hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Holcombe
William Holcombe (July 22, 1804 – September 5, 1870) was a United States Democratic politician and the first Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota. He was born in Lambertville, New Jersey and died in Stillwater, Minnesota; Holcombe was mayor of Stillwater, when he died.

He was a member of first Minnesota Legislature.  His term as Lieutenant Governor did not expire until a few weeks after the 2nd Minnesota State Legislative Session began. Although the Republican Party had a majority in the Minnesota Senate, Holcombe, a Democrat, presided over them until January 2, 1860 when the state officials were sworn in. Some of his rulings so frustrated the Republican majority that they asked the House to impeach him. The House responded that they had no right to interfere with the workings of the Senate and suggested they change their rules. The issue was resolved when Republican Ignatius Donnelly was finally sworn in as Lieutenant Governor.

Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
The lieutenant governor of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Fifty individuals have held the office of lieutenant governor since statehood. The incumbent is Peggy Flanagan, a DFLer and the first Native American elected to a statewide executive office in Minnesota's history.
2023–24 Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball team
The 2023–24 Niagara Purple Eagles men's basketball team represented Niagara University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Purple Eagles, led by fifth-year head coach Greg Paulus, played their home games at the Gallagher Center in Lewiston, New York as members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). The Purple Eagles finished the season 16–16, 11–9 in MAAC play, to finish in sixth place. They defeated Siena in the first round of the MAAC tournament before losing to Marist in the quarterfinals.

2023–24 Marist Red Foxes men's basketball team
The 2023–24 Marist Red Foxes men's basketball team represented Marist College during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Red Foxes, led by sixth-year head coach John Dunne, played their home games at the McCann Arena in Poughkeepsie, New York as members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). They finished the season 18–13, 12–8 in MAAC play, to finish in a three-way tie for third place.
Israel–Yemen relations
The State of Israel and the Republic of Yemen do not have diplomatic relations. Since Israel's formal establishment in 1948, Yemen and its predecessors (the Kingdom of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic in the North, and South Yemen in the South) have repeatedly denounced Israel in the context of regional conflicts with Palestine and the wider Arab world. Since the Houthi insurgency in Yemen, direct strikes between the Houthis and Israel have taken place.

Holders of an Israeli passport or any passport with an Israeli stamp are barred entry to Yemen and Yemen is classified as an "enemy state" under Israeli law.

Abdul-Karim Al-Iryani
Abdul Karim Ali Al-Eryani (/ˈæbdʊl kɑːˈriːm æl ɪriːˈɑːni/ ⓘ; Arabic: عبد الكريم علي يحيى محمد عبد الله الإرياني‎; 12 October 1934 – 8 November 2015; also spelled Al-Eryani) was a Yemeni politician who served as the Prime Minister of Yemen from 29 April 1998 to 31 March 2001. Al-Iryani, along with President Ali Abdullah Saleh, was the Secretary General of the General People's Congress (GPC).
FIS Ski Flying World Championships 1992
The 1992 FIS Ski Flying World Ski Championships took place on 21–22 March 1992 at Čerťák in Harrachov, Czechoslovakia for the second time. Harrachov previously hosted the event in 1983. It is the first Ski Flying World Championships in which Germany competed as a unified nation since their October 1990 reunification. Japan's Noriaki Kasai became the first non-European to both medal and win at the event.

Čerťák
Čerťák is a ski jumping stadium with two hills in Harrachov in the Czech Republic.

It was built in 1979 and both hill officially opened in 1980. The venue is most notable for being one of five ski flying hills in the world, though it also has three smaller hills close by. It is owned by the sports club TJ Jiskra Harrachov. Audience capacity is about 50,000. Despite being a flying hill, only two world records have ever set at Čerťák, both in the 1980s. It was also during this time, and into the early 1990s, that many horrific accidents occurred.
Haeju rakusam
The Haeju rakusam is a tree of the variety Taxodium distichum, growing in Haeju, South Hwanghae Province of North Korea. The tree is believed to have been planted in 1931. It is 21.3m tall, with a crown width of 7.3m, growing straight with a red-brown bark. It was listed as living monument of North Korea No. 125 in February 1980.

Taxodium distichum
Taxodium distichum (baldcypress, bald-cypress, bald cypress, swamp cypress; French: cyprès chauve;
cipre in Louisiana) is a deciduous conifer in the family Cupressaceae. It is native to the Southeastern United States. Hardy and tough, this tree adapts to a wide range of soil types, whether wet, salty, dry, or swampy. It is noted for the russet-red fall color of its lacy needles.

This plant has some cultivated varieties and is often used in groupings in public spaces. Common names include bald cypress, swamp cypress, white cypress, tidewater red cypress, gulf cypress, and red cypress.

The bald cypress was designated the official state tree of Louisiana in 1963.

Bald cypress trees are valued because of their rot-resistant heartwood when the trees are mature. Because of this, the trees are often used for making fence posts, doors, flooring, caskets, and a number of other items.
HD 83095
HD 83095 is a single star in the southern constellation of Carina. It has the Bayer designation H Carinae; HD 83095 is the identifier from the Henry Draper Catalogue. This object has an orange hue and is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.46. The star is located at a distance of approximately 740 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +14 km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of −1.45.

This is an aging K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded off the main sequence. At present it has about 60 times the radius of the Sun and is radiating 826 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,038 K.

Henry Draper Catalogue
The Henry Draper Catalogue (HD) is an astronomical star catalogue published between 1918 and 1924, giving spectroscopic classifications for 225,300 stars; it was later expanded by the Henry Draper Extension (HDE), published between 1925 and 1936, which gave classifications for 46,850 more stars, and by the Henry Draper Extension Charts (HDEC), published from 1937 to 1949 in the form of charts, which gave classifications for 86,933 more stars. In all, 359,083 stars were classified as of August 2017.

The HD catalogue is named after Henry Draper, an amateur astronomer, and covers the entire sky almost completely down to an apparent photographic magnitude of about 9; the extensions added fainter stars in certain areas of the sky. The construction of the Henry Draper Catalogue was part of a pioneering effort to classify stellar spectra, and its catalogue numbers are commonly used as a way of identifying stars.
Nid d'Aigle station
Gare du Nid d'Aigle (French: Eagle's Nest Station) is the terminus of the Tramway du Mont Blanc (TMB) from Saint-Gervais-les-Bains on the slopes of the Mont Blanc.

This station welcomes mountaineers as well as hikers at 2,362 m altitude below the glacier of Bionnassay. During the winter months the tram only stops at the lower Bellevue station, because of the avalanche risks.

A trip by tram from Le Fayet to this terminus lasts about three quarters of an hour and the panorama is remarkable. Here starts the modern normal route on the French side to the summit of Mont Blanc via the nearby refuge Nid d'Aigle, the Refuge de Tête Rousse and the Goûter Refuge.

The tramway terminus is also the finish location of the mountain run Montée du Nid d’Aigle, yearly in the month of July since 1986.

The first building of the station dated from 1933 and was destroyed by a fire in 2002.

Currently, work is in progress to extend the railway all the way to the Nid D'Aigle refuge.

Saint-Gervais-les-Bains
Saint-Gervais-les-Bains (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁvɛ le bɛ̃]; Savoyard: San-Zharvé) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France. The village is best known for tourism and has been a popular holiday destination since the early 1900s. It has 445 km (277 mi) of pistes, the third largest domain exclusively in France, and is one of the least busy ski areas of its size. In 1892, two hundred people were killed when a water pocket in a glacier above the town suddenly burst open and caused flooding.
Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College
Acharya Brojendra Nath Seal College popularly known as ABN Seal College, earlier Victoria College, is a state-government owned co-educational college in Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. It was established in 1888 and offers undergraduate and postgraduate education. The college is affiliated to the Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University and accredited as A+ by NAAC. The college has been conferred the "Centre of Excellence" status by the University Grants Commission.

Brajendra Nath Seal
Sir Brajendra Nath Seal (Bengali: ব্রজেন্দ্রনাথ শীল; 3 September 1864 – 3 December 1938) was a Bengali Indian humanist philosopher. He served as the second vice chancellor of Mysore University.

He began his career as a lecturer at the Scottish Church College. His research works were published in some of leading journals during the British Raj, such as the Calcutta Review, Modern Review, New India, Dawn, Bulletin of Mathematical Society, Indian Culture, Hindustan Standard, British Medical Journal, Prabasi, Sabuj Patra, and Visva-Bharati.
Chybie
Chybieⓘ is a village and the seat of Gmina Chybie in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It lies in the Upper Vistula Valley within Oświęcim Basin and in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. There is a nature reserve called Rotuz in the eastern part of the village.

Strumień
Strumień ([ˈstrumʲɛɲ] ⓘ, Czech: Strumeň, Silesian: Strumiyń) is a town and the seat of Gmina Strumień, in Cieszyn County, in the Silesian Voivodeship (province) of southern Poland, on the Vistula River.

It is located in the north-eastern part of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia and is the smallest town in the county.
SS Isaac M. Scott (1909)
SS Isaac Merritt Scott was an American Great Lakes freighter that sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913 in Lake Huron, 6 to 7 miles (9.7 to 11.3 km) northeast of Thunder Bay Island (45°03.920′N 83°02.353′W﻿ / ﻿45.065333°N 83.039217°W﻿ / 45.065333; -83.039217), while she was traveling from Cleveland, Ohio, United States to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States with a cargo of coal.

She is tied with two other vessels (Argus and Charles S. Price) for the deadliest shipwreck during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.

Lake freighter
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carriers operating on the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Freighters typically have a long, narrow hull, a raised pilothouse, and the engine located at the rear of the ship.

Lakers have been used since the late 19th century to haul raw material from docks in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Seaway regions to the industrial centers of Ontario, Quebec, and the American Midwest. The navigation season typically runs from late March through next mid-January due to the formation of ice on the lakes.

The largest lake freighters can travel up to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) and can carry as much as 78,850 long tons (80,120 t) of bulk cargo.

SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank in 1975, became widely known as the largest  vessel to be wrecked on the Great Lakes.
Zanstra (crater)
Zanstra is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It was named after the Dutch astronomer Herman Zanstra. It lies to the southeast of the crater pair Ibn Firnas and King, and northwest of Gregory. This is a low, eroded formation that is difficult to distinguish from its surroundings. The interior floor is level and not significantly impacted.

Gregory (lunar crater)
Gregory is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon.  It is located to the southeast of the crater Ibn Firnas, and north-northeast of Bečvář. About one crater diameter to the north is the smaller Morozov.

This is a worn and eroded crater formation. The northern rim is degraded due to impacts. Attached to the exterior of the southwest is Gregory Q, a satellite crater about the same size as Gregory. Within the interior is the remains of a small crater rim along the northwestern inner wall. To the east of Gregory and leading away to the southeast is a crater chain designated Catena Gregory.

The crater was named after 17th century Scottish astronomer and mathematician James Gregory by the IAU in 1970. While Gregory itself was unnumbered, its satellite crater Gregory Q was known as Crater 282 prior to naming in 2006.
Uvinza
Uvinza is one of the eight administrative districts of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. Uvinza is bordered to the northwest by Kigoma District and Kigoma-Ujiji District. North of the district is bordered by Kasulu District . Lake Tanganyika borders the district on the west. Mpanda District in Katavi Region borders the district to the south and Kaliua District in Tabora Region borders the district to the east. The district is named in honor of the Vinza people whom the western part of district was their historic kingdom. 
Southern Uvinza District is home to the Mahale Mountains National Park. A unique park that is home to both Chimpanzees and lions in the same habitat.

Kasulu District
Kasulu District is one of the 8 districts of Kigoma Region, Tanzania. The Kasulu District is the rural district council to the Kasulu Town Council which separated from the Kasulu District Council in 2011. It is bordered to the north by Burundi, to the east by Kibondo District, to the south by Uvinza District, to the west by Kigoma District and to the northwest by Buhigwe District. The district consists of lowland forest, and highland grasslands.: 3
Culture of Malta
The culture of Malta has been influenced by various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.

Rabat, Malta
Rabat (Maltese: Ir-Rabat [ɪˈrːɐbɐt]) is a town in the Western Region of Malta, with a population of 11,497 as of March 2014. It adjoins the ancient capital city of Mdina, and a north-western part of Rabat was in the Roman city of Melite until its medieval retrenchment.

The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to the Republic of Malta is seated in this village. The Local Council of Rabat is also the administrator of Baħrija. Parts of the films Munich and Black Eagle were shot in Rabat. In December 1999, Mtarfa was split from Rabat to form a separate Local Council by Act XXI, an amendment to the Local Council Act of 1993 (Act XV). In 2021, Rabat was transferred from the Northern Region to the newly-created Western Region as part of a reorganization of the regions of Malta.
Solar Fields
Magnus Birgersson, better known by his stage name Solar Fields, is a Swedish electronic music artist. As of 2014, he has released fifteen albums, and has also scored all interactive in-game music for the Electronic Arts game Mirror's Edge as well as its reboot, Mirror's Edge Catalyst. His latest album, Formations, was released in November 2022.

Carbon Based Lifeforms
Carbon Based Lifeforms is a Swedish electronic music duo formed in Gothenburg in 1996 by Johannes Hedberg and Daniel Vadestrid (né Ringström and formerly Segerstad). They are also members of the synthpop band Thermostatic.
Government Major Projects Portfolio
The Government Major Projects Portfolio (GMPP) is a collection of the United Kingdom government's largest, most complex, expensive, or strategically significant projects and programmes. It includes infrastructure, defence, digital transformation, and major service-delivery initiatives. The portfolio exists to strengthen oversight, accountability, and transparency across the government's highest-risk and highest-value projects.

Public Accounts Committee (United Kingdom)
The Committee of Public Accounts is a select committee of the British House of Commons. It is responsible for overseeing government expenditures, and to ensure they are effective and honest. The committee is seen as a crucial mechanism for ensuring transparency and accountability in government financial operations, having been described by Professor the Lord Hennessy as "the queen of the select committees...[which] by its very existence exert[s] a cleansing effect in all government departments".
Mohinga
Mohinga (Burmese: မုန့်ဟင်းခါး, MLCTS: mun.hang: hka:, IPA: [mo̰ʊɰ̃hɪ́ɰ̃ŋá]; also spelt mont hin gar) is the national dish of Myanmar. Mohinga is fish soup made with rice noodles, typically served as a hearty breakfast. It features a rich broth flavored with lemongrass, turmeric, and fish sauce, often garnished with boiled eggs, cilantro, and crispy fritters. Mohinga is readily available in most parts of the country, sold by street hawkers and roadside stalls in larger cities. Mohinga is traditionally eaten for breakfast, but nowadays it is eaten at any time of day. Egg, onions or herbs can be added into the dish.

Upper Myanmar
Upper Myanmar (Burmese: အထက်မြန်မာပြည် or မြန်မာပြည်အထက်ပိုင်း, also called Upper Burma) is one of two geographic regions in Myanmar, the other being Lower Myanmar. Located in the country's centre and north stretches, Upper Myanmar encompasses six inland states and regions, including Mandalay, Sagaing, Magway Regions, and Chin, Kachin and Shan States. By contrast, Lower Myanmar encompasses the southern and coastal-facing regions of Myanmar. Upper Myanmar is home to several distinct cultural regions, including the homeland of the Bamar in the low-lying central plains, and those of the Chin, Kachin, and Shan peoples in the highlands. Home to over 23 million people, the region's agricultural sector, natural resources, and shared borders with India, China, and Thailand have made Upper Myanmar a major economic hub. Four of Myanmar's ten largest cities—Mandalay, Taunggyi, Monywa, and Myitkyina—are located in the region.
Husayn Kashifi
Kamāl al-Dīn Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī Kāshifī, Persian: کمال‌الدین حسین بن علی سبزواری best simply known as Husayn Kashifi, Persian: مولانا حسین واعظ کاشفی was a prolific Persian prose-stylist, a poet, a Quran exegete, a Sufi scholar, and an astronomer of the Timurid era. Kashifi was his pen name, whereas his surname al-Wāʿiẓ ("the preacher") denoted his professional occupation.

He spent most of his career in Herat, where his academic activities were supported by Ali-Shir Nava'i, a senior vizier in the Timurid court during Sultan Husayn Bayqara's rule, hence the reason for Kashifi to dedicate most of his works to Nava'i. He was also very close to the famous Persian poet and Sufi, Nur al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman Jami.

His famous works include Akhlaq-e Mohseni and Anwar-e Sohaili in Persian prose, and Jawaher al-Tafsir and Mawaheb-e 'Aliyya which are Persian tafsirs of the Quran.

Twelve Imams
The Twelve Imams (Arabic: ٱلْأَئِمَّة ٱلْٱثْنَا عَشَر, al-ʾAʾimmah al-ʾIthnā ʿAšar; Persian: دوازده امام, Davâzdah Emâm) are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Twelver branch of Shia Islam, including that of the Alawite and Alevi.

According to Twelver theology, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret sharia and the esoteric meaning of the Quran. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin (known as ismah, or infallibility) and must be chosen by divine decree through Muhammad.
Muckle Bluff
Muckle Bluff is a bluff 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Walker Point on the south coast of Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It was mapped by the UK Joint Services Expedition, 1970-71. The descriptive name for this prominent feature was applied by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1971; muckle being an old Scottish word meaning large.

Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island
The Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island was a British scientific surveying and mountaineering expedition to Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It took place from December 1970 to March 1971. Except for one civilian from the British Antarctic Survey, the 14 participants were serving members of the British Armed Forces under the leadership of Commander Malcolm Burley of the Royal Navy. The expedition was sponsored by the Joint Services Expedition Trust with the aim of climbing, exploring and carrying out a preliminary scientific survey of islands in the Elephant group for the Directorate of Overseas Surveys. The expedition was transported to and from the island by HMS Endurance. During the course of the expedition several mountains were climbed for the first time and numerous place-names were recommended for geographic features on the island.
3054 Strugatskia
3054 Strugatskia, provisional designation 1977 RE7, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 September 1977, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after the brothers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, two Russian science fiction authors.

Nikolai Chernykh
Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh (Russian: Никола́й Степа́нович Черны́х, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ tɕɪrˈnɨx]; 6 October 1931 – 25 May 2004) was a Russian-born Soviet astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyi, Crimea.
Sector collapse
A sector collapse or lateral collapse is the structural failure and subsequent collapse of a minimum volume of 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) of a volcano. Unlike smaller flank collapses, a sector collapse can involve the central volcanic pipe and historically this term had been restricted by some writers to such events in arc stratovolcanoes, but is now used for large events in any volcano. Sector collapses are one of the most hazardous volcanic events, often resulting in lateral blasts, landslides, and changes in volcanic eruptive behavior. Sector collapse can be caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, gradual volcanic deformation, and other processes. Sector collapse events can occur on volcanoes at convergent and divergent plate boundaries. Sector collapses are generally very sudden; however, some attempts have been made to predict collapse events.

Stromboli
Stromboli (/ˈstrɒmbəli/ STROM-bə-lee, Italian: [ˈstromboli]; Sicilian: Struògnuli [ˈʂː(ɽ)wɔɲɲʊlɪ]) is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily, containing Mount Stromboli, one of the four active volcanoes in Italy. It is one of the seven Aeolian Islands, a volcanic arc north of Sicily, and the mythological home of Aeolus.

The island, with an area of 12.6 square kilometres (4.9 sq mi), represents the upper third of the volcano. Its population was about 500 as of 2016. The volcano has erupted many times and is constantly active with minor eruptions, often visible from many points on the island and from the surrounding sea, giving rise to the island's nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean".