hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Igor Panarin
Igor Nikolaevich Panarin (Russian: И́горь Никола́евич Пана́рин [ˈiɡərʲ nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ pɐˈnarʲɪn]; born 30 October 1958) is a Russian professor and political scientist. He is best known for predicting in 1998 that the United States would disintegrate by 2010. After the date came and went his claim was criticised.

Igor Panarin has written 15 books and a number of articles on information warfare, psychology, and geopolitics. Panarin has his own weekly radio programme.

He has led electoral campaigns in Russia and abroad, and his students have included parliamentary deputies, regional leaders, Kremlin officials, and Foreign Ministry spokespeople.

Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
The Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is among the oldest diplomatic institutes in the world, that provides education in the field of international relations, international economic relations and international law.
2023 Shaw Classic
The 2023 Shaw Classic was the 4th edition of the Shaw Classic strongman competition which took place in Loveland, Colorado from 19 to 20 August 2023 at the Budweiser Events Center. The competition included separate professional men's, open men's and open women's categories. This would also be the last event of four times World's Strongest Man and organiser of the competition Brian Shaw's career. The winner of the professional men's category was given the title of The Strongest Man on Earth after Brian acquired the trademark for the phrase from Paul Ohl, the organiser of the now defunct Fortissimus strongman competition.

Brian would end up winning the event with recently crowned World's Strongest Man Mitchell Hooper coming in second and two times World's Strongest Man Tom Stoltman rounding out the podium.

Shaw Classic
The Shaw Classic is a strongman competition run and hosted by four-time World's Strongest Man Brian Shaw, who won the inaugural competition in 2020. The second edition of the contest had 16 athletes with backgrounds from Europe and North America. The total prize pool in 2020 was $53,900. In 2021 the prize pool increased to $100,000 and in 2022 the prize pool increased to $150,000. In 2023 the prize pool was $251,932 followed by $263,200 in 2024 but has dropped to $178,750 in 2025.

Since 2023, the Shaw Classic's invitational event has been branded as Strongest Man on Earth, formerly used by the Fortissimus strongman competition held in 2008 and 2009.
Pseudoconnarus
Pseudoconnarus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Connaraceae.

Its native range is Southern Tropical America.

Species:

Pseudoconnarus agelaeoides (G.Schellenb.) Forero

Pseudoconnarus agelifolius Cuatrec.

Pseudoconnarus macrophyllus (Poepp.) Radlk.

Pseudoconnarus rhynchosioides (Standl.) Prance

Pseudoconnarus subtriplinervis (Radlk.) G.Schellenb.

Connaraceae
Connaraceae is a pan-tropical plant family of 19 genera and more than 180 species of largely evergreen trees, woody shrubs and climbers.

The family was first described by Robert Brown in 1816 and the name has been conserved.
Flag of the Second Spanish Republic
The flag of the Second Spanish Republic, known in Spanish as la tricolor (the tricolour), was the official flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939 and the flag of the Spanish Republican government in exile until 1977. Its present-day use in Spain is associated with the modern republican movement, different trade unions and various left-wing political movements.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
Edward J. McGoldrick
Edward J. McGoldrick (June 9, 1871 – 1951) was a New York Supreme Court judge. he was a member of the state supreme court for 23 years. He also served as a New York State Supreme Court Justice for New York City and The Bronx and did legal work for  four New York City mayoral administration. He was appointed to the Supreme Court by governor Al Smith. His high-profile cases included Helen Kane's suit against the creators of Betty Boop.

He was nominated in 1920 to fill Philip Henry Dugro's seat on the New York Supreme Court. In 1922, he succeeded Judge Bartow S. Weeks on the Supreme Court of the State of New York.

McGoldrick was born in Albany. He served as private secretary to Lieutenant Governor 
William F. Sheehan.

A Democrat, he was affiliated with Tammany Hall.

Bartow S. Weeks
Bartow Sumter Weeks (April 25, 1861 – February 3, 1922) was an American judge who was the President of the New York Athletic Club, President of the Amateur Athletic Union and a justice of the New York Supreme Court.
KECR
KECR (910 AM) is a radio station licensed to El Cajon, California and serving the San Diego radio market. Owned by Family Radio, it carries a Christian talk and teaching radio format, along with traditional hymns and worship music. Programming comes from Family Radio, based in Franklin, Tennessee.

KECR broadcasts at 5,000 watts, using a directional antenna.  The transmitter site is near Moreno Avenue, north of Lakeside, California, near California State Route 67.  No local programming originates here, as the station airs the Family Radio Network continuously, except for the station identification.  It does however, have a backup radio studio at its transmission site, which is mainly used to carry out messages from the Emergency Alert System.  The seven-tower array transmitter site is shared with AM 1170 KCBQ, another Christian Radio station, owned by the Salem Media Group.

El Cajon, California
El Cajon (/ɛl kəˈhoʊn/ el kə-HOHN, Spanish pronunciation: [el kaˈxon] ⓘ; Spanish: El Cajón, lit. 'the box') is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, 17 mi (27 km) east of downtown San Diego. The city takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was named for the box-like shape of the valley that surrounds the city, and the origin of the city's common nickname "the Box".

As of the 2020 census, El Cajon had a population of 106,215.
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational settings. There is a significant overlap between classroom research and language education. Classroom research is empirical, basing its findings on data and statistics wherever possible. It is also more concerned with what the learners do in the classroom than with what the teacher does. Where language teaching methods may only concentrate on the activities the teacher plans for the class, classroom research concentrates on the effect the things the teacher does has on the students.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
Flood control (communications)
In communications, flood control is a feature of many communication protocols designed to prevent the overwhelming of a destination receiver. Such controls can be implemented either in software or in hardware, and will often request that the message be resent after the receiver has finished processing.

Internet forums often use a flood control mechanism to prevent too many messages from being posted at once, either to prevent spamming or denial-of-service attacks. Internet Relay Chat servers will often quit users performing IRC floods with an "Excess Flood" message.

IRC flood
Internet Relay Chat Flooding/Scrolling on an IRC network is a method of disconnecting users from an IRC server (a form of Denial of Service), exhausting bandwidth which causes network latency ('lag'), or just disrupting users. Floods can either be done by scripts (written for a given client) or by external programs.
Bajza utca metro station
Bajza utca is a station of the yellow M1 (Millennium Underground) line of the Budapest Metro. It is located under Andrássy Avenue beneath to its intersection with Bajza street.

The station was opened on 2 May 1896 as part of the inaugural section of the Budapest Metro, between Vörösmarty tér and Széchenyi fürdő. This section, known as the Millennium Underground Railway, was the first metro system in continental Europe. In 2002, it was included into the World Heritage Site "Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue".

The station has two side platforms, each with its own access from the street.

Sign at entrance to westbound platform

Platform and office

View through the station

Andrássy út
Andrássy Avenue (Hungarian: Andrássy út, pronounced [ˈɒndraːʃi ˈuːt]) is a boulevard in Budapest, Hungary, dating back to 1872. It links Erzsébet Square with the Városliget. Lined with spectacular Neo-renaissance mansions and townhouses featuring fine facades and interiors, it was recognised as a World Heritage Site in 2002. It is also one of Budapest's main shopping streets, with fine cafes, restaurants, theatres, embassies and luxury boutiques. Among the most noticeable buildings are the State Opera House, the former Ballet School (under reconstruction for several years), the Zoltán Kodály Memorial Museum and Archives, the Hungarian University of Fine Arts, and the Ferenc Hopp Museum of East Asian Arts.
Jon Connor
Jon Kevin Freeman Jr. (born April 13, 1985), better known by his stage name Jon Connor, is an American rapper and record producer. Connor has released various mixtapes and an album effort during his career including the Jay-Z inspired The Blue Album, and the Eminem inspired The People's Rapper LP. His debut studio album, Unconscious State was released in 2013. Shortly thereafter, he was signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment from 2013 to 2019, where he did not release an album. In 2015, he garnered notoriety for being featured on Dr. Dre's album Compton (2015) as well as The Game's album The Documentary 2.5 (2015).

DJ Kay Slay
Keith Grayson (August 14, 1965 – April 17, 2022), professionally known as DJ Kay Slay, was an American disc jockey (DJ) from New York City. He is referred to by The New York Times as "Hip Hop's One-Man Ministry of Insults". He released four studio albums: The Streetsweeper, Vol. 1 (2003), The Streetsweeper, Vol. 2 (2004), The Champions: North Meets South (with Greg Street; 2006), and More Than Just a DJ (2010). Known for extensive curation of prominent figures in East Coast hip-hop, his albums were met with success in the regional market; his first two were released by Columbia Records. Grayson died from COVID-19 in 2022.
Hattigudur
Hattigudur is a panchayat village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. Administratively, Hattigudur is under Shahapur taluka of Yadgir district in Karnataka.  Hattigudur is 12 km by road south of the town of Shahapur and 9 km by road southwest of Gundgurthi. The nearest railhead is in Yadgir.

