hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Graphostromataceae
The Graphostromataceae are a family of fungi in the order Xylariales. This was a monotypic family, containing the single genus Graphostroma, which in turn contains the single species Graphostroma platystoma.

Species Fungorum added genus Theissenia (with its 2 species) to the family.

In 2018, multi-gene phylogenetic analyses revealed that Graphostromataceae was close to the families of Barrmaeliaceae and Xylariaceae (Daranagama et al. 2018, Voglmayr et al. 2018, Wendt et al. 2018).
Then based on phylogeny and morphology, Theissenia was excluded from the family and accepted in Hypoxylaceae (Wendt et al. 2018). 
Five accepted genera maybe contained in the Graphostromataceae family; Biscogniauxia (formerly of family Xylariaceae), Camillea (formerly of family Xylariaceae), Graphostroma, Obolarina (formerly of family Xylariaceae), and Vivantia (formerly of family Xylariaceae). Species Fungorum agrees on the above.

Biscogniauxia
Biscogniauxia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae. Subtaxa include Biscogniauxia capnodes var. capnodes, Biscogniauxia marginata and Biscogniauxia nummularia, which are plant pathogens. The genus was circumscribed by Otto Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 on page 398 in 1891.

The genus name of Biscogniauxia is in honour of Célestin Alfred Cogniaux (1841 – 1916), was a Belgian botanist.
Casal collar
The Casal collar or Casal necklace is a medical sign in which there is a redness and darkening of the skin around the neck, seen in people with pellagra. It becomes prominent following exposure to sun, and can be itchy with a burning feeling and pain. It can blister and weep, and turn into thick dark skin, with a coppery hue. If prolonged, the skin becomes thin, dry and smooth.

The sign is caused by a lack of the niacin (vitamin B3). Seborrheic dermatitis may appear similar.

Casal collar is named after Gaspar Casal.

Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is a condition characterized by the darkening of an area of the skin or nails due to an excess production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. This increase in melanin can result from a variety of factors, including sun exposure, inflammation, trauma, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions.

Hyperpigmentation is associated with numerous dermatological disorders and can present in various forms, such as melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and lentigines. It tends to be more prevalent and persistent in individuals with darker skin tones, who have more active melanocytes and are thus more prone to uneven pigmentation.
Eucalyptus rugosa
Eucalyptus rugosa, commonly known as the Kingscote mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to coastal areas of southern Western Australia and South Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and thirteen, white flowers and cup-shaped, conical or hemispherical fruit.

Mallee (habit)
Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this  growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names.
Pseudospectral knotting method
In applied mathematics, the pseudospectral knotting method is a generalization and enhancement of the standard pseudospectral method for optimal control. Introduced by I. Michael Ross and F. Fahroo in 2004, it forms part of the collection of the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods.

DIDO (software)
DIDO (/ˈdaɪdoʊ/ DY-doh) is a MATLAB optimal control toolbox for solving general-purpose optimal control problems. It is widely used in academia, industry, and NASA. Hailed as a breakthrough software, DIDO is based on the pseudospectral optimal control theory of Ross and Fahroo. The latest enhancements to DIDO are described in Ross.
Worcester and Shrewsbury Railroad
The Worcester and Shrewsbury Railroad was a narrow gauge railroad line in eastern Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. It opened in 1873 and was converted to a standard-gauge streetcar line in 1896–1900.

Massachusetts Route 9
Route 9 is a 135.310-mile-long (217.760 km) major east–west state highway in Massachusetts, United States. Along with U.S. Route 20 (US 20), Route 2, and Interstate 90, Route 9 is one of the major east–west routes of Massachusetts. The western terminus is near the center of the city of Pittsfield.  After winding through the small towns along the passes of the Berkshire Mountains, it crosses the college towns of the Pioneer Valley and then south of the Quabbin Reservoir and the rural areas of western Worcester County.  Entering the city of Worcester from the southwestern corner of the city, it passes through the center of the city and forms the major commercial thoroughfare through the MetroWest suburbs of Boston, parallel to the Massachusetts Turnpike.   Crossing the Route 128 freeway circling Boston, it passes through the inner suburbs of Newton and Brookline along Boylston Street, and enters Boston on Huntington Avenue, before reaching its eastern terminus at Copley Square.
Titinia gens
The gens Titinia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are mentioned as early as the time of the decemvirs, but only a few held any magistracies, and none of them ever attained the consulship.

Praenomen
The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
Qashabiya
The qashabiya (Arabic: القشابية) is a traditional Maghrebian winter garment, it's traditionally considered of Berber origin.It features a hood and differs from the burnous by the presence of sleeves and a closure. Thicker and wider than the Djellaba (الجلابة), it is made of camel wool. It allows its wearer to brave the wind and precipitation of winter.

It also holds significant importance in the Algerian collective memory, as it, along with the burnous, represents the attire of the shuhada during the Algerian War of National Liberation. It also has the reputation of being Algeria's national attire.

Djellaba
The djellaba or jillaba (/dʒɪˈlɑːbə/; Arabic: جلابة), also written gallabea, is a long, loose-fitting unisex outer robe or dress with full sleeves that is worn in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
In central and eastern Algeria it is called qeššaba or qeššabiya. The mountain dwellers of Morocco call it tadjellabit, which is a Berberized form.
Zhitro
In Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, Zhitro (Standard Tibetan: ཞི་ཁྲོ) or Shitro zab-chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol, also known as kar-gling zhi-khro refers to a cycle of teachings revealed by the terton Karma Lingpa and traditionally believed to have been written by Padmasambhava. The practices involve a mandala of 100 peaceful (zhi) and wrathful (khro) tantric deities and associated teachings and tantric practices which focus on those deities which represent the purified elements of the body and mind. These hundred peaceful and wrathful deities are believed to manifest to a deceased person following the dissolution of the body and consciousness whilst they are in the intermediate state, or bardo, between death and rebirth. The Bardo Thodol, commonly known in the West as "The Tibetan Book of the Dead", forms one section of Karma Lingpa's Zhitro cycle. The Zhitro teachings are closely related to the Guhyagarbha Tantra and are considered an Inner Tantra.

Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism
Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism refers to the categorization of Buddhist tantric scriptures in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism inherited numerous tantras and forms of tantric practice from medieval Indian Buddhist Tantra. There were various ways of categorizing these tantras in India. In Tibet, the Sarma (New Translation) schools categorize tantric scriptures into four classes, while the Nyingma (Ancients) school use six classes of tantra.
Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609
The years 1599–1609 constituted a phase in the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the Spanish Empire and the emerging Dutch Republic. It followed the Ten Years (1588–1598) that saw significant conquests by the Dutch States Army under the leadership of stadtholders Maurice of Nassau and William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, and ended with the conclusion of the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) on 9 April 1609. From 1599 to 1609 the conflict largely settled into a stalemate. The Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600) yielded a Dutch tactical victory without durable strategic gains. Spain recorded successes at the Siege of Ostend (1601–1604) and during Spinola's campaign of 1605–1606, while the Dutch won a naval victory at the Battle of Gibraltar (1607); Spain also went bankrupt that year, and had to suspend payments of its troops in the Low Countries. Financial pressures were among the factors that led both sides, especially Spain, to pursue a ceasefire.

Spinola's campaign of 1605–1606
Spinola's campaign was launched by the Spanish crown in 1605 as a response to Maurice of Nassau's territorial expansion within the Habsburg Netherlands during his ten years campaign. During this campaign, Spanish forces commanded by Ambrogio Spinola successfully conquered cities along the Rhine and advanced into the eastern provinces of the Dutch Republic.
1925 AAA Championship Car season
The 1925 AAA Championship Car season consisted of 11 races, beginning in Culver City, California on March 1 and concluding in the same location on November 29.  There were also eight non-championship races. Peter DePaolo won the AAA National Championship, as well as the Indianapolis 500.

Ray Cariens died at Culver City during the last race of the season.

Culver City, California
Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,779. It is mostly surrounded by Los Angeles, but also shares a border with the unincorporated area of Ladera Heights to the east. The city was named after Harry Culver who incorporated it in 1917.

In the 1920s, Culver City became a center for film and later television production. It was best known as the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios from 1924 to 1986. From 1932 to 1986, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city. It has been described as a "largely idyllic...peaceful, semi-suburban community with a relatively low crime rate and high quality of life" best known for its "parks, studio lots, and breakfast burritos".
2010–11 Trabzonspor season
The 2010–11 season was Trabzonspor's 36th consecutive season in the Süper Lig.

Trabzonspor's primary objective was to regain the Süper Lig title for the first time since 1984. They also aimed to defend their Turkish Cup title, which would allow them to surpass Beşiktaş for second-most Turkish Cups of all time, with nine. Having won the 2009–10 Turkish Cup, the club competed in the 2010 Turkish Super Cup against league champions Bursaspor. Trabzonspor won 3–0 thanks to a hat-trick from forward Teófilo Gutiérrez. Brazilian forward Jackson Coelho, nicknamed Jajá, signed for the club on the same day of the Super Cup.

The club started their domestic league season against Ankaragücü on 15 August 2010, winning 2–0, with both goals coming from Gutiérrez. They also competed in the UEFA Europa League, beginning their campaign against three-time winners Liverpool, and were knocked out after losing 1–3 on aggregate.

2010 Turkish Super Cup
The 2010 Turkish Super Cup match were played between the Turkish Super League winner Bursaspor and the Turkish Cup winner Trabzonspor. Like the previous year the final was played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul.Trabzonspor won the game 3–0 after a Hat-trick from Teófilo Gutiérrez.
North Bengal plains
The North Bengal plains start from the south of Terai region and continue up to the left bank of the Ganges. The southern parts of the Jalpaiguri, North Dinajpur (baring some extreme northern regions), South Dinajpur, Malda and Cooch Behar districts constitute this geographical region. The narrow land mass in the North Dinajpur district is known as Mahananda corridor. This corridor runs north to south joining Malda with the plains of Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Cooch Behar. The entire part of North and South Dinajpur is silt laden plain.

Terai
The Terai or Tarai is a lowland region in parts of southern Nepal and northern India that lies to the south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas, the Sivalik Hills and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. 
This region is characterised by tall grasslands, scrub savannah, sal forests and clay rich swamps. In North India, the Terai spreads from the Yamuna River eastward across Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Terai is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion.
Nepal's Terai stretches over 33,998.8 km2 (13,127.0 sq mi), about 23.1% of Nepal's land area, and lies at an elevation of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft). The region comprises more than 50 wetlands. North of the Terai rises the Bhabar, a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide.
Mansoa (plant)
Mansoa is a genus of tropical, flowering vines in the family Bignoniaceae.

Its native range is Mexico to Tropical America, and it is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Leeward Is., Mexico, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela and Windward Is.

The genus name of Mansoa is in honour of Antônio Luiz Patrício da Silva Manso (1788–1848), a Brazilian botanist, physician, and politician. 
It was first described and published in Biblioth. Universelle Genève, sér.2, Vol.17 on page 128 in 1838.

Vine
A vine is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas, or runners. The word vine can also refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance, when used in wicker work.

In parts of the world, including the British Isles, the term "vine" usually applies exclusively to grapevines, while the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.
Copper Coinage Act of 1792
Copper Coinage Act of 1792 is a United States statute authorizing copper coinage to be engraved and issued by the United States Mint. The Act of Congress confirmed the procurement of copper not to exceed a weight of 150 short tons (300,000 lb). The United States Mint procured a shipment of copper at a weight of 15 short tons (30,000 lb) as endorsed by the first director of the mint David Rittenhouse.

In 1792, the United States Mint petitioned Henry Voigt as the Chief Coiner providing craftsmanship as an artwork engraver for the United States copper coinage and early American currency. Mr. Rittenhouse commissioned the artisan talents of Robert Scot and Joseph Wright to assist the skillful engraving efforts of Henry Voigt as the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

United States Mint
The United States Mint is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury responsible for producing coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. The U.S. Mint is one of two U.S. agencies that manufactures physical money. The other is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints paper currency. The first United States Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and was soon joined by other centers, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point.
Vehicle registration plates of El Salvador
El Salvador requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. Current plates are North American standard 6 in × 12 in (152 mm × 300 mm). The new design started its use during 2011. In the background of the plate, you can find the flag of El Salvador.

Vehicle license plates of the United States
In the United States, vehicle registration plates, known as license plates, are issued by a department of motor vehicles, an agency of the state or territorial government, or in the case of the District of Columbia, the district government. Some Native American tribes also issue plates. The U.S. federal government issues plates only for its own vehicle fleet and for vehicles owned by foreign diplomats. Until the 1980s, diplomatic plates were issued by the state in which the consulate or embassy was located.

The appearances of plates are frequently chosen to contain symbols, colors, or slogans associated with the issuing jurisdiction.  The term license plate is frequently used in statutes, although in some areas tag is informally used. The official three letter DSIT (coinciding with its ISO code) international code attributed to the United States is USA.

As of 2014, the federal government and forty states use prison labor to produce their license plates.
Moniliformin
Moniliformin is the organic compound with the formula M[C4HO3] (M+ = K+ or Na+).  Both the sodium and potassium salts are generally hydrated, e.g. .  In terms of its structure, it is the alkali metal salt of the conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-1,2-cyclobutenedione (the enolate of 1,2,3-cyclobutanetrione), a planar molecule related to squaric acid. It is an unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is lethal to fowl, especially ducklings.

Moniliformin is formed in many cereals by a number of Fusarium species that include Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi and others. It is mainly cardiotoxic and causes ventricular hypertrophy.

Enolate
In organic chemistry, enolates are the organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl (RR'C=O) compounds. Rarely isolated, they are widely used as reagents in the synthesis of organic compounds.
Mallasamudram Assembly constituency
Mallasamudram was one of the 206 constituencies in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India. It was in Namakkal district and it was also part of Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency.

Namakkal district
Namakkal district is one of the 38 districts (an administrative district) in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The district was bifurcated from Salem District with Namakkal city as headquarters on 25 July 1996 and started to function independently from 1 January 1997. The district has eight taluks (subdivisions): Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Rasipuram, Paramathi Velur, Senthamangalam, Kumarapalayam, Kolli Hills and Mohanur. It has two revenue divisions: Tiruchengode and Namakkal. As of 2011 census, Namakkal district had a population of 1,726,601 with a sex-ratio of 986 females for every 1,000 males and Tiruchengode is the largest city in terms of population. Namakkal district is geographically affiliated to Kongu Nadu region. The district is famous for its large poultry industry, egg production and lorry bodybuilding industry, for which it is often referred to as "Egg City" and "Transport Hub of South India".
Immersion baptism
Immersion baptism (also known as baptism by immersion or baptism by submersion) is a method of baptism that is distinguished from baptism by affusion (pouring) and by aspersion (sprinkling), sometimes without specifying whether the immersion is total or partial, but very commonly with the indication that the person baptized is immersed in water completely. The term is also, though less commonly, applied exclusively to modes of baptism that involve only partial immersion (see Terminology, below).

Mikveh
A mikveh (pronounced [/ˈmik.ve/]; Hebrew: מִקְוֶא, romanized: miqveʾ, lit. 'a gathering [of water]'; pl. mikve'ot or mikvot) or mikvah (IPA: [/miqˈwaː/]) is a bath used during ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity.

In Orthodox Judaism, these regulations are steadfastly adhered to; consequently, the mikveh is central to an Orthodox Jewish community. Conservative Judaism also formally holds to the regulations. The existence of a mikveh is considered so important that, according to Halakha, a Jewish community is required to construct a kosher mikveh even before building a synagogue, and must go to the extreme of selling Torah scrolls, or even a synagogue if necessary, to provide funding for its construction.
Coloured Canyon
The Coloured Canyon (Arabic الوادي الملون) is a rock formation on Sinai Peninsula and is a popular hiking destination. It is a labyrinth of rocks, some up to 40 meters tall. The canyon is almost 800 meters long. The nearest town to the canyon is Nuweiba. It is about  90 km north of Dahab.

Dahab
Dahab (Egyptian Arabic: دهب, romanized: dahab, lit. 'gold', IPA: [ˈdæhæb]) is a small town on the southeast coast of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, approximately 80 km (50 mi) northeast of Sharm el-Sheikh.

Dahab can be divided into three major parts. Masbat, which includes the Bedouin village of Asalah, in the north; Mashraba, south of Masbat, and Medina in the southwest. Dahab is mentioned in Deuteronomy as דִ֥י זָהָֽב (dî zāhāḇ), and in the Septuagint translation as Καταχρύσεα. Gesenius exegetes as, “I have no doubt but that it is the same place as that now called Dehab on the western shore of the Ælanitic gulf, where there are many palms.” Dahab is known as the "diving capital" of South Sinai, and one of the most famous diving destinations in the world, thanks to a number of unique sites that suit all levels of diving enthusiasts.
Insomnia (1997 film)
Insomnia is a 1997 Norwegian neo-noir thriller film about a police detective investigating a murder in a town located above the Arctic Circle. The investigation goes horribly wrong when he mistakenly shoots his partner and subsequently attempts to cover it up. The title of the film refers to his inability to sleep, the result of his guilt, represented by the relentless glare of the midnight sun. Insomnia was the film debut of director Erik Skjoldbjærg. The screenplay was written by Nikolaj Frobenius and Skjoldbjærg with a soundtrack by Geir Jenssen.

The film inspired the 2002 American remake Insomnia.

Neo-noir
Neo-noir is a film genre from the 1970s, in the era of New Hollywood, which is primarily associated with the subversion and visual style of classic film noir tropes, adapting the themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with vibrant colors and high-contrast, more graphic depictions of violence or sexuality, thematic motifs, and nonlinear narrative or editing.

During the 1970s and the mid 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Paul Verhoeven's The Fourth Man (1983 film) and David Lynch’s Blue Velvet (1986). The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in a shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements.