hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indirect calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring either their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste (frequently ammonia in aquatic organisms, or urea in terrestrial ones), or from their consumption of oxygen. Indirect calorimetry estimates the type and rate of substrate utilization and energy metabolism in vivo starting from gas exchange measurements (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during rest and steady-state exercise). This technique provides unique information, is noninvasive, and can be advantageously combined with other experimental methods to investigate numerous aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.

Metabolic waste
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO2, phosphates, sulphates, etc. Animals treat these compounds as excretes. Plants have metabolic pathways which transform some of them (primarily the oxygen compounds) into useful substances.

All the metabolic wastes are excreted in a form of water solutes through the excretory organs (nephridia, Malpighian tubules, kidneys), with the exception of CO2, which is excreted together with the water vapor throughout the lungs. The elimination of these compounds enables the chemical homeostasis of the organism.
Chamua railway station
Chamua railway station is a railway station on Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line under the Samastipur railway division of East Central Railway zone. This is situated at Dewaliya, Chamua in West Champaran district of the Indian state of Bihar.

Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line
The Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line is an important broad-gauge railway line connecting Muzaffarpur Junction in Bihar with Gorakhpur Junction in Uttar Pradesh, India. The route passes through the fertile plains of North Bihar and forms a vital transport corridor for both passenger and freight trains. It falls under the administrative control of the East Central Railway zone and the North Eastern Railway zone.
Makis Nikolaidis
Prodromos "Makis" Nikolaidis (alternate spelling: Nikolaides) (Greek: Πρόδρομος "Μάκης" Νικολαΐδης; born July 13, 1978) is a former Greek-Cypriot professional basketball player. At a height of 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, and 102 kg (225 lb) in weight, he could play both the shooting guard and small forward positions. During his playing career, Nikolaidis possessed great shooting ability. In 2008, he won the 3-point shootout competition of the Greek League All-Star Game.

FIBA EuroCup Challenge
The FIBA EuroCup Challenge was the 4th-tier level transnational professional continental club basketball competition in Europe, organised by FIBA Europe. However, it was considered Europe's 2nd tier level club basketball competition in its inaugural 2002–03 season.

The competition was founded in 2002, following a conflict between FIBA Europe and ULEB during the 2001–02 season. It was an attempt by FIBA to expand its secondary tournament held during the previous season:, the FIBA Europe Regional Challenge Cup, by merging it with the FIBA Europe Champions Cup.

Each season's finalists were promoted to the next season's more prestigious 3rd-tier level competition, the FIBA EuroChallenge. The competition ultimately ceased in 2007.
2014–15 Maltese Futsal Premier League
The 2014–15 Maltese Futsal Premier League, for sponsorship reasons also known as Gatorade Futsal Premier League is the 4th season of the Maltese Futsal League, the top Maltese league for futsal clubs, since its establishment in 2011. It is also the 16th season of the futsal championship in Malta, since the beginning of organized futsal in the country in 1999.

Ħamrun Spartans Futsal Club
Ħamrun Spartans Futsal is a Maltese futsal club based in Ħamrun, Malta. After achieving a commendable third-place finish in the 2017-18 season, Ħamrun ceased operations and withdrew from domestic competition. The club remained inactive for several years before being reestablished in 2024, marking its return to the Maltese futsal scene.

Hamrun started their futsal league commitments in the year of 2005. Competing under the name of Ħamrun Tre Angeli, they enjoyed success in the domestic cup, reaching the final in 2016 where they lost to Luxol 7–3, but bouncing back to win the title in 2017 with a victory over Valletta.

The most recent success, the club from Tas-Sikkina had it their first season of return, winning the FMA Futsal Challenger Cup.
Yamunanagar district
Yamunanagar district is one of the 22 districts of the Indian state of Haryana. The district came into existence on 1 November 1989 and occupies an area of 1,756 square kilometres (678 mi2). Yamunanagar town is the district headquarters.

Yamunanagar's average rainfall in Monsoon is 892 mm, which is much higher than the state average of 462 mm.

The district is bounded by Himachal Pradesh state in the north, by Uttar Pradesh state in the east, by Karnal district in the south, by Kurukshetra district in the southwest and Ambala district in the west.
The capital of First  Sikh Empire of Baba Banda Singh Bahudur in Lohgarh Fort and his first victories in towns of Sadhaura and Mustafabad are located in this District. Yamunanagar district's Kalesar, which is a hilly part of the district, is bordered with Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh, also home to Kalesar National Park is part of the Mahasu region culturally.

Ambala district
Ambala district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana state in the country of India with Ambala town serving as the administrative headquarters of the district. District Ambala lies on the North-Eastern edge of Haryana and borders Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Ambala district is a part of Ambala Division.
SV Morlautern
SV Morlautern is a German association football club from the Morlautern suburb of the city of Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier five Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar in 2016.

Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern (German pronunciation: [ˌkaɪzɐsˈlaʊtɐn] ⓘ; Palatine German: Lautre) is a town in southwest Germany, located in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate at the edge of the Palatinate Forest. The historic centre dates to the 9th century. It is 459 kilometres (285 miles) from Paris, 117 km (73 miles) from Frankfurt am Main, 666 km (414 miles) from Berlin, and  159 km (99 miles) from Luxembourg.

Kaiserslautern is home to about 100,000 people. Additionally, approximately 45,000 NATO military personnel are based in the city and its surrounding district (Landkreis Kaiserslautern).
Djivan Gasparyan
Djivan Gasparyan (var. Jivan Gasparyan; Armenian: Ջիվան Գասպարյան, Armenian pronunciation: [dʒiˈvɑn ɡɑspɑɾˈjɑn]; 12 October 1928 – 6 July 2021) was an Armenian musician and composer. He played the duduk, a double reed woodwind instrument related to the orchestral oboe. Gasparyan is known as the "Master of the duduk". In 2006 he was nominated for Grammy Awards for the Best Traditional World Music Album.

Michael Brook
Michael Brook (born 1951) is a Canadian guitarist, inventor, music producer, and film music composer. He plays in many genres, including rock, electronica, world music, minimalism and film scores. His collaborations with musicians around the world have made him "one of the most sought-after producers in the music industry." Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Brook lives in Los Angeles. He is the creator of the Infinite Guitar.
Customs Surveillance Service
The Customs Surveillance Service (Spanish: Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera, SVA), officially Deputy Directorate for Customs Surveillance (Spanish: Dirección Adjunta de Vigilancia Aduanera, DAVA), is a law enforcement agency of the Spanish Ministry of Finance, integrated in the Spanish Tax Agency. Its responsibilities include the investigation and prosecution of cases involving smuggling, illegal drug trade, and related crimes, such us money laundering and tax evasion.

Its activities can be compared with United States agencies like the Drug Enforcement Administration, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, or some of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, as well as UK's Border Force.

United States Customs and Border Protection
United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, as well as enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs, and immigration. The CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
Tacos de canasta
Tacos de canasta ('basket tacos') are a popular Mexican food preparation consisting of tortilla filled with various stews. Typical fillings are papa ('potato'), chicharrón ('pork rinds'), frijoles ('beans') or adobo ('marinade'). In all cases, the tacos are bathed in oil or melted butter. They are originally from San Vicente Xiloxochitla, Tlaxcala, although they are consumed throughout central Mexico, especially in the large cities of the country. They are usually sold on bicycles that circulate on the streets or also in street stalls. The name comes from the basket in which they are placed to keep them warm.

They are considered a simple, very inexpensive snack (they do not exceed $10 MXN each) and are well known to all Mexicans, in addition to being highly caloric and satiating. Traditionally, they are served with spicy (green or red) sauce, pickled chilies or guacamole.

Guacamole
Guacamole (Spanish: [ɡwakaˈmole] ⓘ), sometimes informally shortened to guac in the United States, is an avocado-based dip, spread, or salad first developed in Mexico. In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment, and salad ingredient.
1974 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1974 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts. The winners were given a $2500 cash prize. Two awardees, Victor-Lévy Beaulieu and Nicole Brossard, interrupted the award ceremony by giving speeches supporting Quebec nationalism.

Governor General's Awards
The Governor General's Awards are a collection of annual awards presented by the governor general of Canada, recognizing distinction in numerous academic, artistic, and social fields.

The first award was conceived and inaugurated in 1937 by the Lord Tweedsmuir, a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction; he created the Governor General's Literary Award with two award categories. Successive governors general have followed suit, establishing an award for whichever endeavour they personally found important. Only Adrienne Clarkson created three Governor General's Awards: the Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, the Governor General's Northern Medal, and the Governor General's Medal in Architecture (though this was effectively a continuation of the Massey Medal, first established in 1950).
Fishery Bay Whaling Station
Fishery Bay whaling station  was a whaling station  located in the Colony of South Australia on the coast of Fishery Bay, a subsidiary  of the larger Sleaford Bay, on Eyre Peninsula about 32 kilometres (20 mi) south-west of Port Lincoln. It operated in the 1830s and 1840s and helped to provide the colony with one of its first export commodities.

Eyre Peninsula
The Eyre Peninsula is a triangular peninsula in South Australia. It is bounded by the Spencer Gulf on the east, the Great Australian Bight on the west, and the Gawler Ranges to the north.

Earlier called Eyre's Peninsula, it was named after explorer Edward John Eyre, who explored parts of the peninsula in 1839–41. The coastline was first charted by the expeditions of Matthew Flinders in 1801–02 and French explorer Nicolas Baudin around the same time. Flinders also named the nearby Yorke's Peninsula and Spencer's Gulph on the same voyage.

The peninsula's economy is primarily agricultural, with growing aquaculture, mining, and tourism sectors. The main towns are Port Lincoln in the south, Whyalla and Port Augusta in the northeast, and Ceduna in the northwest. Port Lincoln (Galinyala in Barngarla), Whyalla and Port Augusta (Goordnada) are part of the Barngarla Aboriginal country.: 230  Ceduna is within Wirangu country.
Nazi analogies
Nazi analogies or Nazi comparisons are any comparisons or parallels which are related to Nazism or Nazi Germany, which often reference Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, the SS, or the Holocaust. Despite criticism, such comparisons have been employed for a wide variety of reasons since Hitler's rise to power. Some Nazi comparisons are logical fallacies, such as reductio ad Hitlerum. Godwin's law asserts that a Nazi analogy is increasingly likely the longer an internet discussion continues; Mike Godwin also stated that not all Nazi comparisons are invalid.

Sheila Fitzpatrick
Sheila Mary Fitzpatrick (born 4 June 1941) is an Australian historian, whose main subjects are history of the Soviet Union and history of modern Russia, especially the Stalin era and the Great Purges, of which she proposes a "history from below", and is part of the "revisionist school" of Communist historiography. She has also critically reviewed the concept of totalitarianism and highlighted the differences between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in debates about comparison of Nazism and Stalinism.

Fitzpatrick is professor at the Australian Catholic University (Melbourne), honorary professor at the University of Sydney, and Distinguished Service Professor Emerita at the University of Chicago. Prior to this, she taught Soviet history at the University of Texas at Austin and was the Bernadotte Everly Schmitt Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. She is considered a founder of the field of Soviet social history.
Walter Dale Miller
Walter Dale "Walt" Miller (October 5, 1925 – September 28, 2015) was an American politician and member of the Republican Party. He served as the 29th governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995, having assumed the office upon the death of George S. Mickelson. He was, at age 67 upon taking office, the oldest person to serve as the governor of South Dakota.

Meade County, South Dakota
Meade County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,852, making it the 6th most populous county in South Dakota. Its county seat is Sturgis. The county was created in 1889 and named for Fort Meade, which was garrisoned as a United States military post in the area in 1878 and itself named for General George Meade.

Meade County is part of the Rapid City metropolitan area.
NGC 2535
NGC 2535 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered on 22 January 1877 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan.

NGC 2535 is exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the nucleus that is interacting with NGC 2536. The interaction has warped the disk and spiral arms of NGC 2535, producing an elongated structure, visible at ultraviolet wavelengths, that contain many bright, recently formed blue star clusters in addition to enhanced star forming regions around the galaxy center. The two galaxies are listed together as Arp 82 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 2535. SN 1901A (type unknown, mag. 14.7) was seen by Karl Reinmuth on a photographic plate taken on 10 January 1901, although the discovery was not made until 28 September 1923.

Interacting galaxy
Interacting galaxies, also known as colliding galaxies, are two or more galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another. There are several types of galactic interactions, including major interactions, minor interactions, and galaxy harassment. Major interactions occur between galaxies with similar amounts of mass, whereas minor interactions involve galaxies with masses that vary significantly. An example of a minor interaction is a satellite galaxy disturbing the primary galaxy's spiral arms. An example of a major interaction is a galactic collision, such as the one that  astronomers estimate will happen in the future between the Milky Way and Andromeda. Collisions may lead to galaxy mergers and may also lead to other phenomena such as star formation and black hole activity.
Byard's Leap
Byard's Leap is a hamlet in the civil parish of Cranwell, Brauncewell and Byard's Leap, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) west from Cranwell. The hamlet is associated with various legends.

Byard's Leap is associated with the activities of the Knights Templar, who perhaps held tournaments and jousts on the site. It lay at the southern end of their Temple Bruer military training ground.

North Kesteven
North Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. The council is based in Sleaford. The district also contains the town of North Hykeham, which adjoins the neighbouring city of Lincoln, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Lincoln, West Lindsey, East Lindsey, Boston, South Holland, South Kesteven and Newark and Sherwood.
Khairabad, Pakistan
Khairabad (Pashto: خیرآباد pronounceⓘ, Urdu: خیرآباد pronounceⓘ) is a town in Jehangira tehsil of Nowshera District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Attock is located to the east, Nizampur to the south and Jehangira town to the north.

Nizampur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Nizampur is a town in Jehangira tehsil of Nowshera district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is located at 33°47'7N 72°1'27E and has an altitude of 329 metres (1082 feet). The area contains reserves of iron ore.
Alice Capsey
Alice Rose Capsey (born 11 August 2004) is an English cricketer. An all-rounder, she is a right-handed batter and right-arm off break bowler. In 2021, Capsey was voted the inaugural PCA Women's Young Player of the Year. Capsey made her international debut for the England women's cricket team in July 2022.

2023 Women's Premier League (cricket)
The 2023 Women's Premier League, (also known as WPL 2023 and branded as TATA WPL 2023) was the inaugural season of the Women's Premier League, a women's franchise Twenty20 cricket league organised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). The tournament featured five teams and was held from 4 March to 26 March 2023.

In the final, Mumbai Indians defeated Delhi Capitals to win the competition.
Maria Farinha Formation
The Maria Farinha Formation is a geological formation of the Parnaíba Basin in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil whose strata date back to the Danian stage of the Paleocene, or Tiupampan in the SALMA classification.

The formation comprising limestones, dolomites, marly and sandy limestones has been deposited in a shallow marine platform environment.

The formation has provided fossils of reptiles and fish.

Tiupampan
The Tiupampan (Spanish: Tiupampense) age is a period of geologic time (64.5–62.5 Ma) within the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene used more specifically with South American land mammal ages (SALMA). It is the oldest SALMA age and precedes the Peligran age.
Noah Gragson
Noah Quinn Gragson (born July 15, 1998) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 4 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for Front Row Motorsports.

Late model
Late Model stock car racing, also known as late model racing and late models, refers to a type of auto racing that involves purpose-built cars simultaneously racing against each other primarily on oval tracks.  This type of racing was early-on characterized by its participants' modification to the engines of post-World War II passenger cars, but the modern day understanding references a class that allows considerable modifications to both the engine and body, yet requires some form of front fender package.
Yaginumanis
Yaginumanis is a genus of East Asian jumping spiders that was first described by F. R. Wanless in 1984. As of September 2019 it contains three species, found in Japan and China: Y. cheni, Y. sexdentatus, and Y. wanlessi. It is named in honor of Japanese arachnologist Takeo Yaginuma, who described the type species in 1984.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Sarki (name)
SarkiListenⓘ is a Nigerian name and surname of Hausa origin which means "king, ruler". Sarki is predominantly a masculine name, used for boys. Sarki in Yoruba is a form of greetings to hail a king, queen, prince or princess. Sarki holds cultural significance in Hausa and Yoruba communities, representing a legacy of kingship and historical importance.

Hausa language
Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; in Hausa: Harshen/Halshen Hausa listenⓘ /hawˈsa/; Ajami: هَرْشٜىٰن هَوْسَا‎) is a Chadic language spoken primarily by the Hausa people in Niger (where it is the sole official language, having replaced French in 2025) and in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo and the southern parts of Chad. It is also spoken by a significant minority in Ivory Coast and a small number of speakers in Sudan.

Hausa is a member of the Afroasiatic language family and is the most widely spoken language within the Chadic branch of that family. Hausa is tonal, using relative pitch both to distinguish words, and mark grammatical categories. Ethnologue estimated that it was spoken as a first language by some 58 million people and as a second language by another 36 million, bringing the total number of Hausa speakers to an estimated 94 million.

In Nigeria, the Hausa film industry is known as Kannywood.
1552 Bessel
1552 Bessel (provisional designation 1938 DE1) is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after German astronomer Friedrich Bessel.

Yrjö Väisälä
Yrjö Väisälä (Finnish: [ˈyrjø ˈʋæi̯sælæ] ⓘ; 6 September 1891 – 21 July 1971) was a Finnish astronomer and physicist.

His main contributions were in the field of optics. He was also active in geodetics, astronomy and optical metrology. He had an affectionate nickname of Wizard of Tuorla (Observatory/Optics laboratory), and a book with the same title in Finnish describes his works. His discoveries include 128 asteroids and 3 comets.

His brothers were mathematician Kalle Väisälä (1893–1968) and meteorologist Vilho Väisälä (1889–1969). His daughter Marja Väisälä (1916–2011) was an astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

Väisälä was a fervent supporter of Esperanto, presiding over the Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista ("International Association of Esperanto Scientists") in 1968.