampeter (/ˈlæmpətər/; Welsh: Llanbedr Pont Steffan (formal); Llambed (colloquial)) is a town and  community in Ceredigion, Wales, at the confluence of the Afon Dulas with the River Teifi. It is the third largest urban area in Ceredigion, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan, and had a campus of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. At the 2011 Census, the population was 2,970. Lampeter was also a university town.
Swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metre freestyle
The women's 400 metre freestyle was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which was established in 1924 after 1920 a 300 metre event was held. The competition was held from Thursday to Saturday, 13 to 15 August 1936.

Twenty swimmers from ten nations competed.

Swimming at the 1936 Summer Olympics
At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The competitions were held from Saturday August 8, 1936 to Saturday August 15, 1936.  There was a total of 248 participants from 29 countries competing.
Pett
Pett is a village and civil parish in the Rother district of East Sussex, England. The village is located 5 miles (8.0 km) north-east of Hastings on the edge of Pett Level, the one-time marshes stretching along the coast of Rye Bay.

The road through the village leads down to the second village in the parish: Pett Level, the coastal part of which is known as Cliff End. Here there is a beach and, as the name suggests, the Weald sandstone cliffs reach their easternmost point. Pett Level marks the end of both the Royal Military Canal and the western end of the 1940s sea defence wall. The Saxon Shore Way passes through Pett Level.
Pett parish church is dedicated to St Mary and St Peter. Pett also has a Methodist chapel, and a small Church of England church at Cliff End.

Rother District
Rother is a local government district in East Sussex, England. Its council is based in Bexhill-on-Sea. The district is named after the River Rother which flows within its boundaries.

The neighbouring districts are Wealden, Tunbridge Wells, Ashford, Folkestone and Hythe, and Hastings. Aside from its coast, Hastings is surrounded by Rother.
Deny e Dino
Deny e Dino is a Brazilian rock band formed in the city of Santos in 1956. They achieved mainstream success with their Jovem Guarda hit "Coruja" (translated as owl). They co-wrote songs for other Jovem Guarda artists, like Demétrius ("Comendador Mesquita") and Erasmo Carlos ("Eu Não Me Importo"). Their album O Ciúme sold 200,000 copies and stayed at first place on the charts for 22 weeks. They still had some success after the end of Jovem Guarda. Dino died in 1994, but Deny kept producing and recording, and released a new album, Essential, with another partner who adopted the stage name Dino.

Erasmo Carlos
Erasmo Carlos (born Erasmo Esteves; 5 June 1941 – 22 November 2022) was a Brazilian singer and songwriter, most closely associated with his friend and longtime collaborator Roberto Carlos (no relation). Together, they created many chart hits including "É proibido fumar", "Sentado à beira do caminho", "Além do horizonte", "Amigo" and "Festa de arromba".

A core member of the Jovem Guarda ("Young Guard") scene of 1960s Brazilian pop-rock, Erasmo often appeared on television, in magazines and feature films with fellow teen idols Roberto Carlos and Wanderléa.
HMS Alresford
HMS Alresford was a Hunt-class minesweeper of the Aberdare sub-class built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was not finished in time to participate in the First World War and survived the Second World War to be sold for scrap in 1947.

Hunt-class minesweeper (1916)
The Hunt-class minesweeper was a class of minesweeping sloop built between 1916 and 1919 for the Royal Navy. They were built in two discrete groups, the earlier Belvoir group designed by the Ailsa Shipbuilding Company and the subsequent (and slightly larger) Aberdare group designed by the Admiralty. They were classed as Fleet Minesweeping Sloops, that is ships intended to clear open water. The Belvoir group were named after British fox hunts. Those of the Aberdare group were originally named after coastal towns, watering places and fishing ports, some of which happened to be hunts by coincidence. However, all were soon renamed after inland locations to prevent confusion caused by the misunderstanding of signals and orders.
Battles of Kizugawaguchi
The two Battles of Kizugawaguchi (木津川口の戦い, Kizugawaguchi no Tatakai) were fought during Oda Nobunaga's attempted sieges of the Ishiyama Hongan-ji in Osaka. The Hongan-ji was the primary fortress of the Ikkō-ikki, mobs of warrior monks, priests, and farmers who opposed Oda's rule. He ordered one of his admirals, Kuki Yoshitaka, to organize a blockade against the fleets of the Ikki's allies, who sought to supply the fortress and break the siege. Many of the ruling families of the neighboring provinces opposed Oda, chief among them Mōri Terumoto of the Mōri clan.

Mōri clan
The Mōri clan (毛利氏, Mōri-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [moꜜː.ɾʲi, moː.ɾʲiꜜ.ɕi]) was a Japanese samurai clan descended from Ōe no Hiromoto. Ōe no Hiromoto was descended from the Fujiwara clan. The family's most illustrious member, Mōri Motonari, greatly expanded the clan's power in Aki Province. During the Edo period his descendants became daimyō of the Chōshū Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. After the Meiji Restoration with the abolition of the han system and daimyō, the Mōri clan became part of the new nobility.
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests)
Haida Nation v British Columbia (Minister of Forests), [2004] 3 S.C.R. 511 is the leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the Crown duty to consult Aboriginal groups prior to exploiting lands to which they may have claims.

Aboriginal land title in Canada
In Canada, aboriginal title is considered a sui generis interest in land. Aboriginal title has been described this way in order to distinguish it from other proprietary interests, but also due to the fact its characteristics cannot be explained by reference either to only the common law rules of real property, or to only the rules of property found in Indigenous legal systems. The Supreme Court of Canada has characterised the idea that aboriginal title is sui generis as the unifying principle underlying the various dimensions of that title. Aboriginal title is properly construed as neither a real right nor a personal right, despite the fact that it appears to share characteristics of both real and personal rights.  Aboriginal title refers to the concept of a sui generis right in land that originates from the exclusive occupation and use of a specific territory by an aboriginal group over which the group has a native historic attachment.
Crime in Philadelphia
Philadelphia consistently ranks above the national average in terms of crime, especially violent offenses. It has the highest violent crime rate of the Top 10 American cities with a population greater than 1 million residents as well as the highest poverty rate among these cities. It has been included in real estate analytics company NeighborhoodScout's "Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America" list every year since it has been compiled. Much of the crime is concentrated in the North, West, and Southwest sections of the city. The deadliest year in Philadelphia was 2021 with 562 murders.

The legal entities responsible for maintaining law and order are:

The Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) is the police department.

The Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (1st Judicial Circuit) is the state trial court.

The Philadelphia District Attorney is the district attorney.

The Defender Association of Philadelphia is the government-funded independent public defender office.

39th District corruption scandal
The 39th District Corruption Scandal refers to a persistent pattern of brutality and corruption among a cadre of Philadelphia Police Department officers, primarily from the Department's 39th District. The scandal emerged in late 1995 and received nationwide attention by 1997, eventually resulting in an investigation by Human Rights Watch. Hundreds of people were involved in the incidents that occurred in North Philadelphia in the early 1990s.  Some individuals are notable due to their direct participation, and others for their participation in related events, particularly the legal proceedings of the conviction of Mumia Abu-Jamal for the murder of Officer Daniel Faulkner.
Francesco Buzomi
Francesco Buzomi (1576–1639) was an Italian missionary in Vietnam. He was one of the first Catholic missionaries in Đàng Trong (known to the Europeans as "Cochinchina") and, along with others such as Francisco de Pina, Girolamo Maiorica and Alexandre de Rhodes, belonged to the generation of Jesuit priests in the first half of the 17th century who established the firm foundation of the Catholic Church in Vietnam.

Alexandre de Rhodes
Alexandre de Rhodes, SJ  (French pronunciation: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ də ʁɔd]; 15 March 1593 – 5 November 1660), also Đắc Lộ, was an Avignonese Jesuit missionary and lexicographer who had a lasting impact on Christianity in Vietnam. He wrote the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, the first trilingual Vietnamese-Portuguese-Latin dictionary, published  in Rome, in 1651.
Streets (ice cream)
Streets is an Australian ice cream brand bought by the British multinational company Unilever in 1960. Some products are made in China and shipped to Australia and New Zealand. It is part of Unilever's ice cream brand Heartbrand. The company is in a long-term contract with dairy company Dairy Farmers.

Dairy Farmers Pty Ltd
Dairy Farmers Pty Ltd is an Australian dairy brand whose products are distributed mainly in New South Wales and Queensland. Established in 1900, Dairy Farmers’ parent company is Australian-owned Bega Group. The core products sold under the Dairy Farmers brand are fresh milk (in New South Wales and Queensland only) and UHT "long-life" milk (Australia wide), as well as various other dairy goods. It supplies products to local and international markets such as Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

Kirin Holdings Company Limited of Japan, via its subsidiary National Foods, acquired the company in November 2008, and renamed "National Foods" as "Lion Dairy & Drinks" the following year.

On 23 November 2020, a deal was announced that would allow Bega Cheese to buy Lion Dairy & Drinks, and all subsidiaries, including Dairy Farmers.
Freeze!
Freeze! is a puzzle video game developed by Frozen Gun Games and released in November 2012 for iOS and Android. 
The game reached the top of the App Store in 61 countries. It received several awards and has downloaded over ten million copies.
The concept and gameplay were developed by Andreas von Lepel, who designed games for the Commodore 64, Amiga, and Game Boy in the 1980s. The artwork with its dark, atmospheric images was designed by Jonas Schenk.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Pabdeh Formation
The Pabdeh Formation is a Late Eocene to Early Oligocene-aged geological formation in Iran. It outcrops along the Zagros Mountains. It was deposited in a deepwater environment in the upper bathyal zone of the Paratethys Sea, with these abyssal sediments being lifted high above sea level from the uplift of the Zagros fold and thrust belt as part of the Alpide orogeny.

A high number of fossil fishes are known from this formation, the majority of which appear to have pelagic and deepwater affinities. These are mostly known from two localities near Elam and Istehbanat. The age of these localities have been disputed, and have previously been considered to be Early Oligocene, but are now generally thought to be middle to late Eocene in age, most likely Priabonian. Some fossils of migratory insects (a locust and ant alates), as well as fish and birds, are also known from presumed early Oligocene-aged strata near Babaheidar.

Zagros fold and thrust belt
The Zagros fold and thrust belt (Zagros FTB) is an approximately 1,800-kilometre (1,100 mi) long zone of deformed crustal rocks, formed in the foreland of the collision between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate. It is host to one of the world's largest petroleum provinces, containing about 49% of the established hydrocarbon reserves in fold and thrust belts (FTBs) and about 7% of all reserves globally.
USAV SSG Elroy F. Wells
USAV SSG Elroy F. Wells, named for United States Army SSGT Elroy Frederick Wells (1932–1970), is the lead ship of the Maneuver Support Vessel (Light) landing craft. She was laid down by Vigor Industrial in Vancouver, Washington, on 16 September 2019 and launched in October 2022.

Landing craft
Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force (infantry and vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. The term excludes landing ships, which are larger. Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.

Because of the need to run up onto a suitable beach, World War II landing craft were flat-bottomed, and many designs had a flat front, often with a lowerable ramp, rather than a normal bow. This made them difficult to control and very uncomfortable in rough seas. The control point (too rudimentary to call a bridge on LCA and similar craft) was normally at the extreme rear of the vessel, as were the engines. In all cases, they were known by an abbreviation derived from the official name rather than by the full title.
Northland Arboretum
The Northland Arboretum is a 413-acre non-profit arboretum and nature reserve in Brainerd, Minnesota, United States.

The arboretum was founded in 1972 when the Brainerd Landfill closed; that original 40-acre (160,000 m2) landfill site now supports a grassland. The Arboretum now contains a Red Pine plantation and an area of Jack Pine savanna, with nearly 20 kilometers of trails for hiking and cross-country skiing, of which nearly 5 kilometers are lit for evening skiing. Other areas include a native tree trail, youth gardens, a wildflower trail, and a pond with arched bridge. The Nature Conservancy owns nearly 200 acres (0.81 km2) within the arboretum.

Arboretum plants include woodland wildflowers such as shinleaf, rattlesnake-plantain, blue-bead lily, and pink lady's slipper; prairie vegetation such as silky prairie clover, birdfoot violet, blue-eyed grass, gayfeather, and pasque flower; and grasses such as big bluestem, kalm's brome, muly-grass, porcupine grass, and June grass.

Brainerd, Minnesota
Brainerd (/ˈbreɪnərd/ BRAY-nərd) is a city in and the county seat of Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was 14,395 at the 2020 census. Brainerd straddles the Mississippi River several miles upstream from its confluence with the Crow Wing River, having been founded as a site for a railroad crossing above the confluence.

The Brainerd micropolitan area includes Cass and Crow Wing counties and had a population of 96,189 at the 2020 census. The city is well known for being the partial setting of the 1996 film Fargo.
2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre butterfly
The men's 100 metre butterfly competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 19 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place.  The last champion was Ian Crocker of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, all in butterfly.

2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The tenth edition of the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in 2006 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, from August 17–20. Six world records were tallied compared to one from the 2002 edition. This edition was slower than it would have been because of the lack of a full strength Australian team, one of the strongest teams in the world. This made it a common situation that swimmers in the B final were swimming fast enough to place in the top 3 since no country is allowed to have more than 2 swimmers in either final heat.
Parkinsonian gait
Parkinsonian gait (or festinating gait, from Latin festinare [to hurry]) is the type of gait exhibited by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is often described by people with Parkinson's as feeling like being stuck in place, when initiating a step or turning, and can increase the risk of falling. This disorder is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the basal ganglia circuit leading to motor deficits. Gait is one of the most affected motor characteristics of this disorder although symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied.

Parkinsonian gait is characterized by small shuffling steps and a general slowness of movement (hypokinesia), or even the total loss of movement (akinesia) in extreme cases. Patients with PD demonstrate reduced stride length, walking speed during free ambulation and cadence rate, while double support duration is increased.  The patient has difficulty starting, but also has difficulty stopping after starting. This is due to muscle hypertonicity.

Toe
Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod. Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being digitigrade. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being plantigrade; unguligrade animals are those that walk on hooves at the tips of their toes.
Rasikajy civilization
The Rasikajy civilization was an archaeological culture that inhabited northeastern Madagascar from roughly the 8th to late 15th centuries CE. The material culture they left behind, including soapstone (chlorite schist) vessels, imported Chinese pottery, metalworks, and beads, was discovered in systematic excavations of northern Madagascar in the 19th and 20th centuries. The word Rasikajy was reported in 1941 to be a local term for "a group of people that came from overseas and made objects from soapstone", and in 2000 to refer to "the people of the distant past who mined chlorite schist and worked this soft stone into vessels". Most of the evidence for the Rasikajy culture comes from excavations at a necropolis in Vohemar, discovered in the late 19th century. Though archaeologists expect that a settlement must have existed near to the necropolis, no such site has been discovered.

Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between these types is an empirical observation. Their interpretation in terms of ethnic or political groups is based on archaeologists' understanding. However, this is often subject to long-unresolved debates. The concept of the archaeological culture is fundamental to culture-historical archaeology.
ATI Multi Rendering
ATI Multi-Rendering (AMR) is a video technology created by ATI Technologies that enables a single computer to use more than one video processor.

Created in 2002, AMR uses a technology ATI calls "Super Tiling" to connect multiple (two or more) video cards together. AMR has been primarily used by Evans and Sutherland, for commercial flight simulators, because of its ability to use more than two VPUs. ATI has introduced a "consumer level" version of AMR, which they refer to as CrossFire.

Scalable Link Interface
Scalable Link Interface (SLI) is the brand name for a now discontinued multi-GPU technology developed by Nvidia for linking two or more video cards together to produce a single output. The technology was invented and developed by 3dfx and later purchased by Nvidia during the acquisition of the company. SLI is a parallel processing algorithm for computer graphics, meant to increase the available processing power.

The initialism SLI was first used by 3dfx for Scan-Line Interleave, which was introduced to the consumer market in 1998 and used in the Voodoo2 line of video cards. Nvidia acquired the technology when it bought out 3dfx, but never used it. Nvidia later reintroduced the SLI name in 2004 and intended for it to be used in modern computer systems based on the PCI Express (PCIe) bus; however, the technology behind the name SLI has changed dramatically.
Shewanella corallii
Shewanella corallii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus Shewanella which was isolated in March 2005 from a Red Sea coral from the Gulf of Aqaba in the Middle East. In 2016, S. corallii strain A687 was isolated from a pufferfish in Arraial de Cabo, Brazil.

Shewanella
Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae. Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Shewanella consists of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods, most of which are found in extreme aquatic habitats where the temperature is very low and the pressure is very high. Shewanella bacteria are a normal component of the surface flora of fish and are implicated in fish spoilage. Shewanella chilikensis is a species of the genus Shewanella commonly found in the marine sponges of Saint Martin's Island of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a widely used laboratory model to study anaerobic respiration of metals and other anaerobic extracellular electron acceptors, and for teaching about microbial electrogenesis and microbial fuel cells.