hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gleam (programming language)
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Gleam is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional, high-level programming language that compiles to Erlang or JavaScript source code.

Gleam is a statically-typed language, which is different from the most popular languages that run on Erlang’s virtual machine BEAM, Erlang and Elixir. Gleam has its own type-safe implementation of OTP, Erlang's actor framework. Packages are provided using the Hex package manager, and an index for finding packages written for Gleam is available.

General-purpose programming language
In computer software, a general-purpose programming language (GPL) is a programming language for building software in a wide variety of application domains. Conversely, a domain-specific programming language (DSL) is used within a specific area. For example, Python is a GPL, while SQL is a DSL for querying relational databases.
Serbia Billie Jean King Cup team
The Serbian Billie Jean King Cup team represents Serbia in the Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Tennis Federation of Serbia.

As the legal successor to previous national teams, Serbia has inherited all results from the former Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro teams. Since June 2006, following the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro, the team has competed under the name Serbia.

In 2012, the team reached its first Fed Cup final, achieving victories over the Belgium and Russia teams in away ties, before ultimately losing to the Czech Republic in Prague. That same year, the Olympic Committee of Serbia honored the Fed Cup team as the best women's team of 2012.

Belgium Billie Jean King Cup team
The Belgian women's national tennis team, managed by the Belgian Tennis Federation, has been competing in the International Tennis Federation sanctioned Fed Cup since the very beginning: 1963. It has won the competition once, in 2001. Both Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin won their singles matches to seal the first victory for Belgium against Russia in Madrid.
Liaoningopterus
Liaoningopterus, sometimes misspelled as "Liaoningopteryx", was a genus of anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Barremian-Aptian-age Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China.

The genus was named in 2003 by Wang Xiaolin and Zhou Zhonghe. The type species is Liaoningopterus gui. The genus name is derived from Liaoning and a Latinized Greek pteron, "wing". The specific name honors Professor Gu Zhiwei, an invertebrate specialist who has pioneered the study of the Jehol Biota.

Zhonghe Zhou
Zhonghe Zhou (Chinese: 周忠和; born 19 January 1965 in Jiangdu, Jiangsu province) is a Chinese palaeontologist. He described the ancient bird Confuciusornis.

Zhonghe graduated from Nanjing University and earned a Ph.D. in Biology in 1999 from the University of Kansas. He is the director of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, and in 2010 was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 2025, he received the Future Science Prize.

Below is a list of taxa that Zhou has contributed to naming:
Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
The shadow secretary of state for work and pensions is an office within British politics held by a member of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition. The duty of the office holder is to scrutinise the actions of the government's secretary of state for work and pensions and develop alternative policies.

His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition
His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (called Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition when a queen reigns), often abbreviated to HM Most Loyal Opposition, commonly known as the Official Opposition, and colloquially The Opposition, is the main official political opposition in the United Kingdom to His Majesty's Government. This is usually the largest political party in the House of Commons that does not form part of the government or a governing coalition.

Since July 2024, the Official Opposition has been the Conservative Party, with outgoing prime minister Rishi Sunak serving as Leader of the Opposition until the Conservative Party leadership election in November 2024 when newly elected party leader Kemi Badenoch took over the position.
Strait Thunder–2025A
The Strait Thunder–2025A (Chinese: 海峽雷霆-2025A) was a military exercise organized by the Eastern Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China from 1–2 April 2025, involving the command's land, sea, air, and rocket forces. The exercise was conducted in the vicinity of the Matsu Islands and the main island of Taiwan. The drill on 2 April was held in the central and southern parts of the Taiwan Strait. This was China's seventh major military drill targeting Taiwan since August 2022.

Chinese aircraft carrier Shandong
Shandong (17; Chinese: 山东舰; pinyin: Shāndōng Jiàn) is a Chinese aircraft carrier that was launched on 26 April 2017 for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) of the People's Republic of China. She is the country's first domestically built aircraft carrier and second in PLAN service after the completion and commissioning of Liaoning, from which she is derived. Shandong's class was initially suspected to be designated Type 001A (as Liaoning received the designation Type 001) but was revealed to be Type 002 at her commissioning ceremony. The class received the NATO reporting name Kuznetsov Mod. ("modified"), since the design of the ship is a modified version of and similar to the Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier originally made for the Soviet Navy.
Miss America 2007
Miss America 2007, the 80th Miss America pageant, was held on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada on Monday, January 29, 2007, making it the first time that the pageant was held on a weekday, rather than the traditional Saturday since 1927's contest.

The pageant was broadcast live on CMT from the Theatre for the Performing Arts at the Aladdin Resort and Casino, only the second time that the pageant has been held outside Atlantic City.

At the conclusion of the final night of competition, outgoing titleholder Jennifer Berry crowned Lauren Nelson as her successor. Both titleholders are from Oklahoma, only the second occurrence of two consecutive winners from one state. The last time that two titleholders from the same state won in consecutive years was 1959 and 1960, when Mississippi did the honor.

Miss America
Miss America is an annual competition that is open to women from the United States between the ages of 18 and 28. Originating in 1921 as a "bathing beauty revue", the contest is judged on competition segments with scoring percentages: Private Interview (30%) – a 10-minute press conference-style interview with a panel of judges, On Stage Question (10%) – answering a judge's question onstage, Talent or HER Story (20%) – a performance talent or 90 second speech, Health and Fitness (20%) – demonstrated physical fitness onstage dressed in athletic wear, and Evening Gown (20%) – modeling evening-wear onstage.

The previous year's titleholder crowns the winner. Miss America 2026 is Cassie Donegan of New York, who was crowned on September 7, 2025, at the Dr Phillips Center for the Performing Arts in Orlando, Florida.
Sir Edward Hamilton, 1st Baronet
Admiral Sir Edward Joseph Hamilton, 1st Baronet, KCB (22 March 1772 – 21 March 1851) was a Royal Navy officer who served in French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, eventually rising to the rank of admiral.

First-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, first-rate was the designation for the largest ships of the line. Originating in the Jacobean era with the designation of Ships Royal capable of carrying at least 400 men, the size and establishment of first-rates evolved over the following 250 years to eventually denote ships of the line carrying at least 80 guns across three gundecks. By the end of the eighteenth century, a first-rate carried no fewer than 100 guns and more than 850 crew, and had a measurement (burthen) tonnage of some 2,000 tons.
1928 Birthday Honours
The 1928 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette on 4 June 1928.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Order of the Indian Empire
The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria on 1 January 1878. The Order includes members of three classes:

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)

Knight Commander (KCIE)

Companion (CIE)

Appointments terminated after 1947, the year that British India became the independent Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. With the death of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja Meghrajji III of Dhrangadhra, the order became dormant in 2010.
The motto of the Order is Imperatricis auspiciis, (Latin for "Under the auspices of the Empress"), a reference to Queen Victoria, the first Empress of India. The Order is the junior British order of chivalry associated with the British Indian Empire; the senior one is The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India.
St Martha's Hill
St Martha's Hill is a landmark in St Martha in Surrey, England between the town of Guildford and village of Chilworth. It is the 18th highest hill in the county and on the Greensand Ridge, in this case at the closest point to the North Downs, commencing to the immediate north at the Guildown-Merrow Down in the parishes of Guildford and Merrow. The top of the hill provides a semi-panorama of Newland's Corner also in the Surrey Hills AONB.  Its church is the main amenity of the small parish extending to the south into the streets of Chilworth, with some medieval stone incorporations from a 12th-century predecessor (rebuilt 1848-1850 by Henry Woodyer) and is a wedding venue mainly to outside the sparsely populated parish.

The knoll is crossed east-to-west by the Pilgrims' Way, which is otherwise on the North Downs.

North Downs
The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills and an area of downland in south-east England, that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. Much of the North Downs comprises two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs): the Surrey Hills and the Kent Downs. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to Dover. They form the northern boundary of the Weald, which is correspondingly bounded to the south by the South Downs.

The highest point in the North Downs is Botley Hill, Surrey (270 metres (890 ft) above sea level). The County Top of Kent is  Betsom's Hill (251 m (823 ft) above sea level), which is less than 1 km from Westerham Heights, Bromley, the highest point in Greater London at an elevation of 245 m (804 ft).
94th Regiment of Foot
The 94th Regiment of Foot was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. Raised as the Scotch Brigade in October 1794, it was renumbered as the 94th Regiment of Foot in December 1802 and disbanded in December 1818. The regiment was reformed in December 1823 and served until 1881 when it amalgamated with the 88th Regiment of Foot to form the Connaught Rangers.

Battle of Vitoria
At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War.
Klaus Clusius
Klaus Paul Alfred Clusius (19 March 1903 – 28 May 1963) was a German physical chemist. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club; he worked on isotope separation techniques and heavy water production. After the war, he was a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Zurich.

Kurt Diebner
Kurt Diebner (13 May 1905 – 13 July 1964) was a German nuclear physicist who is well known for directing and administering parts of the German nuclear weapons program, a secretive program aiming to build nuclear weapons for Nazi Germany during World War II. He was appointed the project's administrative director after Adolf Hitler authorized it.

