hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of Jerusalem
This is a timeline of major events in the history of Jerusalem; a city that has been fought over sixteen times over millennia. During its history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.

Antigonus II Mattathias
Antigonus II Mattathias (Ancient Greek: Ἀντίγονος Antígonos; Hebrew: מַתִּתְיָהוּ‎, Mattīṯyāhū), also known as Antigonus the Hasmonean (died 37 BCE) was High Priest of Israel, and also the last Hasmonean king of Judea. He was the son of King Aristobulus II of Judea. In 37 BCE Herod handed him over to the Romans for execution, after Antigonus's three-year reign during which he led the Jews' fierce struggle for independence against the Romans.
Młotkowice
Młotkowice [mwɔtkɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda Maleniecka, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-west of Ruda Maleniecka, 17 km (11 mi) south-west of Końskie, and 40 km (25 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Ruda Maleniecka
Ruda Maleniecka [ˈruda malɛˈɲɛt͡ska] is a village in Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Ruda Maleniecka. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Końskie and 41 km (25 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.
PhoneDog v. Kravitz
PhoneDog v. Kravitz, No. 11-03474 (N.D. Cal. November 8, 2011), was a case in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California about whether Twitter accounts and their passwords could be company property or trade secrets. In this case a mobile device news website PhoneDog sued Noah Kravitz, its former employee, after Kravitz refused to turn over password information for the Twitter account he developed and cultivated during his employment. When Kravitz asked the court to dismiss this case, the court held that Twitter accounts and their passwords (as described by PhoneDog) could constitute trade secrets and that failure on behalf of the employee to relinquish an account could constitute misuse of a trade secret or "trade secret misappropriation." This case is often cited in arguments for the importance of including clauses about social media account ownership in employment contracts.

Tortious interference
Tortious interference, also known as intentional interference with contractual relations, in the common law of torts, occurs when one person intentionally damages someone else's contractual or business relationships with a third party, causing economic harm. As an example, someone could use blackmail to induce a contractor into breaking a contract; they could threaten a supplier to prevent them from supplying goods or services to another party; or they could obstruct someone's ability to honor a contract with a client by deliberately refusing to deliver necessary goods.

A tort of negligent interference occurs when one party's negligence damages the contractual or business relationship between others, causing economic harm, such as by blocking a waterway or causing a blackout that prevents the utility company from being able to uphold its existing contracts with consumers.
Hibret
Hibret(Ge'ez: ሕብረት), is a village town in Asgede district in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia located 52 km west of Shire in the way from Inda Aba Guna to Hitsats. The town is the administrative center of the Hibret subdistrict (tabia) home to more than 10,000 residents. During the Tigray war on 29 April 2021, more than 20 civilians were killed by the Ethiopian National Defence Forces in this village town.

Hitsats
Hitsats(Ge'ez: ሕፃፅ), is a village town in Asgede district in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia located 48 km west of Shire in the Shire - Dedebit - Dansha highway.

The town is the administrative center of the Hitsats subdistrict (tabia) and the place of the Hitsats Refugee Camp. Following the genocidal war in Tigray in November 2020, more than 300 civilians were massacred by the Eritrean Defence Forces who entered supporting the Ethiopian National Defence Force.
Cocoon jar
Cocoon jars or Cocoon-shaped jars are Chinese funerary pottery vessels, belonging to the period of the 1st millennium BCE. The shape is similar to the Cypriot Barrel-shaped jugs, as is generally the decoration, with vertical bands across the breadth of the vessels. The earliest type of cocoon-form jar in China dates to the Western Zhou period (99-771 BCE), either in ceramic or in bronze. The Qin dynasty period has many of them, particularly in relation with the Mausoleum of the First Emperor. It has been suggested that the Chinese obtained this design from nomadic people, especially the Rong and Di cultures, through the medium of the steppes of Central Asia.

Western Han dynasty cocoon vessel  (206 BCE-8 CE).

Cocoon vessel, Han dynasty

Cocoon-shaped vessel, Han dynasty  (206 BCE–220 CE)

Eastern Han coccon jar, 1st century CE

Cocoon-Shaped Jar, Han dynasty, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Western Zhou
The Western Zhou (Chinese: 西周; pinyin: Xīzhōu; c. 1046 – 771 BC) was a period of Chinese history corresponding roughly to the first half of the Zhou dynasty. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended in 771 BC when Quanrong pastoralists sacked the Zhou capital at Haojing and killed King You of Zhou. The "Western" label for the period refers to the location of the Zhou royal capitals, which were clustered in the Wei River valley near present-day Xi'an.

The early Zhou state was ascendant for about 75 years; thereafter, it gradually lost power. The former lands of the Shang were divided into hereditary fiefs that became increasingly independent of the Zhou king over time. The Zhou court was driven out of the Wei River valley in 771 BC: this marked the beginning of the Eastern Zhou period, wherein political power was wielded in actuality by the king's nominal vassals.
Bigelow Commercial Space Station
The Bigelow Next-Generation Commercial Space Station was a private orbital space station under conceptual development by Bigelow Aerospace in the 2000s and 2010s. Previous concepts of the space station had included multiple modules, such as two B330 expandable spacecraft modules as well as a central docking node, propulsion, solar arrays, and attached crew capsules. However it was also suggested that each B330 can operate as an independent space station. Attaching a B330 to the International Space Station or flying a B330 alone have been suggested by Robert Bigelow.

On 8 April 2016, NASA launched a Bigelow inflatable module and attached it to the ISS, where it has been tested for over four years.

United Launch Alliance
United Launch Alliance, LLC (ULA) is an American launch service provider formed in December 2006 as a joint venture between Lockheed Martin Space and Boeing Defense, Space & Security. The company designs, assembles, sells and launches rockets. The company uses rocket engines, solid rocket boosters, and other components supplied by other companies.

When founded, the company inherited the Atlas V rocket from Lockheed Martin and the Delta rocket family from Boeing. As of 2024, the Delta family has been retired and the Atlas V is in the process of being retired. ULA began development of the Vulcan Centaur in 2014 as replacement for both the Atlas and Delta rocket families. The Vulcan Centaur completed its maiden flight in January 2024.

The primary customers of ULA are the Department of Defense (DoD) and NASA, but it also serves commercial clients.
Shepherd Rams football
The Shepherd Rams football program represents Shepherd University in college football at the NCAA Division II level in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference. Shepherd has played its home games at Ram Stadium since 1959.

Ram Stadium
Ram Stadium is a 5,000-seat stadium in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. It is home to the Shepherd University Rams football and lacrosse teams.

The stadium was built in 1959 and renovated several times, most recently in 2000.
Phaidra Knight
Phaidra Knight (born July 4, 1974) is an American former rugby union footballer who was a member of the United States national team from 1999 to 2017. She participated in the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup, and won All-World Team honors in the first two World Cups.

She was named USA Rugby's Player of the Decade in 2010. On October 26, 2017, World Rugby announced that she would be inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame on November 10 of that year, with the ceremony held at the Hall's facility in Rugby, England. Knight is an open lesbian sportswoman.

World Rugby Hall of Fame
The World Rugby Hall of Fame (formerly the IRB Hall of Fame) recognises special achievement and contribution to the sport of rugby union. The World Rugby Hall of Fame covers players, coaches, administrators, match officials, institutions and other individuals. The Hall of Fame recognises the history and important contributions to the game, through one or more induction ceremonies that have been held annually except in 2010. The permanent physical home of the Hall of Fame was based at the Rugby Art Gallery, Museum & Library in Rugby, Warwickshire from 2016 until 2021.
O'Day (crater)
O'Day is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It intrudes into the northwestern edge of Mare Ingenii, and the rim is lower on that side. To the northwest is the crater pair of Holetschek and Sierpinski. Southwest of O'Day lies the crater Seidel. It is named in honour of the American physicist Marcus O'Day.

The crater rim of O'Day remains sharp-edged, and the inner wall is terraced, especially in the northwestern half away from the mare. A small crater lies across the southern rim, and a tiny craterlet is located in the low inner rim between the crater and the mare. The floor is rough and irregular, with a double-peak at the midpoint.

Due to its prominent rays, O'Day is mapped as part of the Copernican System.

Holetschek (crater)
Holetschek is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon, to the south-southeast of the huge walled plain Gagarin. To the east of Holetschek is the crater Sierpinski. To the west-southwest is the larger satellite crater Holetschek R.

The perimeter of this crater forms a nearly symmetric circle, with a slight outward bulge to the south-southeast. The rim is not significantly eroded, but a small craterlet is attached to the northern rim, joining it to the satellite crater Holetschek Z to the north. The inner walls are slumped in places, forming a pile of talus along the western base. The interior floor is otherwise relatively featureless.
Hasangazi
Hasangazi (formerly Lu'lu'a, Lulu, or Lüle) is a village of the Ulukışla District, Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Its population is 828 (2022). It is located 16 km east of Ulukışla and 70 km south of Niğde.

The town is rumored to be named after a war veteran of the Turkish War of Independence but its name was stated as Esengazi in old Ottoman documents a few centuries before the war. In recent years, the town has experienced a seasonal population increase as residents of Mersin and Adana have fled the heat of the cities. The village is served by the Turkish State Railways station Gümüş.

Niğde
Niğde (Turkish pronunciation: [ni:de]; Ancient Greek: Νίγδη; Hittite: Nahita, Naxita) is a city and is located in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Niğde Province and Niğde District. Its population is 170,511 (2022). It lies at an elevation of 1,276 m (4,186 ft).

The city is small with plenty of green space and gardens around the houses. Its people generally tend to be religious and conservative.

Medieval monuments are scattered about the centre of the town, especially around the market place.

The nearest airport is Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport (NAV) which is 90.6 km (50.6 miles) away.
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was generally perceived as covering that of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from which it evolved. In 1912, the party formally split, and the predecessor to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union became a distinct entity. Its history since then can roughly be divided into the following periods:

the early years of the Bolshevik Party in secrecy and exile

the period of the October Revolution of 1917

consolidation of the party as the governing force of the Soviet Union

the Great Purge of the 1930s

the Khrushchev and Brezhnev periods (1956–1982)

the Gorbachev era of reform (1985–1991), which eventually led to the break-up of the party in 1991. The history of the regional and republican branches of the party does however differ from the all-Russian and all-Union party on several points.

Premier of the Soviet Union
The Premier of the Soviet Union (Russian: Глава Правительства СССР) was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). From 1923 to 1946, the name of the office was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, and from 1946 to 1991 its name was Chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, its name was briefly Prime Minister and later Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. The first Soviet premier was the country's founder and first leader, Vladimir Lenin. After General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin rose to power in 1924, the de facto leader of the Soviet Union typically was the party's General Secretary, with Stalin and his successor Nikita Khrushchev also serving as premier. Twelve individuals held the post.
Populus × acuminata
Populus × acuminata or Populus acuminata, the lanceleaf cottonwood, is a species of Populus native to the Rocky Mountains of North America. It is a naturally occurring hybrid of narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, and eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides, found where their ranges overlap. It is planted as a shade tree in cities in the Rockies, preferring to grow at elevations between 4,500 and 8,500 ft. Given the plant's proclivity (like other poplars) to send out shallow roots and suckers, some municipalities prohibit their planting. Fort Collins, Colorado, by contrast, has many lanceleaf cottonwoods gracing its avenues.

Populus deltoides
Populus deltoides, the eastern cottonwood or necklace poplar, is a species of cottonwood poplar native to North America, growing throughout the eastern, central, and southwestern United States as well as the southern Canadian prairies, the southernmost part of eastern Canada, and northeastern Mexico.
Nicolas Dorion
Nicolas Dorion (August 6, 1764 – July 7, 1826) was a merchant and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Devon in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1796 to 1800.

He was born in Quebec City, the son of François Dorion and Nathalie Trudelle. He established himself in business there in partnership with Paul Dorion. Dorion did not run for reelection in 1800. He died in Haverhill, New Hampshire at the age of 61.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Sue (name)
Sue is a given name and a common short form of a number of female given names: Susan, Susanna / Susannah / Suzanna, Susanne, Suzanne, Suzette.

It is rarely used as a man's name, a notable example being Sue K. Hicks (1895-1980), American jurist, who may have inspired the song "A Boy Named Sue".

Suzanne (given name)
Suzanne is a common female given name that was particularly popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. It remained in the top 200 most popular names in the United States between 1930 and the late 1980s. Form of the Hebrew name שׁוֹשַׁנָּה (Shoshannah). This was derived from the Hebrew word שׁוֹשָׁן (shoshan) meaning "lily" (in modern Hebrew this also means "rose"). However, it has also been regularly used in English speaking countries since before the start of the 20th century. It may also be spelled Susanne, and common diminutives are Sue and Suzy.
2007 Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie
The 2007 Internationaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2007 ATP Challenger Series. It took place in Nouméa, New Caledonia between 2–7 January 2007.

Open Nouvelle-Calédonie
The BNC Tennis Open, also known as the BNC Open Nouvelle-Calédonie, (formerly known as Open SIFA and Internationaux/BNP Paribas de Nouvelle-Calédonie) is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It has been held annually in Nouméa, New Caledonia (starting with $37,500 of prize money in 2004).
Ernst, Germany
Ernst is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The winegrowing centre belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Cochem, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Cochem-Zell
Cochem-Zell (German: Landkreis Cochem-Zell) is a district (Kreis) in the north-west of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are Mayen-Koblenz, Rhein-Hunsrück, Bernkastel-Wittlich, and Vulkaneifel.
Aqu Suntu (Chullumpi)
Aqu Suntu (Quechua aqu sand, suntu heap, pile, "sand heap", Hispanicized spelling Ajosunto) is a 5,081-metre-high (16,670 ft) mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province, in the northern part of the Huaynacotas District. Aqu Suntu lies south of Chullumpi, southwest of Allqa Walusa and west of Q'illu Urqu.

Alcabalusa (Arequipa)
Alcabalusa, Allqa Walusa or Allqawalusa (Aymara and Quechua allqa multicolored, black and white or two-colored, walusa, wallusa a watery kind of potatoes, Hispanicized spelling Alcabalusa) is a mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,224 metres (17,139 ft) high. It is situated in the Apurímac Region, Antabamba Province, Oropesa District, and in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province, Huaynacotas District.
Garu, Qaleh Ganj
Garu (Persian: گارو, also Romanized as Gārū; also known as Qārūn) is a village in Rameshk Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, the village population comprised 614 residents, in 150 families.

Rameshk Rural District
Rameshk Rural District (Persian: دهستان رمشك) is in Chah Dadkhoda District of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kangaru. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Rameshk, now a city.
Shenzhen University station
Shenzhen University station (Chinese: 深大站; pinyin: Shēndàzhàn; Jyutping: Sam1 Daai6 Zaam6) is an interchange station between Line 1 and Line 13 of Shenzhen Metro, and was the terminus of Line 1 until 15 June 2011. The Line 1 station opened on 28 September 2009. It is located underneath Kejinnan Yilu (科技南一路), west of the intersection of Shennan Blvd (深南大道) and Keyuan Road S. (科苑南路), Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China. The station is named after Shenzhen University, but its name has been criticised since it is actually near Shenzhen High-Tech Park (深圳高新技术园; 深圳高新技術園). The Line 13 station opened on 28 December 2024.

Shenzhen University
Shenzhen University (SZU, Traditional Chinese: 深圳大學, Simplified Chinese: 深圳大学, Pinyin: Shēnzhèn Dàxué) is a municipal public research university in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. The university is funded by the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government.
L. A. and Adelheid Machemehl House
The L. A. and Adelheid Machemehl House, a Texas Historical Landmark of the Texas Historical Commission, was built in the early 20th century. The house was a center of social activity for the German Texan community in Bellville, Texas, United States.

Cat Spring, Texas
Cat Spring is an unincorporated community in southern Austin County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, it had a population of 76 in 2000. Cat Spring was one of the first German/American settlements in Texas, and the location of Texas' first agricultural society.
Poly Styrene
Marianne Joan Elliott-Said (3 July 1957 – 25 April 2011), known by the stage name Poly Styrene, was an English musician, singer-songwriter, and frontwoman for the punk rock band X-Ray Spex.  She is considered a pioneer for the feminist punk movement.

GTO Records
GTO Records was a British record label which released many hits during the 1970s. It ran from 1974 to 1981 and mainly concentrated on pop music and disco. The acronym represented the Gem Toby Organization.
John McAlery
John McCredy McAlery (29 November 1848 – 3 December 1925) was an Irish association football pioneer. His accomplishments include organizing the first ever properly organized football match in the history of Irish football in 1878, founding the first Irish football club in 1879, helping found the Irish Football Association in 1880, and wearing the captain's armband in Ireland's first ever international match in 1882. He is known as the "father of Irish association football."

In 2013, a blue plaque erected by the Ulster History Circle was unveiled at Solitude, Cliftonville's home ground, to commemorate McAlery's efforts.

Solitude (football ground)
Solitude is a football stadium in north Belfast, Northern Ireland. Home ground of Ireland's oldest football club, Cliftonville, it is the oldest football stadium in Ireland. The stadium holds 6,224, but is currently restricted to 2,530 under safety legislation with the old main stand now closed.

The stadium was built in 1890 and has undergone several renovations. In 2002, a new stand was built at one end of the ground to house visiting supporters and, in 2008, a new stand was completed behind the goal at the east end of the ground. A synthetic 3G pitch was installed to replace the previous grass surface in 2010.
Akhtarin Subdistrict
Akhtarin Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية أخترين, romanized: Nāḥiyah Akhtarin) is the easternmost subdistrict of Azaz District in the northern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria, on the border with Turkey. Its administrative centre and largest town is Akhtarin. Its town of Dabiq is notable for the battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, and its place in Islamic eschatology. Neighbouring subdistricts are Sawran Subdistrict (northwest) and Mare' Subdistrict (southwest), both in Azaz District, as well as al-Rai Subdistrict (northeast) and al-Bab Subdistrict (southeast), both belonging to al-Bab District. To the north is the Kilis Province of Turkey.

At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 39,385.

Al-Bab Subdistrict
Al-Bab Subdistrict, also called Nahiya Markaz al-Bab (Arabic: ناحية مركز الباب), is a subdistrict of al-Bab District in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. Administrative centre is al-Bab. At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 112,219.