hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nancy-Essey Airport
Nancy–Essey Airport (IATA: ENC, ICAO: LFSN) is a regional airport in France, located about 4 km (2 miles) east of Nancy (in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department of the Grand Est region) and about 320 km (199 miles) east of Paris.

It used to be the main airport for Nancy; however, commercial airline traffic was moved to the new Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport in 1991.  The airfield is open to domestic and international non-scheduled commercial, private aircraft, for IFR and VFR, supporting general aviation and charter aircraft operations.

Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meurthe-et-Moselle (French pronunciation: [mœʁt e mɔzɛl] ⓘ, lit. 'Meurthe and Moselle') is a department in the Grand Est region of France, named after the rivers Meurthe and Moselle. Its prefecture and largest city is Nancy and it borders the departments of Meuse to the west, Vosges to the south, Moselle and Bas-Rhin and it borders the Belgian province of Luxembourg and the country of Luxembourg by the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette to the north. It had a population of 733,760 in 2019.
Red Metal
Red Metal is a war novel, written by Mark Greaney and Rip Rawlings and released on July 16, 2019. Set in late December 2020, it features a military conflict between NATO and Russian military forces across two continents, as the latter plots to retake a rare-earth metal mine in East Africa. Red Metal is Greaney's first stand-alone novel and is Rawlings' debut novel. The book debuted on The New York Times, USA Today and Amazon bestseller's lists.

5th Marine Regiment
The 5th Marine Regiment (also  referred to as "5th Marines") is an infantry regiment of the United States Marine Corps based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California.  It is the most highly decorated regiment in the Marine Corps and falls under the command of the 1st Marine Division and the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF).
Model 109
The Model 109, or Number 109, was a series of mainframe computers designed and built in the People's Republic of China, starting in 1964.

First Model 109, created in 1964, used vacuum tubes

The Model 109-B, China's first transistor computer was created in 1965.

The Model 109-C followed in 1967, and was used for 15 years.

Those were followed by the Number 111, their first integrated circuit computer, in 1971.

Transistor computer
A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable. A second-generation computer, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic-core memory. These machines remained the mainstream design into the late 1960s, when integrated circuits started appearing and led to the third-generation computer.
Apeace
Apeace (Korean: 에이피스; Japanese: エーピース), formerly known as Double B 21 (더블비21) or Double B, was a South Korean boy band formed and under Golden Goose Entertainment. The group was the largest K-pop boy band, with 21 members, until 30 June 2014, when it changed to 15 members. As of July 29, 2018, Apeace consists of 12 members.

The members were chosen and produced by Kim Kyungwook, known for working with groups such as H.O.T., Shinhwa and TVXQ.

Until 2015, subgroups performed 6 days a week, 2 times a day at K Theater at Yebisu Garden Place in Ebisu, Shibuya, Tokyo. The group now performs monthly concerts throughout Japan.

Conscription in South Korea
Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 to perform compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but they may voluntarily join the military.
Laredo metropolitan area
The Laredo metropolitan area is the 178th-largest United States metropolitan area and covers all of Webb county, with a population of 250,304. It is also a part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimate population of 689,022 in 2020.

Laredo College
Laredo College (LC) is a public community college in Laredo, Texas. Founded as Laredo Junior College in 1947, it is part of the Laredo Independent School District. As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of LC includes the municipality of Laredo and all of Webb, Jim Hogg and Zapata counties.
Governor Aker Observatory
Governor Aker Observatory  is an astronomical observatory, part of Eastern Arizona College's Discovery Park Campus (formerly known as Discovery Park) in Safford, Arizona (US). Opening on November 18, 1995, the observatory became Discovery Park's first attraction. In addition to its telescope, a 20-inch Cassegrain reflector, it houses an astronomy exhibit gallery and a simulated voyage through the Solar System aboard a "space shuttle".  Another of its attractions is a camera obscura, one of the world's largest. It also conducts tours of Mount Graham International Observatory.

Eastern Arizona College
Eastern Arizona College (EAC), is a community college in Graham County, Arizona, United States. The main campus is in Thatcher, with satellite locations in Gila County and Greenlee County.  It is the oldest community college in Arizona and the only one in the state with a marching band.
Çığlıkara Nature Reserve
The Çığlıkara Nature Reserve (Turkish: Çığlıkara Tabiatı Koruma Alanı) is a forest of mostly Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) in Antalya Province, southern Turkey. It is a registered nature reserve of the country.

It is located in Elmalı district of Antalya Province. It covers an area of 15,889 ha (39,260 acres). It is home to nearly 400 plant species, among them endemic flora and seven as natural monument registered old trees. The forest was registered a nature reserve on July 5, 1991.

Elmalı
Elmalı is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. It covers an area of 1,433 km2, and as of 2022,  its population was 40,774. It lies about 35 km (22 mi) inland, near the town of Korkuteli and 110 km (68 mi) west of the city of Antalya.

Formerly known as Kabalı and Emelas.
Wilhelm Blos
Wilhelm Josef Blos (5 October 1849 – 6 July 1927) was a German journalist, historian, novelist, dramatist and politician (SPD).   He served as a member of the imperial parliament (Reichstag) between 1877 and 1918, albeit with one three year break. After the end of World War I he served between 1918 and 1920 as the first president of the newly launched Free People's State of Württemberg.

One high-point of his career as a journalist was his one-year stint as editor-in-chief of the (initially) Hamburg-based popular left-wing satirical magazine Der Wahre Jacob between 1879 and the publication's (temporary) closure, triggered by expulsion of William Blos from Hamburg in October 1880. His own contributions appeared under the pseudonyms "Hans Flux" or – on at least one occasion – "A. Titus".

William II of Württemberg
William II (German: Wilhelm Karl Paul Heinrich Friedrich; 25 February 1848 – 2 October 1921) was the last King of Württemberg. He ruled from 6 October 1891 until the dissolution of the kingdom on 30 November 1918. He was the last German ruler to abdicate in the wake of the November Revolution of 1918.
Garden of Remembrance (Belfast)
The Garden of Remembrance (Irish: An Gairdín Cuimhneacháin) is a memorial garden in Belfast, Northern Ireland, dedicated to the Irish Republican Army members killed during The Troubles, as well as civilians and deceased ex-prisoners.  It is located on the Falls Road, which has historically been a predominantly Irish Republican area during the conflict.

Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade
The Belfast Brigade of the Provisional IRA was the largest of the organisation's brigades, based in the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland.

The nucleus of the Belfast Brigade emerged in the divisions within Belfast republicans in the closing months of 1969, and was formally established in January 1970 as the structures of the new dissident group were created after splitting from the Official IRA.

The brigade was organised along geographical lines into three battalions:

The first battalion covered the Upper Falls, Ballymurphy and Andersonstown

The second battalion covered the Lower Falls, Clonard and the Divis Flats

And the third battalion covered The Bone and the Short Strand.
Jordan Springs, New South Wales
Jordan Springs is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith. It was registered with the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales in 2011.

On 22 November 2019, the suburb was expanded eastwards up to South Creek, incorporating the Central Precinct of the St Marys Release Area, which was previously part of the suburb of Llandilo.

Penrith, New South Wales
Penrith is a suburb in Outer Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of the Sydney central business district on the eastern bank of the Nepean River. It is on the outskirts of the Cumberland Plain at an elevation of 32 metres (105 ft). Penrith is the administrative centre for the City of Penrith local government area.
Paolo Borghese (1622–1646)
Paolo Borghese (1622/24–1646) was an Italian nobleman of the Borghese family. He was the son of Marcantonio II Borghese (1598–1658) and his wife Camilla Orsini.

Paolo was the first husband of Olimpia Aldobrandini, whom he married in 1638. They had five children:

Giovanni Giorgio Borghese

Camillo Borghese

Francesco Borghese

Giovanni Battista Borghese, Principe Borghese (1639-1717) married Eleonora Boncompagni and had issue (including Camillo Borghese, Prince of Sulmona, husband of Pauline Bonaparte).

Maria Virginia Borghese (1642-1718) married Agostino Chigi, Prince of Farnese, Duke of Ariccia and had issue.

Pauline Bonaparte
Paula Maria Bonaparte Leclerc Borghese (French: Pauline Marie Bonaparte, pronounced [pɔlin maʁi bɔnapaʁt]; 20 October 1780 – 9 June 1825), better known as Pauline Bonaparte, was an imperial French princess, the first sovereign Duchess of Guastalla, and the princess consort of Sulmona and Rossano. She was the sixth child of Letizia Ramolino and Carlo Buonaparte, Corsica's representative to the court of King Louis XVI. Her elder brother, Napoleon, was the first emperor of the French. She married Charles Leclerc, a French general, a union ended by his death in 1802.

Later, Pauline married Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona. Her only child, Dermide Leclerc, born from her first marriage, died in childhood. She was the only Bonaparte sibling to visit Napoleon in exile on his principality, Elba.
Shamlu, Fars
Shamlu (Persian: شاملو, also Romanized as Shāmlū) is a village in Jereh Rural District, Jereh and Baladeh District, Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 226, in 41 families.

Jereh Rural District (Kazerun County)
Jereh Rural District (Persian: دهستان جره) is in Jereh and Baladeh District of Kazerun County, Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Jereh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Baladeh, now the city of Valashahr.
Midpoint theorem (conics)
In geometry, the midpoint theorem describes a property of parallel chords in a conic. It states that the midpoints of parallel chords in a conic are located on a common line.

The common line or line segment for the midpoints is called the diameter. For a circle, ellipse or hyperbola the diameter goes through its center. For a parabola the diameter is always perpendicular to its directrix and for a pair of intersecting lines (from a degenerate conic) the diameter goes through the point of intersection.

Gallery ( = eccentricity):

circle (=0)

ellipse (<1)

parabola (=1)

hyperbola (>1)

intersecting lines (=∞)

Eccentricity (mathematics)
In mathematics, the eccentricity of a conic section is a non-negative real number that uniquely characterizes its shape.
One can think of the eccentricity as a measure of how much a conic section deviates from being circular. In particular:

The eccentricity of a circle is 0.

The eccentricity of a non-circular ellipse is between 0 and 1.

The eccentricity of a parabola is 1.

The eccentricity of a hyperbola is greater than 1.

The eccentricity of a pair of lines is

Two conic sections with the same eccentricity are similar.
Brækhus
Brækhus is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cecilia Brækhus (born 1981), Norwegian boxer

Sjur Brækhus (1918–2009), Norwegian legal judge and scholar

Stein Inge Brækhus (born 1967), Norwegian jazz musician

Scandinavian family name etymology
Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.
Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.
Moe Koffman
Morris "Moe" Koffman, OC (28 December 1928 – 28 March 2001) was a Canadian jazz saxophonist and flautist, as well as composer and arranger. During a career spanning from the 1950s into the 2000s, Koffman was one of Canada's most prolific musicians, working variously in clubs and sessions and releasing 30 albums. With his 1957 record Cool and Hot Sax on the New York-based Jubilee label, Koffman became one of the first Canadian jazz musicians to record a full-length album. Koffman was also a long-time member of Rob McConnell's Boss Brass.

His most famous pieces, "Curried Soul" and "Koff Drops", have been the theme music for the CBC Radio One show, As It Happens, since 1972.

Canadian Music Hall of Fame
The Canadian Music Hall of Fame was established in 1978 by the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) to honour Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements in music. The award presentation is held each year as part of the Juno Award ceremonies. Since 2012, the inductee also performs at the ceremony.

A hall facility was opened in Calgary in 2016 located within The National Music Centre in Calgary, Alberta. It can be found on level five of the Studio Bell, a floor entirely dedicated to celebrating and recognizing Canadian music creators and artists who have left their mark on this country and beyond.
Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty underwent a revival during the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries. Under the Macedonian emperors, the empire gained control over the Adriatic Sea, Southern Italy, and all of the territory of the Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria. The Macedonian dynasty was characterised by a cultural revival in spheres such as philosophy and the arts, and has been dubbed the "Golden Age" of Byzantium.

The cities of the empire expanded, and affluence spread across the provinces because of the newfound security. The population rose, and production increased, stimulating new demand for trade.

Culturally, there was considerable growth in education and learning (the "Macedonian Renaissance"). Ancient texts were preserved and recopied. Byzantine art flourished, and brilliant mosaics graced the interiors of the many new churches.

Leo VI the Wise
Leo VI, also known as Leo the Wise (Greek: Λέων ὁ Σοφός, romanized: Léōn ho Sophós; 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the separate office of Roman consul.
MetroCentre
Metrocentre (previously styled as MetroCentre) is a shopping centre and entertainment complex in the Dunston area of Gateshead. It is located on the former site of Dunston Power Station, near to the River Tyne.

Metrocentre opened in stages, with the first phase opening on 28 April 1986, and the official opening being held on 14 October that year. It has 210 shops, 63 restaurants, an Odeon cinema, a Clip n’ Climb, a bowling alley, a Namco Funscape, The Escapologist and Treetop Golf, occupying over 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) of retail floor space, making it one of the largest shopping centres in the UK. Additional retail space can be found in the adjoining Metro Retail Park and MetrOasis.

Bumper cars
Bumper cars or dodgems are the generic names for a type of flat amusement ride consisting of multiple small electrically powered cars which draw power from the floor or ceiling, and which are turned on and off remotely by an operator. They are also known as bumping cars, dodging cars and dashing cars. The first patent for them was filed in 1921.
Open Interface
Open Interface was an early cross-platform graphical user interface toolkit by Neuron Data. Released in March 1991, Open Interface featured a WYSIWYG editor and supported DOS, Macintosh, OS/2, VMS, Microsoft Windows 3.0, and other platforms. The toolkit made use of widgets and produced ANSI C code.

The product was well received and considered an industry standard at the time.

Neuron Data sold the rights to the product to HCL where it continues its life under the Presenter5 name.

Platform-independent GUI library
A PIGUI (Platform Independent Graphical User Interface) package is a software library that a programmer uses to produce GUI code for multiple computer platforms. The package presents subroutines and/or objects (along with a programming approach) which are independent of the GUIs that the programmer is targeting. For software to qualify as PIGUI it must support several GUIs under at least two different operating systems (e.g. just supporting OPEN LOOK and X11 on two Unix boxes doesn't count). The package does not necessarily provide any additional portability features. Native look and feel is a desirable feature, but is not essential for PIGUIs.
Nicolasa Dayrit Panlilio
Nicolasa Dayrit-Panlilio (10 September 1874 – 12 April 1945) was a Filipina non-combatant in the Philippine–American War. Her actions not only included helping to minister the sick and wounded Filipino combatants, but also played a major role in appeasing General Antonio Luna during his confrontation with General Tomas Mascardo. This contributed to the collapse of the Bagbag-Quingua-Sta. Maria defense line based on the Pampanga River, which was held against the American forces.

Governor Tiburcio Hilario, at the same time sent three emissaries to convince General Mascardo to submit himself to Luna's authority as Chief of Staff. At first Mascardo was nowhere to be found but later, he appeared in Betis to inform General Luna that he was willing to follow the latter's orders. That afternoon Luna returned to his headquarters, only to learn that his troops had been defeated in the Battle of Quingua.

Tomás Mascardo
Tomás Mascardo y Echenique (October 9, 1871 – July 7, 1932) was a Filipino general during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War.  He joined the fight against the Spaniards at the beginning of the revolution. He later became the governor of Cavite for one term from 1910–1912.
Preženjske Njive
Preženjske Njive (pronounced [pɾɛˈʒeːnskɛ ˈnjiːʋɛ]) is a settlement west of Dole in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

Dole pri Litiji
Dole pri Litiji (pronounced [ˈdoːlɛ pɾi liˈtiːji]; German: Mariathal) is a village in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region; until January 2014 the municipality was part of the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Volume overload
Volume overload refers to the state of one of the chambers of the heart in which too large a volume of blood exists within it for it to function efficiently. Ventricular volume overload is approximately equivalent to an excessively high preload. It is a cause of cardiac failure.

Frank–Starling law
The Frank–Starling law of the heart (also known as Starling's law and the Frank–Starling mechanism) represents the relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume. The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant. As a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood stretches cardiac muscle, leading to an increase in the force of contraction. The Frank-Starling mechanism allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return via tension of the ventricular cardiac muscle, without depending upon external regulation to make alterations. The physiological importance of the mechanism lies mainly in maintaining left and right ventricular output equality.
2021 K2 disaster
On 5 February 2021, three mountaineers went missing while attempting to summit K2 without supplementary oxygen, in extreme winter conditions. After extensive search and rescue efforts, they were declared dead. The group included seasoned climbers: Ali Sadpara, a veteran mountaineer; his 21-year-old son, Sajid Sadpara; Icelandic mountaineer John Snorri Sigurjónsson; and Chilean climber Juan Pablo Mohr Prieto. Sajid Sadpara survived, while the others died during the expedition.

John Snorri Sigurjónsson
John Snorri Sigurjónsson (20 June 1973 – c. 5 February 2021) was an Icelandic mountaineer. In May 2017, he became the first Icelander to summit Lhotse in the Himalayas, which is 8,516 meters high and the 4th highest mountain in the world. On July 28 of the same year, he became the first Icelander to summit K2. On 4 August 2017, he successfully summited Broad Peak (8051 m).

On 5 February 2021, John Snorri along with Ali Sadpara and Juan Mohr went missing while attempting a K2 summit push from Camp 3. On 18 February, Pakistan authorities officially presumed the three men dead, but stated that the search for their remains would continue. On 26 July 2021, the bodies of the three missing mountaineers were found in the slopes above Camp 4.
Einstein Institute of Mathematics
The Einstein Institute of Mathematics (Hebrew: מָכוֹן אַייְנְשְׁטַייְן לְמָתֶמָטִיקָה) is a centre for scientific research in mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, founded in 1925 with the opening of the university. A leading research institute, the institute's faculty has included recipients of the Nobel Prize, Fields Medal, Wolf Prize, and Israel Prize.

Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics
The Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics is an annual award of the Breakthrough Prize series announced in 2013.

It is supported by foundations co-founded by Julia and Yuri Milner, Mark Zuckerberg and others. The annual award comes with a cash gift of $3 million. The Breakthrough Prize Board also selects up to three laureates for the New Horizons in Mathematics Prize, which awards $100,000 to early-career researchers. Starting in 2021 (prizes announced in September 2020), the $50,000 Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize is also awarded to a number of women mathematicians who have completed their PhDs within the past two years.