hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chain transfer
In polymer chemistry, a chain transfer reaction is an event during a polymerization reaction by which the activity of a growing polymer chain is transferred to another molecule:

where • is the active center, P is the initial polymer chain, X is the end group, and R is the substituent to which the active center is transferred.

Chain transfer reactions reduce the average molecular weight of the final polymer.  Chain transfer can be either introduced deliberately into a polymerization (by use of a chain transfer agent) or it may be an unavoidable side-reaction with various components of the polymerization.  Chain transfer reactions occur in most forms of addition polymerization including radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization, as well as anionic polymerization.

Cationic polymerization
In polymer chemistry, cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers charge to a monomer, which then becomes reactive. This reactive monomer goes on to react similarly with other monomers to form a polymer.
The types of monomers necessary for cationic polymerization are limited to alkenes with electron-donating substituents and heterocycles. Similar to anionic polymerization reactions, cationic polymerization reactions are very sensitive to the type of solvent used. Specifically, the ability of a solvent to form free ions will dictate the reactivity of the propagating cationic chain.
Cationic polymerization is used in the production of polyisobutylene (used in inner tubes) and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK).
Gustav Fichardt
Gustav Fichardt (born 7 July 1965) is a South African former tennis player.

Fichardt qualified for the 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles losing in the first round to Chris Pridham.

He is head of the Gustav Fichardt Tennis Academy in Bloemfontein, Free State where he has coached Philip Henning, amongst others.

In 2016 he was appointed to the board of Tennis South Africa.

Philip Henning
Philip Barry Henning (born 10 November 2000) is a South African tennis player.
He has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 307 achieved on 1 December 2025 and a doubles ranking of No. 472 achieved on 28 July 2025.

Henning represents South Africa at the Davis Cup, where he has a W/L record of 2–2.
Tilaurakot
Tilaurakot is a neighborhood in Kapilvastu Municipality in Kapilvastu District, in the Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. Previously it was a Village development committee. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5684 people living in 944 individual households. It is situated 25 kilometers (15.5 mi) northwest of the Maya Devi Temple in Lumbini, and 4.5 kilometers (2.8 mi) southeast of Nigali Sagar in Nigalihawa.

Tilaurakot may be the location of the ancient Shakyan city of Kapilavastu, where Gautama Buddha spent the first 29 years of his life. The site was listed as a UNESCO tentative site in 1996 by the Nepalese government.

Nigali Sagar
Nigali Sagar (also called Nigliva, Nigali Sagar pillar, Nighihawa pillar, Nigliva pillar, or Araurakot pillar) is an archaeological site in Nepal containing the remains of a pillar of Ashoka. The site is located in Nigalihawa, about 20 kilometers northwest of Lumbini and 7 kilometers northeast of Taulihawa. Another famous inscription discovered nearby in a similar context is the Lumbini pillar inscription.
2017 FIBA U20 Women's European Championship
The 2017 FIBA U20 Women's European Championship was the 16th edition of the Women's U-20 European basketball championship. 16 teams participated in the competition, which was played in Matosinhos, Portugal, from 8 to 16 July 2017.

FIBA U20 Women's EuroBasket
The FIBA U20 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U20 Women's European Championship, originally known as the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. It is a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 2000 edition. Until 2004 it was held biannually, but from 2005 onwards it is held every year. The current champions are Spain.
William Taylor (man of letters)
William Taylor (7 November 1765 – 5 March 1836), often called William Taylor of Norwich, was a British essayist, scholar and polyglot. He is most notable as a supporter and translator of German romantic literature.

Iphigenia in Tauris (Goethe)
Iphigenia in Tauris (German: Iphigenie auf Tauris) is a reworking by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe of the ancient Greek tragedy Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Ταύροις (Iphigeneia en Taurois) by Euripides. Euripides' title means "Iphigenia among the Taurians", whereas Goethe's title means "Iphigenia in Taurica", the country of the Tauri.

Goethe wrote the first version of his play in six weeks, and it was first performed on April 6, 1779, in prose form. He rewrote it in 1781, again in prose, and finally in 1786 in verse form. He took the manuscript of Iphigenia in Tauris with him on his famous Italian Journey.
Yamaha Rock Tour Custom
The Yamaha Rock Tour Custom was a professional line of drums first manufactured by Yamaha Drums in 1990.  They were built at their factories in Japan and England.

The range was fairly short lived with production stopping in 1998.  They should not be confused with the lower quality "Rock Tour" range produced in 2010.

The shells were constructed of Birch and Philippine Mahogany and were then wrapped in a "tough resin sheath" to give an "aggressive driving sound".

Bass drums and floor toms were constructed of 11 ply shells. Tom toms and the RTC snare drum were 8 ply shells. Bearing edges were single 45 degree, and Yamaha's high tension lugs were used across the range.

The drums were available in power sizes and turbo sizes as was the fashion of the time.

Yamaha Drums
Yamaha Drums is a subsidiary of the Yamaha Corporation founded in 1967. The company manufactures acoustic and electronic drum kits as well as percussion instruments, marching band equipment, and drum hardware.
Mean piston speed
The mean piston speed is the average speed of the piston in a reciprocating engine. It is a function of stroke and RPM.  There is a factor of 2 in the equation to account for one stroke to occur in 1/2 of a crank revolution (or alternatively: two strokes per one crank revolution) and a '60' to convert seconds from minutes in the RPM term.

For example, a piston in an automobile engine which has a stroke of 90 mm will have a mean speed at 3000 rpm of 
2 * (90 / 1000) * 3000 / 60 = 9 m/s.

The 5.2-liter V10 that debuted in the 2009 Audi R8 has the highest mean piston speed for any production car (26.9 m/s) thanks to its 92.8 mm stroke and 8700-rpm redline.

Piston
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder.
Red Belt (Russia)
The Red Belt or Red Zone (Russian: Красный пояс) was a group of Russian regions which gave stable support to the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and other left parties in local and federal elections. The term came into wide use from the mid-1990s after Communist candidates won a number of regions from non-Communist opposition candidates. The "red zone" comprised predominantly agricultural areas of Central Russia, the national republics of the North Caucasus, as well as a number of the southern regions of Siberia and the Far East. The agricultural areas in the "Red Zone" were being privatized while the rest of Russia was a more open market.
With the coming to power of Vladimir Putin (Acting President from 31 December 1999) and reduced support for the Communist Party, the "red belt" ceased to exist.

Nostalgia for the Soviet Union
The social phenomenon of nostalgia for the Soviet Union (Russian: Ностальгия по СССР, romanized: Nostal'giya po SSSR), can include sentimental attitudes towards its politics, its society, its culture and cultural artifacts, its superpower status, or simply its aesthetics.

Modern cultural expressions of Soviet nostalgia also emphasize the former Soviet Union's scientific and technological achievements, particularly during the Space Age, and value the Soviet past for its futuristic aspirations.

An analysis by the Harvard Political Review found that sociological explanations for Soviet nostalgia vary from "reminiscing about the USSR's global superpower status" to the "loss of financial, political and social stability" which accompanied the Soviet dissolution in many post-Soviet states.
Tony Lema
Anthony David Lema (February 25, 1934 – July 24, 1966) was an American professional golfer who rose to fame in the mid-1960s and won a major title, the 1964 Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland. He died two years later at age 32 in an aircraft accident near Chicago.

Firestone Country Club
Firestone Country Club is a private golf club in the United States, located in Akron, Ohio. It was a regular stop on the PGA Tour and has hosted the PGA Championship three times. It is the current home of the Bridgestone Senior Players Championship through 2026.

The club comprises three courses–those of the North, South, and West. In 1974 the club hosted three televised golf events: the American Golf Classic, the CBS Golf Classic and the World Series of Golf. No other club has hosted three televised golf events in the same calendar year.

One of four World Golf Championships constituent events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, directed by the International Federation of PGA Tours and sanctioned on the PGA and European Tours, was contested at the club with the final event at the club held in 2018. The North and West courses also serve as the home course for the University of Akron Zips golf team.
Quercus petelotii
Quercus petelotii is the accepted name of an endemic oak tree species in the beech family Fagaceae; there are no known sub-species. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis.

The species appears to be endemic to Vietnam, where it may be called sồi Petelot.  The tree grows up to 20 m and has 20 mm acorns, produced from velvety cupules.

Quercus subg. Cerris
Quercus subgenus Cerris is one of the two subgenera into which the genus Quercus was divided in a 2017 classification (the other being subgenus Quercus). It contains about 140 species divided among three sections. It may be called the Old World clade or the mid-latitude clade; all species are native to Eurasia and North Africa.
Alaparma Baldo
The Alaparma Baldo was an unusual two-seat light monoplane produced in Italy shortly after World War II. Designed by Adriano Mantelli, it featured an egg-shaped fuselage with cabin doors that hinged upwards and to the back. The conventional tailplane with single fin and rudder was carried on twin booms, either side of a pusher engine installation.  The undercarriage consisted of a single mainwheel under the fuselage pod, a small tailwheel not far behind it, and outrigger wheels on the wingtips.

Twin-boom aircraft
A twin-boom aircraft has two longitudinal auxiliary spars, or "auxiliary booms" , that may contain ancillary components such as fuel tanks and/or provide a supporting structure for other items. Typically, twin tailbooms support the tail surfaces, although on some types such as the Rutan Model 72 Grizzly the booms run forward of the wing. The twin-boom configuration is distinct from twin-fuselage designs in that it retains a central fuselage.
Neamine
Neamine (neomycin A) is a degradation product of the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin.  Several derivatives of neamine are active against susceptible and resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a medicinal and bacteriologic category of traditional Gram-negative antibacterial medications that inhibit protein synthesis and contain as a portion of the molecule an amino-modified glycoside (sugar). The term can also refer more generally to any organic molecule that contains amino sugar substructures. Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria.

Streptomycin is the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic. It is derived from Streptomyces griseus and is the earliest modern agent used against tuberculosis. Streptomycin lacks the common 2-deoxystreptamine moiety (image right, below) present in most other members of this class. Other examples of aminoglycosides include the deoxystreptamine-containing agents kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, and neomycin (see below).
Religion in France
Religion in France is diverse, with the largest religious group being Christianity. A very significant part of the population is not religious, and significant minorities profess Islam and other religions. Freedom of religion and freedom of thought are warranted by the legacy of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and by the principle of laïcité (or "freedom of conscience") enforced by the 1880s Jules Ferry laws and the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Catholicism was the major religion in the realm of the French monarchy for more than a millennium, and it also held the role of state religion; the monarchy had such close ties to the Roman papacy that France was called the "eldest daughter of the Church" (French: fille aînée de l'Église).

Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques
The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (French: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, pronounced [ɛ̃stity nɑsjɔnal də la statistik e dez‿etyd(z‿)ekɔnɔmik]), abbreviated INSEE or Insee (/ɪnˈseɪ/ in-SAY, French: [inse]), is the national statistics bureau of France. It collects and publishes information about the French economy and people and carries out the periodic national census. Headquartered in Montrouge, a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, it is the French branch of Eurostat. The INSEE was created in 1946 as a successor to the Vichy regime's National Statistics Service (SNS). It works in close cooperation with the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED).
Petroff Point
Petroff Point (Bulgarian: Петров нос, ‘Petrov Nos’ \pe-'trov 'nos\) is a rocky point on the east coast of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica projecting northeastwards 1.2 km into Hill Bay.  Situated 3.85 km northwest of Mitchell Point and 6.8 km southwest of Spallanzani Point.

The point is named for the "Bulgarian-American inventor Peter Petroff (1919–2003) who developed the first digital watch."

Spallanzani Point
Spallanzani Point (64°8′S 61°59′W﻿ / ﻿64.133°S 61.983°W﻿ / -64.133; -61.983) is a point forming the north side of the entrance to Hill Bay and the east tip of Albena Peninsula and Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. Probably first seen by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache. Mapped in 1959 from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956–57. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799), Italian physiologist who first interpreted the process of digestion in 1780.
Årre
Årre is a small town in southwestern Jutland with a population of 628 (1. January 2025), located in Årre Parish. The town is located in Varde Municipality and belongs to the Region of Syddanmark. A little north of Årre town is Årre Kirke, a Romanesque church dating back to the 11th century with a late Gothic tower. In the town lies Årre Kro and Årre Skole. The school is a building with space for approx. 200 students and serves as an upper school for Årre, Fåborg and Hjortkær. Årre is located at main route 30 with 16 kilometers to Varde, 18 to Esbjerg and 29 to Grindsted.

Grindsted
Grindsted, with a population of 9,721 (1 January 2025),  is the municipal seat and largest town of Billund Municipality, Denmark and belongs to the Region of Southern Denmark. It is located 42 km west of the major regional city of Vejle and 49 km northeast of the major harbour city Esbjerg. The postal code is 7200.
Uaçá River
Uaçá River is a river of Amapá state in Brazil. It is a tributary of the Oiapoque River.

The area is inhabited by the Galibi Marworno, also called the Uaçá Galibi. They are a mixture of Galibi who fled from French Guiana, and Aruã who fled from the island Marajó. In the 1930, the Indian Protection Service (SPI) founded the village Santa Maria dos Galibis (now called Kumarumã) for them on in island in the river.

Oyapock
The Oyapock or Oiapoque (/ˈɔɪ.əpɒk, ˌɔɪ.əˈpoʊki/ OY-ə-pok, OY-ə-POH-kee; French: Fleuve Oyapock [flœv ojapɔk]; Portuguese: Rio Oiapoque [ˈʁi.u ojaˈpɔki]) is a 403-kilometre (250 mi) long river in South America that forms most of the border between the French overseas department of French Guiana and the Brazilian state of Amapá.
Don Zewin
Don Zewin (September 26, 1952 - October 31, 2021) was a poker player most known for finishing third in the 1989 World Series of Poker Main Event ($151,000). Although no bracelet event wins Zewin has 7 six-figure cashes, including a runner-up (to Phil Hellmuth) in the $2,500 Seven Card Razz (Event #18) at the 2012 World Series of Poker, in a career spanning from the eighties to his death in 2021.

Phil Hellmuth
Phillip Jerome Hellmuth Jr. (born July 16, 1964) is an American professional poker player who has won a record seventeen World Series of Poker bracelets, the majority in no-limit hold'em. He is the winner of the Main Event of the 1989 World Series of Poker (WSOP) and the Main Event of the 2012 World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE), and he is a 2007 inductee of the WSOP's Poker Hall of Fame. He is the only player in poker history to have won a WSOP bracelet in 5 different decades. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest tournament players in history.
Ilie Sârbu
Ilie Sârbu (born 26 May 1950) is a Romanian theologian, economist and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), he sat in the Romanian Senate from 2004 to 2015, representing Timiș County. In the Adrian Năstase cabinet, he was Agriculture Minister from 2000 until July 2004, and he held the same position in the Emil Boc cabinet between 2008 and 2009. He was Senate President for six weeks in 2008.

He and his wife Mariana have a daughter, Daciana Sârbu. She, in turn, is married to Victor Ponta, who served alongside Ilie Sârbu in the Boc cabinet.

Emil Boc
Emil Boc (Romanian pronunciation: [eˈmil ˈbok]; born 6 September 1966) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 22 December 2008 until 6 February 2012 and is the current mayor of Cluj-Napoca, the largest city of Transylvania, where he was first elected in July 2004. Boc was also the president of the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), which proposed and supported him as Prime Minister in late 2008, from December 2004 until July 2012.

On 13 October 2009, his cabinet fell after losing a motion of no confidence in Parliament. He was acting as the head of acting cabinet until a new prime minister and cabinet were confirmed by Parliament. On 17 December 2009, President Traian Băsescu designated him again to form a new government, receiving afterwards the vote of confidence from the Parliament.
Tamanak-e Sofla, Boyer-Ahmad
Tamanak-e Sofla (Persian: تمنك سفلي, also Romanized as Tamānak-e Soflá; also known as Tūmanak-e Pā’īn, Tūmānak-e Soflá, and Tūmanak-e Soflá) is a village in Sepidar Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was forty-eight, in eight families.

Sepidar Rural District (Boyer-Ahmad County)
Sepidar Rural District (Persian: دهستان سپيدار) is in Sepidar District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Pazanan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sepidar, now a city.
Bertram Walter Elles
Bertram Walter Elles (3 July 1877 – 1963) was born in Wimbledon, London, the son of Jamieson Elles. On 24 February 1906, Elles married Jean Challoner Lake, daughter of Canon Henry Lake, at Saint Mary Abbots, Kensington. Upon his retirement, the Elles lived in Hartfield, Sussex.

Elles was education at Marlborough College and later admitted to King's College on 2 October 1896, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1899. In 1903, he passed his Malay language examination.

Marlborough College
Marlborough College is a public school (English private boarding school) for pupils aged 13 to 18 in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. It was founded as Marlborough School in 1843 by the Dean of Manchester, George Hull Bowers, for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy. It now adopts a co-educational model. In 2023 there were around 1000 pupils, approximately 45% of whom were female.

In 2024, the school was included in The Schools Index as one of the 150 best private schools in the world and among the top 30 senior schools in the UK. Fees for boarding pupils in 2024/2025 are £50,985 per year.
Les Racines du mal
Les Racines du mal (The Roots Of Evil) is a 1995 crime novel by the French writer Maurice G. Dantec. Set in the near future, it tells the story of a knowledge engineer who is brought in by the police to find a group of serial killers. He is assisted by the "neuromatrice", an artificial intelligence he helped develop, which can access any computer system and create psychological profiles based on scattered hints and facts about a person.

The novel was published on 21 April 1995 by Éditions Gallimard, as part of the Série noire imprint. It received the Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire and the Prix Rosny-Aîné.

Série noire
Série noire is a French publishing imprint, founded in 1945 by Marcel Duhamel. It has released a collection of crime fiction of the hardboiled detective thrillers variety published by Gallimard.

Anglo-American literature forms the bulk of their collection: it features especially Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, Horace McCoy, William R. Burnett, Ed McBain, Chester Himes, Lou Cameron, Jim Thompson, Rene Brabazon Raymond (under his pseudonym James Hadley Chase) and Peter Cheyney. Books from the series were adapted into episodes on the 1984 television series of the same name.

This name became a generic term for works of detective, and is considered to have inspired the French critic Nino Frank to create in 1946 the phrase Film noir, which describes Hollywood crime dramas.

In common parlance, today, the term also means a series of dramatic events with similarities, or affecting the same victims.
Gyrodon tennesseensis
Gyrodon tennesseensis is a bolete fungus in the family Paxillaceae. It was originally described in 1940 by Wally Snell and Alexander H. Smith as a species of Boletus. Snell and Hesler transferred it to Gyrodon a year later. It is found in the United States and Canada.

Gyrodon
Gyrodon is a genus of pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus Paxillus. Recent molecular research has confirmed this relationship of the two genera as sister taxa, together diverging as one of the most basal lineages in the Boletineae, and sister to the Boletaceae.

Gyrodon was circumscribed by German botanist Wilhelm Opatowski in 1836.