hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vassfjellet
Vassfjellet is a mountain on the border of Melhus Municipality and Trondheim Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The eastern side of the mountain hosts a ski resort, Vassfjellet Skisenter. The 710-metre (2,330 ft) tall mountain lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southeast of the village of Melhus.

At the top there is a radio and television transmitting tower, which extends 220 metres (720 ft) above the top of the tall mountain. A road leading to the top has been built for maintenance access to the tower. This road starts in the village of Kvål in Melhus Municipality, but is closed to public vehicle access. It is however an excellent route for hiking.

The Vassfjell Chapel is located on the northeast side of the mountain in Trondheim Municipality.

Kvål, Trøndelag
Kvål is a village in Melhus Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the Gauldalen valley along the Gaula River between the villages of Ler and Melhus.

The 0.45-square-kilometre (110-acre) village has a population (2024) of 468 and a population density of 1,040 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,700/sq mi).

Kvål Station is located in the village along the Dovre Line, but it is only used for local traffic. The European route E6 highway also runs through the village.
ADALINE
ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Neuron or later Adaptive Linear Element) is an early single-layer artificial neural network and the name of the physical device that implemented it. It was developed by professor Bernard Widrow and his doctoral student Marcian Hoff at Stanford University in 1960. It is based on the perceptron and consists of weights, a bias, and a summation function. The weights and biases were implemented by rheostats (as seen in the "knobby ADALINE"), and later, memistors. It found extensive use in adaptive signal processing, especially of adaptive noise filtering.

The difference between Adaline and the standard (Rosenblatt) perceptron is in how they learn. Adaline unit weights are adjusted to match a teacher signal, before applying the Heaviside function (see figure), but the standard perceptron unit weights are adjusted to match the correct output, after applying the Heaviside function.

A multilayer network of ADALINE units is known as a MADALINE.

Perceptron
In machine learning, the perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers.  A binary classifier is a function that can decide whether or not an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class.  It is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector.
McGill Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
The McGill Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences is one of the constituent faculties of McGill University. It was established in 1829 after the Montreal Medical Institution was incorporated into McGill College as the college's first faculty; it was the first medical faculty to be established in Canada. The Faculty awarded McGill’s first degree, and Canada’s first medical degree, to William Leslie Logie in 1833.”

There have been at least two Nobel Prize laureates who have completed their entire education at McGill University including MD at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences including Andrew Schally (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977) and David H. Hubel (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981).

Thomas George Roddick
Sir Thomas George Roddick (July 31, 1846 – February 20, 1923) was a Canadian surgeon, medical administrator, politician, and founder of the Medical Council of Canada born in Harbour Grace, Newfoundland.

He is known for his work in helping pass the "Roddick Bill" or the "Canada Medical Act" which through the Medical Council of Canada created standard national medical licensing process for medical practice in every province of Canada.
2015 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 58 kg
The Women's freestyle 58 kilograms is a competition featured at the 2015 World Wrestling Championships, and was held in Las Vegas, United States on 10 September 2015.

This freestyle wrestling competition consisted of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winners of two bronze medals.

2015 World Wrestling Championships
The 2015 UWW World Wrestling Championships were the 12th edition of World Wrestling Championships of combined events and was held from September 7 to 12 at Orleans Arena in Paradise, Nevada, in the Las Vegas Valley, United States.
1941 All-Southwest Conference football team
The 1941 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1941 college football season.  The selectors for the 1941 season included the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP).

The 1941 Texas A&M Aggies football team won the conference championship, was ranked No. 9 in the final AP Poll, and placed four players on the first team: back Derace Moser (AP-1, UP-1); ends James Sterling (AP-1, UP-1); tackle Martin Ruby (AP-1, UP-1); and center Bill Sibley (AP-1, UP-1).

The 1941 Texas Longhorns football team was ranked No. 4 in the final AP Poll and also placed four players on the first team: backs Jack Crain and Pete Layden (AP-1, UP-1); end Malcolm Kutner (AP-1, UP-1); and guard Chal Daniel (AP-1, UP-1).

Derace Moser
Robert Derace Moser (February 5, 1920 – November 19, 1943) was an American football player. He played college football for Texas A&M from 1939 to 1941 and was selected as a first-team All-American in 1941. He served in the military during World War II and was killed in the collision of two B-17 Flying Fortresses in November 1943.
Nogales International
Nogales International is a newspaper, based in Nogales, Arizona, United States, founded in 1925. It is published on Tuesdays and Fridays and is a division of Wick Communications. Nogales is located on the  U.S.–Mexico border. It is 60 miles south of Tucson, Arizona, and 150 miles south of Phoenix, Arizona. The International also publishes The Weekly Bulletin in Sonoita.

Nogales International reports on issues affecting residents of Santa Cruz County, Arizona, including Nogales, Rio Rico, Tumacacori, Tubac, Amado, Patagonia,  Sonoita and Elgin. Articles about issues and activities in Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, are also published.

Nogales, Sonora
Nogales (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈɾoj.ka noˈɣa.les]), also known formally as Heroica Nogales, is a city in the Mexican state of Sonora. It is located in the north of the state on the U.S. border, and is abutted on its north by the city of Nogales, Arizona. It serves as the seat of the surrounding municipality of Nogales.

The name Nogales is the Spanish term for "walnut trees". The municipality reported a population of 264,782 in the 2020 census. By 2024, the city had been estimated to have surpassed 300,000 inhabitants.
Gurr-Goni language
Gurr-goni, also spelled Guragone, Gorogone, Gun-Guragone, Gunagoragone, Gungorogone, Gurrogone, Gutjertabia, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in Arnhem Land. There were about 60 speakers in 2011, all trilingual in Burarra or Kuninjku.

Kuninjku dialect
Kuninjku is a dialect of Bininj Kunwok, an Australian Aboriginal language. The Aboriginal people who speak Kuninjku are the Bininj people, who live primarily in western Arnhem Land. Kuninjku is spoken primarily in the east of the Bininj Kunwok speaking areas, particularly the outstations of Maningrida such as Mumeka, Marrkolidjban, Mankorlod, Barrihdjowkkeng, Kakodbebuldi, Kurrurldul and Yikarrakkal.
9th federal electoral district of the State of Mexico
The 9th federal electoral district of the State of Mexico (Spanish: Distrito electoral federal 09 del Estado de México) is one of the 300 electoral districts into which Mexico is divided for elections to the federal Chamber of Deputies and one of 40 such districts in the State of Mexico.

It elects one deputy to the lower house of Congress for each three-year legislative session by means of the first-past-the-post system. Votes cast in the district also count towards the calculation of proportional representation ("plurinominal") deputies elected from the fifth region.

The current member for the district, elected in the 2024 general election, is Iván Marín Rangel. Originally elected for the National Regeneration Movement (Morena), he switched to the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) at the start of the congressional session.

Electoral regions of Mexico
The electoral regions (Spanish: circunscripciones electorales) of Mexico are geographic areas composed of various states used for the election of the 200 proportional representation legislators to the Chamber of Deputies.

The country is split into five separate regions. Each of the five regions elects 40 deputies, who are selected according to party lists in the regions. To distinguish them from those elected in the 300 single-member constituencies, they are often referred to as 
"plurinominal deputies".

In contrast, the 32 senators-at-large elected to the Senate by the principle of proportional representation are drawn from party lists covering the entire country; the electoral regions therefore play no role in Senate elections.
Johan Puke
Johan Puke (October 20, 1726, Klinte, Gotland – July 23,1756), was a Swedish officer. He was executed for treason as one of the conspirators participating in the failed coup d'etat of queen Louisa Ulrika, the Coup of 1756.

In 1744 he became a Sargent in the artillery.

