hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
DOM clobbering
In internet security, DOM clobbering (where DOM stands for Document Object Model) is a type of injection attack that revolves around the attacker being able to insert benign non-script HTML code that can be used to influence the execution of JavaScript code. This enables a skilled attacker to perform a variety of unwanted behaviours, including the ability to escalate to arbitrary code execution on the website.

While the vulnerability has been known for over a decade, recent efforts to mitigate it completely have been unsuccessful due to a significant amount of usage of the underlying features across the web as of 2021. However, a few defenses have been identified that limit the effects of DOM clobbering and prevent some instances of DOM clobbering from occurring.

Arbitrary code execution
In computer security, arbitrary code execution (ACE) is an attacker's ability to run any commands or code of the attacker's choice on a target machine or in a target process. An arbitrary code execution vulnerability is a security flaw in software or hardware allowing arbitrary code execution. A program that is designed to exploit such a vulnerability is called an arbitrary code execution exploit. The ability to trigger arbitrary code execution over a network (especially via a wide-area network such as the Internet) is often referred to as remote code execution (RCE or RCX).

Arbitrary code execution signifies that if someone sends a specially designed set of data to a computer, they can make it do whatever they want. Even though this particular weakness may not cause actual problems in the real world, researchers have discussed whether it suggests a natural tendency for computers to have vulnerabilities that allow unauthorized code execution.
Carmel Mountain Ranch, San Diego
Carmel Mountain Ranch, sometimes shortened to simply Carmel Mountain, or abbreviated to CMR by local residents and organizations, is a community of San Diego, California, United States, in the northeastern part of the city. Despite its name, Carmel Mountain Ranch is actually in the shadow of Black Mountain. Carmel Mountain proper is about 10 miles west of the Carmel Mountain Ranch neighborhood.

Poway Unified School District
Poway Unified School District is a school district based in Poway, California. The district operates 26 elementary schools (grades Preschool–5), seven middle schools (6–8); five comprehensive high schools (9–12); and one continuation high school. 21 of the district's schools are located in San Diego; eleven others are in Poway. The district serves approximately 33,000 students in San Diego County and is the third-largest school district in the county. The superintendent is Ben Churchill.
2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on November 8, 2016, to elect the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Missouri, one from each of the state's eight congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections. The primaries were held on August 2.

2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, to elect the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Missouri, one from each of the state's eight congressional districts.
Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office
The Guidelines for Examination in the European Patent Office (or, for short, the EPO Guidelines) are general instructions, for the examiners working at the European Patent Office (EPO) as well as for the parties interacting with the EPO, on the practice and procedure at the EPO in the various aspects of the prosecution of European patent applications and European patents. The Guidelines have been adopted, effective as at 1 June 1978, by the President of the EPO in accordance with Article 10(2)(a) EPC.

Appeal procedure before the European Patent Office
The European Patent Convention (EPC), the multilateral treaty instituting the legal system according to which European patents are granted, contains provisions allowing a party to appeal a decision issued by a first instance department of the European Patent Office (EPO). For instance, a decision of an Examining Division refusing to grant a European patent application may be appealed by the applicant. The appeal procedure before the European Patent Office is under the responsibility of its Boards of Appeal, which are institutionally independent within the EPO.
Sha Tin Road
Sha Tin Road (Chinese: 沙田路), opened on 6 November 1984, is a dual-2 lane expressway in Hong Kong. It links Lion Rock Tunnel Road and Tai Po Road — Sha Tin, forming a part of Route 1.

This 3.4 km road is mostly elevated, running at the foothills on the eastern bank of the Shing Mun River, bypassing the town centre of Sha Tin, which is to its west. The road crosses the river on Dragon Bridge (錦龍橋) near City One and joins Tai Po Road - Sha Tin near the Sha Tin Racecourse.

Tai Po Road
Tai Po Road (Chinese: 大埔公路) is the second longest road in Hong Kong (after Castle Peak Road). It spans from Sham Shui Po in Kowloon to Tai Po in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Initially, the road was named Frontier Road.
Heliodorus of Alexandria
Heliodorus of Alexandria (Greek: Ἡλιόδωρος) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th century AD. He was the son of Hermias and Aedesia, and the younger brother of Ammonius. His father, Hermias, died when he was young, and his mother, Aedesia, raised him and his brother in their home city of Alexandria until they were old enough to go to philosophy school. Aedesia took them to Athens where they studied under Proclus. Eventually they returned to Alexandria, where they both taught philosophy. Damascius, who was taught by Heliodorus, describes him as less gifted than his elder brother, and more superficial in his character and studies.

He cannot be the author of a commentary on the Astrology of Paulus Alexandrinus which was written after 564, which is ascribed to another Heliodorus.

Proclus
Proclus Lycius (/ˈprɒkləs laɪˈsiːəs/; 8 February 412 – 17 April 485), called Proclus the Successor (Ancient Greek: Πρόκλος ὁ Διάδοχος, Próklos ho Diádokhos), was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major classical philosophers of late antiquity. He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism and, through later interpreters and translators, exerted an influence on Byzantine philosophy, early Islamic philosophy, scholastic philosophy, and German idealism, especially G. W. F. Hegel, who called Proclus's Platonic Theology "the true turning point or transition from ancient to modern times, from ancient philosophy to Christianity."
Statue rubbing
Statue rubbing is the act of touching a part of a public statue. Popular among tourists, it is a form of superstition that is believed to bring good luck, ensure a return to the city, improve love life or make a wish come true.

The parts that are supposed to be rubbed are usually the most protruding or characteristic ones, for example noses or feet. In Springfield, Illinois, at Lincoln's Tomb, rubbing the nose of Honest Abe's large bust is good luck. Some of those superstitions also involve touching breasts or genitalia of the person depicted on the statue – this is usually supposed to bring luck in love or improve fertility. One example is the statue of Juliet in Verona.

Rubbing statues can have negative effects on them as it causes erosion. Because of that some well-known statues had to be replaced with a replica and some places discourage or ban tourists from doing it. It is also possible to acquire a bacterial infection from touching statues.

Statue
A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size. A sculpture that represents persons or animals in full figure, but that is small enough to lift and carry is a statuette or figurine, whilst those that are more than twice life-size are regarded as colossal statues.

Statues have been produced in many cultures from prehistory to the present; the oldest-known statue dating to about 30,000 years ago. Statues represent many different people and animals, real and mythical. Many statues are placed in public places as public art. The world's tallest statue, Statue of Unity, is 182 metres (597 ft) tall and is located near the Narmada dam in Gujarat, India.
Annie McGuire
Annie McGuire is an American sitcom starring Mary Tyler Moore that aired on CBS from October 26 to December 28, 1988.

Though short-lived, Annie McGuire earned positive reviews from both the Los Angeles Times and The New York Times. The series was notable for its early use of a single-camera format and lack of a laugh-track, adopting a more realistic style than the traditional multi-camera sitcom at the time. Aspects of this stylistic approach would later gain widespread popularity in hybrid comedies like Seinfeld, The Larry Sanders Show and many others

The series was created by veteran writer-producers Elliot Shoenman (known for The Cosby Show) and Paul Wolff (known for Remington Steele, Little House on the Prairie, Family Ties) as a star vehicle for Mary Tyler Moore. It also featured prominent comedian David Steinberg as a director, who would subsequently go on to direct episodes of Seinfeld, It's Garry Shandling's Show, and Curb Your Enthusiasm.

Family Ties
Family Ties is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC for seven seasons, premiering on September 22, 1982, and concluding on May 14, 1989. The series, created by Gary David Goldberg, reflected the social shift in the United States from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s. Because of this, Young Republican Alex P. Keaton (portrayed by Michael J. Fox) develops generational strife with his ex-hippie parents, Steven and Elyse Keaton (portrayed by Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter).

The show premiered on September 22, 1982, and for the first two seasons, aired on Wednesday nights. In the show's third season, it aired on Thursday nights. In 1987, for its sixth season, it was moved to Sunday nights where it stayed until the series' seventh and final season on May 14, 1989.

The show won multiple awards, including three consecutive Emmy Awards for Michael J. Fox as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series.
Epigenome editing
Epigenome editing or epigenome engineering is a type of genetic engineering in which the epigenome is modified at specific sites using engineered molecules targeted to those sites (as opposed to whole-genome modifications). Whereas gene editing involves changing the actual DNA sequence itself, epigenetic editing involves modifying and presenting DNA sequences to proteins and other DNA binding factors that influence DNA function. By "editing" epigenomic features in this manner, researchers can determine the exact biological role of an epigenetic modification at the site in question.

The engineered proteins used for epigenome editing are composed of a DNA binding domain that targets specific sequences and an effector domain that modifies epigenomic features. Currently, three major groups of DNA binding proteins have been predominantly used for epigenome editing: Zinc finger proteins, Transcription Activator-Like Effectors (TALEs) and nuclease deficient Cas9 fusions (CRISPR).

DNA-binding domain
A DNA-binding domain (DBD) is an independently folded protein domain that contains at least one structural motif that recognizes double- or single-stranded DNA.  A DBD can recognize a specific DNA sequence (a recognition sequence) or have a general affinity to DNA. Some DNA-binding domains may also include nucleic acids in their folded structure.
Bravest (fireboat)
The Bravest is a fireboat operated by the Fire Department of New York City.
She was commissioned on May 27, 2011.

The FDNY currently has four large fireboats, including the Bravest, supplemented by approximately a dozen smaller high speed patrol craft.  
The two largest fireboats, Firefighter II and Three Forty Three, are among the largest and most powerful fireboats in the world. At 20 knots they are relatively fast.  Bravest and FB Feehan, at appx. 65 feet, are comparable in size and power with many cities' largest fireboats, but have the high speed and shallow draft of a modern high speed patrol craft.

Bravest's shallow draft of just 1 metre means she can fight fires in the shallow waters off New York City's airports.

Her nameplate was carved from a plate of steel recovered from the World Trade Center.

Fire Fighter II
Fire Fighter II is a Robert Allan Ltd. Ranger 4200 class fireboat put in service with Marine Company 9 of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) on December 7, 2010.   The boat replaces the original Fire Fighter, and is sister to the fireboat Three Forty Three which serves with Marine Company 1.

In  2012, FDNY opened new quarters for Marine 9 at the Staten Island Homeport, a 1,410-foot-long pier in Stapleton that was built in 1980s to berth the Battleship Iowa as part of the former Naval Station New York.
Volleyball at the 2022 Bolivarian Games
Volleyball competitions at the 2022 Bolivarian Games in Valledupar, Colombia were held from 24 June to 5 July 2022 at Coliseo Cubierto Julio Monsalvo Castilla.

Two medal events were scheduled to be contested: a men's and women's tournament. A total of 132 athletes (72 athletes–6 teams for men and 60 athletes–5 teams for women) competed in the events. Both tournaments were restricted to under-23 players.

Venezuela and Dominican Republic were the defending men's and women's gold medalists, respectively. Colombia won the gold medal in both men and women tournaments.

2022 Bolivarian Games
The 2022 Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos), officially the XIX Bolivarian Games Valledupar 2022, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Valledupar, Colombia from June 24 to July 5. It was the fifth time of the event in Colombia.
Convair XB-53
The Convair XB-53 was a proposed jet-powered medium bomber aircraft, designed by Convair for the United States Army Air Forces. With a radical tailless, forward-swept wing design, the aircraft appeared futuristic; however, the project was canceled before either of the two prototypes were completed.

Allison J35
The General Electric/Allison J35 was the United States Air Force's first axial-flow (straight-through airflow) compressor jet engine. Originally developed by General Electric (GE company designation TG-180) in parallel with the Whittle-based centrifugal-flow J33, the J35 was a fairly simple turbojet, consisting of an eleven-stage axial-flow compressor and a single-stage turbine. With the afterburner, which most models carried, it produced a thrust of 7,400 lbf (33 kN).

Like the J33, the design of the J35 originated at General Electric, but major production was by the Allison Engine Company.
American Foundation for Equal Rights
The American Foundation for Equal Rights (AFER) was a nonprofit organization active in the United States from 2009 through 2015. The organization was established to support the plaintiffs in Hollingsworth v. Perry (formerly Perry v. Brown or Perry v. Schwarzenegger), a federal lawsuit challenging California's Proposition 8 under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. AFER retained former United States Solicitor General Theodore B. Olson and David Boies (who worked on opposite sides in Bush v. Gore) to lead the legal team representing the plaintiffs challenging Proposition 8.

Supreme Court of California
The Supreme Court of California is the highest and final court of appeals in the courts of the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in San Francisco at the Earl Warren Building, but it regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts.  Since 1850, the court has issued many influential decisions in a variety of areas including torts, property, civil and constitutional rights, and criminal law.
Captopril
Captopril, sold under the brand name Capoten among others, is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first oral ACE inhibitor found for the treatment of hypertension. It does not cause fatigue as associated with beta-blockers.

Captopril was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1980.

Sérgio Henrique Ferreira
Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (October 4, 1934 – July 17, 2016) was a Brazilian physician and pharmacologist noted for the discovery of the bradykinin potentiating factor, which led to new and widely used anti-hypertension drugs — the ACE inhibitors.
Beneteau Capelan
The Beneteau Capelan is a French trailerable sailboat that was designed by André Bénéteau as a fishing boat, day sailer and pocket cruiser, and first built in 1972. The boat is named for the species of fish.

Trailer sailer
A trailer sailer is a keelboat that is big enough to accommodate crew for a weekend cruise, yet small enough to be launched, rigged, and recovered single-handed. It is also relatively easy to haul on a trailer behind a car, which requires low displacement and a shallow draft.

Although many small yachts can in principle be moved on a trailer, not all qualify as trailer sailers. The term is generally reserved for cabin sailboats intended for regular ramp launching. It does not apply to dinghies or small open keelboats under about 19 feet, since these are almost always easy to tow due to their characteristic light weight and shallow draft.
Daniel Benjamin
Daniel Benjamin (born October 16, 1961) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012, appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton. Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College. In July 2020, he became president of the American Academy in Berlin, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independent transatlantic institution in the German capital.

Coordinator for Counterterrorism
The coordinator for counterterrorism heads the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism, which coordinates U.S. government efforts to fight terrorism. As the head of the counterterrorism bureau, the coordinator for counterterrorism has the rank of both ambassador-at-large and assistant secretary.
Queen dowager
A queen dowager or dowager queen (compare: princess dowager or dowager princess) is a title or status generally held by the widow of a king. In the case of the widow of an emperor, the title of empress dowager is used. Its full meaning is clear from the two words from which it is composed: queen indicates someone who served as queen consort (i.e. wife of a king), while dowager indicates a woman who continues to hold the title from her deceased husband (a queen who reigns in her own right is a queen regnant). A queen mother is a former queen consort, often a dowager queen, who is the mother of the reigning monarch.

As of 2025, there are three queens dowager: Kesang Choden of Bhutan (who is the only living queen grandmother worldwide), Norodom Monineath of Cambodia (who is also queen mother), and Lisa Najeeb Halaby (Noor Al'Hussein) of Jordan.

Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI (11 August 1311 – 26 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was King of Castile and León. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313.

Once Alfonso was declared an adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power and became known for his victory in the Battle of Rio Salado. While leading a siege against Yusuf I of Granada, he died of the plague in Gibraltar.
Novelle Richards
Novelle Hamilton Richards (24 November 1917–1986) was an Antigua Labour Party politician, who was elected as representative for St. John's Rural South in the 1951 general election and served until 1960. Richards was also a member of the Federal Parliament of the West Indies, being one of two representatives for the province of Antigua along with Bradley Carrott. Richards was the lyrical composer of "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" and has a secondary school named after him in Tomlinson. He is the grandfather of prime minister Gaston Browne.

Gaston Browne
Gaston Alphonso Browne (born 9 February 1967) is an Antiguan politician serving as the prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda and leader of the Labour Party since 2014. Before entering politics, he was a banker and businessman.
Frederick W. Lanchester
Frederick William Lanchester (23 October 1868 – 8 March 1946), was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering and to aerodynamics, and co-invented the topic of operations research.

Lanchester became a pioneer British motor-car builder, a hobby which resulted in him building the first British car in 1895 and developing a successful car company.

Some of the innovations Lanchester developed have gone on to become widely adopted in the car industry.

Royal Aeronautical Society
The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Members, Fellows, and Companions of the society can use the post-nominal letters MRAeS, FRAeS, or CRAeS, respectively.
Bollenbach
Bollenbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen, whose seat is in Herrstein.

Herrstein
Herrstein (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁʃtaɪn]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Herrstein-Rhaunen.
Chilkoot Trail
The Chilkoot Trail is a 33-mile (53 km) trail through the Coast Mountains that leads from Dyea, Alaska, in the United States] to Bennett, British Columbia, in Canada. It was a major access route from the coast to Yukon goldfields in the late 1890s. The trail became obsolete in 1899 when a railway was built from Dyea's neighbor port Skagway along the parallel White Pass trail.

The U.S. portion of the Chilkoot Trail and Dyea Site were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, following creation of Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park in 1976. In 1987, the B.C. portion of the trail was designated Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site. In 1998, the centennial of the gold rush, the National Historic Site in British Columbia joined with the U.S. National Historical Park to form Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park. In 2022, the 16.5 mi (26.6 km) portion of the trail in Alaska was designated Chilkoot National Historic Trail, part of the National Trails System.

Snow field
A snow field, snowfield  or neve is an accumulation of permanent snow and ice, typically found above the snow line, normally in mountainous and glacial terrain.

Glaciers originate in snowfields. The lower end of a glacier is usually free from snow and névé in summer. In the upper end and above the upper boundary of a glacier, the snow field is an ice field covered with snow. The glacier upper boundary, where it emerges from under a snow field, is ill-defined because of gradual transition.