hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Folded spectrum method
In mathematics, the folded spectrum method (FSM) is an iterative method for solving large eigenvalue problems.
Here you always find a vector with an eigenvalue close to a search-value .  This means you can get a vector  in the middle of the spectrum without solving the matrix.

, with  and  the Identity matrix.

In contrast to the Conjugate gradient method, here the gradient calculates by twice multiplying matrix

Conjugate gradient method
In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is positive-semidefinite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition. Large sparse systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations or optimization problems.

The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, who programmed it on the Z4, and extensively researched it.

The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear optimization problems.
Thomas Foxcroft (slave trader)
Thomas Foxcroft (1733–1809) was an English slave trader. He was responsible for at least 91 slave voyages in the years between 1759 and 1792. A contemporary set of financial accounts for one slave voyage by his slave-ship Bloom has been preserved. Captain Robert Bostock, Bloom's master, bought 349 enslaved people in Africa; 42 captives died and 307 captives were sold in the West Indies for £9858. The net profit on the voyage to the owners amounted to £8,123 7s 2d, or £26 9s 2d per captive sold.

Robert Bostock (slave trader, born 1743)
Robert Bostock (1743, Tarvin – 24 September 1793, Liverpool) was an English slave trader,  who was born in Tarvin, Cheshire. He was held to be a "very considerable African merchant". His letterbooks for the period 1779-92 have been found to be very useful for historians researching the slave trade of that era. They provide information about his prolific career. Which is ironic as his family tree now includes two mixed race Aboriginal branches.
Faustinus of Brescia
Faustinus (died about 15 February 381 A.D.) was bishop of Brescia from c. 360, succeeding Ursicinus. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is 15 February: 16 February in the Orthodox Church.

Tradition claims that he was a descendant of Faustinus and Jovita, and that he compiled the Acts of these two martyrs. His relics were discovered in 1101.

Faustinus appeared in the old Roman Martyrology for February 15: "At Brescia, [in the year 350], the holy Confessor Faustinus, Bishop of that see." He is no longer listed in the 2004 revision. This may be because of some doubt that the person existed, or because their cult was never approved.

Diocese of Brescia
The Diocese of Brescia (Latin: Dioecesis Brixiensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Milan, in Lombardy (Northwestern Italy).

Its cathedral episcopal see is the 'new' Cattedrale di S. Maria Assunta e Ss. Pietro e Paolo (Duomo Nuovo) dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and to the Apostles Peter and Paolo, in Brescia. The city also has a Co-cathedral: Concattedrale invernale di Santa Maria Assunta, also dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, a Minor basilica: Basilica-Santuario di S. Maria delle Grazie dedicated to Our Lady of Graces, and another World Heritage Site (now not in use): Chiesa di San Salvatore.
The diocese has four more Minor basilicas: Basilica di S. Lorenzo Martire, in Verolanuova; Basilica di S. Maria della Visitazione, in Bagnolo Mella; Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, in Botticino Sera and Basilica Sant’Antonino Martire, in Concesio.
Sai Kung West Country Park
Sai Kung West Country Park (Chinese: 西貢西郊野公園) is  a 30 square kilometres (12 sq mi) country park on the Sai Kung Peninsula in northeast Hong Kong.

Opened in 1978, the park's sights include:

Wong Chuk Wan (黃竹灣)

Tai Mong Tsai (大網仔)

Pak Tam Chung

Yung Shue O

Lai Chi Chong

Hoi Ha Marine Park

Sai Kung Peninsula
The Sai Kung Peninsula (Chinese: 西貢半島; Jyutping: sai1 gung3 bun3 dou2) is a peninsula in the easternmost part of the New Territories in Hong Kong. Its name comes from Sai Kung Town in the central southern area of the peninsula. The southern part of the peninsula is administered by Sai Kung District, the north by Tai Po District and the northwest by Sha Tin District.
Jamhuriat Hospital
The Jamhuriat Hospital is a state-owned hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. It is located in the affluent Shahr-e Naw neighborhood, between Shahr-e Naw Park, the former Presidential Palace, Abdul Rahman Mosque and Malalai High School. The hospital consists of a 4-story building and a 10-story building with the capacity of housing 350 patients. It was constructed in 2004 by engineers from China and laborers from Afghanistan.

The Jamuriat Hospital has a special pediatric oncology department, which was recently established by the Bayat Foundation. In October 2023, the Afghan Ministry of Public Health announced that the hospital will soon see a major renovation, and that some services of the hospital will temporarily be shifted to the nearby Jinnah Hospital.

Jinnah Hospital, Kabul
Jinnah Hospital (Pashto: جناح روغتون; Dari: شفاخانه جناح) is a 200-bed hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Built by the government of Pakistan, it is one of the largest hospitals in Afghanistan under the control of the Afghan Ministry of Public Health.

Jinnah Hospital was opened for the public on 20 April 2019 during an inauguration ceremony. It has recently been transformed into a teaching hospital.
George Daniel Clark
George Daniel Clark (30 July 1848 – 21 February 1933) was an English-born Australian politician, writer and temperance reformer.

In June 1891 Clark was amongst the initial group of Labor Party members elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He represented the electorate of Balmain from 1891 to June 1894, initially as a member of the Labor Electoral League but left the party after refusing to sign a pledge requiring solidarity with caucus decisions.  He later rejoined the Labor Party and unsuccessfully contested a number of elections as a Labor candidate.

From the early 1870s Clark was a tireless and prominent worker for the temperance cause and steadfast in his advocacy of prohibition.  He wrote extensively on the subject and edited an influential temperance journal for thirty-five years.  Clark was an influential member of the New South Wales branch of the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), as well as several other temperance organisations.

1907 New South Wales state election
The 1907 New South Wales state election was held on 10 September 1907 for all of the 90 seats in the 21st New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in single-member constituencies with a first past the post voting system. Both adult males and females were entitled to vote, but not Indigenous people. The 20th parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 19 August 1907 by the Governor, Sir Harry Rawson, on the advice of the Premier, Sir Joseph Carruthers.
Stably finite ring
In mathematics, particularly in abstract algebra, a ring R is said to be stably finite (or weakly finite) if, for all square matrices A and B of the same size with entries in R, AB = 1 implies BA = 1. This is a stronger property for a ring than having the invariant basis number (IBN) property. Namely, any nontrivial stably finite ring has IBN. Commutative rings, Noetherian rings and Artinian rings are stably finite. Subrings of stably finite rings and matrix rings over stably finite rings are stably finite. A ring satisfying Klein's nilpotence condition is stably finite.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Mark Hammett
Mark Garry 'Hammer' Hammett (born 13 July 1972) is a New Zealand rugby union coach and former player. Having represented Canterbury provincially 76 times, and the Crusaders 81 times and the All Blacks 30 times – including 29 Test matches, Hammett later went on to coach both Canterbury and Crusaders as a forwards/assistant coach. He is currently on the assistant coach of the Highlanders in Super Rugby and the Tasman Makos in the Mitre 10 Cup.

2000 Tri Nations Series
The 2000 Tri Nations Series was the fifth Tri Nations Series, an annual rugby union competition contested by the national rugby union teams of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It was played from 15 July to 26 August 2000. Australia won the tournament for the first time after a 19–18 win over South Africa in Durban.

The opening game of the tournament between Australia and New Zealand attracted a world record rugby union crowd of 109,874 to Stadium Australia.

Australia made it three wins in a row in the Bledisloe Cup, having taken it from New Zealand in 1998.
Chris Pollard
Chris Pollard is an American baseball coach and former pitcher, who is the head coach of the Virginia Cavaliers. He played college baseball at Davidson for head coach Dick Cooke from 1993 to 1996 before playing professionally in 1996. He then served as the head coach of the Pfeiffer Falcons (2000–2004), Appalachian State Mountaineers (2005-2012) and Duke Blue Devils (2013-2025).

Dick Cooke
Dick Cooke (born October 28, 1956) is an American former college baseball coach, who served primarily as the head coach of the Davidson Wildcats baseball program. He was named to that position prior to the 1991 season, and is the winningest and longest-serving baseball coach in school history.
J. Jayavardhan
Jayakumar Jayavardhan (born 29 May 1987) known as J. Jayavardhan is an Indian politician and was a Member of Parliament elected from Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Chennai South constituency as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate in 2014 election. He completed his undergraduate studies at Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute and is a doctor by profession. Dr J Jayavardhan has become the youngest MP in India by winning the seat from South Chennai, Tamil Nadu at the young age of 26.

His father D. Jayakumar is a former MLA in Royapuram constituency Chennai and Former minister of fisheries in ADMK government and was also Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Assembly for a year (2011 – 2012), besides being the minister for fisheries in the first J. Jayalalithaa government of 1991–1996.

