hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Variants of PCR
Variants of PCR represent a diverse array of techniques that have evolved from the basic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, each tailored to specific applications in molecular biology, such as genetic analysis, DNA sequencing, and disease diagnosis, by modifying factors like primer design, temperature conditions, and enzyme usage.

Klenow fragment
The Klenow fragment is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I (Pol I) from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin.  First reported in 1970, it retains the 5' → 3' polymerase activity and the 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity for removal of precoding nucleotides and proofreading, but loses its 5' → 3' exonuclease activity.

The other smaller fragment formed when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is cleaved by subtilisin retains the 5' → 3' exonuclease activity but does not have the other two activities exhibited by the Klenow fragment (i.e. 5' → 3' polymerase activity, and 3' → 5' exonuclease activity).
Black Lake (Nova Scotia)
There are various lakes named Black Lake in Nova Scotia, Canada. They vary widely in size, depth and usability. Many counties, such as Cumberland, Halifax, Inverness, and Pictou Counties have more than one Black Lake so named, while other counties mentioned in this article have only one named Black Lake.

Thuja occidentalis
Thuja occidentalis, also known as northern white-cedar, eastern white-cedar, or arborvitae, is an evergreen coniferous tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is native to eastern Canada and much of the north-central and northeastern United States. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is not to be confused with Juniperus virginiana (eastern red cedar).
Komagawa Kaishin-ryū
Komagawa Kaishin-ryū (駒川改心流) is a traditional Japanese martial art established by Komagawa Tarōzaemon Kuniyoshi (later Komagawa Kaishin) based on the Shinkage-ryū of Kamiizumi Ise no kami Nobutsuna. The art is now part of the Kuroda family bujutsu and the only authorized teacher is sōke Kuroda Tetsuzan himself (see Teaching section).

Menkyo
Menkyo (免許) is a Japanese term meaning "license." It refers to the license to teach used by practitioners of various Japanese classical arts and martial arts certifying some license within the school or ryū. The menkyo system dates back to the 8th century.
African-American Shakespeare Company
The African-American Shakespeare Company (AASC) is a 501(c)3 nonprofit professional regional theatre company in San Francisco, California. Since its founding in 1994 Sherri Young has been its Executive Director and in 2009 L. Peter Callender joined as its Artistic Director.

AASC is a member of the Shakespeare Theatre Association.

Shakespeare Theatre Association
The Shakespeare Theatre Association (STA), Formally known as The Shakespeare Theatre Association of America, was established to provide a forum for the artistic and managerial leadership of theatres whose central activity is the production of Shakespeare's plays; to discuss issues and share methods of work, resources, and information; and to act as an advocate for Shakespearean productions throughout the world. The name was changed in January 2011 to reflect the increasingly international reach of Shakespeare and the Shakespeare Theatre Association.
Michael Pössinger
Michael Pössinger (18 January 1919 – 23 May 2003) was a German bobsledder who competed in the early 1950s. He won a complete set of medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a gold in 1951, a silver in 1954, and a bronze (tied with Sweden) in 1953. Pössinger finished sixth in the four-man event at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo.

During World War II, Pössinger served in the mountain troops of the Wehrmacht and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. The battalion under his command was responsible for burning to death 21 civilians at Kefalovryso, Greece on 10 July 1943.

Close Combat Clasp
The Close Combat Clasp (German: Nahkampfspange) was a World War II German military award instituted on 25 November 1942 for participation in hand-to-hand fighting at close quarters. Intended primarily for infantry, other Heer, Waffen-SS, Luftwaffe ground units and Fallschirmjäger (Paratroopers) were also eligible.
10 yen coin
The 10 yen coin (十円硬貨, Jū-en kōka) is one denomination of the Japanese yen.

The obverse of the coin depicts the Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, a Buddhist temple in Uji, Kyoto prefecture, with the kanji for "Japan" and "Ten Yen". The reverse shows the numerals "10" and the date of issue in kanji surrounded by bay laurel leaves.

Reiwa era
Reiwa (Japanese: 令和; pronounced [ɾeːwa] ⓘ or [ɾeꜜːwa]) is the current and 232nd era of the official calendar of Japan. It began on 1 May 2019, the day on which Emperor Akihito's eldest son, Naruhito, ascended the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan. The day before, Emperor Akihito abdicated the Chrysanthemum Throne, marking the end of the Heisei era. The year 2019 corresponds with Heisei 31 from 1 January to 30 April, and with Reiwa 1 (令和元年, Reiwa gannen; 'the base year of Reiwa') from 1 May. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan explained the meaning of Reiwa to be "beautiful harmony".
Whitey on the Moon
"Whitey on the Moon" is a spoken word poem by Gil Scott-Heron, released as the ninth track on his debut album Small Talk at 125th and Lenox in 1970. Accompanied by conga drums, Scott-Heron's narrative tells of medical debt, high taxes and poverty experienced at the time of the Apollo Moon landings. The poem critiques the resources spent on the space program while Black Americans were experiencing social and economic disparities at home.

"Whitey on the Moon" was prominently featured in the 2018 biographical film about Neil Armstrong, First Man, and "Whitey's on the Moon", the second episode of HBO's 2020 television series Lovecraft Country. It received renewed interest in 2021 following spaceflights by billionaires Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson, which were seen as emblematic of the inequities highlighted by the poem.

The Last Poets
The Last Poets is a poetry collective and musical group that arose in the late 1960s as part of the African-American civil rights movement and black nationalism. The name was inspired by revolutionary South African poet Keorapetse Kgositsile who believed he was in the last era of poetry before guns took over.

The group originally comprised Jalaluddin Mansur Nuriddin, Umar Bin Hassan and Abiodun Oyewole. Lineup changes and departures led to offshoots, including The Original Last Poets composed of Oyewole, Gylan Kain and David Nelson. Critic Jason Ankeny wrote: "With their politically charged raps, taut rhythms, and dedication to raising African-American consciousness, the Last Poets almost single-handedly laid the groundwork for the emergence of hip-hop." The British music magazine NME stated, "Serious spokesmen like Gil Scott-Heron, The Last Poets, and later Gary Byrd, paved the way for the many socially committed Black [emcees] a decade later."
Lake Ezerische
Lake Ezerische (Belarusian: возера Езярышча, romanized: vozera Jeziaryšča; Russian: озеро Езерище, romanized: ozero Yzerishche) is a lake in Haradok District, Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated at the Belarus–Russia border, neighboring Pskov Oblast in Russia.

In 1959, on the river flowing out of the lake, a hydroelectric power plant was built. This led to the raising of the water level (as the lake began to function as a reservoir). Raising the water level leads to erosion of its banks. The lake is dated to the glacial period and is about 10,000 years. The largest settlement on the bank of the lake is Yezyaryshcha (Ezerische), a settlement located on the western shore of the lake. Ezerishche Castle is situated on one of the islands. In the present day, only ramparts of the castle are preserved.

Yezyaryshcha
Yezyaryshcha (Belarusian: Езярышча, romanized: Jeziaryšča; Russian: Езерище, romanized: Yezerishche) is an urban-type settlement in Haradok District, Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is located next to the border with Russia. As of 2024, it has a population of 1,054.
Richard Wyatt Jr.
Richard Wyatt Jr. (October 7, 1955 - May 17, 2024) is a contemporary muralist best known for his public art in and around the city of Los Angeles. His murals can be found at the Watts Towers, the Capitol Records Building, White Memorial Hospital, the Ontario Airport, the Wilshire and Western Metro station, the Union Station East Portal, and many other locations.

John Outterbridge
John Outterbridge (March 12, 1933 – November 12, 2020) was an American artist and community activist who lived and worked in Los Angeles, California. His work explores the issues surrounding personal identity such as family, community and the environment through the use of discarded materials.

He was the first director of the Watts Towers Art Center, and served in that role for seventeen years. His sculptural work has been reviewed in The New York Times, and his work is owned by many prominent museums.
Third-party and independent candidates for the 1996 United States presidential election
This article contains lists of official and potential third party and independent candidates associated with the 1996 United States presidential election.

