hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stenton station
Stenton station is a SEPTA Regional Rail station at 529-599 Vernon Road between Ardleigh and Blakemore Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The station is in zone 2 on the Chestnut Hill East Line, on former Reading Railroad tracks, and is 8.6 track miles from Suburban Station. In 2013, this station saw 430 boardings and 124 alightings on an average weekday.

Suburban Station
Suburban Station is an Art Deco office building and underground commuter rail station in Penn Center in Philadelphia. Its official SEPTA address is 16th Street and JFK Boulevard. The station is owned and operated by SEPTA and is one of the three core Center City stations on the SEPTA Regional Rail and one of the busiest stations in the Regional Rail system.

The station, which was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad to replace the original Broad Street Station, opened on September 28, 1930.
2014 Telkom Knockout
The 2014 Telkom Knockout was the 33rd edition of the Telkom Knockout, a South African cup competition comprising the 16 teams in the Premiership. It took place between October and November 2014. The final was won by SuperSport United, who defeated Platinum Stars.

The final, contested by two relatively poorly-supported teams, is considered one of the best finals in South African soccer history. Stars scored first through Robert Ng’ambi, before Clayton Daniels equalised with a penalty 10 minutes before half-time.

The game reached extra-time with the score 1–1. Daniels scored a second penalty for SuperSport before Stars's Mogakolodi Ngele equalised with a volley from the edge of the area. Stars then earned a penalty, with SuperSports Ronwen Williams saving both the initial penalty from Eleazar Rodgers, and then an excellent save from the rebound attempt.

SuperSport then went up the other end, scoring the winner through Thuso Phala to take the cup.

Carling Knockout Cup
The Carling Knockout Cup is a South African professional soccer knockout competition which comprises the 16 teams in the South African Premiership.  It is the third of the three main cups administered by the PSL along with the MTN 8 and the Nedbank Cup.  The competition was first held in 1982 as the Datsun Challenge, and in 2023 under its current sponsored name.
Gymnanthemum
Gymnanthemum  is a genus of plants in the tribe Vernonieae within the family Asteraceae. Species of the genus are found in Asia, Africa and South America.

Species

Formerly included

numerous species now regarded as members of other genera: Acilepis Decaneuropsis Eremosis Kinghamia Monosis Phyllocephalum Strobocalyx Vernonia

Kinghamia
Kinghamia is a genus of African flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

Species

Kinghamia angustifolia (Benth.) C.Jeffrey

Kinghamia engleriana (Muschl.) C.Jeffrey

Kinghamia foliosa (O.Hoffm.) C.Jeffrey

Kinghamia macrocephala (Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey

Kinghamia nigritana (Benth.) C.Jeffrey
Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs
Penitentiaries, Reformatories, and Chain Gangs: Social Theory and the History of Punishment in Nineteenth-Century America is a non-fiction book written by Mark Colvin. It was published by St. Martin's Press in 1997. In this book, Colvin applies theoretical perspectives to changes in punishment that occurred in the United States penal system during the 19th century.

Reformatory
A reformatory or reformatory school is a youth detention center or an adult correctional facility popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western countries. In the United Kingdom and United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration, and gender following industrialization, as well as from a shift in penology to reforming instead of punishing the criminal. They were traditionally single-sex institutions that relied on education, vocational training, and removal from the city. Although their use declined throughout the 20th century, their impact can be seen in practices like the United States' continued implementation of parole and the indeterminate sentence.
1916 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1916 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1916. Incumbent Republican Governor Rolland H. Spaulding declined to seek re-election. Republican nominee Henry W. Keyes, the former chairman of the state Excise Commission, defeated former State Senator John C. Hutchins, the Democratic nominee, with 53 percent of the vote.

1914 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1914 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1914. Incumbent Democratic Governor Samuel D. Felker declined to seek re-election. Businessman Rolland H. Spaulding won the Republican primary and faced Executive Councilor Albert W. Noone, the Democratic nominee, in the general election. Spaulding defeated Noone in a landslide.
Chief of the Army Staff
Chief of the Army Staff or Chief of Army Staff, which is generally abbreviated as COAS, is a title commonly used for the appointment held by the most senior staff officer or the chief commander in several nations' armies.

Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)

Chief of Army Staff (Ghana)

Chief of the Army Staff (India)

Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)

Chief of the Army Staff (Nigeria)

Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)

Chief of the Army Staff (Sweden)

Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)
The chief of army staff (COAS) has been the title of the professional head of the Nigerian Army since 1966. Prior to 1966, the title was General Officer Commanding, Nigerian Army (GOCNA). Since 1980, the post has been immediately subordinate to the chief of defence staff, the post held by the head of the Nigerian Armed Forces. The position is often occupied by the most senior officer appointed by the president.

The current chief of army staff is Lieutenant General Waidi Shaibu, who succeeded Lieutenant General Olufemi Oluyede, following his appointment as CDS.
Drei Buchen
Drei Buchen is a hill pass in the central Palatine Forest in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It lies in the estate of the village of Ramberg at a height of 403 metres above sea level (NHN). The L 506 state road runs over the pass from Ramberg to Weyher. At the top of the pass is an inn, the Waldhaus Drei Buchen. The name Drei Buchen means "Three Beeches".

Weyher in der Pfalz
Weyher in der Pfalz (German pronunciation: [ˈvaɪɐ ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈpfalts]) is a municipality in Südliche Weinstraße district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany with a stable population of around 500, populated for over 1200 years. It is situated in the foothills of a chestnut tree forest, overlooking the Rhine valley. It is known for its wine production and there are holiday apartments in the village. Ludwig I of Bavaria kept a summer apartment in the cliffs directly overlooking the village, which opens quarterly for village celebrations.
Dave Schultz (amateur wrestler)
David Lesley Schultz (June 6, 1959 – January 26, 1996) was an American Olympic and World champion freestyle wrestler, and a seven-time World and Olympic medalist. He coached individuals and teams at the college level and also privately.

Dave and his brother, wrestler Mark Schultz, both won gold at the same Olympics (1984). The Schultzes were one of three sets of brothers (the others are Buvaisar and Adam Saitiev, and Anatoli and Sergei Beloglazov) to win both World and Olympic championships. The Schultz brothers have won more NCAA, World, and Olympic titles than any other American brother combination in history.

Schultz was employed as a coach by John du Pont, a multimillionaire philanthropist who sponsored the private Foxcatcher wrestling team at an amateur sports center known as Foxcatcher Farm that he set up on his estate in Pennsylvania. In January 1996, Schultz was murdered by du Pont, who was convicted of third-degree murder and sentenced to thirteen to thirty years in prison.

Adam Saitiev
Adam Hamidovich Saitiev, also spelled Saytiev, (Chechen: Адам Хамидович Сайтиев, born December 12, 1977) is a Russian wrestler, who won gold at the 2000 Summer Olympics at 85 kg. Considered to be one of the greatest wrestlers of all time, Adam also won the Wrestling World Championships in 1999 and 2002. His elder brother Buvaisar Saitiev, also a wrestler, was a three-time Olympic champion and six-time World champion.
Prostitution in Kolkata
Prostitution in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) is present in different forms and Kolkata's sex industry is one of the largest in Asia. Prostitution may be brothel-based or non-brothel based as in the case of call girls. India is regarded as having one of the largest commercial sex trades globally. Kolkata has many red-light districts, out of which Sonagachi is the largest red-light district in Asia with more than 50,000 commercial sex workers. According to a 2019 study by the Indian Journal of Public Health reported that West Bengal had the highest number of female sex workers (FSWs) in India, contributing nearly 25% of the country's total estimated 1.82 million FSWs. This suggests that around 455,000 FSWs were in West Bengal at that time.

Kalighat
Kalighat is a locality of South Kolkata, in Kolkata district, West Bengal, India. One of the oldest neighbourhoods in South Kolkata, Kalighat is also densely populated with a history of cultural intermingling with the various foreign incursions into the area over time.
Short Knuckleduster
The Short R.24/31 (or Short S.18 and nicknamed the Knuckleduster) was a British twin-engined, high-wing cantilever gull winged monoplane flying-boat designed and built by Short to Air Ministry specification R.24/31 for a "General Purpose Open Sea Patrol Flying Boat". The contract also specified the use of the experimental Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine. The Saunders-Roe London and the Supermarine Stranraer competed successfully for this contract.

Although it never saw military service, the Knuckleduster provided useful information on the steam-cooling of engines and the handling of monoplane flying-boats; much experimental data gathered contributed to the design of the successful Empire and Short Sunderland aircraft.

Lewis gun
The Lewis gun (or Lewis automatic machine gun or Lewis automatic rifle) is a First World War–era light machine gun. Designed privately in the United States though not adopted there, the design was finalised and mass-produced in the United Kingdom, and widely used by troops of the British Empire during the war. It had a distinctive barrel cooling shroud (containing a finned breech-to-muzzle aluminium heat sink to cool the gun barrel), and top-mounted pan magazine. The Lewis served until the end of the Korean War, and was widely used as an aircraft machine gun during both World Wars, almost always with the cooling shroud removed, as air flow during flight offered sufficient cooling.
2-aminoadipate transaminase
In enzymology, 2-aminoadipate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.39) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are L-2-aminoadipic acid and α-Ketoglutaric acid. Its products are 2-oxoadipic acid and L-glutamic acid.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-2-aminoadipate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, 2-aminoadipate aminotransferase, 2-aminoadipic aminotransferase, glutamic-ketoadipic transaminase, and glutamate-alpha-ketoadipate transaminase.  This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation.  It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins.

Two important transaminase enzymes, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT), are commonly used as indicators of liver and cardiac health.
Agostinho Neto, São Tomé and Príncipe
Agostinho Neto is a settlement in Lobata District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 992 (2012 census). It lies 1.5 km southeast of Guadalupe and 2.5 km west of Conde.

After São Tomé and Príncipe became independent in 1975, the settlement was named after the founding father of Angola, Agostinho Neto. The settlement grew around the plantation complex Roça Rio do Ouro, established in 1865. It is one of the most impressive agricultural structures in the country. There is a museum in the former mansion.

Conde, São Tomé and Príncipe
Conde is a small town in Lobata District on São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 758 (2012 census). The town is located 3 km east of Guadalupe, 3 km northwest of Santo Amaro and 4 km southwest of Micoló.
Rustenburg, North Holland
Rustenburg is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Koggenland, and lies about 5 km southeast of Heerhugowaard.

The village was first mentioned in 1573 as Rustenburch, and means "quiet castle". It may have been a name of an inn. Rustenburg was home to 167 people in 1840. There are three wind mills in Rustenburg.

Koggenland
Koggenland (West Frisian: Koggelân) is a municipality in North Holland province  and the region of West-Frisia of the Netherlands. It came into existence on 1 January 2007 upon the merger of the two former municipalities of Obdam and Wester-Koggenland.

The name of the municipality refers to the historic Kogge from the middle-ages.  A kogge or cogge was a jurisdiction area of several villages or bannen (mostly around 4 or 5).
National Highway 161 (India)
National Highway 161, (may be referred to as NH 161), is a National Highway in India running through the states of Maharashtra and Telangana of India. The National Highway 161 joins the cities of Akola, Washim, Hingoli, Nanded, Degloor, Bichkunda, Pitlam, Nizampet, Shankarampet(A),  Andole, Sanga Reddy and Hyderabad in Central-Southern India with each other.

National Highway 6 (India)
National Highway 6, commonly referred to as NH 6, is a primary national highway in India. The highway passes through the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam, and Mizoram. Before renumbering of national highways NH-6 was variously numbered as old national highways 40, 44, 154 & 54.
Fact and Fancy
Fact and Fancy is a collection of seventeen scientific essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov. It was the first in a series of books collecting his essays from The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, and Asimov's second book of science essays altogether (after Only a Trillion). Doubleday & Company first published it in March 1962. It was also published in paperback by Pyramid Books as part of The Worlds of Science series.

After he had written 200 essays for Fantasy and Science Fiction (out of 399 in the end), Asimov wrote of them "To this day I get more pleasure out of them than out of any other writing assignment I get."

The only essay that did not appear in Fantasy and Science Fiction was "Our Lonely Planet", which first appeared in Astounding Science Fiction.

Only a Trillion
Only a Trillion is a collection of ten science essays and three scientific spoof articles by Isaac Asimov. It was the first collection of science essays published by Asimov. It was first published by Abelard-Schuman in 1957. A paperback edition published by Ace Books in 1976 included updates of outdated material (re-issued in 1980). The book was also published under the title Marvels of Science by Collier Books in 1962.

The title refers to the number of atoms of astatine-215 in the top 10 miles of the Earth's crust of the North and South American continents – only a trillion.
2015 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Grand Prix Series
The 2015 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Grand Prix Series was held over two legs in the cities of Kazan and Brive. France won the championship and qualified for the women's rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Russia finished second and qualified the 2016 Rugby World Women's Sevens Olympic Repechage Tournament. A further seven teams qualified for the 2015 Rugby Europe Women's Sevens Olympic Repechage Tournament.

Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
The women's rugby sevens tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held in Brazil, hosted at the Deodoro Stadium, a temporary outdoor stadium constructed as part of the Deodoro Modern Pentathlon Park in Rio de Janeiro. The tournament was held from 6 August to 8 August 2016, starting with group matches before finishing with the medal ceremony on 8 August.

Australia beat New Zealand 24–17 in the final. Canada secured the bronze medal with a win over Great Britain.
First Presbyterian Church (Valdosta, Georgia)
The First Presbyterian Church in Valdosta, Georgia is a historic Presbyterian church that was built in 1910.  It is located at 313 N. Patterson Street.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

It is the only Classical Revival-style church in Valdosta and was designed by Atlanta architects James W. Butt (d. 1914) and Marshall F. Morris (d. 1921).  The church's front facade, on Patterson Street, has a portico with six Corinthian columns, with dentils and modillions in its cornice and pediment, and decorative terra cotta in the tympanum.  It also has two pedimented cross-gabled pavilions with dentils and modillions on its Magnolia Street facade.

Butt & Norris also designed the Thomas P. Arnold House in Palmetto, Georgia, which also is NRHP-listed.

Valdosta, Georgia
Valdosta is a city in and the county seat of Lowndes County in the U.S. state of Georgia. As the principal city of the Valdosta metropolitan statistical area, which in 2023 had a metropolitan population of 151,118, according to the US Census Bureau its metropolitan area includes Brooks County to the west. With a city population of 55,378 in 2020, Valdosta is the home of Valdosta State University, a regional university in the University System of Georgia with over 12,000 students as of 2021.
2018 Women's European Volleyball League
The 2018 Women's European Volleyball League was the 10th edition of the annual Women's European Volleyball League, which features women's national volleyball teams from 20 European countries.

Unlike previous seasons, the tournament had two divisions: the Golden League, featuring twelve teams, and the Silver League, featuring eight teams.

It also acts as the European qualifying competition for the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Challenger Cup, securing two vacancies for the tournament that will then serve as the qualifying competition for the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.

2018 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup
The 2018 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup was the inaugural edition of the FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup, a new annual women's international volleyball tournament contested by six national teams that acts as a qualifier for the FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League. The tournament was held in Lima, Peru between 20 and 24 June.

Bulgaria won the title, defeating Colombia in the final, and earned the right to participate in the 2019 Nations League replacing Argentina, the last placed challenger team after the 2018 edition. Puerto Rico defeated Peru in the third place match.
Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods or IPMs) are algorithms for solving linear and non-linear convex optimization problems. IPMs combine two advantages of previously-known algorithms:

Theoretically, their run-time is polynomial—in contrast to the simplex method, which has exponential run-time in the worst case.

Practically, they run as fast as the simplex method—in contrast to the ellipsoid method, which has polynomial run-time in theory but is very slow in practice.

In contrast to the simplex method which traverses the boundary of the feasible region, and the ellipsoid method which bounds the feasible region from outside, an IPM reaches a best solution by traversing the interior of the feasible region—hence the name.

Hessian matrix
In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants". The Hessian is sometimes denoted by H or  or  or  or .
Árnafjall
Árnafjall is the highest mountain on the island of Vágar in the Faroe Islands. The highest point is 722 metres (2,369 ft) above sea level. The name Árnafjall translates to the eagles mountain. The mountain lies on the west side of Vágar close to the village of Gásadalur.

There is also a mountain Árnafjall on the island Mykines where the highest point is 350 metres (1,150 ft) above sea level.

Vágar
Vágar (Faroese pronunciation: [vɔːaɹ]; Danish: Vågø) is one of the 18 islands in the archipelago of the Faroe Islands and the most westerly of the large islands. With a size of 178 square kilometres (69 square miles), it ranks third in size, behind Streymoy and Eysturoy. Vágar region also comprises the island of Mykines.

The Vágar island shape is very distinctive, since on maps it resembles a dog's head. The fjord Sørvágsfjørður is the mouth and the lake Fjallavatn is the eye.
Robert Sturton
Christianity portal

Robert Sturton, Vicar of Kinsale and Prebendary of Desertmore, was Dean of Ross, Ireland  from 1591 until 1596.  he was also Archdeacon of Cork from 1593 and died  at Clifton, Bristol on May Day 1596.

Dean of Ross, Ireland
The Dean of Ross is based at the Cathedral Church of St. Fachtna in Rosscarbery in the Diocese of Ross within the united bishopric of Cork, Cloyne and Ross of the Church of Ireland.

The incumbent is Cliff Jeffers.
Aeon of Horus
In the esoteric philosophy of Thelema, the Aeon of Horus, which began in 1904, is the name of the current astrological age, one of twelve in the Great Year. This Aeon is marked by a significant shift in spiritual and societal paradigms, emphasizing self-realization, individualism, and the pursuit of one's True Will. The child god Horus symbolizes this era, representing a break from past dogmas and the dawn of a new age of enlightenment and spiritual awakening.

The Aeon card in the Thoth Tarot deck, designed by Crowley and painted by Lady Frieda Harris, represents the Aeon of Horus. The card, traditionally known as "Judgement" in other decks, symbolizes the transformative and revelatory nature of this new aeon. It depicts Horus and Hoor-paar-kraat, reflecting the themes of rebirth, transformation, and the dawning of a new era of consciousness and spiritual awakening in Thelemic philosophy.

Thoth Tarot
Thoth Tarot is an esoteric tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris for Aleister Crowley. Crowley referred to this deck as The Book of Thoth, and also wrote a 1944 book of that title intended for use with the deck.