hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Niacin test
The niacin test has been widely used since the 1960s to identify mycobacteria at the species level in the clinical laboratory. The niacin test detects niacin (nicotinic acid) in aqueous extracts of a culture. M. tuberculosis strains that test negative for the niacin test are very rare.
Redox reactions happening in Mycobacterium species produce niacin as a part of energy metabolism. Even though all mycobacteria produce niacin, M. tuberculosis accumulates an excess of niacin because of its inability to process niacin, excreting the excess niacin into the culture media, thus allowing it to be detected using the niacin test. The niacin test is typically only conducted on slow-growing, granular, tan colored colonies, as these are the morphology characteristics of M. tuberculosis on an agar plate. Because of its affordability compared to expensive identification methods like pyrosequencing or MALDI-TOF MS that require expensive machines and reagents.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis.

First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive.  Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

The M. tuberculosis genome was sequenced in 1998.
Millerand Island
Millerand Island is a high rugged island 6 km (3 nmi) in diameter, lying 7 km (4 nmi) south of Cape Calmette, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition (1908–1910) under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who thought that it was a cape of the mainland and named it as such after Alexandre Millerand, French statesman.

Cape Calmette
Cape Calmette (68°4′S 67°13′W﻿ / ﻿68.067°S 67.217°W﻿ / -68.067; -67.217) is a cape marking the western extremity of a rocky peninsula which rises more than 625 metres (2,050 ft) and projects from the west coast of Graham Land for 3 nautical miles (6 km) to form the southern shore of Calmette Bay. It was discovered in 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who from a distance mistook this cape for an island; the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–1937, determined the true nature of the feature. It was named by Charcot for Gaston Calmette, editor of Le Figaro, who furnished the French Antarctic Expedition with copies of this newspaper for the two years preceding the expedition.
A History Channel Thanksgiving
"A History Channel Thanksgiving" is the thirteenth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 222nd episode overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 9, 2011. In the episode, the boys accidentally uncover the true origins of Thanksgiving after watching a History Channel documentary alleging that aliens were present at the original harvest feast in 1621. It parodies the television series Ancient Aliens, the 2011 film Thor and for-profit colleges.

The episode was written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA L in the United States.

South Park season 15
The fifteenth season of the American animated sitcom South Park was picked up on January 10, 2011 and began airing on Comedy Central on April 27, 2011 and ended on November 16, 2011. In response to reactions to the mid-season finale episode "You're Getting Old", which seemed to insinuate that creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were wrapping up the series, Comedy Central proclaimed through the media that South Park was renewed for two more seasons, and the duo were signed through 2013. Shortly before the airing of the season finale episode "The Poor Kid", South Park was extended again until 2016, taking the show to 20 seasons. Parker was the director and writer for all episodes, and Robert Lopez was the writer in this eleventh episode for the fifteenth season.
Tuberta
Tuberta is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae, and was first described by Eugène Simon in 1884. As of May 2019 it contains only two species: T. maerens and T. mirabilis. Originally placed with the funnel weavers, it was moved to the Hahniidae in 1967, then to the Cybaeidae in 2017.

Cybaeidae
Cybaeidae is a family of spiders first described by Nathan Banks in 1892. There are small to large sized entelegyne spiders, which are ecribellate. The diving bell spider or water spider Argyroneta aquatica was previously included in this family, but is now in the family Dictynidae. The distribution of this species resembles closely a typical Holarctic biogeography, with all of their species being found in the northern hemisphere. Where they have a tendency to live beneath rocks or woody debris in shaded and cool forest habitats, but they can also be found in caves, ant nests, and moss on tree trunks. They are morphologically defined as spiders which have three claws, a single row of tarsal trichobothria, and posterior lateral spinnerets which lack a cribellum.

Most of the cybaeid genera are very species rich, as they have a large number of very short-range endemic species.
Nakamura Nakazo I
Nakazō I Nakamura (1736 – June 6, 1790)

, also known as Hidetsuru or Sakaeya, was a Japanese kabuki actor.

Nakamura was born in Edo.

He started playing villains at the Nakamura theater, then performed at the Ichimura theater, inventing a new acting style since known as Hidetsuru. He eventually became master of the Shigayama School of Dancing, introducing male roles in the shosagoto dances.

Nakamura died in Edo.

Kabuki
Kabuki (歌舞伎; Japanese pronunciation: [ka.bɯ.kʲi]) is a classical form of Japanese theatre, mixing dramatic performance with traditional dance. Kabuki theatre is known for its heavily stylised performances, its glamorous, highly decorated costumes, and for the elaborate kumadori make-up worn by some of its performers.

Kabuki is thought to have originated in the early Edo period, when the art's founder, Izumo no Okuni, formed a female dance troupe that performed dances and light sketches in Kyoto. The art form later developed into its present all-male theatrical form after women were banned from performing in kabuki theatre in 1629. Kabuki developed throughout the late 17th century and reached its zenith in the mid-18th century.

In 2005, kabuki theatre was proclaimed by UNESCO as an intangible heritage possessing outstanding universal value. In 2008, it was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Gaston Peltier
Gaston Peltier (2 August 1877 – unknown) was a French footballer who played as a Forward and who competed in the football tournament at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, winning a silver medal as a member of the USFSA Olympic team representing France, which was primarily made up of Club Français players.

1898 USFSA Football Championship
The 1898 USFSA Football Championship was the 5th staging of the USFSA Football Championship.

It was played on neutral grounds, in a league system with Standard Athletic Club being proclaimed champions of France after beating Club Français 3–2 in a play-off title-decider, since they had finished level on 18 points.
John Christodoulou
Yiannakis Theophani "John" Christodoulou (born 24 May 1965) is a Monaco-based British Cypriot-born billionaire property developer and the owner of Yianis Group, a privately held company with a portfolio of residential, hotel, retail and leisure properties in the UK and Europe. His Yianis Group employs over 7,000 people in the UK alone. Through Yianis Group, Christodoulou is reportedly one of England's biggest freeholder landlords.

House in multiple occupation
A house in multiple occupation (HMO), or a house of multiple occupancy, is a British English term which refers to residential properties occupied by more than one household which have shared 'common areas'.

Most HMOs have been subdivided from larger houses designed for and occupied by one family. Some housing legislation makes a distinction between buildings occupied mainly on long leases and those where the majority of the occupants are short-term tenants.

The definition of an HMO has its origins in fire safety legislation, following a series of publicised, preventable deaths in overcrowded buildings.
Beat Hotel
The Beat Hotel was a small, run-down hotel of 42 rooms at 9 Rue Gît-le-Cœur in the Latin Quarter of Paris, notable chiefly as a residence for members of the Beat poetry movement of the mid-20th century.

Latin Quarter, Paris
The Latin Quarter of Paris (French: Quartier latin, IPA: [kaʁtje latɛ̃]) is a district in Paris on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne.  Located  in the city's 5th and the 6th arrondissements, it is known for its concentration of universities.

Although there has been some exodus, new schools have appeared, and the Latin Quarter continues to be the heart of the universities, and Grandes écoles that succeeded the University of Paris, including the Sorbonne University, Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris Cité University,  PSL University, Panthéon-Assas University, and Sciences Po.

The area gets its name from the Latin language, which was widely spoken in and around the University during the Middle Ages, after the twelfth century philosopher Pierre Abélard and his students took up residence there.
Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
The declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the Republic of Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot parliament on 15 November 1983.

Eight years after the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus was proclaimed (in 1975), the declaration of North Cyprus was presented to the Turkish Cypriot parliament in North Nicosia by Turkish Cypriot Leader and Northern Cypriot State President Rauf Denktaş on 15 November 1983. Containing text espousing human rights and a desire to live side-by-side with the Greek Cypriot population, it ended with a declaration that Northern Cyprus was an independent and sovereign state, naming the entity the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). The Turkish Cypriot Parliament passed a unanimous resolution later that day ratifying the declaration.

Unilateral declaration of independence
A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) or "unilateral secession" is a formal process leading to the establishment of a new state by a subnational entity which declares itself independent and sovereign without a formal agreement with the state from which it is seceding. The term was first used when Rhodesia declared independence in 1965 from the United Kingdom (UK) without an agreement with the UK.
Herbert Carlin
Herbert J. Carlin (1917–2009) was the J. Preston Levis Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at Cornell University. He served as the director of the School of Electrical Engineering (now the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering) from 1966 to 1975 at Cornell University. He spent a year as a senior research fellow at the Physics Laboratory of the École Normale Supérieure, Paris, and was a visiting professor at several institutions, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Tianjin University in China and University College Dublin.

Carlin also served as chairman of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Professional Group on Circuit Theory and received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984. He received his B.S. degree and his M.S. from the Columbia University. He obtained his doctorate from The Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn where he later became chairman of the Department of Electrophysics.

IEEE Centennial Medal
The IEEE Centennial Medal was a medal minted and awarded in 1984 to persons deserving of special recognition for extraordinary achievement to celebrate the Centennial of the founding of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1884. The medal was designed by sculptor Gladys Gunzer.

The medal obverse shows 1884 in calligraphic writing and 1984 in an LCD font. The medal reverse shows a map of the world and the name of the recipient.
The number of medals minted was 1984, the same as the year of the centenary.
Viçidol
Viçidol (Albanian definite form: Viçidoli) is a village in the Kukës County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tropojë. It is located 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) away from the town of Tropojë and 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) from the border with Kosovo.

Tropojë
Tropojë (Albanian: [tɾɔˈpɔjə]; Albanian definite form: Tropoja) is a municipality in Kukës County, northeastern Albania, within the historical ethnographic region of the Gjakova Highlands. The municipality consists of the administrative units of Bajram Curri, Bujan, Bytyç, Fierzë, Lekbibaj, Llugaj, Margegaj and Tropojë, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Bajram Curri. As of the Institute of Statistics 2023 census, there were 2,560 people residing in the municipal unit Tropojë and 14,189 in the municipality.
Stomaž, Sežana
Stomaž (pronounced [ˈstoːmaʃ]) is a small village in the Municipality of Sežana in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

The local church, built slightly outside the village, is dedicated to Saint Thomas and belongs to the Parish of Vrabče.

Vrabče
Vrabče (pronounced [ˈwɾaːptʃɛ]; Italian: Monte Urabice) is a village in the Municipality of Sežana in the traditional Inner Carniola region of Slovenia. It is now generally regarded as part of the Slovenian Littoral.
Lisa Howard (American actress, born 1975)
Lisa Howard is an American actress and singer. Howard is most known for playing Siobhan in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 and Rona Lisa Peretti in The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee. Spelling Bee went on to win many awards, including the Drama Desk Award for Best Ensemble. She created the character of Jenny in the new Broadway musical It Shoulda Been You, receiving a 
nomination for the 2015 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical.

Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas
Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas is a 1977 television special directed by Jim Henson, based on the 1971 children's book of the same name by Russell Hoban, itself inspired by "The Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry. Jug TV The special features characters from Hoban's novel, in a teleplay adapted by Jerry Juhl, beginning with an introduction by Kermit the Frog, who tells the story of Emmet Otter and his widowed Ma, a poor family of otters who struggle to get Christmas presents for the other as a result of their financial situation. The special was produced by The Jim Henson Company and first premiered on CBC Television on December 4, 1977.

The special received positive reviews from critics and audiences, and would later be syndicated in the years that followed with airings on HBO in 1978 and ABC in 1980. In 2019, it was announced that a film remake of Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas was in the works to be directed by Bret McKenzie.
2022 Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships
The 2022 Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships (Dutch: Nederlandse kampioenschappen indooratletiek 2022) was the 51st edition of the national championship in indoor track and field for the Netherlands, organised by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation. It was held on 26–27 February at the Omnisport Apeldoorn in Apeldoorn. A total of 24 events (divided evenly between the sexes) were contested over the two-day competition.

Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships
The Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships (Dutch: Nederlandse kampioenschappen indooratletiek) is an annual indoor track and field competition organised by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation, which serves as the national championship for the sport in the Netherlands. Typically held over two to three days in February during the Dutch winter, it was first added to the national calendar in 1969, supplementing the main outdoor Dutch Athletics Championships held in the summer since 1910.
Journal of Indigenous Studies
The Journal of Indigenous Studies (French: La Revue des Études Indigènes) was a multilingual, biannual, peer-reviewed academic journal. It was established in 1989 and was sponsored by the Gabriel Dumont Institute, a Métis-directed educational and cultural entity in Saskatoon (Saskatchewan, Canada), affiliated with the University of Regina. The journal's scope was interdisciplinary and cross-cultural, with a focus on indigenous people, from the perspectives of a variety of academic fields, including archaeology, education, law, linguistics, philosophy, and sociology. The journal was one of several Native American newspapers and periodicals under the auspices of the Aboriginal Multimedia Society of Alberta.

While all six volumes were written in English and French, three of them (Nos. 3, 5, and 6) were also in Cree. The last volume was published in 1997.

University of Regina
The University of Regina is a public university located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Founded in 1911 as a private denominational high school of the Methodist Church of Canada, it began an association with the University of Saskatchewan as a junior college in 1925. It disaffiliated from its Methodist founders and fully ceded to the university in 1934; in 1961 it attained degree-granting status as the Regina Campus of the University of Saskatchewan. It became an autonomous university in 1974. The University of Regina is a research university with a focus on experiential learning. Record enrolment was seen in September 2023, with over 16,800 students enrolled.
1987 Virginia Slims of New England
The 1987 Virginia Slims of New England was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Worcester, Massachusetts in the United States and was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1987 WTA Tour. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from November 2 through November 8, 1987. Second-seeded Pam Shriver won the singles title.

1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series
The 1987 Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the 15th season of the tennis circuit since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced in January 1987, and concluded in December 1987 after events.

The Virginia Slims World Championship Series was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). It was held in place of the WTA Tour from 1983 until 1987 and featured tournaments that had previously been part of the Toyota Series and the Avon Series. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF tournaments were not part of the tour, although they awarded points for the WTA World Ranking.
2006 24 Hours of Daytona
The 2006 Rolex 24 at Daytona was a Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series 24-hour endurance sports car race held on January 28–29, 2006 at the Daytona International Speedway road course. The race served as the first round of the 2006 Rolex Sports Car Series. The overall winner of the race was the No. 02 Chip Ganassi/Felix Sabates owned Lexus-Riley Mk XI driven by Scott Dixon, Dan Wheldon, and Casey Mears. The GT class was won by No. 36 Porsche 996 GT3 Cup from TPC Racing, driven by Randy Pobst, Spencer Pumpelly, Michael Levitas, and Ian Baas.

2006 Rolex Sports Car Series
The 2006 Rolex Sports Car Series season was the seventh season of the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, and the fifth season under the sponsorship of Rolex.

It began on January 28 with the 24 Hours of Daytona, and ended on September 2 with the Discount Tire Sunchaser at Miller Motorsports Park. The championship was competed with Daytona Prototypes (DP) and Grand Touring (GT) class cars only, for the second successive season.

Starting with the VIR 400, this season saw the introduction of qualifying races to set the field for the main race. Controversially, these races awarded the same points as a main race, despite being set at just 30 minutes (or 50 miles) in length. With no qualifying session, starting positions for a qualifying race were determined by speeds during a previously designated practice session. After just three unsuccessful runnings, the format was discontinued in the aftermath of a major five-car crash at Phoenix International Raceway.
Keep On Chooglin'
Keep On Chooglin' is a Creedence Clearwater Revival compilation album released in Australasia in 1995, that includes the eponymous track, taken from the album Bayou Country. The meaning of the neologism "choogling" can be found in the lyrics of the song: "...You got to ball and have a good time / And that's what I call chooglin'."

Bayou Country (album)
Bayou Country is the second studio album by the American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR), released by Fantasy Records on January 15, 1969, and was the first of three albums CCR released in that year. Bayou Country reached No. 7 on the Billboard 200 chart and produced the band's first No. 2 hit single, "Proud Mary".
34th New York State Legislature
The 34th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 29 to April 9, 1811, during the fourth year of Daniel D. Tompkins's governorship, in Albany.

Tioga County, New York
Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

The county's name is a corruption of Iroquois De-yoh-ho-gah, meaning "at the forks" or "where it forks."
Patriarch Miron of Romania
Miron Cristea (Romanian pronunciation: [miˈron ˈkriste̯a]; monastic name of Elie Cristea [eˈli.e]; 20 July 1868 – 6 March 1939) was a Romanian cleric and politician.

A bishop in Hungarian-ruled Transylvania, Cristea was elected Metropolitan-Primate of the Orthodox Church of the newly unified Greater Romania in 1919. As the Church was raised to a rank of Patriarchate, Miron Cristea was enthroned as the first Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1925.

In 1938, after Carol II banned political parties and established a royal dictatorship, he chose Cristea to be Prime Minister of Romania, a position in which he served for about a year (between 11 February 1938 and his death on 6 March 1939).

Prime Minister of Romania
The prime minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
Viareggio train derailment
The Viareggio derailment was the derailment and subsequent fire of a freight train carrying liquefied petroleum gas. It occurred on 29 June 2009 in a railway station in Viareggio, Lucca, a city in Central Italy's Tuscany region. Thirty-two people were killed and a further twenty-six were injured.

Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane
Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ferroˈviːe dello ˈstaːto itaˈljaːne]; lit. 'Italian State Railways JSC'; previously only Ferrovie dello Stato, hence the initialism FS) is Italy's national state-owned railway holding company that manages transport, infrastructure, real estate services and other services in Italy and other European countries.