hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.

Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as complements of prepositions. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance, some of his constituents has as a constituent the shorter NP his constituents.

In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990).

Phrase structure grammar
The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining character of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
Mustafa Ruhi Efendi
Mustafa Ruhi Efendi (1800–1893, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire) was a shaikh of the Naqshbandi tariqah and political leader in the Balkans during the Ottoman period. Born in an Albanian family on the Aegean island Imbros (present-day Gökçeada in Turkey), he moved as a young man at the Vilayet of Kosovo to his family's ancestral hometown in the city of Kalkandelen (present-day Tetovo in North Macedonia). He was one of the participants of the League of Prizren which established the basis of Albanian nationalism, and was elected "President of the Central Committee of the League".
He was buried in the courtyard of the Yahya Efendi mausoleum in the Yıldız Palace park in Istanbul.

Naqshbandi Order
Naqshbandi (Persian: نقشبندیه) is a major Sufi order within Sunni Islam, named after its 14th-century founder, Baha' al-Din Naqshband. Practitioners, known as Naqshbandis, trace their spiritual lineage (silsila) directly to the Prophet Muhammad through the first caliph, Abu Bakr, via Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Naqshbandi order is distinct for its strict adherence to Sharia (Islamic law) and silent dhikr practices adopted from earlier Central Asian masters.
Thomas Silverstein
Thomas Edward Silverstein (born Thomas Edward Conway; February 4, 1952 – May 11, 2019) was an American criminal who spent the last 42 years of his life in prison after being convicted of three separate murders, with a fourth murder conviction being overturned and Silverstein being implicated in a fifth, while imprisoned for armed robbery. Silverstein spent the last 36 years of his life in solitary confinement for killing corrections officer Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois. Prison authorities described him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang. Silverstein maintained that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed. He was the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons at the time of his death. Correctional officers refused to talk to Silverstein out of respect for Clutts.

Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth
The Federal Correctional Institution, Leavenworth (previously the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth) is a medium-security federal prison for male inmates in Leavenworth, northeast Kansas, United States. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. It also includes a satellite federal prison camp (FPC) for minimum-security male offenders.

FCI Leavenworth is located in Leavenworth, Kansas, which is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Kansas City, Kansas.
Diamond Castle
Diamond Castle Holdings is a private equity firm focused on leveraged buyout and growth capital investments in middle-market companies across a range of industries including the media, healthcare, financial services, power and industrial sectors.

The firm, which is based in New York City, was founded in 2004.  The firm has raised approximately $1.9 billion since inception.

APriori Capital Partners
aPriori Capital Partners  is a private equity investment firm focused on leveraged buyout transactions. The firm was founded as an affiliate of Credit Suisse and traces its roots to Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, the investment bank acquired by Credit Suisse First Boston in 2000. 
The private equity arm also manages a group of investment vehicles including Real Estate Private Equity, International Private Equity, Growth capital, Mezzanine debt, Infrastructure, Energy and Commodities Focused, fund of funds, and Secondary Investments.

aPriori has offices in New York, London, Los Angeles, and Detroit.
Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. II (Paul Motian album)
Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. II is a live album by Paul Motian's Trio 2000 + Two, recorded at the Village Vanguard and released on the German Winter & Winter label in 2008. Like his previous album, it features tenor saxophonist Chris Potter, double bassist Larry Grenadier, pianist Masabumi Kikuchi, alto saxophonist Greg Osby, and new participant Mat Maneri on viola.

Village Vanguard
The Village Vanguard is a jazz club at Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village, New York City. The club was opened on February 22, 1935, by Max Gordon. Originally, the club presented folk music and beat poetry, but it became primarily a jazz music venue in 1957. It has hosted many highly renowned jazz musicians since then, and today is the oldest operating jazz club in New York City.
Calliphara nobilis
Calliphara nobilis (commonly known as the mangrove jewel bug, mangrove shield bug, or mangrove stink bug) is a species of jewel bug found in Asia. Like all species of jewel bugs, it is phytophagous, feeding on the leaves, fruit and seeds of its host plants. This insect is notable for its multiple defense mechanisms: it is highly mobile and swarms disperse with a loud buzz when disturbed; it is aposematically colored, which serves as a warning to any would-be predators that it is unpalatable; and it possesses a robust chemical defense mechanism: it can secrete an irritating and toxic fluid from a pair of metathoracic scent glands when threatened.

Ricinus
Ricinus communis, the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae.

Its seed is the castor bean, which despite the term is not a bean (as it is not the seed of a member of the family Fabaceae). Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).

Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain 40–60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a highly potent water-soluble toxin.
Dubyazsky District
Dubyazsky District (Russian: Дубъязский район; Tatar: Дөбъяз районы) was a district (raion) of the Tatar ASSR.

It had an area of about 900 square kilometers in 1947 and a population of 25,563 in 1959.

It was established on February 10, 1930.  Its administrative center was the village (selo) of Dubyazy. On January 4, 1963, the district was abolished and its territory was transferred to Zelenodolsky and Vysokogorsky Districts.

Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as Tatar ASSR or TASSR, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. The resolution for its creation was signed on 27 May 1920 and the republic was proclaimed on 25 June 1920. Kazan served as its capital.

The territory of the TASSR was a part of Kazan, Simbirsk, and Ufa Governorates (or gubernias) of the Imperial Russia before the October Revolution of 1917.

27 May 1920: Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

30 August 1990: Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic

16 May 1992: Republic of Tatarstan
Distington railway station
Distington railway station was opened jointly by the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway (C&WJR) and the LNWR and Furness Joint Railway (The Joint Line) on 1 October 1879. It was situated on the northern edge of the village of Distington, Cumbria, England, where the C&WJR's north–south main line crossed the Joint Line's east–west Gilgarran Branch.

Maryport and Carlisle Railway
The Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR) was an English railway company formed in 1836 which built and operated a small but eventually highly profitable railway to connect Maryport and Carlisle in Cumberland, England. There were many small collieries in the area and efficient access to the harbour at Maryport was important.

The western end, connecting the majority of the collieries to Maryport opened in 1840 and the line was completed throughout to Carlisle in 1845. The considerable resources of coal, and later iron ore, carried by the railway made it especially profitable, and this was redoubled at the height of the iron and steel processing industries around Workington. Branch lines were opened to connect further collieries.

After 1918 the industries on which the line was dependent declined steeply, and the railway declined accordingly; the branch lines closed, but the original main line remains open and forms part of the Cumbrian Coast Line between Carlisle and Barrow in Furness.
Tees and Hartlepool Foreshore and Wetlands SSSI
Tees and Hartlepool Foreshore and Wetlands SSSI is a 255.62-hectare (631.7-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England notified in 1997.

SSSIs are designated by Natural England, formally English Nature, which uses the 1974–1996 county system. This means there is no grouping of SSSIs by Hartlepool unitary authority, or County Durham which is the relevant ceremonial county . As such this area is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search.

It consists of two disjunct areas - foreshore (grid reference NZ516348) and wetlands (grid reference NZ505224), and forms a complex of wetland SSSIs along with Cowpen Marsh, Seal Sands and South Gare and Coatham Sands. Parts of the SSSI are in the Teesmouth National Nature Reserve.

South Gare & Coatham Sands SSSI
South Gare & Coatham Sands SSSI (grid reference NZ582263) is a 381.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in North Yorkshire, England notified in 1971.

SSSIs are designated by Natural England, formally English Nature, which uses the 1974–1996 county system. This means there is no grouping of SSSIs by Redcar and Cleveland unitary authority, or North Yorkshire which is the relevant ceremonial county. As such South Gare & Coatham Sands is one of 18 SSSIs in the Cleveland area of search.
Kuala Lumpur Marathon
The KL Standard Chartered Marathon is an annual marathon event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The event was established in 1989. It is supported by the Malaysian Amateur Athletics Union (MAAU), Federal Territory Amateur Athletics Association (FTAAA) and Kuala Lumpur City Hall. In the 26th edition of the marathon in 2017, close to 36,000 runners participated in the event.

Standard Chartered Bank is currently the primary sponsor of the event and has been branding it as the Standard Chartered KL Marathon since 2009.

Standard Chartered
Standard Chartered PLC is a British multinational bank with operations in wealth management, corporate and investment banking, and treasury services. Despite being headquartered in the United Kingdom, it does not conduct retail banking in the UK, and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.

Standard Chartered has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India, and OTC Markets Group Pink. Its largest shareholder is the Government of Singapore–owned Temasek Holdings. The Financial Stability Board considers it a systemically important bank.

Maria Ramos is the group chair of Standard Chartered. Bill Winters is the current group chief executive.
The Hitmen (British band)
The Hitmen were an English new wave band formed in 1979. They released seven singles and two albums on the Columbia label. Members of the band would later go on to have successful careers in other notable bands and in music production.

Juno Reactor
Juno Reactor is a multi-national musical and performing group, primarily based in Brighton, UK. Known for their cinematic fusion of electronic, global influences, and orchestral symphonic approach, collaborating with composer Don Davis and composing for the musical score of The Matrix (Reloaded and Revolutions). Central to the project is Ben Watkins and his collaborations with a constantly changing ensemble of musicians from across the world. This ensemble has included Mabi Thobejane, Amampondo, Steve Stevens, Eduardo Niebla, Greg Ellis, Taz Alexander, Sugizo, Budgie and recently Hamsika Iyer and Magi Hikri.
Sleepaway (game)
Sleepaway is a horror indie role-playing game by Jay Dragon about teenage counselors at a summer camp trying to protect misfit campers from a monster called the Lindworm that takes on the form of its victims. It has themes of trauma, LGBTQ community support, and non-binary gender exploration. Sleepaway was inspired by slasher films and the Belonging Outside Belonging game system by Avery Alder and Benjamin Rosenbaum.

Sleepaway was published by Possum Creek Games in 2019 after raising $14,407 on Kickstarter. It won a Spotlight Award at the 2020 ENNIE Awards and was nominated for Indie Game Developer Network awards for "Game of the Year" and "Most Innovative."

Indie Game Developer Network
The Indie Game Developer Network (IGDN) is a trade association for developers of indie role-playing games, board games, card games, and LARPs. They present the annual Indie Groundbreaker Awards at Gen Con. Their other programs include a scholarship to attend the game designer convention Metatopia, a mentorship program, and a peer coaching program.
Cyclopentamine
Cyclopentamine (trade names Clopane, Cyclonarol, Cyclosal, Cyklosan, Nazett, Sinos, among others) is a sympathomimetic and vasoconstrictor drug of the alkylamine family and related to the arylalkylamines. Cyclopentamine was indicated in the past as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication for use as a nasal decongestant, notably in Europe and Australia, but has now been largely discontinued.

Sympathomimetic drug
Sympathomimetic drugs (also known as adrenergic drugs and adrenergic amines) are stimulant compounds which mimic the effects of endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones. Sympathomimetic drugs are used to treat cardiac arrest and low blood pressure, delay premature labor, psychiatric conditions such as ADHD, neurological conditions such as narcolepsy, among other things.

These drugs can act through several mechanisms, such as directly activating postsynaptic receptors, blocking breakdown and reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, or stimulating production and release of catecholamines.
Danmarks Næste Topmodel season 2
Danmarks Næste Topmodel, cycle 2 was the second individual cycle of the show.
The judging panel, consisting of Caroline Fleming, Uffe Buchard and Jacqueline Friis-Mikkelsen remained the same for the second cycle in a row. The final cast was increased up to 15.

Like in the final episode of cycle 1, the call out order at the elimination process is now random and every girl learns her verdict individually whether she makes it to the next round or not. This format has been adapted from Germany's Next Topmodel.

Among with the prizes was a modeling contract with Unique Model Management, the cover and a 10-page spread in Elle Magazine Denmark and the chance to become the face of L'Oreal Paris.

Julie Hasselby was crowned the winner of the season. Hasselby was the second lesbian winner of the franchise.

Danmarks Næste Topmodel
Danmarks Næste Topmodel (English: Denmark's Next Top Model), or simply Topmodel, was a Danish reality television show and an adaptation of America's Next Top Model, created by Tyra Banks. It began to be broadcast on Kanal 4 with Caroline Fleming being the host. After the fifth season, Fleming announced that she would not continue hosting the show. She was replaced by Cecilie Lassen for season 6.
Schweizer SGS 2-32
The Schweizer SGS 2-32 is an American two-seat, mid-wing, two or three-place glider built by Schweizer Aircraft of Elmira, New York.

The 2-32 was designed to be the highest performance two-place glider available, when it first flew in 1962. The 2-32 has been used as a tourist glider, trainer, cross-country and high-altitude sailplane and has set many US and world records. A total of 87 aircraft were completed.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Doomed to Fail
Doomed to Fail: The Incredibly Loud History of Doom, Sludge, and Post-Metal is a music history book written by former Invisible Oranges contributor J.J. Anselmi detailing the history of doom metal, post-metal and sludge metal. It was published by Rare Bird Books in 2020.

Sludge metal
Sludge metal (also known as sludge doom or simply sludge) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music that combines elements of doom metal and hardcore punk. The genre generally includes slow tempos, down-tuned guitars and nihilistic lyrics discussing poverty, drug addiction and pollution.

The sound of sludge metal has its origins in California hardcore punk bands in the early-to-mid-1980s like Black Flag, Flipper and Fang, who began slowing their tempos and embracing the influence of Black Sabbath. This sound was expanded upon by the Melvins towards the end of the decade and the bands they influenced in both the Seattle grunge scene, and in Louisiana with Eyehategod, Crowbar and Acid Bath. In the 1990s and 2000s, the sound of sludge diversified: bands including Neurosis, Isis and Cult of Luna helped to pioneer post-metal, while Baroness and Mastodon fused the genre with progressive metal, while Dystopia did so with crust punk and Grief with anarcho-punk.
Immigration to Turkey
Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. Many, but not all, become Turkish citizens. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, 'Circassians', Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Greece (Muslim Roma, Greek Muslims, Vallahades, Nantinets, Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements. Turkey's migrant crisis is a following period since the 2010s, characterized by high numbers of people arriving and settling in Turkey.

Syrians in Turkey
2.7 million Syrians live in Turkey, many of whom fled the Syrian Civil War in the 2010s. They include Turkish citizens of Syrian origin, Syrian refugees, and other Syrian citizens resident in Turkey. As of 2026, more than 2.3 million registered refugees of the Syrian Civil War reside in Turkey, which hosts one of the biggest refugee populations in the world. In addition, more than 80,000 Syrian nationals reside in Turkey with a residence permit. Over 240 thousand Syrian nationals have acquired Turkish citizenship.Many children were born or grew up in Turkey and don't have strong ties to Syria.

Syrians are generally concentrated in the border provinces and major cities in Turkey, and only 1.3% of them live in refugee camps. Istanbul, the most populous city in Turkey, hosts the highest number of Syrian refugees, with more than 400,000 registered people.
Norwest, New South Wales
Norwest is a suburb of the Hills District within Greater Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia, located 35 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district. The Norwest Business Park is located within Norwest and the adjacent suburb of Bella Vista and Baulkham Hills. The council chambers for The Hills Shire Council are also located within this suburb.

Hills District, New South Wales
The Hills District (alternatively the Hills) is a region of Sydney, within the northern part of the Greater Western Sydney region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

There are no formal or legal definitions of this district but a loose definition would be that it stretches from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to the Hawkesbury River in the north and Old Windsor Road in the west to Pennant Hills Road and Berowra Creek in the east.

The Hills District is a conservative and largely white collar region.
Christopher Morales Williams
Christopher Morales Williams (born 5 August 2004) is a Canadian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. Since 2022, he has competed for the University of Georgia Bulldogs. On February 24, 2024, as a sophomore, he set an unofficial world indoor record in the 400 m of 44.49 at the SEC Championships held in Fayetteville. He then set a new Canadian record in the 400m at the 2024 Outdoor SEC Championships on May 11 with a time of 44.05.

Canadian Track and Field Championships
The Canadian Track and Field Championships is an annual outdoor track and field competition organized by Athletics Canada, which serves as the Canadian national championships for the sport. The championships serve as part of the selection process for Canadian teams at the Olympic Games, World Athletics Championships, Commonwealth Games, Pan American Games, and NACAC Championships.

The most recent edition of the competition took place in Montreal, Quebec and served as the Paralympic and Olympic trials for the 2024 Paris Games. The next edition is set to take place in Ottawa, Ontario and will serve as part of the selection process for the 2025 World Athletics Championships.