D. Jayakumar
D. Jayakumar is an Indian politician and was a Member of the 15th Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was the Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly until his resignation on 29 September 2012. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Royapuram constituency as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate in the 1991, 2001, 2006, 2011 elections and 2016 elections for five terms. During the Tamil Nadu legislative Assembly 2021, he again contested in Royapuram Constituency and lost the election. He served in various cabinet positions starting from 1991 - Forests, Fisheries, Information Technology, Electricity and Finance. He is one among the senior leaders of AIADMK. In October 2020, he was appointed to 11 member Steering Committee of AIADMK and also serves as its Organizing Secretary. In the TN 2021 Election for Royapuram constituency, he was defeated by dmk candidate. He had represented Royapuram five times - 1991, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016.
Bhootnath Road
Bhootnath Road is a prominent thoroughfare in eastern Patna, Bihar, India. It connects the Old Bypass Road (Kankarbagh main road) to the New Bypass Road (NH-30), serving as a vital link between older residential zones and newer urban developments. The road passes through the Bahadurpur Housing Colony, a well-established residential neighbourhood, and is also located near the Patna Doordarshan TV Tower, a notable local landmark. The area is served by Agamkuan Police Station under Patna Police and B H Colony Post Office.

Kumhrar
Kumhrar or Kumrahar is the area of Patna where remains of the ancient city of Pataliputra were excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India starting from 1913. It is located 5 km east of Patna Railway Station.

Archaeological remains of the Mauryan period (322–185 BCE) have been discovered here, this include the ruins of a hypostyle 80-pillared hall The excavation finding here dates back to 600 BCE, and marks the ancient capital of Ajātasattu, Chandragupta and Ashoka, and collectively the relics range from four continuous periods from 600 BCE to 600 CE.
Pikru
Pikru is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Pikru located 24 km (15 miles) southeast of the village of Viljandi, 3.9 km (2.4 miles) south of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Jakobimõisa, Ämmuste, Unametsa and Soe. As of 2011, the population of Pikru was 42, a decrease from 61 in the 2000 census.

Unametsa
Unametsa (locally, Unamõtsa) is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities, the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. It is located 27 km (16.7 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi and 5.8 km (3.6 miles) southeast of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Suislepa and Soe.  As of 2021, the population of Unametsa was 41, a decrease of a population of 76 in the 2000 census.
NGC 3987
NGC 3987 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4,810±10 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 231.4 ± 16.2 Mly (70.94 ± 4.98 Mpc). However, 23 non-redshift measurements give a closer distance of 196.49 ± 4.62 Mly (60.243 ± 1.415 Mpc). It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 6 April 1785.

NGC 3987 has an active galactic nucleus, i.e. it has a compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits a significant amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, with characteristics indicating that this luminosity is not produced by the stars. In addition, it is a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms.

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.
Beavertail State Park
Beavertail State Park is a public recreation area encompassing 153 acres (62 ha) at the southern end of Conanicut Island in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The state park's main attraction is the active Beavertail Lighthouse, the current tower of which dates from 1856. During World War II, the park area was part of Fort Burnside, one of several coastal fortifications designed to protect Narragansett Bay. The park's scenic shoreline offers hiking, picnicking, and saltwater fishing.

Conanicut Island
41°31′00″N 71°23′00″W﻿ / ﻿41.5167°N 71.3833°W﻿ / 41.5167; -71.3833

Conanicut Island (/kəˈnænəkʌt/ kə-NAN-ə-kut) is an island in Narragansett Bay in the American state of Rhode Island. The second-largest in the Bay, it is connected on the east to Newport on Aquidneck Island by the Claiborne Pell Bridge, commonly known as the Newport Bridge, and on the west to North Kingstown on the mainland via the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge. The town of Jamestown comprises the entire island. The U.S. Census Bureau reported a land area of 24.46 km2 (9.44 sq mi) and a population of 5,622 in 2000.  A tombolo connects the southern part of Conanicut to an extension of the island to the southwest.
Carolina Falkholt
Carolina Alexandra Falkholt (born 4 March 1977), also known under the pseudonym Blue, is a Swedish artist, graffiti writer and musician. Sometimes she uses her own coined term grafitta, to describe her art. It is a play with the two words graffiti and fitta, the latter means "pussy" in Swedish.

Mariestad
Mariestad (pronunciationⓘ) is a locality and the seat of Mariestad Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 16,611 inhabitants in 2019. Until 1997 it was the capital of the former Skaraborg County and an episcopal see in the Church of Sweden between 1583 and 1646.
Ok languages
The Ok languages are a family of about a dozen related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in a contiguous area of eastern Irian Jaya and western Papua New Guinea. The most numerous language is Ngalum, with some 20,000 speakers; the best known is probably Telefol.

The Ok languages have dyadic kinship terms.

Trans–New Guinea languages
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia.

Trans–New Guinea is perhaps the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been several main proposals as to its internal classification.
Survodutide
Survodutide (BI 456906) is an experimental peptide that works as a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist. Unlike other dual GLP-1/glucagon dual agonists, it is a glucagon analog rather than an analog of oxyntomodulin. It is developed by Boehringer Ingelheim as a weight loss drug.

Survodutide is a twincretin having dual glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor agonist activity, conceptually based on endogenous peptide oxyntomodulin. In a meta-analysis involving data from 3 randomized controlled trials having 1088 patients, 4- 11 months use of survodutide at doses 2.4-4.8 mg / week was associated with on an average 7-9% reduction in body weight from baseline. This translates to around 9-15kg of body weight reduction from baseline. Gastrointestinal side effects were the predominant side effects, were mild and dose dependent, as has been noted with other incretin based therapies.

Peptide therapeutics
Peptide therapeutics are peptides or polypeptides (oligomers or short polymers of amino acids) which are used to for the treatment of diseases. Naturally occurring peptides may serve as hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, ion channel ligands, and anti-infectives; peptide therapeutics mimic such functions. Peptide therapeutics are seen as relatively safe and well-tolerated as peptides can be metabolized by the body. These are to be differentiated from the current internet trend of off-label peptide use and unapproved peptides with unconfirmed safety or efficacy.
B+H Architects
B+H Architects or BH Architects (formerly Bregman + Hamann Architects) is a Canadian architectural and engineering firm headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The firm was founded in 1953 by Sidney Bregman and George Hamann.

B+H is a member of the Surbana Jurong Group.

Brookfield Place (Toronto)
Brookfield Place (formerly BCE Place) is an office and retail complex in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, comprising the 2.1 ha (5.2-acre) block bounded by Yonge Street, Wellington Street West, Bay Street, and Front Street West. The complex contains 242,000 m2 (2,604,866 sq ft) of office space,  59,000 sq ft (5,481 m2) of retail space, and consists of two towers, the TD Canada Trust Tower (161 Bay Street) and the Bay Wellington Tower (181 Bay Street), linked by the Allen Lambert Galleria. Brookfield Place is also the home of the Hockey Hall of Fame (housed in an opulent former bank from 1885). The complex also includes 12 preserved heritage buildings. The complex is also connected to the PATH, which includes several shops and a food court in its basement.
Khashabiyya Shia
The Khashabiyya Shia (named for their exclusive use of pieces of wood as weapons in their revolt against the Umayyads under the leadership of Al-Mukhtar) are an extinct subsect of the Zaidi branch of Shia Islam. They originated as followers of Al-Mukhtar and hence would have been expected to be categorized under the Kaysanite Shia sect. The Khashabiyya Shia were later known in Khurasan as the Surkhabiyya (named for their leader Surkhab al-Tabari).

Kaysanites
The Kaysanites (Arabic: كيسانية, romanized: Kaysāniyya) were a Shi'i sect of Islam that formed from the followers of Al-Mukhtar. They traced Imamate from Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and his descendants. The name Kaysaniyya was most likely derived from the name of Mukhtar's chief guard, Abu Amra Kaysan.
Wildlife law in England and Wales
Wildlife law in England and Wales is the law relating to the protection of wildlife in England and Wales. Much of existing UK law dates from pre-Victorian times. Wildlife was viewed as a resource to be used; phrases such as "game" or "sporting rights" appear. Public opinion is now much more in favour of protection of birds and mammals rather than the landowners’ interests.

Game (hunting)
Game or quarry are wild animals which are hunted for animal products (primarily meat), for recreation ("sporting"), or for trophies. The species of animals hunted as game varies in different parts of the world and by different local jurisdictions, though most are terrestrial mammals and birds. Fish caught non-commercially (recreational fishing) are also referred to as game fish.
Dyaus
Dyaus (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौस्, IAST: Dyáus) or Dyauspitr (Vedic Sanskrit: द्यौष्पितृ, IAST: Dyáuṣpitṛ́) is the Rigvedic sky deity. His consort is Prithvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda.

Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit, also simply referred as the Vedic language, is the earliest attested form of the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages: members of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It is orally preserved, predating the local advent of writing by several centuries.

Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history.