hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Iterative refinement
Iterative refinement is an iterative method proposed by James H. Wilkinson to improve the accuracy of numerical solutions to systems of linear equations.

When solving a linear system  due to the compounded accumulation of rounding errors, the computed solution  may sometimes deviate from the exact solution  Starting with  iterative refinement computes a sequence  which converges to  when certain assumptions are met.

Triangular matrix
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.

Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero.
Mohammad Farrukh
Mohammad Farrukh (born 27 December 1978) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who played in Grade 1 for Karachi. Farrukh Started his first-class career in 1998 debuting for Karachi Blues, led by Rashid Latif. Before playing first-class cricket Farrukh was involved with the Pakistan under-19 team and was a debutant in 1996 along with Shahid Afridi, Shoaib Malik and Abdul Razzaq and toured the West Indies. In 1998 he was selected to play against England U19 and was a top performer for Karachi U19. Beside playing other distinguished domestic competitions, Farrukh traveled to England, Ireland and Australia to participate in Premier League Cricket.

Shoaib Malik
Shoaib Malik (Punjabi, Urdu: شعیب ملک; pronounced [ʃoeːb məlɪk]; born 1 February 1982) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played for the Pakistan national cricket team and previously played for Quetta Gladiators in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). He was the captain of the Pakistan national cricket team from 2007 to 2009. He made his One Day International debut in 1999 against the West Indies and his Test debut in 2001 against Bangladesh. With his country, he won the 2009 World Twenty20 and the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.
Vermaaklikheid
Vermaaklikheid is a settlement on South Africa's Garden Route in the Western Cape. It is situated near Witsand and close to Duiwenhoks River. The area is a fynbos shrubland that has a temperate climate. More than 100 species of birds live here.

As of 2011 the population is 356. In the census, 329 people(92.4%) spoke Afrikaans, 25 (7%) spoke English, and 2 (0.56%) spoke Setswana.

Witsand
Witsand, located in the Western Cape of South Africa, is a small coastal town at the mouth of the Breede River estuary. Often referred to as the Whale Nursery of South Africa, the town attracts a remarkable number of southern right whales between June and November each year.

As an authentic destination for water sports and outdoor enthusiasts, Witsand offers experiences such as kite-surfing, surfing, stand-up paddleboarding, and fishing. The town lies within the Hessequa region, also known as the Explorer's Garden Route.

The Breede River near Witsand is also known for yielding some of the largest bull sharks ever recorded—though notably, there have been no reported shark attacks. Each November, Witsand hosts the finish line of the annual Vlakte Marathon, a notable event in the region.

In recent years, Witsand has also gained attention as a hub for Bitcoin adoption in Africa, with many local merchants now accepting cryptocurrency payments.
2025 Swiss Open Gstaad
The 2025 Swiss Open Gstaad (also known as the EFG Swiss Open Gstaad for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 57th edition of the Swiss Open, and part of the ATP 250 tournaments of the 2025 ATP Tour. It took place at the Roy Emerson Arena in Gstaad, Switzerland, from 14 through 20 July 2025.

Swiss Open (tennis)
The EFG Swiss Open Gstaad (currently sponsored by EFG International) is a tennis tournament held in Gstaad, Switzerland. The tournament is played on outdoor clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Tour schedule as an ATP Tour 250 series event. It is the eighth oldest tennis tournament in the world. Between 1971 and 1989 it was an event of the Grand Prix tennis circuit.
Boris Nevzorov
Boris Georgievich Nevzorov (Russian: Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Невзо́ров; 18 January 1950 – 18 February 2022) was a Russian actor and film director.

He was an Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (1997) and a People's Artist of Russia (2011).

Merited Artist of the Russian Federation
Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (Russian: Заслуженный артист Российской Федерации, Zasluzhenny artist Rossiyskoy Federatsii), also known as Honored Artist of Russia, is an honorary title in the Russian Federation. The title is awarded to actors, directors, filmmakers, writers, dancers, and singers for exceptional achievements in the arts.

The honorary title was originally modeled after the German honorific title for distinguished opera singers. Historically, the title was bestowed by princes or kings, when it was styled Hofkammersänger(in). In Imperial Russia before 1917, several stars of stage and film were honored with the title "Imperial singer", but after the October Revolution of 1917, the new regime made changes and established the title of the Merited Artist of Russia (Russian SFSR and Soviet Union).

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin created a new award, first presented on 30 December 1995.
Darko Tresnjak
Darko Tresnjak (Serbian Cyrillic: Дарко Трешњак, romanized: Darko Trešnjak) is a director of plays, musicals, and opera, and winner of several awards, including the Tony Award. He was the artistic director of the Hartford Stage in Connecticut, United States.

Theatre for a New Audience
The Theatre for a New Audience (TFANA) is a non-profit theater in New York City focused on producing Shakespeare and other classic dramas. Its off-Broadway productions have toured in the U.S. and internationally.
Ian McLagan
Ian Patrick McLagan (/məkˈlæɡən/; 12 May 1945 – 3 December 2014) was an English keyboardist, best known as a member of the rock bands Small Faces and Faces. He also collaborated with the Rolling Stones and led his own band from the late 1970s. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.

James McMurtry
James McMurtry (born March 18, 1962, in Fort Worth, Texas) is an American rock and folk rock/americana singer, songwriter, guitarist, bandleader, and occasional actor (Daisy Miller, Lonesome Dove, and narrator of Ghost Town: 24 Hours in Terlingua). He performs with veteran bandmates Daren Hess, Cornbread and Tim Holt.

His father, novelist Larry McMurtry, gave him his first guitar at age seven. His mother, an English professor, taught him how to play it: "My mother taught me three chords and the rest I just stole as I went along. I learned everything by ear or by watching people."
Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement
The Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement (ALRM) is an ATSILS (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Legal Services centre) in South Australia, providing pro bono legal services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the state.

Government of South Australia
The Government of South Australia, also referred to as the South Australian Government or the SA Government, is the executive branch of the state of South Australia. It is modelled on the Westminster system, meaning that the highest ranking members of the executive are drawn from an elected state parliament. Specifically the party or coalition which holds a majority of the House of Assembly (the lower chamber of the South Australian Parliament).
Badarud-Din II
Badarud-Din II (d.1884), was sultan of Sulu from 1881 to 1884. He succeeded Jamal ul-Azam shortly after his death. He became sultan at the age of 19 and died in 1884 at the age of 22.

His rule was marked with incompetence due to his lack of education and mismanagement. His death caused a civil war for succession among Maimbung forces and Patikul datus.

Jamal ul-Azam
Jamal ul-Azam (d. 1881), also spelled Jamalul Azam, was the sultan of Sulu from 1862 to 1881. He was infamous for his maintenance of extensive contracts with British and German traders. These were done to counter Spanish dominance in Mindanao. In 1878, he allowed Gustav Overbeck to have north Borneo.

To subside hostilities between Sulus and the Spanish military, he was convinced to sign a peace treaty on July 1878.
Quarles, Norfolk
Quarles is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the civil parish of Holkham, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. The hamlet is 4 miles (6.4 km) south-west of Wells-next-the-Sea, 34 miles (55 km) north-west of Norwich and 122 miles (196 km) north-north-east of London. The nearest railway station is Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The hamlet is just south of the Holkham Estate and consists of six houses and one farm. In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 38.

Wells-next-the-Sea
Wells-next-the-Sea is a port town on the north coast of Norfolk, England.

The civil parish has an area of 16.31 km2 (6.30 sq mi) and in 2001 had a population of 2,451, reducing to 2,165 at the 2011 census.

Wells is 15 miles (24 km) to the east of the resort Hunstanton, 20 miles (32 km) to the west of Cromer, and 10 miles (16 km) north of Fakenham. The city Norwich lies 32 miles (51 km) to the south-east. Nearby villages include Blakeney, Burnham Market, Burnham Thorpe, Holkham and Walsingham.
Nordtjønnåsen
Nordtjønnåsen is a neighbourhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway.  It is located in the borough of Vågsbygd and in the district of Vågsbygd.  The neighborhood is located in the northwestern corner of the district, south of Slettheia and west of Hasselbakken.

Slettheia
Slettheia is a district in the borough of Vågsbygd in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. The population was about 4,000 in 2014. It is the most populated immigrant settlement in Kristiansand. The district was the childhood home of Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway. Public transportation is available with local city buses every day. Slettheia has one elementary and one junior high, the closest high school is "Vågsbygd High School".
Ceolwald of Wessex
Ceolwald of Wessex Cuthasson was a member of the House of Wessex (see House of Wessex family tree). Although a member of the direct male line from Cynric to Egbert, Ceolwald was never king. Born 622 in Wessex and died on June 12 688, he had a son in 644.

His father was Cuthwulf of Wessex Cuthwineson (592-622), his mother was Princess Gwynhafar of Dumnonia (604-680), his Wife Queen Fafertach Ingen Figuine of Wessex (620-644) and his child Ceonred of Wessex Ceolwaldsson (644-698).

In 644, his wife Queen Farfetach Ingen Figuine of Wessex gave birth to a boy named Ceonred of Wessex Ceolwaldsson and died during childbirth.

Cynric
Cynric (/ˈkɪnˌrɪtʃ/) was King of Wessex from 534 to 560. Everything known about him comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. There, he is stated to have been the son of Cerdic, who is considered the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. However, the Anglian King-list and parts of the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List (which may partly derive from the Anglian King-list and was a source for the Chronicle), instead says that Cynric was the son of Cerdic's son Creoda. Similarly, the paternal genealogy of Alfred the Great given in Asser's The Life of King Alfred, includes the name Creoda, while the account of the king's maternal ancestry in the same work calls Cynric son of Cerdic.
Miss Universe Thailand
Miss Universe Thailand (formerly known as Miss Thailand Universe) is a beauty pageant that has been held annually since 2000 to select Thailand's representative to the Miss Universe pageant. The competition is a continuation of the Miss Thailand pageant which had selected Thailand's representative to the Miss Universe pageant from 1954 up until 1999.

The current titleholder is Praveenar Singh of Saraburi, who was crowned on August 23, 2025, at the MGI Hall in Bangkok by Miss Universe 2005, Natalie Glebova.

Miss Universe 2005
Miss Universe 2005 was the 54th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Impact Arena in Nonthaburi Province, Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand, on 31 May 2005.

At the end of the event, Jennifer Hawkins of Australia crowned Natalie Glebova of Canada as Miss Universe 2005. It is Canada's first victory in twenty-three years, and the second victory in the pageant's history.

Contestants from eighty-one countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The competition was hosted by Billy Bush and Nancy O'Dell.
Costaclavin
Costaclavin is an ergoline fungal isolate, chemically related to festuclavine.  It was first isolated from Agropyrum fungi in 1956 and its chemical structure was elucidated in 1976.

Several laboratory syntheses of costaclavin have been reported.

Ergoline
Ergoline is a core structure in many alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives. Ergoline alkaloids were first characterized in ergot. Some of these are implicated in the condition of ergotism, which can take a convulsive form or a gangrenous form. Even so, many ergoline alkaloids have been found to be clinically useful. Annual world production of ergot alkaloids has been estimated at 5,000–8,000 kg of all ergopeptines and 10,000–15,000 kg of lysergic acid, used primarily in the manufacture of semi-synthetic derivatives.

Others, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD, a semi-synthetic derivative, and ergine, a natural derivative found in Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor and related species, are known psychedelic substances.
Miss Grand Nicaragua 2025
Miss Grand Nicaragua 2025 was the 3rd Miss Grand Nicaragua pageant, held on 3 August 2025 at the Holiday Inn Managua Convention Center in Managua. Constants from 12 departments and autonomous regions of the country competed for the title.

The contest was won by Daniesca Granja, representing Chontales Department, making her eligible to represent Nicaragua internationally at the parent stage, Miss Grand International 2025, to be held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18 October 2025.

In addition to the Miss Grand titleholder, the country representatives for Miss Earth 2025 and Miss Mesoamerica 2025 were also named at the event.

Miss Earth 2025
Miss Earth 2025 (billed as the Silver Lining Edition) was the 25th edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held at the Okada Manila, in Parañaque, Metro Manila, Philippines, on 5 November 2025.

Jessica Lane of Australia crowned Natálie Puškinová of the Czech Republic as her successor at the conclusion of the event. This marks the country's second victory in the history of the pageant, following their first win in 2012.

Puškinová’s elemental court includes Sóldís Ívarsdóttir of Iceland as Miss Earth-Air, Trịnh Mỹ Anh of Vietnam as Miss Earth-Water, and Waree Ngamkham of Thailand as Miss Earth-Fire.
Fremont Municipal Auditorium
The Fremont Municipal Auditorium is a historic building in Fremont, Nebraska. It was built in 1937 with funding from the Public Works Administration, and designed in the Art Deco architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 11, 2002.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Dodge County, Nebraska
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Dodge County, Nebraska.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Dodge County, Nebraska, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 23 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted November 21, 2025.
Goomeri War Memorial Clock
Goomeri War Memorial Clock is a heritage-listed memorial at Burnett Highway, Goomeri, Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1940. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

Gympie Region
The Gympie Region is a local government area in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Brisbane, the state capital. It is between the Sunshine Coast and Hervey Bay and centred on the town of Gympie. It was created in 2008 from a merger of the Shires of Cooloola and Kilkivan and part of the Shire of Tiaro.

The Regional Council, which governs the Region, has an estimated operating budget of A$50 million.

In the 2021 census, the Gympie Region had a population of 53,242 people.
1995 Kozani–Grevena earthquake
The 1995 Kozani–Grevena earthquake was a large earthquake that occurred on May 13, 1995, in the region of Western Macedonia, Greece. With a magnitude of 6.6 on the moment magnitude scale, this earthquake caused locally significant damage to villages and towns in the regions of Kozani and Grevena. 25 people were injured and monetary damages of $450 million were caused as a result of the earthquake.

The earthquake occurred on an area which was thought to have low seismic risk since no active faults were known to exist there. Following multiple years of research of the area concluded that the earthquake was associated with multiple faults southwest of the Polyfytos Lake.

Focal mechanism
The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the deformation in the source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a fault-related event, it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped, and the slip vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms. The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally, and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms.
2025 AFC Beach Soccer Asian Cup
The 2025 AFC Beach Soccer Asian Cup is the eleventh edition (4th official) of the AFC Beach Soccer Asian Cup (previously the AFC Beach Soccer Championship, before rebranding in 2021), the premier beach soccer tournament contested by Asian men's national teams, organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).

The tournament is taking place in Pattaya, Thailand. The championship also acts as the qualification tournament for Asian teams for the 2025 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, to be held in Seychelles. The top three teams qualify for the World Cup.

Iran are the defending champions.

AFC Beach Soccer Asian Cup
The AFC Beach Soccer Asian Cup is the main championship for beach soccer in Asia, contested between the senior men's national teams of the members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It is the sport's version of the better known AFC Asian Cup in association football.

The winners of the championship are crowned continental champions; the tournament also acts as the qualification route for Asian nations to the upcoming edition of the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup. Coinciding with the annual staging of the World Cup, the competition took place yearly until 2009; the World Cup then became biennial, and as its supplementary qualification event, the championship followed suit. Japan are the most successful nation with three titles and having also qualified for the World Cup on every occasion
Battle of Changsha (1939) order of battle
The Battle of Changsha (1939) (September 17, 1939 – October 6, 1939) was an unsuccessful attempt by Japan to take the city of Changsha, China, during the second Sino-Japanese War.

The Japanese forces comprised 100,000 troops in 6 Divisions, in addition to many river-going vessels. The Chinese defenders numbered 160,000 troops in 5 Army Groups, 1 Army, and 7 Corps.

Battle of Changsha (1939)
The First Battle of Changsha (17 September 1939 – 6 October 1939; Chinese: 第一次長沙會戰) was the first of four attempts by Japan to take the city of Changsha, Hunan, during the second Sino-Japanese War. Coming two weeks after Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, it was the first major battle of the war to fall within the time frame of what is widely considered World War II.
Ipswich Female Seminary
Ipswich Female Seminary was an American female seminary in Ipswich, Massachusetts. The institution was an early school for the secondary and tertiary education of young women. Enrollment averaged 116 students. According to Academy records, 88 of the school's graduates went on to teach as educational missionaries in the western and southern United States.

Female seminary
A female seminary is a private educational institution for women, popular especially in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when opportunities in educational institutions for women were scarce. The movement was a significant part of a remarkable transformation in American education in the period 1820–1850. Supporting academic education for women, the seminaries were part of a large and growing trend toward  women's equality. Some trace its roots to 1815, and characterize it as at the confluence of various liberation movements. Some of the seminaries gradually developed as four-year colleges.
Lim f (EP)
Lim f (EP) is Swedish progressive metal band Means End first self-produced extended play (EP) featuring songs that would later appear on their debut album, The Didact, in a more refined and mastered state. The song "Lost in Thought" appears on The Didact under a different name, "Mourning Star". The EP was originally released August 31, 2011 with a remixed release on April 17, 2012.

The Didact
The Didact is the self-produced debut album by Swedish progressive metal band, Means End, released in 2013. The album name "The Didact" derives from the Ancient Greek word, "didaktikós", meaning to instruct or be taught.
Brovari, Ternopil Oblast
Brovari (Ukrainian: Броварі; Polish: Browary; Yiddish: בראָוואַר, romanized: Brovar) is a village in Chortkiv Raion (district) of Ternopil Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It belongs to Buchach urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Small river Yazlovchyk (left tributary of the river Vilkhovets) flows near of the village.

Buchach urban hromada
Buchach urban territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Бучацька територіальна громада, romanized: Buchatska miska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Buchach. Its population is 37,323 (2022 estimate)