hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
University at Buffalo Law School
The University at Buffalo School of Law (also known as State University of New York at Buffalo Law School, or SUNY Buffalo Law School) is the law school of the University at Buffalo. Founded in 1887, and affiliated with Niagara University until 1891, it is the State University of New York (SUNY) system's only law school.

According to the University at Buffalo School of Law's 2023 ABA-required disclosures, 91.72% of the Class of 2023 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.

New York Court of Appeals
The New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the Unified Court System of the State of New York. It consists of seven judges: the chief judge and six associate judges, who are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state senate to 14-year terms. The chief judge of the Court of Appeals also heads administration of the state's court system, and thus is also known as the chief judge of the State of New York. The Court of Appeals was founded in 1847 and is located in the New York Court of Appeals Building in Albany, New York.
Gmina Przyrów
Gmina Przyrów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Przyrów, which lies approximately 29 kilometres (18 mi) east of Częstochowa and 72 km (45 mi) north-east of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of 80.44 square kilometres (31.1 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 3,757.

Częstochowa County
Częstochowa County (Polish: powiat częstochowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Częstochowa, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The towns in Częstochowa County are Blachownia, Koniecpol, Przyrów and Olsztyn.

The county covers an area of 1,519.49 square kilometres (586.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 134,637, out of which the population of Blachownia is 9,545, that of Koniecpol is 5,910, and the rural population is 119,182.
Fishing industry in the United States
As with other countries, the 200 nautical miles (370 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off the coast of the United States gives its fishing industry special fishing rights. It covers 11.4 million square kilometres (4.38 million sq mi), which is the second largest zone in the world, exceeding the land area of the United States.

According to the FAO, in 2005, the United States harvested 4,888,621 tonnes of fish from wild fisheries, and another 471,958 tonnes from aquaculture. This made the United States the fifth leading producer of fish, after China, Peru, India, and Indonesia, with 3.8 percent of the world total.

Trawling
Trawling is an industrial method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. The net used for trawling is called a trawl. This principle requires netting bags which are towed through water to catch different species of fishes or sometimes targeted species. Trawls are often called towed gear or dragged gear.

The boats that are used for trawling are called trawlers or draggers. Trawlers vary in size from small open boats with as little as 30 hp (22 kW) engines to large factory trawlers with over 10,000 hp (7.5 MW). Trawling can be carried out by one trawler or by two trawlers fishing cooperatively (pair trawling).

Trawling can be contrasted with trolling. While trawling involves a net and is typically done for commercial usage, trolling instead involves a reel, rod and a bait or a lure and is typically done for recreational purposes. Trawling is also commonly used as a scientific sampling, or survey, method.
Edmund Ellsworth
Edmund Lovell Ellsworth (1 July 1819 – 29 December 1893) was a noteworthy early "pioneer" member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He was noted for his membership in the initial pioneer company, and later for acting as Captain of the First Handcart company of Mormon Pioneers during their emigration from Liverpool, England to the Salt Lake Valley in 1856.

Note: most of the information in this article comes from Edmund Ellsworth's autobiography first published in 1956.

Nauvoo, Illinois
Nauvoo (/ˈnɔːvuː/ NAW-voo; from the Hebrew: נָאווּ, Modern: Navu, Tiberian: Nâwû, 'they are beautiful') is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 950 at the 2020 census. Nauvoo attracts visitors for its historic importance and its religious significance to members of several groups: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints); other groups stemming from the Latter Day Saint movement; and the Icarians. The city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District.
Cornelius the Centurion
Cornelius (Greek: Κορνήλιος, romanized: Kornḗlios; Latin: Cornēlius [kɔrˈneː.li.ʊs]; fl. 1st century AD) was a Roman centurion who is considered by some Christians to be the first Gentile to convert to the faith, as related in Acts of the Apostles (see Ethiopian eunuch for the competing tradition). The baptism of Cornelius is an important event in the history of the early Christian church. He may have belonged to the gens Cornelia, a prominent Roman family.

Cornelia gens
The gens Cornelia was one of the greatest patrician houses at ancient Rome. For more than seven hundred years, from the early decades of the Republic to the third century AD, the Cornelii produced more eminent statesmen and generals than any other gens.  At least seventy-five consuls under the Republic were members of this family, beginning with Servius Cornelius Maluginensis in 485 BC.  Together with the Aemilii, Claudii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii, the Cornelii were almost certainly numbered among the gentes maiores, the most important and powerful families of Rome, who for centuries dominated the Republican magistracies.  All of the major branches of the Cornelian gens were patrician, but there were also plebeian Cornelii, at least some of whom were descended from freedmen.
Washington Missourian
The Washington Missourian is the Franklin County newspaper based in Washington, Missouri. The paper is owned by Hoffman Media Group. In addition to news stories in Washington, the paper covers the nearby cities of Union, St. Clair, and Pacific, as well as local stories from the surrounding areas.

Franklin County, Missouri
Franklin County is located in the U.S. state of Missouri. At the 2020 census, the population was 104,682. Its county seat is Union. The county was organized in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. Franklin County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area and contains some of the city's exurbs. It is located along the south side of the Missouri River. The county has wineries that are included in the Hermann AVA (American Viticultural Area) and is part of the region known as the Missouri Rhineland, which extends on both sides of the Missouri River.
Öztekin
Öztekin is a Turkish surname constructed by fusing the Turkish names Öz ("self", "essence", "extract") and Tekin ("the only", "single"). Notable people with the surname include:

Ahmet Nuri Öztekin (1876–1951), Turkish officer of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army

Rasim Öztekin (1959–2021), Turkish actor

Yasin Öztekin (born 1987), Turkish football player

Öz
Öz is a Turkish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daphne Öz (born 1986), American author, chef, and television host

Doğan Öz (1934–1978), Turkish prosecutor assassinated during his investigation of the Turkish deep state

Emanuel Öz (born 1979), Swedish politician

Lisa Öz (born 1963), American author, television personality, and radio personality

Mehmet Öz (born 1960), known as Dr. Oz, Turkish-American surgeon, television host, and politician

Noyan Öz (born 1991), Turkish-German footballer
Heat spreader
A heat spreader transfers energy as heat from a hotter source to a colder heat sink or heat exchanger. There are two thermodynamic types, passive and active. The most common sort of passive heat spreader is a plate or block of material having high thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminum, or diamond. An active heat spreader speeds up heat transfer with expenditure of energy as work supplied by an external source.

Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another example is the heat sink, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.
Nydri
Nydri (Greek: Νυδρί) is a town and a community on the eastern coast of the island of Lefkada, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit Ellomenos. The community includes the small village Rachi. The Greek National Road 42 (Vasiliki - Lefkada (city) - Amfilochia) passes through the town. Nydri is a popular tourist town. In the sea in front of Nydri are several small islands including Madouri, Skorpios, Skorpidi and Sparti. The island Skorpios is the property of the Ribolovlev family.

The German archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld, having examined the geographical descriptions of Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey believed  that Lefkada was Homer's Ithaca, and that the palace of Odysseus was located west of Nydri on the south coast of Lefkada. He performed extensive excavations at Nydri and uncovered Mycenaean tombs, walls, ruins and artefacts which supported his hypothesis. Dörpfeld spent the last years of his life at Nydri and he is buried there.

Vasiliki, Lefkada
Vasiliki (Greek: Βασιλική, Vasilikí; formerly Voivoida (Βοϊβόδα, Voïvóda) is a town in the municipal unit of Apollonioi, on the island of Lefkada, Greece. It is situated on the south coast, 4 km south of Agios Petros and 25 km southwest of Lefkada (city).

Vasiliki is a well known windsurfing spot during the summer months due to a local thermal wind known amongst windsurfers as 'Eric' that rises in the afternoon as the land nearby gets warmed up. There are often over a hundred windsurfers in the bay at any one time. The area is also popular with other sailing craft and mountain bikers. Several holiday companies operate in Vasiliki, providing windsurfing and sailing equipment for their guests to use.
Ballistol
Ballistol (meaning 'Ballistic Oil') is a mineral oil-based chemical which advertises that it has many uses. It is manufactured and distributed by Ballistol GmbH in the Bavarian village of Aham and was originally intended for cleaning, lubricating, and protecting firearms.

Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohols are alcohols with the formula C5H11OH. Eight are known.  A mixture of amyl alcohols (also called amyl alcohol) can be obtained from fusel alcohol. Amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterification, by which is produced amyl acetate and other products. The name amyl alcohol without further specification applies to the normal (straight-chain) form, 1-pentanol.

Three of these alcohols, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentanol, and 3-methyl-2-butanol (methyl isopropyl carbinol), contain stereocenters, and are therefore chiral and optically active.

The most important amyl alcohol is isoamyl alcohol, the chief one generated by fermentation in the production of alcoholic beverages and a constituent of fusel oil. The other amyl alcohols may be obtained synthetically.
Ongyaw
Ongyaw (also known as Ohn Chaw) is a village in Patheingyi Township, Mandalay District, Mandalay Division, Myanmar situated 24.7 kilometres (15.3 mi) south-east of Mandalay. The village is the third settlement on National Highway 3 after Mandalay.

Mandalay District
Mandalay District (Burmese: မန္တလေး ခရိုင်) was a district of the Mandalay Region in central Myanmar. Though the district used to consist of two cities, Mandalay and Amarapura, today, with the urban sprawl of Mandalay capturing Amarapura and Patheingyi, the district and the city of Mandalay are one and the same. The district was dissolved and formed as Aungmyethazan District, Maha Aungmye District and Amarapura District on 30 April 2022.
Gaggi, Sicily
Gaggi (Sicilian: Kaggi) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Messina in the Italian region of Sicily, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) east of Palermo and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Messina. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,812 and an area of 7.3 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi).

The municipality of Gaggi contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cavallaro, Palmara, Falcò, Costa arancione, and Billirè. Gaggi borders the following municipalities: Castelmola, Castiglione di Sicilia, Graniti, Mongiuffi Melia, Taormina.

Mongiuffi Melia
Mongiuffi Melia (Sicilian: Mungiuffi) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Messina.
Opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament
Unlike in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, where there is a recognised "Official Opposition" to the government of the day, all parties in the Scottish Parliament that are not in government are technically on the same footing as "opposition parties". With the Scottish National Party (SNP) currently in government, the Scottish Conservatives and Scottish Labour each form a shadow cabinet composed of Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and prospective parliamentary candidates. The Scottish Liberal Democrats do not.

Shadow cabinet ministers have a responsibility to shadow an individual government minister or a specific area of government. Other parties have frontbench teams with spokespersons covering multiple areas of government or which are composed of spokespersons from both within and outside the Scottish Parliament.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP; Scottish Gaelic: Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, BPA; Scots: Memmer o the Scots Pairliament, MSP) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament.
Rodalben
Rodalben (German: [ˈʁoːtˌʔalbm̩] ⓘ) is a municipality in the Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Palatinate forest, approx. 5 km northeast of Pirmasens.

Rodalben is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Rodalben. Having a population above 7000 it is the largest local authority district.

Palatinate Forest
The Palatinate Forest (/pəˈlætɪnɪt/; German: Pfälzerwald [ˈpfɛltsɐvalt] ⓘ), sometimes also called the Palatine Forest, is a low-mountain region in southwestern Germany, located in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park (German: Naturpark Pfälzerwald) covering 1,771 km2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit (672.6 m).

Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO-designated Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.
Ushasie Chakraborty
Ushasie Chakraborty (born 17 February 1978) is an Indian actress, politician and academic who works in Bengali language films. She has played the role of Satyabati in Anjan Dutt's film adaptations on Byomkesh Bakshi. She has also played the role of June Guha in the Bengali television show Sreemoyee.

Star Jalsha
Star Jalsha is an Indian Bengali language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It primarily broadcasts family dramas, comedies, reality shows and films. It launched its own HD feed on 14 April 2016.
The Kettles
The Kettles are a chain of four small alpine glacial lakes in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the White Cloud Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lakes are located in the upper portion of the Big Boulder Creek watershed east of D. O. Lee Peak in the uppermost portion of the Big Boulder Lakes Basin.  Sawtooth National Forest trail 601 along leads to the Big Boulder Lakes.

D. O. Lee Peak
D. O. Lee Peak, also known as Lee Peak, at 11,347 feet (3,459 m) above sea level, is the third-highest peak in the White Cloud Mountains of the U.S. state of Idaho. It is one of the White Cloud Peaks and the 56th-highest peak in Idaho. It was named after Challis native David Oliver Lee (1934–1982), the first United States Forest Service ranger to be assigned to the Sawtooth Wilderness.

The peak is located 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Stanley in Sawtooth National Recreation Area of Custer County. It is situated 1.25 miles (2.01 km) south-southwest of Calkins Peak, its line parent, and rises to the west of Cirque, Sapphire, Cove, and the Born Lakes.
NGC 1373
NGC 1373 is a dwarf elliptical galaxy located 61 million light years away in constellation of Fornax. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on November 29, 1837,  and is a member of the Fornax Cluster.  NGC 1373 is a host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 4.6 million solar masses.

63 known globular clusters have been observed surrounding NGC 1373, along with 13 observed planetary nebulae.

Fornax
Fornax (/ˈfɔːrnæks/) is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, partly ringed by the celestial river Eridanus. Its name is Latin for furnace. It was named by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756. Fornax is one of the 88 modern constellations.

The three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Nu Fornacis—form a flattened triangle facing south. With an apparent magnitude of 3.91, Alpha Fornacis is the brightest star in Fornax. Six star systems have been found to have exoplanets. The Fornax Dwarf galaxy is a small faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. NGC 1316 is a relatively close radio galaxy.

The Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra-Deep Field is located within Fornax.

It is the 41st largest constellation in the night-sky, occupying an area of 398 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +50° and -90° during the month of December.
Antigonus II Gonatas
Antigonus II Gonatas (Ancient Greek: Ἀντίγονος Γονατᾶς, Antígonos; c. 320 – 239 BC) was a Macedonian Greek ruler who solidified the position of the Antigonid dynasty in Macedon after a long period defined by anarchy and chaos and acquired fame for his victory over the Gauls who had invaded the Balkans.

Aristippus of Argos
Aristippus of Argos (/ˌærəˈstɪpəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀρίστιππος) was a tyrant of Argos in the 3rd century BC. His father was the tyrant Aristomachos the Elder. When Aristomachus was assassinated by slaves in 240, Aristippus took control of the city.

After resisting several assaults by the Achaean League under Aratus of Sicyon, Aristippus was killed during an unsuccessful counterattack on the city of Cleonae in 235. He was succeeded by his younger brother Aristomachos of Argos who later led his city to join the Achaean League.

An Argive, a different person from the preceding, who also became tyrant of Argos after the murder of Aristomachus I, in the time of Aratus. He is described by Plutarch as a "pernicious tyrant". Aratus made many attempts to deprive him of the tyranny without success; but Aristippus finally fell in a battle against Aratus, and was succeeded in the tyranny by Aristomachus II.
Lake Kundi
Lake Kundi (Swahili:  "group") is located in South Darfur, Sudan, Africa. The perennial, endorheic lake is situated at the mouth of Ibrah River, near the seasonal Bahr al-Arab. The nearest town is Al-Fashir, 350 kilometres (220 mi) to the north. The 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) lake reaches 1,200 hectares (3,000 acres) at high water, shrinking to 100–200 hectares (250–490 acres) in the dry season. The lake is shallow, 2–3 metres (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) in depth, depending upon the season. The lake is situated at an altitude of 460 metres (1,510 ft) above sea level. Radom National Park is located to the southwest.

South Darfur
South Darfur State (Arabic: ولاية جنوب دارفور Wilāyat Ǧanūb Dārfūr; Janob Darfor) is one of the wilayat or states of Sudan. It is one of the five states that compose the region of Darfur in western Sudan.
Pella (municipality)
Pella (Greek: Πέλλα) is a municipality in the Pella regional unit of Central Macedonia, Greece. The capital of the municipality is Giannitsa, the largest town of the regional unit. On the site of the ancient city of Pella is the Archaeological Museum of Pella.

Pella
Pella (Greek: Πέλλα) was the capital of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from the 4th century BC up until the Roman conquest in 168 BC. It is located 1 km outside the modern town of Pella in Central Macedonia, Greece.

Pella was probably founded at the beginning of the 4th century BC by Archelaus I as the new capital of Macedon, supplanting Aigai, which still remained the burial place for the kings and the royal family. Pella was the birthplace of Philip II in 382 BC, and of Alexander the Great, his son, in 356 BC. Pella quickly became the largest and richest city in Macedonia and flourished particularly under the rule of Cassander and Antigonus II. In 168 BC the city was sacked by the Romans during the Third Macedonian War and entered a long period of decline, its importance eclipsed by that of the nearby Thessalonica.
Pitirim of Porphyry
Abba Pitirim of Porphyry (Greek: Πιτυροῦν) or Pitirim of Egypt was an Egyptian Christian monastic and saint of the fourth century, and a disciple of Anthony the Great. His feast day is November 29 in the Orthodox Church.

Christian monasticism before 451
Monasticism (from the Greek word monachos meaning 'alone') is a way of life where a person lives outside of society, under religious vows that may restrict where they live, how they may travel, what relationships they may form and what, if any, property they may own. Vows may additionally describe the services or duties they are to perform, such as charitable duties to the poor.

Christian monasticism developed as a spontaneous religious movement, with individuals and groups withdrawing from society throughout the centuries. By the early 5th century, thousands of Christians had chosen to live outside of society. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 officially recognized the Christian monastic way of life, placing all monastic communities and hermits under the authority and supervision of bishops. This move restricted the freedom of movement for monastic individuals.
Buck Rogers: A Life in the Future
Buck Rogers: A Life in the Future is the title of a science fiction novel by Martin Caidin published in 1995.

The novel is a reimagining of Buck Rogers, a pulp fiction character created in the 1920s by Philip Francis Nowlan and later popularized in a long-running comic strip and in films and television. Caidin's novel was published by TSR, Inc., which also published a role-playing game based upon Nowlan's creation entitled Buck Rogers XXVC, which in turn spawned a series of novels.

Buck Rogers XXVC
Buck Rogers XXVC (sometimes written as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century) is a game setting created by TSR, Inc. in the late 1980s.  Products based on this setting include novels, graphic novels, a role-playing game (RPG), board game, and video games.  The setting was active from 1988 until 1995.