hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Westhoughton
Westhoughton (/wɛstˈhɔːtən/ west-HAW-tən) is a town and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England, 4 miles (6 km) southwest of Bolton, 5 miles (8 km) east of Wigan and 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Manchester.

Within the boundaries of the historic county of Lancashire, Westhoughton was once a centre for coal mining, cotton-spinning and textile manufacture. It had a population of 24,974 at the 2011 census.

Westhoughton incorporates several former villages and hamlets which have their own distinctive character, sports traditions and amenities, including Wingates, White Horse, Over Hulton, Four Gates, Chequerbent, Hunger Hill, Snydale, Hart Common, Marsh Brook, Daisy Hill and Dobb Brow.

Bradshaw Gass & Hope
Bradshaw Gass & Hope is an English architectural practice founded in 1862 by Jonas James Bradshaw (c. 1837–1912). It is Bolton's oldest architectural practice and has exhibited archive drawings in London and Manchester. The style "Bradshaw Gass & Hope" was adopted after Bradshaw's death to incorporate the names of the remaining partners, John Bradshaw Gass and Arthur John Hope. As of 2022, the firm continues to operate from offices in Bolton.
Multinational state
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation" (which touches on ethnicity, language, and political identity), a multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual, and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom.

Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire, British India, Qing Empire, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, the United Arab Republic and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one.

Maithils
The Maithils (Devanagari: मैथिल), also known as Maithili people, are an Indo-Aryan cultural and ethno-linguistic group from the Indian subcontinent, who speak the Maithili language as their native language. They inhabit the Mithila region, which comprises Northern and Eastern Bihar and Northeastern Jharkhand in India & in Nepal constituting Madhesh Province in addition to some Terai districts of Bagmati and Koshi Provinces.

The Mithila region forms an important part of Hinduism as it is said to be the birthplace of Sita, the wife of Ram and incarnation of Lakshmi.
Complex (psychology)
A complex is a structure in the unconscious that is objectified as an underlying theme—like a power or a status—by grouping clusters of emotions, memories, perceptions and wishes in response to a threat to the stability of the self. In psychoanalysis, it is antithetical to drives.

Wish fulfillment
Wish fulfillment is the satisfaction of a desire through an involuntary thought process. It can occur in dreams or in daydreams, in the symptoms of neurosis, or in the hallucinations of psychosis. This satisfaction is often indirect and requires interpretation to recognize.

Sigmund Freud coined the term (Wunscherfüllung) in 1900 in an early text titled The Interpretation of Dreams. It corresponds to a core principle of Freud’s Dream Theory. According to Freud, wish fulfillment occurs when unconscious desires are repressed by the ego and superego. This repression often stems from guilt and taboos imposed by society. Dreams are attempts by the unconscious to resolve some repressed conflict.
Terter dynasty
The House of Terter (Bulgarian: Тертер), also Terterids or Terterovtsi (Тертеровци), was a Bulgarian noble and royal house of Cuman origin, a branch of the Cuman noble dynasty of Terteroba, that ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire between 1280 and 1292, as well as between 1300 and 1323.

Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
Theodore Svetoslav (Bulgarian: Тодор Светослав, Todor Svetoslav and also Теодор Светослав, Teodor Svetoslav) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. He captured northeast fortresses and expanded the territory of the Bulgarian Empire.

Apart from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed.
Muyu language
Muyu, Moyu, is one of the Ok languages of South Papua, Indonesia.

Based on available resources, linguists divided it to two varieties Kadi (North Muyu) and South Muyu. However according to native speakers, it may be a dialect continuum of 9 mutually intelligible dialects which also include Ningrum and Yonggom. Petabahasa by Indonesia Ministry of Education classified it to three languages, Kadi spoken in Kampung Woropko, South Muyu spoken in Kampung Anggumbit, and Muyu in Kampung Kamka.

Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the genders of that language. Determiners, adjectives, and pronouns also change their form depending on the noun to which they refer.

According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's languages.
Volition (linguistics)
In linguistics, volition is a concept that distinguishes whether the subject, or agent of a particular sentence intended an action or not. Simply, it is the intentional or unintentional nature of an action. Volition concerns the idea of control and for the purposes outside of psychology and cognitive science, is considered the same as intention in linguistics. Volition can then be expressed in a given language using a variety of possible methods. These sentence forms usually indicate that a given action has been done intentionally, or willingly. There are various ways of marking volition cross-linguistically. When using verbs of volition in English, like "want" or "prefer", these verbs are not expressly marked. Other languages handle this with affixes, while others have complex structural consequences of volitional or non-volitional encoding.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Muhammad al-Sanusi (Tunisian academic)
Muhammad al-Sanusi Arabic: محمد السنوسي (also spelled Mohamed Snoussi), (1851-1900) was an academic, writer, judge, and poet associated with the Zaitouna mosque in Tunisia, Salafiyya philosophy, and the era of liberal reforms in Tunisia. He collaborated with contemporaries Mohammad Abduh, Khayr al-Din, and Sheikh Mahmud Qabadu.

Among his publications was 1897's Tafattuq al-Akmam ("The Ripping of the Calices"), which analyzed women's rights and living conditions in an Islamic historical and philosophical context.

Mahmud Qabadu
Mahmud Qabadu (1812–1872) of Tunisia, also Muhammad Qabadu, was a scholar of Quranic studies, a progressive member of the ulama, a long-time professor at the Zaytuna mosque academy, and a poet. Shaykh Mahmūd Qabādū served as a qadi to the chief judge and latter as mufti in Tunis.
Soibada Administrative Post
Soibada, officially Soibada Administrative Post (Portuguese: Posto Administrativo de Soibada, Tetum: Postu administrativu Soibada), is an administrative post (and was formerly a subdistrict) in Manatuto municipality, Timor-Leste. Its seat or administrative centre is Samoro.

Administrative posts of Timor-Leste
The municipalities of Timor-Leste are divided into 70 administrative posts (previously subdistricts until 2014) since 2024. On 1 January 2024, three new administrative posts were created, one in Liquiçá Municipality (Loes) and two in Baucau Municipality (Quelicai Antiga and Matebian)

Each administrative post is divided into several sucos. Sucos are divided into several aldeias, the smallest political division of Timor-Leste.
In-mould labelling
In-mould labelling is the use of paper or plastic labels during the manufacturing of containers by blow molding, injection molding, or thermoforming processes. The label serves as the integral part of the final product, which is then delivered as  pre-decorated item. Combining the decoration process with the moulding process cuts the total cost, but can increase the manufacturing time. The technology was first developed by Owens-Illinois in cooperation with Procter & Gamble to supply pre-labelled bottles that could be filled on the product filling line. This was first applied to Head & Shoulders shampoo bottles.

Blow molding
Blow molding (or moulding) is a manufacturing process for forming hollow plastic parts. It is also used for forming glass bottles or other hollow shapes.

In general, there are three main types of blow molding: extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, and injection stretch blow molding.

The blow molding process begins with softening plastic by heating a preform or parison. The parison is a tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end through which compressed air can enter.

The plastic workpiece is then clamped into a mold and air is blown into it. The air pressure inflates the plastic which conforms to the mold. Once the plastic has cooled and hardened the mold opens and the part is ejected. Water channels within the mold assist cooling.
Duck test
The duck test is a frequently cited colloquial example of abductive reasoning. Its usual expression is:

If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

The test implies that a person can identify an unknown subject by observing that subject's habitual characteristics. It is sometimes used to counter abstract arguments that something might not be what it appears to be.

Abductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations. It was formulated and advanced by the American philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce beginning in the latter half of the 19th century.

Abductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it. Abductive conclusions do not eliminate uncertainty or doubt, which is expressed in terms such as "best available" or "most likely". While inductive reasoning draws general conclusions that apply to many situations, abductive conclusions are confined to the particular observations in question.

In the 1990s, as computing power grew, the fields of law, computer science, and artificial intelligence research spurred renewed interest in the subject of abduction.
Diagnostic expert systems frequently employ abduction.
Kampsax
Kampsax A/S was a Danish engineering firm. Kampsax was established November 1, 1917 by Per Kampmann, Otto Kierulff and Jørgen Saxild. In 2002 it was bought by COWI A/S. Kampsax was world renowned for geographic information systems, mapping and road construction.

COWI A/S
COWI A/S is an international consulting group, specializing in engineering, environmental science and economics, with headquarters located in Lyngby, Denmark.

It has been involved in more than 50,000 projects in 175 countries and has approximately 7,300 employees, including engineers, biologists, geologists, economists, surveyors, anthropologists, sociologists and architects.
2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs
The 2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Les Franqueses del Vallès, Spain between 20 and 26 March 2023.

2023 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2023 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2023 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 196 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 46th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 15th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 90 kg
The men's 90 kg competition in judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held on 10 August at the Carioca Arena 2.

The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver.  Judo events awarded two bronze medals.  Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal (that is, the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other, with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket).

The medals for the competition were presented by Sari Essayah, Finland, member of the International Olympic Committee, and the gifts were presented by Obaid Al Anzi, vice president of the International Judo Federation.

Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 12 August at the Carioca Arena 2 inside the Barra Olympic Park in Barra da Tijuca. Around 386 judoka competed in 14 events (seven each for both men and women).
Subiaco, Lazio
Subiaco is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, in the Italian region of Latium, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Tivoli alongside the River Aniene. It is a tourist and religious resort because of its sacred grotto (Sacro Speco), in the medieval St. Benedict's Abbey, and its Abbey of Santa Scolastica. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The first books to be printed in Italy were produced here in the late 15th century.

Tivoli, Lazio
Tivoli (/ˈtɪvəli/ TIV-ə-lee; Italian: [ˈtiːvoli]; Latin: Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, Central Italy, 30 kilometres (19 miles) north-east of the city centre of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills. The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna.
7th Signal Command (Theater)
The United States Army's 7th Signal Command (Theater) is responsible for the integration, security and defense of Army networks in the Continental United States. The 7th Signal Command is designed to extend Army network capabilities to Army forces in support of US based expeditionary operations. The command is one of five theater Signal Commands worldwide, and is a subordinate element of NETCOM/9th SC (Army). It was activated at Fort Gordon in July 2008.

9th Army Signal Command (United States)
The 9th Army Signal Command is the operational executive agent for Army-wide network operations and security.  It is the single point of contact for Army network development and protection, providing C4 information management of common-user services in support of the combatant commanders and Army service component commanders.  It was the numbered command for the Network Enterprise Technology Command.
2016 Open de Limoges
The 2016 Open de Limoges was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and part of the 2016 WTA 125K series, offering a total of $115,000 in prize money. It took place in Limoges, France, on 14–20 November 2016.

Open de Limoges
The Open BLS de Limoges (formerly Open GDF Suez de Limoges, Open GDF Suez Région Limousin and Engie Open de Limoges) is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on indoor hardcourts. The event is currently classified as a WTA 125 tournament and has been held in Limoges, France since 2007. Until 2013, the tournament was held annually as one of the ITF Women's Circuit.
Sar Tang-e Firuzabad
Sar Tang-e Firuzabad (Persian: سرتنگ فيروزاباد, also Romanized as Sar Tang-e Fīrūzābād; also known as Sar Tang) is a village in Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 128, in 32 families.

Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District
Sarrud-e Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان سررود جنوبي) is in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Aliabad-e Sartol. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Tall Khosrow.
Kantakaupunki, Jyväskylä
Kantakaupunki is a ward of Jyväskylä, Finland. Over 25.000 people live in Kantakaupunki. Keskusta, Puistola, Harju, Lutakko, Mattilanpelto, Mäki-Matti, Kukkumäki, Nisula, Taulumäki, Tourula and Mannila are districts of Kantakaupunki.

Puistola, Jyväskylä
Puistola is a district of Jyväskylä, Finland on the shores of Tourujoki river near the city centre. The city centre of Jyväskylä is bordering Puistola in Southwest. Puistola is located on a small area between the streets of Vapaudenkatu, Väinönkatu, Yliopistonkatu, Puistokatu and Tourujoki river. Puistola is only 800 metres (2,600 ft) long and about 300 metres (980 ft) wide. Southern part of the district has high population density. The old graveyard of Jyväskylä is in the Northern parts of the district.
Hypolemmal cisternae
The Hypolemmal cisternae is found within a perikaryon (cell body (soma) of a neuron not including the nucleus) and is a specialized part of the Smooth ER that extends into the dendrites and axon. Hypolemmal cisternae is found directly beneath the plasmalemma and is continuous with the Rough ER of the soma. Its function is unclear.

Soma (biology)
In cellular neuroscience, the soma (pl.: somata or somas; from Greek  σῶμα (sôma) 'body'), or cell body, is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or glial cell that contains the cell nucleus. The part of the soma without the nucleus is called the perikaryon (pl.: perikarya).
Galax Leafs
The Galax Leafs were a minor league baseball team based in Galax, Virginia. From 1946 to 1950, the Galax Leafs played exclusively as members of the Class D level Blue Ridge League, winning the 1947 championship and 1948 pennant. The Galax Leafs were a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants in 1950. The Leafs hosted minor league home games at Felts Park.

Galax, Virginia
Galax /ˈɡeɪlæks/ is an independent city in the southwestern part of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,720.

The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Galax with neighboring Carroll County for statistical purposes. Galax is bounded to the northeast by Carroll County and to the southwest by Grayson County.
Smith family (Latter Day Saints)
The Smith family is the name of an American family with many members prominent in religion and politics.  The family's most famous member was Joseph Smith Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Many other members of the family took on leadership roles in various churches within the movement.

Joseph F. Smith
Joseph Fielding Smith Sr. (November 13, 1838 – November 19, 1918) was an American religious leader who served as the sixth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was a nephew of Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and the last LDS Church president who had personally known him.
Off Pitch
Off Pitch is an American reality documentary television series that debuted on VH1 on April 17, 2013. The series chronicles the Grand River Singers, a Glee-inspired adult community show choir located in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

La Crosse, Wisconsin
La Crosse (/ləˈkrɒs/ ⓘ lə-KROSS) is a city in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. Positioned alongside the Mississippi River, La Crosse is the most populous city on Wisconsin's western border. The population was 52,680 at the 2020 census. The La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area has an estimated 140,000 residents.

La Crosse's economy serves as a regional educational, medical, manufacturing, and transportation hub for Western Wisconsin producing a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.1 billion for the La Crosse–Onalaska metropolitan area as of 2023. Home to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Viterbo University, and Western Technical College, the city has nearly 20,000 students. The La Crosse area is home to the headquarters or regional offices of Kwik Trip, Organic Valley, Mayo Clinic, Gundersen Health System, Gensler, La Crosse Technology, City Brewing Company, and Trane.
Arne Bjørlykke
Arne Bjørlykke (born 3 October 1943) is a Norwegian geologist.

He took an education in mining engineering at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, graduating in 1967. He worked at the Norwegian Geological Survey from 1968 to 1984, and was then a professor at the University of Oslo from 1984 to 1994. He then returned to the Norwegian Geological Survey as managing director from 1994 to 2006 and senior researcher from 2006 to 2009. In 2009 he was hired as the new director of the Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo, succeeding Elen Roaldset. He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.

Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (Norwegian: Norges Tekniske Vitenskapsakademi, NTVA) is a learned society based in Trondheim, Norway.

The academy was founded in Trondheim in 1955. the academy has about 290 fellows under the age of 65 and a total of 730 members. King Harald is the academy's high protector, in recognition of the academy's importance to society.

It is a member of the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) and of the European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering (Euro-CASE).

NTVA is one of four learned societies in Norway. The others are Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters and Agder Vitenskapsakademi.
ABC Goulburn Murray
ABC Goulburn Murray (call sign: 3MRR) is an ABC Local Radio station based in Wodonga, Victoria, broadcasting to North East Victoria and Southern New South Wales. First aired on 16 December 1931 as 2CO from studios in Albury, New South Wales, in 2000 the station's AM transmitter in Corowa was reallocated to ABC Riverina.

The station's local programming outside of breakfast is simulcast on ABC Shepparton, while networked programming is sourced via ABC Radio Melbourne and ABC Local Radio Victoria.

ABC Radio Melbourne
ABC Radio Melbourne (callsign: 3LO, officially VL3LO) is an ABC Local Radio station in Melbourne, Australia. It began transmission on 13 October 1924 and was Melbourne's second licensed radio station after 3AR.

The other ABC Local Radio stations in Victoria simulcast ABC Radio Melbourne's programming when not airing local shows for their area.