Diebner was also the director of the Nuclear Research Council and a Reich Planning Officer for the German Army until its surrender to Allied Powers in 1945. After the war, he was incarcerated in the United Kingdom and repatriated back to West Germany in early 1946. Shortly after his return, he became director and joint owner of DURAG-Apparatebau GmbH, and was a member of the supervisory board of the Gesellschaft zur Kernenergieverwertung in Schiffbau und Schiffahrt m.b.H
UR Group
UR Group was an Italian esotericist association, founded around 1927 by intellectuals including Julius Evola, Arturo Reghini and Giovanni Colazza for the study of Traditionalism and Magic. They published monthly series of issues in UR (1927–28) and KRUR (1929) journals, reprinted in the three volumes of the book Introduzione alla Magia quale Scienza dell'Io [Introduction to Magic as Science of the Self] in 1955 and 1971.

René Guénon
René Jean-Marie-Joseph Guénon (15 November 1886 – 7 January 1951), also known as Abdalwahid Yahia (Arabic: عبد الـواحد يحيی; ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Yaḥiā), was a French-Egyptian intellectual who wrote on topics ranging from esotericism, "sacred science" and "traditional studies" to symbolism and initiation.

In his writings, Guénon proposes to hand down eastern metaphysics and traditions, these doctrines being defined by him as of "universal character", and adapt them to western readers "while keeping strictly faithful to their spirit".

Initiated into Islamic esotericism from as early as 1910 when he was 24, Guénon mainly wrote and published in French, and his works have been translated into more than twenty languages; he also wrote in Arabic an article for the journal Al Marifah.
Denaturation mapping
Denaturation Mapping is a form of optical mapping, first described in 1966. It is used to characterize DNA molecules without the need for amplification or sequencing. It is based on the differences between the melting temperatures of AT-rich and GC-rich regions. Even though modern sequencing methods reduced the need for denaturation mapping, it is still being used for specific purposes, such as detection of large scale structural variants.

Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.  Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.
Salihids
The Salīḥids (Arabic: بنو سليح, romanized: Banū Salīḥ), also known simply as Salīḥ or by their royal house, the Zokomids (Arabic: Ḍajaʿima) were the dominant Arab foederati of the Byzantine Empire in the 5th century. They succeeded the Tanukhids, who were dominant in the 4th century, and were in turn defeated and replaced by the Ghassanids in the early 6th century.

The Salihids were originally concentrated in the Wadi Sirhan and Balqa regions of modern Jordan, but spread as far as northern Syria after entering the service of the Byzantine Empire. The Salihids were charged with collecting tax from Bedouins dwelling within the Limes Arabicus (Byzantine frontier with the Syrian and Arabian deserts) and protecting the frontier from Bedouin raiders. They were ardent Christians and at least one of their phylarchs and kings, Dawud, built a Christian monastery, Deir Dawud.

Warwick Ball
Warwick Ball is an Australia-born Near-Eastern archaeologist.

Ball has been involved in excavations, architectural studies and monumental restorations in Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Ethiopia and Afghanistan. As a lecturer, he has been involved with travel tours in Jordan, Iran, Syria, Crimea, Israel, Uzbekistan and Yemen.

Ball was formerly director of excavations at The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. He is the editor of the scholarly journal Afghanistan. His publications include Syria: A Historical and Architectural Guide (Melisende, 1997, revised 2006) and the volume The Monuments of Afghanistan, History, Archaeology and Architecture (I.B. Tauris, London 2008) which consists of photography of numerous rare archaeological sites no longer well accessible today for reasons of security.

He resides in Scotland.
Categorical abstract machine
The categorical abstract machine (CAM) is a model of computation for programs that preserves the abilities of applicative, functional, or compositional style. It is based on the techniques of applicative computing.

Model of computation
In computer science, and more specifically in computability theory and computational complexity theory, a model of computation is a model that describes how an output of a mathematical function is computed given an input. A model of computation describes how units of computations, memories, and communications are organized. The computational complexity of an algorithm can be measured given a model of computation. Using a model allows studying the performance of algorithms independently of the variations that are specific to particular implementations and specific technology.
Wakefield (UK Parliament constituency)
Wakefield was a constituency in West Yorkshire, England. It was created as a borough constituency in 1832 and reformed as a county constituency in 1885.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Its area was split between the new seats of Wakefield and Rothwell and Ossett and Denby Dale,  first contested at the 4 July 2024 general election.

Kirklees
Kirklees is a metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. The borough comprises the ten towns of Batley, Birstall, Cleckheaton, Dewsbury, Heckmondwike, Holmfirth, Huddersfield, Meltham, Mirfield and Slaithwaite. It is governed by Kirklees Council. Kirklees had a population of 422,500 in 2011; it is the third-largest metropolitan district in Yorkshire by area, behind Doncaster and Leeds.
Vahlkampfiidae
Vahlkampfiidae is a family of Heterolobosea.

It includes the following genera:

Tetramitus

Vahlkampfia

It formerly included the following genera:

Willaertia (moved to Naegleriidae)

Monopylocystis (moved to Psalteriomonadidae)

Naegleria (moved to Naegleriidae)

Paravahlkampfia (not assigned to family as of 2025)

Psalteriomonas (moved to Psalteriomonadidae)

Sawyeria (synonymized with Psalteriomonas)

Psalteriomonas
Psalteriomonas is a genus of excavates in the group of Heterolobosea. The genus was first discovered and named in 1990. It contains amoeboflagellate cells that live in freshwater anaerobic sediments all over the world. The microtubule-organizing ribbon and the associated microfibrillar bundles of the mastigote system is the predominant feature in Psalteriomonas. This harp-shaped complex gives rise to the name of this genus. Psalteriomonasforms an endosymbiotic relationship with methanogenic bacteria, especially with Methanobacterium formicicum There are currently three species in this genus: P. lanterna, P. vulgaris, and P. magna.
Kälvesta
Kälvesta is a suburban district in the Hässelby-Vällingby borough in western Stockholm. Most of Kälvesta was built during the late 1960s and the 1970s. Kälvesta has two middle schools (Sörgårdsskolan and Björnbodaskolan). The two buses 119 and 116 pass through Kälvesta on their way to either Spånga Station or Vällingby Centrum.

In 1977 Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashed in the area killing all 22 aboard, including table tennis player Hans Alsér.

Vällingby
Vällingby (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvɛ̂lːɪŋˌbyː] ⓘ) is a suburban district in Västerort, the western part of Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. It is notable for being one of the first modern planned suburbs in Sweden. Vällingby was inaugurated in 1954 as part of Stockholm's post-war decentralisation plans. The area is centred around Vällingby Centrum, one of Sweden’s first shopping centers.
Schleswig-Holstein Uplands
The Schleswig-Holstein Uplands or Schleswig-Holstein Morainic Uplands  (German: Schleswig-Holsteinisches Hügelland) is one of the three landscapes of the German state of  Schleswig-Holstein; the others being the marsch (on the North Sea coast) and the geest (in the interior). It is the landform along the eastern side of the peninsular, which features the gently rolling hills or Hügelland of the Baltic Uplands, and the many small lakes and the long, deep embayments (Förde) formed by the moraines of the Weichselian Ice Age. Its best-known towns are Kiel, Lübeck and Flensburg. The highest elevation in the area is the Bungsberg in the region known as Holstein Switzerland (Holsteinische Schweiz). On the Bungsberg is the only ski lift in the state (not permanently installed).

The Schleswig-Holstein Upland comprises the following sub-regions:

Angeln

Schwansen

Hütten Hills

Danish Wahld

Wagria including Holstein Switzerland

Lauenburg Lakes

Wagria
Wagria (German: Wagrien, Waierland or Wagerland) is the northeastern part of Holstein in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, corresponding roughly to the districts of Plön and Ostholstein.  The word "Wagria" is derived from the Slavic Lechites tribe of Wagri.
Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
The Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion of North Africa. It occupies interior plateaus and mountain ranges of the Maghreb region, lying generally between the coastal Mediterranean woodlands and forests to the north and the Sahara to the south.

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations, but can be cool near colder seas; while winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations, but can be cold in inland and higher locations. These ecoregions are highly distinctive, collectively harboring 10% of the Earth's plant species.
Bob Runciman
Robert William "Bob" Runciman CM OOnt (born August 10, 1942) is a Canadian politician and former provincial Leader of the Opposition in the Ontario Legislature. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1981, he held the seat continuously for Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario for the next 29 years. On January 29, 2010, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada as a Conservative, where he served until August 10, 2017.

Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery and Procurement
The Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery and Procurement (French: Ministère des Services au public et aux entreprises et de l’Approvisionnement) is a ministry of the Government of Ontario. It is responsible for ServiceOntario, which, among other responsibilities, issues driver's licenses, health cards, birth certificates and other provincial documents to Ontario residents. Additionally, it oversees the Archives of Ontario, Supply Ontario and numerous boards and administrative authorities charged with consumer protection in specific sectors and industries, such as condominiums and travel.

Stephen Crawford is the minister of public and business service delivery and procurement and is responsible for the ministry to the provincial legislature. The minister is supported by the deputy minister, currently Samantha Poisson, a senior career public servant who supports the minister in managing the operations of the ministry.