"Third party" is a term commonly used in the United States in reference to political parties other than the two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. An independent candidate is one who runs for office with no formal party affiliation.

Parties with ballot access in states holding 270 or more electoral votes are listed first in this article because 270 electoral votes represent a majority of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College.

James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)
James E. Harris (born 1948) is an American communist politician, perennial candidate, meatpacker, trade unionist, and member of the National Committee of the Socialist Workers Party. He was the party's candidate for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2012. Harris also served as an alternate candidate for Róger Calero in 2004 and 2008 in states where Calero could not qualify for the ballot due to being born in Nicaragua. He served for a time as the national organization secretary of the SWP and was a staff writer for the party's newspaper, The Militant, in New York.
Ovanåker
Ovanåker is a locality situated in Ovanåker Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 212 inhabitants in 2010. It is the original vicariate of the Celsius family, who take the name after the Latinized form of the locality.

Gävleborg County
Gävleborg County (Swedish: Gävleborgs län) is a county or län on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders the counties of Uppsala, Västmanland, Dalarna, Jämtland, and Västernorrland. The capital is Gävle.
Sandar Win
Khin Sandar Win (also spelt Khin Sanda Win; Burmese: ခင်စန္ဒာဝင်း; born 1952 in Rangoon, Burma) is the daughter of former Burmese dictator Ne Win. She played a major role in the suppression of the democracy movement after her father resigned as ruler in 1988.

Sandar Win is a medical doctor and later she left the military's medical services and became a businesswoman. Before her detention she presided over the Ne Win clan as it developed a significant business empire encompassing hotels, medical services and telecommunications.

Burma Socialist Programme Party
The Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), also referred to as the Lanzin Party, was the ruling party of Burma (present-day Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988 and the country's sole legal party from 1964 to 1988. Party chairman Ne Win overthrew the country's democratically elected government in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962. For the next 26 years, the BSPP governed Burma under a totalitarian military dictatorship, until mass protests in 1988 pressured party officials to adopt a multi-party system.
JUpdater
JUpdater is a project which aims to create a utility that allows developers to quickly implement version checks into Java programs. The utility ensures that the user can always be notified of new versions, and easily upgrade to the latest version from within the program, without having to do anything. The utility only downloads the files that are out of date, saving bandwidth.

JUpdater is split into two parts. A small Java client, which can easily be implemented into existing programs, and a PHP server part, which keeps track of the versions and provides the client with all the info it requires. The project is still in development, possibly containing bugs. Any program that is to be updated via JUpdater has to be contained in a jar file.

MD5
The MD5 message-digest algorithm is a widely used hash function producing a 128-bit hash value. MD5 was designed by Ronald Rivest in 1991 to replace an earlier hash function MD4, and was specified in 1992 as RFC 1321.

MD5 can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity against unintentional corruption. Historically it was widely used as a cryptographic hash function; however it has been found to suffer from extensive vulnerabilities. It remains suitable for other non-cryptographic purposes, for example for determining the partition for a particular key in a partitioned database, and may be preferred due to lower computational requirements than more recent Secure Hash Algorithms.
A3 motorway (Tunisia)
The A3 motorway links Tunis, the capital city of Tunisia, and the city of Bou Salem 121 kilometres (75 mi) away. The Tunisian government plans to extend the highway a further 80 kilometres (50 mi) from its current limit to reach the Algerian Border, with a total distance of 201 kilometres (125 mi).

The first section, linking Tunis to Medjez el-Bab, opened in July 2005. The whole project, including the section linking Medjez el-Bab to Oued Zarga, 66,3 km long, was inaugurated on February 20, 2006. A 54 kilometer long extension to the city of Bou Salem in the country's northwesternmost governorate Jendouba started in May 2012 and was inaugurated on November 26, 2016.

Majaz al Bab
Majaz al Bab (Arabic: مجاز الباب), also known as Medjez el Bab, or as Membressa under the Roman Empire, is a town in northern Tunisia. It is located at the intersection of roads GP5 and GP6, in the Plaine de la Medjerda.

