hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Medieval Children
Medieval Children is a 2001 book on the history of childhood written by English historian Nicholas Orme. It covers aspects of English children throughout the Middle Ages. The book addresses what is considered Philippe Ariès's central thesis in Centuries of Childhood, that there was no medieval understanding of childhood as a phase, an idea that critics have said Orme refutes successfully.

History of childhood
The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential book Centuries of Childhood, published by French historian Philippe Ariès in 1960. He argued "childhood" as a concept was created by modern society. Ariès studied paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records.  He found before the 17th-century, children were represented as mini-adults.

Other scholars have emphasized how medieval and early modern child rearing was not indifferent, negligent, nor brutal. The historian Stephen Wilson argues that in the context of pre-industrial poverty and high infant mortality (with a third or more of the babies dying), actual child-rearing practices represented appropriate behavior in the circumstances. He points to extensive parental care during sickness, and to grief at death, sacrifices by parents to maximize child welfare, and a wide cult of childhood in religious practice.
Mirax of Egypt
The martyr Mirax (fl. 7th century) was raised by Christian parents in the city of Tanis, Egypt. He renounced his faith to enter the service of an emir, to the great grief of his family. Mirax's parents resorted to prayer with great devotion for their son to convert back. Mirax returned to his family and, after much counsel, decided to publicly declare his return to the Christian faith. Consequently, Saint Mirax was tortured, beheaded, and his body cast into the sea.

Saint Mirax is celebrated by the Eastern Christian Churches on 11 December.

Tanis
Tanis (/ˈteɪnɪs/ TAY-niss; Ancient Greek: Τάνις [tánis]; Latin: Tanis ['tanɪs]) or San al-Hagar (Arabic: صان الحجر, romanized: Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar; Ancient Egyptian: ḏꜥn.t [ˈcʼuʕnat]; Akkadian: 𒍝𒀪𒉡, romanized: Ṣaʾnu; Coptic: ϫⲁⲛⲓ or ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ or ϫⲁⲛⲏ; Biblical Hebrew: צֹעַן‎, romanized: Ṣōʿan) is the Greek name for ancient Egyptian ḏꜥn.t, an important archaeological site in the northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt, and the location of a city of the same name. Tanis was the capital of the Egyptian Kingdom in its 21st and 22nd Dynasties. It is located on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, which has long since silted up.
Finnknevatnet
Finnknevatnet (Norwegian) or Saemienboelve or Boelvenjaevrie (Southern Sami) is a lake that lies in Vefsn Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The water flows out of the 3.79-square-kilometre (1.46 sq mi) lake to the north into the lake Hundålvatnet. It is located just north of the Lomsdal–Visten National Park.

Lomsdal–Visten National Park
Lomsdal–Visten National Park (Norwegian: Lomsdal–Visten nasjonalpark, Southern Sami: Njaarken vaarjelimmiedajve) is a Norwegian national park that was established on 26 June 2009. The park consists of a total protected area of 1,102 square kilometres (425 sq mi). It is located in Nordland county, Norway, and covers parts of Brønnøy Municipality, Vevelstad Municipality, Grane Municipality, and Vefsn Municipality.

The landscape is dominated by great diversity and many rivers. There are steep-sided fjords with deciduous woodlands, coniferous forests, mountainous terrains, and alpine peaks. The rich and varied geology was another reason for protecting the area. Karstic terrain with caves, subterranean rivers, arches, and unusual weathering are found here.
9767 Midsomer Norton
9767 Midsomer Norton (1992 EB1) is an outer main-belt asteroid discovered on March 10, 1992, by Duncan Steel at Siding Spring. It is one of very few asteroids located in the 2:1 mean motion resonance with Jupiter.

Duncan Steel
Duncan I. Steel (born 1955) is a British space scientist. He has discovered several minor planets and has written four popular science books. He is a member of the International Astronomical Union, and has worked at the Xerra Earth Observation Institute in Nelson, in the South Island of New Zealand. He was formerly on the staff of the University of Salford in the United Kingdom. Steel completed a PhD at the University of Canterbury in 1984 with a thesis on the orbital characteristics of meteoroids.

Between 1990 and 1994 he discovered twelve numbered minor planets. The asteroid 4713 Steel, discovered by Robert McNaught in 1989, is named after him.

In August 2022 Steel pleaded guilty to burglary and breaching the New Zealand Harmful Digital Communications Act. He was sentenced to 12 months' house arrest and ordered to pay $3000 in reparation for emotional harm.
Zhang Zhizhen
Zhang Zhizhen (simplified Chinese: 张之臻; traditional Chinese: 張之臻; pinyin: Zhāng Zhīzhēn; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʈʂáŋ ʈʂɻ̩́ ʈʂə́n]; born 16 October 1996) is a Chinese professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 31 in July 2024 and a doubles ranking of No. 47 in July 2024. As of July 2023, he became the highest-ever ranked Chinese male tennis player. He is the current No. 3 Chinese player. He has won three singles and two doubles titles on the ATP Challenger, and two singles and two doubles titles on the ITF Futures Tour. He won a silver medal in mixed doubles alongside Wang Xinyu at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

In 2021, Zhang became the first Chinese man in the Open Era to play in the main draw at Wimbledon. In October 2022, he became the first Chinese male player to reach the top 100 in the ATP singles rankings. Then, in 2023 in Madrid, he became the first Chinese man to reach an ATP Tour Masters 1000 quarterfinal.

ITF Men's World Tennis Tour
The ITF Men's World Tennis Tour (formerly ITF Men's Circuit) is a series of professional tennis tournaments held around the world that are organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The tour represents the lowest rung of the men's professional tennis ladder.  ITF tournaments are incorporated into the ATP rankings, enabling young professionals to progress on to the ATP Challenger Tour and ultimately the full ATP Tour.  Nearly every professional male player has spent some time on the ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.
Colluli mine
The Colluli mine is a large potash mine located in southern Eritrea. Colluli represents one of the largest potash reserves in Eritrea having estimated reserves of 1.08 billion tonnes of ore grading 18% potassium chloride metal.

The mine formerly hosted a railway connection to Assab, which has since been abandoned.

Potash
Potash (/ˈpɒtæʃ/ POT-ash) are mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. The term potash derives from pot ash, either plant ashes or wood ashes that were soaked in water in a pot, which was the primary means of manufacturing potash before the Industrial Era; the word potassium derives from the term potash.

In 2021, the worldwide production of potash exceeded 71.9 million tonnes (~45.4 million tonnes K2O equivalent), and Canada is the greatest producer of potash as fertilizer. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).
Beer's Bridge
Beer's Bridge is a historic Pratt Pony truss bridge over the Ausable River at Keene Valley in Essex County, New York.  It was built in 1900 by the Pratt, Tomas & Caleb Company.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Ausable River (New York)
The Ausable River (/ɔːˈseɪbəl/), also known as AuSable River and originally written as "Au Sable", runs in the U.S. state of New York, from the Adirondack Mountains and past the village of Lake Placid and Au Sable Forks to empty into Lake Champlain (at 44°33′40″N 73°25′25″W﻿ / ﻿44.56111°N 73.42361°W﻿ / 44.56111; -73.42361). It has an East and West branch that join at Au Sable Forks.  The river forms a partial boundary between Clinton County and Essex County.  The Ausable River is known for its gorge, Ausable Chasm, located a few miles east of Keeseville.

The Ausable River is 94 miles (150 km) long and drains a watershed of 516 square miles (1,340 km2).

It was originally named "Au Sable" (French for "sandy") by Samuel de Champlain when he first explored the region in 1609 because of its extensive sandy delta.
Gmina Skołyszyn
Gmina Skołyszyn is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Jasło County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Skołyszyn, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Jasło and 58 km (36 mi) south-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of 77.92 square kilometres (30.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,422.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Pasmo Brzanki Landscape Park.

Jasło
Jasło [ˈjaswɔ] ⓘ is a county town in south-eastern Poland with 36,641 inhabitants, as of 31 December 2012. It is situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship (since 1999), and it was previously part of Krosno Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is located in Lesser Poland, in the heartland of the Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 320 metres above sea level, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city. The Patron Saint of the city is Saint Anthony of Padua.
Abreha and Atsbeha
Abreha and Atsbeha were brothers and Aksumite rulers who were said to have adopted Christianity in the 4th-century, although this claim is dubious. The story of Abreha and Atsbeha is lifted from that of the historical personages King Ezana and his brother Saizana. Stuart Munro-Hay has also speculated that the myth may have emerged from a confusion with two other religious Aksumite figures: Kaleb of Axum, whose throne name was Ella Atsbeha, and Abraha, an Aksumite general who promoted Christianity in Yemen.

According to tradition, Abreha and Atsbeha succeeded Ella Allada to the Aksumite throne. The missionary Frumentius, who had been captured during Ella Allada's reign, converted the brothers to Christianity following which the rest of the kingdom eventually converted. It is claimed they founded 44 churches.

Abraha
Abraha (Ge’ez: አብርሀ) (also spelled Abreha, died presumably 570 CE) was an Aksumite viceroy of Himyar (modern-day Yemen) and a large part of Arabia for over 30 years in the 6th century. Originally a general in the Aksumite army that invaded Yemen around 525 CE, Abraha seized power by deposing the Christian Himyarite king installed by Kaleb.

He is famous for the tradition of his failed siege of Mecca, an event that is referred to as the Year of the Elephant in Islamic tradition, using an army that included war elephants. This event is interpreted by some to be the historical context behind Surah Al-Fil, the 105th surah of the Quran. A newly discovered Himyarite inscription may mention elephants, offering potential support for this battle having taken place.
Picross S
Picross S is a series of nonogram puzzle video games developed and published by Jupiter for the Nintendo Switch. It is the current incarnation of Nintendo's Picross series, with Jupiter releasing the games under license. As with all past entries in the series, the game involves the player completing nonograms in the shortest time possible. Picross S is the successor to Jupiter's Picross e series on Nintendo 3DS.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Martín Palermo
Martín Palermo (Spanish pronunciation: [maɾˈtim paˈleɾmo]; born 7 November 1973) is an Argentine football manager and former player who played as a striker.

Palermo played mainly as a forward for Boca Juniors. A prolific goalscorer, he is Boca Juniors' all-time top scorer with 236 goals, and is placed 7th among all-time Primera División top scorers with 227 goals in 408 matches. He also played in Argentina for Estudiantes de La Plata and in Spain for Villarreal, Real Betis, and Alavés. During his playing career, he was nicknamed Loco (pronounced [ˈloko], English: crazy) and Titán (pronounced [tiˈtan], English: titan). In a 2008 poll, Boca Juniors fans chose him as the greatest idol in the club's history.

With the Argentina national team, Palermo earned 15 caps and scored 9 goals. He played at the 1999 Copa América and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with a decade-long hiatus in between. Since 2012, he has worked as a manager in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Paraguay.

1998–99 Argentine Primera División
The 1998–99 Argentine Primera División was the 108th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season ran from August 7, 1998, to June 21, 1999. Both main clubs from Córdoba, Talleres (champion of 1997–98 Primera B Nacional) and Belgrano (winner of "Torneo Reducido", after beating Aldosivi in a two-legged series) were promoted from Primera B Nacional.

Boca Juniors won both, Apertura and Clausura championships (a total of 24 league titles to date), while Platense and Huracán were relegated with the worst points averages.
SsangYong Istana
The SsangYong Istana is a 2, 9, 12 and 15 seater minivan and minibus based on the Mercedes-Benz MB100 'Bus' variant. It comes with most of the options of the MB100 as well. The word Istana is a Malay word for Palace or Castle, which is the name of the presidential residences in both Singapore and Indonesia.

Minibus
A minibus, microbus, minicoach, or short bus is a passenger-carrying motor vehicle that is designed to carry more people than a multi-purpose vehicle or minivan, but fewer people than a full-size bus. In the United Kingdom, the word "minibus" is used to describe any full-sized passenger-carrying van or panel truck. Minibuses have a seating capacity of between 12 and 30. Larger minibuses may be called midibuses. Minibuses are typically front-engine step-in vehicles, although low floor minibuses are particularly common in Japan.
Split ergativity
In linguistic typology, split ergativity is a feature of certain languages where some constructions use ergative syntax and morphology, but other constructions show another pattern, usually nominative–accusative. The conditions in which ergative constructions are used vary among different languages.

Nominative case
In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated NOM), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries.
Roquepertuse
Acropolis Roquepertuse is an ancient Celtic religious center. It is located near the city of Velaux, north of Marseille  16 miles west of Aix-en-Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southern France. The site was first recorded in the Bouches-du-Rhône civil statistics in 1824 when a partially buried statue of a cross-legged warrior was discovered in the garden of the parish priest. The structure was destroyed by the Romans in 124 BC and re-discovered in 1860 when a partially uncovered statue was fully excavated. Most of the excavations were done in 1923 by Henri de Gérin-Ricard.

Velaux
Velaux (French pronunciation: [vəlo]; Occitan: Velaurs) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. It is near Coudoux and Ventabren.

Velaux is an old Provençal village set on a hill overlooking the high plains of the inland west side of Aix. It is located in the middle of the Aix-Marseille-Salon region and is surrounded by greenery and vine-covered hills. Velaux is in the countryside while being close to major urban centers in the region.
1920 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1920 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1920. Primary elections were held on September 7, 1920.

Republican candidate John J. Blaine won the election with 52.98% of the vote, winning his first of three terms as Governor of Wisconsin. Blaine defeated Democratic Party candidate Robert McCoy, Socialist candidate William Coleman and Prohibition Party candidate Henry H. Tubbs.

Rock County, Wisconsin
Rock County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 163,687. Its county seat is Janesville. Rock County comprises the Janesville–Beloit metropolitan statistical area and is included in the Madison–Janesville–Beloit combined statistical area.
2004 Roger Federer tennis season
Roger Federer won three Majors in 2004. The first came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin, 7–6(3), 6–4, 6–2. He went on to win his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick, 4–6, 7–5, 7–6(3), 6–4.  In addition, Federer defeated the 2001 US Open Champion Lleyton Hewitt at the US Open for his first US Open title, 6–0, 7–6(3), 6–0.  Furthermore, Federer won three ATP Masters 1000 events, one on clay at Hamburg, and two on hard court in Indian Wells and Canada. Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai, and wrapped up the year for the second time over Lleyton Hewitt at the Tennis Masters Cup. Federer was the first player to win three Grand Slams in a single season since Mats Wilander in 1988.

Federer became the first man in the Open Era to win at least three majors and the Year-End Championships.

Lleyton Hewitt
Lleyton Glynn Hewitt (born 24 February 1981) is an Australian former professional tennis player. He was ranked as the world No. 1 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for 80 weeks, including as the year-end No. 1 in 2001 and 2002. Hewitt won 30 singles titles and 3 doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including two singles majors at the 2001 US Open and 2002 Wimbledon Championships, a doubles major at the 2000 US Open, the 2001 and 2002 Tennis Masters Cups in singles, and led Australia to Davis Cup crowns in 1999 and 2003. On 19 November 2001, Hewitt became the youngest man to reach No. 1 in the ATP singles rankings, at the age of 20 years, 268 days (until 19 years, 130 days old Carlos Alcaraz in 2022). He was also the runner-up at the 2004 US Open and 2005 Australian Open. As of the end of 2025, he remains the most recent Australian man to win a singles major.
Philip Sherrard
Philip Owen Arnould Sherrard (23 September 1922 – 30 May 1995) was a British author and translator.

His work includes translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. In England he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known. Sherrard was a practising Eastern Orthodox Christian and was responsible, along with Kallistos Ware and G. E. H. Palmer, for the first full translation of the Philokalia into English. He also wrote prolifically on theological and philosophical themes, describing what he believed to be a social and spiritual crisis occurring in the developed world, specifically modern attitudes towards the biophysical environment from a Christian and perennialist perspective.

World Wisdom
World Wisdom is an independent American publishing company established in 1980 in Bloomington, Indiana. World Wisdom publishes religious and philosophical texts, including the work of authors such as Frithjof Schuon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Titus Burckhardt, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Joseph Epes Brown, Charles Eastman, Paul Goble, Swami Ramdas, Samdhong Rinpoche, William Stoddart, and Martin Lings.

The company publishes The Library of Perennial Philosophy, which focuses on the beliefs underlying the diverse religions, also referred to as Sophia Perennis or "Perennial Philosophy". World Wisdom’s Library of Perennial Philosophy encompasses seven series.
Alistair Grimason
Christianity portal

Alistair John Grimason  (1957 - 29 November 2022) was an Anglican priest who was Dean of Tuam from 2000 to his death in 2022.

Alistair Grimason was born in 1957, and was educated at the Church of Ireland Theological College. He was ordained deacon in 1979 and priest in 1980. After curacies in Belfast and  Drumcondra he was the incumbent at Navan from 1984 until 1991. He was then the Information Officer for the Diocese of Meath until 1996. He was at Tullamore until 2000 and his appointment as Dean. He died in office in 2022, aged 65.

Church of Ireland Theological Institute
The Church of Ireland Theological Institute (formerly the Church of Ireland Theological College) is responsible for ministerial formation and lay training within the Church of Ireland. It is located in Churchtown in Dublin. The Church of Ireland, Representative Church Body (RCB) Library and archives, are also housed on the CITI Campus.
Geneva Film Festival
The Geneva Film Festival is an annual event that takes place in Geneva, Illinois.  The festival shows films from around the world and puts on a workshop for those interested in the technical aspects of the film making process.

Geneva, Illinois
Geneva is a city in and the county seat of Kane County, Illinois, United States. It is located in the far western side of the Chicago suburbs. Per the 2020 census, the population was 21,393.

Geneva is part of a tri-city area, located between St. Charles and Batavia. The area experienced rapid population growth from the late 1980s through the mid-2000s as the Chicago suburbs spread to the west.

Geneva is located along the Fox River. Portions of the Fox River Trail and the Illinois Prairie Path pass through Geneva. The Fabyan Windmill, a Dutch windmill dating from the 1850s, is located here.
Buttons (pantomime)
Buttons is a traditional character in Cinderella pantomimes, and is commonly portrayed in Cinderella pantomimes throughout the UK and Australia. He is typically a male servant of the household who helps Cinderella and loves her, and who is liked and trusted but not loved by her.  The character has sometimes been called Pedro.

The character first appeared in 1860 at the Strand Theatre, London in a version of the story derived from the opera La Cenerentola by Rossini.  Rossini includes a character Dandini as assistant to the Prince, which was also included, and a complementary character for Cinderella, called Buttoni was added for the pantomime at this time.  'Buttons' was at that time a name for a young male servant or pageboy commonly having gilt buttons down the front of his jacket.

While the character introduces a note of pathos in his unrequited love for Cinderella, he is often portrayed in a comic tone.

Dandini (character)
Dandini is a character in the opera La Cenerentola by Rossini and also in the Cinderella pantomime.  He is the male servant of the Prince (the principal male character: Don Ramiro in the opera, commonly Prince Charming in the pantomime).  Dandini helps the Prince to meet the principal female character (known as  Angelina or Cinderella) without her knowing that he is a prince.  Dandini pretends to be the prince and the real prince pretends to be his servant.

In panto it is often played by a young woman, who dresses similarly to the Principal boy for the identity swap.