Shahapur, Karnataka
Shahapur, also informally known as SagarNadu, is a city and taluka headquarter located in the Yadgir district of Indian state of Karnataka. Shahapur is 597 km north of Bangalore and well connected by road to Gulbarga (70 km), Hyderabad (240 km), Bidar (160 km), Raichur (90 km) and Yadgir (32 km).
Threefold death
The threefold death, which is suffered by kings, heroes, and gods, is a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European theme encountered in Indic, Greek, Celtic, and Germanic mythology.

Some proponents of the trifunctional hypothesis distinguish  two types of threefold deaths in Indo-European myth and ritual.  In the first type of threefold death, one person dies simultaneously in three ways.  He dies by hanging (or strangulation or falling from a tree), wounding, and by drowning (or poison or burning). These three deaths are foretold, and are often punishment for an offense against the three functions of Indo-European society.  The second form of the threefold death is split into three distinct parts; these distinct deaths are sacrifices to three distinct gods of the three functions.

Norse funeral
Norse funerals, or the burial customs of Viking Age North Germanic Norsemen (early medieval Scandinavians), are known both from archaeology and from historical accounts such as the Icelandic sagas and Old Norse poetry.

Throughout Scandinavia, there are many remaining tumuli in honour of Viking kings and chieftains, in addition to runestones and other memorials. Some of the most notable of them are at the Borre mound cemetery, in Norway, at Birka and Gamla Uppsala in Sweden, and Lindholm Høje and Jelling in Denmark.

A prominent tradition is that of the ship burial, where the deceased was laid in a boat, or a stone ship, and given grave offerings in accordance with his earthly status and profession, sometimes including sacrificed slaves. Afterwards, piles of stone and soil were usually laid on top of the remains in order to create a barrow. Additional practices included sacrifice or cremation, but the most common was to bury the departed with goods that denoted their social status.
RSNE
Robust Security Network Element (RSNE) is an info element that may exist in 802.11 Beacon frames indicating a security network that allows only the creation of robust security network associations (RSNAs), and that the group cipher suite specified is not wired equivalent privacy (WEP).

IEEE 802.11i-2004
IEEE 802.11i-2004, or 802.11i for short, is an amendment to the original IEEE 802.11, implemented as Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2). The draft standard was ratified on 24 June 2004.  This standard specifies security mechanisms for wireless networks, replacing the short Authentication and privacy clause of the original standard with a detailed Security clause.  In the process, the amendment deprecated broken Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), while it was later incorporated into the published IEEE 802.11-2007 standard.
Pavlograd uezd
The Pavlograd uezd (Russian: Павлоградскій уѣздъ, romanized: Pavlogradskiy uyezd;  Ukrainian: Павлоградський повіт, romanized: Pavlohrads'kyi povit) was one of the subdivisions of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Pavlograd (Pavlohrad).

Pavlohrad
Pavlohrad (Ukrainian: Павлоград, pronounced [pɐu̯loˈɦrɑd] ⓘ) is a city in eastern Ukraine, located within Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. It serves as the administrative center of Pavlohrad Raion. Its population is approximately 101,430 (2022 estimate).

The rivers of Vovcha (runs through the city 12.85 kilometres (7.98 mi) towards the Samara River), Hnizdka (3.9 kilometres (2.4 mi)), Kocherha (2.9 kilometres (1.8 mi)) flow through Pavlohrad. The area of the city is 59.3 square kilometres (22.9 sq mi). There are 15 schools (including lyceums and gymnasiums) in the city.
2023 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's singles
The men's singles competition of the 2023 World Table Tennis Championships was held from 20 to 28 May 2023. The event was played as a straight knockout. All singles matches were best of 7 games.

By making the final, Fan Zhendong retained the ITTF no. 1 singles ranking. Wang Chuqin and Ma Long were also in contention for the ITTF no. 1 singles ranking.

2023 World Table Tennis Championships
The 2023 World Table Tennis Championships was the 57th edition of World Table Tennis Championships and held in Durban, South Africa.

It was the first such event set to be held in Africa since 1939 Championship held in Egypt.
Quillan Salkilld
Quillan Zane Salkilld (born 28 December 1999) is an Australian mixed martial artist who currently competes in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He was featured on Dana White's Contender Series, winning by decision and earning a UFC contract. He previously competed in Eternal MMA, where he was the EMMA Lightweight Champion.

Lightweight (MMA)
The lightweight division in mixed martial arts contains different weight classes:

The UFC's lightweight division, which groups competitors within 146 to 155 lb (66 to 70 kg)

The Shooto lightweight division, which limits competitors to 145 lb (65.8 kg)

The ONE Championship's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 77.1 kg (170.0 lb)

The Road FC's lightweight division, with an upper limit at 154 lb (70 kg)
Nissan VE engine
The VE engine is a 3.0 L (2,960 cc) piston V6 engine from Nissan. It is based on the Nissan VG engine and was only used for the 1992, 1993, and 1994 model years. This engine has an iron block, aluminum cylinder heads with 4 valves per cylinder and dual overhead camshafts, variable valve timing on the intake camshafts, coil-on-plug ignition, and an available variable intake manifold (5-speed only). Additionally, the engine has a 10.0:1 compression ratio, a cylinder bore of 87.0 mm, and a piston stroke of 83.0 mm.

The most significant difference between the VE30DE and the VG30DE engine are the heads. The low under-hood clearance on the 1992–1994 J30 Nissan Maxima demanded a special head to be developed with 30°, rather than 46°, between the valves. Lack of space also demanded a redesigned camshaft drive system, so a special chain drive was developed. The camshafts are driven by a single primary and two secondary chains. The engine is otherwise similar to the VG30DE.

V6 engine
A V6 engine is a six-cylinder piston engine where the cylinders and cylinder blocks share a common crankshaft and are arranged in a V configuration.

The first V6 engines were designed and produced independently by Marmon Motor Car Company, Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik and Delahaye. Engines built after World War II include the Lancia V6 engine in 1950 for the Lancia Aurelia, and the Buick V6 engine in 1962 for the Buick Special.  The V6 layout has become the most common layout for six-cylinder automotive engines.
2000–01 NSW Premier League season
The 2000–01 NSW Premier League season was the inaugural season of the NSW Premier League. The competition replaced the NSW Super League as the top-tier competition in New South Wales. The season moved away from a winter league to a summer league to align with the then premier national competition, the National Soccer League. The second-tier competition became the NSW Winter Super League.

The competition began on Friday, 3 November 2000 at St George Stadium for the Round 1 fixture between St George Saints and Canterbury-Marrickville. The competition concluded with the grand final being played on Sunday, 8 April 2001 at Marconi Stadium, with Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC taking out the title by defeating Premiers Blacktown City FC 3–1.

National Premier Leagues NSW
The National Premier Leagues NSW is a semi-professional soccer competition in New South Wales, Australia. The competition is conducted by Football NSW, one of the two organising bodies in New South Wales (the other being the National Premier Leagues Northern NSW organised by Northern NSW Football). The league is a subdivision of the second tier National Premier Leagues (NPL), which sits below the national A-League. Prior to becoming a subdivision of the NPL in 2013, the league was previously known as the NSW Premier League.
STIT logic
STIT logic (from seeing to it that) is a family of modal and branching-time logics for reasoning about agency and choice. A typical STIT operator has the form , usually read as "agent  sees to it that ", and is interpreted in models where agents choose between alternative possible futures.

STIT logics are used in action theory, deontic logic, epistemic logic, and the theory of intelligent agents to formalise notions such as "could have done otherwise", responsibility, joint action, and strategic ability in an indeterministic world.

Alternating-time temporal logic
In computer science, alternating-time temporal logic, or ATL, is a branching-time temporal logic that extends computation tree logic (CTL) to multiple players. ATL naturally describes computations of multi-agent systems and concurrent games. Quantification in ATL is over program-paths that are possible outcomes of games. ATL uses alternating-time formulas to construct model-checkers in order to address problems such as receptiveness, realizability, and controllability.
Lexical chain
The sequence between semantic related ordered words is classified as a lexical chain. A lexical chain is a sequence of related words in writing, spanning narrow (adjacent words or sentences) or wide context windows (an entire text). A lexical chain is independent of the grammatical structure of the text and in effect it is a list of words that captures a portion of the cohesive structure of the text. A lexical chain can provide a context for the resolution of an ambiguous term and enable disambiguation of concepts that the term represents. Examples include:

Rome → capital → city → inhabitant

Wikipedia → resource → web

Word embedding
In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Word embeddings can be obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers.

Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, explainable knowledge base method, and explicit representation in terms of the context in which words appear.

Word and phrase embeddings, when used as the underlying input representation, have been shown to boost the performance in NLP tasks such as syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis.