hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meat extract
Meat extract is highly concentrated meat stock, usually made from beef or chicken. It is used to add meat flavor in cooking, and to make broth for soups and other liquid-based foods.

Meat extract was invented by Baron Justus von Liebig, a German 19th-century organic chemist. Liebig specialised in chemistry and the classification of food and wrote a paper on how the nutritional value of a meat is lost by boiling. Liebig's view was that meat juices, as well as the fibres, contained much important nutritional value and that these were lost by boiling or cooking in unenclosed vessels. Fuelled by a desire to help feed the undernourished, in 1840 he developed a concentrated beef extract, Extractum carnis Liebig, to provide a nutritious meat substitute for those unable to afford the real thing. However, it took 30 kg of meat to produce 1 kg of extract, making the extract too expensive.

Broth
Broth, also known as bouillon (French pronunciation: [bujɔ̃] ⓘ), is a savory liquid made of water in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered for a period of time. It can be eaten alone, but it is most commonly used to prepare other dishes, such as soups, gravies, and sauces.

Commercially prepared liquid broths are available, typically chicken, beef, fish, and vegetable varieties. Dehydrated broth in the form of bouillon cubes was commercialized beginning in the early 20th century.
Nahr al-Allan
Nahr al-Allan or Wadi al-Allan is a river in southern Syria which traditionally marks the natural boundary between the Hauran plain and the Golan Heights (though this boundary is alternatively placed at Nahr al-Ruqqad instead). The Allan is one of the tributaries of the Yarmuk, which marks part of the national border of Syria and Jordan.

Ruqqad
The Ruqqad is a wadi flowing in south-west Syria. It flows into the Yarmouk River, of which it is one of the main tributaries, and forms the topographical eastern boundary of the Golan Heights. It marks the south-west part of the ceasefire line  between the Israel-occupied part of the Golan Heights and the Syrian-held part of the region. The Syrian controlled side was occupied by Israel in the 2024 Israeli invasion of Syria.

The Battle of Yarmuk between the Byzantines and Muslims in 636 took place in an area bordered by Wadi ar-Raqqad, close to its junction with the Yarmuk River.
The Path to 9/11
The Path to 9/11 is a two-part miniseries that aired in the United States on ABC television on September 10–11, 2006 and in other countries. The film dramatizes the 1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York City and the events leading up to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The film was written by screenwriter Cyrus Nowrasteh, and directed by David L. Cunningham, and stars Harvey Keitel and Donnie Wahlberg.

The film was nominated for multiple Emmy Awards. It won the 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing.  It also won the 2007 Eddie Award for Best Edited Miniseries.

The film was controversial.  It aired once on September 11, 2006.

Sandy Berger
Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was a Democratic attorney who served as the 18th US National Security Advisor for U.S. President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001 after he had served as the Deputy National Security Advisor for the Clinton administration from 1993 to 1997.

In 2005, he was fined and sentenced to two years of probation, plus community service, for the unauthorized removal of classified material from the National Archives. When disbarment proceedings were initiated on account of his theft of documents, Berger gave up his license to practice law by conceding the truth of the material allegations of misconduct and consenting to his disbarment.
Canonical protocol pattern
Canonical Protocol is a design pattern, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, which attempts to make services, within a service inventory, interoperable with each other by standardizing the communication protocols used by the services. This eliminates the need for bridging communication protocols when services use different communication protocols.

Service-orientation
Service-orientation is a design paradigm for computer software in the form of  services. The principles of service-oriented design stress the separation of concerns in the software. Applying service-orientation results in units of software partitioned into discrete, autonomous, and network-accessible units, each designed to solve an individual concern. These units qualify as services.
Georgia and Florida Railway (2005)
The Georgia and Florida Railway (reporting mark GFRR) is a short line railroad operating in Georgia and Florida, and is a subsidiary of OmniTRAX. The railroad spans 297 miles (478 km) over numerous different rail lines, most of which radiate out of Albany, Georgia.

Primary commodities include corn, scrap metal, chemicals, ethanol, cement, paper, cottonseed, clay wood pulp, peanuts, fertilizer, beer, aggregates and others, generating 21,000 annual carloads.

Georgia and Florida Railroad (1926–1963)
The Georgia and Florida Railroad was a railroad in the Southern U.S. known as the Georgia and Florida Railway from 1906 to 1926 and 1963 to 1971. It had a main line from Madison, Florida to Greenwood, South Carolina. The Southern Railway gained control in 1963, reorganized it as the Georgia and Florida Railway, and merged it into subsidiary Central of Georgia Railroad in 1971.

At the end of 1960 G&F operated 321 miles of road on 395 miles of track; that year it reported 569 million ton-miles of revenue freight and no passengers.
Styrionautilus
Styrionautilus is a genus of nautiloids and first of the Clydonautilidae with a range extending from the Middle Triassic, Anisian to the Upper Triassic, Norian. Its fossils have been found in North America (Nevada), Europe, and Timor.

In general form Styrionautilus is similar to other clydonautilids, smooth and involute. The suture however is more primitive. The ventral saddle is straight across without modification of a median lobe.

Styrionautilus may be derived from Indionautilus or similar form included in the Liroceratidae. In turn Styrionautilus is the likely ancestor of Proclydonautilus, Cosmonautilus, and/or Callaionautilus

Proclydonautilus
Proclydonautilus is a genus of nautiloids belonging to the Clydonautilidae known from the Upper Triassic of North America, Europe, and India.

The shell of Proclydonautilus, like those of other  Clydonautilitidae, is involute and smooth. It is distinguished by its suture which has a broad, shallow to deep ventral lobe that divides a large ventral saddle. A large lateral lobe on the flans is followed by a small lateral saddle and a second lateral lobe.

With regard to the suture Proclydonautilus is most similar to Cosmonautilus and Callaionautilus, both also from the Late Triassic.
Levi P. Grinnell House
The Levi P. Grinnell House is a historic dwelling located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States.  Levi Grinnell came from Vermont to settle in Poweshiek County in the 1850s.  He was a cousin of Josiah Bushnell Grinnell, a political and social activist who founded the town and Grinnell College.  Levi Grinnell owned this property from 1857 to 1863, and had the house built about 1860. After he left here he farmed outside of town.  The 1½-story frame structure is characteristic of vernacular Greek Revival domestic architecture found in the small towns and the rural areas of the upper Midwest.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Grinnell, Iowa
Grinnell (/ɡrɪˈnɛl/ grin-EL) is a city in Poweshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 9,564 at the time of the 2020 census. It is best known for being the home of Grinnell College, a liberal arts college.
Leo Nomellini
Leo Joseph Nomellini (June 19, 1924 – October 17, 2000) was an Italian-American professional football player and professional wrestler. He played college football for the Minnesota Gophers and was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 1950 NFL draft. He played 14 seasons as a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL), all of them with the 49ers, playing his first three years as an offensive tackle as well.

Nomellini was a seven-time tag team champion in wrestling for two different versions.

He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1969 and to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1977.

American Wrestling Association
The American Wrestling Association (AWA) was an American professional wrestling promotion based in Minneapolis, Minnesota that ran from 1960 until 1991. It was founded by Verne Gagne and Wally Karbo. The promotion was born out of the Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, originally founded in 1933, which served as the Minnesota-based territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) from 1948 onward, before breaking away from the NWA and becoming an independent territory in 1960.
Mosken
Mosken is a small uninhabited rocky island in Værøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 1.5-square-kilometre (0.58 sq mi) island is located in the Lofoten archipelago about halfway between the islands of Værøya to the south and Moskenesøya to the north.  The Moskenstraumen maelstrom—one of the most powerful in the world—is located on the north side of the island of Mosken.  Historically, the island was used for grazing sheep in both the summer and the winter.

Lofoten
Lofoten (English: /ˈloʊfoʊtən, loʊˈfoʊtən/ LOH-foh-tən, loh-FOH-tən, Norwegian: [ˈlùːfuːtn̩]; Lule Sami: Lufoahtta; Northern Sami: Lufuohttá) is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Lofoten has distinctive scenery with dramatic mountains and peaks, open sea and sheltered bays, beaches, and untouched lands. There are two towns, Svolvær and Leknes — the latter is approximately 169 km (105 mi) north of the Arctic Circle and approximately 2,420 km (1,500 mi) away from the North Pole. The archipelago experiences one of the world's largest elevated temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude. As of 2017, the islands attract one million tourists each year.
HSwMS Loke (1869)
HSwMS Loke was the fourth, and last, ship of the John Ericsson-class monitors built for the Royal Swedish Navy in the late-1860s. Completed in 1871 she only made seven short cruises before she was permanently placed in reserve in late 1880. Funds were requested to reconstruct her in line with the other monitors, but were denied. She was listed for sale in 1908, but nothing is known of her fate.

John Ericsson-class monitor
The John Ericsson-class monitors were a group of five iron-hulled monitors; four were built for the Royal Swedish Navy and one for the Royal Norwegian Navy in the mid to late 1860s. They were designed under the supervision of the Swedish-born inventor, John Ericsson, and built in Sweden. Generally, the monitors were kept in reserve for the majority of the year and were only commissioned for several during the year. The ships made one foreign visit to Russia (visits to Norway did not count as foreign as that country was in a personal union with Sweden) in 1867 but remained in Swedish or Norwegian waters for the rest of their careers. Two of the monitors, Thordon and Mjølner, ran aground, but were salvaged and repaired. Most of the monitors were reconstructed between 1892 and 1905 with more modern guns, but one was scrapped instead as it was not thought cost-effective to rebuild such an old ship. The surviving ships were mobilized during World War I and sold for scrap afterwards.
Assembly station
Assembly station (originally Assembly Square in some planning documents) is a rapid transit station in Somerville, Massachusetts. It serves the MBTA's Orange Line. It is an infill station, located on a section of the Orange Line that has been active since 1975. The station, which opened on September 2, 2014, was the first new rail station on the MBTA subway system since 1987. Assembly station is meant to provide convenient access to Assembly Square - a major retail and residential development located on the site of a former Ford assembly plant - and the adjacent Assembly Square Marketplace.

Haverhill Line
The Haverhill Line (formerly the Haverhill/Reading Line) is a branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, running north from downtown Boston, Massachusetts to Haverhill. The service operates on the Western Route of the former Boston and Maine Railroad, which extends north to Portland, Maine, though MBTA commuter rail service has not continued north of Massachusetts since 1967.
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section
The Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section,  formerly Mughalsarai–Kanpur section, officially Kanpur - Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay (CNB-DDU) section, is a railway line connecting Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction (DDU) and Kanpur Central (CNB) stations. This 347 km (216 mi) track is part of the Howrah–Delhi main line and Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line. The main line is under the jurisdiction of North Central Railway. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction is under the jurisdiction of East Central Railway. Some branch lines are under the jurisdiction of the North Eastern Railway and Northern Railway.

Prayagraj Junction railway station
Prayagraj Junction (station code: PRYJ), formerly and colloquially known as Allahabad Junction, is a major junction and railway station on the Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line,Howrah–Delhi main line, Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur main line and Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line. It is the headquarters of the North Central Railway zone. It is located in Prayagraj in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It serves Prayagraj and the surrounding areas.
Miloš Šumonja
Miloš Šumonja (Serbian Cyrillic: Милош Шумоња; 23 September 1918 – 22 March 2006) was a Croatian Serb general of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the JNA from 15 June 1967 to 5 January 1970.

Chief of the General Staff (Yugoslavia)
The Chief of the General Staff of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croatian: Начелник Генералштаба / Načelnik Generalštaba; Slovene: Načelnik Generalštaba; Macedonian: Началник на Генералштабот, romanized: Načalnik na Generalštabot) refers of the chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army from 1918 to 1941, the Yugoslav People's Army from 1945 to 1992 and the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro (officially named the Armed Forces of Yugoslavia between 1992 and 2003) from 1992 to 2006.
Chevron Nigeria
Chevron Nigeria Limited is a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation and it is one of the largest oil producers in Nigeria. It was previously operating in Nigeria under the business name of Gulf Oil Company until merger activities changed its name to Chevron Nigeria. After another merger by the parent company with Texaco, the Nigerian oil and gas assets of Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company of Nigeria were merged into Chevron.

In the shallow and inland waters of Nigeria, the firm operates a joint venture with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.

NNPC
The Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Limited is a state-owned oil company in Nigeria. Still a fully owned government company, it was transformed from a corporation into a limited liability company in July 2022. NNPC Limited is the only entity licensed to operate in the country's petroleum industry. It partners with foreign oil companies to explore Nigeria's fossil fuel resources. The NNPC, with an asset of $153B (USD), is the largest national oil company in Africa. The company boasts of extensive infrastructure and investment in the downstream, midstream  and upstream of the Nigerian petroleum industry.
Earth Observation Center
The Earth Observation Center is a Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aeronautical research facility located in Hatoyama, Saitama, Japan. It utilizes remote sensing technologies such as satellites to study Earth's environment from outer space. The research done by this center has a substantial impact on the study of the Earth's environmental phenomena, such as global warming.

JERS-1
Japanese Earth Resources Satellite 1 (JERS-1) was a satellite launched in 1992 by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA, now part of JAXA).  It carried three instruments:

An L-band (HH polarization) synthetic aperture radar (SAR);

A nadir-pointing optical camera (OPS);

A side-looking optical camera (AVNIR).

The satellite had a designated lifespan of only two years, however the mission was extended and it operated until 1998. Jers-1 re-entered the Earth's atmosphere in 2001. The satellite was used to map the largest of Earth's forests and observe coastal regions.
Rebuke
In English law and the canon law of the Church of England, a rebuke is  a censure on a member of the clergy. It is the least severe censure available against clergy of the Church of England, less severe than a monition. A rebuke can be given in person by a bishop or by an ecclesiastical court.

In the Church of Scotland a rebuke was necessary for moral offenders to "purge their scandal". This involved standing or sitting before the congregation for up to three Sundays and enduring a rant by the minister. There was sometimes a special repentance stool near the pulpit for this purpose. In a few places the subject was expected to wear sackcloth. From the 1770s private rebukes were increasingly administered by the kirk session, particularly for men from the social elites, while until the 1820s the poor were almost always given a public rebuke.

Reproof was historically a censure available before culminating in a rebuke.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Frozen mirror image method
Frozen mirror image method (or method of frozen images) is an extension of the method of images for magnet-superconductor systems that has been introduced by Alexander Kordyuk in 1998 to take into account the magnetic flux pinning phenomenon. The method gives a simple representation of the magnetic field distribution generated by a magnet (a system of magnets) outside an infinitely flat surface of a perfectly hard (with infinite pinning force) type-II superconductor in more general field cooled (FC) case, i.e. when the superconductor goes into its superconducting state under the influence of an external magnetic field. The difference from the mirror image method, which deals with a perfect type-I superconductor (that completely expels the magnetic field, see the Meissner effect), is that the perfectly hard superconductor screens the variation of the external magnetic field rather than the field itself.

Type-II superconductor
In superconductivity, a type-II superconductor is a superconductor that exhibits an intermediate phase of mixed ordinary and superconducting properties at intermediate temperature and fields above the superconducting phases.
It also features the formation of magnetic field vortices with an applied external magnetic field.
This occurs above a certain critical field strength Hc1. The vortex density increases with increasing field strength. At a higher critical field Hc2, typically of the order of tens of Teslas superconductivity is destroyed. Type-II superconductors do not exhibit a complete Meissner effect.
Indian Wells Valley
Indian Wells Valley is an arid north–south basin in east-central California. In the geologic sense, it is a southern extension of Owens Valley to the north, with the recent volcanics of the Coso Range being the separator. It is defined by a major fault on the west side of the valley. Unlike Owens Valley, it is bound by a fault to the south, the Garlock Fault (within the El Paso Mountains). The valley is part of California's South Lahontan hydrologic region.

Owens Peak, located west of the Indian Wells Valley, overlooks the basin from the west at 8,452 feet, making it the tallest peak in the southern Sierra Nevada range. Other mountain ranges surrounding the valley include the Argus Range in the east, the Coso Range in the north, and the El Paso Mountains in the south.

Owens Peak
Owens Peak is the highest point in the southern Sierra Nevada, at more than 8,400 feet (2,600 m) above sea level. The peak stands near the center of the Owens Peak Wilderness, which was designated by the United States Congress in 1994, and it now has a total of 74,060 acres (299.7 km2). The eastern watershed of Owens Peak is composed of three main canyons: Grapevine Canyon, Short Canyon, and Indian Wells Canyon (north to south, respectively). The Sierra Nevada meets the Great Basin and the Mojave Desert here, creating an unusual ecosystem.

Owens Peak is located in Kern County, about 12 miles (19 km) west-northwest of Inyokern and 159 miles (256 km) north of Los Angeles.
B6 polytope
In 6-dimensional geometry, there are 64 uniform polytopes with B6 symmetry. There are two regular forms, the 6-orthoplex, and 6-cube with 12 and 64 vertices respectively. The 6-demicube is added with half the symmetry.

They can be visualized as symmetric orthographic projections in Coxeter planes of the B6 Coxeter group, and other subgroups.

6-cube
In geometry, a 6-cube is a six-dimensional hypercube with 64 vertices, 192 edges,  240 square faces, 160 cubic cells, 60 tesseract 4-faces, and 12 5-cube 5-faces.

It has Schläfli symbol {4,34}, being composed of 3 5-cubes around each 4-face. It can be called a hexeract,  a portmanteau of tesseract (the 4-cube) with hex for six (dimensions) in Greek. It can also be called a regular dodeca-6-tope or dodecapeton, being a 6-dimensional polytope constructed from 12 regular facets.
1955 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1955 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 67th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.

St. Nicholas' entered the championship as the defending champions.

On 23 October 1955, Lees won the championship following a 3-04 to 0-09 defeat of Macroom in the final at the Cork Athletic Grounds. This was their 12th and final championship title overall and their first title since 1923.

1887 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1887 Cork Senior Football Championship was the inaugural staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 30 January 1887. The championship began on 6 March 1887 and ended on 10 July 1887.

On 10 July 1887, Lees won the championship following a 0–04 to 0–01 defeat of Lisgoold in the final at Cork Park. The club subsequently represented Cork in the 1887 All-Ireland Championship.