hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Romanticism in Italy
Romanticism in Italy was a distinctive blend of European romantic ideals and Italian cultural traditions. It emphasized relationship with nature, emotion, imagination and individual freedom, as well as reevaluating the spiritual, religious, and historical aspects of national identity, generating a desire for political union.

Romantic culture in Italy thus played a key role in the Risorgimento, tying itself to the struggle for national unity. While sharing common ground with Romanticism elsewhere in Europe, such as opposition to the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, Italian Romanticism developed distinctive characteristics influenced by Italy's own classical heritage and its unique political context.

Romanticism in philosophy
The philosophical ideas and thoughts of Edmund Burke, Thomas Carlyle, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Søren Kierkegaard, Arthur Schopenhauer and Richard Wagner have been frequently described as Romantic.
Armira Glacier
Armira Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Армира, romanized: lednik Armira, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik ɐrˈmirɐ]) is a 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km; 1.8 mi) long glacier on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica draining the southeast slopes of Imeon Range southeast of Slaveykov Peak and east of Neofit Peak.  It is situated southwest of Dragoman Glacier and northeast of Gramada Glacier, and flows southeastward into Yarebitsa Cove on Osmar Strait.  Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.  The glacier is named after Armira River in southeastern Bulgaria.

63°01′25″S 62°33′00″W﻿ / ﻿63.02361°S 62.55000°W﻿ / -63.02361; -62.55000

Osmar Strait
Osmar Strait (Bulgarian: проток Осмар, ‘Protok Osmar’ \'pro-tok os-'mar\) is the 14.6 nautical miles (27.0 km)  wide strait in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica between Smith Island to the northwest and Low Island to the southeast.

The strait is named after the settlement of Osmar in northeastern Bulgaria.
Expansive homeomorphism
In mathematics, the notion of expansivity formalizes the notion of points moving away from one another under the action of an iterated function. The idea of expansivity is fairly rigid, as the definition of positive expansivity, below, as well as the Schwarz–Ahlfors–Pick theorem demonstrate.

Iterated function
In mathematics, an iterated function is a function that is obtained by composing another function with itself two or several times. The process of repeatedly applying the same function is called iteration. In this process, starting from some initial object, the result of applying a given function is fed again into the function as input, and this process is repeated.

For example, on the image on the right:

Iterated functions are studied in computer science, fractals, dynamical systems, mathematics and renormalization group physics.
Nagakubo-shuku
Nagakubo-shuku (長久保宿, Nagakubo-shuku) was the twenty-seventh of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the Edo period. It is located in the present-day town of Nagawa, in the Chiisagata District of Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

Hatago
Hatago (旅籠) were Edo period lodgings for travelers at shukuba (post stations) along the national highways, including the Edo Five Routes and the subroutes. In addition to a place to rest, hatago also offered meals and other foods to the travelers. They were also called hatagoya (旅籠屋).
Raimbault Creek
Raimbault Creek was a watercourse on the Island of Montreal in present-day Côte-des-Neiges and Saint-Laurent which drained into the Rivière des Prairies. Côte-des-Neiges Road follows the path of the former creek between the two summits of Mount Royal. In the 1950s or early 1960s, the city of Montreal covered over the creek, making it into an underground collector sewer.

It was possibly named after Pierre Raimbault (1671–1740), landowner and notary.

Côte-des-Neiges
Côte-des-Neiges (French pronunciation: [kot de nɛːʒ], locally [koʊ̯t de naɪ̯ʒ]) is a neighbourhood of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located at the geographic centre of the Island of Montreal on the western slope of Mount Royal and is part of the borough of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce.
Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings
Scholars have described the narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings, a high fantasy work by J. R. R. Tolkien published in 1954–55, in a variety of ways, including as a balanced pair of outer and inner quests; a linear sequence of scenes or tableaux; a fractal arrangement of separate episodes; a Gothic cathedral-like edifice of many different elements; multiple cycles or spirals; or an elaborate medieval-style interlacing of intersecting threads of story. Also present is an elaborate symmetry between pairs of characters.

