hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philipp Ludwig von Seidel
Philipp Ludwig von Seidel ([fɔn ˈzaɪdəl]; 24 October 1821 in Zweibrücken, Germany – 13 August 1896 in Munich, German Empire) was a German mathematician. He was the son of Julie Reinhold and Justus Christian Felix Seidel.

Philosopher & math theorist Imre Lakatos credits von Seidel with discovering, in 1847, the crucial analytic concept of uniform convergence, while analyzing an incorrect proof put forth earlier by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

In 1857, von Seidel contributed to the field of optics when he decomposed the first order monochromatic aberrations into five constituent aberrations. They are now commonly referred to as the five Seidel Aberrations.

The lunar crater Seidel is named after him. His doctoral students include Eduard Study and Hermann Wiener.

The Gauss–Seidel method is a useful numerical iterative method for solving linear systems.

Eduard Study
Christian Hugo Eduard Study  (/ˈʃtuːdi/ SHTOO-dee; 23 March 1862 – 6 January 1930) was a German mathematician known for work on invariant theory of ternary forms (1889) and for the study of spherical trigonometry. He is also known for contributions to space geometry, hypercomplex numbers, and criticism of early physical chemistry.

Study was born in Coburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim
Mamdouh Mahmud Salim (Arabic: ممدوح محمود سالم, Mamdūḥ Maḥmūd Sālim; b. 1958 in Sudan) is a Kurdish co-founder of the Islamist terrorist network al-Qaeda. He was arrested on 16 September 1998 near Munich. On 20 December 1998, he was extradited to the United States, where he was charged with participating in the 1998 United States embassy bombings.

He was convicted of attempted murder after stabbing one prison guard during an attempted escape on 1 November 2000. He was sentenced to 32 years for the crimes in May 2004. In December 2008, however, a federal appeals judge ruled that the judge in the case was in error when he ruled that the stabbing was not part of a terrorism plot. He ordered resentencing.

He was re-sentenced to life without parole in August 2010. He is now an inmate of the ADX Florence facility.

1998 United States embassy bombings
The 1998 United States embassy bombings were a series of attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 220 people were killed in two nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two East African capital cities, one at the United States embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and the other at the United States embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.

Fazul Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah were deemed responsible with planning and orchestrating the bombings. In retaliation for the bombings, U.S. President Bill Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach on August 20, 1998.
Emtmannsberg
Emtmannsberg is a municipality in the district of Bayreuth in Upper Franconia in Bavaria, Germany.

The Ölschnitz river begins near Emtmannsberg-Unterölschnitz at the confluence of the Laimbach and Bieberswöhrbach.

Bayreuth (district)
Bayreuth (German pronunciation: [baɪˈʁɔʏt] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It surrounds, but does not include the city of Bayreuth. The district is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kulmbach, Hof, Wunsiedel, Tirschenreuth, Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Amberg-Sulzbach, Nürnberger Land, Forchheim and Bamberg.
1835 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1835 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 5, 1835, to elect the governor of Georgia. Democratic Union Governor Wilson Lumpkin, first elected in the 1831 election, did not seek re-election to a second term, instead he became U.S. commissioner to the Cherokee Native Americans. Democratic Union candidate William Schley, U.S House rep for Georgia's 1st congressional district, narrowly defeated Whig State Rights candidate Charles Dougherty.

1831 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1831 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on October 3, 1831, to elect the governor of Georgia. Incumbent Jacksonian Troup Governor George Rockingham Gilmer, first elected in the 1829 election, ran for re-election to a second term. He was narrowly defeated by the Jacksonian Union nominee, U.S House Representative Wilson Lumpkin.
Poecilognathus relativitae
Poecilognathus relativitae, originally known as Phthiria relativitae, is a species of fly of the family Bombyliidae, subfamily Phthiriinae, that is found in California. It was discovered by Neal Evenhuis, who named it as a pun on the "theory of relativity".

Subsequent analysis revealed that the insect is not of the genus Phthiria, and it was renamed.

Phthiria
Phthiria  is a genus of bee flies in the family Bombyliidae. There are over 60 described species in the genus, found in Eurasia, Africa, and South America. Related species from North America have been moved to other genera.
Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting
The Pulitzer Prize for Beat Reporting was presented from 1991 to 2006 for a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.

From 1985 to 1990 it was known as the Pulitzer Prize for Specialized Reporting.

For 2007, the category was dropped in favor of a Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, with the Pulitzer Prize Board noting that "the work of beat reporters remains eligible for entry in a wide range of categories that include—depending on the specialty involved—national, investigative, and explanatory reporting, as well as the new local category."

Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting
This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs in the United States.  In its first six years (1942–1947), it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting – National.
MoonSwatch
The Omega x Swatch MoonSwatch, or simply MoonSwatch, is a collection of chronograph wristwatches produced by Swatch and designed in collaboration with Omega, two companies of The Swatch Group. The first 11 models were released on 26 March 2022. The watches have a 42-millimetre (1.5 in) diameter and 13-millimetre (0.5 in) thickness, and Super-LumiNova for the indexes and hands, similar to the Omega Speedmaster. It has a quartz ETA G10.212 movement. The release led to long queues in several countries, including Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Initially, each customer was limited to purchasing two watches, but this was later reduced to one due to demand.

ETA SA
ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse (ETA SA Swiss Watch Manufacturer) designs and manufactures quartz watches and both hand-wound and automatic-winding mechanical ébauches and movements. Commonly referred to as ETA, the company is headquartered in Grenchen, Switzerland, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Swatch Group.

Though ETA was founded by Eterna in 1856 some part of its production line can be traced back to the 1793 founding of Fabriques d’Horlogerie de Fontainemelon (FHF) by David Benguerel, Isaac Benguerel, François Humbert-Droz and Julien Humbert-Droz.

Through a series of mergers, ETA has become the largest manufacturer of Swiss watch movements and controls a virtual monopoly over their production and supply. ETA has undergone several Swiss government investigations due to its market position. To resolve the concerns of Swiss government regulators, ETA has entered into an agreement that governs certain business practices.
Kwegu people
The Kwegu are an ethnic group that lives on the western banks of the Omo River in the newly formed South Ethiopia Region. Some members of the Kwegu also live on the eastern banks of the river among the Mursi. Previously they were hunter-gatherers, but today they are engaged in a mixed economy of hunting, farming, beekeeping, and fishing.

Omotic languages
The Omotic languages are a traditionally recognized but disputed grouping of languages spoken mainly in southwestern Ethiopia, around the Omo River region, and in parts of southeastern Sudan (Blue Nile State). This classification conventionally includes the Damotic (North Omotic), Dizoid (Majoid), Mao and Aroid (South Omotic) languages.

Some of these languages are written in the Geʽez script, while others use the Latin alphabet. They are generally agglutinative and exhibit complex tonal systems, as in the Bench language. The group comprises about 7.9 million speakers.

They are generally classified within the Afroasiatic family, though the internal coherence of Omotic as a linguistic unit is questioned by some linguists. For example, Güldemann treats Damotic and Dizoid as Afroasiatic, but considers Mao and Aroid to be separate language groups outside Afroasiatic, influenced by contact with North Omotic.
Polak and Sullivan
Polak and Sullivan was an American architectural firm that was active between 1935 and 1975. The New Haven, Connecticut, based organization concentrated on work for Roman Catholic clients in Connecticut.

West Haven, Connecticut
West Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located on the coast of Long Island Sound. The city is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. At the 2020 census, the population of the city was 55,584.
GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Junagadh
GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Junagadh, established in 2015, is a medical college situated in Junagadh, Gujarat. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated with Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission.  The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the Junagadh. The student selection is based on merit through National Eligibility and Entrance Test. The yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.

Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University
Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University is a state university located at Junagadh, Gujarat, India. It was established in 2015 by Bhakta Kavi Narsinh Mehta University Act, 2015 of the Government of Gujarat.
Jose Gambito
Jose "Jing" Valeriano Gambito (born July 10, 1953) is a Filipino politician and the current governor of the province of Nueva Vizcaya. A member of the Lakas–CMD, he served as the vice governor twice from 2004 to 2013 and from 2022 to 2023. On May 5, 2023, he was sworn in as the governor upon the death of Carlos M. Padilla. He was elected governor in his own right in the 2025 Philippine general election.

Carlos Padilla (politician)
Carlos Mapili Padilla (Tagalog pronunciation: [paˈdilja]; September 19, 1944 – May 5, 2023) was a Filipino politician who served as the governor of Nueva Vizcaya from 2016 until his death in 2023. Padilla was elected to his first term as governor in 2016 and was re-elected in 2019 and 2022.
Naser Aliji
Naser Ismail Aliji (born 27 December 1993) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Dinamo City and for the Albania national team. Born in Macedonia, he played for Switzerland at youth international levels, and made his senior debut for Albania in 2015.

Albanian Football Federation
The Albanian Football Federation (Albanian: Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit; FSHF) is the governing body of football in Albania. Headquartered in Tirana, it organises the national football leagues of Kategoria Superiore, Kategoria e Parë, Kategoria e Dytë, Kategoria e Tretë, Albanian Cup, Supercup, Kategoria Superiore Femra and the Albanian Women's Cup. The federation also coordinates and oversees the activities of the Albania national football team, Albania women's national football team and the Albania national youth football teams such as Under-21, Under-20, Under-19, Under-18, Under-17, Under-16 and Under-15.
AP English
AP English can stand for two distinct Advanced Placement Programs for U.S. high school students, provided by the College Board:

AP English Language and Composition

AP English Literature and Composition

See also

AP International English Language

AP English Language and Composition
Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition (also known as AP English Language, APENG, AP Lang, ELAP, AP English III, or APEL), colloquially known as Lang, is an American course and examination offered by the College Board as part of the Advanced Placement Program.
Rancho Palos Verdes, California
Rancho Palos Verdes is an affluent coastal city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States. Incorporated on September 7, 1973, the city has a population of 42,287 as reported in the 2020 United States census. The city sits atop the bluffs of the Palos Verdes Peninsula and the Palos Verdes Hills, and neighbors Palos Verdes Estates, Rolling Hills, Rolling Hills Estates, Torrance, and San Pedro. Rancho Palos Verdes is known for its nature preserve trails, its school district, as well as its high property values.

Southern California Gas Company
The Southern California Gas Company (trading as SoCalGas) is a utility company based in Los Angeles, California, and a subsidiary of Sempra. It is the primary provider of natural gas to Los Angeles and Southern California.
Naval Action Force
The Force d'action navale (FAN, Naval Action Force) is the 10,500-man and nearly 100-ship force of surface warships of the French Navy. As of August 2023, it is commanded by Admiral Nicolas Vaujour.

The ships are divided into seven categories:

The aeronaval group, which has the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle at its core

The amphibious group, directed by "Projection and Command vessels" (currently ships of the Mistral class)

Frigates, which act either as protection for the strategic groups, or alone in monitoring, survey, presence, rescue or deterrence missions

Minesweepers

"Sovereignty" ships, which are deployed overseas and act as presence and prevention forces

Support vessels

Public service ships, hydrographic and oceanographic vessels

SSN (hull classification symbol)
An SSN is a nuclear-powered general-purpose attack submarine – SSN is the US Navy hull classification symbol for such vessels.  SS means "Submarine, General" according to the NATO Standard Ship Designator System (STANAG 1166,) with SSN referring to a "Submarine Attack Nuclear" vessel. The "SS" designator is consistent with other examples of STANAG 1166 using double letter referring to a type of vessel – for example,  "BB" designates a Battleships, "DD" is a Destroyer, "CC" a Cruiser, "FF" a Frigate, and so on.
Cabhair
Cabhair ([koːɾʲ] or [ˈkaɯ̯ɪɾʲ]; lit. 'help, assistance') is an organisation which supports Continuity IRA prisoners.

The organisation was founded in early 1987 following the 1986 split in the republican movement in which Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA broke away from the Provisional IRA and Sinn Féin. It claims to be "solely dependent" on those who donate to it.

In March 2017 Cabhair and Republican Sinn Féin who have been described as the political wing of the Continuity IRA and the IRPWA became involved within a dispute. They accused the IRPWA of poaching for members after they "bullied" a prisoner supported by Cabhair and he refused to be a part of the IRPWA.

IRPWA
The Irish Republican Prisoners Welfare Association (IRPWA) is an Irish republican organisation which supports republican prisoners. It has ties with the political party Saoradh and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement.

In May 2016 an unknown member of the IRPWA  interrupted a ceremony to commemorate British soldiers who were killed during the Easter Rising. In response the Canadian ambassador to Ireland Kevin Vickers grabbed him and dragged him away. The event gained international attention.

In October 2016 the DUP criticised the organisation, saying it was promoting violence, in response to a mural at an IRPWA office saying "unfinished revolution" with two republican paramilitaries.
Wasabi Technologies
Wasabi Technologies, Inc. is an American object storage service provider based in Boston, Massachusetts that sells cloud storage. The company was co-founded in September 2015 by David Friend and Jeff Flowers and launched its cloud storage product in May 2017.

Cloud storage
Cloud storage is a model of computer data storage in which data, said to be on "the cloud", is stored remotely in logical pools and is accessible to users over a network, typically the Internet. The physical storage spans multiple servers (sometimes in multiple locations), and the physical environment is typically owned and managed by a cloud computing provider. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment secured, protected, and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, or application data.

Cloud storage services may be accessed through a colocated cloud computing service, a web service application programming interface (API) or by applications that use the API, such as cloud desktop storage, a cloud storage gateway or Web-based content management systems.
No Innocent Victim
No Innocent Victim, or N.I.V., is an American Christian hardcore punk band on Facedown Records. It was formed in 1992 in San Diego, California. They released two albums, and then toured with Agnostic Front. In 1998 they signed to Victory Records and recorded the album Flesh and Blood. Many tours followed in the United States, Europe and Japan with bands like Agnostic Front, U.S. Bombs, Terror, Hatebreed, P.O.D., and Madball.

They released Tipping the Scales in 2001, and disbanded the following year. They reformed in 2004 and in 2005, added former xDisciplex A.D. members Dave Quiggle on guitar and Neil Hartman on bass respectively, signed to Facedown Records, and released fifth studio album To Burn Again. After being disbanded for many years, the band reunited in 2017 to play Facedown Fest.

Terror (band)
Terror is an American hardcore punk band from Los Angeles, formed in 2002. The band has undergone several line-up changes, all overseen by founding members Scott Vogel (lead vocals) and Nick Jett (drums). Its current lineup also features guitarists Martin Stewart and Jordan Posner, as well as bassist Chris Linkovich. The band has released eight studio albums – the most recent of which, Pain Into Power, was released in May 2022. The band are noted as one of the most influential modern bands within tough guy hardcore and hardcore punk, with Stereogum describing Terror as "an institution within their genre".
Khoshkedan-e Olya
Khoshkedan-e Olya (Persian: خشكدان عليا, also Romanized as Khoshkedān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Khoshkedān) is a village in Sepidar Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41, in 7 families.

Sepidar Rural District (Boyer-Ahmad County)
Sepidar Rural District (Persian: دهستان سپيدار) is in Sepidar District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Pazanan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sepidar, now a city.
General Motors Canada
General Motors of Canada Company (French: La Compagnie General Motors du Canada), commonly known as GM Canada, is the Canadian subsidiary of US-based company General Motors. It is headquartered in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.

After the 2008 financial crisis, GM Canada received a combined loan commitment of CA$3 billion of financial assistance from the federal and provincial governments amid declining sales. On November 26, 2018, GM announced the closure of its Oshawa plant, ending a century of automobile and related manufacturing operations in the city. On November 5, 2020, GM announced reopening of the Oshawa plant in January 2022 to produce GMC Sierra and Chevrolet Silverado trucks, hiring up to 2,500 workers.43°52′34″N 78°48′15″W﻿ / ﻿43.876110°N 78.804253°W﻿ / 43.876110; -78.804253

In-car entertainment
In-car entertainment (ICE) or in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) is a collection of hardware and software in automobiles that provides audio or video entertainment. In-car entertainment originated with vehicle audio systems that consisted of radios and tape cassette or CD players and now includes automotive navigation systems, video players, USB and Bluetooth connectivity, carputers, in-car Internet, and Wi-Fi. Once controlled by simple dashboard knobs and dials, ICE systems can include steering wheel audio controls, handsfree voice control, touch-sensitive preset buttons, and a touchscreen. Some systems have rearview cameras and side cameras for better safety.
Hang Hau East (constituency)
Hang Hau East (Chinese: 坑口東) is one of the 29 constituencies in the Sai Kung District.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Sai Kung District Council, with an election every four years.

Hang Hau East constituency is loosely based on the eastern part of Hang Hau, with an estimated population of 13,902.

Hang Hau
Hang Hau (Chinese: 坑口) is a residential area in Tseung Kwan O, Sai Kung, New Territories, Hong Kong. It is located at the eastern edge of the Tseung Kwan O New Town. Most of the land was reclaimed from Hang Hau Village and Shui Bin Village (水邊村).
Pilatus B-4
The Pilatus B4-PC11 (also known as the PC-11 in the Pilatus numbering sequence) is an all-metal intermediate glider built by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland.

The B4-PC11 is designed to Standard Class specifications, meaning that it has a 15-metre wingspan and no wing flaps. Air brakes are provided on the top surface of each wing for glidepath control. Construction is aluminium, with foam ribs in the mainplane, fin and tailplane.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Lame duck
In politics, a lame duck or outgoing politician is an elected official whose successor has already been elected or will be soon. Outgoing politicians are often seen as having less influence with other politicians due to their limited time left in office. Conversely, a lame duck is free to make decisions that exercise the standard powers with little fear of backlash, such as issuing executive orders, pardons, or other controversial edicts. Lame duck politicians result from term limits, planned retirement, or electoral losses, and are especially noticeable where political systems build in a delay between the announcement of results and the taking of office by election winners. Even at the local level, politicians who do not seek re-election can lose credibility and influence. Uncompleted projects may fall to the wayside as their influence diminishes.

Parliamentary leader
A parliamentary leader is a political title or a descriptive term used in various countries to designate the person leading a parliamentary group or caucus in a legislative body, whether it be a national or sub-national legislature. They are their party's most senior member of parliament (MP) in most parliamentary democracies.

A party leader may be the same person as the parliamentary leader, or the roles may be separated.