hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reforms of Portuguese orthography
The Portuguese language began to be used regularly in documents and poetry around the 12th century. Unlike neighboring Romance languages that adopted formal orthographies by the 18th century, the Portuguese language did not have a uniform spelling standard until the 20th century. The formation of the First Portuguese Republic in 1911 was motivation for the establishment of a committee led by Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Viana to initiate orthographic reform in Portugal and its overseas territories and colonies. Brazil would adopt an orthographic standard based on, but not identical to, the Portuguese standard a few decades later.

Further minor spelling reforms were approved in lusophone countries over the rest of the 20th century. In 1990, a further agreement was reached between the various countries, with Portugal, Brazil, and Cape Verde adopting the new standard gradually by the beginning of 2016.

Oxytone
In linguistics, an oxytone (/ˈɒksɪtoʊn/; Ancient Greek: ὀξύτονος, oxýtonos, 'sharp-sounding') is a word with either stress (in stress-based languages) or a high accent (in languages with a pitch accent) on the ultimate syllable (that is, the last syllable).: 118  Examples of this in English are the words correct and reward.

It contrasts with paroxytone (on the penultimate — second-to-last — syllable), and proparoxytone (on the antepenultimate — third-to-last — syllable).
Gem Accounts
Gem Accounts was an Australian accounting software business using a SaaS model to provide accounting software to small and medium business (SMB). The first version was released in 2013 by Gem Software Solutions, based in Brisbane. The company was acquired soon after its launch by SimPro Software in October 2013 and the product rebranded under the SimPro name.

Before its acquisition, Gem Accounts claimed its software offered several first in its space. Gems data export and backup facilities were one of the first cloud-based products - allowing the user to do a full export of their data set in several open formats. Gem Accounts was also the first cloud accounting company to join the "Free Our Data" initiative.

Accounting software
Accounting software is a computer program that maintains account books on computers, including recording transactions and account balances. It may depend on virtual thinking. Depending on the purpose, the software can manage budgets, perform accounting tasks for multiple currencies, perform payroll and customer relationship management, and prepare financial reporting. Work to have accounting functions be implemented on computers goes back to the earliest days of electronic data processing. Over time, accounting software has revolutionized from supporting basic accounting operations to performing real-time accounting and supporting financial processing and reporting. Cloud accounting software was first introduced in 2011, and it allowed the performance of all accounting functions through the internet.
Pterygoplichthys punctatus
Pterygoplichthys punctatus, commonly known as the corroncho, is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater fish native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Juruá River, Madeira River, the Marañón River, and the Purus River in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. The species reaches 28.5 cm (11.2 in) in standard length and is known to be a facultative air-breather.

Pterygoplichthys punctatus appears in the aquarium trade, where it may be referred to as the imperial ranger pleco, the Guimares silver pleco, the Trinidad pleco, or the yogi pleco.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Automatic picture transmission
The Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) system is an analog image transmission system developed for use on weather satellites. It was introduced in the 1960s and over four decades has provided image data to relatively low-cost user stations at locations in most countries of the world. A user station anywhere in the world can receive local data at least twice a day from each satellite as it passes nearly overhead.

Radiofax
Radiofacsimile, radiofax or HF fax is an analogue mode for transmitting grayscale images via high frequency (HF) radio waves. It was the predecessor to slow-scan television (SSTV). It was the primary method of sending photographs from remote sites (especially islands) from the 1930s to the early 1970s. It is still in limited use for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea.
Red Rock Village Museum
Red Rock Village Museum or Hongyancun Museum (Chinese: 红岩村; pinyin: Hóngyáncūn) is a museum in Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China. It was a diplomatic site for the Chinese Communist Party, led by Zhou Enlai during World War II.

The museum is the site where Mao Zedong signed the Double Tenth Agreement for peace between the Communist Party and the rival Kuomintang on 10 October 1945.

Yuzhong, Chongqing
Yuzhong District (渝中区) is the central district and heart of Chongqing municipality. It is the capital of the municipality and is also the political, economical, and entertainment center of the city of Chongqing. Located in the central portion of Yuzhong is the Jiefangbei CBD, a leading business and financial center of western China.

Surrounded on three sides by water, Yuzhong is effectively a peninsula between the Jialing and Yangtze Rivers. Due to the limited space, its hilly nature, and the fact that it is the main central business district for Chongqing, Yuzhong contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in China and is the most densely populated district in the municipality.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the relocated headquarters of the Nationalist Government were located in Yuzhong.
Nathan (footballer, born 1996)
Nathan Allan de Souza (born 13 March 1996), simply known as Nathan, is a Brazilian professional footballer. Mainly an attacking midfielder, he has also been deployed throughout his career in a central midfield role, as well as a winger and a second striker.

KNVB Cup
The KNVB Beker (pronounced [ˌkaːʔɛɱveːˈbeː ˈbeːkər]; English: KNVB Cup), branded as the Eurojackpot KNVB Beker for sponsorship reasons, is a competition in the Netherlands organised by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) since 1898. It was based on the format of the English FA Cup. Outside the Netherlands, it is often referred to as the Dutch Cup. The tournament consists of all teams from the top four tiers of Dutch league football (Eredivisie, Eerste Divisie, Tweede Divisie and Derde Divisie), as well as the 24 semi-finalists (or replacements) of the six KNVB District Cups. The finals of the tournament traditionally takes place in De Kuip, and has been held there every season since the 1989 final. The winners of the cup compete against the winners of the Eredivisie for the Johan Cruyff Shield, (equivalent to a super cup) which acts as the curtain raiser for the following season.
Socialist Democracy Group
The Socialist Democracy Group was a Trotskyist group which existed in England between 1998 and 2002. It organised former supporters of the Militant tendency and Socialist Outlook who supported the Scottish Socialist Party.

In 2002, it merged into the Socialist Solidarity Network. Its former members are now supporters of Socialist Resistance.

Scottish Socialist Party
The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) is a left-wing political party campaigning for the establishment of an independent socialist Scottish republic.

The party was founded in 1998. It campaigns for Scottish independence, against cuts to public services and welfare and for democratic public ownership of the economy. The SSP was one of three parties in Yes Scotland, the official cross-party campaign for Scottish independence in the 2014 referendum, with national co-spokesperson Colin Fox sitting on its advisory board.

The party operates through a local branch structure and publishes Scotland's longest-running socialist newspaper, the Scottish Socialist Voice. At the height of its electoral success in 2003, the party had six Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and two councillors, but since 2017 it has had no councillors or MSPs.
2017 French riots
The 2017 French riots refer to two separate unrelated incidents of unrest in France following claimed abuse of power by police. The first of these riots began on 4 February 2017, in suburbs of Paris, following the alleged rape of a black man named Théo L. by police with a baton. These protests continued until 15 February. The second set of riots began late March when a Chinese man was fatally shot by police officers in Paris. These riots  ended the next day.

Aulnay-sous-Bois
Aulnay-sous-Bois (French pronunciation: [o(l)nɛ su bwɑ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in the Île-de-France region in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 13.9 km (8.6 mi) from the Kilometre zero of France.

The commune has been awarded four flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.
Darbinyan
Darbinyan, Darbinian (Eastern Armenian), Tarpinyan, Tarpinian (Western Armenian) — Դարբինյան, is an Armenian patronymic surname derived from the occupation of smith (Armenian: Դարբին, romanized: darbin). Darbinyan is the Eastern Armenian form of the name, thevariant being Tarpinian. Notable people with the surname include:

Armen Darbinyan (born 1965), Armenian politician and Prime Minister of Armenia

Eduard Darbinyan, Armenian retired weightlifter

Margarita Darbinyan, Armenian historian and translator

Samvel Darbinyan, Armenian football manager

Jeff Tarpinian, American football player with the New England Patriots

Robert Darbinyan, Russian-born Armenian association football player

Ruben Darbinyan (1883–1968), Armenian politician, Justice minister, political activist, author and editor

Eastern Armenian
Eastern Armenian (Armenian: արևելահայերեն, romanized: arevelahayeren) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian. The two standards form a pluricentric language.

Eastern Armenian developed as a separate standard starting in the eighteenth century. It belongs to the -um branch of Armenian dialects (sometimes called the Eastern branch), distinguished by how the present tense is formed.

Eastern Armenian is spoken in Armenia, Russia, as well as Georgia, and by the Armenian community in Iran. Although the Eastern Armenian spoken by Armenians in Armenia and Iranian-Armenians are similar, there are pronunciation differences with different inflections. Armenians from Iran also have some words that are unique to them. Due to migrations of speakers from Armenia and Iran to the Armenian diaspora, the dialect is now very prominent in countries and regions where only Western Armenian was used.
Ferrovalle
The Ferrocarril y Terminal del Valle de México (Ferrovalle) is a company that operates railroads and terminals in and around Mexico City, the capital of Mexico. It is jointly owned by Canadian Pacific Kansas City (25%), Ferromex and Ferrosur.

Locomotives

As of today the FTVM has different locomotives from EMD and GE

9 EMD SW1504s

9 GE B23-7s

3 EMD GP38-2s (These are FTVMs newest locomotives)

6 EMD MP15ACs

5 GE C30-7s

Canadian Pacific Kansas City
Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited, doing business as CPKC (known as Canadian Pacific Railway Limited until 2023), is a Canadian Class I freight railway, headquartered in Calgary. It operates about 32,000 kilometres (20,000 mi) of rail in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and is the only single-line rail corporation ever to connect the three countries.
Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry
Arsalan Iftikhar Chaudhry (Urdu: ارسلان افتخار چودهرى; born 1976) is a Pakistani businessman and medical doctor. He is a son of the former  Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. He was notably involved in the Mediagate controversy in 2012.

Government of Balochistan, Pakistan
The Government of Balochistan (Urdu: حکومتِ بلوچستان) is the provincial government of the largest province of Balochistan in Quetta. The head of the province is the Governor, who is nominated by the President of Pakistan. The chief executive of the Government of Balochistan is the Chief Minister who is elected by the Balochistan Assembly and the administrative head of the province is the Chief Secretary of Balochistan who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

The province of Balochistan contains most of the historical Balochistan and is named after the Baloch people. Neighbouring regions are Iranian Balochistan and Sistan to the west, Afghanistan and the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan to the north and Punjab and Sindh to the east. The principal languages in the province are Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, and Persian.
Lions Lighthouse
Lions Lighthouse (also known as the Lions Lighthouse for Sight) is a decorative lighthouse located in Shoreline Marina, Long Beach, California. It was funded by the Downtown Long Beach Lions Clubs International to advertise their services to blind people and was first lit in 2000. Its focal height is 65.62 ft (20.00 m). The RMS Queen Mary is visible from the light's location at ShoreLine Aquatic Park. The Aquarium of the Pacific is nearby. The nearest harbor is Rainbow Harbor. The light is popular for scenic viewing.

Lions Clubs International
Lions Clubs International is an international service organization, currently headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. As of January 2020, it had over 46,000 local clubs and more than 1.4 million members (including the youth wing Leo) in more than 200 geographic areas around the world.
1986 Offaly Senior Hurling Championship
The 1986 Offaly Senior Hurling Championship was the 89th staging of the Offaly Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Offaly County Board in 1896.

Kinnitty entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 19 October 1986 at St Brendan's Park in Birr, between Coolderry and St Rynagh's, in what was their sixth meeting in the final. Coolderry won the match by 3–08 to 1–10 to claim their 26th championship title overall and a fist championship title in six years.

Offaly Senior Hurling Championship
The Offaly Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Molloy Environmental Senior Hurling Championship) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Offaly GAA clubs. The Offaly County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1896.

Kilcormac–Killoughey are the title-holders, defeating shinrone by 1–24 to 2–14 in the 2025 final.
Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel
The Glenn L. Martin Wind Tunnel was founded in 1949 after Glenn L. Martin gave a grant to the University of Maryland, College Park. This grant was used to expand the A. James Clark School of Engineering and build Glenn L. Martin Hall. The tunnel has served many clients over the years, conducting over 2000 tests. The tunnel is a low speed wind tunnel participating in testing ranging from automotive to aviation and more. The current director of the tunnel is Dr. Jewel Barlow Archived 2016-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. The tunnel is an auxiliary resource to the University of Maryland, generating all necessary income to continue operation of the tunnel. They work primarily with external clients interested in developing products with aerodynamics in mind.

Subsonic and transonic wind tunnel
Transonic wind tunnels, between Mach 0.75 and Mach 1.2 (920 and 1,500 km/h; 570 and 910 mph; 260 and 410 m/s), are designed on similar principles as subsonic tunnels but present additional challenges, primarily due to the reflection of shock waves from the walls of the test section. To mitigate this, perforated or slotted walls are used to reduce shock reflection. In transonic testing, both Mach number and Reynolds number are critical and must be properly simulated. This often necessitates the use of large-scale facilities and pressurized or cryogenic wind tunnels. These tunnels are crucial for studying aerodynamic properties of objects at speeds approaching and surpassing the speed of sound, such as high-speed aircraft and spacecraft during critical phases of flight.
MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)
The MacBook Pro with Apple silicon is a line of Mac notebook computers introduced in November 2020 by Apple. It is the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and is currently sold with 14-inch (360 mm) and 16-inch (410 mm) screens. All models use Apple-designed M series systems on a chip.

The first MacBook Pro with Apple silicon, based on the Apple M1, was released in November 2020.

The 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pros were released on October 26, 2021. Powered by either M1 Pro or M1 Max chips, they are the first to be available only with an Apple silicon system on a chip. These models re-introduced elements from previous revisions which were removed in the 2016 Touch Bar MacBook Pro, such as MagSafe and hardware function keys.

MacBook
MacBook is a type of Mac laptop computer that is developed and marketed by Apple that use Apple's macOS operating system since 2006. The MacBook brand replaced the PowerBook and iBook brands during the Mac transition to Intel processors, announced in 2005. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air (2008–present) and the MacBook Pro (2006–present). Two different lines simply named "MacBook" existed from 2006 to 2012 and 2015 to 2019. The MacBook brand was the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops" as of 2015.
Chinese opera costume
Xifu (Chinese: 戏服; pinyin: xìfú), also known as Chinese opera costume in English, are the stage clothes and attire worn in Chinese opera, such as Kunqu, Cantonese opera, Beijing opera, Huangmei opera. Some of these costumes bear some resemblance to the Hanfu system but also show some differences in terms of clothing ornaments and decorations, as well as colour system, and in design and construction. In 2006, the techniques used to produce Beijing opera costumes were included in the national intangible cultural heritage list.

Stage clothes
Stage clothes is a term for any clothes used by performers on stage. The term is sometimes used only for those clothes which are specially made for the stage performance by a costume designer or picked out by a costume coordinator. Theatrical costumes can help actors portray characters' age, gender role, profession, social class, personality, and even information about the historical period/era, geographic location, time of day, as well as the season or weather of the theatrical performance. Stage clothes may be used to portray a historical look or they can be used to exaggerate some aspect of a character.
Horayot
Horayot (Hebrew: הוֹרָיוֹת; "Decisions") is a tractate in Seder Nezikin in the Talmud.

In the Mishnah, this is the tenth and last tractate in Nezikin, the ninth tractate in the Babylonian Talmud, and the eighth in the Jerusalem Talmud. It consists of three chapters in the Mishnah and two in the Tosefta. The tractate mainly discusses laws pertaining to erroneous rulings by a Jewish court, as well as unwitting actions performed by leading authorities of the Jewish people, and the sacrificial offerings (Hebrew korban, plural korbanot) that might be brought as a consequence of these actions. The conclusion of the tractate (12a-13b) deals with the prioritization of korbanot in the temple and explores the question of how to quantify human life in emergencies.

Mamzer
In the Hebrew Bible and Jewish religious law, a mamzer (Hebrew: ממזר, lit., "estranged person"; plural mamzerim) is a person who is born as the result of certain forbidden relationships or incest (as it is defined by the Bible), or the descendant of such a person. Mamzer status (ממזרות, mamzerut) is not synonymous with the traditional Western definition of illegitimacy, since it does not include children born to unmarried mothers.
Münzenberg
Münzenberg (German pronunciation: [ˈmʏntsn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a town in the Wetteraukreis district in Hesse, Germany. It is located 13 km north of Friedberg, and 16 km southeast of Gießen. Münzenberg Castle is located outside the town.

Friedberg, Hesse
Friedberg (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːtbɛʁk] ⓘ; official name: Friedberg (Hessen)) is a town and the capital of the Wetteraukreis district, in Hesse, Germany. In 1966, the town hosted the sixth Hessentag state festival, in 1979 the 19th.
OmpA-like transmembrane domain
OmpA-like transmembrane domain  is an evolutionarily conserved domain of bacterial outer membrane proteins. This domain consists of an eight-stranded beta barrel. OmpA is the predominant cell surface antigen in enterobacteria found in about 100,000 copies per cell. The expression of OmpA is tightly regulated by a variety of mechanisms. One mechanism by which OmpA expression is regulated in Vibrio species is by an antisense non-coding RNA called VrrA.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
1993–94 Albanian Cup
1993–94 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the forty-second season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in August 1993 with the First Round and ended in May 1994 with the final matches. The winners of the competition qualified for the 1994-95 first qualifying round of the UEFA Cup. Partizani were the defending champions, having won their fourteenth Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Tirana.

The first rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the aggregated score was tied after both games, the team with the higher number of away goals advanced. If the number of away goals was equal in both games, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary. The quarter finals though were played in two groups with double round robin schedule each. The top 2 teams in each groups moved on to the next round of the competition.

1992–93 Albanian Cup
1992–93 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) was the forty-first season of Albania's annual cup competition. It began in August 1992 with the First Round and ended in May 1993 with the Final match. The winners of the competition qualified for the 1993-94 first round of the UEFA Cup. Elbasani were the defending champions, having won their second Albanian Cup last season. The cup was won by Partizani.

The first round was played in a single round-robin matches within 8 qualifying groups. The other rounds were played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the aggregated score was tied after both games, the team with the higher number of away goals advanced. If the number of away goals was equal in both games, the match was decided by extra time and a penalty shootout, if necessary.