hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jerk (physics)
Jerk (also known as jolt) is the rate of change of an object's acceleration over time. It is a vector quantity (having both magnitude and direction). Jerk is most commonly denoted by the symbol j and expressed in m/s3 (SI units) or standard gravities per second(g0/s).

Cam (mechanism)
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming rotary motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion in the follower, which is a lever making contact with the cam. A cam timer is similar, and these were widely used for electric machine control (an electromechanical timer in a washing machine being a common example) before the advent of inexpensive electronics, microcontrollers, integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers and digital control.
Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.

Ordinance (Belgium)
In Belgium, an ordinance (Dutch: ordonnantie; French: ordonnance) is a form of legislation passed by the Brussels Parliament in exercise of its regional competences and by the United Assembly of the Common Community Commission. In principle, ordinances have the same legal force as laws and decrees, but the Federal Government has the authority to suspend ordinances if, in its view, it could jeopardise the role of Brussels as the capital of Belgium or the international role of Brussels, sometimes seen as the "capital of the European Union".
Associated bundle
In mathematics, the theory of fiber bundles with a structure group  (a topological group) allows an operation of creating an associated bundle, in which the typical fiber of a bundle changes from  to , which are both topological spaces with a group action of .  For a fiber bundle  with structure group , the transition functions of the fiber (i.e., the cocycle) in an overlap of two coordinate systems  and  are given as a -valued function  on .  One may then construct a fiber bundle  as a new fiber bundle having the same transition functions, but possibly a different fiber.

Cocycle
In mathematics a cocycle is a closed cochain.  Cocycles are used in algebraic topology to express obstructions (for example, to integrating a differential equation on a closed manifold).  They are likewise used in group cohomology.  In autonomous dynamical systems, cocycles are used to describe particular kinds of map, as in Oseledets theorem.
Our Lady and St Peter's Church, Bothamsall
Our Lady and St Peter's Church, Bothamsall is a Grade II listed parish church in the Church of England in Bothamsall, Nottinghamshire, England. The church is part of the Lound Hall Estate, Bothamsall. The buildings repair costs are procured by the Lord of the manor.

Bothamsall
Bothamsall is a village and civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England.

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 it had a population of 185, increasing (with the inclusion of Bevercotes and Haughton) to 270 at the 2011 Census. In the 2021 census Bothamsall was singularly reported as having 216 residents.
2024 Vuelta a Andalucía
The 2024 Vuelta a Andalucía Ruta del Sol (English: Tour of Andalucia Route of the Sun) was a road cycling stage race that was scheduled to take place between 14 and 18 February 2024 in the autonomous community of Andalusia in southern Spain. However, due to farmers protests in the region, the race was shortened to a single 5 kilometer time trial, as the race organizers could not guarantee the safety of the race. The race was rated as a category 2.Pro event on the 2024 UCI ProSeries calendar, and will be the 70th edition of the Vuelta a Andalucía.

2024 UCI ProSeries
The 2024 UCI ProSeries was the fifth season of the UCI ProSeries, the second tier road cycling tour, below the UCI World Tour, but above the various regional UCI Continental Circuits.

The calendar consisted of 55 events, of which 33 are one-day races (1.Pro), and 22 are stage races (2.Pro). There were 49 events in Europe, five in Asia, and one in the United States.
1983 Madrid Grand Prix Trofeo
The 1983 Madrid Grand Prix Trofeo was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was part of the Super Series of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was held at the Real Sociedad Hípica Española Club de Campo in Madrid, Spain from 25 April until 1 May 1983. Second-seeded Yannick Noah won the singles title.

1983 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1983 Volvo Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments, and two team tournaments (the Davis Cup and the World Team Cup). The circuit was administered by the Men's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC).
Pierre Loti
Pierre Loti (French: [pjɛʁ lɔti]; pseudonym of Louis Marie-Julien Viaud [lwi maʁi ʒyljɛ̃ vjo]; 14 January 1850 – 10 June 1923) was a French naval officer and novelist, known for his exotic novels and short stories.

