hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Advanced Intelligent Tape
Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT) is a discontinued high-speed, high-capacity magnetic tape data storage format developed and controlled by Sony. It was introduced in 1996 to utilise Advanced Metal Evaporated (AME) technology.  It competed mainly against the DLT, LTO, DAT/DDS, and VXA formats.  AIT uses 8mm tape in a cassette similar to Video8.  Super AIT (SAIT) is a higher capacity variant using wider half inch (1/2") tape in a larger, single-spool cartridge.  Both AIT and SAIT use the helical scan method of reading and writing to the tape.

Magnetic-tape data storage
Magnetic-tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording. Commercial magnetic tape products used for data storage were first released in the 1950s and have continued to be developed and released to the present day.

Tape was an important medium for primary data storage in early computers, typically using large open reels of 7-track, later 9-track tape. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes, such as the widely supported Linear Tape-Open (LTO) and IBM 3592 series. The device that performs the writing or reading of data is called a tape drive. Autoloaders and tape libraries are often used to automate cartridge handling and exchange. Compatibility was important to enable transferring data.

Tape data storage is now used more for system backup, data archive and data exchange. The low cost of tape has kept it viable for long-term storage and archive.
Derosiphia
Derosiphia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae. It contains a single species, Derosiphia tubulosa.

The species is native to tropical Africa, ranging from Senegal to South Sudan.

Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae (/mɛləstoʊmɑːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees.
Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality
Ghyanglekh is a Rural municipality located within the Sindhuli District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal.
The municipality spans 166.77 square kilometres (64.39 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 13,661 according to a 2011 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Amale, Bastipur, Tamajor, Netrakali and Shanteshwari VDCs were merged to form Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality.
Ghyanglekh is divided into 5 wards, with Bastipur declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

Bastipur, Sindhuli
Bastipur  is a village development committee in Sindhuli District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,485 people living in 425 individual households.
Thermal scanning probe lithography
Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) is a form of scanning probe lithography (SPL) whereby material is structured on the nanoscale using scanning probes, primarily through the application of thermal energy.

Related fields are thermo-mechanical SPL (see also Millipede memory), thermochemical SPL (or thermochemical nanolithography) where the goal is to influence the local chemistry, and thermal dip-pen lithography as an additive technique.

Cantilever
A cantilever is a structural element that is firmly attached to a fixed structure at one end and is unsupported at the other end. Sometimes it projects from a vertical surface such as a wall. A cantilever can be in the form of a beam, plate, truss, or slab.

When subjected to a structural load at its far, unsupported end, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it applies a shear stress and a bending moment.

Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without external support.
Southland temperate forests
The Southland temperate forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion on New Zealand's South Island. The natural vegetation was mostly forest, but over the centuries human activities, including grazing and fires, replaced much of the original forest with grassland and agriculture.

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions, and include temperate rainforests.

These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.
Mafang, Beijing
Mafang Town (Chinese: 马坊镇; pinyin: Mǎfāng Zhèn) is a town situated inside of Pinggu District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Machangying Town to the north, Donggaocun Town to the east, Nanniezhuang Village to the south, and Dasungezhuang Town to the west. It was home to 29,601 people as of 2020.

This region had been a horse farm for military usage from Liao dynasty all the way to Qing dynasty, thus receiving its name Mafang (Chinese: 马坊; lit. 'Horse Shop').

Dasungezhuang
Dasungezhuang Town (simplified Chinese: 大孙各庄镇; traditional Chinese: 大孫各莊鎮; pinyin: Dàsūngèzhuāng Zhèn) is a town situated on the southeastern portion of Shunyi District, Beijing. It shares border with Zhang Town in its north, Machangying and Mafang Towns in its east, Gaolou Town in its south, Beiwu and Yang Towns in the west. In 2020, it was home to 23,712 residents.

Dasungezhuang was originally known as Dasonggezhuang (Chinese: 大松各庄; lit. 'Great Pine Family Villa') during the Ming dynasty, which referred to the pine forest surrounding the settlement.
Ewijk
Ewijk is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Beuningen, and lies about 9 km west of Nijmegen. The river Waal runs in the north.

Ewijk was a separate municipality until 1980, when it was merged with Beuningen.

Nijmegen
Nijmegen (/ˈnaɪmeɪɡən/ NY-may-gən, Dutch: [ˈnɛimeːɣə(n)] ⓘ; Nijmeegs: Nimwèège [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːçə]) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the ninth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border, Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and the first to be recognized as such in Roman times. In 2005, it celebrated 2,000 years of existence.

Nijmegen became a free imperial city in 1230 and a Hanseatic city in 1402. Since 1923 it has been a university city with the opening of a Catholic institution now known as the Radboud University Nijmegen. The city is well known for the annual Vierdaagse — the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen event.

Its population as of 2024 was 187,011.
Engineering Square (industrial park)
Engineering Square, or e2, is an Egyptian industrial park, owned and managed by Industrial Development Group (IDG). The park is designed and built on a total area of 3.1 million square meter, located in 6 October City, Giza, Egypt.

Industrial park
An industrial park, also known as industrial estate or trading estate, is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a business park or office park, which has offices and light industry, rather than heavy industry.
Ray Snell
Ray Michael Snell (February 24, 1958 – September 28, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a guard in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Pittsburgh Steelers and the Detroit Lions. Tampa Bay, using their 4th ever first round draft pick, acquired Snell with the 22nd pick in the first round of the 1980 NFL draft. After four seasons in Tampa Bay in which he started 46 of 64 games he was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Once in Pittsburgh he immediately started 13 games. In 1986, he suffered a blow out fracture to the right eye, in which a bone was lodged behind it. He was then traded to the Detroit Lions where he retired. During 1981, he and George Yarno alternated plays bringing in the offensive play call for Doug Williams.

Ray Snell died of cancer in Tampa on September 28, 2021, at the age of 63.

George Yarno
George Anthony Yarno (August 12, 1957 – August 8, 2016) was an American professional football player who was a guard for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Atlanta Falcons, and Houston Oilers. He also played two seasons with the Denver Gold of the United States Football League (USFL).

Yarno worked as an offensive line coach for a number of collegiate and professional teams. After his release from the Detroit Lions following the 2012 season, Yarno accepted the offensive line coach job with the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2013.
Railway coupling by country
The railcar couplers or couplings listed, described, and depicted below are used worldwide on legacy and modern railways.  Compatible and similar designs are frequently referred to using widely differing make, brand, regional or nick names, which can make describing standard or typical designs confusing.  Dimensions and ratings noted in these articles are usually of nominal or typical components and systems, though standards and practices also vary widely with railway, region, and era.  Transition between incompatible coupler types may be accomplished using dual couplings, a coupling adapter or a barrier wagon.

Bogie exchange
Bogie exchange is a system for operating railway wagons on two or more gauges to overcome difference in the track gauge.  To perform a bogie exchange, a car is converted from one gauge to another by removing the bogies or trucks (the chassis containing the wheels and axles of the car), and installing a new bogie with differently spaced wheels.  It is generally limited to wagons and carriages, though the bogies on diesel locomotives can be exchanged if enough time is available.

The term can also refer to  the rebuilding of rolling-stock for permanent use on another gauge, e.g. the Little Joe electric locomotives intended for the Soviet Union (Russian gauge) which were rebuilt for use in the United States, or the New Zealand British Rail Mark 2 carriage  rebuilt for use on the NZR Cape gauge.
Gwen Berry
Gwendolyn Denise Berry (born June 29, 1989) is an American track and field athlete who specializes in the hammer throw. Her mark of 77.78 m (255 ft 2 in) on June 8, 2018, ranks her #7 on the all-time list.  She also holds the world record in the weight throw with a mark of 25.60 m (83 ft 11+3⁄4 in) set in March 2017. She is a three-time national champion in the weight throw at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships. She was the gold medalist in the hammer at the 2014 Pan American Sports Festival.  She is also the 2019 Pan American Games Champion.

2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships was held at the Oregon Convention Center in Portland, Oregon. Organised by USA Track and Field (USATF), the two-day competition took place from March 11 to March 12 and served as the national championships in track and field for the United States.  The meet served for the selection of American representatives at the 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships that was held in the same facility one week later.

The indoor combined track and field events championships were held separately February 26-27 in Crete, Nebraska.
2018 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament
The 2018 Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament was an edition of the Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament, a cricket tournament in Afghanistan. It was the second edition of the competition to be played with first-class status. The tournament started on 1 March 2018 and finished on 12 May 2018. Six regional teams, one more than the previous tournament, competed in a round-robin format with the top two teams in the group progressing to the final. Band-e-Amir Region were the defending champions.

In the round seven fixture between Kabul Region and Boost Region, Kabul batsman Shafiqullah scored the fastest double century in first-class cricket. He scored 200 not out from 89 balls, and also hit the most sixes (24) in a first-class match.

The final was played between Amo Region and Band-e-Amir Region. The match finished in a draw, with Band-e-Amir Region declared the winners based on a first innings lead, and therefore defending their title.

Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament
Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament is a four-day cricket tournament in Afghanistan played between regional teams, each representing a number of Afghan provinces.

Up to and including the 2016–17 Tournament, the matches were not given first-class status. However, at an International Cricket Council (ICC) meeting in February 2017, first-class status was awarded to all future matches, starting with the 2017–18 tournament. It is named after founder of the Durrani Empire, Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Association
Washington v. Washington State Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel Association, 443 U.S. 658 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case related to Indian fishing rights in Washington State. It held that the usual and accustomed clause of the Stevens Treaties protected Indians' share of anadromous fish in addition to protecting fishing grounds. To do this, runs of anadromous fish that travel through tribal fishing areas should be divided equally between treaty-protected and non-treaty parties. After that, the treaty-protected parties cut should be lowered if they can be satisfied with a smaller amount. The court also held that its decision superseded state law, and that Washington's Game and Fisheries Department may be required to make laws upholding the ruling.

The decision was 6–3 in favor of Washington. John Paul Stevens wrote the majority opinion.

Philip Lacovara defended the Non-Indian Fishermen Association in the case.

Treaty of Medicine Creek
The Treaty of Medicine Creek was an 1854 treaty between the United States, and nine tribes and bands of Indians, occupying the lands lying around the head of Puget Sound, Washington, and the adjacent inlets. The tribes listed on the Treaty of Medicine Creek are Nisqually, Puyallup, Steilacoom, Squawskin (Squaxin Island), S'Homamish, Stehchass, T'Peeksin, Squi-aitl, and Sa-heh-wamish. The treaty was signed on December 26, 1854 by Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian Affairs of the territory at the time of the signing, along with the chiefs, head-men and delegates of the stated tribes. For the purpose of the treaty, these representatives who signed the treaty were stated to have been, "regarded as one nation, on behalf of said tribes and bands, and duly authorized by them."
Deng Fei
Deng Fei is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Nicknamed "Fiery Eyed Suan-ni", he ranks 49th among the 108 Stars of Destiny and 13th among the 72 Earthly Fiends.

Jizhou, Tianjin
Jizhou District (simplified Chinese: 蓟州区; traditional Chinese: 薊州區; pinyin: Jìzhōu Qū), formerly a county known as  Ji County, is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (e.g., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy).
Marvodol Glacier
Marvodol Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Мърводол, romanized: lednik Marvodol, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik mɐrvoˈdɔɫ]) is the 9.3 km long and 3.7 km wide glacier on Fallières Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is situated south of Kashin Glacier, north of Forbes Glacier and east-southeast of Bucher Glacier, flows southwards between Shapkarev Buttress and Rudozem Heights, turns west at Stanhope Towers, and flows into Dogs Leg Fjord.

The glacier is named after the settlement of Marvodol in Western Bulgaria.

Rudozem Heights
Rudozem Heights (Bulgarian: Рудоземски възвишения, ‘Rudozemski Vazvisheniya’ \ru-do-'zem-ski v&z-vi-'she-ni-ya\) are the heights rising to 1504 m (Glavinitsa Peak) at the base and in the interior of German Peninsula on Fallières Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica, extending 18.5 km in northeast-southwest direction and 13.7 km in east-west direction.  The heights are bounded by Bourgeois Fjord to the north and west, Dogs Leg Fjord to the south, and to the east by a glacier draining both northwards into Bourgeois Fjord and southwards into Dogs Leg Fjord.

The heights are named after the town of Rudozem in Southern Bulgaria.
Kaplansky's conjectures
The mathematician Irving Kaplansky is notable for proposing numerous conjectures in several branches of mathematics, including a list of ten conjectures on Hopf algebras. They are usually known as Kaplansky's conjectures.

Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed in order to prove them.
Deena Wigger
Deena Lynn Wigger (born August 27, 1966) is a retired American sport shooter, she is the daughter of the Olympic shooter Lones Wigger. She placed 10th in the 10 m air rifle shooting event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Wigger won a total of four gold medals at the Pan American Games in 1983–1995. She also won one gold, two silver and two bronze medals at the 1986 and 1990 World Championships. In 1989 she broke the world record for air rifle with 389 of 400.

Wigger attended college at Murray State University in Kentucky, helping them win an NCAA team championship. After the 1988 Olympics, she joined the Wyoming Air National Guard, and then the US Air Force, where she served as a medical technician and an assistant shooting coach at the US Air Force Academy. In 1996 she was named the United States Air Force Athlete of the Year.

Department of the Air Force Athlete of the Year
The Department of the Air Force Athlete of the Year is a yearly award for the best male and female athlete of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force. Many winners were part of the United States Air Force World Class Athlete Program. Until 2021 it was named United States Air Force Athlete of the Year.
Jeremy N. McNeil
Jeremy Nichol McNeil CM FRSC (20 November 1944 – 18 July 2024) was a British-Canadian biologist and zoologist. In 2004, he was named the Helen Battle Professor of Chemical Ecology in the Biology Department at the University of Western Ontario, having previously worked at Laval University.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Jonaraja
Jonaraja  (died AD 1459) was a Kashmiri historian and Sanskrit poet. His Dvitīyā Rājataraṅginī is a continuation of Kalhana's Rājataraṅginī and brings the chronicle of the kings of Kashmir down to the time of the author's patron Zain-ul-Abidin (r. 1418–1419 and 1420–1470). Jonaraja, however, could not complete the history of the patron as he died in the 35th regnal year. His pupil, Śrīvara continued the history and his work, the Tritīyā Rājataraṅginī, covers the period 1459–1486.

In his Dvitīyā Rājataraṅginī, Jonaraja has vividly described the decline of the Hindu ruling dynasty and the rise of the Muslim ruling dynasty in Kashmir.

Kalhana
Kalhana (c. 12th century) was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is Mark Aurel Stein. Robin Donkin has argued that with the exception of Kalhana, "there are no [native Indian] literary works with a developed sense of chronology, or indeed much sense of place, before the thirteenth century".
Virtual Embrace
Virtual Embrace is an aggrotech band from Berlin, Germany formed by Mike Johnson (a current member of Agonoize, Sero.Overdose, and Infekktion) and DJ CyberChrist. Their first release was Roots of Evil EP in 2004 and became successful. Influenced by the likes of Hocico, and Suicide Commando, but Mike Johnson denied it, Virtual Embrace is the flagship band for the Hellektro label MAO-Music and, as of 2005, is similar in style to bands on the label NoiTekk, such as Grendel, Psyclon Nine, Aslan Faction, and Tactical Sekt.

Suicide Commando
Suicide Commando is a Belgian electro-industrial music act formed by Johan Van Roy in 1986. For live shows, it consists of Van Roy himself on vocals, Torben Schmidt on keyboards, and Mario Vaerewijck on drums.
Newcastle Light Rail
The Newcastle Light Rail is a light rail system in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, running from Newcastle Interchange through the central business district to Pacific Park. Major construction commenced in September 2017 and the line was opened on 17 February 2019. It is operated by Newcastle Transport for Transport for NSW.

Hunter Street, Newcastle
Hunter Street is a major road in the Newcastle central business district, in New South Wales. The street, formerly three separate thoroughfares, extends from Pacific Street in the city's east, to Selma Street in Newcastle West and since 2008 has been the focus of community-led creative enterprises and projects. Established as the city's main street for commercial and retail activity, Hunter Street entered a period of severe decline after World War II. Since 2008, the eastern end of Hunter Street has emerged as a precinct for niche retail and the night-time economy. In June 2012 it was announced that the pedestrian mall between Perkins and Newcomen Streets will be redeveloped by the public and private sectors to stimulate the city's ongoing revitalisation.
Fort Morgan virus
Fort Morgan virus is an RNA virus in the genus Alphavirus. It is an Alphavirus isolated from nesting Cliff Swallows, House Sparrows and from cimicid bugs in eastern Colorado for which the name Fort Morgan virus was proposed.

RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus characterized by a ribonucleic acid (RNA) based genome. The genome can be single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

All RNA viruses use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication and are categorized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) into the realm Riboviria. This includes viruses belonging to Group III, Group IV, Group V, and Group VI of the Baltimore classification system. Group VI comprises the retroviruses, which have RNA genetic material but use DNA intermediates in their life cycle. Riboviria does not include viroids and satellite nucleic acids: Deltavirus, Avsunviroidae, and Pospiviroidae are taxa that were mistakenly included in 2019, but this was corrected in 2020.