hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the Church–Turing thesis
The history of the Church–Turing thesis ("thesis") involves the history of the development of the study of the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable. It is an important topic in modern mathematical theory and computer science, particularly associated with the work of Alonzo Church and Alan Turing.

The debate and discovery of the meaning of "computation" and "recursion" has been long and contentious.  This article provides detail of that debate and discovery from Peano's axioms in 1889 through recent discussion of the meaning of "axiom".

Stephen Cole Kleene
Stephen Cole Kleene (/ˈkleɪni/ KLAY-nee; January 5, 1909 – January 25, 1994) was an American mathematician and logician. One of the students of Alonzo Church, Kleene, along with Rózsa Péter, Alan Turing, Emil Post, and others, is best known as a founder of the branch of mathematical logic known as recursion theory, which subsequently helped to provide the foundations of theoretical computer science. Kleene's work grounds the study of computable functions. A number of mathematical concepts are named after him: Kleene hierarchy, Kleene algebra, the Kleene star (Kleene closure), Kleene's recursion theorem and the Kleene fixed-point theorem. He also invented regular expressions in 1951 to describe McCulloch-Pitts neural networks, and made significant contributions to the foundations of mathematical intuitionism.
Eimmart (crater)
Eimmart is a lunar impact crater that is located near the east-northeastern limb of the Moon, to the northeast of the Mare Crisium.  It was named by the IAU in 1935.

The rim of this crater has been lightly eroded, especially along the south-southeastern portion, but most of the edge remains intact. The small crater Eimmart A lies along the eastern rim, and is surrounded by a skirt of higher albedo material, particularly to the south and west across the interior of Eimmart. The interior floor is relatively level, and is marked by the ray material from Eimmart A.

The northern and eastern outer rim of this crater borders on the narrow Mare Anguis. To the northwest of Eimmart are the smaller crater Delmotte and the prominent Cleomedes.

Delmotte (crater)
Delmotte is a small lunar impact crater that lies just to the east of the much larger crater Cleomedes, and to the north of the Mare Crisium, in the northeastern part of the Moon.  It was named by the IAU in 1935.

Delmotte appears foreshortened when viewed from the Earth, although not sufficiently to obscure the interior details.

The crater rim is roughly circular, with a sharp-edged, slightly angular rim, and a slender inner wall. The northwestern part of the rim has a linear cleft that runs toward the northeast. The floor of the crater is relatively level. There are some patches of lighter albedo in the interior, with the most notable lying near the northern inner wall.
Coiba plate
The Coiba plate is a small tectonic plate (microplate) located off the coasts south of Panama and northwestern Colombia. It is named after Coiba, the largest island of Central America, just north of the plate offshore southern Panama. It is bounded on the west by the Cocos plate, on the south by the Malpelo plate, on the east by the North Andes plate, and on the north by the Panama plate. This microplate was previously assumed to be part of the Nazca Plate, forming the northeastern tongue of the Nazca plate together with the Malpelo plate. Bordering the Coiba plate on the east are the north–south striking Bahía Solano Fault and east of that, the Serranía de Baudó, an isolated mountain chain in northwestern Chocó, Colombia.

Serranía del Baudó
The Serranía del Baudó is a coastal mountain range on the Pacific coast of Colombia. It is separated from the West Andes by the Atrato valley where the Atrato River flows and Quibdó is located. From the south the range extends from the Baudó River north and slightly west along the coast into Panama terminating at the Golfo de San Miguel. The range is called Serranía del Sapo when it is in Panama. Technically the landform extends south of the Baudó River down to Malaga Bay, but the area has been eroded into low hills and marshlands.

From Cabo Corrientes north to Punta Ardita and on into Panama the Baudó Mountains meet the ocean in steep cliffs, rising up to as high as 70 m (230 ft), with small indentations in the coast providing small pocket beaches, some sandy, but most are shingle or cobble. However, near river mouths the coast has been eroded and there are wide sandy beaches, tidal flats and even mangrove swamps.

The highest point, Alto de Buey, is 1,810 m (5,940 ft).
Peter Taaffe
Peter Taaffe (7 April 1942 – 23 April 2025) was a British Marxist Trotskyist political activist and a longtime leader of the Socialist Party and its predecessor, the Militant tendency.

Taaffe was the founding editor of the Trotskyist Militant newspaper in 1964, and became known as a leading member of the entryist Militant group. Taaffe was expelled from the Labour Party in 1983, along with four other members of Militant's editorial board.

Taaffe was influential in the policy decisions of Liverpool City Council of 1983–1987, according to the council's deputy leader Derek Hatton, and in the formation of the Militant tendency's policy regarding the Poll Tax in 1988–1991.

Derek Hatton
Derek Anthony Hatton (born 17 January 1948) is a British former politician, later a broadcaster, property developer and businessman. He gained national prominence as deputy leader of Liverpool City Council in the 1980s and was a member of the Trotskyist Militant group.
Volvo Engine Architecture
The Volvo Engine Architecture (VEA) is a family of straight-three and straight-four automobile petrol and diesel engines produced by Volvo Cars in Skövde, Sweden, since 2013, Zhangjiakou, China, since 2016 and Tanjung Malim, Malaysia, since 2022 by Proton. Volvo markets all engines under the Drive–E designation, while Geely groups the three-cylinder variants with its other engines under the G-power name. These engines are some of the few ever put into production as twincharged engines, in the company of the Lancia Delta S4 and concept Jaguar CX-75.

Volvo V60
The Volvo V60 is a compact executive station wagon (estate car) produced by Volvo Cars related to the S60 mid-size sedan. The vehicle was first released in autumn 2010, facelifted in 2014, and is in its second generation since 2018.

The second generation V60 was launched in 2018 based on the Volvo Scalable Product Architecture platform. Both generations feature a "Cross Country" variant with a slightly increased (60-mm / 2.4-inch) ground clearance and ride height.
I Want You (Juliet Roberts song)
"I Want You" is a song by English singer-songwriter Juliet Roberts, released in March 1994, by Cooltempo Records, as the second single from her debut album, Natural Thing (1994). Originally released as a double A-side with her song "Again", it was then released as its own single following the success of its predecessor, "Caught in the Middle", in 1994. Co-written by Roberts with Nathaniel Pierre Jones, it was produced by Dancin' Danny D and peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100. In Europe, it peaked at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart, but was more successful on the Music Week Dance Singles chart, reaching number three in October 1994. The accompanying music video was directed by American filmmaker and comic artist Antoine Fuqua and nominated for Best Clip of the Year and Best New Artist Clip of the Year, both in the category for Dance at the 1994 Billboard Music Video Awards.

K-Klass
K-Klass are a Welsh/English electronic music group from Wrexham, Wales and Chester, England, who are based in Manchester, England. Its original members were Andy Williams, Carl Thomas, Russ Morgan and Paul Roberts.

In 1991, K-Klass signed with the label Deconstruction Records, scoring five top-40 hits on the UK Singles Chart, and later signed to Parlophone. In the mid-1990s, K-Klass were one of the busiest and most successful remix acts around, remixing the likes of Bobby Brown, Janet Jackson and Luther Vandross, New Order, Rihanna, The Corrs, and Whitney Houston. They were awarded the IDA remixers of the year in 1996 for their mix of Carleen Anderson's "True Spirit", then received a Grammy nomination in 2002 for their remix of Samantha Mumba's "Baby Come on Over". Since leaving Parlophone, Williams and Thomas have both left K-Klass, leaving just Roberts and Morgan alongside original vocalist Bobbi Depasois as K-Klass. Roberts and Morgan run their own record label, Klass Action.
Betty Yee
Betty Ting Yee (born October 19, 1957) is an American politician who served as California State Controller from 2015 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Yee previously served as a member of the California Board of Equalization from 2004 to 2015.

In 2024, Yee annouced her campaign run in the 2026 California gubernatorial election.

California State Controller
The state controller of California is a constitutional office in the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of California. Thirty-three individuals have held the office of state controller since statehood. The incumbent is Malia Cohen, a Democrat. The state controller's main office is located at 300 Capitol Mall in Sacramento.
The Toothpaste Millionaire
The Toothpaste Millionaire is a children's novel by the American writer Jean Merrill, illustrated by Jan Palmer and first published by Houghton Mifflin in 1972. It is one of Merrill's most popular books. The story takes place in East Cleveland, Ohio and tells the tale of an ingenious adolescent who develops a less expensive brand of toothpaste and how he and his middle-school aged friends work together to form a successful company.

Merrill stated that Rufus was "her type of hero" not because he became rich but because he was smart and resourceful.

East Cleveland, Ohio
East Cleveland is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 13,792 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 13,402 in 2024. It is a suburb lying east and south of Cleveland and west of Cleveland Heights.
2023 Magyar Kupa final
The 2023 Magyar Kupa final decided the winners of the 2022–23 Magyar Kupa, the 83rd season of Hungarian premier football cup, the Magyar Kupa. The match was played on 3 May 2023 at the Puskás Aréna in Budapest between Budafok and Zalaegerszeg.

Zalegerszeg won the match 2–0 securing their first Magyar Kupa title with scoring the goals in the last minutes of the extra time.

2022–23 Magyar Kupa
The 2022–23 Magyar Kupa (English: Hungarian Cup) was the 83rd season of Hungary's annual knock-out cup football competition. The title holders were Ferencváros by winning the 2022 Magyar Kupa final.

Match times up to 30 October 2022 and from 26 March 2023 were CEST (UTC+2). Times on interim ("winter") days were CET (UTC+1).
Brevundimonas vancanneytii
Brevundimonas vancanneytii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus Brevundimonas which has been isolated from human blood. The bacterium has been named after doctor Marc Vancanneyt who was working at the University of Ghent.

Brevundimonas
Brevundimonas is a genus of bacteria. They are Gram-negative, non-fermenting, aerobic bacilli. Brevundimonas species are ubiquitous in the environment but are rarely isolated from clinical samples, although numbers are increasing. Two species of Brevundimonas originally classified under the genus Pseudomonas have been re-classified by Seger et al. as Brevundimonas vesicularis and Brevundimonas diminuta.
Marcus Jones (politician)
Sir Marcus Charles Jones (born 5 April 1974) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Nuneaton from 2010 to 2024. Previously he had been the Leader of Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council. He had previously served as Government Deputy Chief Whip and Treasurer of the Household since October 2022.

He was appointed Minister of State for Housing in the July 2022 British cabinet reshuffle. He served until September 2022. He stood as a candidate for Nuneaton in the 2024 general election, when he lost his seat.

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for housing, communities, and local government in England. It was established in May 2006 and is the successor to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, established in 2001. The department shares its headquarters building, at 2 Marsham Street in London, with the Home Office.

There are corresponding departments in the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive, responsible for communities and local government in their respective jurisdictions.
2023 Korea Open (tennis)
The 2023 Hana Bank Korea Open (sponsored by Hana Bank) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and a WTA 250 event on the 2023 WTA Tour. The tournament took place at the Olympic Park Tennis Center in Seoul, South Korea from 9 to 15 October 2023.  The men's event was discontinued this year following the return of the ATP Tour to China.

2023 WTA Tour
The 2023 WTA Tour (branded as the 2023 Hologic WTA Tour for sponsorship reasons) was the global elite women's professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2023 tennis season. The 2023 WTA Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA 1000 tournaments, the WTA 500 tournaments, the WTA 250 tournaments, the Billie Jean King Cup (organized by the ITF), the year-end championships (the 2023 WTA Finals and the WTA Elite Trophy), and the team events United Cup (combined event with ATP) and Hopman Cup (sanctioned by the ITF). 2023 also marked the return of the WTA to China, after strict COVID-19 protocols in the country and the disappearance of former tennis player Peng Shuai.
Usmanu Danfodiyo University
Usmanu DanfodiyoListenⓘ  University, Listenⓘ Sokoto (UDUS), also known as UDUSOK, is a public research university located in the city of Sokoto, in north-western Nigeria. It is one of the initial twelve universities founded in Nigeria by the federal government in 1975.

Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto motto is "Ikraa",  which means "Read". The degree is awarded based on character and learning.

The university is named after the famous Usman dan Fodio, the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Outline of health sciences
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to health sciences:

Health sciences – those sciences that focus on health, or health care, as core parts of their subject matter. Health sciences relate to multiple academic disciplines, including STEM disciplines and emerging patient safety disciplines (such as social care research).
2019 GT4 European Series
The 2019 GT4 European Series was the twelfth season of the GT4 European Series, a sports car championship created and organised by the Stéphane Ratel Organisation (SRO). The season began on 13 April at Monza and ended on 1 September at the Nürburgring.

GT4 European Series
The GT4 European Series is a sports car championship featuring production-based GT4 vehicles, organised by the SRO Motorsports Group. It is a Pro/Am series and serves as a primary support series for the GT World Challenge Europe.
Asimina triloba
Asimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a species of small deciduous tree. It has large leaves and produces a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit.

The species is native to eastern North America, in a more temperate range than its tropical relatives. It is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree of hardwood forests, being found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and also hilly upland habitat.

Although much of the plant contains the neurotoxin annonacin, the ripe fruits are edible. They are sweet, with a custard-like texture and a flavor somewhat similar to banana or pineapple. They are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to make ice cream and baked desserts.

Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. The fruit, particularly its juice, has diverse uses in cuisines and desserts.

Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year.
Subtraction game
In combinatorial game theory, a subtraction game is an abstract strategy game whose state can be represented by a natural number or vector of numbers (for instance, the numbers of game tokens in piles of tokens, or the positions of pieces on board) and in which the allowed moves reduce these numbers. Often, the moves of the game allow any number to be reduced by subtracting a value from a specified subtraction set, and different subtraction games vary in their subtraction sets. These games also vary in whether the last player to move wins (the normal play convention) or loses (misère play convention). Another winning convention that has also been used is that a player who moves to a position with all numbers zero wins, but that any other position with no moves possible is a draw.

Nimber
In mathematics, the nimbers, also called Grundy numbers (not to be confused with Grundy chromatic numbers), are introduced in combinatorial game theory, where they are defined as the values of heaps in the game Nim.  The nimbers are the same proper class as the ordinal numbers but endowed with nimber addition and nimber multiplication, which are distinct from ordinal addition and ordinal multiplication.

Because of the Sprague–Grundy theorem which states that every impartial game is equivalent to a Nim heap of a certain size, nimbers arise in a much larger class of impartial games. They may also occur in partisan games like Domineering.

The nimber addition and multiplication operations are associative and commutative. Each nimber is its own additive inverse.  In particular for some pairs of ordinals, their nimber sum is smaller than either addend.  The minimum excludant operation is applied to sets of nimbers.
Nigel Ross (cricketer, born 1882)
Nigel Douglas Carne Ross (21 December 1882 – 27 January 1933) was an English cricketer. Ross' batting and bowling styles are unknown.

The son of Kate Selwyn and Joseph Ross, he was born in Penzance, Cornwall, and was educated at Uppingham School, where he represented the school cricket team. Ross made his only first-class appearance for Cambridge University against Warwickshire in 1905. He scored 12 runs in the university's first-innings, before being dismissed by Sam Hargreave, while in their second-innings he scored 26 runs before being dismissed by Fred Moorhouse.

He made his debut for Buckinghamshire in the 1910 Minor Counties Championship against Devon. He played Minor counties cricket for Buckinghamshire from 1910 to 1912, which included 10 Minor Counties Championship matches. He died in Manchester, Lancashire, on 27 January 1933.

Uppingham School
Uppingham School is a public school (English fee-charging boarding and day school for pupils 13–18) in Uppingham, Rutland, England, founded in 1584 by Robert Johnson, the Archdeacon of Leicester, who also established Oakham School. The headmaster, Richard Maloney, belongs to the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the school to the Rugby Group of British independent schools. Edward Thring was the school's best-known headmaster (in 1853–1887). His curriculum changes were adopted in other English public schools. John Wolfenden, headmaster from 1934 to 1944, chaired the Wolfenden Committee, whose report recommending the decriminalisation of homosexuality appeared in 1957. Uppingham has a musical tradition based on work by Paul David and Robert Sterndale Bennett. It has the biggest playing-field area of any school in England, in three separate areas of the town: Leicester to the west, Middle to the south, and Upper to the east.
Mount Bauple National Park
Mount Bauple is a scientific national park in the Fraser Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, 190 km north of Brisbane.

The park's main purpose is to protect the area's exceptional scientific values. Mount Bauple shares its name with the bauple or bopple nut, the local name for the nut from the commercial Queensland nut tree Macadamia integrifolia; both the nut and mountain in turn come from Baphal, the Dreaming caretaker from the Budjilla people indigenous to Fraser Island, Queensland. While the bauple plant is cultivated extensively in Queensland and overseas, its natural distribution is extremely limited, and its status in the wild is listed as vulnerable. The commercial value of the species adds considerably to the importance of protecting the wild population.

K'gari
K'gari (/ˈɡɑːri/ GAH-ree, lit. 'Paradise'), also known by its former name Fraser Island, is a World Heritage-listed sand island along the south-eastern coast in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia. The island lies approximately 250 km (160 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane, and is within the Fraser Coast Region local council area. The world heritage listing includes the island, its surrounding waters and parts of the nearby mainland which make up the Great Sandy National Park. In the 2021 census, the island had a population of 152. Up to 500,000 people visit the island each year.

The island is part of the traditional lands of the Butchulla people, under the traditional name of "K'gari". European settlers who arrived in 1847 named the island "Fraser Island" after Captain James Fraser, master of Stirling Castle, who was shipwrecked and died on the island in early August 1836. On 7 June 2023, the island was officially renamed K'gari by the state government.
Léna Bühler
Léna Bühler (German pronunciation: [ˈleːna ˈbyːlɐ]; born 9 July 1997) is a Swiss racing driver who currently competes in the 2025 Le Mans Cup for 23Events Racing in LMP3. She previously competed in the Formula Regional European Championship for ART Grand Prix. Bühler is the 2023 F1 Academy runner-up, as well as a full member of the Sauber Academy.

Circuito del Jarama
The Circuito de Madrid Jarama - RACE, formerly known as Circuito del Jarama and Circuito Permanente del Jarama is a motorsport racetrack located in San Sebastián de los Reyes, 32 km (20 mi) north of Madrid. It was home to the Spanish Grand Prix nine times between 1968 and 1981, and the Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix 15 times between 1969 and 1988.

Designed by John Hugenholtz (who also created Suzuka), the 3.850 km (2.392 mi) circuit was built by Alessandro Rocci in 1967 on arid scrub land.