Johan Puke was the father of Johan af Puke, a Swedish naval officer who participated in the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790).

Louisa Ulrika of Prussia
Louisa Ulrika of Prussia (Swedish: Lovisa Ulrika; German: Luise Ulrike; 24 July 1720 - 16 July 1782) was Queen of Sweden from 1751 to 1771. She was married to king Adolf Frederick and she was queen mother during the reign of king Gustav III.
Delphfrine Lee
Delphrine "Del" L. Lee-Collins (born January 19, 1976) is an American former professional football defensive back who played for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL) for four games in the 1999 season. He is the cornerbacks coach for the Grambling State Tigers. He played college football at McNeese State University.

Southeastern Louisiana Lions football
The Southeastern Louisiana Lions football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Southeastern Louisiana University located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Southland Conference. Southeastern Louisiana's first football team was fielded in 1930. The team plays its home games at the 7,408 seat Strawberry Stadium in Hammond, Louisiana. The Lions are currently coached by Frank Scelfo, who started coaching here in 2018.
Herlinda
Herlinda is a genus of cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae). These moths were only discovered in 1968 and the genus was not described until 1986; its affiliations within the family are presently unknown (but see below). This genus, as far as is known, is endemic to the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia, with each species confined to a single island.

They are small moths and resemble Microzestis, a possible close relative. However, the forewing vein 1b of Herlinda is not forked like in Microzestis, and the forewing 1c is missing in Herlinda. They also resemble Iressa of subfamily Cosmopteriginae in some anatomical details, but unlike in that genus, the forewing veins 2 and 3 are united in Herlinda. The genitals are convergent in structure with those of the Agonoxenidae genus Asymphorodes, which was mistakenly placed in the Cosmopterigidae.

Iressa (moth)
Iressa is a genus of cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae). It belongs to subfamily Cosmopteriginae.

They are characterized mainly by their wing venation: in the forewings, vein 1b is not forked and veins 2-4 are separate, while veins 6-8 are not; veins 6 and 7 are stalked and arise from vein 8. In addition, the scape is short and bears a comb.

This genus contains only 3 known species:

Iressa microsema J.F.G.Clarke, 1986

Iressa neoleuca J.F.G.Clarke, 1971

Iressa triformis (Meyrick 1927)
Capital punishment in Armenia
Capital punishment in Armenia was a method of punishment that was implemented within Armenia's Criminal Code and Constitution until its eventual relinquishment in the 2003 modifications made to the Constitution. Capital punishment's origin in Armenia is unknown, yet it remained present in the Armenia Criminal Code of 1961, which was enforced and applied until 1999. Capital punishment was incorporated into Armenian legislation and effectuated for capital crimes, which were crimes that were classified to be punishable by death, including treason, espionage, first-degree murder, acts of terrorism and grave military crimes.

The last publicly known use of capital punishment in Armenia was in 1991, when the execution was carried out with a single bullet shot to the head. After this, the death penalty was put on a moratorium and came under heavy criticism from both nations and international organisations.

Armenian parliament shooting
The 1999 Armenian parliament shooting, commonly known in Armenia as October 27 (Armenian: Հոկտեմբերի 27, romanized: Hoktemberi k'sanyot), was an attack on the Armenian National Assembly in the capital of Yerevan on 27 October 1999 by a group of five armed men led by Nairi Hunanyan that, among others, killed the two de facto decision-makers in the country's political leadership—Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and Parliament Speaker Karen Demirchyan. Their reform-minded coalition had won a majority in a parliamentary election held in May of that year and had practically sidelined President Robert Kocharyan from the political scene.

The shooting led to significant changes in the country's political landscape. It remains a subject of numerous conspiracy theories, mostly involving President Kocharyan, whose tenure thereafter was frequently criticized as authoritarian. Sargsyan and Demirchyan were posthumously honored with National Hero of Armenia titles.
Fothergilla malloryi
Fothergilla malloryi is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Hamamelidaceae known from fossil leaves found in the early Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation deposits of northern Washington state.  The F. malloryi leaves are the earliest appearance in the fossil record of a member of the witchalder genus Fothergilla, which includes the living species F. gardenii, and F. major, both of which are native to the southeastern United States.  The genus also includes three or four other fossil species with two Asian Miocene species, F. viburnifolia from China, F. ryozenensis from Japan along with one Miocene North American species, F. praeolata of Oregon.  Fothergilla durhamensis described from Eocene sediments in King County, Washington is considered dubious in placement, and it was transferred to the genus Platimeliphyllum by Huegele et al. (2021).

Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales.  The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system, the Cronquist system, recognized Hamamelidaceae in the Hamamelidales order.
Shabout
The shabout (Arabibarbus grypus) is a species of cyprinid fish also called in English, Persian or Arabic by the alternate common names shirbot and variations shabut, shabboot or shabbout, and in local languages by several other common names. It is a large freshwater carp found in Western Asia, where it inhabits the Tigris–Euphrates Basin, as well as Iranian rivers that flow into the Persian Gulf.

This species can grow to a length of up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and a weight of 30 kg (66 lb), although there are unconfirmed reports of individuals up to 2 m (6.6 ft) and 100 kg (220 lb), perhaps caused by confusion with the mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus). The shabout supports important fisheries, but has declined because of habitat loss (mostly due to dams, water extraction, drought and pollution) and overfishing.

Mangar (fish)
The mangar or pike barbel (Luciobarbus esocinus) is a large species of ray-finned fish in the genus Luciobarbus within the family Cyprinidae, native to the Tigris–Euphrates river system in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.

The species is highly prized as a food fish, but it has declined due to overfishing and habitat loss, making it vulnerable. It was well-known even in ancient times and there are illustrations from 1500–1000 BC showing Assyrian priests or deities dressed in the skin of mangar.
Owl's Nest Park
Owl's Nest Park is an urban park in the East Walnut Hills and Evanston neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio, owned and operated by the Cincinnati Park Board.

The land containing the park was donated in 1905 by Charles E. and Edward C. Perkins.  A boulder with plaque marks the spot where the Perkins house once stood.

Beginning in 2005, the park was extensively renovated.

Cincinnati Park Board
The Cincinnati Park Board (officially the Cincinnati Board of Park Commissioners) maintains and operates all city parks in Cincinnati, Ohio. Established in 1911 with the purchase of 168 acres (0.68 km2), today the board services more than 5,000 acres (20 km2) of city park space. The board receives its funding from the city, state and federal grants, as well as private endowments. In 1932 the Cincinnati Zoo was purchased by the city and placed under the management of the board.
Platipus Records
Platipus Records was a British trance music record label that was based in London, England. It was founded in 1993 by Simon Berry, and early releases included Union Jack and Art of Trance.  Later, the label included artists like Dawnseekers and Quietman. Sublabels included Gekko and Platipus Euro. Platipus Records Ltd ceased trading in 2010. Berry and the label's artists relaunched under the Porcupine Records label, but this was superseded by the founding of Platipus Music at the end of 2011.

Oliver Lieb
Oliver Lieb (born 1969 in Frankfurt, Germany) is an electronic music producer and DJ. He has recorded under more than a dozen aliases with over 200 productions and remixes in various genres such as trance, house and techno. He has also produced tracks for other artists.
La Tchadienne
"La Tchadienne" (English: "Song of the Chadian", lit. '"The Chadian (Song)"') is the national anthem of Chad. Written by Louis Gidrol and his student group and composed by Paul Villard, it has been the official state anthem of Chad since it gained independence from France in January 1960.

National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Ostomy Wound Management
Ostomy Wound Management is a monthly, peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of wound care, ostomy, incontinence, and skin-related care, as well as nutritional issues. The journal covers research regarding wounds, ostomy, incontinence, and nutrition. It is published by HMP Global (formerly HMP Communications, LLC) and was established in March 1980 as Ostomy Management, obtaining its current title in 1985. It is an official journal of the Association for the Advancement of Wound Care. Sponsored columns are provided by manufacturers to showcase the appropriate and successful use of their products.

Stoma (medicine)
In anatomy, a stoma (pl.: stomata /ˈstoʊ.mə.tə/ or stomas) is any opening in the body. For example, a mouth, a nose, and an anus are natural stomata. Any hollow organ can be manipulated into an artificial stoma as necessary.  This includes the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, pleural cavity, ureters, urinary bladder, and renal pelvis. Such a stoma may be permanent or temporary.

Surgical procedures that involve the creation of an artificial stoma have names that typically end with the suffix "-ostomy", and the same names are also often used to refer to the stoma thus created. For example, the word "colostomy" often refers either to an artificial anus or the procedure that creates one. Accordingly, it is not unusual for a stoma to be called an ostomy (plural ostomies), as is the norm in wound, ostomy, and continence nursing.
Guerrilla publishing
Guerrilla publishing is a catchall term that encompasses many different low budget efforts at self-publishing and micro publishing. Some restrict the use of the term to mean only the publishing of books and pamphlets by employees who use their employers' office supplies to produce their books, but current usage of the term also includes what in the past would have been called small press publishers and zines.

The term "guerrilla publishing" was first used in 1988 at the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium by student leader Gert Van Mol. Van Mol] continued to establish his proper Publishing Company after mastering at the university. Typically to illustrate 'Publishing is Guerrilla', the entrance of the company was staged as a war zone.

Self-publishing
Self-publishing is an author-driven publication of any media without the involvement of a third-party publisher. Since the advent of the internet, self-publishing usually depends on digital platforms and print-on-demand technology, ranging from physical books to eBooks. Examples include magazines, print-on-demand books, music albums, pamphlets, brochures, video games, video content, artwork, zines, and web fiction. Self-publishing is an alternative to traditional publishing that has implications for production, cost and revenue, distribution, and public perception.
2021 Governor General's Awards
The shortlisted nominees for the 2021 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were announced on October 14, 2021, and the winners were announced on November 17. The 2021 awards returned to their traditional scheduling and presentation in the fall of the year, following the postponement of the 2020 Governor General's Awards to spring 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.

2020 Governor General's Awards
The shortlisted nominees for the 2020 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were announced on May 4, 2021, and the winners were announced on June 1. Ordinarily the award shortlists and winners would have been named in fall 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.
Peter Osborne (Keeper of the Privy Purse)
Peter Osborne, Esquire, (1521–1592) was an English officer of state who was Keeper of the Privy Purse to King Edward VI, at a time when great constitutional changes affected the management of public finance. Of reformist sympathies in religion, his career was in abeyance during the reign of Queen Mary but regained momentum as Remembrancer in the Exchequer under Elizabeth, working usually to his marital kinsman Lord Burghley. He also sat in seven parliaments between 1559 and 1589.

Cheapside
Cheapside is a street in the City of London, the historic and modern financial centre of London, England, which forms part of the A40 London to Fishguard road. It links St Martin's Le Grand with Poultry. Near its eastern end at Bank Junction, where it becomes Poultry, is Mansion House, the Bank of England, and Bank station. To the west is St Paul's Cathedral, St Paul's tube station and square.

In the Middle Ages, it was known as Westcheap, as opposed to Eastcheap, another street in the City, near London Bridge. The boundaries of the wards of Cheap, Cordwainer and Bread Street run along Cheapside and Poultry; prior to boundary changes in 2003 the road was divided amongst Farringdon Within and Cripplegate wards in addition to the current three.

The contemporary Cheapside is the location of a range of retail and food outlets and offices, as well as the City's only major shopping centre, One New Change.