hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th. Cir., 2001) was a landmark intellectual property case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed a district court ruling that the defendant, peer-to-peer file sharing service Napster, could be held liable for contributory infringement and vicarious infringement of copyright. This was the first major case to address the application of copyright laws to peer-to-peer file sharing.

While A&M Records served as the lead plaintiff, Napster was sued by 18 different record companies, all of which were members of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Additionally, songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller were included on the Circuit Court appeal, representing the interests of "all others similarly situated."

Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is a form of a  strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability, or duty to control" the activities of a violator. It can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability because, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability. The law has developed the view that some relationships by their nature require the person who engages others to accept responsibility for the wrongdoing of those others. The most important such relationship for practical purposes is that of employer and employee.
HAT-P-18
HAT-P-18 is a K-type main-sequence star about 530 light-years away. The star is very old and has a concentration of heavy elements similar to solar abundance.  A survey in 2015 detected very strong starspot activity on HAT-P-18.

K-type main-sequence star
A K-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type K. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars are intermediate in size between red dwarfs and yellow dwarfs, hence the term orange dwarfs often applied to this type.
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁom petjɔ̃ də vilnœv]; 3 January 1756 – 18 June 1794) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792, and the first regular president of the National Convention in 1792. During the French Revolution, he was associated with the moderate Girondins, and voted against the immediate execution of Louis XVI at the king's trial in January 1793, though he supported a suspended sentence. This led to Pétion's proscription by the Convention alongside other Girondin deputies following the radical insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, and ultimately his suicide together with fellow-Girondin François Buzot while evading arrest during the Terror.

Mayor of Paris
The mayor of Paris (French: Maire de Paris, [mɛʁ d(ə) paʁi]) is the chief executive of Paris, the capital and largest city in France.

The officeholder is responsible for the administration and management of the city, submits proposals and recommendations to the Council of Paris, is active in the enforcement of the city's ordinances, submits the city's annual budget and appoints city officers, department commissioners or directors, as well as members of city boards and commissions. During meetings of the Council of Paris, the mayor serves as the presiding officer, as it is the case in any other commune in France. Since Paris doubles as a department as well, the mayor also has the rank of a departmental council president.

Since 5 April 2014, Anne Hidalgo of the Socialist Party has been Mayor of Paris.
BeyNoah
Noah Bey (Japanese: ベイノア, Hepburn: Bei Noa; born 20 August 1995) is an American-born kickboxer and mixed martial artist who currently resides in Japan. He currently competes in the super welterweight division of RISE, where he is the former RISE welterweight champion, as well as in the lightweight division of Rizin FF.

2021 in Rizin Fighting Federation
The year 2021 was the seventh year in the history of the Rizin Fighting Federation, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan. Rizin events are broadcast through a television agreement with Fuji Television. In North America and Europe, Rizin events are available via PPV on LIVENow.
Amad Al-Hosni
Imad Ali Suleiman Al-Hosni (Arabic: عماد علي سليمان الحوسني; born 18 July 1984), commonly known as Imad Al-Hosni or Al-Amda, is an Omani former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played for the Oman national team.

17th Arabian Gulf Cup
The 17th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: كأس الخليج العربي) was held in Qatar between 10 and 24 December 2004.  It marked the return of the Iraqi National team back to the competition,
following the fall of Saddam Hussein. Qatar turned out the victors and Oman came in runners up in a close match that ended in a penalty kick shootout.
Sherwood Dam
Sherwood Dam, known also as Lake Sherwood Dam, Alturas Dam, and Potrero Dam, is a 270-foot-long (82 m) concrete arch dam in the Santa Monica Mountains near Thousand Oaks, California. Completed in 1904, its construction led to the creation of the 165-acre (67 ha) Potrero Lake (since renamed Lake Sherwood) over the following winter. It was the first reservoir of its size in the area, and remains one of the oldest standing dams in California.

Santa Monica Mountains
The Santa Monica Mountains are a coastal mountain range in Southern California, next to the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area protects nearly all of this mountain range, and extends beyond it in places. Because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a fastidious, slow-growing, Gram-negative rod of the genus Capnocytophaga.  It is a commensal bacterium in the normal gingival microbiota of canine and feline species, but can cause illness in humans. Transmission may occur through bites, licks, or even close proximity with animals. C. canimorsus generally has low virulence in healthy individuals, but has been observed to cause severe, even grave, illness in persons with pre-existing conditions.  The pathogenesis of C. canimorsus is still largely unknown, but increased clinical diagnoses have fostered an interest in the bacillus.  Treatment with antibiotics is effective in most cases, but the most important yet basic diagnostic tool available to clinicians remains the knowledge of recent exposure to canines or felines.

GC-content
In molecular biology and genetics, GC-content (or G+C content or guanine-cytosine content) is the percentage of nitrogenous bases in a DNA or RNA molecule that are either guanine (G) or cytosine (C). This measure indicates the proportion of G and C bases out of an implied four total bases, also including adenine and thymine in DNA and adenine and uracil in RNA.

GC-content may be given for a certain fragment of DNA or RNA or for an entire genome. When it refers to a fragment, it may denote the GC-content of an individual gene or section of a gene (domain), a group of genes or gene clusters, a non-coding region, or a synthetic oligonucleotide such as a primer.
Golden Oak Ranch
Golden Oak Ranch is an 890-acre (360-hectare) movie ranch owned by the Walt Disney Studios subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company that serves as a filming location and backlot. The ranch is off of Placerita Canyon Road outside of Newhall, Santa Clarita, California, less than an hour north of Los Angeles; its entrance is not far from Placerita Canyon Road's intersection with California State Route 14.

The ranch is on land that was part of the Rancho San Francisco land grant. Its name honors the first discovery of gold in California at the site by Francisco Lopez, years before the discovery that precipitated the California Gold Rush. The ranch has a heliport, grassy meadows, two creeks, a waterfall, and various Western sets.

Sutter's Mill
Sutter's Mill was a water-powered sawmill on the bank of the South Fork American River in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California. It was named after its owner John Sutter. A worker constructing the mill, James W. Marshall, found gold there in 1848. This discovery set off the California gold rush (1848–1855), a major event in the history of the United States.

The mill was later reconstructed in the original design and today forms part of Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park in Coloma, California. A meteorite fall in 2012 landed close to the mill; the recovered fragments were named the Sutter's Mill meteorite.
Architecture of Cape Verde
The Architecture of Cape Verde has different architectural styles.  Unlike the African mainland, Cape Verde was uninhabited until 1461 when the Portuguese arrived, whereas most of the other islands were first inhabited after the end of the 15th century.  Its architecture was introduced in the 1460s and has its first origins from Portuguese settlers from the Madeira Islands. The Manueline was its first architectural style, and was followed by Renaissance, Baroque, Pombaline (late-Baroque and Neoclassical), Early Modern and Modern.

Ponta do Norte Lighthouse
Farol de Ponta Norte is a lighthouse in the northernmost point of the island of Sal, Cape Verde. It is located near the headland Ponta Norte. The original lighthouse was a 13 metres high cast iron tower, constructed in 1897. This was replaced with a masonry tower around 1940, which is now in ruins. The current light is on a 5 metres metal tower.
2002 Spengler Cup
The 2002 Spengler Cup was held in Davos, Switzerland from December 26 to December 31, 2002.  All matches were played at host HC Davos's home Eisstadion Davos. The final was won 3-2 by Team Canada over host HC Davos.

Eisstadion Davos
zondacrypto Arena is an indoor arena in Davos, Switzerland. It is primarily used for ice hockey and is the home arena of HC Davos. It holds 7,080 people, of which 3,280 are seated. Every year the Spengler Cup is played in this arena.

