hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone was the Liberal prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on four separate occasions between 1868 and 1894. He was noted for his moralistic leadership and his emphasis on world peace, economical budgets, political reform and efforts to resolve the Irish question. Gladstone saw himself as a national leader driven by a political and almost religious mission, which he tried to validate through elections and dramatic appeals to the public conscience. His approach sometimes divided the Liberal Party, which he dominated for three decades. Finally Gladstone split his party on the issue of Irish Home Rule, which he saw as mandated by the true public interest regardless of the political cost.

Charles Bradlaugh
Charles Bradlaugh (/ˈbrædlɔː/; 26 September 1833 – 30 January 1891) was an English politician and atheism activist. He founded the National Secular Society in 1866, 15 years after George Holyoake had coined the term "secularism" in 1851.

In 1880, Bradlaugh was elected as the Liberal MP for Northampton. His attempt to affirm as an atheist ultimately led to his temporary imprisonment, fines for voting in the House of Commons illegally, and a number of by-elections at which Bradlaugh regained his seat on each occasion. He was finally allowed to take an oath in 1886. Eventually, a parliamentary bill which he proposed became law in 1888, which allowed members of both Houses of Parliament to affirm, if they so wished, when being sworn in. The new law resolved the issue for witnesses in civil and criminal court cases.
Elongated pyramid
In geometry, the elongated pyramids are an infinite set of polyhedra, constructed by adjoining an n-gonal pyramid to an n-gonal prism. Along with the set of pyramids, these figures are topologically self-dual.

There are three elongated pyramids that are Johnson solids:

Elongated triangular pyramid (J7),

Elongated square pyramid (J8), and

Elongated pentagonal pyramid (J9).

Higher forms can be constructed with isosceles triangles.

Elongated triangular pyramid
In geometry, the elongated triangular pyramid is one of the Johnson solids (J7).  As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a tetrahedron by attaching a triangular prism to its base. Like any elongated pyramid, the resulting solid is topologically (but not geometrically) self-dual.
Real estate contract
A real estate contract is a contract between parties for the purchase and sale, exchange, or other conveyance of real estate. The sale of land is governed by the laws and practices of the jurisdiction in which the land is located. Real estate called leasehold estate is actually a rental of real property such as an apartment, and leases (rental contracts) cover such rentals since they typically do not result in recordable deeds.  Freehold ("More permanent") conveyances of real estate are covered by real estate contracts, including conveying fee simple title, life estates, remainder estates, and freehold easements.  Real estate contracts are typically bilateral contracts (i.e., agreed to by two parties) and should have the legal requirements specified by contract law in general and should also be in writing to be enforceable.

Easement
An easement is a nonpossessory right to use or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it. It is "best typified in the right of way which one landowner, A, may enjoy over the land of another, B". An easement is a property right and type of incorporeal property in itself at common law in most jurisdictions.

An easement is similar to real covenants and equitable servitudes. In the United States, the Restatement (Third) of Property takes steps to merge these concepts as servitudes.

Easements are helpful for providing a 'limited right to use another person's land for a stated purpose. For example, an easement may allow someone to use a road on their neighbor’s land to get to their own.'  Another example is someone's right to fish in a privately owned pond, or to have access to a public beach.

The rights of an easement holder vary substantially among jurisdictions.
Thin-film lithium-ion battery
The thin-film lithium-ion battery is a form of solid-state battery. Its development is motivated by the prospect of combining the advantages of solid-state batteries with the advantages of thin-film manufacturing processes.

Thin-film construction could lead to improvements in specific energy, energy density, and power density on top of the gains from using a solid electrolyte. It allows for flexible cells only a few microns thick. It may also reduce manufacturing costs from scalable roll-to-roll processing and even allow for the use of cheap materials.

Cathode
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device such as a lead–acid battery. This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for Cathode Current Departs. Conventional current describes the direction in which positive charges move. Electrons, which are the carriers of current in most electrical systems, have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow: this means that electrons flow into the device's cathode from the external circuit. For example, the end of a household battery marked with a + (plus) is the cathode.

The electrode through which conventional current flows the other way, into the device, is termed an anode.
Fumon Tanaka
Fumon Tanaka (田中 普門, Tanaka Fumon; December 13, 1943 – January 10, 2025) is a traditional Japanese martial arts practitioner who holds a number of Soke positions in Japanese schools of martial arts.  Specialising in various weapon forms (Bojutsu, Sojutsu, Iaijutsu, Naginata) and unarmed fighting methods.  He is also an author and has appeared in numerous world media.

Kendo
Kendo (Japanese: 剣道, Hepburn: Kendō; lit. 'sword way'  or 'sword path'  or 'way of the sword') is a modern Japanese martial art, descended from kenjutsu (one of the old Japanese martial arts, swordsmanship), that uses bamboo swords (shinai) as well as protective armor (bōgu). It began as samurai warriors' customary swordsmanship exercises, and today, it is widely practiced within Japan and has spread to many other nations across the world.
IRAS 01003−2238
IRAS 01003−2238 also known as IRAS F01004−2237 or simply F01004−2237, is a galaxy located in the constellation of Cetus. It is located 1.65 billion light years away from Earth and is a Seyfert galaxy and an ultraluminous infrared galaxy. IRAS 01003−2238 is also classified as a Wolf-Rayet galaxy, making the object one of the most distant known.

Cetus (constellation)
Cetus (/ˈsiːtəs/ SEE-təss) is a constellation, sometimes called 'the whale' in English. The Cetus was a sea monster in Greek mythology which both Perseus and Heracles needed to slay. Cetus is in the region of the sky that contains other water-related constellations: Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus.
2006 FC Spartak Moscow season
The 2006 FC Spartak Moscow season was the club's 15th season in the Russian Premier League season. Spartak finished the season in 2nd position, qualifying for the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League Third Qualifying Round. In the 2005–06 Russian Cup, Spartak finished as Runners-up to CSKA Moscow whilst progressing to the Last 16 of the 2006–07 Russian Cup which took place during the 2007 season. In the UEFA Champions League, Spartak reached the Group Stage, facing Bayern Munich, Internazionale and Sporting CP, before finishing third and progressing to the 2006–07 UEFA Cup Round of 32 against Celta Vigo.

2006–07 Russian Cup
The 2006–07 Russian Cup was the 15th edition of the Russian football knockout tournament since the dissolution of Soviet Union. The competition started on 13 April 2006 and finished on 27 May 2007, with the final played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, where Lokomotiv Moscow beat FC Moscow with 1–0 after extra time.
Gregory of Durrës
Gregory of Durrës (Albanian: Gregori i Durrësit; Grigor Konstantinidhi; Greek: Γρηγόριος ο Δυρραχίου, romanized: Grêgorios ho Dyrrakhíu; Latin: Gregorius Dyrrhachii; Gregory of Dyrrachium) (or Gregory the Printer) (c. 1701–1772) was an Albanian scholar, printer, typographer, teacher, and Eastern Orthodox Christian monk and cleric of Ottoman Albania who is thought to have invented a particular Albanian alphabetic script, the Elbasan script, used to write the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript. The manuscript is one of the oldest known pieces of Albanian Orthodox literature, as well as the oldest known Eastern Orthodox Bible translation into Albanian.

Dhimitër Shuteriqi
Dhimitër Shuteriqi (26 July 1915 ‒ 22 July 2003) was an Albanian scholar, literary historian, and writer. He participated in the anti-fascist National Liberation Movement. After the war, he was a member of the People's Assembly and one of the founders and later president of the Albanian League of Writers and Artists. In addition to a series of books and novels, he has published numerous volumes of textbooks, especially those on the history of Albanian literature for high schools.
Three Suns (eschatology)
The doctrine of the Three Suns (Chinese: 三阳; pinyin: sānyáng) or three stages of the end-time (Chinese: 三期末劫; pinyin: sānqímòjié), or Three Ages, is a teleological and eschatological doctrine found in some Chinese salvationist religions and schools of Confucianism.

According to the doctrine, the absolute principle, in many salvationist sects represented as the Wusheng Laomu, divides the end time into three stages, each of which is governed by a different Buddha sent by the Mother to save humanity: the "Green Sun" (qingyang) governed by Dīpankara Buddha, the "Red Sun" (hongyang) by Gautama Buddha, and the current "White Sun" (baiyang) by Maitreya. In different sects the three periods are known by slightly different names, variations originated by oral transmission of the teaching. The doctrine is especially important in the Xiantiandao group of sects, the most notable one being Yiguandao.

Queen Mother of the West
The Queen Mother of the West, known by various local names, is a mother goddess in Chinese religion and mythology, also worshipped later in neighbouring countries. She is attested from ancient times.

The first historical information on her can be traced back to Shang dynasty oracle bone inscriptions that record sacrifices to a "Western Mother". Even though these inscriptions illustrate that she predates organized Taoism, she is most often associated with Taoism. The growing popularity of the Queen Mother of the West, as well as the beliefs that she was the dispenser of prosperity, longevity, and eternal bliss, took place during Han dynasty, in the 2nd century BCE, when the northern and western parts of China became more accessible through the opening of the Silk Road.
Institute for the Study of the Americas
The Institute for the Study of the Americas (ISA) was established in 2004 following a merger of the Institute of Latin American Studies and the Institute of United States Studies. ISA formed part of the University of London’s School of Advanced Study along with nine other research institutes. In 2013, the Institute of Latin American Studies was re-established in order to focus the support provided to scholars of Latin America. Activities pertaining to the study of the United States continue within the School of Advanced Study under the direction of the Institute of English Studies and Institute of Historical Research.

School of Advanced Study
The School of Advanced Study (SAS), a postgraduate-only institution of the University of London, is the UK's national centre for the promotion and facilitation of research in the humanities and social sciences. It was established in 1994 and is based in Senate House, in Bloomsbury, central London, close to the British Museum, British Library and several of the colleges of the University of London. The School brings together nine research institutes, many of which have long histories, to provide a wide range of specialist research services, facilities and resources. It offers taught master's and research degrees in humanities and social science subjects (MA, MRes, LLM, MPhil, and PhD).
Sakuma Morishige
Sakuma Morishige (佐久間 盛重, died June 11, 1560) was a Japanese samurai from Sakuma clan who served Oda Nobunaga. He is believed to be the first "general' killed by gunfire in Japan.

In 1556, Morishige fought at the Battle of Ino, Before the battle, where Nobunaga clashed with his brother, Nobunaga erected Fort Nazuka in Nishi-ku, Nazuka, Nagoya City, placing Sakuma Morishige in charge. During this conflict, Sakuma notably claimed the head of Hashimoto Juzo, a general under Oda Nobuyuki, earning him significant rewards

In 1560, during the invasion of Owari Province by Imagawa Yoshimoto, leading up to the Battle of Okehazama, Morishige was appointed to defend the Marune fortress on the border of the province.

The fortress came under attack by Tokugawa Ieyasu (who was at that time named Matsudaira Motoyasu). During the Siege of Marune, Ieyasu made effective use of concentrated arquebus fire. Morishige was killed by a bullet, and the fortress fell to Imagawa forces.

Imagawa Yoshimoto
Imagawa Yoshimoto (今川 義元; 1519 – June 12, 1560) was a Japanese samurai and daimyō (feudal lord) of the Sengoku period. Based in Suruga Province, he was known as The number one archer in the Tōkaidō (海道一の弓取り, Kaidō-ichi no Yumitori); he was one of the three daimyō that dominated the Tōkaidō region. He died in 1560 while marching to Kyoto. He was killed in the village of Dengakuhazama in Okehazama by Oda Nobunaga.
Joe Kreger
Joe Russel Kreger (born 1939 in Tonkawa, Oklahoma) served twice as poet laureate of the American state of Oklahoma. He was previously appointed in 1998 after the death of Betty Shipley, and reappointed in 2021. Kreger was the first poet laureate of the state to be considered primarily a "cowboy poet,", preceding Eddie Wilcoxen (2011–2012) and Jay Snider (2023-2024). Born in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, Kreger has spent most of his life as a rancher.

