hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Group piano
Group piano is the study of how to play the piano in a group setting. This contrasts with the more common individual/private lesson. Group piano originated at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and continues to be a widely used method of piano instruction. Group lesson formats include master classes, university classes, and pre-college music lessons. These classes typically have between 3 and 16 students. Benefits of the group lesson format include the development of independent learning, ensemble playing, critical listening skills, and exposure to a wide range of repertoire. Group piano instruction may require more space and equipment, increased preparation per class, and more attention to scheduling and group interaction than when teaching individual/private lessons.

Music Teachers National Association
Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) is an American nonprofit professional organization for the support, growth, and development of music-teaching professionals, with more than 17,000 members in 50 states, and more than 500 affiliated local and state organizations. MTNA offers a wide range of member resources, from leadership, teaching and personal health support, to insurance, financial and legal services. It also comprises two subsidiaries, the MTNA Professional Certification Program, and the MTNA Foundation Fund, which supports a variety of programs that include music competitions and commissioning of composers. MTNA was founded in 1876, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) organization in Ohio, with headquarters located in Cincinnati.
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, 1976–1979
This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Council between 1976 and 1979. As half of the Legislative Council's terms expired at each triennial election, half of these members were elected at the 1973 state election with terms expiring in 1979, while the other half were elected at the 1976 state election with terms expiring in 1982.

The 1975 redistribution, which created four new seats in Greater Melbourne and abolished one (Northern Province) in the country, came into effect during the term.

1  On 6 August 1976, John Tripovich, Labor MLC for Doutta Galla, died. Labor candidate David White won the resulting by-election on 16 October 1976.

2  In April 1978, Keith Bradbury, National (Country) MLC for North Eastern, resigned. National candidate Bill Baxter won the resulting by-election on 24 June 1978.

3  In August 1978, Vance Dickie, Liberal MLC for Ballarat, resigned. Labor candidate David Williams won the resulting by-election on 28 October 1978.

John Tripovich
John Matthew Tripovich (16 December 1907 – 6 August 1976) was an Australian politician.

Tripovich was born at Coburg to labourer Elias Tripovich and Caroline Grimshaw Sutherland. He attended state schools at Preston and Essendon, and in 1923 began working as a porter on the railway at Glenroy. On 4 June 1929 he married Edna May Alder, with whom he had two children. From 1936 to 1946 he was an assistant station master in the Mallee and the Wimmera. From 1946 he was a country organiser for the Labor Party, becoming assistant state secretary in 1955 and state secretary from 1955 to 1961.

In 1960 Tripovich was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Doutta Galla Province. He was briefly Labor leader in the Legislative Council from June to August 1970, and was deputy leader from 1970 to 6 August 1976, when he died at Parkville.
Comparison of digital and film photography
The merits of digital versus film photography were considered by photographers and filmmakers in the early 21st century after consumer digital cameras became widely available. Digital photography and digital cinematography have both advantages and disadvantages relative to still film and motion picture film photography. In the 21st century, photography came to be predominantly digital, but traditional photochemical methods continue to serve many users and applications.

Film grain
Film grain or film granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film. Film grain develops due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles (or dye clouds) it is not a particle but an optical effect. The magnitude of the effect (also known as amount of grain) depends on both the film stock and the definition at which it is observed. It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged film photograph.
Philips Top 10
Philips Top 10 is a Record chart show that aired on Zee TV. It was named so since it was sponsored by Philips India. The name later changed to Colgate Top 10.

This Indian TV countdown show started in 1994 and used chart ratings as collected by Music India Ltd., an association of music labels in India. It was shot in India, Nepal and Mauritius. With tongue in cheek humour and stylised spy vs spy format, it was hugely popular. It was on the lines of Chitrahaar, the international Billboard Chart and the famous Radio programme Cibaca Geetmala. Other popular countdown shows on other TV channels included Superhit Muqabla on Doordarshan, BPL Oye, on Channel V, Ek Se Badhkar Ek, on Doordarshan and Hum Aapke Hain Kountdown on Sony TV.

It garnered its highest television rating point (trp) of 48 during its run time.

Doordarshan
Doordarshan (lit. 'distant vision, television'), abbreviated as DD, is India's state-owned public television broadcaster. Established by the Government of India on 15 September 1959, it is owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and constitutes one of Prasar Bharati's two divisions. Doordarshan, one of India's largest broadcasting organisations in studio and transmitter infrastructure, delivers television, radio, online, and mobile services across metropolitan and regional India, and internationally. It also broadcasts via digital terrestrial transmitters.
Theory of solar cells
The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency.

Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy and heat capacity. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

As part of the 2019 revision of the SI, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been defined so as to have exact finite decimal values in SI units. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin, with the effect of defining the SI unit kelvin.
Constantia (CDP), New York
Constantia is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Constantia in Oswego County, New York, United States.  Located on Oneida Lake, the community lies along State Route 49 and Scriba Creek. The population was 1,182 at the 2010 census.

Oswego County, New York
Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 117,525. The county seat is Oswego. The county name is from a Mohawk-language word meaning 'the pouring out place', referring to the point at which the Oswego River feeds into Lake Ontario at the northern edge of the county in the city of Oswego. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Oswego County is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area.
Faces (Earth, Wind & Fire album)
Faces is the tenth studio album by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire released on October 14, 1980, on ARC/Columbia Records. The album reached number 10 on the Billboard Top LPs chart, number 2 on the Billboard Top Soul albums chart and number 10 on the UK Albums Chart. Faces was certified Gold in the US by the RIAA.

The Phenix Horns
The Phenix Horns, originally known as the EWF Horns, were the main horn section for the band Earth, Wind & Fire. The horn section was composed of Don Myrick on saxophone, Louis "Lui Lui" Satterfield on trombone, Rahmlee Michael Davis on trumpet, Michael Harris on trumpet and Harry Kim on trumpet.

The Phenix Horns are also known for their work with Phil Collins and the band Genesis. They have also performed with other artists, such as the Chi-Lites, Ramsey Lewis, Deniece Williams and the Emotions.

The horn section should not be confused with the Earth, Wind & Fire Horns, which were established in 1987.
Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
The Roll of Distinguished Philatelists (RDP) is a philatelic award of international scale, created by the Philatelic Congress of Great Britain in 1921 to honour those who have advanced philately through research, expertise, or service. The Roll consists of five pieces of parchment to which the signatories add their names. New honorees continue to be added annually.

Royal Philatelic Society London
The Royal Philatelic Society London (RPSL) is the oldest philatelic society in the world. It was founded on 10 April 1869 as The Philatelic Society, London. The society runs a  postal museum, the Spear Museum of Philatelic History, at its headquarters in the City of London.
John Roberson
John Daniel Roberson (born October 28, 1988) is an American-born naturalized Bosnian professional basketball player who plays for Hyères-Toulon Var Basket of the élite 2. Standing at 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), he plays at the point guard position.

LNB Élite
The LNB Élite, currently known for sponsorship reasons as Betclic Élite, is a professional basketball league in France and is the highest level of the French basketball system. The competition has existed since 1921. Since 1987, the Ligue Nationale de Basket (LNB) has governed the league.

Formerly known as the LNB Pro A, each season consists of 16 teams. The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Élite 2. The winner of the play-offs of the league are crowned the French national champions.
2025 Big East men's basketball tournament
The 2025 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big East Conference held March 12–15, 2025, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The winner, St. John's, received the conference's automatic bid to the 2025 NCAA Tournament.

The double-overtime quarterfinal game between DePaul and Creighton on March 13 was the first multi-overtime game in the Big East tournament since the foundation of the new Big East Conference in the offseason of 2013. It also was the first in the tournament since a double-overtime game in 2012, when the tournament belonged to the original Big East Conference of 1979–2013.

Big East men's basketball tournament
The Big East Men's Basketball Tournament is the championship tournament of the Big East Conference in men's basketball. The winner receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

As part of the 2013 deal in which seven schools left the original Big East Conference of 1979–2013 to form a new Big East Conference and the original conference became the American Athletic Conference, the new Big East received the rights to the conference tournament.
Sawgrass Mills
Sawgrass Mills is a large shopping mall in Sunrise, Florida, owned by Simon Property Group. With 2,370,610 square feet (220,237 m2) of retail selling space, it is the eleventh largest mall in the United States, the largest single-story outlet mall in the U.S., the largest shopping mall in Broward County, the second largest mall in Florida and the Miami metropolitan area after the Aventura Mall, and the third largest shopping mall in the southeastern United States. With over 21 million annual visitors, Sawgrass Mills is one of the most visited attractions in the state of Florida.

The Cheesecake Factory
The Cheesecake Factory Incorporated is an American restaurant company and distributor of cheesecakes based in the United States. It operates 370 full-service restaurants: 218 under the Cheesecake Factory brand, 47 under the North Italia brand, and 105 under other brands. The Cheesecake Factory also operates two bakery production facilities—in Calabasas, California, and Rocky Mount, North Carolina.

David M. Overton, the company's founder, opened the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant in Beverly Hills, California, in 1978. The restaurant established the future chain's pattern of featuring an eclectic menu, large portions, and signature cheesecakes. In 2025, Fortune ranked the Cheesecake Factory at number 23 on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of satisfaction. Additionally, The Cheesecake Factory's average unit volume consistently leads the casual restaurant industry.
Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Accounts
The House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Accounts (PACP) is a standing committee of the House of Commons of Canada. It reviews the Auditor General's reports. It is one of four standing committees of the House that is chaired by a member of the opposition.

44th Canadian Parliament
The 44th Canadian Parliament was in session from 22 November 2021 to 23 March 2025, with the membership of the House of Commons having been determined by the results of the 2021 federal election held on 20 September. Parliament officially resumed on 22 November with the re-election of Speaker Anthony Rota, and the Speech from the Throne was read by Governor General Mary Simon the following day. It was dissolved before the 2025 federal election.
Chamkani (Pashtun tribe)
The Chamkani (Pashto: څمکني tsamkanī)  is a sub-tribe of Ghoryakhel Pashtuns. According to Muhammad Hayat Khan, author of Hayat-i-Afghani (Afghanistan and its Inhabitants), the Chamkani are descendants of Ibrahim Ghoria. They are also related to Mohmand, Daudzai and Khalil through their Sarbani descent.

Khalil (Pashtun tribe)
The Khalil (Pashto: خليل) is the 1st son of  Ghoryakhel settled between 1530 and 1535 in Peshawar, west Pakistan.
The Khalil (Pashto: خليل) is a Pashtun Ghoryakhel subtribe primarily living in the Peshawar Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with some members in  Nangarhar,  Herat,  Ghazni, and Kandahar in Afghanistan. The Khalils are settled in Peshawar, to the West are the Afridi tribe North to the Daudzai tribe, and Mohmand are to the South, to East Chamkani tribe.
Clitoral hood piercing
A clitoral hood piercing is a female genital piercing through the clitoral hood surrounding the clitoris. In addition to being an adornment, a clitoral hood piercing can enhance sexual pleasure during masturbation, foreplay and intercourse. In an empirical study at the University of South Alabama, the authors reported a positive relationship between vertical clitoral hood piercings and desire, frequency of intercourse, and sexual arousal. There are two main types of clitoral hood piercing: the vertical clitoral hood (VCH) piercing and the horizontal clitoral hood (HCH) piercing. As the names indicate, the difference is in the direction the piercing is oriented in the skin above the clitoris. Neither of these piercings penetrates the clitoris itself, although in common parlance they are sometimes called "clit" piercings. The deep hood piercing is a variation of the clitoral hood piercing that passes deeper through the clitoral hood.

Clitoral hood
In female humans and other mammals, the clitoral hood (also called preputium clitoridis, clitoral prepuce, and clitoral foreskin) is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the glans of the clitoris; it also covers the external clitoral shaft, develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin (also called the prepuce) in the male reproductive system.
The clitoral hood is composed of mucocutaneous tissues; these tissues are between the mucous membrane and the skin, and they may have immunological importance because they may be a point of entry of mucosal vaccines.
Offerton, Greater Manchester
Offerton is a suburb of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, and became part of Greater Manchester in 1974. Offerton was formerly a civil parish, which was abolished in 1900 to become part of Hazel Grove and Bramhall. A parish called Offerton Park existed between 2002 and 2011, which covered one of the area's housing estates. Offerton gives its name to an electoral ward, although the ward excludes the older part of Offerton around Offerton Green.

Offerton Park
Offerton Park is an estate and former civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, south-east of Stockport town centre. The parish boundaries excluded the area of Offerton Green further to the east.  At the 2001 census, it had a population of 3,762.
2009 Toulon Tournament
The 2009 Toulon Tournament was the 37th edition of the Toulon Tournament, and was held from 3 June to 12 June 2009. The tournament concluded with the final between France and Chile at Stade Mayol in Toulon as Chile won their first title after the final score of 1–0, scored by Gerson Martínez on 73rd minute.

Maurice Revello Tournament
The Maurice Revello Tournament (officially French: the Festival International "Espoirs" – Tournoi Maurice Revello), previously known as the Toulon Tournament, is a football tournament, which traditionally features invited national teams composed of youth players from U-17 to U-23 level. Although the first tournament in 1967 featured club teams, it has been limited to national teams since 1975 (except in 1986 and 1989 when INF Vichy was invited). The tournament is held around Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, with the final usually being held in Toulon. The tournament was renamed in honour of Maurice Revello, who started the tournament in 1967 and died in 2016.
Gmund am Tegernsee
Gmund am Tegernsee is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany. The town is located on the north shore of the Tegernsee Lake, and near the source of River Mangfall. It is 46 kilometres (29 mi) from Munich and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the district capital, the town of Miesbach.

Famous personalities who lived in Gmund were the Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Ludwig Erhard, who is buried in Gmund's cemetery, the architect Sep Ruf and the clockmaker Johann Mannhardt. Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler and his family maintained a home there from 1934 to 1945.

Gmund is served by a station on the privately owned Tegernsee-Bahn railway, and is linked to Munich by trains of the Bayerische Oberlandbahn.

Gmund am Tegernsee Town Hall

St Aegidius Church

St Aegidius Church interior

Kaltenbrunn Estate

Miesbach (district)
Miesbach (German: [ˈmiːsˌbax] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Munich and Rosenheim, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol.
Torches of Freedom
"Torches of Freedom" was a phrase used to encourage women's smoking using the early twentieth century first-wave feminism in the United States. Cigarettes were described as symbols of emancipation and equality with men. The term was first used by psychoanalyst A. A. Brill when describing the natural desire for women to smoke and was used by Edward Bernays to encourage women to smoke in public despite social taboos. Bernays hired women to march while smoking their "torches of freedom" in the Easter Sunday Parade of 31 March 1929, which was a significant moment for fighting social barriers for women smokers.

Nicotine marketing
Nicotine marketing is the marketing of nicotine-containing products or use. Traditionally, the tobacco industry markets cigarette smoking, but it is increasingly marketing other products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Products are marketed through social media, stealth marketing, mass media, and sponsorship (particularly of sporting events). Expenditures on nicotine marketing are in the tens of billions a year; in the US alone, spending was over US$1 million per hour in 2016; in 2003, per-capita marketing spending was $290 per adult smoker, or $45 per inhabitant. Nicotine marketing is increasingly regulated; some forms of nicotine advertising are banned in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a complete tobacco advertising ban.
Gislum
Gislum Parish (Danish: Gislum Sogn) is a parish located in Vesthimmerland Municipality within the Diocese of Viborg.

Until the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform, the parish was a municipal region within Gislum Herred in Aalborg County The town within the parish once had a grocery store and two schools, all of which closed had closed by 1980.

In 1432 there was something called Gislum call and it was because the prist of Gislum was in control over Vognsild, Svingelbjerg and Farsø parish.

Farsø
Farsø is a town with a population of 3,352 (1 January 2025) in Region Nordjylland in Denmark in the Vesthimmerland Municipality. Farsø was the birthplace of Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1944. The village of Vognsild is located to the east of Farsø. Farsø is also called one of the head cities of Vesthimmerland Municipality along with Aars, Løgstør and Aalestrup.
Łownica
Łownica [wɔvˈnit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lipnik, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-west of Lipnik, 12 km (7 mi) south of Opatów, and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Lipnik, Opatów County
Lipnik [ˈlipnik] is a village in Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Lipnik. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) south-east of Opatów and 64 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
2016 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 29 October 2016. They were due to be held on or before 27 April 2017, but following the 2016 Icelandic anti-government protests, the ruling coalition announced that early elections would be held "in autumn".

The Independence Party emerged as the largest in the Althing, winning 21 of the 63 seats; the Progressive Party, which had won the most seats in 2013, lost more than half its seats as it was overtaken by the Left-Green Movement and the Pirate Party. Of the 63 elected MPs, 30 were female, giving Iceland the highest proportion of female MPs in Europe.

A new coalition was formed on 10 January 2017, consisting of the Independence Party, Viðreisn and Bright Future, with Bjarni Benediktsson becoming prime minister on 11 January 2017.

2013 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 27 April 2013. Fifteen parties contested the elections, compared to just seven in the previous elections. The result was a victory for the two centre-right opposition parties, the Independence Party and Progressive Party, which subsequently formed a coalition government. The parties were eurosceptic and their win brought to a halt partially completed negotiations with the European Union regarding Icelandic membership.