hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Otto Roelen
Otto Roelen (22 March 1897 – 30 January 1993) was a German chemist who pioneered using carbon monoxide to synthesize of organic compounds.

Roelen was born in Mülheim, Germany and studied chemistry and graduated in 1922 from Technische Hochschule Stuttgart. He worked with Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research from 1922. He developed the homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation process (also known as "oxo synthesis") for the industrial synthesis of aldehydes from alkenes and carbon monoxide.

During the second world war he was chief chemist for Ruhrchemie. After the war he described the construction, operation and yields of oxo synthesis plants in detail to British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research interrogators.

Roelen was awarded the Adolf von Baeyer prize by the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker in 1963. In his honor, DECHEMA named the Otto Roelen prize after him.

He died  in Bad Honnef, Germany, at the age of 95.

Franz Joseph Emil Fischer
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (19 March 1877 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 1 December 1947 in Munich) was a German chemist. He was the founder and first director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research. He is known for the discovery of the Fischer–Tropsch process.
Infinite-valued logic
In logic, an infinite-valued logic (or real-valued logic or infinitely-many-valued logic) is a many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous range. Traditionally, in Aristotle's logic, logic other than bivalent logic was abnormal, as the law of the excluded middle precluded more than two possible values (i.e., "true" and "false") for any proposition. Modern three-valued logic (trivalent logic) allows for an additional possible truth value (i.e., "undecided") and is an example of finite-valued logic in which truth values are discrete, rather than continuous. Infinite-valued logic comprises continuous fuzzy logic, though fuzzy logic in some of its forms can further encompass finite-valued logic. For example, finite-valued logic can be applied in Boolean-valued modeling, description logics, and defuzzification of fuzzy logic.

Logical intuition
Logical Intuition, or mathematical intuition or rational intuition, is a series of instinctive foresight, know-how, and savviness often associated with the ability to perceive logical or mathematical truth—and the ability to solve mathematical challenges efficiently. Humans apply logical intuition in proving mathematical theorems, validating logical arguments, developing algorithms and heuristics, and in related contexts where mathematical challenges are involved. The ability to recognize logical or mathematical truth and identify viable methods may vary from person to person, and may even be a result of knowledge and experience, which are subject to cultivation. The ability may not be realizable in a computer program by means other than genetic programming or evolutionary programming.
Doug Clement
Doug Clement (born 15 July 1933) is a Canadian sprinter. He competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the 4 x 440 yards relay at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games alongside Terry Tobacco, Joe Foreman, and Laird Sloan. Clement attended the University of Oregon and University of British Columbia, where he obtained undergraduate and medical degrees respectively. He was also responsible for the introduction of sports medicine to Canada. Along with his wife, Diane, they have both been an integral part of athletics in British Columbia.

BC Sports Hall of Fame
The BC Sports Hall of Fame is a museum located in the BC Place stadium, at Gate A, the main entrance to the stadium, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It collects, preserves, studies and interprets materials that relate to British Columbia's sport history, and allows researchers, writers, media members and sport historians to gain access to and appreciate BC's sporting heritage.

The organization has amassed an extensive artifact and archival collection of artifacts and archival documents related to sports. The museum features galleries on BC sportspeople Terry Fox, Rick Hansen and Greg Moore. It also has several multi-sport galleries including a gallery on Aboriginal sport, the BC professional sports teams, the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, and "In Her Footsteps", a gallery focused on women in sport.
Paragomphus cataractae
Paragomphus cataractae is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in the Kunene River basin in parts of Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Gomphidae
The Gomphidae are a family of dragonflies commonly referred to as clubtails or club-tailed dragonflies. The family contains about 90 genera and 900 species found across North and South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa. The name refers to the club-like widening of the end of the abdomen (abdominal segments 7 through 9). However, this club is usually less pronounced in females and is entirely absent in some species.
Mountain Air Cargo
Mountain Air Cargo (MAC) is an American cargo airline based in Denver, North Carolina. It is a major contract carrier for FedEx Express, operating in the eastern United States and the Caribbean region. Previous turboprop operations in South America have been discontinued by FedEx, which now operates jet aircraft in that area. MAC is one of the largest feeder airlines in the United States. Its main maintenance facility is at Kinston Regional Jetport.  All of the ATR, C408, and C208 aircraft operated by Mountain Air are owned by FedEx Express, and are operated by MAC on a "dry lease" basis.

ATR 72
The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR.
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of 2025.
Ørfjellet
Ørfjellet (Norwegian) or Uvbágájsse (Lule Sami) is the highest mountain in the Saltfjellet mountain range in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in Saltdal Municipality roughly halfway between the lakes Nordre Bjøllåvatnet and Kjemåvatnet. The village of Lønsdal lies about 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) southeast of the mountain.

The mountain has two peaks, the highest being 1,751 metres (5,745 ft). Approximately 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) north of the highest peak is the other peak with height of 1,651 metres (5,417 ft).

Kjemåvatnet
Kjemåvatnet (Norwegian) or Giebbnejávrre (Lule Sami) is a lake that lies in Saltdal Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The 2.64-square-kilometre (1.02 sq mi) lake lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the village of Lønsdal.
United States federal government credit-rating downgrades
Several credit rating agencies around the world have downgraded their credit ratings of the U.S. federal government, including Standard & Poor's (S&P) which reduced the country's rating from AAA (outstanding) to AA+ (excellent) on August 5, 2011.

Nationally recognized statistical rating organization
A nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) is a credit rating agency (CRA) approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to provide information that  financial firms must rely on for certain regulatory purposes.
Boling High School
Boling High School is a public high school serving students grades 9 to 12 located within the Boling-Iago census-designated place in Wharton County, Texas, United States. It is zoned to and attended by students in unincorporated Wharton County including the communities of Boling-Iago, the eastern portion of Hungerford, the boundary running roughly to US 59 Business, Burr, and Newgulf. A small part of the district is within the boundaries of unincorporated Matagorda County, including Pledger. The school is one of the two secondary schools and the only high school serving the Boling Independent School District. It is part of UIL region 3A. In 2022, the school received a "B" rating from the Texas Education Agency.

Boling-Iago, Texas
Boling-Iago (/ˈboʊlɪŋ aɪˈeɪɡoʊ/ BOH-ling eye-AY-goh) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wharton County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,271 as of the 2000 United States census. Boling-Iago is located along Farm to Market Road 1301 about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Wharton, the county seat. Boling is located at the intersection of FM 1301 and Farm to Market Road 442, while the community of Iago is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the northeast at the intersection of FM 1301 and Farm to Market Road 1096. The Boling Independent School District received a Recognized ranking in 2010. The numerous pump jacks and oil tanks in the vicinity indicate that Boling and Iago lie atop oil-bearing rock formations.

Prior to the 2010 census, this CDP was split to form parts of the new Boling and Iago CDPs.
2023 O Gran Camiño
The 2023 O Gran Camiño (English: The Great Way) was a road cycling stage race that took place from 23 to 26 February 2023 in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. The race was rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2023 UCI Europe Tour calendar and was the second edition of the O Gran Camiño.

O Gran Camiño
O Gran Camiño (English: The Great Way), also known as Gran Camiño and the International Galician Tour, is a road cycling stage race held in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. The race is rated as a category 2.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour calendar.

The race returns regular professional cycling to Galicia for the first time since the Tour of Galicia, which was last held as a professional event in 2000; however, the two events are not related. The inaugural edition of the event took place in late February 2022 and consisted of four stages.

The name of the race draws inspiration from the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage to the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia.
Wulfsen horse burial
The Wulfsen horse burial (German: Pferdebestattung von Wulfsen)  is an early medieval horse burial, consisting of three horses, that was discovered in 1974 in a Saxon grave field in the village of Wulfsen, in the German district of Harburg. The find was rescued as a varnish profile, which is on display in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.

Grave field
A grave field is a prehistoric cemetery, typically from Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe.

Grave fields are distinguished from necropoleis by the former's lack of remaining above-ground structures, buildings, or grave markers.
Afunbiowo II
Adebiyi Adegboye Adesida Afunbiowo II (5 September 1950 – 30 November 2013) was a Nigerian monarch who was chosen as the traditional ruler, or Deji, of the Akure Kingdom, based in the city of Akure in Ondo State, Nigeria on 13 August 2010.
State governor Olusegun Mimiko presented him with the staff of office.

Oba (ruler)
Oba (Yoruba: ọba, lit. 'King') is a pre-nominal honorific for kings in Yorubaland, and by extension the Kingdom of Benin.

According to Yoruba mythology, the first oba was Oduduwa, the legendary progenitor of the Yoruba people. Many royal lineages claim descent from him, including that of the Ooni of Ife, Alaafin of Oyo, Awujale of Ijebuland, Oba of Benin, Olu of Warri and many others. Obas served as the spiritual, cultural, and sometimes political leaders of a town, city, or kingdom. In the present day Obas are highly respected figures who trace their lineage back to the earliest Yoruba kingdoms, particularly Ile-Ife, which is considered the spiritual and historical origin of the Yoruba. Although the Benin Kingdom is Edo and not located within Yorubaland, its Oba ruling dynasty traces its origin to Ile-Ife.

The title is distinct from that of Oloye in Yorubaland, which is itself used in like fashion by subordinate titleholders in the contemporary Yoruba chieftaincy system.
Yamaha YZF-R1
The Yamaha YZF-R1, or simply R1, is a 998 cc (60.9 cu in) sports motorcycle made by Yamaha. It was first released in 1998, undergoing significant updates in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2018 and 2020.

Disc brake
A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc (sometimes called a [brake] rotor) to create friction. There are two basic types of brake pad friction mechanisms: abrasive friction and adherent friction.  This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into heat, which must be dissipated to the environment. Disc brakes are found in more sophisticated automobiles and are more expensive to manufacture than a drum brake. Disc brakes are also found on a higher end bicycle.

Hydraulically actuated disc brakes are the most commonly used mechanical device for slowing motor vehicles. The principles of a disc brake apply to almost any rotating shaft. The components include the disc, master cylinder, and caliper, which contain at least one cylinder and two brake pads on both sides of the rotating disc.
Porbandar Bird Sanctuary
Porbandar Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary in the Porbandar District of Gujarat state, India, which was dedicated in 1988.

It is the only bird sanctuary in Gujarat that provides legal protection to the birds which nest there. It is small, only covering 9.33 hectares (0.0933 km2). The sanctuary has a lake attracting migratory birds and other birds such as teals, fowls, flamingos, ibis and curlews.

Porbandar district
Porbandar district is one of the 33 districts of Gujarat state in western India. The district covers an area of 2,316 km2. It had a population of 5.85,449 of which 48.77% were urban as of the 2011 census. This district was carved out of Junagadh district. It lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Porbandar city is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district is surrounded by Jamnagar district and Devboomi Dwarka to the north, Junagadh district and Rajkot district to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west and south.

As of 2011 it is the second least-populous district of Gujarat (out of 33), after Dang.
Tutug oncom
Nasi tutug oncom or sometimes simply called tutug oncom, is an Indonesian style rice dish, made of rice mixed with oncom fermented beans, originally from Tasikmalaya, West Java. It is usually wrapped in banana leaves and served with various side dishes.

Nasi tutug oncom is a Sundanese dish, quite popular in most of cities in West Java, especially Bandung and Tasikmalaya, and also in Greater Jakarta area.

Nasi ulam
Nasi ulam is a traditional rice dish of Betawi, Malay (especially of the northern Malay Peninsular) and Peranakan cuisines that mixes various traditional herbs and vegetables (ulam) mostly the leaves of pegagan (Centella asiatica), kemangi (lemon basil), Vietnamese mint, and torch ginger among other things, accompanied with various side dishes.

This dish is a feature of with many variations and is commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and southern Thailand. Nasi ulam is often served with sambal chilli paste.
Phyllobrostis apathetica
Phyllobrostis apathetica is a moth in the  family Lyonetiidae. Endemic to South Africa, it is only known from Pretoria, its type locality.

The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are white and the hindwings are grey.

Lyonetiidae
Lyonetiidae is a family of moths with around 200 described species. These are small, slender moths, the wingspan rarely exceeding 1 cm. The very narrow forewings, held folded backwards covering the hindwings and abdomen, often have pointed apices noticeably up- or down-turned. The larvae are leaf miners.

The families Bucculatricidae and Bedelliidae are sometimes considered subfamilies of Lyonetiidae.
Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital
Shree Narayan Medical Institute and Hospital, established in 2021, is a self financed medical college and hospital located at Saharsa, Bihar. This college offers the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) courses and has an annual intake capacity of 150. This college is affiliated with the Bihar University of Health Sciences and recognized by the National Medical Commission.

Bihar University of Health Sciences
Bihar University of Health Sciences (abbreviated as BUHS) is a Public medical university in Patna established on 1 July 2022 by the Government of Bihar through the enactment of The Bihar University of Health Sciences Act 2021 (Bihar Act No. 19 of 2021)  to affiliate all the existing health science colleges and institutions, set up by the Government and/or Trust or Society, which were earlier affiliated to the conventional universities in Bihar with a purpose of ensuring proper, systematic and uniform instruction, teaching, training and research in modern and Indians systems of medicine.
Mongmasansŏng
Mongmasansŏng (Korean: 목마산성; Hanja: 牧馬山城; RR: Mongmasanseong) was a Gaya–era ancient Korean fortress in what is now Changnyeong County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. On January 21, 1963, its former site was made Historic Site of South Korea No. 65.

It is not known when exactly the fortress was constructed, although it was likely sometime during the Gaya confederacy's existence (42–562). Many Gaya-era tombs are located around the fortress. During the 1592–1598 Imjin War, the Korean general Kwak Chaeu renovated the fortress. The fortress wall is around 1.9 km (1.2 mi) in length. It is comparatively still intact. Its name refers to raising horses, which was possibly done in the area in the past.

