hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postage stamps and postal history of Syria
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Syria.

Syria, is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. The French were awarded a mandate to govern Syria at the Paris Peace conference of 1918 and Syria attained independence in April 1946, as a parliamentary republic.

First Syrian Republic
The First Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic, was formed in 1930 as a component of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, succeeding the State of Syria. A treaty of independence was made in 1936 to grant independence to Syria and end official French rule, but the French parliament refused to accept the treaty. From 1940 to 1941, the Syrian Republic was under the control of Vichy France, and after the Allied invasion in 1941 gradually went on the path towards independence. The proclamation of independence took place in 1944, but only in October 1945 was the Syrian Republic de jure recognized by the United Nations; it became a de facto sovereign state on 17 April 1946, with the withdrawal of French troops. It was succeeded by the Second Syrian Republic upon the adoption of a new constitution on 5 September 1950.
Kastro, Thasos
Kastro (Greek: Κάστρο) is a small village in the interior of the Greek island of Thasos. It is believed to be the oldest village on the island. The village name comes from the old castle that existed here to protect the inhabitants (Kastro means "castle"). The village is located in the centre of the island, at a height of 450–500 m above sea level. It can be reached from Limenaria on an asphalt road or from Theologos on a dirt road.

According to the 2011 census, the population of Kastro was 9. By 2018, it had declined to 1.

Dorino I Gattilusio
Dorino Gattilusio (died 30 June 1455) was the fourth Gattilusio Lord of Lesbos from 1428 until his death. He ruled Lesbos at a time of increasing Ottoman power, and his last years were preoccupied with maintaining some measure of independence.
Nebicapone
Nebicapone (developmental code name BIA 3-202) is a catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease but was never marketed. It is a nitrocatechol and is structurally related to entacapone, nitecapone, and tolcapone. The drug shows peripheral selectivity and does not significantly act in the brain. In contrast to the centrally penetrant tolcapone, nebicapone does not potentiate the psychostimulant-like effects of amphetamine in animals. Nebicapone was found to be effective for Parkinson's disease in clinical trials. However, it also showed hepatotoxicity, including elevated liver enzymes. As a result, its development was discontinued by 2014. Nebicapone was first described in the scientific literature by 2000.

Catechol
Catechol (/ˈkætɪtʃɒl/ or /ˈkætɪkɒl/), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2. It is the ortho isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. It was first discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract catechin. About 20,000 tonnes of catechol are now synthetically produced annually as a commodity organic chemical, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Small amounts of catechol occur in fruits and vegetables.
Acton–Northolt line
The Acton–Northolt line (ANL), otherwise known as the New North Main Line (NNML), is a railway line in Greater London, England. Built between 1903 and 1906, it runs from the Great Western Main Line at Old Oak Common TMD to the Chiltern Main Line at South Ruislip, alongside the West Ruislip branch of the London Underground Central line, for a distance of around 11 miles (18 km).

New Works Programme
London transport portal

The New Works Programme of 1935–1940 was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), commonly known as London Transport, which had been created in 1933 to coordinate underground train, tram, trolleybus and bus services in the capital and the surrounding areas. The programme was to develop many aspects of the public transport services run by the LPTB and the suburban rail services of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The investment was largely backed by government assistance as well as by the issuing of financial bonds and was estimated to cost £42,286,000 in 1936 (approximately £3.63 billion today).
Ulawa Island
Ulawa Island is an island in Solomon Islands. It is located near Malaita Island and belongs to Makira-Ulawa Province. 
The island has an area of 65.92 square kilometres (25 square miles).

A hilly island, its highest point is 181 metres (594 feet) above sea level. Average temperatures are around 27 °C year-round, and the island receives an annual average rainfall of some 2,800 mm (110.24 inches).

A dialect of the Sa'a language is spoken on Ulawa Island.

Malaita
Malaita is the primary island of Malaita Province in Solomon Islands. Malaita is the most populous island of the Solomon Islands, with a population of 161,832 as of 2021, or more than a third of the entire national population. It is also the second largest island in the country by area, after Guadalcanal.

The largest city and provincial capital is Auki, on the northwest coast and is on the northern shore of the Langa Langa Lagoon. The people of the Langa Langa Lagoon and the Lau Lagoon on the northeast coast of Malaita call themselves wane i asi ‘salt-water people’ as distinct from wane i tolo ‘bush people’ who live in the interior of the island.

South Malaita Island, also known as Small Malaita and Maramasike for ꞋAreꞌare speakers and Malamweimwei known to more than 80% of the islanders, is the  island at the southern tip of the larger island of Malaita.
Idaho State Highway 40
State Highway 40 (SH-40) is a 2.737-mile-long (4.405 km) state highway in Bannock County, Idaho, United States, that serves the city of Downey. The highway travels due east from an interchange with Interstate 15 (I-15) to an intersection with U.S. Route 91 (US-91) in Downey.

U.S. Route 91
U.S. Route 91 or U.S. Highway 91 (US 91) is a 172.7-mile-long (277.9 km) north–south United States highway running from Brigham City, Utah, to Idaho Falls, Idaho, in the U.S. states of Idaho and Utah. Despite the "1" as the last digit in the number, US 91 is no longer a cross-country artery, as it has mostly been replaced by Interstate 15. The highway currently serves to connect the communities of the Cache Valley to I-15 and beyond. Prior to the mid-1970s, US 91 was an international commerce route from Long Beach, California, to the Canada–US border north of Sweetgrass, Montana. US 91 was routed on the main streets of most of the communities it served, including Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas and State Street in Salt Lake City. From Los Angeles to Salt Lake, the route was built along the corridor of the Arrowhead Trail.  A portion of the highway's former route in California is currently State Route 91.
John Hoadly
John Hoadly (27 September 1678 – 19 July 1746) was an Anglican divine in the Church of Ireland. He served as Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin (1727 to 1730), as Archbishop of Dublin (1730 to 1742), and as Archbishop of Armagh from 1742 until his death.

Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)
The Archbishop of Dublin is a senior bishop in the Church of Ireland, second only to the Archbishop of Armagh. The archbishop is the diocesan bishop of the United Dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough and the metropolitan bishop of the Province of Dublin, which covers the southern half of Ireland, and he is styled Primate of Ireland (the Archbishop of Armagh is the "Primate of All Ireland").

The archbishop's throne (cathedra) is in Christ Church Cathedral in central Dublin. The incumbent, from 11 May 2011, is Michael Jackson who signs as +Michael DUBLIN.
Lloyd McNeill
Lloyd McNeill (born in Washington, D.C.) was a jazz flutist and visual artist based out of New York City.  He is generally recognized as a jazz flutist of eminent ability, alongside James Newton, Yusef Lateef, Sam Rivers, James Moody, Bobbi Humphrey and Eric Dolphy.

James Moody (saxophonist)
James Moody (March 26, 1925 – December 9, 2010) was an American jazz saxophone and flute player and very occasional vocalist, playing predominantly in the bebop and hard bop styles. The annual James Moody Jazz Festival is held in Newark, New Jersey.

Moody had an unexpected hit with "Moody's Mood for Love", a 1952 song written by Eddie Jefferson, which used as its melody an improvised solo that Moody had played on a 1949 recording of "I'm in the Mood for Love". Moody adopted the song as his own, recording it with Jefferson on his 1956 album Moody's Mood for Love and performing the song regularly in concert, often singing the vocals himself.
Itaili
Itaili is a village in Rohaniya block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 41 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,171 people, in 205 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a weekly haat.

The 1961 census recorded Itaili as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 377 people (192 male and 185 female), in 84 households and 83 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 337 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Itaili as having a population of 646 people, in 107 households, and having an area of 122.22 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.

Rohaniya
Rohaniya is a village and corresponding community development block in Unchahar tehsil of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 43 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, Rohaniya has a population of 3,880 people, in 751 households. It has one primary school and One healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Rohaniya (as "Rohania") as comprising 8 hamlets, with a total population of 1,488 people (732 male and 756 female), in 337 households and 335 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,904 acres and was electrified at that point.

The 1981 census recorded Rohaniya as having a population of 2,126 people, in 430 households, and having an area of 770.52 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.
Inferior cervical ganglion
The inferior cervical ganglion is one of the three cervical sympathetic ganglia (i.e. of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk). It is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery.

It is often united with the first (and sometimes the second) thoracic ganglion to form the cervicothoracic ganglion (stellate ganglion).

Thoracic ganglia
The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splanchnic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal structures. The thoracic part of sympathetic trunk lies posterior to the costovertebral pleura and is hence not a content of the posterior mediastinum

Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes.  The white rami communicantes carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk, while the gray rami communicantes carry postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system back to the spinal nerves.
Rushton Park
Rushton Park (also known as Lane Group Stadium under ground sponsorship arrangements) is an Australian rules football ground located in Mandurah, Western Australia. Having been in use as a football ground since the early 1960s, the ground is currently used as a home ground by three clubs: the Peel Thunder, competing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), the Mandurah Mustangs, competing in the Peel Football League (PFL), and the Peel Thunderbirds, competing in the West Australian Women's Football League (WAWFL). Rushton Park is the only regularly-used ground in the WAFL that falls outside the Perth metropolitan area.

Peel Football League
The Peel Football League (PFL) is a country football league based in the Peel region of Western Australia. The competition was formed in 1992 when teams from the Metropolitan Football League and Murray Districts Football League merged. There are currently eight clubs fielding a league reserves and colts team.
Pinnaspis
Pinnaspis, first described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1892, is a genus of scale insects belonging to the family Diaspididae, or armored scale insects. There are currently 42 species within the genus Pinnaspis.

Diaspididae
Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant. These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armored scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died.

Some African Diaspididae are attended by ants of genus Melissotarsus. The ants appear to consume the armored scales because Diaspididae are completely naked when ant-attended; the ant nest itself remains completely hidden under the bark of the tree.
Kolomensky Uyezd
Kolomensky Uyezd (Коломенский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Moscow Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southeastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Kolomna.

Kolomna
Kolomna (Russian: Коломна, IPA: [kɐˈlomnə] ⓘ) is a historic city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka Rivers, 114 kilometers (71 mi) (by rail) southeast of Moscow. Population:  144,589 (2010 census); 150,129 (2002 census); 161,881 (1989 Soviet census).
Streptobacillus
Streptobacillus is a genus of fastidious microaerophilic Gram-negative bacteria, which grow in culture as rods in chains.

Their species associated with infection is S. moniliformis.

Their reported susceptibilities and therapies are penicillin and erythromycin.

Spirillum minus
Spirillum minus is an organism associated with rat-bite fever (specifically sodoku) that has never been fully identified and was assigned to the genus Spirillum in 1887 based on morphology, although it is not a validly published name. As Spirillum species are generally obligately microaerophiles and not found in mammals, this organism may be misclassified. Sequencing data should help to resolve this question.

This organism is presumed to be a bacterium. It stains gram-negative and has a coiled rod shape. It does not grow in vitro, and requires inoculation in animals for growth. No attempts to sequence the organism are known as of 2015.
Morsacanthus
Morsacanthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae. The only species is Morsacanthus nemoralis Rizzini.

It is native to southern Brazil.

The genus name of Morsacanthus is in honour of Walter Baptist Mors (1920–2008), a Brazilian chemist who researched useful plants. The Latin specific epithet of nemoralis means coming from the forest.
Both genus and species were first described and published in Revista Brasil. Biol. Vol.12 on page 261 in 1952.

Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae (/ækænˈθeɪsiːˌaɪ, -siˌi/) is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests.
Jiamusi railway station
Jiamusi railway station (Chinese: 佳木斯站; pinyin: Jiāmùsī Zhàn) is a major passenger railway station serving Jiamusi, Heilongjiang. Jiamusi railway station is also an important railway hub that links other cities in East Heilongjiang.

On opening of the Harbin–Jiamusi intercity railway, it was the easternmost high-speed railway station in China. This title has now been lost to Shuangyashan West railway station.

Shuangyashan West railway station
Shuangyashan West railway station (Chinese: 双鸭山西站) is a railway station in Jixian County, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China. It opened on 6 December 2021 with the Mudanjiang–Jiamusi high-speed railway. It is the easternmost high-speed railway station in China.
Boaty McBoatface
Boaty McBoatface (informally known as Boaty) is part of a fleet of six 'over the horizon' autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) of the Autosub Long Range (ALR) class. Launched in 2017, the ALRs are designed, owned and operated by the National Oceanography Centre in the UK. One of the many features of ALRs is a shore-launch capability.

Boaty and her fleet-mates are part of the UK National Marine Equipment Pool operated and maintained by the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.  The ALRs can contain or carry a wide range of oceanographic instruments and sensors to gather data to help understand ocean current and activity, and ultimately the Earth's climate.

Autonomous underwater vehicle
An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a robot that travels underwater without requiring continuous input from an operator. AUVs constitute part of a larger group of undersea systems known as unmanned underwater vehicles, a classification that includes non-autonomous remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) – controlled and powered from the surface by an operator/pilot via an umbilical or using remote control. In military applications an AUV is more often referred to as an unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV).  Underwater gliders are a subclass of AUVs. Homing torpedoes can also be considered as a subclass of AUVs.
2002 Dagbon chieftaincy crisis
The 2002 Dagbon chieftaincy crisis, also known as the Yendi conflict, was a clash between two feuding factions that occurred at the Gbewaa Palace, Ghana from March 25–27, 2002. It resulted in the killing of Yaa Naa Yakubu II and 40 of his elders.

Yendi
Yendi (Dagbani: Yani, meaning "Seat of the Yaa Naa"), is the traditional capital of the Kingdom of Dagbon and the administrative centre of the Yendi Municipal District in the Northern Region of Ghana. As of 2021, the population of Yendi was 154,421 comprising 76,142 males and 78,279 females. It is the seat of the King of the Dagbon, Ghana's oldest kingdom.
1969 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The 1969 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 38th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18.

Cork entered the championship as defending champions.

On 28 September 1969, Cork won the championship following a 2-7 to 0-11 defeat of Derry in the All-Ireland final. This was their fourth All-Ireland title overall and their third in succession.

1967 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The 1967 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 36th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18.

Mayo entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated by Roscommon in the Connacht final.

On 24 September 1967, Cork won the championship following a 5-14 to 2-3 defeat of Laois in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title overall and their first in six championship seasons.
Bury Hill, Arundel
Bury Hill is an area of West Sussex, England, north of Arundel and south-west of Bury. In the 18th century, its name may have sometimes been spelled Berry or Bery Hill, and it was used as a venue for cricket matches.

Its earliest known definite use for cricket was in June 1730 for a match between the 2nd Duke of Richmond's XI and Sir William Gage's XI. In August 1745, it was used for a match between Sussex and Surrey, the third in a series of matches between the two teams. The area appears to have remained in use for cricket matches until the 1770s, with references to matches which were scheduled to be played on the hill in 1771 and 1774.

Sussex county cricket team (pre-1839)
Until 1838, the Sussex county cricket team, always known as Sussex, was organised by individual patrons and other groups, particularly by Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, in the first half of the 18th century, and by Brighton Cricket Club in the second half. The team played important matches from the early 18th century until the formation of Sussex County Cricket Club on 1 March 1839.
FastPictureViewer
FastPictureViewer is a freemium image viewer for Windows XP and later. Its aim is to facilitate quick review, rating and annotation of large quantities of digital images in the early steps of the digital workflow, with an emphasis on simplicity and speed. As an app with a freemium license, a basic version is available cost-free for personal, non-profit or educational uses, while a commercial license is required for the professional version with additional features. The basic version starts as a full version trial.

Digital Negative
Digital Negative (DNG) is an open source, lossless, well defined camera RAW data container with the goal to replace a range of proprietary, closed source raw image containers.  It has been developed by Adobe and was launched on September 27, 2004. The launch was accompanied by the first version of the DNG specification, plus various products, including a free-of-charge DNG converter utility. All Adobe photo manipulation software (such as Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Lightroom) released since the launch supports DNG.

DNG is based on the TIFF/EP standard format, and mandates significant use of metadata. The specification of the file format is open and not subject to any intellectual property restrictions or patents.
Lassen Street olive trees
The Lassen Street olive trees, also known as 76 mature olive trees, are a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument located along Lassen Street between Topanga Canhon Boulevard an Farralone Avenue in the Chatsworth community of the northwestern San Fernando Valley, in Los Angeles, California.

Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments are sites which have been designated by the Los Angeles, California, Cultural Heritage Commission as worthy of preservation based on architectural, historic and cultural criteria.