Edmund Gosse
Sir Edmund William Gosse CB (/ɡɒs/; 21 September 1849 – 16 May 1928) was an English poet, author and critic. He was strictly brought up in a small Protestant sect, the Plymouth Brethren, but broke away sharply from that faith. His account of his childhood in the book Father and Son has been described as the first psychological biography.

His friendship with the sculptor Hamo Thornycroft inspired a successful career as a historian of late-Victorian sculpture. His translations of Henrik Ibsen helped to promote that playwright in England, and he encouraged the careers of Sarojini Naidu, Toru Dutt, W. B. Yeats and James Joyce. He also lectured in English literature at Cambridge University.
Caterpillar D8
The Caterpillar D8 is a track-type tractor designed and manufactured by Caterpillar since 1935.   Today, the largest in Caterpillar's medium range, it was superseded by the D9 in 1955.  Though it comes in many configurations, it is usually sold as a bulldozer equipped with a detachable large blade and a rear ripper attachment.

The model offered in 2025 is a D8 - Tier 4/Stage V, equipped with a 363 hp Cat C15 engine and an operating weight of 87083 lb.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Neoaves
Neoaves is a clade that consists of all modern birds (Neornithes or Aves) with the exception of Palaeognathae (ratites and kin) and Galloanserae (ducks, chickens and kin). This group is defined in the PhyloCode by George Sangster and colleagues in 2022 as "the most inclusive crown clade containing Passer domesticus, but not Gallus gallus". Almost 95% of the roughly 10,000 known species of extant birds belong to the Neoaves.

The early diversification of the various neoavian groups occurred very rapidly around the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and attempts to resolve their relationships with each other have resulted initially in much controversy.

Phaethoquornithes
Phaethoquornithes is a clade of birds that contains Eurypygimorphae and Aequornithes, which was first recovered by genome analysis in 2014. Members of Eurypygimorphae were originally classified in the obsolete group Metaves, and Aequornithes were classified as the sister taxon to Musophagiformes or Gruiformes.

This group has also been informally called Ardeae. Older classifications have used Ardeae in a different sense, as a suborder of Ciconiiformes containing herons and related species. George Sangster and colleagues in 2022 named and defined this clade in the PhyloCode as the least inclusive crown clade containing Phaethon aethereus and Pelecanus onocrotalus, but not Apus apus, Charadrius hiaticula, Musophaga violacea, or Passer domesticus.

Cladogram based on Kuhl et al. (2020) and Stiller et al. (2024), with clade names following Sangster et al (2022).
Mokala National Park
Mokala National Park is a reserve established in the Plooysburg area south-west of Kimberley in the Northern Cape, South Africa on 19 June 2007. The size of the park is 26,485 hectares. Mokala is the Setswana name for the magnificent camel thorn, a tree species typical of the arid western interior and common in the area. There is currently 70 km of accessible roads in the national park.

Vachellia tortilis
Vachellia tortilis, widely known as Acacia tortilis but now attributed to the genus Vachellia in the Fabaceae subfamily Mimosoideae, is the umbrella thorn acacia,  also known as umbrella thorn and Israeli babool, a medium to large canopied tree native to most of Africa, primarily to the savanna and Sahel of Africa (especially the Somali peninsula and Sudan), but also occurring in the Middle East.
136th Ohio General Assembly
The One Hundred Thirty-Sixth Ohio General Assembly is the current meeting of the Ohio General Assembly, composed of the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Columbus, Ohio on January 6, 2025. The apportionment of legislative districts is based on the 2020 United States census. The Ohio Republican Party retained the majority in both the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives.

Ohio Senate
The Ohio Senate is the upper house of the Ohio General Assembly, the lower house being the Ohio House of Representatives. The State Senate, which meets in the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, first convened in 1803. Senators are elected for four year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years. The president of the Ohio Senate presides over the body when in session, and is currently Rob McColley.

Currently, the Senate consists of 24 Republicans and 9 Democrats, with the Republicans controlling two more seats than the 22 required for a supermajority vote. Senators are limited to two consecutive terms. Each senator represents approximately 349,000 Ohioans, and each Senate district encompasses three corresponding Ohio House of Representatives districts.
Divini Redemptoris
Divini Redemptoris (from the incipit "Divini Redemptoris promissio", Latin for "the promise of a Divine Redeemer") is an anti-communist encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI.  It was published on 19 March 1937. In this encyclical, the pope sets out to "expose once more in a brief synthesis the principles of atheistic Communism as they are manifested chiefly in Bolshevism".

Mariano Cordovani O.P. (February 25, 1883 – April 4, 1950) professor of dogmatic theology at the College of Saint Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum from 1912 to 1921 and Master of the Sacred Palace under Pope Pius XI contributed especially to the encyclical and afterward published his Appunti sul comunismo moderno treating the Church's position on communism.

Encyclical
An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin encyclios (originally from the Latin encyclius, a Latinization of Greek ἐγκύκλιος (enkyklios), meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word encyclopedia).

The term is now primarily associated with papal encyclicals from the Catholic Church for letters outlining the church's perspective on a topic, but is also used among Anglicans and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Josef Schaupper
Josef Schaupper (3 August 1963 – 11 November 2000) was an Austrian deaf alpine skier. He represented Austria at the Deaflympics in 1987, 1995 and 1999, winning 7 medals including a gold medal. He died in the Kaprun funicular railway fire on 11 November 2000, along with his fellow deaf skiers.

Deaflympics
The Deaflympics, also known as Deaflympiad (previously called World Games for the Deaf, and International Games for the Deaf) are a periodic series of multi-sport events sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) at which deaf athletes compete at an elite level. Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned events (the Olympics, the Paralympics, and the Special Olympics), athletes cannot be guided by sounds (such as starting pistols, bullhorn commands or referee whistles). The games have been organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds (CISS, "The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf") since the first event in 1924.
Institution of Analysts and Programmers
The Institution of Analysts and Programmers is a professional body and registered charity that represents those working in software development both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Founded in 1972, the institution has members spanning 30 countries.

UK Cyber Security Council
The UK Cyber Security Council is the self-regulatory body for the UK cyber security profession, tasked by the UK Government with "the development of a framework that speaks across the different specialisms, setting out a comprehensive alignment of career pathways, including the certifications and qualifications required within certain levels."
Duncan Mahlangu
Duncan Mahlangu (born August 8, 1983 in Pretoria) is a South African taekwondo practitioner, who competed in the men's featherweight category. He captured a silver medal in the 68-kg class at the 2003 World Olympic Qualification Tournament in Paris, France, and later represented his nation South Africa at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Mahlangu qualified as a lone taekwondo fighter for the South African squad in the men's featherweight class (68 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by placing second behind South Korea's Lee Won-jae and granting a berth from the World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Paris, France. He failed to move beyond the opening round in a 7–11 defeat to Guatemalan taekwondo fighter and two-time Olympian Gabriel Sagastume. With his opponent losing the semifinal to Chinese Taipei's Huang Chih-hsiung, Mahlangu denied his chance to compete for the Olympic bronze medal through the repechage rounds.

Huang Chih-hsiung
Huang Chih-hsiung (Chinese: 黃志雄; pinyin: Húang Zhìxióng; born October 16, 1976) is a Taiwanese athlete. Representing Taiwan (as Chinese Taipei) in the 2004 Summer Olympics, he won the silver medal at the Men's 68 kg Taekwondo event. At the 2000 Summer Olympics he won a bronze medal at the Men's 58 kg Taekwondo event.
Actinomycetaceae
The Actinomycetaceae (often called actinomycetes or mycelial bacteria) are a family of bacteria in the order Actinomycetales that contains the medically important genus Actinomyces. These organisms are closely related to the mycobacteria, but were originally classified as fungi because they were thought to be transitional forms between bacteria and fungi.

Actinomycetales
The Actinomycetales is an order of Actinomycetota. A member of the order is often called an actinomycete. Actinomycetales are generally gram-positive and anaerobic and have mycelia in a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Some actinomycetes can form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms, while others can form spores on aerial hyphae. Actinomycetales bacteria can be infected by bacteriophages, which are called actinophages. Actinomycetales can range from harmless bacteria to pathogens with resistance to antibiotics.
2019 Tro-Bro Léon
The 2019 Tro-Bro Léon was a one-day road cycling race that took place on 22 April 2019. It was the 36th edition of the Tro-Bro Léon and was rated as a 1.1 event as part of the 2019 UCI Europe Tour. It was also the eighth event of the 2019 French Road Cycling Cup.

The race was won by Andrea Vendrame (Androni Giocattoli–Sidermec).

2019 UCI Europe Tour
The 2019 UCI Europe Tour was the fifteenth season of the UCI Europe Tour. The 2019 season began on 31 January 2019 with the Trofeo Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines, Campos and ended on 20 October 2019.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
2024 Little Rock Challenger
The 2024 UAMS Health Little Rock Open was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States from May 27 to June 2, 2024.

Little Rock Challenger
The UAMS (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences) Health Little Rock Open is a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States since 2019.
De Grolsch Veste
De Grolsch Veste (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈɣrɔls ˌfɛstə]; transl. "The Grolsch Fortress"), previously known as Arke Stadion (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑrkə ˌstaːdijɔn]), is the stadium of football club FC Twente. It is located in Enschede, Netherlands, at the Business & Science Park, near the University of Twente. The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 30,205 with a standard pitch heating system and has a promenade instead of fences around the stands. It hosted the final of the UEFA Women's Euro 2017.

University of Twente
The University of Twente (Dutch: Universiteit Twente [ynivɛrsiˌtɛi(t) ˈtʋɛntə]; abbr. UT) is a public technical university located in Enschede, Netherlands.
The university has been placed in the top 170 universities in the world by multiple central ranking tables. In addition, the UT was ranked the best technical university in the Netherlands by Keuzegids Universiteiten, the most significant national university ranking.
The UT collaborates with Delft University of Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology and the Wageningen University and Research Centre under the umbrella of 4TU and is also a partner in the European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU).
SNC E-4C Survivable Airborne Operations Center
The E-4C Survivable Airborne Operations Center (SAOC) is a United States Air Force program to develop a replacement for the E-4B National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC), a strategic command-and-control military aircraft used as a mobile command post for the National Command Authority in emergency situations.

The current E-4 platforms were built in the 1970s. The airframes are reaching the end of their operational lifespans and support costs are increasing. Because of this, in 2019, the USAF began a program to develop a new platform. This program will take several years to complete. The E-4s will continue to fulfill the role in the meantime.

In 2024, Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) was selected to develop the aircraft. The aircraft will be based on the 747-8I, with SNC collaborating with Rolls Royce.

National Command Authority (United States)
The National Command Authority (NCA) is a term that was formerly used by the Department of Defense of the United States to refer to the ultimate source of lawful military orders.

The NCA was first alluded to in a 1960 Department of Defense document. It included at least the president of the United States as commander-in-chief and the secretary of defense. The term has no statutory or constitutional basis and was replaced in 2002 in favor of explicitly referring to the president and/or the secretary of defense.

The term also refers to communications with the commanding officers of the unified combatant commands to put U.S. forces into action.
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1932–1935
This is a list of members of the 26th Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1932 to 1935, as elected at the 1932 state election held on 11 June 1932.

1  On 19 February 1933, the CPNP member for Wynnum, Walter Barnes, died. CPNP candidate James Bayley won the resulting by-election on 29 April 1933.

2  On 19 May 1933, the Labor member for Fortitude Valley, Thomas Wilson, died. Labor candidate Samuel Brassington won the resulting by-election on 15 July 1933.

3  On 22 October 1933, the CPNP member for Stanley, Ernest Grimstone, died. CPNP candidate Roy Bell won the resulting by-election on 9 December 1933.

4  On 2 June 1934, the CPNP member for East Toowoomba, Robert Roberts, died. CPNP candidate James Annand won the resulting by-election on 18 August 1934.

Samuel Brassington
Samuel John Brassington (6 May 1901 – 4 October 1950) was an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, serving as the member for Balonne from 1927 to 1932 and for Fortitude Valley from 1933 to 1950. He served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1944 to 1950.

Upon his death in 1950, Brassington was accorded a State funeral which was held at St Stephen's Cathedral and proceeded to Toowong Cemetery.