His poems have been published as Lookin' at Life (1997, Innovative Broadcast Corp) and Still Lookin'  (2000, Doane Agricultural Service).

Eddie Wilcoxen
Eddie D. Wilcoxen (born 1949) served as the eighteenth poet laureate of the state of Oklahoma, appointed by Governor Brad Henry. Previous to his appointment, Wilcoxen was well known as a broadcaster with KWHW (AM) in Altus, Oklahoma. Wilcoxen's poetry is best classified as "folk" poetry, with an emphasis on rural life and traditions. Wilcoxen was also an accomplished karateka, training under the accomplished karateka and kickboxer, Joe Lewis. Wilcoxen then went on to create his own form of karate that he named Kihido Karate, kihido meaning "The Shining Spirit Way".

Oklahoma Proud!: A Centennial Book of Poems. Altus, OK: CTK Publishing, 2007.

Reflections of a Wandering Mind. Altus, OK: CTK Publishing, 2009.

Rose Petal Poems: Tales of Life and Love. Altus, OK: CTK Publishing, 2013.
The Weapon (1956 film)
The Weapon is a 1956 black and white British thriller film directed by Val Guest and starring Steve Cochran, Lizabeth Scott, Herbert Marshall, and Nicole Maurey. It was made by Republic Pictures.

A young boy accidentally shoots another boy and flees.

The film's themes were originally explored in the 1951 British film The Yellow Balloon.

The Yellow Balloon (film)
The Yellow Balloon is a 1953 British drama film directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Andrew Ray, William Sylvester, Kathleen Ryan, Kenneth More and Hy Hazell. It was Thompson's second feature as director. It was distributed by Associated British and produced by the company's Marble Arch Productions. It was made at Elstree Studios with sets designed by the art director Robert Jones. Location shooting took place around Bayswater and Chelsea including Queensway tube station.
Bash Bish Falls
42°6′47″N 73°29′43″W﻿ / ﻿42.11306°N 73.49528°W﻿ / 42.11306; -73.49528

Bash Bish Falls, a waterfall in Bash Bish Falls State Park in the Taconic Mountains of southwestern Massachusetts (Berkshire County), is the highest waterfall in the state. The falls are made up of a series of cascades, nearly 200 feet (61 m) in total. The final cascade is split into twin falls by a jutting rock, dropping in a 59-foot (18 m) "V" over boulders to a serene pool below.

The waters of Bash Bish Falls begin at a spring in Mount Washington and after the falls, Bash Bish Brook has cut a 1,000 -foot deep valley on its way westward to adjacent New York State. The brook cuts between Bash Bish Mountain (elevation 1890) and Cedar Mountain (elevation 1883) creating a dramatic gorge that frames the falls.

Bash Bish Falls State Park is located next to both Massachusetts' 4,000-acre (16 km2) Mount Washington State Forest and New York's 5,000-acre (20 km2) Taconic State Park.

Mount Washington State Forest
Mount Washington State Forest is a 4,619-acre (1,869 ha) state forest in Mount Washington, Massachusetts. The forest conjoins with New York state and the state of Connecticut in the southern Taconic Mountains of the southwestern Berkshire region of Massachusetts. In addition to offering recreational and scenic opportunities, the forest lies adjacent to Bash Bish Falls State Park. It is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.
Secretary of War and Navy (Mexico)
The Secretary of War and Navy (Spanish: Secretario de Guerra y Marina) was a member of the federal executive cabinet as well as a high-ranking officer with the responsibility of commanding the Mexican Army and Mexican Navy (including the Naval Infantry Corps). The secretary is appointed by the President of the Republic.

Mexican Army
The Mexican Army (Spanish: Ejército Mexicano), also known as the National Defense Army, is the combined land and air branch of the Mexican Armed Forces. It includes the Mexican Air Force, the Special Forces Body, and the National Guard.

With an active-duty force of 261,773 servicemembers (as of 2024), the Army is the largest component of the Mexican Armed Forces and among the largest armies in the world. It is under the authority of the Secretariat of National Defense (Spanish: Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, SEDENA) and is headed by the Secretary of National Defence, who is directly answerable to the President.

The Mexican Army was the first to adopt (1908) and use (1910) a self-loading rifle, the Mondragón rifle.
Economy of Chicago
Chicago and its suburbs is home to 35 Fortune 500 companies and is a transportation and distribution center. Manufacturing, printing, publishing, insurance, transportation, financial trading and services, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. The total economic output of Chicago in gross metropolitan product totaled US$770.7 billion in 2020, surpassing the total economic output of Switzerland and making Chicago's gross metropolitan product (GMP) the third largest in the United States. 
The city is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Archer Daniels Midland, Conagra Brands, Exelon, JLL, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Motorola Solutions, Sears, and United Airlines Holdings, although Chicago has experienced an exodus of large corporations since 2020, including Boeing; Citadel LLC; Caterpillar; and Tyson Foods. Three Fortune 500 companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.

Fortune 500
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest United States corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes publicly held companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available. The concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more commonly used than its subset Fortune 100 or superset Fortune 1000.
Timeline of climbing the Eiger
The recorded history of climbing of the Eiger mountain in Switzerland starts in the 1800s.  It is split between the Eiger pre-north face era, when the main summits and easier ridges and faces were climbed, and the post-north face era, when it became one of the greatest prizes in mountaineering. At least sixty-four climbers have died while attempting the ascent (mainly via the north face).

Heinrich Harrer
Heinrich Harrer (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈhaʁɐ]; 6 July 1912 – 7 January 2006) was an Austrian mountaineer, explorer, writer, sportsman, geographer, and an SS sergeant. He was a member of the four-man climbing team that made the first ascent of the North Face of the Eiger, the "last problem" of the Alps, in July 1938. Harrer and the team flew the Nazi flag atop the mountain. Harrer had joined the Nazi Party shortly after the annexation of Austria in March 1938, and was personally received by Hitler after the climb. A year later in 1939, he and the climbing team went on an expedition to the Indian Himalayas, where they were arrested by British colonial authorities due to the outbreak of World War II. He eventually escaped to Tibet, staying there until 1951. He is the author of two autobiographical books, Seven Years in Tibet (1952) and The White Spider (1959).
Lungotevere di San Paolo
Lungotevere di San Paolo (official name: Lungotevere di S. Paolo) is the stretch of Lungotevere that connects via Ostiense to Piazza Tommaso Edison, in Rome, in the Ostiense district.

The Lungotevere is named after the nearby basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls, one of the four papal basilicas; it was established by resolution of the city council of 25 February 1948.

Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
The Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Italian: Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura, Latin: Basilica Sancti Pauli extra mœnia) is one of Rome's four major papal basilicas, along with the basilicas of Saint John in the Lateran, Saint Peter's, and Saint Mary Major, as well as one of the city's Seven Pilgrim Churches. The basilica is the conventual church of the adjacent Benedictine abbey. It lies within Italian territory, but the Holy See owns the basilica and it is part of the Vatican's extraterritoriality.

One of the oldest church sites in Rome, it was constructed outside the city's Aurelian Walls at what tradition holds to be the burial site of Saint Paul. It suffered a catastrophic fire in the 19th century and the present building was completed in 1840.
Third Schmidt cabinet
The Third Schmidt cabinet was the government of West Germany between 6 November 1980 and 1 October 1982, during the 9th legislature of the Bundestag. Led by the Social Democrat Helmut Schmidt. After the 1980 federal election, incumbent Chancellor Schmidt continued the social-liberal coalition between his SPD and the FDP.

In 1982 the coalition collapsed. A first cabinet reshuffle was performed on 28 April, replacing several ministers. The split culminated in the resignation of all FDP ministers on 17 September. Schmidt briefly replaced them with an all-SPD cabinet before being voted out of office in a constructive vote of no confidence in favour of Helmut Kohl, who formed the first Kohl cabinet.

1980 West German federal election
A federal election was held in West Germany on 5 October 1980 to elect the members of the 9th Bundestag. Although the CDU/CSU remained the largest faction in parliament, Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party remained Chancellor.
2011 Shanghai Challenger
The 2011 Shanghai Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shanghai, China between 5 and 11 September 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.