hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Human rights in Thailand
Thailand was among the first countries to sign the United Nations' (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, and seemed committed to upholding its stipulations. However, in practice, those in power have often abused the human rights of the Thai nation with impunity. From 1977 to 1988, Amnesty International (AI) reported that there were whitewashed cases of more than one thousand alleged arbitrary detentions, fifty forced disappearances, and at least one hundred instances of torture and extrajudicial killings. In the years since, AI has demonstrated that little has changed, and Thailand's overall human rights record remains problematic.: 358–361  A 2019 Human Rights Watch (HRW) report expanded on AI's overview as it focuses specifically on the case of Thailand. When the newly formed government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha assumed power in mid-2019, Thailand's human rights record showed no signs of change.: 7–8

Thai Malays
Thai Malays (Standard Malay: Orang Melayu Thailand/Siam, Thai: ไทยเชื้อสายมลายู: Jawi: ملايو تاي; Pattani Malay: Oré Nayu Siae, Bangso Yawi; Bangkok Malay: Oghae Nayu Thai), with officially recognised terms including 'Malayu-descended Thais' and 'Malay', is a term used to refer to ethnic Malay citizens of Thailand, the sixth largest ethnic group in Thailand. Thailand is home to the third largest ethnic Malay population after Malaysia and Indonesia. Most Malays live primarily in the four southernmost provinces of Yala, Narathiwat, Satun and Pattani. They live in one of the country’s poorest regions. They also live in Songkhla, Phuket and Ranong. Trang province, home to a sizeable Muslim population, also has many people who are of Malay descent. Some live in Thailand's capital, Bangkok. They are descended from migrants or deportees who were relocated from the South from the 13th century onwards.
Tachanun
Tachanun (Hebrew: תַחֲנוּן, romanized: Taḥănûn, lit. 'supplication'), also referred to as nefilat apayim (נְפִילַת אַפַּיִם, 'falling [on the] faces'), is a supplicatory and confessional component of Shacharit (שַחֲרִית, 'dawn') and Mincha (מִנְחָה, 'offering'), the morning and afternoon prayer services of Judaism, respectively. The recitation of Tachanun follows the Amidah, the central part of the daily Jewish prayer services. It is also recited at the end of the Selichot service. It is omitted on Shabbat, Jewish holidays, and many other celebratory occasions (e.g., in the presence of a groom in the week following his marriage). Most traditions recite a longer prayer on Mondays and Thursdays.

Minhag
A minhag (Hebrew: מִנְהָג, lit. 'custom'; pl. מִנְהָגִים, minhagim) is an accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism. A related concept, nusach (pronounced [ˈnusax]; נוּסָח, 'formula'), refers to the traditional ordering and forms of Jewish prayer.
Ministry of Building of Military and Naval Enterprises
The People's Commissariat for the Building of Military and Naval Enterprises (Russian: Народный комиссариат по строительству военных и военно-морских предприятий - НКСВВМП) was one of the central offices of the Soviet Union. It oversaw military construction.

The Ministry was established on 19 January 1946 in a split from the People's Commissariat for Building (Народный комиссариат по строительству СССР). In June 1946 it changed its name to the Ministry of the Building of Military and Naval Enterprises (Министерство по строительству военных и военно-морских предприятий СССР - Минвоенморстрой), and functioned until 9 March 1949, when it was dissolved.

People's Commissariat
A People's Commissariat (Russian: народный комиссариат, romanized: narodnyy komissariat; narkomat) was a structure in the Soviet state from 1917–1946 which functioned as the central executive body in charge of managing a particular field of state activity or a separate sector of the national economy; analogue of the ministry. As a rule, a People's Commissariat was headed by a People's Commissar (Russian: народный комиссар; narkom), which was part of the government – the Council of People's Commissars of the appropriate level.

Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when the Soviet Union was established in the territory of the former Russian Empire.

The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the formation of new ones.
Bull Lake (Thunder Bay District)
Bull Lake is a lake in Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is about 1,100 metres (3,609 ft) long and 160 metres (525 ft) wide, and lies at an elevation of 397 metres (1,302 ft) about 14.3 kilometres (8.9 mi) northwest of the community of Schreiber. The primary outflow is an unnamed creek to a point on the Whitesand River, between Hornblende Lake upstream and Lyne Lake downstream.

Hornblende Lake
Hornblende Lake is a lake in Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is about 1,100 metres (3,609 ft) long and 400 metres (1,312 ft) wide, and lies at an elevation of 330 metres (1,083 ft). The primary inflow is the Whitesand River flowing downstream from Longcanoe Lake, and the primary outflow is also the Whitesand River, which flows downstream into Lyne Lake.
Sue Maslin
Susan Mary Maslin AO (born 1958 or 1959) is an Australian screen producer. She is best known for her feature films Road to Nhill (1997), Japanese Story (2003), and The Dressmaker (2015), but has produced or executive produced more documentary films than fiction features. She is co-founder of the company Film Art Media, established in 2008 with her creative and business partner Daryl Dellora, based in Melbourne.

National Film and Sound Archive
The National Film and Sound Archive of Australia (NFSA), based in Canberra and known as ScreenSound Australia from 1999 to 2004, is Australia's audiovisual archive, responsible for developing, preserving, maintaining, promoting, and providing access to a national collection of film, television, sound, radio, video games, new media, and related documents and artefacts. The collection ranges from works created in the late nineteenth century when the recorded sound and film industries were in their infancy, to those made in the present day.

The NFSA collection first started as the National Historical Film and Speaking Record Library (within the then Commonwealth National Library) in 1935, becoming an independent cultural organisation in 1984. On 3 October, Prime Minister Bob Hawke officially opened the NFSA's headquarters in Canberra.
East Slavs
The East Slavs are a subgroup of the Slavs who speak East Slavic languages and inhabit Eastern Europe. They formed the majority of the population of the medieval state Kievan Rus', which they consider their cultural ancestor. Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians are the existing East Slavic groups. Rusyns and Don Cossacks are sometimes considered a separate nation, though they are often considered a subgroup of Ukrainians and Russians.

Veliky Novgorod
Veliky Novgorod (/vəˈliːki ˈnɒvɡərɒd/ ⓘ və-LEE-kee NOV-gə-rod; Russian: Великий Новгород, IPA: [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət]; lit. 'Great Newtown'), also known simply as Novgorod (Новгород), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg. UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992. The city has a population of 224,286 (2021 census).

At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe's largest cities. The "Великий" (Veliky) part was added to the city's name in 1999.
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard, Ankara
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Boulevard (Turkish: Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvarı), abbreviated as GMK Boulevard, is a boulevard connecting Anadolu Square (formerly: Tandoğan Square) in Yenimahalle with Kızılay Square in Çankaya of Ankara, Turkey. The 2.2 km (1.4 mi) long boulevard runs in northwest–southeast direction. It is named after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), the founder of Turkish Republic.

Office buildings of some branches of the Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication, such as Undersecretariat for Maritime Affairs (Turkish: Denizcilik Müsteşarlığı), 
Aviation and Space Technologies (Turkish: Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolojileri) and Civil Aviation (Turkish: Sivil Havacılık), are located on the boulevard.

Kızılay Square
July 15 Kızılay National Will Square (Turkish: 15 Temmuz Kızılay Millî İrade Meydanı), originally Kızılay Square (Kızılay Meydanı), is one of the most important centers and junction points of Ankara, Turkey.
Bhoirwadi
Bhoirwadi is an area located in Hinjawadi Phase-3, Pune, in the state of Maharashtra, India. It is under the jurisdiction of Hinjawadi and Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA). The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park Phase-3 and International Tech Park are located in this area. Bhoirwadi is well connected and near Balewadi, Baner, Aundh, Pune. Bhoirwadi used to be a village, but now it has been drastically transformed into an affluent, developed area with multinational companies and residential high-rises.

Hinjawadi
Hinjawadi (also incorrectly spelt Hinjewadi and Henjewadi) is a suburb in Pune, India. It houses the Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, a large tech and business park spread over 2,800 acres, which was built by the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation. The business park has offices of over 800 companies.
2002–03 Hong Kong League Cup
Hong Kong League Cup 2002–03 is the 3rd staging of the Hong Kong League Cup.

Sun Hei got their first champion in this competition by winning an aggregate 6-4 against Happy Valley in the final. The team got HK$50,000 as championship prize.

Hong Kong League Cup
Hong Kong Football Association League Cup (Chinese: 香港足球總會聯賽盃) is an annual football competition contested by clubs in the top-tier Hong Kong domestic football league. The cup had been abolished several times before being relaunched in a new format for the 2025–26 season.
Vikram University Sports Complex
Vikram University Sports Complex is a multipurpose sports complex located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh. The stadium managed and owned by Vikram University.

The stadium has facilities for various sports, including cricket, football, and hockey. There are also facilities for indoor sports such as basketball, badminton, gymnastics, handball, volleyball, lawn tennis, table tennis, weight lifting, and Kabbadi. The stadium has hosted few non-first-class cricket matches.

Vikram University
Vikram University is located in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.

The university was named after the ruler Vikramaditya. It was established in 1957. It was  evaluated by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council and was awarded B++ grade.

The Madhya Pradesh Government has officially rechristened Vikram University as Samrat Vikramaditya University, honouring the legendary emperor. The announcement was made by CM Mohan Yadav at the 29th convocation on March 30, 2025.
Manas National Park
Manas National Park is a national park, Project Tiger reserve, and an elephant reserve in Assam, India. Located in the Himalayan foothills, it borders the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. The park is known for its rare and endangered endemic wildlife such as the Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur and pygmy hog. It also hosts the only known population of pygmy hogs in the world. Manas is also famous for its population of the wild water buffalo. Because of its exceptional biodiversity, scenery, and variety of habitats, Manas National Park is a biosphere reserve and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Project Tiger
Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation movement initiated in India to protect the endangered tiger. The project was initiated in 1973 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India. As of March 2025, there are 58 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves under the project. As of 2022, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.
Athanasios Asimakopulos
Athanasios "Tom" Asimakopulos (Greek: Αθανάσιος Ασημακόπουλος) (May 28, 1930 – May 25, 1990) was a Canadian economist, who was the "William Dow Professor of Political Economy" in the Department of Economics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His monograph, Keynes's General Theory and Accumulation, reviews important areas of Keynes's General Theory and the theories of accumulation of two of his followers, Roy Harrod and Joan Robinson.

Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model. According to this line of thought, the value of a good or service is determined through a hypothetical maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production. This approach has often been justified by appealing to rational choice theory.

Neoclassical economics is the dominant approach to microeconomics and, together with Keynesian economics, formed the neoclassical synthesis which dominated mainstream economics as "neo-Keynesian economics" from the 1950s onward.
Optical cross section
Optical cross section (OCS) is a value which describes the maximum amount of optical flux reflected back to the source.  The standard unit of measurement is m2/sr.  OCS is dependent on the geometry and the reflectivity at a particular wavelength of an object.  Optical cross section is useful in fields such as LIDAR.  In the field of radar this is referred to as radar cross-section.  Objects such as license plates on automobiles have a high optical cross section to maximize the laser return to the speed detector gun.

Lidar traffic enforcement
Lidar has a wide range of applications; one use is in traffic enforcement  and in particular speed limit enforcement, where it has become increasingly common since the 1990s with the release of the Laser Technology Inc. 20-20. Rather than directly replacing radar, lidar supplements it with the benefits of greater precision in specific vehicular targeting in certain situations. Modern lidar-based systems can automate speed detection, vehicle identification, and evidentiary documentation, though driver identification is not as commonly automated.
Nicolas Grunitzky
Nicolas Grunitzky (French pronunciation: [nikɔla gʁynitski]; 5 April 1913 – 27 September 1969) was the second president of Togo and its third head of state. He was President from 1963 to 1967. Grunitzky was Prime Minister of Togo from 1956 to 1958 under the French Colonial loi cadre system, which created a limited "national" government in their colonial possessions.  He was elected Prime Minister of Togo —still under French administration— in 1956. Following the 1963 coup which killed his nationalist political rival and brother-in-law Sylvanus Olympio, Grunitzky was chosen by the military committee of coup leaders to be Togo's second President.

Prime Minister of Togo
The prime minister of Togo (French: Premier ministre du Togo), officially the president of the Council of Ministers of the Togolese Republic (French: Président du Conseil des Ministres de la République togolaise), is the head of government of Togo. Most of the governing authority and executive powers lie in the president of the Council of Ministers, while the president of the Republic is a largely ceremonial role.

The prime minister is appointed by the president and can serve indefinite terms for up to six years; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of National Assembly members, who are directly elected every six years. A total of fourteen people have served as president of the Council of Ministers – thirteen men and one woman. Among them, one person, Edem Kodjo, has served on two non-consecutive occasions. The incumbent prime minister, Faure Gnassingbé, has served since 3 May 2025.
Vaygach (1989 icebreaker)
Vaygach (Russian: Вайгач, IPA: [vɐjˈɡatɕ]) is a shallow-draught nuclear-powered icebreaker. She was built in 1989 for the Soviet Union by Wärtsilä Marine Helsinki Shipyard in Finland by order of the Murmansk Shipping Company and its KL-40 reactor was installed at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg. Her sister ship is Taymyr.

Nuclear-powered icebreaker
A nuclear-powered icebreaker is an icebreaker with an onboard nuclear power plant that produces power for the vessel's propulsion system. Although more expensive to operate, nuclear-powered icebreakers provide a number of advantages over their diesel-powered counterparts, especially along the Northern Sea Route where diesel-powered icebreaker operations are challenging due to the heavy power demand associated with icebreaking, limited refueling infrastructure along the Siberian coast, and the endurance required. As of 2025, Russia is the only country that builds and operates nuclear-powered icebreakers, having built a number of such vessels to aid shipping along the Northern Sea Route and Russian arctic outposts since the Soviet era.
75th Battalion (Mississauga), CEF
The 75th Battalion (Mississauga), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 75th Battalion was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 March 1916. It disembarked in France on 12 August 1916, where it fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
John F. Murray (politician)
John F. Murray (1862 – December 31, 1928) was the Commissioner of Public Works in The Bronx, New York, and the second Bronx borough president. He became acting borough president in August 1909 upon the removal of Louis F. Haffen by New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes. He was then elected interim borough president for the remainder of Haffen's term by a unanimous vote of the eight men representing The Bronx on the New York City Board of Aldermen. At the time Murray was the Commissioner of Public Works. Murray did not run for election in November 1909 for a full term as borough president, and was succeeded by Cyrus C. Miller.

Murray suffered from Bright's disease and anemia for about a year before dying on December 31, 1928 in a Metropolitan Life Insurance Company sanitarium in Mount McGregor, New York.

Cyrus C. Miller
Cyrus Chace Miller (November 2, 1866 – January 21, 1956) was the third Borough President of The Bronx, and an American lacrosse player. He played college lacrosse as an undergraduate at New York University and served as the team captain. Miller later played with the amateur organizations, the Staten Island Athletic Club and the Crescent Athletic Club. He also coached the Columbia University team for several years.
Sarband, Sughd
Sarband (Russian and Tajik: Сарбанд, formerly: Kushtegirmon) is a jamoat in north-western Tajikistan. It is located in Spitamen District in Sughd Region. The jamoat has a total population of 8,502 (2015).

Jamoats of Tajikistan
The jamoats of Tajikistan (Russian: джамоаты, romanized: dzhamoaty; Tajik: ҷамоати деҳот, romanized: jamoati dehot, "village communes") are the third-level administrative divisions, similar to communes or municipalities, in the Central Asian country of Tajikistan. As of January 2020, there are 368 rural jamoats, 65 towns and 18 cities in Tajikistan. Each jamoat is further subdivided into villages (or deha or qyshqol)

The jamoats and towns, and their population figures (as of January 2015) by district of each region are listed below:
Sabatinca chrysargyra
Sabatinca chrysargyra is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1886 and is endemic to New Zealand.  It can be found from Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere south but only on the western side of the South Island. Adults are on the wing from the beginning of October until the middle of January. Larvae likely feed on foliose liverworts and have been found on species in the genus Plagiochila. The adult moths live in a range of habitats preferring sunny open spaces in forests or snow-tussock grasslands that can range in altitude from near sea level up to 1,230 m.  This species is very similar in appearance to Sabatinca aemula and dissection of genitalia is required to distinguish between the two species.

Micropterigidae
Micropterigoidea is the superfamily of "mandibulate archaic moths", all placed in the single family Micropterigidae, containing currently about twenty living genera. They are considered the most primitive extant lineage of lepidoptera (Kristensen, 1999), and the sole superfamily in the suborder Zeugloptera. The name comes from the Greek for mikros, little and pterux, a wing. Unique among the Lepidoptera, these moths have chewing mouthparts rather than a proboscis, and are seen feeding, often in large aggregations, on the pollen of the flowers of many herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. The fossil record of the group goes back to the middle-late Jurassic with the earliest known species being Auliepterix from the Karabastau Formation in Kazakhstan.

Micropterigid larvae possess a uniquely specialised trunk cuticle, in which the exo- and endocuticle are separated by fluid-filled chambers arranged in a honeycomb pattern, each chamber corresponding to an individual epidermal cell.
1873 Wigtownshire by-election
The 1873 Wigtownshire by-election was fought on 21 February 1873.  The by-election was fought due to the Succession to a peerage of the incumbent MP of the Conservative Party, Lord Garlies.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Robert Vans-Agnew.

Wigtownshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Wigtownshire, was a Scottish constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was represented by one Member of Parliament.