It has been a titular see of the Catholic Church since 1933.
Agony Again
Agony Again is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 in 1995. Starring Maureen Lipman, it is the sequel to Agony, an ITV sitcom that aired from 1979 to 1981, produced by the BBC after ITV turned it down; It had originally been pitched as a radio version for Radio 4. Agony Again was written by Carl Gorham, Michael Hatt, and Amanda Swift.

Agony (TV series)
Agony is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 11 March 1979 to 1 March 1981. Made by London Weekend Television, it stars Maureen Lipman as Jane Lucas who has a successful career as an agony aunt but whose own personal life is a shambles. It was created by Len Richmond and real-life agony aunt Anna Raeburn, both of whom wrote all of the first series. The second and third series were written by Stan Hey and Andrew Nickolds.

Agony was the first British sitcom to portray a gay couple as non-camp, witty, intelligent and happy people.
A Cold Season
A Cold Season is a fantasy and horror novel by English writer Alison Littlewood. It is her debut novel and was first published in the United Kingdom in January 2012 by Jo Fletcher Books. It is about a young widow who takes her son to Darnshaw, the village of her birth after her husband went missing in action in Afghanistan; but the village has become sinister and foreboding, and snow storms prevent them from leaving.

A Cold Season was selected for the Richard and Judy Book Club in 2012. Littlewood wrote a sequel, A Cold Silence, which was published in 2015.

Quercus (publisher)
Quercus is a formerly independent publishing house, based in London, that was acquired by Hodder & Stoughton in 2014. It was founded in 2004 by Mark Smith and Wayne Davies.

Quercus is known for its lists in crime (publishing such authors as Elly Griffiths, Philip Kerr, Peter May, Peter Temple), its MacLehose Press imprint (formerly headed by Christopher MacLehose), which publishes translated (often prize-winning) works by authors such as Philippe Claudel, Stieg Larsson, and Valerio Varesi, its literary fiction titles (including by Kimberley Freeman, Prajwal Parajuly) and its Jo Fletcher Books imprint, which publishes science fiction, fantasy and horror.

In 2023, Jo Fletcher Books was renamed to Arcadia.
2020 in Central America
The following lists events that happened during 2020 in Central America:  Belize,  Costa Rica,  El Salvador,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua, and  Panama.

The combined population of Central America is estimated at 44.53 million (2016).

Alejandro Giammattei
Alejandro Eduardo Giammattei Falla (Spanish pronunciation: [aleˈxandɾo ʝamaˈtej]; born 9 March 1956) is a Guatemalan politician who was the 51st president of Guatemala from 2020 to 2024.

He is a former director of the Guatemalan penitentiary system and participated in Guatemala's presidential elections in 2007, 2011, and 2015.

He won in the 2019 election, and assumed office on 14 January 2020.
The Songs of Robert Wyatt and Antony & the Johnsons
The Songs of Robert Wyatt and Antony & the Johnsons, the fifth album by English folk group the Unthanks and the first to be recorded live, was released on 28 November 2011. Its extended title is: Diversions Vol. 1: The Songs of Robert Wyatt and Antony & the Johnsons: Live from the Union Chapel, London.

The album, which consists entirely of songs by Robert Wyatt and by Antony Hegarty (now known as Anohni) of Antony and the Johnsons,  was recorded at the Union Chapel, Islington, London, on 8 and 9 December 2010. It received a 4.5-starred review in Rolling Stone, four-starred reviews in The Guardian and The Observer and four-starred ratings from AllMusic and musicOMH.

Alfreda Benge
Alfreda "Alfie" Benge (born 1940) is an Austrian-born lyricist and illustrator. She is the wife of musician Robert Wyatt, and the two have collaborated for more than fifty years. Benge has illustrated album covers for Wyatt and other musicians, including Annette Peacock, Fred Frith, and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. She has contributed lyrics for Bertrand Burgalat, and for Brazilian singer Monica Vasconcelos, and has illustrated two children's books.
Operation Carpetbagger
Operation Carpetbagger was a World War II operation to provide aerial supply of weapons and other matériel to resistance fighters in France, Italy and the Low Countries by the U.S. Army Air Forces that began on 4 January 1944.

Resistance during World War II
During World War II, resistance movements operated in German-occupied Europe by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda, hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. In many countries, resistance movements were sometimes also referred to as The Underground.

While resistance groups played a significant auxiliary role in harassing the enemy, their military impact was limited, and they were incapable of liberating their nations alone. Overall, the effectiveness of resistance movements during World War II is generally measured more by their political and moral impact than their decisive military contribution to the overall Allied victory.
1952 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1952 Maine gubernatorial election took place on September 8, 1952. Incumbent Republican Governor Frederick G. Payne was term limited and seeking election to the United States Senate. Maine Senate President Burton M. Cross faced off against Democratic challenger, former Congressman James C. Oliver (who served in Congress from 1937 to 1941 as a Republican) and Independent Republican Neil S. Bishop (whom Cross had defeated in the Republican primary) in the general election, easily defeating both men. Cross' election was the ninth consecutive victory for the Republicans in Maine gubernatorial races.

1952 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1952 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 8, 1952.

Incumbent Republican Senator Owen Brewster ran for re-election to a third term, but lost the Republican primary to Governor of Maine Frederick Payne. Payne easily won the general election against two Democratic opponents, party nominee Roger Dube and independent Democrat Earl Grant.
Loreglia
Loreglia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northeast of Turin and about 9 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Verbania. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 279 and an area of 9.2 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi).

Loreglia borders the following municipalities: Casale Corte Cerro, Germagno, Ornavasso, Quarna Sopra, Valstrona.

Verbania
Verbania (Italian: [verˈbaːnja] ⓘ, Lombard: [ʋerˈbaɲa], Piedmontese: [ʋerˈbɑnja]) is the most populous comune (municipality) and the capital city of the province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Piedmont region of northwest Italy. It is situated on the shore of Lake Maggiore, about 91 km (57 mi) north-west of Milan and about 40 km (25 mi) from Locarno in Switzerland. It had a population of 30,827 on 1 January 2017.
1965–66 Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey season
The 1965–66 Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey team represented Michigan State University in college ice hockey. In its 15th year under head coach Amo Bessone the team compiled a 16–13–0 record and reached the NCAA tournament for the second time in its history. The Spartans defeated Clarkson 6–1 in the championship game at the Williams Arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. As of 2018, the 1965–66 Michigan State team has the worst record of any national champion for Division I (or equivalent) ice hockey.

Amo Bessone
Amos "Betts" Bessone (November 22, 1916 – January 9, 2010) was a collegiate ice hockey player and head coach.

Bessone was born in Sagamore, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod, and raised in West Springfield, Massachusetts, where he learned to play hockey.

As a hockey coach, Bessone is best remembered for winning a national championship as a heavy underdog in 1966 with the "Cinderella Spartans." He was one of the most colorful college coaches of his era with a trademark whistle he used to signal line changes.

As intense as Bessone was behind the bench, he was warm and endearing off the ice. During his coaching days, he regularly invited fellow coaches, officials and reporters out for drinks or back to his house for spaghetti following games.
VH1 Storytellers (Alicia Keys album)
VH1 Storytellers is the second live album and video by American singer Alicia Keys. It was released on June 25, 2013 by RCA Records. The album was recorded as a part of the television show VH1 Storytellers; the episode originally aired on November 12, 2012.

VH1 Storytellers
Storytellers is a television music series produced by the VH1 network.

In each episode, artists perform in front of a (mostly small and intimate) live audience, and tell stories about their music, writing experiences and memories, somewhat similar to MTV Unplugged. The show started in 1996 with a broadcast of Ray Davies, during his "Storyteller" tour, and took its name from this first show.The original idea and title was suggested by a young music lawyer at Sony Music, Jonathan Polk, who suggested to the Kink's manager in 1991, that Davies do a one man show called 'Ray Davies: Storyteller" at New York City's The Bottom Line, where he told the story behind each song.

98 episodes aired before the show's cancellation, and many of the performances have subsequently been released on CD or DVD. "Best of" collections have also been released. In February 2025, many Storytellers episodes became available to stream on Paramount+.