hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Losorion
Losorion or Lysiris (Ancient Greek: Λοσόριον), was a Byzantine (Roman) fortification on the eastern Black Sea coast, in Lazica in what is now Batumi, western Georgia. In the 6th century, it was constructed by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and due to its strategic location became a battleground of the 541–562 Lazic War between Rome and Sasanian Persia (Iran). It was identified with the Medieval fortress of Batumi, known as Tamaris Tsikhe, i.e. Queen Tamar's Castle.

Lazica is ours, in which is also the city of the Petraeans, which has taken its civic identity and title from us, using the name of our piety and being called Justiniana. There lie also Archaeopolis and Rhodopolis, very large and ancient forts. With these are also the forts of Scandis and Sarapanis, which we took from the Persians, and Mourisius (Mochiris) and Lysiris (Losorion) and whatever other works we have performed among the Lazi.— Justinian's Novella 28

Lazic War
The Lazic War, also known as the Colchidian War or in Georgian historiography as the Great War of Egrisi, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica. The Lazic War lasted for twenty years, from 541 to 562, and ended with the Fifty-Year Peace Treaty, which obligated the Byzantine Empire to pay tribute to Persia each year for the recognition of Lazica as a Byzantine vassal state by the Persians. The Lazic War is narrated in detail in the works of Procopius and Agathias.
Mastakh 2-y
Mastakh 2-y (Russian: Мастах 2-й, pronounced Mastakh Vtoroy) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of three settlements in Luchcheginsky 2-y Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Mastakh, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug and Byranattalakh. It is located 282 kilometers (175 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district and 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from Mastakh. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 23.

Mastakh
Mastakh (Russian: Мастах; Yakut: Мастаах, Mastaax) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lyuchcheginsky 2-y Rural Okrug of Kobyaysky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 285 kilometers (177 mi) from Sangar, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 617; up from 577 recorded in the 2002 Census.
Sikh architecture
Sikh architecture is a distinctive style of architecture that developed under the Sikh Confederacy and later flourished during the Sikh Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, primarily in the Punjab region. Due to its progressive nature, Sikh architecture has continued to evolve over time, giving rise to several new branches and influencing various contemporary architectural styles. Although Sikh architecture was originally developed as part of the religious and cultural expression within Sikhism, its aesthetic richness and symbolic elements have led to its adoption in many secular and non-religious buildings as well, admired for their beauty and structural harmony. 300 years ago, Sikh architecture was distinguished for its many curves and straight lines; Keshgarh Sahib and the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) are prime examples of traditional Sikh architecture.

Takht Kesgarh Sahib
Kesgarh Qila or Takht Kesgarh Sahib, alternatively spelt as Keshgarh Qila, is one of the five takhts of the Sikhs located in Anandpur Sahib in Rupnagar district of Punjab, India. It is located just 40 km from Rupnagar city, the district headquarters and 78 km from state capital Chandigarh. The fort is also called Takhat Keshgarh Sahib. This Gurdwara was one of the forts constructed by Guru Gobind Singh at Anandpur Sahib for the defense of the Sikhs. He spent his 25 years at Anandpur Sahib and, to protect the Sikhs from the Rajas of the Hill States and Mughals, began the construction of five defensive Qilas (forts) all around the town.
Birgir Ármannsson
Birgir Ármannsson (born 12 June 1968) is a member of parliament of the Althing, the Icelandic parliament. He is a member of the Independence Party. He was educated at the University of Iceland and King's College London. From 2021 to 2024, he was the Speaker of the Althing. He was succeeded on 1 December 2024 by Ásthildur Lóa Þórsdóttir as acting speaker.

Ásthildur Lóa Þórsdóttir
Ásthildur Lóa Þórsdóttir (born 20 November 1966) is an Icelandic politician. She served as minister of education and children's affairs for four months until she resigned due to a scandal involving a sexual relationship with a 15-year-old boy when she was in her early 20s. She has been a member of the Althing since 2021 for the People's Party of Iceland.
Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment
The Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment (VeSpR) was a suborbital rocket telescope that collected data on the  ultraviolet (UV) light that is being emitted from Venus's atmosphere, which can provide information about the history of water on Venus.  Measurements of this type cannot be done using Earth-based telescopes because Earth's atmosphere absorbs most UV light before it reaches the ground.

Water on Venus
Water on Venus is the hypothesis that for 2 billion years, a shallow liquid water ocean may have covered the surface of Venus. It is thought that dry land lying near the equator would have limited the evaporation of oceans and the greenhouse effect, allowing liquid water to exist for some time on Venus.
Bill Swift
William Charles Swift (born October 27, 1961) is an American former professional baseball right-handed pitcher. Swift played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, San Francisco Giants, and Colorado Rockies from 1985 to 1998. Known for his exceptional control and sinker, Swift achieved his greatest success with San Francisco, leading the National League in earned run average in 1992 and finishing as runner-up for the Cy Young Award in 1993.

Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Baseball at the 1984 Summer Olympics was a demonstration sport. It would become an official sport 8 years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Although single exhibition games had been played in conjunction with five previous Olympics, it was the first time that the sport was officially included in the program, and also the first time that the sport was played in Olympics held in the United States. Eight teams competed in Los Angeles, California, in the tournament. Games were held at Dodger Stadium. Cuba originally qualified but withdrew as a result of the Soviet-led boycott.
Frog mug
A frog mug (also known as a toad mug, surprise mug or ague mug) is a type of ceramic cup mainly used for drinking beer or similar alcoholic beverages. They were first produced in Sunderland before being copied in such places as Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Newcastle. These mugs were part of the tradition of drinking games such as fuddling cups and puzzle jugs. In this case the cups featured one or more painted or three-dimensional ceramic frogs or toads that slowly emerged at the bottom of the vessel as it was drained.

Puzzle jug
A puzzle jug is a puzzle in the form of a jug, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries.  Puzzle jugs of varying quality were popular in homes and taverns.  An inscription typically challenges the drinker to consume the contents without spilling them, which, because the neck of the jug is perforated, is impossible to do conventionally.

The solution to the puzzle is that the jug has a hidden tube, one end of which is the spout. The tube usually runs around the rim and then down the handle, with its other opening inside the jug and near the bottom. To solve the puzzle, the drinker must suck from the spout end of the tube. To make the puzzle more interesting, it was common to provide a number of additional holes along the tube, which must be closed off before the contents could be sucked.    Some jugs even have a hidden hole to make the challenge still more confounding.
School for Advanced Studies
The School for Advanced Studies (SAS) is a dual-enrollment secondary school in Miami, Florida. It is a part of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools System and is located at five campuses of Miami Dade College: Homestead campus, Kendall campus, North campus, West campus, and Wolfson campus. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

AP Calculus
Advanced Placement (AP) Calculus (also known as AP Calc, Calc AB / BC, AB / BC Calc or simply AB / BC) is a set of two distinct Advanced Placement calculus courses and exams offered by the American nonprofit organization College Board. AP Calculus AB covers basic introductions to limits, derivatives, and integrals. AP Calculus BC covers all AP Calculus AB topics plus integration by parts, infinite series, parametric equations, vector calculus, and polar coordinate functions, among other topics.
Lycoming IO-390
The Lycoming IO-390 engine is a horizontally opposed, four-cylinder aircraft engine, manufactured by Lycoming Engines.

There is no carburetted version of the engine, which would have been designated O-390 and therefore the base model is the IO-390.

Mooney M20
The Mooney M20 is a family of piston-powered, four-seat, propeller-driven, general aviation aircraft, all featuring low wings and tricycle gear, manufactured by the Mooney International Corporation.

The M20 was the 20th design from Al Mooney, and his most successful. The series has been produced in many variations over the last 60 years, from the wooden-wing M20 and M20A models of 1955, to the M20V Acclaim Ultra that debuted in 2016. More than 11,000 aircraft in total have been produced across three production runs, the most recent concluding in 2019.

In November 2008, Mooney International announced that it was halting all production as a result of the late-2000s recession, but would still provide parts and support for the existing fleet. With the injection of new capital from the company's purchase by a Chinese private equity firm, production of the M20 resumed in February 2014. Since then, the company has released two more M20 models.
Commercial bribery
Commercial bribery is a form of bribery which involves corrupt dealing with the agents or employees of potential buyers to secure an advantage over business competitors. It is a form of corruption which does not necessarily involve government personnel or facilities.

One common type of commercial bribery is the kickback. For example, a seller of goods or services from "Company A" who offers the purchasing manager of "Company B" a payment to his own account to help him secure a contract for Company B's continued business is engaging in a form of commercial bribery.

Other related offenses are payola in the entertainment industry, match fixing in sports, corruption of labor union officials, and bid rigging in non-governmental contracts.

Kickback (finance)
A kickback is a payment that partially offsets a larger payment in another direction. The term often connotes a secret or illegal payment, such as a form of negotiated bribery in which a commission is secretly paid to the person who arranges a deal. Generally speaking, the remuneration (money, goods, or services handed over) for a kickback is negotiated ahead of time.  The kickback varies from other kinds of bribes in that there is implied collusion between agents of the two parties, rather than one party extorting the bribe from the other. The purpose of the kickback is usually to encourage the other party to cooperate in the scheme.

The term "kickback" comes from colloquial English language, and describes the way a recipient of illegal gain "kicks back" a portion of it to another person for that person's assistance in obtaining it.
2008 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 2008 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 78th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 29 March 2008 and ended on 7 September 2008.

Tipperary entered the championship as the defending champions in search of a third successive title, however, they were beaten by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final.

On 7 September 2008 Kilkenny won the championship following a 3-6 to 0-13 defeat of Galway in a replay of the All-Ireland final. This was their 19th All-Ireland title overall and their first title since 2003.

Wexford's Michael O'Hanlon was the championship's top scorer with 3-37.

2007 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 2007 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 77th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. The championship began on 21 April 2007 and ended on 2 September 2007.

Tipperary entered the championship as the defending champions.

On 2 September 2007, Tipperary won the championship following a 3-14 to 2-11 defeat of Cork in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title in-a-row.

Cork's Ryan Clifford was the championship's top scorer with 5-30.
Gershgorin circle theorem
In mathematics, the Gershgorin circle theorem may be used to bound the spectrum of a square matrix. It was first published by the Soviet mathematician Semyon Aronovich Gershgorin in 1931.  Gershgorin's name has been transliterated in several different ways, including Geršgorin, Gerschgorin, Gershgorin, Hershhorn, and Hirschhorn.

Absolute value
In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , denoted , is the (non-negative) magnitude of  measured without regard to its sign. Namely,  if  is a positive number, and  if  is negative (in which case negating  makes  positive), and . For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.

Generalisations of the absolute value for real numbers occur in a wide variety of mathematical settings. For example, an absolute value is also defined for the complex numbers, the quaternions, ordered rings, fields and vector spaces. The absolute value is closely related to the notions of magnitude, distance, and norm in various mathematical and physical contexts.
Moore curve
A Moore curve (after E. H. Moore) is a continuous fractal space-filling curve which is a variant of the Hilbert curve. Precisely, it is the loop version of the Hilbert curve, and it may be thought as the union of four copies of the Hilbert curves combined in such a way to make the endpoints coincide.

Because the Moore curve is plane-filling, its Hausdorff dimension is 2.

The following figure shows the initial stages of the Moore curve:

Space-filling curve
In mathematical analysis, a space-filling curve is a curve whose range reaches every point in a higher dimensional region, typically the unit square (or more generally an n-dimensional unit hypercube). Because Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) was the first to discover one, space-filling curves in the 2-dimensional plane are sometimes called Peano curves, but that phrase also refers to the Peano curve, the specific example of a space-filling curve found by Peano.

The closely related FASS curves (FASS is an acronym for "approximately space-Filling, self-Avoiding, Simple, and Self-similar" curves)
can be thought of as finite approximations of a certain type of space-filling curves.
15th Georgia Infantry Regiment
The 15th Georgia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It participated in most of the key battles of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.

Elbert County, Georgia
Elbert County is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,637. The county seat is Elberton. The county was established on December 10, 1790, and was named for Samuel Elbert.
Netherlands–Pakistan field hockey record
This article lists various team and individual Netherlands-Pakistan field hockey records between the national field hockey teams of both countries. Netherlands and Pakistan are one of the most successful teams in international field hockey, between the two teams is a record seven Hockey World Cup titles and five Olympic gold medals won. The sport enjoys popular sport in both the countries.

Both countries have regularly competed since their first meeting at the 1948 Olympics in London. Both teams have produced world best players of their times, likes of Hassan Sardar, Shahbaz Ahmed, Kaleemullah Khan and Sohail Abbas for Pakistan and Ties Kruze, Paul Litjens, Bram Lomans and Tuen de Nooijer for Netherlands. Both teams are considered as the most excellent exports of different styles of hockey the European and Asian style.

Floris Jan Bovelander
Floris Jan Bovelander (born 19 January 1966) is a former field hockey player from the Netherlands, who was a member of the Dutch national squad that won the gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Six years earlier, at the Hockey World Cup in Lahore, where he scored nine times, he won the world title with the Dutch side at the expense of host nation Pakistan.
Margot Philips
Margot Leonie Luise Philips (5 April 1902 – 30 December 1988) was a New Zealand painter. Her artworks are held in the collections of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Waikato Museum
Waikato Museum (Māori: Te Whare Taonga o Waikato) is a regional museum located in Hamilton, New Zealand. The museum manages ArtsPost, a shop and gallery space for New Zealand art and design. Both are managed by the Hamilton City Council. Outside the museum is The Tongue of The Dog, a sculpture by Michael Parekōwhai that has helped to increase visitor numbers. The sculpture was commissioned by MESH Sculpture Trust, Hamilton.
2022–23 Swiss Super League
The 2022–23 Swiss Super League (referred to as the Credit Suisse Super League for sponsoring reasons) was the 126th season of top-tier competitive football in Switzerland and the 20th under its current name and format. With this season, the Swiss Super League became the longest continuously running top-flight national league.