Changnyeong County
Changnyeong County (Korean: 창녕군; RR: Changnyeong-gun) is a county in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.

In the early Three Kingdoms period, Changnyeong was the seat of Bihwa Gaya, a member of the Gaya confederacy which was later conquered by Silla.

The Nakdong River flows through the county.  The Upo wetland, an important ecological resource and tourist attraction, occupies a portion of the river basin.

The county government is located in Changnyeong Town (창녕읍), the largest town and center of the county.

Famous people from Changnyeong include North Korean actress Song Hye-rim and the former mayor of Seoul Park Won-soon.
Eraillure
In lithic analysis (a subdivision of archaeology), an eraillure is a flake removed from a lithic flake's bulb of force, which is a lump left on the ventral surface of a flake after it is detached from a core of tool stone during the process of lithic reduction.  The mechanics of eraillure formation are related to the propagation of a Hertzian cone of force through the cryptocrystalline matrix of the stone, but the particulars are poorly understood. Eraillures usually form only when a hammerstone is used for lithic reduction, and then only occasionally; use of 'soft' hammer fabricators made from bone, antler, and wood produce different flake characteristics but may also produce an eraillure in rare cases.

Cryptocrystalline
Cryptocrystalline is a rock texture made up of such minute crystals that its crystalline nature is only vaguely revealed even microscopically in thin section by transmitted polarized light.  Among the sedimentary rocks, chert and flint are cryptocrystalline. Carbonado, a form of diamond, is also cryptocrystalline. Volcanic rocks, especially of the felsic type such as felsites and rhyolites, may have a cryptocrystalline groundmass as distinguished from pure obsidian (felsic) or tachylyte (mafic), which are natural rock glasses. Agate and onyx are examples of cryptocrystalline silica (chalcedony). The quartz crystals in chalcedony are so tiny that they cannot be distinguished with the naked eye.
Holy Ghost Missionary College, Kimmage Manor, Dublin
The Holy Ghost Missionary College, in Kimmage in Dublin, Ireland, colloquially known as Kimmage Manor, is a Holy Ghost Fathers (Spiritans) institution that has served as a Seminary training missionary priests and spawned two other colleges the Kimmage Mission Institute and the Kimmage Development Studies Centre. The college church, The Church of the Holy Spirit (Kimmage Manor) serves as the parish church.

Kimmage
Kimmage (Irish: Camaigh or Camaigh uisce, meaning "crooked water-meadow", possibly referring to the meandering course of the River Poddle), is a suburb on the south side of the city of Dublin, Ireland.
Kostanjek
Kostanjek (pronounced [kɔˈstaːnjək], German: Kosteinek) is a settlement north of Zdole in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

The local church is dedicated to Saint Vitus and belongs to the Parish of Zdole. It is a Baroque church dating to the early 18th century. Its nave was extended in 1853.

Zdole, Krško
Zdole (pronounced [ˈzdoːlɛ], German: Sdole) is a settlement in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

The parish church in the western part of the village is dedicated to Saint George (Slovene: sveti Jurij) and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. It was built in the 17th century and rebuilt in 1875 in a Neo-Romanesque style.
Mangosteen
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), sometimes rendered mangostan, and commonly known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree with edible fruit native to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It has been cultivated extensively in tropical Asia since ancient times. It is grown mainly in Southeast Asia, southwest India and other tropical areas such as Colombia, Puerto Rico and Florida, where the tree has been introduced. The tree grows from 6 to 25 m (19.7 to 82.0 ft) tall.

The fruit of the mangosteen is sweet and tangy, juicy, somewhat fibrous, with fluid-filled vesicles and an inedible, deep reddish-purple colored rind (exocarp) when ripe. The fragrant edible flesh that surrounds each seed is the endocarp, i.e., the inner layer of the ovary. The seeds are of similar size and shape to almonds.

The genus Garcinia also contains several less-known fruit-bearing species, such as the button mangosteen (G. prainiana) and the charichuelo (G. madruno).

Apomixis
In botany, apomixis is asexual development of seed or embryo without fertilization.

Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, except in nonrecurrent apomixis.  Its etymology is Greek for "away from" + "mixing".

Normal asexual reproduction of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis. In contrast to parthenocarpy, which involves seedless fruit formation without fertilization, apomictic fruits have viable seeds containing a proper embryo, with asexual origin.

In flowering plants, the term "apomixis" is used in a restricted sense to mean agamospermy, i.e. clonal reproduction through seeds. Although agamospermy could theoretically occur in gymnosperms, it appears to be absent in that group.

Some authors included all forms of asexual reproduction within apomixis, but that generalization of the term has since died out.