Major renovation of the arena started at the conclusion of the 2017–18 season to upgrade most of the stands and the concourse. The seating capacity was not increased and the total cost was around CHF 27 million. Construction began in 2018 and was completed in 2021.
Yecla (DO)
Yecla is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located around the town of Yecla in the northernmost corner of the region of Murcia (Spain) and is surrounded by other DOPs: Jumilla to the south and west, Almansa to the north and Alicante to the east.  The area is notable for its extensive use of the red Monastrell grape variety, and it is traditionally known as the home of Monastrell in Spain. Monastrell is the fourth most planted red grape variety in Spain. The international market makes up 92% of the DOP's wine sales, making it the Spanish wine DOP with the highest proportion of international exports.

Jumilla (DO)
38°47′N 1°19′W﻿ / ﻿38.783°N 1.317°W﻿ / 38.783; -1.317

Jumilla is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines that extends over the north of the region of Murcia, Spain. The area includes the municipality of Jumilla, from which it takes its name, and the contiguous southeast of the Albacete province (municipalities of Montealegre del Castillo, Fuente-Álamo, Ontur, Hellin, Albatana and Tobarra) in the Castile-La Mancha region. It is one of Spain's leading wine regions.
Small Sports Car SC01
The Small Sports Car (SSC) SC01 (Chinese: 小跑车SC01; pinyin: xiǎo pǎochē SC01; lit. 'Small Sports Car SC01') is a battery electric two-seater coupe sports car produced by JMEV, a subsidiary of Jiangling Motors. It was originally unveiled in September 2022 by the boutique tuner startup Tianjin Gongjiang Pai Auto Technology who designed, engineered, and markets the vehicle, before it was brought under JMEV as the JMEV 01 (Chinese: 江铃羿驰 01; pinyin: jiānglíng yìchí 01) for contract manufacturing and access to a sales license in 2025. It went on sale in April 2025 after launching at Auto Shanghai 2025 with its original name, Small Sports Car SC01.

JMEV
Jiangxi Jiangling Group New Energy Vehicle Co., Ltd. (traded as JMEV) is a joint venture headquartered in Nanchang, China, and owned by Groupe Renault (as a majority holder), Jiangling Motors Corporation Group (JMCG) and China Agricultural Development Construction Fund Corporation. JMEV is focused on the development and production of electric cars and was established in 2015 as a subsidiary of JMCG. It was reorganised as a joint venture in July 2019, after Renault acquired a majority stake.

As of 2023, its cumulative sales of electric vehicles have exceeded 100,000.
David Cooper Ayres
David Cooper Ayres (January 25, 1820 – February 1, 1890) was a Wisconsin physician who was a military surgeon during the American Civil War and served three one-year terms as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.  In historical documents his name is often abbreviated as D. Cooper Ayres.

Administrative divisions of Wisconsin
The administrative divisions of Wisconsin include counties, cities, villages and towns. In Wisconsin, all of these are units of general-purpose local government. There are also a number of special-purpose districts formed to handle regional concerns, such as school districts.

Whether a community is a city, village or town is not strictly dependent on the community's population or area, but on the form of government selected by the residents and approved by the Wisconsin State Legislature. Cities and villages can overlap county boundaries; for example, the city of Whitewater is located in Walworth and Jefferson counties.
Superb lyrebird
The superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) is an Australian passerine songbird, one of two species from the family Menuridae, with the other being the much rarer Albert's lyrebird. One of the world's largest songbirds, the superb lyrebird is renowned for its elaborate tail and courtship displays, and for its excellent mimicry. The species is endemic to Australia and is found in forest in the southeast of the country. According to David Attenborough, the superb lyrebird displays one of the most sophisticated voice skills within the animal kingdom—"the most elaborate, the most complex, and the most beautiful".

John Gould
John Gould FRS (/ɡuːld/; 14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist who published monographs on birds, illustrated by plates produced by his wife, Elizabeth Gould, and several other artists, including Edward Lear, Henry Constantine Richter, Joseph Wolf and William Matthew Hart. Because of his 1840s seven-volume series The Birds of Australia and its updates he has been considered the father of bird study in Australia, and the Gould League in Australia is named after him. His identification of the birds now nicknamed "Darwin's finches" played a role in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Gould's work is referenced in Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species.
Q-dance
Q-dance is a Dutch company that organizes events and festivals that focuses on the harder styles of dance music – mainly hardstyle, hardcore, and hard trance. Popular events and festivals organized by Q-dance are Defqon.1 Festival, Qlimax and Dominator. Q-Dance has organized multiple events and festivals in the past such as Qapital, The Qontinent, Impaqt, Q-Base, EPIQ, and X-Qlusive. The events of Q-dance are easily identified by the letter “Q” on the event names. The 'Q' in Q-dance stands for quality. The logo of Q-dance is inspired by the knobs on DJ mixers, which if turned 120 degrees to the right creates the letter “Q”.

ID&T
ID&T is a Dutch entertainment and medium enterprise that was founded in the early 1990s. Their event Thunderdome is named the oldest electronic festival in the Netherlands, with later events like Mysteryland, Trance Energy and  Sensation. It operates many of the largest electronic dance music events in the world. They were also involved in the editions of Tomorrowland up until 2013.
Mamushi
Gloydius blomhoffii, commonly known as the mamushi, Japanese moccasin, Japanese pit viper, Qichun snake, Salmusa or Japanese mamushi, is a pit viper species found in Japan. It was once considered to have 4 subspecies, but it is now considered monotypic.

This species, along with the yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) and the Okinawan habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis), are the most venomous snakes in Japan.  Every year, 2000–3000 people in Japan are bitten by a mamushi. Bitten victims typically require one week of treatment in a hospital. Severe bites require intensive care, and approximately 10 victims die annually.

Rhabdophis tigrinus
Rhabdophis tigrinus, also known commonly as the tiger keelback, yamakagashi, or kkotbaem, is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to East Asia and Southeast Asia. Many sources, though not ITIS, recognize one subspecies, Rhabdophis tigrinus formosanus of Taiwan.
Pannenhuis metro station
Pannenhuis (French pronunciation: [panənœjs]; Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpɑnə(n)ˌɦœys]) is a Brussels Metro station on the northern branch of line 6. It is located in Laeken, in the north-west of the City of Brussels, Belgium. The station takes its name from the street Rue du Pannenhuys/Pannenhuisstraat (lit. 'Roof Tile House Street'), which is just to the west, in the municipality of Jette.

The metro station opened on 6 October 1982 as part of the Beekkant–Bockstael extension of former line 1A. Then, following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by line 6.

Laeken
Laeken (French, pronounced [lakœn] ⓘ) or Laken (Dutch, pronounced [ˈlaːkə(n)] ⓘ) is a residential suburb in the north-western part of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. It belongs to the municipality of the City of Brussels and is mostly identified by the Belgian postal code: 1020. Prior to 1921, it was a separate municipality.
2022–23 Biathlon IBU Cup
The 2022–23 Biathlon IBU Cup was a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the IBU. It is the second-rank competition in biathlon after the Biathlon World Cup. The season started on 29 November 2022 in Idre Fjäll, Sweden and ended on 4 March 2023 in Canmore, Canada.

Erlend Bjøntegaard from Norway and Lou Jeanmonnot from France were the defending overall champions from the 2021–22 season.

IBU Cup
The IBU Cup in biathlon has been held since the winter seasons of 1982–83 and 1988–89, for women and men, respectively. Until the 2007–08 season this competition was called Biathlon European Cup. It is the second-rank competition in biathlon after the Biathlon World Cup. The IBU Cup season lasts from November/December to March, with contests in a different venue almost every week.
2014–15 Biathlon World Cup – Individual Men
The 2014–15 Biathlon World Cup – Individual Men started on Wednesday December 3, 2014 in Östersund and finished on Thursday March 12, 2015 at the World Championships in Kontiolahti. The defending titlist Emil Hegle Svendsen of Norway finished on the 3rd place. Serhiy Semenov of Ukraine won the title.

2014–15 Biathlon World Cup
The 2014–15 Biathlon World Cup is a multi-race tournament over a season of biathlon, organised by the International Biathlon Union. The season started on 30 November 2014 in Östersund, Sweden, and ended on 22 March 2015 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.

A new event, called the "Single mixed relay", made its World Cup debut on 6 February 2015 in Nové Město. This event involves one male and one female biathlete each completing two legs consisting of one prone and one standing shoot.
7th Dragoon Guards
The 7th (The Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1688 as Lord Cavendish's Regiment of Horse. It was renamed as the 8th Horse in 1694 and the 7th (The Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards for Princess Charlotte in 1788. It saw service for two centuries, including the First World War, before being amalgamated with the 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards, to form the 4th/7th Dragoon Guards in 1922.

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire (25 January 1640 – 18 August 1707) was an English Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons of England from 1661 until 1684 when he inherited his father's peerage as Earl of Devonshire and took his seat in the House of Lords. Cavendish was part of the "Immortal Seven" which invited William of Orange to depose James II of England as part of the Glorious Revolution, and was rewarded for his efforts by being elevated to the Duke of Devonshire in 1694.
First Colony Mall
First Colony Mall is a regional shopping mall in Sugar Land, Texas, located about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Houston. The mall — located south of the intersection of Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59 and State Highway 6—opened on March 14, 1996 and was recently expanded in 2006. First Colony Mall is owned by Brookfield Properties. The anchor stores are Macy's, JCPenney, Dick's Sporting Goods, and 2 Dillard's stores. There is also a 24-screen AMC Theatres complex located on an outlying parcel southeast of the mall.

Brookfield Properties
Brookfield Properties is a North American subsidiary of commercial real estate firm Brookfield Property Partners, which itself is a subsidiary of alternative asset management company Brookfield Corporation. It is responsible for the asset management of the company's real estate portfolio, including office, multi-family residential, retail, hospitality, and logistics buildings.

The assets of shopping mall operator GGP were integrated into Brookfield Properties after its acquisition by Brookfield Property Partners in 2018. Brookfield reverted to the GGP brand for its American retail business in 2026, thus, GGP is considered a subsidiary of Brookfield Properties. As of 2024, Brookfield Properties operates corporate offices in nine countries around the world, including China, India, Germany and the U.S.
Meelon, Western Australia
Meelon is a small townsite in the Peel region of Western Australia, located between Pinjarra and Dwellingup within the Shire of Murray. At the 2011 census, Meelon had a population of 224.

It was originally established as a saw-milling site by the local timber industry in the 1900s and was serviced by a siding on the Pinjarra-Narrogin railway. Following the decline of the industry in the 1950s, Meelon all but disappeared, and today primarily consists of medium-acreage farms which are dependent on Pinjarra for services. The Hotham Valley Railway, a tourist railway, passes through but does not stop in Meelon.

The locality is home to two heritage-listed homesteads, the Kirkham House, also referred to as Riverdale and dating back to 1900, and the Burnside Homestead, constructed in 1860.

Shire of Murray
The Shire of Murray is a local government area of Western Australia. It has an area of 1,710.1 square kilometres (660.3 sq mi) and is located in the Peel Region about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the Perth CBD.

The Shire extends across the Peel Inlet and the Swan Coastal Plain into the Darling Scarp, including about 77,000 hectares (190,000 acres) of State forests. Timber logging and agriculture were the traditional enterprises of the district. However, in recent decades, bauxite mining and a significant equine and tourism industry have emerged. The Murray River flows all year throughout the district. It offers premier country racing and trotting facilities, a golf course and an array of festivals and events.

The Shire is centred on the town of Pinjarra, one of the oldest towns in Western Australia where a number of 19th-century mud brick buildings are still in use today.