hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kubutz and shuruk
Kubutz or qubbutz (modern Hebrew: קֻבּוּץ; IPA: [kuˈbuts], formerly קִבּוּץ‎, qibbūṣ) and shuruk (Hebrew: שׁוּרוּק, IPA: [ʃuˈʁuk], also known as shuruq) are two Hebrew niqqud vowel signs that represent the sound [u]. In an alternative, Ashkenazi naming, the kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "shuruk" and shuruk is called "melopum" (מלאפום‎).

Modern Hebrew verbs
In Hebrew, verbs, which take the form of derived stems, are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. This article deals mostly with Modern Hebrew, but to some extent, the information shown here applies to Biblical Hebrew as well.
John I (bishop of Jerusalem)
John I of Jerusalem was the seventh Bishop of Jerusalem.

He was, according to Eusebius, a Jewish Christian born to Jewish parents who kept the Law of the Torah. John I replaced the first bishop of Jerusalem Saint James the Just, the "brother of the Lord," who was appointed bishop by the Apostles Peter, James, and John.

John was well versed in the Law of Moses and as a young man disputed with Christians until he converted with the instruction of St. Justus bishop of Jerusalem.  He was baptized and ordained a deacon. His two-year episcopacy was one under which the church was persecuted.

John I died April 11, after serving two years in office.

Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (c. AD 260/265 – 30 May AD 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilius, was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist from the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In about AD 314 he became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima.

Together with Pamphilus, Eusebius was a scholar of the biblical canon and is regarded as one of the most learned Christians during late antiquity. He wrote the Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the biblical text. His work Onomasticon is an early geographical lexicon of places in the Holy Land mentioned in the Bible. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. He also produced a biographical work on Constantine the Great, the first Christian Roman emperor, who was Augustus between AD 306 and AD 337.
Benjamin Stanley Young
Benjamin Stanley Young (13 December 1851 –16 August 1934) served as Magistrate of the British Overseas Territory of the Pitcairn Islands twice, from 1884 to 1885, and in 1892. Young's father, Simon Young, also served as magistrate.

Young was a descendant of HMS Bounty mutineers Ned Young, John Adams and Fletcher Christian, as well as John Buffett, a schoolteacher and whaler, who had arrived on Pitcairn in 1823 to help Adams teach the islands' many children. His siblings included William Alfred Young, Arthur Herbert Young, and the historian Rosalind Amelia Young.

Young married Rebecca Holman Ascension McCoy, the daughter of Matthew McCoy. They had seven children.

Fletcher Christian
Fletcher Christian (25 September 1764 – 20 September 1793) was an English sailor who led the mutiny on the Bounty in 1789, during which he seized command of the Royal Navy vessel HMS Bounty from Lieutenant William Bligh.

In 1787, Christian was appointed master's mate on Bounty, tasked with transporting breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies. Bligh subsequently named him acting lieutenant during the voyage. After a five-month layover in Tahiti, relations between Bligh and his crew deteriorated and, in April 1789, Christian led a mutiny and forced Bligh from the ship. Some of the mutineers were left on Tahiti, while Christian, eight other mutineers, six Tahitian men and eleven Tahitian women settled on isolated Pitcairn Island, where they stripped and burned the vessel.

Christian died on Pitcairn, possibly killed in a conflict with Tahitians. His group was not found until 1808 and the sole surviving mutineer, John Adams, gave conflicting accounts of Christian's death.
2009 Indonesia Super Series
The 2009 Indonesia Open Superseries was the sixth tournament of 2009 BWF Superseries badminton tournament. It was held from 16 to 21 June 2009 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Bolded names below indicate champions.

Indonesia Open (badminton)
The Indonesia Open (Indonesian: Indonesia Terbuka) is an annual badminton tournament organized by the Badminton Association of Indonesia (PBSI) since 1982. It became part of the BWF Super Series tournament in 2007 and got the Super Series Premier status in 2011. Following the restructurisation to BWF World Tour, since 2018 it became one of only four tournaments to be granted Super 1000 level.
Ormenio railway station
Ormenio railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός Σταθμός Ορμένιο, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Pythio) is a railway station that serves the village of Ormenio, Evros in Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Located around 900 metres (3,000 ft) north of the centre of Ormenio, the station was opened by the Chemins de fer Orientaux, (now part of OSE). Today Hellenic Train operates just 1 daily Regional train; however, there are waiting rooms available. Ormenio is the northernmost railway station in Greece and the final stop before crossing the border into Bulgaria.

Svilengrad railway station
The Svilengrad railway station is the last station before the Bulgaria/Turkey and Bulgaria/Greece border. The station was built in 1874 by the Chemins de fer Orientaux as part of the Istanbul–Vienna railway. Regional trains to Dimitrovgrad as well as the Bosphorus Express to Bucharest and the Balkans Express to Belgrade via Sofia, both from Istanbul service the station.
Tape head cleaner
A tape head cleaner is a substance or device used for cleaning the record and playback heads of a magnetic tape drive found in video or audio tape machines such as  cassette players and VCRs. These machines require regular maintenance to perform properly. Particles that come off magnetic tape can build up on the record and playback heads, reducing the signal quality. Head cleaning may be done with a special cloth, long swabs, or a cleaning tape or cassette.

Videocassette recorder
A videocassette recorder (VCR) or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as time shifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, which were widely available for purchase and rental starting in the 80s and 90s, most popularly in the VHS videocassette format. Blank tapes were sold to make recordings.

VCRs declined in popularity during the 2000s and in 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer, ceased production.
Nilgiri State
Nilagiri State was one of the princely states of India during the British Raj. It belonged to the Orissa States Agency and its capital was at Raj Nilgiri, which later became the modern town of Nilagiri.

The state was bounded in the north and west by the State of Mayurbhanj and in the south by Balasore District. As of 1940, Nilgiri State had a population of 73,109 and an area of 263 square miles (680 km2). In 1949 it was merged into Balasore District.

Balasore district
Balasore district, also known as Baleswar district, is an administrative district of Odisha state, in eastern India.  Balasore is one of the coastal districts of Odisha and lies on the northernmost part of the state.
2021–22 Madhya Pradesh Premier League
The 2021–22 Madhya Pradesh Premier League was the 2nd season of the Madhya Pradesh Premier League, the first professional league in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is organised by the Madhya Pradesh Football Association.

The 2nd season kicked off on the 3 October 2021, with 12 teams competing for the title and qualification for the I-League 2nd Division. The 12 teams were divided into two groups. teams played once against each other in a round-robin format. 2 teams from each group qualified for the Super Four round where they played once against each other. Top 2 teams of the Super Four round Sehore Boys and Eagles FC played in the final.

Eagles FC won the final and crowned champions of the league.

Madhya Pradesh Premier League
The Madhya Pradesh Premier League is the top-tier state club league in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is organised by Madhya Pradesh Football Association (MPFA).

The inaugural season kicked off on 10 January 2021, with 8 teams competing for the maiden title. On 27 January 2021, Madan Maharaj FC became the  champions of the inaugural edition by defeating Lion's Club 2–0 in the final.
Fountain Correctional Facility
Fountain Correctional Facility is an Alabama Department of Corrections prison located in Atmore, Alabama. The 8,200-acre (3,300 ha) facility is located along Alabama Highway 21, about 7 miles (11 km) north of the Atmore city center.

The prison may hold up to 855 medium-custody male prisoners. The prison has agricultural operations, cattle operations, and vegetable gardens. Fountain and Coastal Alabama Community College (formerly Jefferson Davis Community College) offer vocational programs to the prisoners. The annual budget is $8,132,000.

J. O. Davis Correctional Facility, an extension of Fountain, is a 400-prisoner unit. The unit was named after a previous Fountain warden.

Alabama Department of Corrections
The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery.

Alabama has relatively long mandatory sentencing laws compared to most other states, resulting in a rising prison population stemming from longer prison sentences. It operates the nation's most crowded prison system. In 2015 it housed more than 24,000 inmates in a system designed for 13,318. In 2015 it settled a class-action suit over physical and sexual violence against inmates at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka. The department also spends the least of any state on a per-prisoner basis.

As of 2018, Alabama has the 6th highest incarceration rate under state prison or local jail jurisdiction per 100,000 population in the U.S.
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The maritime history of the United States is a broad theme within the history of the United States. As an academic subject, it crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding the United States' relationship with the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. The focus is on merchant shipping, and the financing and manning of the ships. A merchant marine owned at home is not essential to an extensive foreign commerce. In fact, it may be cheaper to hire other nations to handle the carrying trade than to participate in it directly. On the other hand, there are certain advantages, particularly during time of war, which may warrant an aggressive government encouragement to the maintenance of a merchant marine.

Seamen's Act
The Seamen's Act, formally known as Act to Promote the Welfare of American Seamen in the Merchant Marine of the United States or Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (Act of March 4, 1915, ch. 153, 38 Stat. 1164), was designed to improve the safety and security of United States seamen and eliminate shanghaiing.

"The 1915 statute ... has been described as the Magna Carta of American sailors' rights."
Statoria gens
The gens Statoria was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned in the time of the Second Punic War.  None of them ever attained any of the higher offices of the Roman state.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Isobornyl cyclohexanol
Isobornyl cyclohexanol (IBCH, Sandenol) is an organic compound used primarily as a fragrance because of its aroma which is similar to sandalwood oil.  Its chemical structure is closely related to that of both α-santalol and β-santalol, which are the primary constituents of sandalwood oil.

Sandalwood trees are endangered due to overharvesting, leading to a high cost for the natural oil.  IBCH is therefore produced as an economical alternative to the natural product.

Α-Santalol
α-Santalol (alpha-santalol)  is an organic compound that is classified as a sesquiterpene.  It comprises about 55% of the oil of sandalwood, another less abundant component being β-santalol.  As of 2002, about 60 tons of sandalwood oil are produced annually by steam distillation of the heartwood of Santalum album.  It is a valued component for perfumes.

Because of concerns about the sustainability of sandalwood tree cultivation, scientists have developed routes to α-santalol and β-santalol via fermentation, including using Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BASF launched its version under their Isobionics brand in July 2020.

The oil content varies greatly within the different sandalwood species. This level is typically highest in S. album, S. paniculatum and S. yasi. The scent profile also changes considerably between the different species' oils.
Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History
The Vere Harmsworth Professorship of Imperial and Naval History is one of the senior professorships in history at the University of Cambridge. After the Beit Professorship of Colonial History at Oxford (founded in 1905) and the Rhodes Professorship of Imperial History at King's College London (founded in 1919), it is the third oldest chair in its subject in the world.

In 1919 Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere endowed a "Professorship of Naval History" at Cambridge with a donation of £20,000, in memory of his son Vere who was killed at the Battle of Ancre in November 1916.  In 1932 the Royal Empire Society successfully campaigned for Cambridge to accept the renaming of the chair to "The Professorship of Imperial and Naval History", under which rubric a new professor was appointed in 1934. Among the holders of this prestigious chair, only Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond has specialized in naval history, while the others have tended to be scholars of imperial history.

Rhodes Professor of Imperial History
The Rhodes Professorship of Imperial History was one of the senior professorships in history at King's College London. Endowed by the Rhodes Trust in 1919, it was the second oldest academic chair in its subject in the world after the  Beit Professorship of Colonial History at  Oxford (founded in 1905).

In January 2022, King's College London discontinued the Rhodes Professorship of Imperial History due to its associations with slavery and colonialism.  The decision followed advocacy by Professor Richard Drayton, the chair's incumbent and a former Rhodes Scholar, who highlighted the university's historical financial ties to slavery. Specifically, he referenced Charles Pallmer, a plantation owner who donated significantly to King's College in the 19th century and profited from slave ownership in Jamaica.

The chair is now named Professor of Imperial and Global History.
Noise generator
A noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (i.e., a random signal). Noise generators are used to test signals for measuring noise figure, frequency response, and other parameters. Noise generators are also used for generating random numbers.

Noise figure
Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (F) are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is caused by components in a signal chain. These figures of merit are used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver, with lower values indicating better performance.

The noise factor is defined as the unitless ratio of the output noise power of a device to the portion thereof attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature T0 (usually 290 K). The noise factor is thus the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the device itself did not introduce noise, which is equivalent to the ratio of input SNR to output SNR.

The noise figure is the power level of the noise factor, calculated in terms of the logarithm of noise factor and expressed in scale of decibels (dB).
Jože Javoršek
Jože Javoršek was the pen name of Jože Brejc (October 20, 1920 – September 2, 1990), a Slovenian playwright, writer, poet, translator and essayist. He is regarded as one of the greatest masters of style and language among Slovene authors. A complex thinker and controversial personality, Javoršek is frequently considered, together with the writer Vitomil Zupan, as the paradigmatic example of the World War II and postwar generation of Slovene intellectuals.

Slovene literature
Slovene literature is the literature written in Slovene. It spans all literary genres; historical fiction has been a recurring strand within Slovene fiction. The Romantic 19th-century epic poetry of France Prešeren, a central author in the Slovene literary canon, influenced later developments in Slovene writing.

Literature played an important role in the development and preservation of Slovene identity because the Slovene nation did not have its own state until 1991 after the Republic of Slovenia emerged from the breakup of Yugoslavia. Poetry, narrative prose, drama, essay, and criticism kept the Slovene language and culture alive, allowing—in the words of Anton Slodnjak—the Slovenes to become a real nation, particularly in the absence of "masculine" attributes such as political power and authority.
Catholic Church in Belize
The Catholic Church in Belize is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Bishops in Belize are members of the Antilles Episcopal Conference.

Approximately 40% of the population of Belize is Catholic. The country falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Belize City-Belmopan.

The nunciature to Belize is combined with the nunciature to El Salvador. The current 
apostolic nuncio to Belize is Archbishop Luigi Pezzuto.

Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan (Latin: Dioecesis Belizepolitanus-Belmopanus) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in continental Central America. The diocese comprises the entirety of Belize, the former British dependency British Honduras. It is a Latin suffragan of the Archdiocese of Kingston (on Jamaica) and a member of the Antilles Episcopal Conference, yet still depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

The cathedral of the diocese, also known as its mother church, is Holy Redeemer Cathedral in Belize City. Our Lady of Guadalupe Co-Cathedral in Belmopan is the co-cathedral of the diocese.
Glyn Cannon
Glyn Cannon is a British playwright and artist.

His plays include; Coffee (Pleasance Edinburgh 2009), The Kiss (Hampstead Theatre) and Gone, a modern adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone that was first produced at the Pleasance Courtyard for the 2004 Edinburgh fringe festival. It won a Fringe First award from The Scotsman and transferred to the West End. Also, Nebuchadnezzar first produced in 2002 at the Latchmere theatre, Battersea, London, and On Blindness which was produced by Paines Plough, Graeae Theatre Company and Frantic Assembly (Soho Theatre, London, 2004).  He was Associate Playwright of Paines Plough, 2003–4, and an associate artist of The Miniaturists.

Paines Plough
Paines Plough is a British touring theatre company founded in 1974, currently led by artistic directors Charlotte Bennett and Katie Posner.

The company commissions, develops and produces new plays for touring, and helps playwrights develop their craft. Since its foundation, it has commissioned the early works of hundreds of writers, including James Graham, Sarah Kane, Dennis Kelly, Miriam Battye, Nick Payne, Abi Morgan, Duncan Macmillan, Mike Bartlett, Anna Jordan, Sam Steiner, Vinay Patel, Zia Ahmed and Kae Tempest.

Over the past five decades, Paines Plough has produced work by a wide range of playwrights across the UK and abroad. Collaboration with other theatre organisations is a feature of the company’s work; since 2010 the company has co-produced every show it has worked on with either a venue or a touring partner.
Mike Baird (musician)
Michael Baird is an American drummer. He has played drums for Airborne, Vasco Rossi, Billy Idol, Hall and Oates, Pointer Sisters, Donna Summer, Riverdogs, Animotion, Richard Marx, Wang Chung, Michael Bolton, Rick Springfield, Eddie Money, Kenny Loggins, Yumi Matsutoya, Juice Newton, and Prism.  He was a touring drummer for Journey on their tour for the Raised on Radio album.

Van Stephenson
Van Wesley Stephenson (November 4, 1953 – April 8, 2001) was an American singer-songwriter. He scored three US Billboard Hot 100 hits in the 1980s as a solo artist, and later became tenor vocalist in the country music band BlackHawk in the 1990s. In addition, Van co-wrote several singles for other artists, such as Restless Heart. Stephenson died of melanoma in 2001.
Alfriyanto Nico
Alfriyanto Nico Saputro (born 3 April 2003) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a winger or right-back for Indonesian Super League club Persis Solo, on loan from Persija Jakarta and the Indonesia national team.

2021–22 Liga 1 (Indonesia)
The 2021–22 Liga 1, also known as BRI Liga 1 for sponsorship reasons, was the 5th season of Liga 1 under its current name and the 12th season of the top-flight Indonesian professional league for association football clubs since its establishment in 2008. The season started on 27 August 2021. Bali United were the defending champions from the 2019 season after the 2020 season was abandoned and declared void after three matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

On 25 March 2022, Bali United succeeded in defending their title for the second consecutive season, after second-placed Persib drew against Persik, giving Bali United a 4-point lead with only one game left.
Collective landscape
The term collective landscape was introduced to landscape design and landscape planning by Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe.

He wrote, on the dust jacket of his book:

The landscape of man, that  "The world is moving into a phase when landscape design may well be recognized as the most comprehensive of the arts. Man creates around him an environment that is a projection into nature of his abstract ideas. It is only in the present century that the collective landscape has emerged as a social necessity. We are promoting a landscape art on a scale never conceived of in history."

Landscape design
Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining  nature and  culture.  In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges the space between landscape architecture and garden design.