The first volume, The Fellowship of the Ring, has a different structure from the rest of the novel. It has attracted attention both for its sequence of five "Homely Houses", safe places where the Hobbit protagonists may recuperate after a dangerous episode, and for its arrangement as a single narrative thread focused on its protagonist, Frodo, interrupted by two long but critically important flashback narrative chapters.

Michael D. C. Drout
Michael D. C. Drout (/draʊt/; born 3 May 1968) is an American Professor of English and Director of the Center for the Study of the Medieval at Wheaton College. He is an author and editor specializing in Anglo-Saxon and medieval literature, science fiction and fantasy, especially the works of J. R. R. Tolkien and Ursula Guin.
G. Kolff & Co.
G. Kolff & Co., was a firm specializing in bookselling, publishing and printing based in Batavia (now Jakarta).

The firm was one of the first booksellers to open in Batavia, the other (and probably the oldest) was Lange & Co. which is based on Rijswijkstraat (now the southern Jalan Ir. H. Juanda), Batavia. G. Kolff & Co. was one of the largest and most successful book selling company in the colonial Dutch East Indies before present-day Gramedia. In the field of publishing G. Kolff & Co.'s main competitors were Lange & Co., G.C.T. van Dorp, and Albrecht & Co.

G. Kolff & Co. has ceased to exist.

Gramedia
Gramedia Asri Media (commonly known as Gramedia) is a subsidiary of Kompas Gramedia Group that operates a chain of bookstores under the name Toko Buku Gramedia in several cities across Indonesia. The company was founded on February 2, 1970, starting with a small 25 m² bookstore in West Jakarta, and by 2023 it had grown to more than 120 stores spread across Indonesia. In addition to books, Gramedia Bookstore offers a variety of other products such as stationery, office supplies, sports equipment, musical instruments and computer products

Gramedia Bookstore was established by the founder P.K. Ojong since his goal was to distribute books across Indonesia.
2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election
The 2011 Wisconsin Supreme Court election took place on Tuesday, April 5, 2011. The incumbent justice, David Prosser Jr., was re-elected to another ten-year term, defeating assistant attorney general JoAnne Kloppenburg. Unlike past elections for the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the race gained significant nationwide publicity as it was widely seen as the first referendum on Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker's proposed anti-union legislation and the resulting protests.

Sun Prairie, Wisconsin
Sun Prairie is a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 35,967 at the 2020 census. It is the most populous suburb of Madison, the state capital, and is part of the Madison metropolitan area.
News First
NewsFirst or News 1st is a Sri Lankan news organization owned by the Capital Maharaja Organization Ltd. News 1st primarily broadcasts news, live on three TV channels (Sirasa TV, Shakthi TV, TV 1, five radio channels (Sirasa FM, Yes FM, Shakthi FM, Y FM and Legends FM), three websites in Sinhala, English & Tamil languages, and social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter).

TV 1 (Sri Lankan TV channel)
TV 1 is a Sri Lankan general entertainment television channel that provides content in both English and Sinhalese, aimed at the youth market. It was founded in 1992 as MTV Newsvision, making it one of Sri Lanka's first privately owned television channels. Its sister channel, MTV, was renamed Sirasa TV in June 1998, and MTV Newsvision was renamed MTV. MTV was later rebranded as Channel One MTV. On 26 January 2012, the channel was relaunched as MTV Sports. MTV Sports was rebranded as MTV in July 2015. The channel was renamed TV 1 on 21 January 2016.

The channel is available on UHF channel 58/59 in the Colombo area and on UHF channel 51 in the Kandy area. It is also available on PEO TV. TV 1 is owned by MTV Channel (Pvt) Ltd, part of the Capital Maharaja conglomerate.
Garth, Ceredigion
Garth is a small village in the  community of Trefeurig, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 74.6 miles (120.1 km) from Cardiff and 176.3 miles (283.7 km) from London. Garth is represented in the  Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

Trefeurig
Trefeurig is a community in Ceredigion, Wales, situated around 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of Aberystwyth. It is a site of particular prehistoric, Roman, and Iron Age interest, and has a long history as a mining area. In 2011 the local population was estimated at 1,771 people.
West River Sheet Harbour
West River Sheet Harbour (locally known as West River) is a river on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. Its headwaters are near the Musquodoboit Valley and the river flows southeast and empties in to the Northwest Arm of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The river has three main tributaries: West River Main, Killag River and Little River. The river was suffering from acidification, so a lime doser was installed and has been in use since September 2005. It stabilized the river's pH at 5.5, a healthy level for aquatic life.

Musquodoboit Valley
The Musquodoboit Valley (/ˌmʌskəˈdɒbɪt/ MUS-kə-DOB-it) is a valley and region in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is administratively located in the municipality's Musquodoboit Valley & Dutch Settlement planning area and the western edge of the valley includes communities that are considered part of the commutershed for the urban area of the Halifax Regional Municipality. The picturesque Musquodoboit River flows through majority of the valley, passing by most of the communities in the valley. The river is approximately 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and originates in the extreme northeastern area of the valley. The three largest communities in the valley are Upper Musquodoboit, Middle Musquodoboit and Musquodoboit Harbour. The word "Musquodoboit" is derived from the Mi’kmaq language and means "rolling out in foam".
Manx Electric Trailer 60
Trailer No.60 of the Manx Electric Railway on the Isle of Man, was built as a one-off order in 1896.

No.60 narrowly escaped the 1930 Laxey Car Sheds Fire; it was drawn out during the incident and repaired immediately afterwards. It reentered service a year later.

This trailer has chilled iron wheels making it unique among the fleet; when rounding tight radius curves of which there are many on the line, its wheels make a distinctive shrill ringing noise. It is currently painted in the common red/white liverly, but was painted in the short-lived 1957 nationalisation livery of green and white in the past. It's usually hauled by similarly treated open Car No.16.

Laxey Car Sheds
Laxey Car Shed (Manx: Bwaagyn Charr Laksaa) is a storage facility for the Manx Electric Railway in the village of Laxey on the Isle of Man. It also serves as an intermediate stopping place on the line, being the last before reaching the mid-way point of the village station.
Under a Red Sky
Under a Red Sky is a 2010 memoir by Haya Leah Molnar about the life of a young Jewish girl living in Communist Romania. The full name of the book is Under a Red Sky: Memoir of a Childhood in Communist Romania.

Jewish Book Council
The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: המועצה למען הספר היהודי באמריקה‎), founded in 1943, is an American organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature. The goal of the council, as stated on its website, is "to promote the reading, writing and publishing of quality English language books of Jewish content in North America". The council sponsors the National Jewish Book Awards, the JBC Network, JBC Book Clubs, the Visiting Scribe series, and Jewish Book Month. It previously sponsored the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature. It publishes an annual literary journal called Paper Brigade.
Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live: Sonic Boom & GuiDance
Lead Upturn 2021 Online Live: Sonic Boom & GuiDance (stylized as Lead Upturn 2021 ONLINE LIVE ～Sonic Boom & GuiDance~) is the eighteenth concert video released by Japanese hip-hop group Lead. The concert video was released on the 30th of March, 2022. It debuted at No. 12 on the Oricon DVD charts.

The concerts was performed without a live audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

Be the Naked
"Be the Naked" is the thirtieth single by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead, released on January 30, 2019. The single was announced in December 2018, two weeks before the release of their concert DVD Lead Upturn 2018: Milestone. It debuted in the top ten on the Oricon charts at No. 7.

The single is their first release following their album Milestone, and released eight months after their previous single "Bumblebee".

The single was released in four formats: a standard CD, two CD+DVD editions, and a CD+booklet edition. Each edition also received a limited edition version that held concert tickets to their upcoming live.
Guanlong
Guanlong (Chinese: 冠龍; lit. 'crown dragon') is an extinct genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) Shishugou Formation of China. It was first described in 2006 by Xu Xing and colleagues, who found it to represent a new taxon related to Tyrannosaurus. Two individuals are currently known, consisting of a partially complete adult and a nearly complete juvenile.

