hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital)
A Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital) (LSTH) was a  Tank Landing Ship (LST) converted to act as a hospital ship, but because they retained armaments they were not officially designated as such. The LST was a vessel designed to beach itself and unload equipment, vehicles, tanks, and troops onto an enemy beach. The convenience of a ship beached ashore proved to be a giant morale booster for the sick and injured, who could simply walk aboard.

Hospital ship
A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

The Second Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits military attacks on hospital ships that meet specified requirements, though belligerent forces have right of inspection and may take  patients, but not staff, as prisoners of war.
Alfred J. Lotka
Alfred James Lotka (March 2, 1880 – December 5, 1949) was a Polish-American mathematician, physical chemist, and statistician, famous for his work in population dynamics and energetics. A biophysicist, Lotka is best known for his proposal of the predator–prey model, developed simultaneously but independently of Vito Volterra. The Lotka–Volterra model is still the basis of many models used in the analysis of population dynamics in ecology.

Population dynamics
Population dynamics is the type of mathematics used to model and study the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems. Population dynamics is a branch of mathematical biology, and uses mathematical techniques such as differential equations to model behaviour. Population dynamics is also closely related to other mathematical biology fields such as epidemiology, and also uses techniques from evolutionary game theory in its modelling.
Allan Kwartler
Allan S. Kwartler (nicknamed "Doc"; September 10, 1917 – November 11, 1998), born in New York City, was an American sabre and foil fencer. He was Pan-American sabre champion, 3-time Olympian, and twice a member of sabre teams that earned 4th-place in Olympic Games (1952, 1960).

Sabre
A sabre or (American English) saber (/ˈseɪbər/ SAY-bər) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central European cavalry such as the hussars, the sabre became widespread in Western Europe during the Thirty Years' War. Lighter sabres also became popular with infantry of the early 17th century. In the 19th century, models with less curving blades became common and were also used by heavy cavalry.

The military sabre was used as a duelling weapon in academic fencing in the 19th century, giving rise to a discipline of modern sabre fencing (introduced in the 1896 Summer Olympics) loosely based on the characteristics of the historical weapon.
Bussa language
Bussa, or Mossiya, is a Cushitic language spoken in the Dirashe special woreda of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region located in southern Ethiopia. The people themselves, numbering 18,000 according to the 2007 census, call their language Mossittaata.

Blench (2006) reclassified Bussa from the Dullay to Konsoid branch of Cushitic, but left the Mashole, Lohu, and Dobase (D'oopace, D'opaasunte) dialects in Dullay as the Dobase language. He considers Mashile (Mashelle) to be a distinct language within Konsoid.

Bussa is highly influenced by surrounding Cushitic and Omotic languages and should be considered endangered according to Gurmu (2005). Speakers of the North Bussa variety are shifting to Oromo, Dirasha or Amharic, whereas speakers of the West Bussa variety are shifting to the Omotic languages Zargulla, Zayse and Gamo. Important factors for the ongoing language shift include intermarriage with other ethnic groups and heavy contact with neighbouring people.

Zayse-Zergulla language
Zayse-Zergulla is the combined title for the two closely related dialects of Zayse (also Zaysete, Zaisse, Zaysite, Zaysse) and Zergulla (or Zergula). The division may be more along ethnic or geographic lines than linguistic. It is an Afro-Asiatic Omotic language, and is spoken in the southwestern part of Ethiopia, to the immediate west of Lake Chamo. It is similar to the Gidicho dialect of the Koorete language.

For language examples, see Amha, Azeb. 2017. “Documentation of house-construction and terrace farming in Zargulla, an endangered Omotic language.” Endangered Languages Archive. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2196/196bdd35-3bdb-49aa-bd39-e1741ae69f95. Accessed on 17 October 2023
2024 Cumberland book ban
The 2024 Cumberland book ban was a controversial fifteen-day ban of same-sex parenting books from the eight libraries in the Cumberland City Council's public library system in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The ban was enacted by the council on 1 May and was rescinded on 15 May. The ban led to a wider discussion of book censorship in Australian libraries.

Cumberland City Council
Cumberland Council, trading as Cumberland City Council, is a local government area located in the western suburbs of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Council was formed on 12 May 2016 from the merger of parts of the Cities of Auburn, Parramatta (Woodville Ward), and Holroyd.

The Council comprises an area of 72 square kilometres (28 sq mi) and as of the 2021 census had a population of 235,439.

The first Special Meeting of Cumberland Council was held on 19 May 2016 at the Granville Town Hall, and the council currently meets at the Merrylands Administration Centre.

The current mayor is Ola Hamed  of the Australian Labor Party, elected on 16 October 2024.
Red Figure Pelike with an Actor Dressed as a Bird
The Red Figure Pelike with an Actor Dressed as a Bird is a ceramic vessel from the Attic region of Greece that is dated to between 430–420 BC. It is decorated using the red-figure technique and depicts a continuous scene from Greek old comedy. This vessel is currently housed in the Michael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Due to compositional and stylistic similarities, the Red Figure Pelike with an Actor Dressed as a Bird is often compared to a calyx-krater that was previously housed in the J. Paul Getty Museum until it was returned to the Italian Ministry of Culture in 2007.

Phallus
A phallus (pl.: phalli or phalluses) is a penis (especially when erect), an object that resembles a penis or a mimetic image of an erect penis. In art history, a figure with an erect penis is described as ithyphallic.

Any object that symbolically—or, more precisely, iconically—resembles a penis may also be referred to as a phallus; however, such objects are more often referred to as being phallic (as in "phallic symbol"). Such symbols often represent fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ, as well as the male orgasm.
Globoko, Laško
Globoko (pronounced [ɡlɔˈbɔːkɔ]) is a settlement on the left bank of the Savinja River, opposite Rimske Toplice in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. The railway line from Zidani Most to Celje runs through the settlement. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Zidani Most
Zidani Most (pronounced [ˈziːdani ˈmoːst]; German: Steinbrück) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies at the confluence of the Sava and Savinja rivers. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region. It is an important railway station and junction.
2007–08 Seattle SuperSonics season
The 2007–08 Seattle SuperSonics season was the 41st and final season of the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the franchise's final season of play in Seattle before relocating to Oklahoma City to play as the Thunder. With the hiring of new head coach P. J. Carlesimo as replacement of Bob Hill, who was fired at the end of the previous season, the SuperSonics finished in 15th and last place in the Western Conference with a franchise worst 20–62 record. Seattle's first round draft pick and number two overall Kevin Durant was chosen as the Rookie of the Year at the end of the season.

Bob Hill
Robert W. Hill (born November 24, 1948) is an American basketball coach. Hill grew up in Mount Sterling, Ohio, moving to Worthington, Ohio, for high school. Hill attended Bowling Green State University.
John Tait (architect)
John Tait (1787-1856) was a Scottish architect operating in the first half of the 19th century responsible for several fine streets in Edinburgh all of which are listed buildings. One of his creations, 15 Rutland Square, houses the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland.

Archibald Elliot
Archibald Elliot (August 1761 – 16 June 1823) was a Scottish architect based in Edinburgh. He had a very distinctive style, typified by square plans, concealed roofs, crenellated walls and square corner towers. All may be said to derive from the earlier local example of Melville Castle by James Playfair. Many of his works have been demolished.
Carbolic soap
Carbolic soap, sometimes referred to as red soap, is a mildly antiseptic soap containing carbolic acid (phenol) and/or cresylic acid (cresol), both of which are phenols derived from either coal tar or petroleum sources.

Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

Soaps are often produced by mixing fats and oils with a base. Humans have used soap for millennia; evidence exists for the production of soap-like materials in ancient Babylon around 2800 BC.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 146
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 146 (P. Oxy. 146 or P. Oxy. I 146) is a receipt, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 15 November 555. Currently it is housed in the Egyptian Museum (10076) in Cairo.

Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (Egyptian Arabic: المتحف المصرى, romanized: al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi]) and also called the Cairo Museum or the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (EMC), is a national history museum in Cairo, Egypt.

An Egyptological museum, it houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world, including over 170,000 items. The Egyptian Museum occupies a building constructed in 1901 on Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, and is one of the largest museums in Africa as well as the first national museum of the Middle East.
Emilio Pericoli
Emilio Pericoli (7 January 1928 – 9 April 2013) was an Italian singer. He was born in Cesenatico, Romagna, Italy.

Pericoli's success was closely tied to the Sanremo Festival. He recorded a cover version of the song, "Al di là", by festival winner Betty Curtis. The song was an international success, hitting the charts in the U.S. (No. 3 AC, No. 6 Pop) and No. 30 in UK. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.

In 1962, Pericoli entered the festival himself. Together with composer Tony Renis he sang the ballad "Quando, quando, quando", featured in the movie The Easy Life, which initially failed to chart, but later became one of the best-known Italian hits.

A year later, Pericoli returned to San Remo with Renis again, with the song "Uno per tutte". He placed among the winners, and won a spot in the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest, where he came third, behind the winners Grethe and Jorgen Ingmann and runner-up Esther Ofarim.

He died in Savignano sul Rubicone, aged 85.

Esther Ofarim
Esther Zaied, better known by her married name Esther Ofarim (Hebrew: אסתר עופרים; born June 13, 1941), is an Israeli singer. She came second in the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "T'en va pas", representing Switzerland. After marrying Abi Ofarim in 1958, she was half of the husband-and-wife folk duo Esther & Abi Ofarim in the 1960s. After the couple divorced, she undertook a successful solo career.
Deccan States Agency
The Deccan States Agency, also known as the Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency, was a political agency of India, managing the relations of the Government of India with a collection of princely states and jagirs (feudal 'vassal' estates) in western India.

Savanur State
Savanur State, Nawab of Savanur was one of the princely states in British India. The last ruler of the state acceded to the Dominion of India on 8 March 1948, becoming part of the Bombay State. Later in 1956, it transferred to Mysore State in what is now Karnataka.

Savanur is also famous for Baobab trees planted there in ancient period. It is locally called Dodda Hunise Mara.
History of Muskogee
The history of Muskogee refers to the history of the region in which the city of Muskogee, Oklahoma now lies. Muskogee's history begins before its official incorporation in 1898. Prior to becoming an incorporated city, it was named in honor of the Creek Nation in the 19th century. It was opened to white settlers with the Land Run.

Ohio native Charles N. Haskell helped establish the city as a major economic hub in eastern Oklahoma in the 20th century. Today, with a population of over 38,000, it is the eleventh largest city in the state.

Muskogee, Oklahoma
Muskogee (/məˈskoʊɡiː/) is the 13th-largest city in Oklahoma and is the county seat of Muskogee County.  It lies approximately 48 miles (77 km) southeast of Tulsa. The population of the city was 36,878 as of the 2020 census, a 6.0% decrease from 39,223 in 2010.
Thales (painter)
Thales of Sicyon (Ancient Greek: Θαλῆς) was an ancient Greek painter who is mentioned with the epithet megalophyes, genius by Diogenes Laërtius (i. 38), on the authority of Demetrius Magnes. In the same passage, Diogenes speaks of another Thales, as mentioned in the work of Duris on painting; it may be presumed, therefore, that this Thales was a painter, but whether the two were different persons, or the same person differently mentioned by Demetrius and by Duris, cannot be determined.

He is placed by a late Byzantine writer, Theodore Hyrtacenus, on a level with Pheidias and Apelles.

Apelles
Apelles of Kos (/əˈpɛliːz/; Ancient Greek: Ἀπελλῆς; fl. 4th century BC) was a renowned painter of ancient Greece. Pliny the Elder, to whom much of modern scholars' knowledge of this artist is owed (Naturalis Historia 35.36.79–97 and passim), rated him superior to preceding and subsequent artists. He dated Apelles to the 112th Olympiad (332–329 BC), possibly because he had produced a portrait of Alexander the Great.
Massimiliano Massimo
Massimiliano Massimo (3 January 1849 – 6 May 1911) was an Italian Jesuit. He founded the Istituto Massimiliano Massimo at first dedicated to the Virgin Mary and now named after him.

His father was Prince Vittorio Emanuele (Camillo IX) of Rome. He traced his descent from Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus.

He was taught by the Jesuit astronomer Angelo Secchi, and joined the Jesuits in 1868, being ordained in 1876. He later inherited the Palazzo Peretti and, in 1879, made it available to the Jesuits for the re-foundation of a school to continue the Roman College's work in secondary education.

His works including supporting orphans and prison inmates, guiding the congregation of the church of Saint Ignazio, and taking part in the meetings of the Lazio regional committee of the Opera dei Congressi for the organization of the XI Italian Catholic Congress held in Rome and for the episcopal jubilee of Leo XIII.

Angelo Secchi
Angelo Secchi S.J. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo ˈsekki]; 28 June 1818 – 26 February 1878) was an Italian Catholic priest and astronomer from the Italian region of Emilia. He was director of the observatory at the Pontifical Gregorian University (then called the Roman College) for 28 years. He was a pioneer in astronomical spectroscopy, and was one of the first scientists to state authoritatively that the Sun is a star.
Gossip (Sleeping with Sirens album)
Gossip is the fifth studio album by American rock band Sleeping with Sirens. The album was released on September 22, 2017, through Warner Bros. Records and follows the band's fourth studio album Madness (2015). It is the first release since the band's departure from Epitaph Records. The lead single, "Legends", was released on July 14, 2017.

Madness (Sleeping with Sirens album)
Madness is the fourth studio album by American rock band Sleeping with Sirens. The album was released on March 17, 2015, through Epitaph Records. The album was self-produced by the band and John Feldmann. The album is the band's first release following their departure from Rise Records in 2014. It is their first album record to feature guitarist Nick Martin of D.R.U.G.S. and Underminded who replaced former guitarist Jesse Lawson. Madness was preceded by lead single "Kick Me" as well as a string of digital singles. The album continues the band's progression to a more pop rock–style sound, but retains some post-hardcore influences on tracks.
Geogenanthus ciliatus
Geogenanthus ciliatus is a flowering plant species in the family Commelinaceae (the dayflower & spiderwort family).  As currently circumscribed, the genus Geogenanthus includes two other species, G. poeppigii and G. rhizanthus.

Geogenanthus
Geogenanthus is a genus of plants with 3 species in the family Commelinaceae (the spiderwort and dayflower family).  The genus is distributed from Colombia to Amazonian Peru and Brazil. Two of its species (Geogenanthus ciliatus and Geogenanthus poeppigii) are occasionally found in the horticultural trade as house plants.
Confitería del Molino
The Confitería del Molino (Spanish: The Mill) is an historical Art Nouveau style confitería (coffeehouse) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, located in front of the Palace of the National Congress and the Congressional Plaza, on the intersection of Callao and Rivadavia avenues in the barrio of Balvanera.

It first opened on 9 July 1916 and closed in 1997, the year when it was declared a National Historic Monument by the Argentine Congress. In recent years it has become dilapidated and derelict. In 2014, a law passed by Congress expropriated the coffeehouse and mandated its restoration; restoration efforts began in 2016 and are, as of 2022, nearing completion

Palace of the Argentine National Congress
The Palace of the Argentine National Congress (Spanish: Palacio del Congreso de la Nación Argentina, often referred locally as Palacio del Congreso or simply Congreso) is a monumental building, seat of the Argentine National Congress, located in the city of Buenos Aires. It is located in the barrio of Balvanera at its limit with Monserrat, an area informally known as the Congreso neighbourhood.

Constructed between 1898 and 1906, the palace is a National Historic Landmark. The Kilometre Zero for all Argentine National Highways is marked on a milestone at the Congressional Plaza, next to the building.
John T. Coughlin
John T. Coughlin (January 1, 1873–June 13, 1936) was an American politician who served as mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts.

Coughlin was born in Fall River on January 1, 1873, to Thomas and Margaret (Foley) Coughlin. One of Coughlin's cousins, John W. Coughlin, served as Fall River mayor from 1891 to 1894. Coughlin read law in the office of Hugh A. Dubuque and graduated from the Boston University School of Law in 1900.

In 1904, Coughlin defeated Fall River Mayor George Grime by 749 votes. In 1908 he was urged to run for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, but did not believe he was ready for a statewide race. He was a candidate in the 1909 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, but was defeated at the Democratic state convention by James H. Vahey 384 votes to 198. Coughlin did not run for reelection in 1910 and was succeeded by Thomas F. Higgins. Coughlin died on June 13, 1936, at Baker Memorial Hospital following an operation.

John W. Coughlin
John W. Coughlin (June 9, 1861 – December 2, 1920) was an American physician and politician who served as Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts.

Coughlin was born in Fall River on June 9, 1861, to William and Abbie Coughlin.

Coughlin studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, Maryland.

Coughlin was elected Mayor of Fall River in 1890.

Coughlin represented Massachusetts' thirteenth Congressional District at the 1892 Democratic National Convention.

Coughlin died in Fall River on December 2, 1920.
Central Hindu Girls School
Central Hindu Girls School, also known as C.H.G.S and Girls School, is a girls secondary school (day school) in Gurubagh, Bhelupur, Varanasi (India). It was established in 1904 by Dr. Annie Besant.

Central Hindu Girls School (CHGS) is now an integral part of Banaras Hindu University and one of the oldest institutions for girls' education in the city. The school is 117 years old. Nursery and Primary Section(class I to V) has a separate co-ed campus in kolhua. After that, from class 6th onwards, the girls are separately taught in the Central Hindu Girls School, Kamachha Varanasi.

Fifth grade
Fifth grade (also 5th Grade or Grade 5) is the fifth or sixth year of formal or compulsory education. In the United States, this is mostly the last grade of primary school, but for some states, it could be the first year of middle school. Primary school generally goes from Kindergarten and ends in fifth or sixth grade. Students in fifth grade are usually 10–11 years old. In different countries, they have different names for fifth grade. The list of different versions is below, depending on the country.
Sibirocosa sibirica
Sibirocosa sibirica is a species of wolf spider. It has a fairly wide distribution in Siberia: from the Putorana Plateau east to the Chersky Range and south to northern Transbaikal.

This spider has a body length of up to 6.5 mm. It is usually brown in colour, though it is quite variable. There are few external distinguishing marks although the male has a light coloured heart-shaped mark and two rows of white spots on the abdomen. It can only be distinguished with certainty from related species by details of the genitalia.

Wolf spider
Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae (from Ancient Greek  λύκος (lúkos) 'wolf'), named for their robust and agile hunting skills and excellent eyesight.

They live mostly in solitude, hunt alone, and usually do not spin webs. Some are opportunistic hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or chasing it over short distances; others wait for passing prey in or near the mouth of a burrow.

Wolf spiders resemble nursery web spiders (family Pisauridae), but wolf spiders carry their egg sacs by attaching them to their spinnerets, while the Pisauridae carry their egg sacs with their chelicerae and pedipalps.

Two of the wolf spider's eight eyes are large and prominent; this distinguishes them from nursery web spiders, whose eyes are all of roughly equal size. This can also help distinguish them from the similar-looking grass spiders.