hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chaser's pitch
Chaser's pitch is a thermal adhesive used by goldsmiths, silversmiths, coppersmiths, and other metal cold-working artisans to hold a metal plate for repoussage and "chasing" (embossing) while it is being hammered out.

Generally, chaser's pitch must become soft or even liquid when heated at moderate temperatures, in order to fit the object and fill all its nooks and crannies.  For many uses, it is desirable that the pitch is soft like glazing putty while it is still cool enough to be molded with the fingers.  On the other hand, at room temperature it must be hard enough to hold the object.  It must strongly adhere to the metal while it is cooling.

There are many varieties of chaser's pitch available, that differ on the nature or the ingredients, physical properties (such as fusibility and hardness), or place of origin. Names include Swedish pitch, Red (or Brown) German pitch, green chaser's pitch, and  black chaser's pitch.

Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Modern goldsmiths mainly specialize in jewelry-making but historically, they have also made silverware, platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils, and ceremonial or religious items.

Goldsmiths must be skilled in forming metal through filing, soldering, sawing, forging, casting, and polishing. The trade has very often included jewelry-making skills, as well as the very similar skills of the silversmith. Traditionally, these skills had been passed along through apprenticeships; more recently jewelry arts schools, specializing in teaching goldsmithing and a multitude of skills falling under the jewelry arts umbrella, are available. Many universities and junior colleges also offer goldsmithing, silversmithing, and metal arts fabrication as a part of their fine arts curriculum.
Blood tables: it is a holy action to kill Rosas
Blood tables: it is a holy action to kill Rosas (Spanish: Tablas de Sangre: es acción santa matar a Rosas) is an 1843 Argentine libelle written by José Rivera Indarte against the governor of Buenos Aires, Juan Manuel de Rosas. It details 465 purported crimes committed by Rosas or the Popular Restoring Society; later editions increased the number by 22,560. The book was used as a primary source by the early historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas; modern historians consider its figures to be inflated.

Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas
The historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas is highly controversial. Most Argentine historians take an approach either for or against him, a dispute that has influenced much of the entire historiography of Argentina.
Kerkythea
Kerkythea is a standalone rendering system that supports raytracing and Metropolis light transport, uses physically accurate materials and lighting, and is distributed as freeware. Currently, the program can be integrated with any software that can export files in obj and 3ds formats, including 3ds Max, Blender, LightWave 3D, SketchUp, Silo and Wings3D.

LightWave 3D
LightWave 3D is a 3D computer graphics program developed by LightWave Digital. It has been used in films, television, motion graphics, digital matte painting, visual effects, video game development, product design, architectural visualizations, virtual production, music videos, pre-visualizations and advertising.
NGC 5927
NGC 5927 is a globular cluster in the constellation Lupus. NGC 5927 has a diameter of about 12 arcminutes and an apparent magnitude of +8.86. Its Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is VIII, and it contains stars of magnitude 15 and dimmer.

The globular cluster was discovered by the astronomer James Dunlop in 1826 and was also observed in 1834 by John Herschel.

NGC 5927 is relatively metal-rich for a globular cluster, and may have multiple generations of stars.

Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class
The Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is a classification system on a scale of one to twelve using Roman numerals for globular clusters according to their concentration. The most highly concentrated clusters such as M75 are classified as Class I, with successively diminishing concentrations ranging to Class XII, such as Palomar 12. (The class is sometimes given with numbers [Class 1–12] rather than with Roman numerals.)

From 1927 to 1929, Harlow Shapley and Helen Sawyer Hogg began categorizing clusters according to the degree of concentration the system has toward the core using this scale. This became known as the Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class.
Tole (woreda)
Tole is one of the  woredas in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Part of the Southwest Shewa Zone, it is bordered on the southwest by Kokir, on the west by Becho, on the northwest by Elu, on the northeast by the Awash which separates it from Alem Gena, and on the east and south by Kersana Kondaltiti. The major town in Tole is Bentu Liben.

Elu (woreda)
Elu is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Southwest Shewa Zone, Elu is bordered on the south by Becho, on the west by Dawo, on the north by West Shewa Zone, and on the east by the Awash which separates it from Alem Gena. Towns in Elu include Asgori
 and Taji.

The August 2006 floods affected Elu, causing widespread damage. In this woreda—combined with Sebata, Awas, and Ejerie woredas—14,790 persons were affected and 2,052 people displaced.
Volkswagen Up
The Volkswagen Up (stylized as Volkswagen up!) is a city car which was produced by the Volkswagen Group from 2011 to 2023. It is part of the New Small Family (NSF) series of models, alongside the SEAT Mii and Škoda Citigo which are rebadged versions of the Up, with slightly different front and rear fascias. Production began in December 2011 at the Volkswagen Plant in Bratislava, Slovakia, with Volkswagen do Brasil making the model in Taubaté from February 2014 until 2021. The SEAT and Škoda versions were also manufactured in the Bratislava factory, before being withdrawn from sale in 2021 and 2020 respectively. Production of the Up ended in October 2023. A battery electric version, called E-up, was launched in autumn 2013.

Concept car
A concept car (also known as a concept vehicle or show vehicle) is a car made to showcase new styling or new technology. Concept cars are often exhibited at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to new and radical designs which may or may not be produced.

General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, and did much to popularize it through its traveling Motorama shows of the 1950s.

Concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times, all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, and cost. A "production-intent" prototype, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose.
KIT (gene)
Proto-oncogene c-KIT is the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase protein known as tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, CD117 (cluster of differentiation 117) or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR). Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
KIT was first described by the German biochemist Axel Ullrich in 1987 as the cellular homolog of the feline sarcoma viral oncogene v-kit.

Melanocyte
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart found in many mammals and birds. Melanin is a dark pigment primarily responsible for skin color. Once synthesized, melanin is contained in special organelles called melanosomes which can be transported to nearby keratinocytes to induce pigmentation. Thus darker skin tones have more melanosomes present than lighter skin tones. Functionally, melanin serves as protection against UV radiation. Melanocytes also have a role in the immune system.
Barbaro family
The Barbaro family (Italian pronunciation: ['bar.ba.ro]) was a patrician family of Venice. They were wealthy and influential and owned large estates in the Veneto above Treviso.: 112  Various members were noted as church leaders, diplomats, patrons of the arts, military commanders, philosophers, scholars, and scientists.: 150 : 275

Provveditore
The Italian title prov[v]editore (plural provveditori; also known in Greek: προνοητής, προβλεπτής; Serbo-Croatian: providur), "he who sees to things" (overseer), was the style of various (but not all) local district governors in the extensive, mainly maritime empire of the Republic of Venice. Like many political appointments, it was often held by noblemen as a stage in their career, usually for a few years.
Contesting controversies
Like most other sports, amateur radio contesting has its share of disputes and controversy. These disputes are long-standing and may see no thorough resolution for a long time.  They are presented for their informational value, with the positions in dispute summarized.  There are several online forums where these topics are discussed.

Telephony
Telephony (/təˈlɛfəni/ tə-LEF-ə-nee) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.

Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
Surfing South Africa
Surfing South Africa (SSA) is the governing body for the sport of surfing in South Africa, and a recognised member of the world governing body, the International Surfing Association (ISA). SSA is also an affiliate of the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), which, alongside Sport and Recreation South Africa (SRSA) supervises all organised sport in South Africa.

SSA is responsible for the control of all aspects of Surfing in South Africa, from entry-level participation to the management of the elite level Pro Surf Tour (PST). Provincial bodies, along with the SA Longboarding Association, the SA Bodyboarding Association and the SA Students Surfing Association are all affiliated to Surfing South Africa.

South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee
The South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Sportkonfederasie en Olimpiese Komitee) is the National Olympic Committee (NOC) and National Paralympic Committee (NPC) for South Africa, and the responsible body for South Africa at the Commonwealth Games. It is also responsible for high-performance sport in the country and coordinates the relationship with various international sports federations.
2009 Alessandria Challenger
The 2009 Alessandria Challenger (known as 2009 Trofeo Cassa di Risparmio di Alessandria) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Alessandria, Italy between May 25–31, 2009.

2009 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2009 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 20 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and 142 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $150,000.
Kim Byung-man
Kim Byung-man (Korean: 김병만; born July 29, 1975) is a South Korean comedian, best known for his slapstick and acrobatic stunts as a Master in Gag Concert, and survival skills in Law of the Jungle  as he acts as the Chief of the show. In November 2015, he entered a new program on SBS titled 'Shaolin Clenched Fists', where Kim Byung-man and a group of other celebrities visit the Shaolin Monastery to learn the traditional martial arts from Shaolin Masters.

Gag Concert
Gag Concert (Korean: 개그콘서트) is a South Korean sketch-comedy television show more commonly known as Gag Con (개콘). It began airing on 4 September 1999 and aired its last episode on 26 June 2020, making it South Korea's longest-running comedy show. It started airing again on November 12, 2023, after 3 years and 4 months of absence.

The show was recorded on Wednesdays and aired on KBS 2TV on Sundays at 9:15 pm. It now airs on Sundays at 10:25 pm. The show airs with English subtitles two weeks after it airs on KBS World TV on Saturdays at 6:00 pm.
Cuthbert Burbage
Cuthbert Burbage (1565 – 15 September 1636) was an English theatrical figure, son of James Burbage, builder of the Theatre in Shoreditch and elder brother of the actor Richard Burbage. From 1589 he was the owner of the ground lease of the Theatre. Best known for his central role in the construction of the Globe Theatre, he was for four decades a significant agent in the success and endurance of Shakespeare's company, the King's Men.

Philip Henslowe
Philip Henslowe (c. 1550 – 6 January 1616) was an Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Henslowe's modern reputation rests on the survival of his diary, a primary source for information about the theatrical world of Renaissance London.
Kaiping Tramway and Imperial Railways of North China
The first 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge railway to be built and survive in China was the Kaiping (開平) colliery tramway located at Tangshan in Hebei province. However, this was not the very first railway in China. An earlier attempt to introduce railways had been made in 1876 when the short Shanghai to Wusong narrow gauge line known as the "Woosung Road Company" was built but then pulled up within less than two years because of Chinese government opposition.

Xinmin, Liaoning
The city of Xinmin (Chinese: 新民; pinyin: Xīnmín; Wade–Giles: Hsin-min) is a county-level city of Liaoning Province, Northeast China, under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shenyang. It contains the westernmost point of and is by far the most spacious of the county-level divisions of Shenyang City. Xinmin borders Faku County to the northeast, Shenbei New Area and Yuhong District to the east, Tiexi District to the southeast, and Liaozhong County to the south; it also borders the prefecture-level cities of Jinzhou to the west and Fuxin to the northwest.
Miss Philippines Earth 2010
Miss Philippines Earth 2010 was the 10th Miss Philippines Earth pageant, held at the Aquatica, Manila Ocean Park in Manila, Philippines, on April 25, 2010.

At the end of the event, Sandra Seifert of Negros Occidental crowned Kris Psyche Resus of Infanta as her successor. Resus represented the Philippines in Miss Earth 2010 beauty pageant, held in Vietnam.

Miss Philippines Earth
Miss Philippines Earth (2004–2017, 2019–present), originally titled Miss Philippines (2001–2003) then Miss Earth Philippines (2018), is a national beauty pageant held annually in search of "the most beautiful and environmentally-conscious and aware woman" in the Philippines.

The grand winner of the pageant represents the Philippines in Miss Earth, one of the Big Four international beauty pageants – the most coveted beauty titles among all the international pageant competitions.

The current titleholder is Joy Barcoma of Bacoor, Cavite who was crowned on August 10, 2025 in Okada Manila, Pasay, Metro Manila. The elemental queens are, namely, Maria Flordeliz Mabao (Miss Philippines Air), Angel Rose Tambal (Miss Philippines Water), Jaymie Strickland (Miss Philippines Fire) and Kriezl Jane Torres (Miss Philippines Eco-tourism).
Pierre-Médard Diard
Pierre-Médard Diard (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ medaʁ djaʁ]; 19 March 1794 – 16 February 1863) was a French naturalist and explorer.

Diard studied zoology and anatomy under Georges Cuvier and assisted him in researches on the development of the foetus and on the eggs of quadrupeds. In 1816, he traveled to the East Indies.

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (French pronunciation: [etjɛn ʒɔfʁwa sɛ̃t‿ilɛʁ]; 15 April 1772 – 19 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition".  He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories.  Geoffroy's scientific views had a transcendental flavor (unlike Lamarck's materialistic views) and were similar to those of German morphologists like Lorenz Oken. He believed in the underlying unity of organismal design, and the possibility of the transmutation of species in time, amassing evidence for his claims through research in comparative anatomy, paleontology, and embryology. He is considered as a predecessor of the evo-devo evolutionary concept.
Fara in Sabina
Fara in Sabina (also shortened to Fara Sabina) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Lazio, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Rieti.

Rieti
Rieti (Italian: [ˈrjɛːti]; Latin: Reate, Sabino: Riete) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, with a population of 47,700. It is the administrative seat of the province of Rieti and see of the diocese of Rieti, as well as the modern capital of the Sabina region.

The town centre stands on a small hilltop, commanding from the southern edge the wide Rieti valley, at the bottom of the Sabine hills and of monti Reatini, including mount Terminillo. The plain was once a large lake, drained by the ancient Romans, and is now the fertile basin of the Velino River. Only the small Ripasottile and Lungo lakes remain of the larger original.
Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat
Argenteuil Basin with a Single Sailboat (French: Bassin d'Argenteuil avec un seul voilier) is an oil on canvas autumn scene of the basin at Argenteuil, painted by French Impressionist artist Claude Monet in 1874.

Argenteuil
Argenteuil (French: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj] ⓘ) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil. Argenteuil is part of the Métropole du Grand Paris.

Argenteuil is the fourth most populous commune in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Denis, and Montreuil) and the most populous one in the Val-d'Oise department, although it is not its prefecture, which is shared between the communes of Cergy and Pontoise.

Argenteuil shares borders with communes in 3 departements others than Val d'Oise : the Yvelines, Hauts-de-Seine, and Seine-Saint-Denis departements.
1980 United States Senate election in Hawaii
The 1980 United States Senate election in Hawaii took place on November 4, 1980.

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye won re-election to a fourth term in yet another landslide, despite the national 'Reagan Revolution' and the state's very narrow margin of victory for Jimmy Carter in the concurrent presidential election.

1980 United States presidential election in Hawaii
The 1980 United States presidential election in Hawaii took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and The District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Hawaii voters chose four electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Hawaii was one of the six states that President Jimmy Carter (D) won. His margin was 1.9 points, his narrowest victory margin in any state. Hawaii is a very liberal state, and both of the state's U.S. senators have been Democrats since 1977, which is partly the reason Reagan lost, albeit very narrowly. As of 2024, this is the second of two times (the first being 1960) in which not all of Hawaii's counties voted for the same candidate. This was the second of three times in which Oahu supported a Republican on the presidential level. This was the only election since its statehood in which Hawaii did not vote the same as New York.
Shōnai Kaihin Prefectural Natural Park
Shōnai Kaihin Prefectural Natural Park (庄内海浜県立自然公園, Shōnai Kaihin kenritsu shizen-kōen) is a Prefectural Natural Park in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Established in 1948, the park lies within the municipalities of Sakata and Tsuruoka. The park's central feature is the eponymous Shōnai coastline.

Sakata, Yamagata
Sakata (酒田市, Sakata-shi) is a city located in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2023, the city had an estimated population of 96,777 in 42,600 households, and a population density of 180 people per km2. The total area of the city is 602.97 km2 (232.81 sq mi).
Mount Iwaki (Yamaguchi)
Mount Iwaki (Japanese: 石城山, Hepburn: Iwaki-san), also known as Iwaki-yama (石城山) in the Shintō Tenkōkyo religion, is a sacred mountain in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Administratively, Mount Iwaki's summit and northern slopes are situated within the city of Hikari in Yamaguchi Prefecture, while its southern slopes are situated within the city of Tabuse. The mountain is located to the north of the town center of Tabuse.

Hikari, Yamaguchi
Hikari (光市, Hikari-shi) is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 49,100 in 23577 households and a population density of 530 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 92.13 square kilometres (35.57 sq mi). The name Hikari itself means "brilliance" or "light" in Japanese.
Great Stickle
Great Stickle is a fell located in the southern Lake District of England with an altitude of 305 m (1,001 ft). Alfred Wainwright included it in the Stickle Pike chapter of his "The Outlying Fells of Lakeland" (but stated the height incorrectly as 990 ft; the 2011 2nd edition has the correct figure). Geographically the fell is located on the southern ridge of Stickle Pike and is located between the lower Duddon Valley (west) and the valley of Dunnerdale Beck (east). A "stickle" is a hill with a prominent rocky top.

The fell is rugged in appearance with several craggy outcrops that are found especially on its summit and its southern slopes which descend to the hamlet of Broughton Mills. It is generally climbed in combination with Stickle Pike, the ridge between the two summits offering an interesting traverse and excellent views to the Furness Peninsula and the southern fells.

The Outlying Fells of Lakeland
The Outlying Fells of Lakeland is a 1974 book written by Alfred Wainwright dealing with hills in and around the Lake District of England. It differs from Wainwright's Pictorial Guides in that each of its 56 chapters describes a walk, sometimes taking in several summits, rather than a single fell. This has caused some confusion on the part of authors attempting to prepare a definitive list of peaks. The Outlying Fells do not form part of the 214 hills generally accepted as making up the Wainwrights, but they are included in Category 2B of the Hill Walkers' Register maintained by the Long Distance Walkers Association.