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP; Chinese: 中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所) of China is a research institution and collections repository for fossils, including many dinosaur and pterosaur specimens (many from the Yixian Formation).  As its name suggests, research is focused on both paleontological topics and those relating to human prehistory.

The institution, located in Beijing, grew out of the Cenozoic Research Laboratory in 1929 and is its own institution under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.  Its staff have increasingly worked internationally, participating in the China-Canada Dinosaur Project from 1986 to 1991 and authoring or coauthoring forty-five Nature and Science articles from 1999 to  2005. Notable paleontologists who have been affiliated with the IVPP include Yang Zhongjian (also known as C. C. Young), Dong Zhiming, Meemann Chang and Zhao Xijin.
George Drewry
George Leslie Drewry VC  (3 November 1894 – 2 August 1918) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Drewry was born on 3 November 1894 to Thomas and Mary Drewry. He joined the Naval Reserve in 1913, and was called up for service at the start of World War I.

As a 20-year-old midshipman in the Royal Naval Reserve during the First World War, he was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 25 April 1915 at V Beach in the Landing at Cape Helles, during the Gallipoli campaign.

He later achieved the rank of lieutenant and was killed in an accident at Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, on 2 August 1918.

Since 27 November 2025, his Victoria Cross has been displayed at Merchant Taylors' School, his old school, after 29 years at the IWM.

Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Merchant Taylors' School is an 11–18 boys' public day school, founded in 1561 in London. The school has occupied various campuses. Since 1933 it has been at Sandy Lodge, a 285 acres (115 ha) site close to Northwood in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire. The school has 1100 students between the ages of 11 and 18. The school is an all-through school from age 3 to 18 after merging with Northwood Prep School in 2015.

Founded in 1561 by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and Stephen Hales, it was one of the nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission set up in 1861, and successfully argued that it should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as did St Paul's School, London, the other day school investigated by the Clarendon Commission.
Dallewalia Misl
The Dallewalia Misl was one of the twelve misls of the Sikh Confederacy. The misl was founded by Sardar Gulab Singh, a Khatri Sikh, as a Jatha, but he was later succeeded by a Jatt Sikh named Tara Singh Ghaiba of the Kang clan. Tara Singh made the Jatha into a powerful misl in the 18th century. It held territory in the Jalandhar region and northern Malwa.

Sikh Confederacy
The Sikh Confederacy was a confederation of twelve sovereign Sikh states (each known as a Misl, derived from the Arabic word مِثْل meaning 'equal'; sometimes spelt as Misal) which rose during the 18th century in the Punjab region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.
Vladimer Mamuchashvili
Vladimer "Lado" Mamuchashvili (Georgian: ვლადიმერ მამუჩაშვილი; born 29 August 1997) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Erovnuli Liga club Torpedo Kutaisi and the Georgia national team.

He has won the Erovnuli Liga and Georgian Super Cup titles with Dinamo Batumi.

Erovnuli Liga awards
Тhe Erovnuli Liga awards is an annual awards ceremony commemorating association football players, managers and referees involved in the top Georgian football league.

Established after the introduction of the Erovnuli Liga in 2017, the event is usually held at the end of each season by the Georgian Football Federation in Tbilisi, Georgia. Based on surveys among the national team members, football managers, team captains, sport experts and retired players, most outstanding individuals are selected in certain nominations. The vote in general covers not only the first-tier football, but also Georgian footballers playing abroad, the Futsal and Women's leagues.

The winners listed below have been awarded for their contribution specifically to the national league. Although both announced at the same event, the Erovnuli Liga Player of the Year is not to be confused with Georgian Footballer of the Year.
Castle of Viana do Alentejo
The Castle of Viana do Alentejo (Portuguese: Castelo de Viana do Alentejo) is a gothic castle constructed during the reconquest and settlement of the central region of the Portuguese Alentejo, located in the parish of Viana do Alentejo, municipality of the same name. Although a relatively low-profile design, in comparison to its contemporaries (such as the Castle of Portel or Castle of Feira), the structure served the period of strife associated with expansion of Portuguese forces/authority into the southern Algarve.

Castle of Santa Maria da Feira
The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira is a Portuguese castle in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, district of Aveiro. Emblematic of Portuguese medieval military architecture, the Castle of Santa Maria da Feira is one of the monuments that best reflects the diversity of defenses used during the Middle Ages, having been instrumental in the process of Reconquista and autonomy of the County of Portugal. It has been listed as a National monument since 1910.
15th Congress of the Philippines
The 15th Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikalabinlimang Kongreso ng Pilipinas), composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, met from July 26, 2010, until June 6, 2013, during the first three years of Benigno Aquino III's presidency. The convening of the 15th Congress followed the 2010 general elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.

Office of the Ombudsman (Philippines)
In the Philippines, the Office of the Ombudsman (Filipino: Tanggapan ng Tanodbayan) is the constitutional body responsible for investigating and prosecuting Philippine government officials accused of crimes, especially graft and corruption.
Pandora Island
Pandora Island is a member of the Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. It lies in Peel Sound at the entrance of Prince of Wales Island's Young Bay, while Somerset Island's Four Rivers Bay is to the east. The larger Prescott Island is to the north.

Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)
Prince of Wales Island (French: Île du Prince-de-Galles) is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada. This uninhabited island is one of the larger members of the Arctic Archipelago, it lies between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and is south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

For administrative purposes, it is divided between Qikiqtaaluk and Kitikmeot regions. There are no permanent settlements on the island.
Long Reef (New South Wales)
Long Reef is a prominent headland on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, Australia. Connected to the mainland by a tombolo, the reef has an extensive wave-cut platform. Long Reef is a popular recreational destination and is one of the more interesting geological areas in Sydney.

Chiton
Chitons (/ˈkaɪtənz, -tɒnz/) are marine molluscs of varying size in the class Polyplacophora (/ˌpɒlipləˈkɒfərə/ POL-ee-plə-KOF-ər-ə), formerly known as Amphineura. About 940 extant and 430 fossil species are recognized.

They are also sometimes known as sea cradles, coat-of-mail shells, or suck-rocks, or more formally as loricates, polyplacophorans, and occasionally as polyplacophores.

Chitons have a shell composed of eight separate shell plates or valves. These plates overlap slightly at the front and back edges, and yet articulate well with one another. Because of this, the shell provides protection at the same time as permitting the chiton to flex upward when needed for locomotion over uneven surfaces, and even allows the animal to curl up into a ball when dislodged from rocks. The shell plates are encircled by a skirt known as a girdle.
Central Otago District
Central Otago District is local government district in New Zealand. It is administered by the Central Otago District Council, and it is in the Otago region, the top tier of local government in New Zealand. The major towns in the district are Alexandra (the seat of local government), Cromwell, Roxburgh, Clyde and Ranfurly. The district covers 9,968 km2 (3,849 sq mi), making it the fourth-largest district in New Zealand by area, and is home to 26,500 people as of June 2024.

The Central Otago District is part of what is informally known as Central Otago. It was formed in 1989 from the merger of the former Vincent and Maniototo Counties. The current mayor is Tamah Alley, who succeeded her predecessor Tim Cadogan in late October 2024. Cadogan had resigned in 2024 prior to the 2025 New Zealand local elections to move to Wellington.

Roxburgh, New Zealand
Roxburgh (previously called Teviot and Teviot Junction) is a small New Zealand town of about 600 people in Central Otago. It is in Teviot Valley on the banks of the Clutha River, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Alexandra in the South Island. State Highway 8, which links Central Otago with Dunedin city, passes through the town. Roxburgh is well known for its Summer fruit and "Jimmy's Pies."

An important centre during the Otago gold rush of the 1860s, in more recent times Roxburgh has relied on a mixture of livestock and stone fruit production for its economic survival. It is one of the country's most important apple growing regions and other stone fruit such as cherries and apricots are also harvested locally.

Five kilometres to the north of the town is the Roxburgh Dam, the earliest of the major hydroelectric dams built on the Clutha. There is also an opencast lignite mine located just north of town at Coal Creek.