hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1991 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships
The 1991 Australian Men's Hardcourt Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Adelaide, Australia and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 31 December 1990 until 6 January 1991. Unseeded Nicklas Kulti won the singles title.

1991 ATP Tour
The 1991 IBM ATP Tour was the elite tour for professional men's tennis organized by the ATP Tour. The IBM ATP Tour included the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series and the ATP Tour World Championships. The World Team Cup, Davis Cup (organized by the ITF) and Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF) are included in this calendar but did not count towards the Tour.
Cygnus OB7
Cygnus OB7 is an OB association in the giant Cygnus molecular cloud complex, which also contains the star-forming regions Cygnus X, the North America Nebula and the Pelican Nebula. The Northern Coalsack Nebula of the Cygnus Rift lies in the foreground of this region. The molecular cloud has a large angular size of ~4° × 7°.

North America Nebula
The North America Nebula (NGC 7000 or Caldwell 20) is an emission nebula in the constellation Cygnus, close to Deneb (the tail of the swan and its brightest star) in the night sky. It is named because its shape resembles North America.
Tunnel and Reservoir Plan
The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (abbreviated TARP and more commonly known as the Deep Tunnel Project or the Chicago Deep Tunnel) is a large civil engineering project that aims to reduce flooding in the metropolitan Chicago area, and to reduce the harmful effects of flushing raw sewage into Lake Michigan by diverting storm water and sewage into temporary holding reservoirs. The megaproject is one of the largest civil engineering projects ever undertaken in terms of scope, cost and timeframe. Commissioned in the mid-1970s, the project is managed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Completion of the system is not anticipated until 2029, but substantial portions of the system have already opened and are currently operational. Across 30 years of construction, over $3 billion has been spent on the project.

Megaproject
A megaproject is an extremely large-scale  investment project.
A more general definition is "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterised by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organisational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".
Megaprojects may refer  to construction projects but also decommissioning projects with multi-billion budgets, and a high level of innovation and complexity, affected by a number of techno-socio-economic and organizational challenges.
47th Gawad Urian Awards
The 47th Gawad Urian Awards (Filipino: Ika-47 na Gawad Urian) is held on June 8, 2024. Established in 1976, the Gawad Urian Awards highlights the best of Philippine cinema as decided by the Filipino Film Critics. The best Philippine films for the year 2023 are honored in the event at the De La Salle University. For the first time in the awards-giving body's history, the Best Picture award is conferred to an animated film, Iti Mapukpukaw.

Gawad Urian Award
The Gawad Urian Awards are annual film awards in the Philippines presented since 1977 by the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino (transl. Filipino Film Critics), an organization composed of film critic, writers, and scholars. It is the regarded as the highest award for a film given by critics in the Philippines and is seen as the counterpart of the United States' New York Film Critics Circle.

The name "Gawad Urian" is from Tagalog terms urian (a standard for gold) and gawad (award). It is the only major award-giving body in the Philippines to use the vernacular in awards shows and in the presentation of the awards. The official name for the Best Film category is Pinakamahusay na Pelikula, for example.
Mau5ville: Level 1
Mau5ville: Level 1 (stylized as mau5ville: Level 1) is an extended play (EP) and compilation album by Canadian electronic music producer Deadmau5. It was released on July 13, 2018, through his record label Mau5trap. The release features "Monophobia", a collaboration with Australian singer and musician Rob Swire, with remixes, as well as original songs by DJs Getter and GTA. Two follow-up EPs, Mau5ville: Level 2 and Mau5ville: Level 3, were released in November 2018 and February 2019, respectively.

Mau5ville: Level 3
Mau5ville: Level 3 (stylized as mau5ville: Level 3) is an extended play (EP) and compilation album by Canadian electronic music producer Deadmau5. It was released on February 1, 2019, through Mau5trap. It is a follow-up to his previous EP Mau5ville: Level 2 that was released the previous year. The EP features collaborations with Shotty Horroh and Scene of Action.
Caccioppoli set
In mathematics, a Caccioppoli set is a subset of  whose boundary is (in a suitable sense) measurable and has (at least locally) a finite measure. A synonym is set of (locally) finite perimeter. Basically, a set is a Caccioppoli set if its characteristic function is a function of bounded variation, and its perimeter is the total variation of the characteristic function.

Subset
In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B if and only if all elements of A are also elements of B; B is then a superset of A. It is possible for A and B to be equal; if they are unequal, then A is a proper subset of B. The relationship of one set being a subset of another is called inclusion (or sometimes containment). A is a subset of B may also be expressed as B includes (or contains) A or A is included (or contained) in B. A k-subset is a subset with k elements.

When quantified,  is represented as

One can prove the statement  by applying a proof technique known as the element argument:

Let sets A and B be given. To prove that 
suppose that a is a particular but arbitrarily chosen element of A
show that a is an element of B.

The validity of this technique can be seen as a consequence of universal generalization: the technique shows  for an arbitrarily chosen element c. Universal generalisation then implies  which is equivalent to  as stated above.
JS Mikuma
JS Mikuma (FFM-4) is the fourth ship of the Mogami-class frigates of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). She was named after the Mikuma River and shares her name with a World War II heavy cruiser Mikuma and Cold War destroyer escort Mikuma.

Japanese cruiser Mikuma
Mikuma (Japanese: 三隈; named after Mikuma River) was a heavy cruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  The second vessel in the four-ship Mogami class, she was laid down in 1931 and commissioned in 1935.  During World War II she participated in the Battle of Sunda Strait in February 1942 and the Battle of Midway in June 1942, and was sunk the last day of the latter engagement, on 6 June.
Secular Jewish music
Since Biblical times, music has held an important role in many Jews' lives. Jewish music has been influenced by surrounding Gentile traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time. Jewish musical contributions on the other hand tend to reflect the cultures of the countries in which Jews live, the most notable examples being classical and popular music in the United States and Europe. However, other music is unique to particular Jewish communities, such as klezmer of Eastern Europe.

Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German-Jewish philosopher and theologian. His writings and ideas on Jews and the Jewish religion and identity were a central element in the development of the Haskalah, or 'Jewish Enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Born to a poor Jewish family in Dessau, Principality of Anhalt, and originally destined for a rabbinical career, Mendelssohn educated himself in German thought and literature. Through his writings on philosophy and religion he came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both Christian and Jewish inhabitants of German-speaking Europe and beyond. His involvement in the Berlin textile industry formed the foundation of his family's wealth.

His descendants include the composers Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn; Felix's son, chemist Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy; Fanny's grandsons, Paul and Kurt Hensel; and the founders of the Mendelssohn & Co. banking house.
Demetrios Lialios
Demetrios Lialios (Δημήτριος Λιάλιος, Patras, 1869 - 13 March 1940) was a Greek composer. He studied at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München under Ludwig Thuille. He was possibly the first modern Greek composer to write chamber music. His oeuvre includes an opera, a requiem, 22 orchestral compositions, 14 chamber music works, and 2 compositions for Greek Orthodox liturgy. His Requiem in B minor, titled Missa pro Defunctis is perhaps the first large-scale modern Greek choral work. He also composed lieder in various languages. Between 1919 and 1935 he was vice-consul of Greece in Munich.

Ludwig Thuille
Ludwig Wilhelm Andreas Maria Thuille /ˈtui̯lə/ (30 November 1861 – 5 February 1907) was an Austrian composer and teacher, numbered for a while among the leading operatic composers of the so-called Munich School of composers, whose most famous representative was Richard Strauss.
Economic cost
Economic cost is the combination of  losses of any goods that have a value attached to them by any one individual. Economic cost is used mainly by economists as means to compare the prudence of one course of action with that of another. The comparison includes the gains and losses precluded by taking a course of action as well as those of the course taken itself. Economic cost differs from accounting cost because it includes opportunity cost. (Some sources refer to accounting cost as explicit cost and opportunity cost as implicit cost.)

Opportunity cost
In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost of a choice is the value of the best alternative forgone where, given limited resources, a choice needs to be made between several mutually exclusive alternatives. Assuming the best choice is made, it is the "cost" incurred by not enjoying the benefit that would have been had if the second best available choice had been taken instead. The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen". As a representation of the relationship between scarcity and choice, the objective of opportunity cost is to ensure efficient use of scarce resources. It incorporates all associated costs of a decision, both explicit and implicit. Thus, opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs: the real cost of output forgone, lost time, pleasure, or any other benefit that provides utility should also be considered an opportunity cost.
Josina Peixoto
Josina Vieira de Araújo Peixoto (9 August 1857 – 5 November 1911) was the wife of Floriano Peixoto, the 2nd President of Brazil, and the second woman to serve as first lady of the country, between 1891 and 1894. She was also the 1st second lady of Brazil from February 1891 until the resignation of Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca in November of the same year.

Floriano Peixoto
Floriano Vieira Peixoto (Brazilian Portuguese: [floɾiˈɐ̃nu viˈe(j)ɾɐ pe(j)ˈʃotu]; 30 April 1839 – 29 June 1895) was a Brazilian military officer and politician. A veteran of the Paraguayan War and several other conflicts in Brazil, he served as the president of Brazil from 1891 to 1894, and previously as vice president in 1891. Born in Ipioca (a district in the city of Maceió in the state of Alagoas) and nicknamed the Iron Marshal (Portuguese: Marechal de Ferro), he was the first vice president of Brazil to have succeeded the president mid-term.
Union of Slovak Mathematicians and Physicists
The Union of Slovak Mathematicians and Physicists (Slovak: Jednota slovenských matematikov a fyzikov, JSMF) is a learned society in Bratislava, founded in January 1969.
Martin Kalina has been president of the JSMF since 2008.

The JSMF is composed of two sections, the Physical Section (Slovak: Fyzikálna sekcia, not to be confused with the Slovak Physical Society, Slovenská fyzikálna spoločnosť) and the Slovak Mathematical Society (Slovak: Slovenská matematická spoločnosť).
The JSMF is an associated organisation of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and is the adhering organisation of the International Mathematical Union for Slovakia.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
New York Hampton Surf
The New York Hampton Surf soccer team played in the American Indoor Soccer League during the 2006/2007 season. It was formerly known as the New York Empire. Frank Cuzzi was the president and Corner Kick International, LLC was the parent company. The company provides soccer marketing and runs soccer camps in the New York area.

The Surf made its home on the East End of Long Island in the town of Town of Southampton, and played home games at Southampton Youth Sports Center in the 2006/2007 season.

The Surf made its home debut on December 9, 2006, in a 5–3 loss against the Massachusetts Twisters.

Two members of the Surf and former Hofstra players were selected in the 2007 MLS Supplemental Draft. Michael Todd was selected by the Kansas City Wizards, and Gary Flood was selected by the New England Revolution. Both Todd and Flood helped the Surf earn their first victory, an 11–6 win over the Massachusetts Twisters, the same weekend as their selection, January 20, 2007.

Southampton, New York
Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the town had a population of 69,036. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as the Hamptons.

Stony Brook University has a campus in Southampton.
Edward Bouverie (junior)
Edward Bouverie (26 October 1767 – 14 April 1858), the eldest son of Edward Bouverie senior MP, of Delapré Abbey, Hardingstone, Northamptonshire, and Harriet Fawkener a political hostess and socialite. He married Catherine Castle, heiress and daughter of William Castle of Suffolk in March 1788. They had 4 sons and 4 daughter.

Unlike his father, and other relatives, Edward did not involve himself in national politics but instead served the local community as a Justice of the Peace, Deputy Lieutenant (18 February 1793) and High Sheriff of Northamptonshire (1800). He spent time in investing in the Delapré estate, in artwork and in horses.

High Sheriff of Northamptonshire
This is a list of the High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire.

The High Sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown.  Formerly the High Sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct, so that its functions are now largely ceremonial.  The High Sheriff changes every March.
Sakaryaspor
Sakaryaspor Kulübü Derneği, commonly known as Sakaryaspor, is a Turkish professional football club based in Adapazarı, the capital of Sakarya Province. Founded in 1965, the club competes in the TFF First League, the second tier of the Turkish football league system. Sakaryaspor play their home matches at the 28,113-capacity New Sakarya Stadium, and traditionally wear green and black striped shirts. The club has a strong regional following and is known for its rivalry with Kocaelispor.

TFF 2. Lig
The TFF 2. Lig (lit. 'TFF 2nd League'), currently referred to as Nesine 2. Lig for sponsorship reasons, is the third level in the Turkish football league system. It was founded in the 2001–02 season with the name of Turkish Second League Category B as a continuation of the then second level division. In the 2005–06 season, the name of the league was changed to Lig B. Since the 2007–08 season, the league's current name is used along with sponsor names.

Turkish Second Football League (in Turkish: Türkiye İkinci Futbol Ligi or shortly İkinci Lig or 2. Lig) is a defunct football league in Turkey. It was the second level division in Turkish football since its foundation in 1963–64 until the formation of the new league system in 2001–02. The Second Football League was divided into two categories in the 2001–02 season: Category A and Category B. Since 2007–08, Category A has continued as the TFF First League and Category B has continued as the TFF Second League.
Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Falls Township is a suburban Philadelphia township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 34,300 at the 2010 census.  Portions of Fairless Hills and Levittown, Pennsylvania, are located in the township. Portions of Falls Township are called Morrisville and Yardley, due to the location of the Morrisville Post Office outside the Borough of Morrisville in Falls Township. As originally chartered in 1692, the villages of Morrisville and Tullytown were part of Falls Township. Morrisville was granted borough status in 1804. Tullytown was established as a borough in 1891.

Yardley, Pennsylvania
Yardley is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Yardley borders the Delaware River and Ewing Township, New Jersey to its east and Lower Makefield Township to its north, west, and south. The United States Post Office assigns many addresses in Lower Makefield Township the preferred city of "Yardley", although they are outside the borough. As of the 2020 census, Yardley had a population of 2,605. Yardley is part of the Delaware Valley metropolitan area.
RIM-24 Tartar
The General Dynamics RIM-24 Tartar was a medium-range naval surface-to-air missile (SAM), among the earliest SAMs to equip United States Navy ships. The Tartar was the third of the so-called "3 Ts", the three primary SAMs the Navy fielded in the 1960s and 1970s, the others being the RIM-2 Terrier and RIM-8 Talos.

Italian Navy
The Italian Navy (Italian: Marina Militare, lit. 'Military Navy'; abbreviated as MM) is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and was formed in 1946 from what remained of the Regia Marina (Royal Navy) after World War II. The Italian Navy has a strength of approximately 29,300 active personnel, with 184 vessels and 70 aircraft in service. It is considered a multiregional and a blue-water navy.
Albert Vincent Casey
Albert Vincent Casey (February 28, 1920 – July 10, 2004) was a United States Postmaster General, publisher of Los Angeles Times, and an attendee of the Bohemian Grove. He received two degrees from Harvard University in 1948.

Casey was born in Arlington, Massachusetts. He served in the United States Army for four years during World War II. He served on the New York State Financial Control Board when it was first formed in 1975.  He spent eight years as President of Times Mirror Company and was CEO of American Airlines from 1974 to 1985. He was a Distinguished Executive at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He died at his home in Dallas, Texas.

United States Postmaster General
The United States postmaster general (PMG) is the chief executive officer of the United States Postal Service (USPS). The PMG is responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the agency.

The PMG is selected and appointed by the Board of Governors of the Postal Service, which is appointed by the president. The postmaster general then also sits on the board. The PMG does not serve at the president's pleasure and can only be dismissed by the Board of Governors. The appointment of the postmaster general does not require Senate confirmation. The governors and the postmaster general elect the deputy postmaster general.

The current postmaster general is David Steiner, who has served in the role since July 14, 2025.
Battle of Hingakaka
The Battle of Hingakaka was fought between two Māori armies of the North Island near Te Awamutu and Ōhaupō in the Waikato, probably in about 1807. It was the largest battle ever fought in New Zealand. The attacking army consisted of Ngāti Toa, Ngāti Raukawa and allied tribes from the west coast south of the Waikato, the southern North Island and the east coast. The defending army consisted of Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto, with support from Ngāti Whātua and Hauraki. The attackers had between 7,000 and 10,000 warriors, greatly outnumbering the defenders with 3,000 warriors, but the defenders, led by Waikato chief Te Rauangaanga, won the battle.

Battle of Moremonui
The battle of Moremonui (Māori: Te Haenga o te One, lit. 'The Marking of the Sand', or Te Kai-a-te-Karoro, lit. 'The Seagulls' Feast') was fought between Ngāti Whātua and Ngāpuhi, two Māori iwi (tribes), in northern New Zealand in 1807 or 1808. The Ngāpuhi force had a few muskets, making this the first occasion Māori used muskets in warfare. The Ngāti Whātua force ambushed the Ngāpuhi, and won the battle, which occurred at Moremonui Gully where it enters Ripirō Beach, 19 kilometres (12 miles) south of Maunganui Bluff on the west coast of Northland. It could reasonably be called the first battle of the Musket Wars among Māori, which took place over the next few decades.
Control of chromosome duplication
In cell biology, eukaryotes possess a regulatory system that ensures that DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle.

A key feature of the DNA replication mechanism in eukaryotes is that it is designed to replicate relatively large genomes rapidly and with high fidelity. Replication is initiated at multiple origins of replication on multiple chromosomes simultaneously so that the duration of S phase is not limited by the total amount of DNA. This flexibility in genome size comes at a cost: there has to be a high-fidelity control system that coordinates multiple replication origins so that they are activated only once during each S phase. If this were not the case, daughter cells might inherit an excessive amount of any DNA sequence, which could lead to many harmful effects.

S phase
S phase (Synthesis phase) is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Since accurate duplication of the genome is critical to successful cell division, the processes that occur during S-phase are tightly regulated and widely conserved.
Metallostroy
59°48′N 30°33′E﻿ / ﻿59.8°N 30.55°E﻿ / 59.8; 30.55

Metallostroy (Russian: Металлостро́й) is a municipal settlement in Kolpinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:  26,361 (2010 census); 25,675 (2002 census); 22,940 (1989 Soviet census).

Kolpinsky District
Kolpinsky District  (Russian: Колпинский район) is an administrative and municipal district in Russia. It is one of the 18 raions in Saint Petersburg. Spread over an area of 102.9 km2 (39.7 sq mi), the district had a population of 175,396 in 2022. The city of Kolpino is the seat of the district. The Neva and Izhora rivers confluence near Ust-Izhora in the district.