hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rosetta Project
The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historic Rosetta Stone. Run by the Long Now Foundation, the project aims to create a survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500 languages that can enable comparative linguistic research and education and might help recover or revitalize lost languages in the future.

The project works through an open-contribution, open-review process similar to the one that created the Oxford English Dictionary. The archive will be publicly available in three media: a HD-Rosetta micro-etched nickel alloy disc three inches (7.62 cm) across with a 2,000-year life expectancy; a single-volume monumental reference book; and a growing online archive.

Comparative linguistics
Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.

Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto-language and comparative linguistics aims to construct language families, to reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted in the documented languages. To maintain a clear distinction between attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts. A number of methods for carrying out language classification have been developed, ranging from simple inspection to computerised hypothesis testing. Such methods have gone through a long process of development.
Edward Barleycorn
Edward Emilio Barleycorn  (1891–1978) was a member of one of the prominent Fernandino families of Spanish Guinea (today Equatorial Guinea). Active in Santa Isabel on Fernando Póo (now Bioko), he belonged to the cohort of African cocoa producers affiliated with the Fernandino planter community documented by historians of the island’s agro-economy. In 1928, at the age of 39, he negotiated a labor contract between African farmers of Santa Isabel and the Spanish leaders of Fernando Po (Bioko).

He farmed his father's lands in places like Achepepe and Bantabare, employing relatives like his godmother and aunt Amelia Vivour.

Fernandino people
The Fernandino people are creoles, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in Equatorial Guinea (Spanish Guinea). Their name is derived from the island of Fernando Pó, where many worked. This island was named for the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó, credited with discovering the region.

Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on Fernando Pó during the 1880s and 1890s. The Fernandino of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from Freetown, Cape Coast, and Lagos, the Fernandino also had family ties to those areas. Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century Bioko, their differences are considered marginal.
Hà Tiên province
Hà Tiên (Vietnamese: tỉnh Hà Tiên; chữ Hán: 河僊) was a former province of Vietnam, originally formed in 1832 under the Nguyễn dynasty, and was finally disestablished in 1956 under the South Vietnam. Its capital was the town of Hà Tiên.

Kiên Giang province
Kiên Giang was a former province of Vietnam, located in the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. It is known for fishing and rice farming. The provincial capital is Rạch Giá, 155 mi (249 km) from Ho Chi Minh City. Kiên Giang's area is 6,352.02 km2 (2,452.53 mi2) and its population is about 1,723,067 (2019), of which 22 percent live in urban areas.

Kiên Giang is bordered with An Giang province in the northeast, Cần Thơ and Hậu Giang provinces in the east, Bạc Liêu province in the southeast and Cà Mau province in the south, and Kampot province of Cambodia (with the 33 mi (53 km) border) in the west, and the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest (with the 124 mi (200 km) coast).

According to survey results on April 1, 2019, Kiên Giang province's population is 1,723,067 people.

On June 12, 2025, Kiên Giang was merged into An Giang province.
1 Samuel 17
1 Samuel 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the battle of
David with Goliath, the Philistine. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.

2 Samuel 5
2 Samuel 5 is the fifth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition  the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Hebron and Jerusalem. This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel, and a section comprising 2 Samuel 2–8 which deals with the period when David set up his kingdom.
Gowhar Kuh Rural District
Gowhar Kuh Rural District (Persian: دهستان گوهركوه) is in Gowhar Kuh District of Taftan Coun...

.

...........    ......ty, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Gowhar Shahr-e Chah-e Darkhati.

Gowhar Kuh District
Gowhar Kuh District (Persian: بخش گوهرکوه) is in Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Shirabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 751 people in 267 households.
Golden-lined spinefoot
The golden-lined spinefoot (Siganus lineatus), also known as the goldlined rabbitfish or lined rabbitfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the tropical Western Pacific and along the coasts of northern Australia.

Siganidae
Siganidae, the rabbitfishes, are a small family of ray-finned fishes in the order Perciformes. The only extant genus is Siganus, the rabbitfish and spinefoot. However, a number of genera are known from fossils.

The extant species are marine fish found in the Indo-Pacific and eastern Mediterranean. They are important foodfishes and some are popular in the aquarium trade.
Polarization (Lie algebra)
In representation theory, polarization is the maximal totally isotropic subspace of a certain skew-symmetric bilinear form on a Lie algebra. The notion of polarization plays an important role in construction of irreducible unitary representations of some classes of Lie groups by means of the orbit method as well as in harmonic analysis on Lie groups and mathematical physics.

Bilinear form
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map V × V → K on a vector space V (the elements of which are called vectors) over a field K (the elements of which are called scalars). In other words, a bilinear form is a function B : V × V → K that is linear in each argument separately:

B(u + v, w) = B(u, w) + B(v, w)     and     B(λu, v) = λB(u, v)

B(u, v + w) = B(u, v) + B(u, w)     and     B(u, λv) = λB(u, v)

The dot product on  is an example of a bilinear form which is also an inner product. An example of a bilinear form that is not an inner product would be the four-vector product.

The definition of a bilinear form can be extended to include modules over a ring, with linear maps replaced by module homomorphisms.

When K is the field of complex numbers C, one is often more interested in sesquilinear forms, which are similar to bilinear forms but are conjugate linear in one argument.
Hans Ulrik
Hans Ulrik (born 28 September 1965) is a Danish jazz saxophonist and composer who has recorded with Gary Peacock, Adam Nussbaum, Niels Lan Doky, Audun Kleive, Marilyn Mazur, John Scofield, and Steve Swallow.

Niels Lan Doky
Niels Lan Doky (born 3 October 1963) is a Danish jazz pianist, composer and producer. He is the older brother of jazz bassist Chris Minh Doky. Niels is engaged to American dancer, actress, and singer Mayte Garcia.
CompuMath Citation Index
CompuMath Citation Index is an indexing service published by Thomson Reuters, and was first available in 1982 as an Institute for Scientific Information database. Coverage of the index included the literature pertaining to pure and applied mathematics,  computer science, mathematical physics, econometrics, statistics, systems analysis, biometrics, psychometrics, and computer related medical fields.

Thomson Reuters
Thomson Reuters Corporation (/ˈrɔɪtərz/ ⓘ ROY-tərz) is a Canadian multinational content-driven technology conglomerate. The company was founded in Toronto, Ontario, and maintains its headquarters in the city at 19 Duncan Street.

Thomson Reuters was created by the Thomson Corporation's purchase of the British company Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. It is majority-owned by the Woodbridge Company, a holding company for the Thomson family of Canada.
Arafat Chekrouni
Arafat Chekrouni (born 7 October 1966) is a former tennis player from Morocco.

Chekrouni represented his native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where he was defeated in the second round by Italy's Paolo Canè. The Moroccan reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 27 October 1986, when he became World Number 369.

Chekrouni participated in eleven Davis Cup ties for Morocco from 1984–1992, posting a 7-8 record in singles and a 2-5 record in doubles.

Paolo Canè
Paolo Canè (born 9 April 1965; Italian pronunciation: [ˈpaːolo kaˈnɛ]) is a former tennis player from Italy.

Canè turned professional in 1983. During his career, he won three top-level singles titles (Bordeaux in 1986, Båstad in 1989, and Bologna in 1991) and achieved much success at the Olympics, reaching the semi-finals in 1984 (when it was a demonstration event) and the quarter-finals in 1988. He also won three tour doubles titles (Bologna in 1985, and Bologna and Palermo in 1986).

Canè's career-high rankings were World No. 26 in singles (in 1989) and World No. 43 in doubles (in 1985). He retired from the professional ATP Tour in 1995.
Shaykh Rajab Mosque
The Shaykh Rajab Mosque (Arabic: جامع الشيخ رجب), formerly known as the Al-Barani Mosque, is a Sufi mosque located at Rawa, Iraq. It is named for Sayyid Rajab al-Rawi al-Rifa'i, a patron saint and follower of the Rifa'i order. The mosque is divided into two parts; the modern part is still used for prayer while the historic part dating to 1625 is flooded and hence is not used for prayer.

Rifaʽi
The Rifa'i order (Arabic: الطريقة الرفاعية, romanized: al-Ṭarīqa al-Rifāʽiyya) is a prominent Sufi order (tariqa) within Sunni Islam founded by Ahmad al-Rifa'i and developed in the lower Iraq marshlands between Wasit and Basra. The Rifa'iyya had its greatest following until the 15th century C.E. when it was overtaken by the Qadiri order. The order is said to wield particular influence in Cairo, Egypt.

The Rifa'i order is most commonly found in the Arab Middle East but also in Turkey, the Balkans and South Asia.
Van Diemen RF93
The Van Diemen RF93, and its evolution, the RF94, were open-wheel formula race car chassis, designed, developed, and built by British manufacturer and race car constructor Van Diemen, for Formula Ford race categories, in 1993.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
Gunther Hofmans
Gunther Jozef Hofmans (born 3 January 1967) is a former Belgian professional footballer who spent his entire career in Belgium playing as an attacking midfielder and striker for Germinal Ekeren and Germinal Beerschot. He also represented the Belgium national team, winning one cap. He currently works as a team manager for Royal Antwerp, since 2011, having previously worked in the same position, at one of his previous clubs, Germinal Beerschot, from 2008 to 2011.

Belgian Second Division
The Belgian Second Division was the second-highest division in the Belgian football league system, one level below the Belgian Pro League. It was founded by the Royal Belgian Football Association in 1909 and folded in 2016, when it was replaced by the Belgian First Division B (known as the Proximus League for sponsorship reasons)).
Quantcast File System
Quantcast File System (QFS) is an open-source distributed file system software package for large-scale MapReduce or other batch-processing workloads. It was designed as an alternative to the Apache Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), intended to deliver better performance and cost-efficiency for large-scale processing clusters.

Clustered file system
A clustered file system (CFS) is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers.  There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached storage for each node).  Clustered file systems can provide features like location-independent addressing and redundancy which improve reliability or reduce the complexity of the other parts of the cluster.  Parallel file systems are a type of clustered file system that spread data across multiple storage nodes, usually for redundancy or performance.
Isaura Palaea
Isaura Palaea (Ancient Greek: Ἴσαυρα Παλαιά, romanized: Isaura Palaia), in Latin Isaura Vetus, both meaning Old Isaura, and perhaps identical to Isauropolis (Ancient Greek: Ἰσαυρόπολις), was a Roman and Byzantine era town in southern Turkey. In antiquity the city was in Isauria (Ἰσαυρία) district of Lycaonia in today's southern Turkey (modern Konya Province). Its site is identified as near Bozkır.

Possibly also known as Isaura Vetus, the city was in the Anatolian countryside of what was Lycaonia in today's southern Turkey and may have been the chief town of Isauria (Ἰσαυρία) district. The town was mentioned by Sozomen, Ptolemy, and Heirocles. About 450 Maximinus entered the town in his war with Zeno. Its location is not known, but suggestions include Siristat or Tris Maden, about 13 mi (21 km) west of Isaura, or Isaura Vetus. It must have been near Isaura Nova with which it was joined.

The city has been identified with modern Zengibar Kalesi, Bozkır, Konya Province.

First Council of Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The Council of Nicaea met from May until the end of July 325.

This ecumenical council was the first of many efforts to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all Christendom. Hosius of Corduba may have presided over its deliberations. Attended by at least 200 bishops, its main accomplishments were the settlement of the Christological issue of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the Father, the construction of the first part of the Nicene Creed, the mandating of uniform observance of the date of Easter, and the promulgation of early canon law.
Solar Pyramid
The Solar Pyramid was a proposed sculpture originally scheduled to open in June 2003 in the United Kingdom. The pyramid was to have been the UK's largest sculpture, the world's biggest functioning timepiece, and the world's largest sundial. The sculpture, originally planned for a site in Derbyshire, and later one in Dorset, failed to attract sufficient finance or public support to be constructed.

The design consisted of three towers, or gnomons, which leaned together to create an illusion of a pyramid.

Gnomon
A gnomon (/ˈnoʊˌmɒn, -mən/; from Ancient Greek  γνώμων (gnṓmōn) 'one that knows or examines') is the part of a sundial that casts a shadow. The term is used for a variety of purposes in mathematics and other fields, typically to measure directions, position, or time.
Keith Rigg
Keith Edward Rigg MBE (21 May 1906 – 28 February 1995) was an Australian cricketer who played in eight Test matches from 1931 to 1937. His cousin, Colin McDonald, also played for Victoria and Australia. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne.

In addition to cricket, Rigg played Australian rules football in the Metropolitan Amateur Football Association (MAFA) for the Collegians football Club. He was named the best and fairest player in A Section for the 1927 season.

From 1933 to 1937, Rigg had an endorsement deal with the Alexander Patent Racket Company in Launceston, Tasmania, to produce a range of 'Keith Rigg' cricket bats.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1971 Birthday Honours for services to industry and sport.

1927 MAFA season
The 1927 MAFA season was the 32nd season of the Metropolitan Amateur Football Association (MAFA), an Australian rules football competition played in the state of Victoria. The season began on 30 April and concluded on 17 September, with 30 teams participating across three divisions under a promotion and relegation system.
2015–16 Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball team
The 2015–16 Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball team represented Vanderbilt University in the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. This was Kevin Stallings' 17th and final year as the Vanderbilt head coach. The Commodores played their home games at Memorial Gymnasium in Nashville, Tennessee, as a member of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 19–14, 11–7 in SEC play to finish in a three way tie for third place. They lost in the second round of the SEC tournament to Tennessee. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they lost in the First Four to Wichita State.

On March 27, 2016, head coach Kevin Stallings resigned to become the head coach at Pittsburgh. He finished at Vanderbilt with a 17-year record of 332–220. Shortly thereafter, the school hired Valparaiso head coach Bryce Drew as head coach.

2016 SEC men's basketball tournament
The 2016 Southeastern Conference men's basketball tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Southeastern Conference held at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee March 9–13, 2016.

This year's tournament involved only 13 of the league's 14 teams. On January 13, 2016, Missouri, then being investigated by the NCAA for rules violations that occurred under the tenure of former head coach Frank Haith, announced that it would not participate in any postseason play this season. As a result, the #11 seed in the tournament was awarded a first-round bye, leaving the #12 seed–#13 seed game as the only game to be played on March 9.
Ethan Hankins
Ethan Gordon Hankins (born May 23, 2000) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Gary SouthShore RailCats of the American Association of Professional Baseball. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 1st round of the 2018 MLB draft.

Arizona Complex League Guardians
The Arizona Complex League Guardians are a Rookie-level affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians, competing in the Arizona Complex League of Minor League Baseball. The team plays its home games at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The team is composed mainly of players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents from the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and other countries.
USS Oliver Mitchell
For other ships with a similar name see USS Mitchell.

USS Oliver Mitchell (DE-417) was a John C. Butler-class destroyer escort built for the United States Navy during World War II. Post-war, after active participation in the Pacific War, her crew returned home with five battle stars to their credit.

USS Mitchell
USS Mitchell (DE-43) was an Evarts-class destroyer escort constructed for the United States Navy during World War II. She was sent off into the Pacific Ocean to protect convoys and other ships from Japanese submarines and fighter aircraft. She performed escort and anti-submarine operations in dangerous battle areas and was awarded nine battle stars, a very high number for a ship of her type.

She was originally laid down as BDE-43 on 12 January 1943 by the Puget Sound Navy Yard for transfer to the United Kingdom upon completion. However, she was ordered retained for service in the U.S. Navy. She was reclassified DE-43 on 16 June; named Mitchell on 23 June; launched on 1 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Albert E. Mitchell, widow of Ensign Mitchell; and commissioned on 17 November 1943.
Rodina (TV series)
Rodina (Russian: Родина; Homeland) is a Russian political thriller television series developed by Pavel Lungin and Timur Weinstein, based on the Israeli series Hatufim, which was created by Gideon Raff. Rodina is a second adaptation of Hatufim, after the American version Homeland by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa.

The series stars Viktoriya Isakova as Anna Zimina, a Federal Security Service (FSB) officer, and Vladimir Mashkov as Alexey Bragin, a  Russian Marine Corps sniper. Anna comes to believe that Alexey, who was held captive by Chechen terrorists as a prisoner of war, was "turned" by the enemy and threatens the Russian Federation.

The series was broadcast in the Russian Federation on channel Russia-1, and produced by WeiT Media. The first episode aired on March 16, 2015, and the last on March 26, 2015. The series was a ratings hit, with the premiere the network's highest-rated show in two years.

Howard Gordon
Howard Gordon (born March 31, 1961) is an American screenwriter and producer.

He is well known for his work on the Fox action series 24 alongside the Showtime thriller Homeland, which he co-developed with Alex Gansa and Gideon Raff, the FX political drama Tyrant, which he co-developed with Craig Wright and for the Fox drama series Accused. He also produced the NBC science fiction thriller Awake.
1909 Chinese parliamentary election
The 1909 Chinese parliamentary election was an indirect election to the first imperial Advisory Council, a preparatory body of the parliament created under the constitutional reform bought by the late Qing dynasty. It was seen as the first popular election in Chinese history.

Originally 100 members, half of the seats in the council were to be elected by the members of the Provincial Consultative Assemblies, while the other half were appointed by the Emperor. Due to the fact the Provincial Consultative Assembly had not been set up in Sinkiang, the seats were reduced to 98.

Translations with bracketed Chinese text are for reference only.

Preparative Constitutionalism
Preparative Constitutionalism or Preparatory Constitutionalism (traditional Chinese: 預備立憲; simplified Chinese: 预备立宪), also known as Preparation of Constitutionalism, refers to attempts by the imperial government of the Qing dynasty of China at implementing top-down constitutional reforms.

The Qing government issued an imperial edict, deciding to imitate the implementation of constitutionalism, but believed that the conditions were not available, so it was necessary to prepare in advance, so it was called "Preparative Constitutionalism".

On September 1, 1906, the Qing court formally declared the Preparative Constitutionalism, thus taking the first step in the history of Chinese constitutionalism and the first step in the reform of the Chinese state system. With the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in October 1911, the process of Preparative Constitutionalism was interrupted and failed completely with the demise of the Qing dynasty in February 1912.