hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Combatants of the war in Donbas
The combatants of the war in Donbas included foreign and domestic forces.

As of February 2018, the number of southeastern army separatist forces was estimated at 31,000, of which 80% (25,000) were Donbas residents, 15% (≈5,000) were military contractors from Russia and other countries, and 3% (900–1,000) are regular Russian Armed Forces personnel. This ratio had changed significantly from previous years, with "the Russian command gradually filling the armies of the 'republics' with locals". since peaking in 2015.

Battle of Mariupol (May–June 2014)
During the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity, the city of Mariupol, in Donetsk Oblast, saw skirmishes break out between Ukrainian government forces, local police, and separatist militants affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic. Government forces withdrew from Mariupol on 9 May 2014 after heavy fighting left the city's police headquarters gutted by fire. These forces maintained checkpoints outside the city. Intervention by Metinvest steelworkers on 15 May 2014 led to the removal of barricades from the city centre, and the resumption of patrols by local police. Separatists continued to operate a headquarters in another part of the city until their positions were overrun in a government offensive on 13 June 2014.
Charles White (American football)
Charles Raymond White (January 22, 1958 – January 11, 2023) was an American professional football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons from 1980 to 1988. He played college football for the USC Trojans, where he was a twice unanimous All-American and the winner of the Heisman Trophy. He was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the first round (27th overall) of the 1980 NFL draft. He also played for the Los Angeles Rams.

Maxwell Award
The Maxwell Award is presented annually to the college football player judged by a panel of sportscasters, sportswriters, and National Collegiate Athletic Association head coaches and the membership of the Maxwell Football Club to be the best all-around in the United States. The award is named after Robert "Tiny" Maxwell, a Swarthmore College football player, coach, and sportswriter. Johnny Lattner (1952, 1953) and Tim Tebow (2007, 2008) are the only players to have won the award twice. It is the college equivalent of the Bert Bell Award of the National Football League, also given out by the Maxwell Club.
Wiltshire-Butler National Park
Wiltshire-Butler National Park is a national park in the South West region of Western Australia, 265 km (165 mi) south of Perth. It is located in the Shire of Nannup, bordering the Blackwood River National Park. The park is located in the Jarrah Forest bioregion.

Wiltshire-Butler National Park was created as Class A reserve No. 47667 on 30 November 2004 with a size of 11,645 hectares (28,780 acres) as one of nine national parks proclaimed in the state that day.

The national park was named after John Francis Wiltshire-Butler, a former employee of the Forests Department, who died fighting a bushfire at Barlee Brook in 1958. The Hilliger National Park, further to the south-east, was named Johannes Hilliger for the same reason, having also died fighting the 1958 fire.

South West (Western Australia)
The South West region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It has an area of 23,970 square kilometres (9,250 sq mi), and a population of about 170,000 people. Bunbury is the main city in the region.
Red-collared babbler
The red-collared babbler (Turdoides rufocinctus), also known as the red-collared mountain-babbler, is a passerine bird in the family Leiothrichidae.  It is native to the Albertine Rift montane forests.  It is threatened by habitat loss.

The red-collared babbler was moved from the genus Kupeornis to Turdoides based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2018.

Turdoides
Turdoides is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae. The species are distributed across Africa and southern Asia and are typically fairly large, long-tailed birds which forage in noisy groups. The majority of species have drab brown or grey-brown plumage. Several species that were included in Turdoides in the past have been reassigned to Argya following a 2018 study that found multiple clades.

The genus Turdoides was introduced in 1826 by the German physician Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar specifically for the white-headed babbler. The name combines the thrush genus Turdus with the Ancient Greek -oidēs meaning "resembling".
Leonid Kanevsky
Leonid Semyonoviсh Kanevski (Ukrainian: Леонід Семенович Каневський, Russian: Леони́д Семёнович Кане́вский, Hebrew: לאוניד קנבסקי; 2 May 1939, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR USSR)  is a Soviet, Russian and Israeli actor. He became popular with the Soviet audience after starring in  The Investigation Is Conducted by ZnaToKi detective series where he appeared as major Tomin.

D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers
D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (Russian: «Д'Артаньян и три мушкетёра», romanized: D'Artanyan i tri mushketyora) is a three-part swashbuckler musical miniseries produced in the Soviet Union and first aired in 1979. It is based on the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas, père.

The film stars Mikhail Boyarsky as D'Artagnan, Veniamin Smekhov as Athos, Igor Starygin as Aramis, Valentin Smirnitsky as Porthos, Margarita Terekhova as Milady de Winter, Oleg Tabakov as King Louis XIII, Alisa Freindlich as Anne of Austria, Aleksandr Trofimov as Cardinal Richelieu, and Lev Durov as Captain de Tréville. The film, and its numerous songs became extremely popular in the Soviet Union throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, and is now considered a classic.

Three sequels were made: Musketeers Twenty Years After (1993),  The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After (1994) and The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin (2009).
Sulcatidens
Sulcatidens is an extinct genus of agamid lizard from the Early Miocene of Australia. Fossils are known exclusively from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland. It contains only one species, S. quadratus.

Agamidae
Agamidae is a family containing 582 species in 64 genera of iguanian lizards indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and a few locations in Southern Europe. Many species are commonly called dragons or dragon lizards.
Japan Space Systems
Japan Space Systems (一般財団法人宇宙システム開発利用推進機構, Ippan Zaidan Hōjin Uchū Shisutemu Kaihatsu Riyō Suishin Kikō), or JSS, is a Japanese space agency. It was founded in 2012 with the merger of three independent organizations: the Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer (USEF), the Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) and Japan Resources Observation System Organization (JAROS). JSS specializes in the development and applications for earth observation satellites and satellite navigation. It has collaborated with other national and international space agencies such as NASA and the International Space Station programme.

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (経済産業省, Keizai-sangyō-shō; lit. 'Ministry of Economy and Industry'; METI) is a ministry of the Government of Japan. It was created by the 2001 Central Government Reform when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) merged with agencies from other ministries related to economic activities, such as the Economic Planning Agency.

METI has jurisdiction over a broad policy area, containing Japan's industrial/trade policies, energy security, control of arms exports, "Cool Japan", etc.

The Ministry has its headquarters in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo. Its current head is Ryosei Akazawa, who was appointed minister by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi in October 2025.
Indicative conditional
An indicative conditional is a natural-language conditional sentence (an "if" sentence) used to talk about what may actually be the case, as in: "If Leona is at home, she isn't in Paris." Indicatives are commonly contrasted with counterfactual conditionals, which typically bear special grammatical marking (e.g., "would have") and are used to discuss ways things might have been but are not.

Indicative conditionals are central in philosophy of language, philosophical logic (especially conditional logic), and linguistics. Debates concern (i) what semantic value, if any, such conditionals have; (ii) how their contribution composes with surrounding material; and (iii) how competing accounts explain observed patterns of assertion, reasoning, and embedding. Prominent proposals include truth-functional analyses, pragmatics-augmented accounts, probabilistic ("suppositional") approaches, possible-worlds semantics, and restrictor treatments of if.

Conditional sentence
A conditional sentence is a sentence in a natural language that expresses that one thing is contingent on another, e.g., "If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled." They are so called because the impact of the sentence’s main clause is conditional on a subordinate clause. A full conditional thus contains two clauses: the subordinate clause, called the antecedent (or protasis or if-clause), which expresses the condition, and the main clause, called the consequent (or apodosis or then-clause) expressing the result.

To form conditional sentences, languages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions. The forms of verbs used in the antecedent and consequent are often subject to particular rules as regards their tense, aspect, and mood. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form called the conditional mood – broadly equivalent in meaning to the English "would (do something)" – for use in some types of conditional sentences.
Tapan Sarkar
Tapan Kumar Sarkar (August 2, 1948 – March 12, 2021) was an Indian-American electrical engineer and professor emeritus at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Syracuse University. He was best known for his contributions to computational electromagnetics and antenna theory.

Sarkar was the recipient of IEEE Electromagnetics Award in 2020.

Magdalena Salazar Palma
Magdalena Salazar Palma (born 1949) is a Spanish electrical engineer focusing on the computational modeling of wireless communications and antennas. She is a professor emeritus in the Department of Signal Theory and Communications at Charles III University of Madrid.
Beledougou
Beledougou (fr. Bélédougou) is an historic region of the pre-colonial Bambara Empire in today's central Mali. In the Bambara language the name literally means "County of the gravel".

A dry land on the interface of the Sahel and the wetter Sudan, it was populated by a loose confederation Bambara farming communities. Its area falls in today's Koulikoro Region, primarily in Kolokani Cercle, Koulikoro Cercle, Banamba Cercle, and parts of Nara Cercle. Much of pre-colonial Beledougou remained staunchly animist after the fall of the Bambara Empire. In 1915, it was the scene of a major revolt against French forced conscription, in a rising led by Koumi Diosse Traore.

Sudanian savanna
The Sudanian savanna or Sudan region is a broad belt of tropical savanna that runs east and west across the African continent, from the Ethiopian Highlands in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. It represents the central bioregion within the broader tropical savanna biome of the Afrotropical realm. The Sahel acacia savanna, a belt of drier grasslands, lies to the north, forming a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Sahara Desert phytochorion. To the Sudan's south, the more humid  forest-savanna mosaic forms a transition zone between the Sudanian savanna and the Guineo-Congolian forests that lie nearer the equator.
Wai, Maharashtra
Wai (ISO: Vāī; Pronunciation: [ʋaːi] listenⓘ) is a town in Satara district of Maharashtra state in India. Located on the Krishna River, Wai was a prominent town during the Peshwa era. Two important Marathi Brahmin from ruling families had their origins here: Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi (Tambe family) and Gopikabai, wife of Nanasaheb Peshwa (Raste family).

Locally prominent families such as the Raste, Ranade, and Phadnavis built several architecturally significant temples in Wai. The 400-year-old Mandhradevi Kalubai temple is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Wai on a hill 718 metres (2,356 ft) above sea level. In recent decades, Wai has become a popular location for filming Bollywood and Marathi movies, with over 300 films having been shot in and near Wai.

Marathi Vishwakosh
The Marathi Vishwakosh (lit. 'Marathi Encyclopedia') is an online free encyclopedia in Marathi language, funded by the Government of Maharashtra, India.

The project to create the encyclopedia started as a print project and was inaugurated in 1960, and Lakshman Shastri Joshi was named the first president of the project.  The first volumes were published in 1976, and eventually 22 volumes were published by 2010.  The encyclopedia began publishing the existing volumes on the internet on October 25, 2011, as announced by the Chief Minister of Maharashtra in Mumbai.  Currently nineteen volumes of the encyclopedia are available online on the Internet.
Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity
Since the 1970s, scholars have sought to place Paul the Apostle within his historical context in Second Temple Judaism. Paul's relationship to Judaism involves topics including the status of Israel's covenant with God and the role of works as a means to either gain or keep the covenant.

The inclusion of Gentiles into the early Christian movement provoked a controversy between Paul and other Apostles over whether the gentiles' faith in Christ exempted them from circumcision. Paul did not deem circumcision necessary for gentiles, because he thought that God included them into the New Covenant through faith in Christ. This brought him into conflict with the Judaizers, a faction of the Jewish Christians who believed Mosaic Law did require circumcision for Gentile converts. Eventually, adherents of Paul's view became more numerous, and this among other related developments led to the creation of Christianity as distinct from Judaism.

Ferdinand Christian Baur
Ferdinand Christian Baur (German: [baʊɐ]; 21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German Protestant theologian and founder and leader of the (new) Tübingen School of theology (named for the University of Tübingen where Baur studied and taught). Following Hegel's theory of dialectic, Baur argued that second century Christianity represented the synthesis of two opposing theses: Jewish Christianity (Petrine Christianity) and Gentile Christianity (Pauline Christianity). This and the rest of Baur's work had a profound impact on higher criticism of biblical and related texts.

Adolf Hilgenfeld followed Baur's lead and edited the Tübingen School's journal, though he was less radical than Baur. A patristic scholar and philosopher at Tübingen, Albert Schwegler gave the School's theories their most vigorous expression. "The school was at the height of its influence in the 1840s, but it soon lost its prestige through the discrepancy between its axioms and historical fact."
John McCarthy (guitarist)
John Frederick McCarthy is a musician, author, educator and creator of the Rock House Method system of learning. Since 2001, The Rock House Method has sold more than three million instructional programs of which McCarthy writes, composes, and demonstrates in. In the past McCarthy has written columns for Guitar School magazine and in June 2009 began writing a monthly column titled "Metal Rising" in Guitar Player magazine. As owner of the Rock House School of Music since 1981, McCarthy has developed a curriculum for learning to play music that covers guitar, piano, ukulele, drums, bass guitar, singing, children's early music development and music theory. His awards and accolades include CTNOW "Best Place to Learn Music" award 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, Music & Sound Retailer award for "Best Tools for Schools", Music Merchandise Review "Best Instructional Product of the Year" 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012.

Doug Wimbish
Douglas Arthur Wimbish (born September 22, 1956) is an American bassist, primarily known for being a member of rock band Living Colour and funk/dub/hip hop collective Tackhead, and as a session musician with artists such as Sugarhill Gang, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, The Rolling Stones, Mick Jagger, Depeche Mode, James Brown, Annie Lennox, Tarja Turunen, and Barrington Levy (as well as his studio work for the rap/hip hop label Sugarhill Records and the experimental dub label On-U Sound).
1991 European Ladies' Team Championship
The 1991 European Ladies' Team Championship took place 10–14 July at Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It was the 17th women's golf amateur European Ladies' Team Championship.

European Ladies' Team Championship
The European Ladies' Team Championship is a European amateur team golf championship for women organised by the European Golf Association. The inaugural event was held in 1959.

It was played in odd-numbered years from 1959 to 2007 and has been played annually since 2008 (with the exception of 2012).
Lycanthropia (Grimm)
"Lycanthropia" is the 14th episode of season 5 of the supernatural drama television series Grimm  and the 102nd episode overall, which premiered on March 25, 2016, on the cable network NBC. The episode was written by Jeff Miller and was directed by Lee Rose. In the episode, Nick, Hank and Wu investigate a murder that seems to be committed by a Wesen that may resemble a Blutbad. They soon discover they are dealing with a disease named Lycanthropia that can make the Blutbaden beasts on a full moon. However, Wu is soon affected by this.

The episode received positive reviews from critics, who praised Wu's character development.

Grimm season 5
The fifth season of the NBC American supernatural drama series Grimm was announced on February 5, 2015. It premiered on October 30, 2015 and concluded on May 20, 2016. The season consisted of 22 episodes. The series was created by David Greenwalt, Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter, and produced by NBC, GK Productions, Hazy Mills Productions, and Universal Television. It follows a descendant of the Grimm line, Nick Burkhardt, as he deals with being a cop, and trying not to expose his secret as a Grimm.
Mel scale
The mel scale (after the word  melody) is a perceptual scale of pitches judged by listeners to be equal in distance from one another. The reference point between this scale and normal frequency measurement is defined by assigning a perceptual pitch of 1000 mels to a 1000 Hz tone, 40 dB above the listener's threshold. Above about 500 Hz, increasingly large intervals are judged by listeners to produce equal pitch increments.

Pitch (music)
Pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies. Pitch is a perceptual property that allows sounds to be ordered on a frequency-related scale. 
Pitch is a major auditory attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness, and timbre.

Pitch may be quantified as a frequency, but pitch is not a purely objective physical property; it is a subjective psychoacoustical attribute of sound. Historically, the study of pitch and pitch perception has been a central problem in psychoacoustics, and has been instrumental in forming and testing theories of sound representation, processing, and perception in the auditory system.
Radio Maglaj
Radio Maglaj is a Bosnian local commercial radio station, broadcasting from Maglaj, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such music and local news. Local television channel, TV Maglaj is also part of company (RTV Maglaj d.o.o. Maglaj).

Program is mainly produced in Bosnian language at one FM frequency (Maglaj 94.0 MHz) and it is available in the city of Maglaj as well as in nearby municipalities in Zenica-Doboj Canton and Tuzla Canton area. Radio station mainly broadcasts folk and popular music, with informative and entertaining talk shows.

Estimated number of listeners of Radio Maglaj is around 23.225.

RTV Maglaj
RTV Maglaj or Televizija Maglaj is a Bosnian local commercial television channel based in Maglaj. The program is produced in Bosnian language 20 hours per day. Local radio station Radio Maglaj is also part of this company.
The Bahamas Aquatics Federation
The Bahamas Aquatics Federation (BAF) is the governing body of swimming in the Bahamas. They are also responsible for the development of synchronized swimming, diving, water polo, open water swimming.  BAF is a member of the International Swimming Organization FINA and Central American and Caribbean Swimming Federation.

Central American and Caribbean Swimming Federation
CCCAN (pronounced C-C-Can) is the Central American and Caribbean Swimming Federation (in Spanish: la Confederación Centroamericana y del Caribe de Natación). It is the body that organizes and overseas aquatic sports competitions in the Caribbean and Central American region. It is a member organization of UANA and affiliated to FINA.
Jornal dos Sports
Jornal dos Sports was a traditional Brazilian sports newspaper from Rio de Janeiro which was published between 13 March 1931 and 10 April 2010. It was the oldest Brazilian daily sports newspaper, distributed mainly in Rio de Janeiro state.

Jornal dos Sports was well known in Brazil for its distinctive pink paper, similar to that of the Italian La Gazzetta dello Sport.

Among Jornal dos Sports most famous previous owners is Mário Filho, after whom the Maracanã Stadium is named.

La Gazzetta dello Sport
La Gazzetta dello Sport (Italian: [la ɡadˈdzetta dello ˈspɔrt]; English: "The Sports Gazette") is an Italian daily newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. Founded in 1896, it is the most widely read daily newspaper of any type in Italy (in 2018).
Forehead
In human anatomy, the forehead is an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp.  The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows.  The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes.  The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond. However, the eyebrows do not form part of the forehead.

In Terminologia Anatomica, sinciput is given as the Latin equivalent to "forehead" (etymology of sinciput: from semi- "half" and caput "head".).

Parietal bone
The parietal bones (/pəˈraɪ.ətəl/ pə-RY-ə-təl) are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint known as a cranial suture, form the sides and roof of the neurocranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is named from the Latin paries (-ietis), wall.
2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place at the Manchester Velodrome in Manchester, United Kingdom from 26 to 30 March 2008. Eighteen events were scheduled: the women's team pursuit being the only addition from the 2007 championships.

As in 2007, the domination of the Great Britain team was clear. Breaking three world records en route, they won eleven medals in total. Indeed, half of the eighteen gold medals on offer were won by the British team.

2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships is the World Championship for track cycling. It took place in Palma de Mallorca, Spain from March 29, 2007 to April 1, 2007. The event was dominated by the Great Britain team who topped the medals table, winning seven of the seventeen gold medals on offer.

The 2007 programme comprised 17 events, including the 10 Olympic events, and was also the first time that the multi-disciplinary Omnium – a cycling equivalent to the athletics pentathlon consisting of 5 events – was contested.