hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Consideration under American law
Consideration is the central concept in the common law of contracts and is required, in most cases, for a contract to be enforceable. Consideration is the price one pays for another's promise. It can take a number of forms: money, property, a promise, the doing of an act, or even refraining from doing an act. In broad terms, if one agrees to do something he was not otherwise legally obligated to do, it may be said that he has given consideration. For example, Jack agrees to sell his car to Jill for $100. Jill's payment of $100 (or her promise to do so) is the consideration for Jack's promise to give Jill the car, and Jack's promise to give Jill the car is consideration for Jill's payment of $100.

Pre-existing duty rule
The pre-existing duty rule is an aspect of consideration within the law of contract. Originating in England the concept of consideration has been adopted by other jurisdictions, including the US.

In essence, this rule declares that performance of a pre-existing duty does not amount to good consideration to support a valid contract; but there are exceptions to the rule.
All Russia (movement)
The All Russia (Russian: Вся Россия, romanized: Vsya Rossiya, can also be translated as All of Russia or Whole Russia) was a Russian federalist socio-political movement founded by governors of federal subjects of Russia. The movement became a co-founder of the Fatherland – All Russia bloc and then of United Russia party.

Ruslan Aushev
Ruslan Sultanovich Aushev (born 29 October 1954) is a Russian Ingush former politician. He was the President of Ingushetia from March 1993 to December 2001. He was reportedly the youngest officer in the Soviet Army to reach the rank of lieutenant general. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 7 May 1982 for his actions in Afghanistan. Aushev emerged as Ingushetia's most popular politician, having kept peace and stability during the First Chechen War.
Upper Tüchersfeld Castle
The ruins of Upper Tüchersfeld Castle (German: Burgstall Oberntüchersfeld) are all that remains of a high medieval castle that once rose high above the valley of the Püttlach in the church village of Tüchersfeld in Germany's Franconian Switzerland. It was built on a spur of the Mittelberg and was one of two castles in the village, the other being the Lower Tüchersfeld Castle.

The site or burgstall of the hill castle lies at a height of 455 m above sea level (NN) in the centre of the village of Tüchersfeld in the municipality of Pottenstein in the Upper Franconian county of Bayreuth in Bavaria.

Franconian Switzerland
Franconian Switzerland (German: Fränkische Schweiz, pronounced [ˈfʁɛŋkɪʃə ˈʃvaɪts]) is an upland in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany, and a popular tourist retreat. Located between the River Pegnitz in the east and the south, the River Regnitz in the west and the River Main in the north, its relief, which reaches 600 metres in height, forms the northern part of the Franconian Jura (Frankenjura).
Like several other mountainous landscapes in the German-speaking lands, e.g. Holstein Switzerland, Märkische Schweiz, or Pommersche Schweiz, Franconian Switzerland was given its name by Romantic artists and poets in the 19th century who compared the landscape to Switzerland. Franconian Switzerland is famous for its high density of traditional breweries.
2017 Challenger Banque Nationale de Granby
The 2017 Challenger Banque Nationale de Granby was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 24th edition, for men, and 7th edition, for women, of the tournament and part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2017 ITF Women's Circuit, offering totals of $100,000, for men, and $60,000, for women, in prize money. It took take place in Granby, Quebec, Canada between July 24 and 30, 2017.

2017 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2017 International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit is a second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It is organized by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit includes tournaments with prize money ranging from $15,000 to $100,000.
Awaza Convention Center
The Awaza Congress Center (Turkmen: Kongresler merkezi) is located in the Awaza Borough of the city of Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan.  It is one of the largest conference centres in the world. It is used for conventions, exhibitions and concerts. It opened in September 2015. The concept behind this iconic building was developed to offer a distinctive contribution at both the national and international levels. The green colour of the building is based after the flag of Turkmenistan.

Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
Türkmenbaşy, previously known as Shagadam (Turkmen: Şagadam), Krasnovodsk (Russian: Красноводск) and Kyzyl-Su, is a major port city in Balkan Province in western Turkmenistan, on the Türkmenbaşy Gulf of the Caspian Sea. It sits at an elevation of 27 metres (89 feet). The population (est 2004) was 86,800, consisting of mostly ethnic Turkmens, with the addition of Russian, Armenian and Azeri minorities. As the terminus of the Trans-Caspian Railway and site of a major seaport on the Caspian, it is an important transportation center. The city is also the site of Turkmenistan's largest oil refining complex.

This city should not be confused with the similarly named town of Türkmenbaşy (Turkmen: Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi), formerly called Janga (Russian: Джанга, Cyrillic Turkmen: Җанга), also in Balkan Province, or the city of Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky in Daşoguz Province.
Angelica kingii
Angelica kingii is a species of angelica known as King's angelica. It is native to the western United States, especially the Great Basin region. This is a taprooted perennial herb varying in shape and size. It produces an erect, hollow stem to heights between 30 centimeters and two meters. The large leaves are composed of many lance-shaped leaflets each up to 12 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a compound umbel with up to 14 long rays each holding clusters of small hairy flowers. The fruit is a pair of bodies about half a centimeter long each containing a seed.

Angelica
Angelica is a genus of about 90 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far north as Iceland, Sápmi, and Greenland. They grow to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers. It shows variations in fruit anatomy, leaf morphology, and subterranean structures. The genes are extremely polymorphic.

Some species can be found in purple moor and rush pastures.
NASA Astronaut Group 16
NASA Astronaut Group 16 ("The Sardines") was a group of 44 astronauts announced by NASA on May 1, 1996.  The class was nicknamed "The Sardines" for being such a large class, humorously implying that their training sessions would be as tightly packed as sardines in a can.  These 44 candidates compose the largest astronaut class to date.  NASA selected so many candidates in preparation for the anticipated need for ISS crew members, along with regular shuttle needs. Nine of the 44 astronauts selected were from other countries, including 1 each from 5 Europe nations and 2 each from Canada and Japan.

Three members of this group, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, and Laurel B. Clark, died in the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, during STS-107. These three received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

The group includes identical twins Mark and Scott J. Kelly. The group also includes Lisa Nowak, who was expelled from the astronaut corps in 2007.

Integrated Truss Structure
The Integrated Truss Structure (ITS) of the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a linear arranged sequence of connected trusses on which various unpressurized components are mounted such as logistics carriers, radiators, solar arrays, and other equipment. It supplies the ISS with a bus architecture. It is approximately 110 metres (360 feet) long, weighs slightly under 118 tonnes (260,000 lb) with all its attached equipment, and is made primarily from aluminium and stainless steel.
2017 New Orleans Bowl
The 2017 New Orleans Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 16, 2017, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States.  The 17th edition of the New Orleans Bowl featured the Sun Belt Conference co-champion Troy Trojans against the Conference USA West Division champion North Texas Mean Green.  It began at 1 p.m. EST and aired on ESPN.  It was one of the 2017–18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season.  Sponsored by freight company R+L Carriers, the game was officially known as the R+L Carriers New Orleans Bowl.  Troy defeated North Texas, 50–30.

New Orleans Bowl
The New Orleans Bowl is an NCAA-sanctioned post-season college football bowl game that has been played annually since 2001. It is normally held at Caesars Superdome in New Orleans; when the Superdome and the rest of the city suffered damage due to Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the game was temporarily moved to Cajun Field in Lafayette, Louisiana, and given the name New Orleans Bowl at Lafayette.
153rd Military Police Company (United States)
The 153rd Military Police Company (Combat Support) is a unit in the Delaware Army National Guard. The 153rd MP Company, founded in 1996, is home stationed at Fort DuPont in Delaware City, Delaware. Since 1996, the 153rd has conducted missions in Panama, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Iraq, Kuwait, Afghanistan, and other locations across the United States.

Delaware City, Delaware
Delaware City is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The population was 1,885 as of 2020. It is a small port town on the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and is the location of the Forts Ferry Crossing to Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island.
Boulder Japan Cup 2023
The 2023 Boulder Japan Cup (Japanese: ボルダージャパンカップ2023, Hepburn: Borudā Japan Kappu 2023; or BJC 2023) was the 18th edition of the annual competition bouldering event organised by the Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association (JMSCA), held in Komazawa Olympic Park, Tokyo.

BJC is the sole selection event for Japan's national bouldering team. Athletes who place highly at the BJC are eligible to compete in the Boulder World Cups, subject to JMSCA's prevailing selection criteria. BJC 2023 was the first domestic competition of the 2023 season. 58 men and 53 women competed, with Meichi Narasaki and Futaba Ito winning the men's and women's titles respectively.

Climbing Japan Cup
Climbing Japan Cup or Japan Climbing Cup is a series of climbing competitions held annually and organized by the JMSCA (Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association). The athletes compete in three disciplines: lead, bouldering and speed. The first Lead Japan Cup was held in 1987. The first Bouldering Japan Cup was held in 2005. The first Combined Japan Cup was held in 2018. The first Speed Japan Cup was held in 2019.
Order of Saint Nicholas Thaumaturgus (Wrangel)
The Order of Saint Nicholas Thaumaturgus was instituted during the Russian Civil War on April 30, 1920, by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian White Army, General Wrangel, to replace the highest military award of the Russian Empire, the Order of St. George. St. Nicholas was considered the patron saint of the White Army.

Order of Saint George (Russia)
The Order of Saint George (Russian: Орден Святого Георгия, romanized: Orden Svyatogo Georgiya) is the highest military decoration of the Russian Federation. It was originally established on 26 November 1769 Julian (7 December 1769 Gregorian) as the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire for commissioned officers and generals by Empress Catherine the Great. After the October Revolution in 1917, it was awarded by the White movement under Alexander Kolchak until their collapse in 1921. The order was revived in the Russian Federation on 20 March 1992 by Decree No.1463 of the President of Russia. The current award criteria were amended on 7 September 2010 by Presidential Decree 1099.
Jim Bredar
James A. Bredar (October 22, 1931 – August 28, 1997) was an NCAA All-American basketball player at the University of Illinois during a career that spanned from 1949 to 1953, and then was drafted by the Ft. Wayne Pistons of the National Basketball Association in the 1953 draft

1953 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The consensus 1953 NCAA Men's Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of six major All-American teams.  To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Associated Press, Look Magazine, The United Press International, the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), Collier's Magazine and the International News Service.
The Hunt for Gollum
The Hunt for Gollum is a 2009 British fantasy fan film directed, co-written, co-produced, and co-scored by Chris Bouchard. Based on the appendices of J. R. R. Tolkien's 1954–55 book The Lord of the Rings, the film is set in Middle-earth, when the wizard Gandalf the Grey fears that Gollum may reveal information about the One Ring to Sauron. Gandalf sends the ranger Aragorn on a quest to find Gollum.

Filming took place in North Wales, Epping Forest, and Hampstead Heath. The film was shot in high definition video, with a budget of £3,000 (equivalent to £5,083 in 2023 or US$5,000, equivalent to $7,503 in 2025). The production is completely unofficial and unauthorized, though Bouchard said he had "reached an understanding" with Tolkien Enterprises in 2009.

The Hunt for Gollum debuted at the Sci-Fi-London film festival and on the Internet, free to view, on 3 May 2009. By 20 October 2009, it had been viewed by 5 million people. Viewings had risen to over 14 million by 2025.

Elves in Middle-earth
In J. R. R. Tolkien's writings, Elves are the first fictional race to appear in Middle-earth. Unlike Men and Dwarves, Elves  do not die of disease or old age. Should they die in battle or of grief, their souls go to the Halls of Mandos in Aman. After a long life in Middle-earth, Elves yearn for the Earthly Paradise of Valinor, and can sail there from the Grey Havens. They are prominent in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, and their history is described in detail in The Silmarillion.

Tolkien derived Elves from mentions in the ancient poetry and languages of Northern Europe, especially Old English. These suggested to him that Elves were large, dangerous, beautiful, lived in wild natural places, and practised archery. He invented languages for the Elves, including Sindarin and Quenya.

Tolkien-style Elves have become a staple of fantasy literature. They have appeared, too, in film and role-playing game adaptations of Tolkien's works.
Seijuu Sentai Gingaman
Seijuu Sentai Gingaman (星獣戦隊ギンガマン, Seijū Sentai Gingaman; Star Beast Squadron Gingaman) is a Japanese tokusatsu television series. It is Toei's 22nd entry of the Super Sentai metaseries. The series aired from February 22, 1998, to February 14, 1999, replacing Denji Sentai Megaranger, and was replaced by Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive. Its footage was used in Power Rangers Lost Galaxy. The lead screenwriter for the series is Yasuko Kobayashi. Toei given the name for international distribution is Gingaman.

At the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con, Shout! Factory announced that they would be releasing Seijuu Sentai Gingaman in Japanese with English subtitles on DVD. It was released on January 30, 2018. This is the seventh Super Sentai series released on Region 1 DVD in North America. In July 2018, Shout! made the series available on-demand on their website.

Outlaw motorcycle club
An outlaw motorcycle club, known colloquially as a biker club or bikie club (in Australia), is a motorcycle subculture generally centered on the use of cruiser motorcycles, particularly Harley-Davidsons and choppers, and a set of ideals that purport to celebrate freedom, nonconformity to mainstream culture and loyalty to the biker group. The subculture emerged in the United States in the late 1940s and has since spread globally.

In the United States, such motorcycle clubs (MCs) are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity but because they are not sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) and do not adhere to the AMA's rules. Instead, the clubs have bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.

The U.S. Department of Justice defines "outlaw motorcycle gangs" (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".
Corral Canyon
The Corral Canyon is a valley in Los Angeles County, California, United States in the Santa Monica Mountains, it slopes down to the diverse terrain of the Malibu coast.

Corral Canyon State Park protects the southern portion of the valley and is managed and operated by the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority in partnership with the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy. A loop trail climbs the slope of the valley within the park and loops back to the start. The trail starts at a small parking area on Pacific Coast Highway that runs along a narrow coastal terrace.

Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy
The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy is an agency of the state of California in the United States founded in 1980 and dedicated to the acquisition of land for preservation as open space, for wildlife and California native plants habitat nature preserves, and for public recreation activities.

The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy was established by the California State Legislature in 1980. Since that time, it has helped to preserve over 72,000 acres of parkland in both wilderness and urban settings, and improved more than 114 public recreational facilities throughout Southern California. Additionally, it has given grants to nonprofit organizations for educational and interpretation programs that have served hundreds of thousands of children and other park visitors.
Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4
The Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 is an 8.4-inch Android-based tablet computer produced and marketed by Samsung Electronics. It belongs to the high-end "Pro" line of the Samsung Galaxy Tab series, which also includes a 10.1-inch and a 12.2-inch model, the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 10.1 and the Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2. It was announced on 6 January 2014, and was released in the US on 19 February, starting at $399. This is Samsung's first 8.4-inch tablet which is designed to be a direct competitor against the LG G Pad 8.3.

LG G Pad 8.3
The LG G Pad 8.3 (also known as LG G Tab 8.3) is an 8.3-inch (21 cm) Android-based tablet computer produced and marketed by LG Electronics. It belongs to the LG G series, and was announced on 4 September 2013 and launched in November 2013. Unlike its predecessor which had an 8.9-inch (23 cm) screen, the G Pad 8.3 has a smaller 8.3-inch (21 cm) screen.
Sergej Sekulović
Sergej Sekulović (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Сергеј Секуловић; born 1978 in Titograd) is a Montenegrin lawyer and independent politician, who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs in the Government of Montenegro and the cabinet of Zdravko Krivokapić from 4 December 2020 to 28 April 2022, he replaced Mevludin Nuhodžić of the Democratic Party of Socialists.

Mevludin Nuhodžić
Mevludin Nuhodžić (Serbian Cyrillic: Мевлудин Нухоџић; born 1959) is a Montenegrin politician who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs in the Government of Montenegro from November 2016 until December 2020. Previously, he served as the Minister without Portfolio from 1992 to 1996. Nuhodžić is a member of the presidency of the Democratic Party of Socialists.
John Federovitch
John Lawrence "Ace" Federovitch (June 26, 1917 – January 20, 2003) was an American professional football player and coach. He played professionally as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for two seasons with the Chicago Bears, in 1941 and 1946. Federovitch served as the head football coach at his alma mater, Davis & Elkins College in Elkins, West Virginia, from 1950 to 1952.

Federovitch was the chief assistant coach at Davis & Elkins for three seasons, from 1947 to 1949, under Red Brown before succeeding him as head coach in 1950 when Brown left the school to coach basketball at West Virginia University.

Red Brown (basketball)
Robert Nathan "Red" Brown (April 14, 1907 – June 8, 1992) was an American college basketball and college football coach and athletics administrator. He was the head basketball coach at Davis & Elkins College from 1947 to 1950 and West Virginia University from 1950 to 1954.
2026 California Secretary of State election
The 2026 California Secretary of State election will take place on November 3, 2026, to elect the next secretary of state of California. The nonpartisan top-two primary election will take place on June 2, 2026. Secretary of State Shirley Weber was elected in 2022 with 60.1% of the vote. She is running for re-election to a second term. Republican Orange County supervisor Don Wagner is also running for this position.

2022 California Secretary of State election
The 2022 California Secretary of State election took place on November 8, 2022, to elect the Secretary of State of California. The primary election was held on June 7, 2022.

Incumbent Democrat Shirley Weber was appointed to the position in December 2020 by governor Gavin Newsom. Newsom had appointed incumbent secretary of state Alex Padilla to succeed Kamala Harris as California's junior U.S. senator after Harris was elected Vice President of the United States in 2020.
Worsbrough Bridge Athletic F.C.
Worsbrough Bridge Athletic Football Club is a football club based in Worsbrough Bridge, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the Northern Counties East League Division One and play at Park Road.

Blyth Spartans A.F.C.
Blyth Spartans Association Football Club is an association football club based in Blyth, Northumberland. They are currently members of Northern Premier League Division One East and play at Croft Park.

They were founded in September 1899 by Fred Stoker, who was the club's first secretary before forming a practice as a distinguished physician in London's Harley Street. He thought it appropriate to name the team after the Greek Spartan army in the hope that the players would give their all as they went into 'battle' on the field of play. The club is most notable for its 1977–78 FA Cup campaign, in which they went all the way to the fifth round, eventually losing to Wrexham in a replay at St James' Park.
Christopher Frazier
Chris Frazier (born March 7, 1991) is an American professional rugby union player currently with the New England Free Jacks.  He plays both fifteens and sevens and has represented the United States with the USA Falcons 7s side. He is a former Collegiate All-American and previously played club level rugby for Mystic River.

Rugby New York
Rugby New York, originally known as Rugby United New York and officially nicknamed the Ironworkers, was a professional rugby union team based in New York City that was a member of Major League Rugby (MLR). The team played an exhibition season in spring 2018 and joined MLR for its second full season in 2019. The team was founded by James Kennedy.

During the 2022 season, its first under the Rugby New York name, the team made its only MLR Final appearance, winning a title in front of 1,979 attendees at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.

In December 2023, MLR announced that Rugby New York had withdrawn from the league and had folded, following a failed attempt to sell the team.