Swiss Challenge League
The Challenge League (known as the Dieci Challenge League for sponsorship reasons) is the second-highest tier of the Swiss football league system and lower of two professional leagues in the country. Ten teams play in the Challenge League; the winners of the league are promoted to the Super League, while the bottom-placed team is relegated to the Promotion League.
Jérémie Aliadière
Jérémie Aliadière (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁemi aljadjɛʁ]; born 30 March 1983) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker.

As a graduate of the elite Clairefontaine academy, he signed for Arsenal at the age of 16. During his career he also played for Celtic in the Scottish Premier League, West Ham United in the Premier League, and Wolverhampton Wanderers, before returning to Arsenal for another season. At the beginning of the 2007–08 season he was sold to Premier League club Middlesbrough for £2.5 million.

In 2011 the striker signed for Lorient playing for Les Merlus til 2014. In September 2016, it was announced that Aliadière would be returning to the Stade du Moustoir, once again playing for Lorient.

2006–07 Football League Cup
The 2006–07 Football League Cup (known as the Carling Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 47th staging of the Football League Cup, a knock-out competition for the top 92 football clubs played in English football league system. The competition name reflects a sponsorship deal with lager brand Carling.

The competition began in August 2006 and ended with the final on 25 February 2007. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final, as the reconstruction of Wembley Stadium could not be completed in time to host the final.

The winners were Chelsea, beating Arsenal in the final 2-1 after two goals by Didier Drogba.
2006 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 2006 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 23rd staging of the All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1961. The championship began on 14 May 2006 and ended on 26 August 2006.

Wexford entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Kilkenny in the Leinster final.

The All-Ireland final was played on 26 August 2006 at Fraher Field in Dungarvan, between Cork and Kilkenny, in what was their first meeting in the final in two years. Cork won the match by 3-15 to 1-18 to claim their sixth championship title overall and a first title since 2004.

Kilkenny's Eddie O'Donoghue was the championship's top scorer with 0-23.

2004 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 2004 All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 21st staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship. The championship began on 16 May 2004 and ended on 4 September 2004.

Cork were the defending champions and successfully retained the title after defeating Kilkenny by 1–16 to 1–10 in a replay of the final.
Pajarito Mountains (Arizona)
The Pajarito Mountains is a small mountain range of western Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States, that extend south into Sonora, Mexico. The range is adjacent the Atascosa Mountains at its north, with both ranges in the center of a north–south sequence of ranges called the Tumacacori Highlands. The Highlands have the Tumacacori Mountains at the north, and south of the U.S.-Mexico border, the Sierra La Esmeralda range (the Emerald Mountains). The Tumacacori Highlands are part of a regional conservancy study of "travel corridors" for cats, called Cuatro Gatos, Four Cats, for mountain lions, ocelot, bobcat, and jaguar.

The lower elevation Cerro Colorado Mountains to the northwest, and the San Luis Mountains, west are also part of the Highlands region. At the west of the Pajaritos and adjacent to the San Luis range, and Cobre Ridge peaks, is the Pajarita Wilderness. East of the Highlands is the Santa Cruz River Valley corridor.

Interstate 19
Interstate 19 (I-19) is a north–south Interstate Highway located entirely within the US state of Arizona. I-19 travels from Nogales, roughly 300 feet (90 meters) from the Mexican border, to Tucson, at I-10. The highway also travels through the cities of Rio Rico, Green Valley, and Sahuarita.

Having a total length of just over 102 kilometers (63 miles), I-19 is the eighth-shortest primary (two-digit) Interstate Highway in the contiguous 48 states, where only I-86 (Idaho), I-11 (Nevada), I-2 (Texas), I-42 (North Carolina), I-14 (Texas), I-97 (Maryland), and I-87 (North Carolina) are shorter.

While the highway is short, it is a very important corridor, serving as a fast route from Tucson and Phoenix (via I-10) to the Mexican border. The highway is a portion of the US section of the CANAMEX Corridor, a trade corridor that stretches north from Mexico across the US to the Canadian province of British Columbia.
Jajkowice
Jajkowice [jai̯kɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sadkowice, within Rawa County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) east of Sadkowice, 27 km (17 mi) east of Rawa Mazowiecka, and 80 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Sadkowice, Łódź Voivodeship
Sadkowice [satkɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in Rawa County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Sadkowice. It lies approximately 19 km (12 mi) east of Rawa Mazowiecka and 73 km (45 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.