hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cascades in financial networks
Cascades in financial networks are situations in which the failure of one financial institution causes a cascading failure in another member of the financial network.  In an extreme this can cause failure of the whole network in what is known as systemic failure.  It can be defined as the discontinuous value loss (e.g. default) of the organization caused by the discontinuous value loss of another organization in the network.  There are three conditions required for a cascade, there are; a failure, contagion and interconnection.: 3116–3117, 3122

Diversification and integration in the financial network determine whether and how failures will spread. Using the data on cross-holdings of organizations and on the value of organizations, it is possible to construct the dependency matrix to simulate cascades in the financial network.: 3121, 3128

Diversification (finance)
In finance, diversification is the process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk.  A common path towards diversification is to reduce risk or volatility by investing in a variety of assets. If asset prices do not change in perfect synchrony, a diversified portfolio will have less variance than the weighted average variance of its constituent assets, and often less volatility than the least volatile of its constituents.

Diversification is one of two general techniques for reducing investment risk. The other is hedging.
CFHQS J2329–0301
CFHQS J2329–0301 is a quasar discovered in 2007 by the Canada–France–Hawaii High-z Quasar Survey (CHFQS) using the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. Until the discovery of ULAS J1120+0641 in June 2011, it was the farthest known quasar with a light travel distance of about 12.7 billion light years from Earth. Because it is very bright, its light can be used to determine the properties of the gas in front of it. The black hole powering the quasar is thought to have about 500 million solar masses.

ULAS J1120+0641
ULAS J1120+0641 was the most distant known quasar when discovered in 2011, surpassed in 2017 by ULAS J1342+0928. ULAS J1120+0641 (at projected comoving distance of 28.85 billion light-years) was the first quasar discovered beyond a redshift of z = 7. Its discovery was reported in June 2011.
Media in Białystok
This is a sub-article to Białystok

Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published daily newspapers, Gazeta Współczesna  (36.3% market share)  and Kurier Poranny (20.3% market share). In addition two national papers have local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Białystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland, in addition to transmitter sites within the city. There is also a cable television system available within the city. The city has two campus radio stations; Radiosupeł at the Medical University of Białystok and Radio Akadera at the Białystok Technical University.

Niva (newspaper)
Niva (Belarusian: Ніва) is a weekly newspaper in Belarusian language published by the Belarusian minority in Poland. The newspaper was founded in 1956 in Białystok for Belarusians living in Poland. Niva was an important factor uniting the Belarusian minority in the region. Chief editor is Eugeniusz Wappa.
Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook
Louie McCarthy-Scarsbrook (born 14 January 1986) is a former rugby league footballer who last played as a prop, second-row or loose forward for St Helens in the Super League. He has played for both England and Ireland at international level.

He came through the London Broncos academy, but only played for the first team when it was named Harlequins RL in the Super League.

LMS was contracted to play for St. Helens until 2020, which would be his testimonial season. In close to twelve years, he won four League Leader's Shields in 2014, 2018, 2019 and 2022 plus five Super League championships.  He also won the 2021 Challenge Cup with St Helens.

2008 Rugby League World Cup
The 2008 Rugby League World Cup was the thirteenth World Cup for men’s rugby league national teams. It was held between 26 October and 22 November and was won by New Zealand, who defeated Australia 34–20 in the final in one of the greatest upsets in the sports history.

Originally there was a plan to hold a World Cup in Australia in 2004, however the lack of competitiveness at the 2000 World Cup and rise of the Tri-Nations between Australia, New Zealand and Great Britain meant that plans for another World Cup were shelved.

For the World Cup to regain some credibility, the number of teams was reduced to ten with Australia, England, France, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand automatically qualifying and a qualifying tournament to determine the other five teams. The tournament ended a year of celebrations commemorating the centenary of the game in the Southern Hemisphere and was part of the Festival of World Cups.
2022 New Mexico House of Representatives election
The 2022 New Mexico House of Representatives election took place on November 8, 2022, as part of the biennial United States elections. All 70 seats in the New Mexico House of Representatives were up for election. The election coincided with elections for other offices including the United States House of Representatives, governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. The primary election was held on June 7, 2022.

2022 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico
The 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico were held on November 8, 2022, to elect the three U.S. representatives from the state of New Mexico, one from each of the state's three congressional districts. The elections coincided with the New Mexico gubernatorial election and various state and local elections. The Democratic party gained the 2nd Congressional seat, gaining unitary control of New Mexico's Congressional (House and Senate) delegation for the first time since 2018 and improving the advantage in the House delegation for New Mexico from 2–1 in favor of Democrats to 3–0.
1943 Consett by-election
The 1943 Consett by-election was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Consett on 15 November 1943.

The seat had become vacant when the Labour Member of Parliament David Adams had died on 16 August 1943, aged 72. He had held the seat since the 1935 general election.

During World War II, the parties in the war-time coalition government had agreed not to contest by-elections where a seat held by any of their parties fell vacant, so the Labour candidate, James Glanville  was returned unopposed. He represented the constituency until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1955 general election.

Consett (UK Parliament constituency)
Consett was a county constituency, centred on the town of Consett in County Durham. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system from 1918 to 1983.
9549 Akplatonov
9549 Akplatonov, provisional designation 1985 SM2, is an Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 8.2 kilometers (5.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1985, by Soviet–Russian astronomer couple Nikolai and Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The likely S-type asteroid has a relatively short rotation period of 2.8 hours. It was named for Russian computational mathematician Aleksandr Platonov.

Lyudmila Chernykh
Lyudmila Ivanivna Chernykh (Ukrainian: Людмила Іванівна Черних; Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Черны́х; June 13, 1935 – July 28, 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian-Soviet astronomer, wife and colleague of Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.
1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya
The expulsion of Italians from Libya took place following 21 July 1970, when the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) issued a special law to "regain wealth stolen from the Libyan people by Italian oppressors", as stated by Muammar Gaddafi in a speech a few days later. With this law, Italians who had long lived in Libya were required to leave the country by October 1970.

Kingdom of Libya
The Kingdom of Libya (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, romanized: Al-Mamlakah Al-Lībiyya, lit. 'Libyan Kingdom'; Italian: Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 from the United Kingdom  and France and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic.
2021 Russian regional elections
The 2021 Russian regional elections took place in Russia on Sunday, 19 September 2021 with possibility of voting on 17 and 18 September provided by the electoral authorities. There will be the legislative election for the 8th State Duma, ten gubernatorial elections, 39 regional parliamentary elections, and many elections on the municipal and local level.

2021 Russian gubernatorial elections
Gubernatorial elections in 2021 were held on a single-voting day, September 19, along with the elections to the 8th State Duma, Russia's lower house. Offices of the heads of 12 constituent entities of the Federation were contested. By decision of the Central Election Commission of Russia, voting was held for three days in a row — September 17, 18, and 19, 2021.
Kevin Meyer (politician)
Kevin Gerald Meyer (born May 9, 1956 in Beatrice, Nebraska) is an American politician who served as the 14th lieutenant governor of Alaska from 2018 to 2022. He was a Republican member of the Alaska Senate from January 20, 2009 to December 3, 2018, representing District M. He was president of the Alaska Senate, leading a caucus of 14 Republicans and 1 Democrat from 2015 to 2017. Meyer served in the Alaska Legislature continuously from 2003 to 2018, in both the Alaska House of Representatives and Senate, previously representing the district when it was District O. He works as an investment recovery coordinator for ConocoPhillips.

On December 29, 2021, Meyer announced that he would not be seeking a second term.

Lieutenant Governor of Alaska
The lieutenant governor of Alaska is the deputy elected official to the governor of the U.S. state of Alaska. Unlike most lieutenant governors in the U.S., the office also maintains the duties of a secretary of state, and indeed was named such until August 25, 1970. Prior to statehood, the territorial-era Secretary of Alaska, who was appointed by the president of the United States like the governor, functioned as an acting governor or successor-in-waiting. Currently, the lieutenant governor accedes to the governorship in case of a vacancy. The lieutenant governor runs together with the governor in both the primary and the general election as a slate. The current lieutenant governor is Nancy Dahlstrom, who took office on 5 December 2022.
The Shuckburgh Arms, Chelsea
The Shuckburgh Arms is a Grade II listed public house on the corner of Denyer Street and Milner Street, Chelsea, London.

It was built in the mid-19th century, but the architect is not known. English Heritage have noted its "unspoilt condition".

The Shuckburgh Arms closed after several drug raids and has since become a branch of the "Baker & Spice" delicatessen chain.

Milner Street
Milner Street is a street in Chelsea, London, England. It runs roughly west from Cadogan Square, crossing Ovington Street, Lennox Gardens, and Clabon Mews.

St Simon Zelotes is a grade II listed church in Milner Street, built in 1858–59, designed by the architect Joseph Peacock, and is his "most complete surviving work".

Other notable buildings include 10 Milner Street, sometimes known as Stanley House a grade II listed house built by the Chelsea speculator John Todd in 1855, for his own occupation. It was later home to Sir Courtenay Ilbert. From 1945, his nephew, the interior designer Michael Inchbald lived there, and continued to do so after Ibert's death. It has been grade II listed since 1969.
Kentucky Channel
The Kentucky Channel, also known by its Program and System Information Protocol short name and on-screen logo bug as KET KY, is a full-time 24/7 statewide digital television programming service originating from PBS member state-network Kentucky Educational Television. The channel features programming related to the U.S. state of Kentucky (with some programming relevant to surrounding states such as Tennessee, Indiana or Virginia), as well as coverage of the Kentucky General Assembly when it is in session.

It is carried on the third digital subchannel of all fifteen (15) of KET's main satellite stations, plus Louisville-based ATSC 3.0 station and KET2 flagship station WKMJ-TV. The channel is programmed and broadcast from the O. Leonard Press Telecommunications Center at 600 Cooper Drive in Lexington, Kentucky.

O. Leonard Press
O. Leonard Press (November 10, 1921 – July 31, 2019), also known simply as Len Press, was a radio and television broadcaster, producer, and college professor. He is best known for envisioning a state network of educational television stations in the U.S. state of Kentucky. Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Press is mainly known as the founder and creator of the Kentucky Educational Television (KET) network.
Darga
Darga (Hebrew: דַּרְגָּא) is a cantillation mark commonly found in the Torah, Haftarah, and other books. The symbol for the darga resembles a backwards Z.

The darga is a conjunctive (mesharet) wich precedes disjunctives (mafsikim) Tevir, Mercha kefula and Revia, but the cases in which it appears differ dependig on the disjunctive:

Before a Tevir, the conjunctive is a darga only when there is at least four syllables between the conjunctive and the disjunctive (both included) as in וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים (Genesis 1:4). Otherwise it is a Mercha

When there is two conjunctives before a Revia, the first one is a darga (the second one is a Munach as usual)

The conjunctive which precedes a mercha kefulah is always a darga

The Aramaic word דַּרְגָּא translates into English as step.

Mercha kefula
Mercha kefula (Hebrew: מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָה, with variant English spellings) is a rare cantillation mark that occurs 5 times in the Torah (once in Genesis, once in Exodus, once in Leviticus, and twice in Numbers) and once in the Haftarah (for Behaalotecha and for the intermediate Shabbat for Chanukah, in the Book of Zechariah.)

The Hebrew words מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָה translate into English as double mercha. This name is given since the mark that is used appears like two merchas.
Alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's super-G
The men's super-G competition of the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics was held at Kvitfjell on Thursday, 17 February.

Norway's Kjetil André Aamodt was the defending Olympic and World Cup super-G champion and Marc Girardelli led the current season.

Germany's Markus Wasmeier won the gold medal, downhill champion Tommy Moe took the silver (on his 24th birthday), and Aamodt was the bronze medalist.

The Olympiabakken course started at an elevation of 823 m (2,700 ft) above sea level with a vertical drop of 641 m (2,103 ft) and a course length of 2.574 km (1.60 mi). Wasmeier's winning time was 92.53 seconds, yielding an average course speed of 100.145 km/h (62.2 mph), with an average vertical descent rate of 6.927 m/s (22.7 ft/s).

1993–94 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 28th World Cup season began in late October 1993 in Sölden, Austria, and concluded in March 1994 at the World Cup finals at Vail in the United States.  The overall champions were Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway (his first) and Vreni Schneider of Switzerland (her second).

A break in the schedule in February was for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.  This was a shift by the International Olympic Committee to have the Winter Olympics offset from the Summer Olympics, although keeping each on four-year schedules.  As a result, this Winter Olympics took place just two years after the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France.
Old Mortality
Old Mortality is one of the Waverley novels by Walter Scott. Set in south west Scotland, it forms, along with The Black Dwarf, the 1st series of his Tales of My Landlord (1816). The novel deals with the period of the Covenanters, featuring their victory at Loudoun Hill (also known as the Battle of Drumclog) and their defeat at Bothwell Bridge, both in June 1679; a final section is set in 1689 at the time of the royalist defeat at Killiecrankie.

Scott's original title was The Tale of Old Mortality, but this is generally shortened in most references.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
General James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, KG, PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685) was an English Army officer and courtier. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England with his mistress Lucy Walter.

The Duke of Monmouth served in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and commanded English troops taking part in the Third Anglo-Dutch War before commanding the Anglo-Dutch brigade fighting in the Franco-Dutch War. He led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, an attempt to depose his uncle King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate king in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his Protestantism and his position as the son of Charles II, in opposition to James, who had become a Roman Catholic. The rebellion failed, and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685.
Meridian Millers
The Meridian Millers were a minor league baseball team based in Meridian, Mississippi. Between 1937 and 1950, Meridian teams played as a member of the Southeastern League under various nicknames. Meridian became known as the "Millers" beginning in 1949. The Millers continued as members of the Class D level Cotton States League from 1952 to 1955 and won Cotton League championships in 1952 and 1953.

Meridien teams first hosted home minor league games at Fairgrounds Park and relocated when Buckwalter Stadium was constructed to host the team, beginning in 1947.

Meridian teams played as minor league affiliates of the St. Louis Browns (1937–1938, 1941), Brooklyn Dodgers (1946), Cleveland Indians (1947–1948) and Baltimore Orioles (1955).

El Dorado Oilers
The El Dorado Oilers Cotton States League baseball team based in El Dorado, Arkansas that played in 1941 and from 1947 to 1955. They also played as the El Dorado Lions from 1929 to 1940. They were affiliated with the New York Giants in 1951.

In 1954, under manager Bill Adair, they won their only league championship.
Schermerhorn Building
The Schermerhorn Building is a historic structure at 376–380 Lafayette Street, on the northwest corner with Great Jones Street, in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in 1888–1889 by William C. Schermerhorn on the site of the Schermerhorn mansion, and rented by him to a boys' clothing manufacturer.  The Romanesque Revival loft building was designed by Henry Hardenbergh, architect of the Plaza Hotel and The Dakota. The building is constructed of brownstone, sandstone, terra-cotta and wood, and has dwarf columns made of marble.

The building has been a New York City Landmark since 1966, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 28, 1979.

NoHo, Manhattan
NoHo, short for "North of Houston Street" (as contrasted with SoHo), is a primarily residential neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is bounded by Mercer Street to the west, the Bowery to the east, 9th Street to the north, and Houston Street to the south.

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has declared most of the 125-building area a historic district, divided into the NoHo Historic District and the NoHo East Historic District, created in 2003.
Energy conversion efficiency
Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat. The resulting value, η (eta), ranges between 0 and 1.

Energy transformation
Energy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. In addition to being converted, according to the law of conservation of energy, energy is transferable to a different location or object or living being, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Hardwood Ridge, New Brunswick
46°09′15″N 66°02′15″W﻿ / ﻿46.154167°N 66.0375°W﻿ / 46.154167; -66.0375

Hardwood Ridge is an unincorporated community in Northfield Parish, Sunbury County, New Brunswick, Canada.

It is located eight kilometres north-northeast of Minto.

Minto, New Brunswick
Minto is a community straddling the boundary of Sunbury County and Queens County, New Brunswick, Canada. It is located on the north shore of Grand Lake, approximately 50 kilometres northeast of Fredericton. Minto held village status prior to 2023, when it was amalgamated into the newly formed village of Grand Lake.

Minto is known to have taken its present name in 1904 upon the retirement of Canada's eighth Governor General, The Earl of Minto. and the story remains that the village adopted its name from the local Minto Hotel.  From the St. John Daily Sun of 1903:

"Just how the name of Minto came to be adopted is said to have occurred in this way.  A letter which was sent from Moncton to Mr. Kennedy was enclosed in an envelope which bore the name of the Minto hotel, Moncton.  The family thought Minto a good name for their hotel, and so it was named.  Then the people generally adopted the name for the place, and so the railway people designated it."
Valens (usurper)
Valens (died 250 AD) is one of the Thirty Tyrants, a list of Roman usurpers compiled by the author(s) of the Historia Augusta.

According to Historia, this Valens was the uncle or great-uncle of another usurper, Valens Thessalonicus, who revolted against Emperor Gallienus. Valens senior would have revolted in Illyria against an earlier emperor, and would have been killed by his own soldiers after few days, as happened to his nephew.

It is possible that this Valens was Julius Valens Licinianus or Licinian, who usurped the purple in Rome during the absence of the Emperor Decius in the war against the Goths (250), and who was quickly executed.

Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
The Thirty Tyrants (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a series of thirty rulers who appear in the Historia Augusta, as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus.

Given the notorious unreliability of the Historia Augusta, the veracity of this list is debatable. There is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens. Edward Gibbon identified nineteen.

The Historia actually gives 32 names. The author, who wrote under the name of Trebellius Pollio, places the last two during the reigns of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively, leaving thirty alleged pretenders during the reign of Gallienus.

The following list gives the Thirty Tyrants as depicted by the Historia Augusta, along with notes contrasting the Historia Augusta's claims with their actual historical positions: