hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Seasonal migration in Niger
Seasonal migration, locally called the Exode, plays an important part of the economic and cultural life of the West African nation of Niger. While it is a common practice in many nations, Niger sees as much as a third of its rural population travel for seasonal labour, during the Sahelian nation's long dry season. Common patterns of seasonal travel have been built up over hundreds of years, and destinations and work vary by community and ethnic group.

Agriculture in Niger
Agriculture is the primary economic activity of a majority of Niger's 17 million citizens.

The agricultural economy is based largely upon internal markets, subsistence agriculture, and the export of raw commodities: food stuffs and cattle to neighbors.  Niger, a landlocked Sub-Sahara African nation, over the past two decades has consistently been ranked near or at the bottom of worldwide indexes of the Human development index, GDP, and per capita income.  Economic activity centres on subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, re-export trade, and export of uranium. The 50% devaluation of the West African CFA franc in January 1994 boosted exports of livestock, cowpeas, onions, and the products of Niger's small cotton industry. Exports of cattle to neighboring Nigeria, as well as groundnuts and their oil remain the primary non-mineral exports.
Mount Zwischen
Mount Zwischen is a prominent mountain summit in the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America.  The 12,011-foot (3,661 m) peak is located 32.1 miles (51.6 km) northeast (bearing 46°) of the City of Alamosa, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide separating the Great Sand Dunes Wilderness in Great Sand Dunes National Preserve and Huerfano County from the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in San Isabel National Forest and Saguache County.

Sangre de Cristo Range
The Sangre de Cristo Range is a mountain range in the Rocky Mountains in southern Colorado in the United States, running north and south along the east side of the Rio Grande Rift. The mountains extend southeast from Poncha Pass for about 75 mi (121 km) through south-central Colorado to La Veta Pass, approximately 20 mi (32 km) west of Walsenburg, and form a high ridge separating the San Luis Valley on the west from the watershed of the Arkansas River on the east. The Sangre de Cristo Range rises over 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above the valleys and plains to the west and northeast.

According to the USGS, the range is the northern part of the larger Sangre de Cristo Mountains, which extend through northern New Mexico. 
Usage of the terms "Sangre de Cristo Range" and "Sangre de Cristo Mountains" is varied; however, this article discusses only the mountains between Poncha Pass and La Veta Pass.
Quda'a
The Quda'a (Arabic: قضاعة, romanized: Quḍāʿa) were a confederation of Arab tribes, including the powerful Kalb and Tanukh, mainly concentrated throughout Syria and northwestern Arabia, from at least the 4th century CE, during Byzantine rule, through the 12th century, during the early Islamic era. Under the first caliphs of the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the Quda'a occupied a privileged position in the administration and military. During the Second Muslim Civil War (683–692) they allied with South Arabian and other tribes in Syria as the Yaman faction in opposition to their rivals, the Qays confederation, in what became a rivalry for power and influence which continued well after the Umayyad era. In forging this alliance, the Quda'a's leaders genealogically realigned their descent to the South Arabian Himyar, discarding their north Arabian ancestor, Ma'add, a move which elicited centuries-long debate and controversy among early Islamic scholars.

Patricia Crone
Patricia Crone (28 March 1945 – 11 July 2015) was a Danish historian specialising in early Islamic history. Crone was a member of the revisionist school of Islamic studies and questioned the historicity of the Islamic traditions about the beginnings of Islam.
Keith Hills Country Club
Keith Hills Country Club is a residential golf course community located in Buies Creek, North Carolina and maintained by Campbell University.  Keith Hills features one par 72 courses:  Keith Hills I and II.  No. 1, completed in 1973, is 6,703 yards along the Cape Fear River and was designed by Ellis Maples while No. 2, completed in 2002, was designed by Dan Maples and features 6,888 yards.  No. 1 has been rated four stars by Golf Digest.

Keith Hills has been the site of the 1999 and 2004 Atlantic Sun Conference Men's Golf Tournaments as well as the 2004 and 2007 Atlantic Sun Conference Women's Tournaments.  Keith Hills is also the home to Campbell University's Professional Golf Management Program.
Keith Hills Country Club was named after professional golfer Keith Hills who played in the PGA from 1972-1981 winning over 30 tournaments and two majors.

Campbell University
Campbell University is a private Christian university in Buies Creek, North Carolina, United States. Campbell's main campus in Buies Creek is home to its College of Arts & Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Divinity School, School of Education, Lundy-Fetterman School of Business, and the School of Engineering. Nearby is the Health Sciences Campus, home to the Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine and the Catherine W. Wood School of Nursing. Campbell also operates a Raleigh Campus in downtown Raleigh, which is home to the Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law as well as other programs. It maintains additional satellite campuses in Fort Bragg/Pope Air Force Base and at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina, and provides online classes through adult and online education. The university's athletic teams are named the Fighting Camels; there are 20 NCAA Division I varsity programs.
Independent Schools Foundation Academy
The Independent Schools Foundation Academy (The ISF Academy) is a non-profit bilingual (Mandarin and English) private independent school in Hong Kong.  It is also an IBO World School, and offers the IB Middle Years Programme and Diploma Programme (IBDP).  Unlike some Hong Kong schools with selective IBDP placement, at ISF Academy, the IBDP is mandatory for all students of grade 11 to 12. The current campus is in Cyberport, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.

Cyberport
Cyberport (Chinese: 數碼港; Jyutping: sou3 maa5 gong2) is a business park in Southern District, Hong Kong, consisting of four office buildings, a hotel, and a retail entertainment complex. It describes itself as a digital technology community with over 1,800 (800 on-site and 1,000 off-site) digital and technology companies.

The Cyberport project has courted controversy since its inception because of the government bypassing the open-tender process in awarding the project to real estate developer Richard Li Tzar-Kai, and also because of its reliance on "ancillary residential" revenue. In recent years, Cyberport has developed as a digital technology flagship and key incubator for entrepreneurship in Hong Kong.
Mount Odin (Graham Land)
Mount Odin (66°26′S 64°03′W﻿ / ﻿66.433°S 64.050°W﻿ / -66.433; -64.050) is a saddle-top mountain on the Foyn Coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It consists of two ice-covered peaks and stands 1,465 m (4,806 ft) tall. It is situated close to Frigga Peak to the southwest, on the divide between Anderson Glacier and Sleipnir Glacier. In 1947, the peak was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) and charted from the ground by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS). It was named by FIDS personnel after the Norse god Odin, the mythological husband of Frigga.

Foyn Coast
The Foyn Coast (66°40′S 64°20′W﻿ / ﻿66.667°S 64.333°W﻿ / -66.667; -64.333) is that portion of the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Alexander and Cape Northrop. It was discovered in 1893 by a Norwegian expedition under Captain Carl Anton Larsen, who named it for Svend Foyn, a Norwegian whaler of Tønsberg whose invention of the grenade harpoon greatly facilitated modern whaling.
File sharing
File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents or electronic books. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion include removable media, centralized servers on computer networks, Internet-based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking.

File sharing technologies, such as BitTorrent, are integral to modern media piracy, as well as the sharing of scientific data and other free content.

Online piracy
Online piracy (also known as digital piracy, internet piracy or software piracy) is the practice of downloading or digitally distributing copyrighted works, such as music, movies or software, without permission.
Geryt Potter van der Loo
Geryt Potter van der Loo (died 10 November 1454) was a Dutch nobleman at the court of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut until her death in 1436, and from 24 April 1445 a councillor of the Court of Holland in The Hague. His Middle Dutch translation of Froissart's Chronicles is one of the 1000 notable works in the Canon of Dutch Literature.

Around 1440-1445, Gerrit Potter translated the first three books of the "Chroniques" by Jean Froissart into Middle Dutch. This translation, partially preserved in two manuscripts, is significant for the linguistic study of 15th-century Dutch Middle Dutch. One of the manuscripts is kept in the university library of Leiden and was partially published between 1898 and 1909 by Napoleon de Pauw. The publication selects sections that deal with the seven-year Ghent Revolt (1379-1385) against the count of Flanders, Louis of Male, and discusses the vicissitudes of popular leaders Jan Hyoens, Philip van Artevelde, and Frans Ackerman.

Hook and Cod wars
The Hook and Cod wars (Dutch: Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten; sometimes semi-anglicised as the wars of the Hoecks and the Cabbeljaws) comprise a series of wars and battles in the County of Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over who should hold the title of "Count of Holland".
The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of Holland. The Hook faction consisted for a large part of the conservative noblemen.
Bell Creek Academy
Bell Creek Academy is a U.S. middle and high school in Riverview, Florida. The Panther is the school mascot. In May 2013, construction of the middle school and high school campus on Boyette Road began for the school to open for the 2013–2014 school year.  Bell Creek is managed by Charter School Associates, a management company which runs more than 20 schools in the state of Florida.

Varsity team
A varsity team is the highest-level team in a sport or activity representing an educational institution. Varsity teams train to compete against each other during an athletic season or in periodic matches against rival institutions. At high schools in the United States, a varsity team is one step above a school's junior varsity (JV) team, which is composed of less experienced players.

The term varsity originated in Britain in the 1840s and means university; varsity team referring to the principal team that would represent the university in matches against another university. In contrast, student-run college teams within a university typically compete against each other in intramural events and, in the U.S., club sports.
Beast with a Gun
Beast with a Gun (Italian: La belva col mitra), also known as Mad Dog Killer, is a 1977 Italian noir
poliziottesco film written and directed by Sergio Grieco. The film would be Grieco's final film, as he died in 1982.

The main character of the film, Nanni Vitali, was loosely inspired by Renato Vallanzasca.

Poliziotteschi
Poliziotteschi (Italian: [polittsjotˈteski]; sg.: poliziottesco) constitute a subgenre of crime and action films that emerged in Italy in the late 1960s and reached the height of their popularity in the 1970s. They are also known as polizieschi all'italiana,  Italo-crime, spaghetti crime films, or simply Italian crime films. Influenced primarily by both 1970s French crime films and gritty 1960s and 1970s American cop films and vigilante films (among other influences), poliziotteschi films were made amidst an atmosphere of socio-political turmoil in Italy known as Years of Lead and amidst increasing Italian crime rates. The films generally featured graphic and brutal violence, organized crime, car chases, vigilantism, heists, gunfights, and corruption up to the highest levels. The protagonists were generally tough working class loners, willing to act outside a corrupt or overly bureaucratic system.
Fergus mac Léti
Fergus mac Léti (also mac Léte, mac Léide, mac Leda) was, according to Irish legend and traditional history, a king of Ulster. His place in the traditional chronology is not certain – according to some sources, he was a contemporary of the High King Conn of the Hundred Battles, in others of Lugaid Luaigne, Congal Cláiringnech, Dui Dallta Dedad and Fachtna Fáthach.

Conn of the Hundred Battles
Conn Cétchathach (pronounced [kon̪ ˈkʲeːd̪xaθəx]), or Conn of the Hundred Battles, son of Fedlimid Rechtmar, was a legendary High King of Ireland who is claimed to be the ancestor of the Connachta, and through his descendant Niall Noígiallach, the Uí Néill dynasties, which dominated Ireland in the early Middle Ages.
Jasrat's invasions of Delhi Sultanate
Jasrat's invasions of Delhi Sultanate (Punjabi: دلی سلطنت تے جسرت دے حملے (Shahmukhi), ਜਸਰਾਤ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ ਉੱਤੇ ਹਮਲੇ (Gurmukhi)) were a series of invasions led by the Punjabi Muslim warlord, Jasrat Khokhar in the region of Punjab (present-day India and Pakistan).

Propagated by the anarchy due to the Timurid invasion, the invasions saw the decline and loss of Delhi Sultanate's control over Punjab until the reconquest by Bahlol Khan Lodi of the Lodi dynasty.

Jasrat's invasions resulted in constant chaos in the region of Punjab and instability in the regions of Jammu, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.

Mubarak Shah II
Muizuddin Muhammad Mubarak Shah II (Persian: مبارک شاهمعز الدین محمد, born Mubarak Khan; Persian: مبارک خانمعز الدین محمد; r. 1421–1434) was the second monarch of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate.
Victor Aloysius Meyers
Victor Aloysius Meyers (September 7, 1897 – May 28, 1991) was an American politician and jazz bandleader. He served for 20 years as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Washington and an additional eight years as the tenth Secretary of State of Washington. He was the first Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Washington.

Lieutenant Governor of Washington
The lieutenant governor of Washington is an elected office in the U.S. state of Washington. The incumbent is Denny Heck, a Democrat who began his term in January 2021. The lieutenant governor serves as president of the Washington State Senate, fills in as acting governor whenever the governor leaves the state or is unable to serve, and assumes the duties of governor in case of a vacancy.

There have been 17 holders of the office, three of whom have ascended to the office of governor of Washington. Prior to statehood, there were 10 territorial secretaries of state of Washington that acted in the territorial governor's absence, but were unable to ascend to governor.
Denise Giardina
Denise Giardina is an American novelist. Her book Storming Heaven was a Discovery Selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club and received the 1987 W. D. Weatherford Award for the best published work about the Appalachian South. The Unquiet Earth received an American Book Award and the Lillian Smith Book Award for fiction. Her 1998 novel Saints and Villains was awarded the Boston Book Review fiction prize and was semifinalist for the International Dublin Literary Award. Giardina is an ordained Episcopal Church deacon, a community activist, and a former candidate for governor of West Virginia.

Mountaintop removal mining
Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden, above the seams. This process is considered to be safer compared to underground mining because the coal seams are accessed from above instead of underground. In the United States, this method of coal mining is conducted in the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. Explosives are used to remove up to 400 vertical feet (120 m) of mountain to expose underlying coal seams. Excess rock and soil is dumped into nearby valleys, in what are called "holler fills" ("hollow fills") or "valley fills".
Saint John County (provincial electoral district)
Saint John County was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Canada. It used a bloc voting system to elect candidates, and was created from Saint John in 1795 as Saint John City and County. It lost territory (and two members) to the riding of Saint John City in 1891 and was renamed Saint John County. It was abolished with the 1973 electoral redistribution, when the province moved to single-member ridings.

Saint John Centre (electoral district)
Saint John Centre was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Canada. It was created from Saint John in 1795 as Saint John City. It was renamed Saint John Centre in 1967.

It elected multiple members through the bloc voting system — two members prior to 1892 and four members from 1892 to 1973.

It was abolished with the 1973 electoral redistribution, when the province moved to single-member ridings.
Carduncellus
Carduncellus is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. They are native to the western Mediterranean and surrounding regions.

The taxonomy of the genus is still unclear. It is closely related to the genus Carthamus, and the two groups have been treated as part of a species complex, with the boundaries between them not established. While some sources accept several names in Carduncellus, others are more restrictive, and some consider the genus to be synonymous with Carthamus, the genus that includes the safflower.

Accepted species

Carduncellus coeruleus C.Presl - Italy

Carduncellus hispanicus Boiss. - Spain

Carduncellus mairei Hanelt - Algeria

Carduncellus monspeliensis St.-Lag. - Provence, Liguria

Cardueae
The Cardueae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) and the subfamily Carduoideae.  Most of them are commonly known as thistles; four of the best known genera are Carduus, Cynara (containing the widely eaten artichoke), Cirsium, and Onopordum.

They are annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.  Many species are thorny on leaves, stems, or involucre, and some have laticifers or resin conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe, native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three genera contain species native to the Americas.
Krysia Bunker
Bunker "Krysia" was an underground shelter located at Grójecka Street in Warsaw, where dozens of individuals of Jewish nationality hid during the German occupation.

Krysia was the largest and longest-standing Jewish hideout "on the Aryan side" of occupied Warsaw. Among those hiding there was the historian Emanuel Ringelblum with his wife and son. In March 1944, due to the denunciation, the shelter was discovered by Germans and the Blue Police, and the Jews hiding there were murdered. Their fate was shared by the Polish caretakers of the hideout.

Jan Grabowski
Jan Zbigniew Grabowski (born June 24, 1962) is a Polish-Canadian professor of history at the University of Ottawa, specializing in Jewish–Polish relations in German-occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust in Poland.

Grabowski co-founded the Polish Center for Holocaust Research in Warsaw, Poland, in 2003. He is best known for his book Hunt for the Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland (2013), which won the Yad Vashem International Book Prize.
Interspecific pregnancy
Interspecific pregnancy (literally pregnancy between species, also called interspecies pregnancy or xenopregnancy) is the pregnancy involving an embryo or fetus belonging to another species than the carrier. Strictly, it excludes the situation where the fetus is a hybrid of the carrier and another species, thereby excluding the possibility that the carrier is the biological mother of the offspring. Strictly, interspecific pregnancy is also distinguished from endoparasitism, where parasite offspring grow inside the organism of another species, not necessarily in the womb.

It has no known natural occurrence; however, it can be achieved artificially by transfer of embryos of one species into the womb of another.

Trophoblast
The trophoblast (from Greek trephein: to feed; and blastos: germinator) is the outer layer of cells of the  blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans. They provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They form during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg to become extraembryonic structures that  do not directly contribute to the embryo. After blastulation, the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm.  After the first differentiation, the cells in the human embryo lose their totipotency because they can no longer form a trophoblast. They become pluripotent stem cells.
Harding Mountain
Harding Mountain is a 7,173 ft (2,190 m)  mountain summit located in Chelan County of Washington state. It is the seventh-highest point in the North Wenatchee Mountains. Harding Mountain is situated within the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, 5.35 mi (8.61 km) northwest of Mount Stuart, and 4.1 mi (6.6 km) west of Eightmile Mountain, on land managed by Wenatchee National Forest. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into tributaries of Icicle Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Wenatchee River. This mountain was named after President Warren G. Harding by Albert Hale Sylvester.

Wenatchee Mountains
The Wenatchee Mountains are a range of mountains in central Washington State in the United States of America. A major subrange of the Cascade Range, extending east 50 miles (80 km) from the Cascade crest, the Wenatchee Mountains separate the drainage basins of the Yakima and the Wenatchee rivers. The crest of the range forms part of the boundary between Chelan and Kittitas counties.
Chad national football team
The Chad national football team (Arabic: منتخب تشاد لكرة القدم, French: Équipe du Tchad de football), nicknamed Les Sao (Arabic: ساو),  represents Chad in international football and is controlled by the Chadian Football Federation, the governing body for football in the country. The team has never qualified for the World Cup finals or Africa Cup of Nations. Home matches are played at the Maréchal Idriss Déby Itno Olympic Stadium. In April 2021, FIFA banned the Chad national football team from participating in global football over the Chadian government's interference with the Chadian Football Federation.

Congo national football team
The Congo national football team (French: Équipe du Congo de football) represents the Republic of the Congo in men's association football and is governed by the Congolese Football Federation. They have never qualified for the World Cup, but did win the Africa Cup of Nations in 1972. They also won the All-Africa Games football tournament in 1965. The team is also a member of both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF).