hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theory of indispensable attributes
The theory of indispensable attributes (TIA) is a theory in the context of perceptual organisation which asks for the functional units and elementary features that are relevant for a perceptual system in the constitution of perceptual objects. Earlier versions of the theory emerged in the context of an application of research on vision to audition, and analogies between vision and audition were emphasised,
whereas in more recent writings the necessity of a modality-general theory of perceptual organisation and objecthood is stressed.

The subject of perceptual organisation, and with it TIA, constitute a prime example of how theories of Gestalt psychology  have been taken up and kept alive in cognitive psychology.

TIA has been drawn on in the context of music research, in the areas of music philosophy,
and systematic music theory.

Stimulus modality
Stimulus modality, also called sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus. For example, the temperature modality  is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light, sound, temperature, taste, pressure, and smell. The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.
Florida's 13th congressional district
Florida's 13th congressional district is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress on Florida's Gulf Coast, assigned to Pinellas County. The district includes Largo, Clearwater, and Palm Harbor. In the 2020 redistricting cycle, most of St. Petersburg facing Tampa Bay was redistricted into the 14th district, while the rest of Pinellas County formerly in the 12th district became included in the 13th district.

From 2003 to 2012, it encompassed all of Sarasota, DeSoto, and Hardee Counties; as well as most of Manatee County, except for a small northern coastal portion that was then located in the neighboring 11th congressional district. It also included a small section of Charlotte County. Most of that district is now the 16th congressional district, while the current 13th covers most of what had been the 10th district from 1993 to 2013.

The district is currently represented by Republican Anna Paulina Luna.

Florida's 12th congressional district
Florida's 12th congressional district is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress and was assigned along the Gulf coast of central Florida. The district includes Citrus County and Hernando County, as well as most of Pasco County, including the places of New Port Richey, Dade City, Spring Hill, and Homosassa Springs.

From 2013 to 2023, it covered Pasco County and parts of north Pinellas County and Hillsborough County.

The district is currently represented by Republican Gus Bilirakis.
English cricket team in Australia in 1894–95
The England cricket team toured Australia and Ceylon in 1894–95. The team, captained by Andrew Stoddart, played 24 matches in total, of which it won 10, drew 10 and lost 4. In first-class cricket, the team played 12, won 8 and lost 4.

Five Test matches were played. England won 3–2 after Australia had recovered from 0–2 down to 2–2 with the final match a true decider. The first Test, won by England, was the first of only four Tests in history to be won by a side forced to follow on.

In addition to the Test series, England played first-class matches against the Australian colonial teams: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria.

Charlie McLeod
Charles Edward McLeod (24 October 1869 – 26 November 1918) was an Australian cricketer who played in 17 Test matches between 1894 and 1905.

McLeod was a patient batsman and accurate bowler who represented Victoria in first-class cricket from 1893 to 1905. His fielding and his running between wickets were affected by deafness. In the First Test of the 1897–98 Ashes series he was bowled by a no-ball, and having not heard the umpire's call, he left the wicket, thinking he was out, and was run out by the wicket-keeper, Bill Storer.

His best Test series was the 1897–98 Ashes series, when he scored 352 runs at an average of 58.66. Opening the batting in the Second Test on New Year's Day 1898, he scored his only Test century, 112 in 245 minutes, the only century of the match, which Australia won by an innings. He toured England in 1899 and 1905.

His brother Bob also played Test cricket for Australia.
Andy Horsfield
Andy Horsfield is a British entrepreneur best known for founding Global Underground in 1996. In 2007 the record label was partially acquired by Ministry of Sound and Horsfield remained as head of the company. In 2008 he partnered with James Palumbo to start MOSHK America. Horsfield became the president of Ministry of Sound and Hed Kandi for the US, Canada, and Mexico. In 2008 Ministry of Sound America released "Let Me Think About It", the longest running track on the Top 50 Dance Airplay chart and one of Horsfield's first achievements as President of Ministry of Sound America. He also owns Ruthless Entertainment, an Entertainment and New Tech company based in Singapore.

Ministry of Sound
Ministry of Sound or Ministry of Sound Group is a multimedia entertainment business based in London with a nightclub, shared workspace and private members' club, worldwide events operation, music publishing business and fitness studio.

James Palumbo is the co-founder and former chairman and CEO of the Group. He handed over the day-to-day running of the business to Lohan Presencer in 2008. In 2018, Presencer became chairman.
Miss Paraguay 2009
The Miss Paraguay 2009 was held on July 10, 2009. The pageant was won by Mareike Baumgarten of Asunción. It was broadcast live on Telefuturo from the Sheraton Asunción. The winner represented Paraguay at the Miss Universe 2009 and Reina Hispanoamericana 2009. The winner of Miss Mundo Paraguay, Tamara Sosa will compete in the Miss World 2009. Romina Bogado was chosen as the Miss Internacional Paraguay and will go to the Miss International 2009 pageant. Tamara Sosa also competed at the Miss American Continent Pageant.

Miss International 2009
Miss International 2009 was the 49th Miss International pageant, held at the Sichuan International Tennis Center in Chengdu, Sichuan, China, on November 28, 2009. The pageant was originally scheduled to be held on November 7, 2009 at The Venetian Macao in Macau, but the host committee backed out.

Alejandra Andreu of Spain crowned Anagabriela Espinoza of Mexico as her successor at the end of the event.
Robert Hay Drummond
Robert Hay (10 November 1711 – 10 December 1776), known later as Robert Hay-Drummond of Cromlix and Innerpeffray, was successively Bishop of St Asaph, Bishop of Salisbury, and, from 1761 until his death, Archbishop of York.

Earl of Kinnoull
Earl of Kinnoull (sometimes spelled Earl of Kinnoul) is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1633 for George Hay, 1st Viscount of Dupplin. Other associated titles are: Viscount Dupplin and Lord Hay of Kinfauns (1627) and Baron Hay of Pedwardine (1711). The former two are in the Peerage of Scotland, while the third is in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title of Viscount Dupplin is the courtesy title for the Earl's eldest son and heir.
I:Scintilla
I:Scintilla is a post-industrial music band from Chicago, Illinois, currently consisting of guitarist Jim Cookas, vocalist Brittany Bindrim, drummer Vincent Grech and bassist Dean Dunakin.

To date, they have released four studio albums and four EPs.

Combichrist
Combichrist is an American aggrotech / industrial metal band formed in 2003 by Norwegian vocalist Andy LaPlegua, who also founded the bands Icon of Coil, Panzer AG, Scandinavian Cock and Scandy. Combichrist was formed in Atlanta, Georgia. The band consists of only LaPlegua in the studio, with a changing lineup of live performing members. Releases by the band have been very successful in terms of sales and charted in top positions for dance and alternative charts worldwide.
Nice and Smooth (album)
Nice & Smooth is the debut studio album by American hip-hop duo Nice & Smooth from The Bronx, NY. It was released on  May 16, 1989, via Fresh Records and Sleeping Bag Records. The album is notable for its sense of humor and comedy rhymes. The release singles of the album are "Early to Rise" and "Funky for You". This was the duo's only release on Fresh/Sleeping Bag Records before it signed with Def Jam Recordings sub-label RAL Records. It was included in The Source's "100 Best Rap Albums". It was one of three titles acquired by Priority Records when Sleeping Bag went out of business in 1992.

Sleeping Bag Records
Sleeping Bag Records was a New York City-based independent record label founded by musician Arthur Russell and entrepreneur Will Socolov. It was active between 1981 and 1992, and specialized in dance music and hip hop.
David T. Leahy
The David T. Leahy was a 19th-century two-masted pilot boat schooner, built in 1890 at the C. & R. Poillon shipyard in New York City. She was named in honor of David T. Leahy, a wealthy woolen merchant. She was said to be the fastest boat in the New York and New Jersey fleet. In 1899, the David T. Leahy was renamed the James Gordon Bennett when the pilots consolidated their business. She sank off Sandy Hook when the German Atlas Line steamship Alene hit her in 1901.

Pilot boat
A pilot boat is a type of boat used to transport maritime pilots between land and the inbound or outbound ships that they are piloting. Pilot boats were once sailing boats that had to be fast because the first pilot to reach the incoming ship got the business. Today, pilot boats are scheduled by telephoning the ship agents/representatives prior to arrival.
Tomáš Mojžíš
Tomáš Mojžíš (born 2 May 1982) is a Czech former ice hockey defenceman. He played 17 games in the National Hockey League with the Vancouver Canucks, St. Louis Blues, and Minnesota Wild from 2006 to 2008. The rest of his career, which lasted from 2003 to 2018, was mainly spent in Europe. Internationally Mojžíš played for the Czech national team, and won a gold medal at the 2010 World Championship.

Modo Hockey
Modo Hockey (or MoDo with uppercase letters) is a professional ice hockey club in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The team currently plays in Sweden's second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan after losing to HV71 after the play out following the 2024/25 season. The club was founded in 1921 and has won two titles, the SHL championships, in 1979 and 2007. The team's home arena since 2006 is the Hägglunds Arena (previously known as Fjällräven Center and Swedbank Arena). Before then, the team played at Kempehallen, beginning in 1964.
Van Hook, North Dakota
Van Hook is an unincorporated resort community built on the shores of Lake Sakakawea. The town was disbanded in the 1950s with the flooding of Lake Sakakawea and for a very short period of time was classified as a ghost town in the north central United States, located in Van Hook Township in Mountrail County, North Dakota. The original town site was mostly left not flooded when Lake Sakakawea was formed in the 1950s behind Garrison Dam.

The US government forced all Van Hook residents in the 1950s to give up their homes and move to New Town. The townsite for a short period of time was abandoned. However, since most of the old townsite was never actually flooded by Lake Sakakawea, the townsite and land nearby more recently has been turned into an unincorporated resort community still called Van Hook and with both a summer-only and a year-around permanent population. Lake Sakakawea's Van Hook Arm gets its name from the town.

Garrison Dam
Garrison Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, U.S.
Constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers from 1947 to 1953, at over two miles (3.2 km) in length, the dam is the fifth-largest earthen dam in the world. The reservoir impounded by the dam is Lake Sakakawea, which extends to Williston and the confluence with the Yellowstone River, near the Montana border. The dam and resulting reservoir inundated approximately one-sixth (16.6%) to one-fourth (25%) of Fort Berthold Indian Reservation's land, resulting in the loss of homes, farmland, and community infrastructure for the Three Affiliated Tribes.
Neiqiu County
Neiqiu County (simplified Chinese: 内丘县; traditional Chinese: 內邱縣; pinyin: Nèiqiū Xiàn, old postal name Neikiu) is a county in southwest of Hebei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Shanxi province to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Xingtai and has a land area of 775 square kilometres (299 sq mi), and a population of 260,000. The county seat is located in Neiqiu Town.

Xingtai
Xingtai (simplified Chinese: 邢台; traditional Chinese: 邢臺; pinyin: Xíngtái; Wade–Giles: Hsing2-tʻai2), formerly known as Xingzhou or Shunde, is a prefecture-level city in southern Hebei province, People's Republic of China. It has a total area of 12,486 km2 (4,821 sq mi) and administers 4 districts, 2 county-level cities and 12 counties. At the 2020 census, its population was 7,111,106 inhabitants. By the end of 2024, the total resident population of the city will be 6.877,800. Among them, the resident population of urban areas is 3,921,700. It borders Shijiazhuang and Hengshui in the north, Handan in the south, and the provinces of Shandong and Shanxi in the east and west respectively.
Millardair
Millardair Ltd. was a Canadian airline that operated from 1963 until 1990 and from the 1990s to 2012 was an aircraft maintenance and servicing firm Millard Air Incorporated (Millardair MRO). Formerly based in Mississauga, Ontario, Millard Air moved their operations to Breslau, Ontario, in 2012 and ceased MRO activities after Wayne Millard's murder in December 2012.

Douglas DC-4
The Douglas DC-4 is an American four-engined (piston), propeller-driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift and into the 1960s. From 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide.
Meironiškėliai
Meironiškėliai (formerly Russian: Мейронишкели) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 18 people. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Krakės, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Meironiškiai, between the Smilgaitis river and the Krakės-Dotnuva Forest.

Krakės
Krakės (formerly Krakiai ) is a small town in Kėdainiai district, central Lithuania. It is located on the Smilgaitis River. In the town, there are the Catholic church of St. Matthew the Evangelist (built in 1907), Mikalojus Katkus gymnasium, library, medicine station, St. Catherine women convent, Krakės Agriculture Cooperative with former culture center, swimming pool and shop (built in 1983, architect K. Žalnierius). There is the Vytautas Ulevičius museum of wooden sculptures.

Krakės is on the eastern boundary of the Nevėžis Plain, on the Krakės Ridge (altitude 95–100 meters). Roads go to Betygala, Grinkiškis, Kėdainiai, Bokštai, Gudžiūnai and Josvainiai. The Krakės-Dotnuva Forest is 2–3 km away from the town.
Abnormipterus
Abnormipterus is a monotypic moth genus in the erebid subfamily Arctiinae described by Orfila in 1935. Its single species, Abnormipterus abnormis, was first described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in the lower Amazon River basin.

Arctiinae
The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species. This subfamily includes the groups commonly known as tiger moths (or tigers), which usually have bright colours, footmen, which are usually much drabber, lichen moths, and wasp moths. Many species have "hairy" caterpillars that are popularly known as woolly bears or woolly worms. The scientific name Arctiinae refers to this hairiness (Gk. αρκτος = a bear). Some species within the Arctiinae have the word "tussock"' in their common names because they have been misidentified as members of the Lymantriinae subfamily based on the characteristics of the larvae.
Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zurich
Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich, literally succulent plant collection of the city of Zürich, is a botanical garden in the Swiss municipality of Zürich. It also houses a botanic library, a herbarium and the International Organizations for Succulent Plant Research (IOS).

Quaianlagen (Zurich)
Quaianalagen (German, plural; English: quays, or quaysides; from French: des quais) or Seeuferanlagen (German, plural for lakeshore sites) on Lake Zurich is a series of lakefronts in Zurich, Switzerland. Inaugurated in 1887, the quaysides are considered an important milestone in the development of Zurich. The construction of the lake fronts transformed the medieval small town on the rivers Limmat and Sihl to a modern city on the Lake Zurich shore. The project was managed by engineer Arnold Bürkli.
Education in Morocco
The education system in Morocco comprises pre-school, primary, secondary and tertiary levels. School education is supervised by the Ministry of National Education, with considerable devolution to the regional level. Higher education falls under the Ministry of Higher Education and Executive Training.

School attendance is compulsory up to the age of 13. About 56% of young people are enrolled in secondary education, and 11% are in higher education. The government has launched several policy reviews to improve quality and access to education, and in particular to tackle a continuing problem of illiteracy. Support has been obtained from a number of international organisation such as USAID, UNICEF and the World Bank. A recent report after the new government being formed in 2017 has made Arabic as well as French Compulsory in Public School.

Kuttab
A kuttab (Arabic: كُتَّاب kuttāb, plural: kataatiib, كَتاتِيبُ) or maktab (Arabic: مَكْتَب) is a type of elementary school in the Muslim world. Though the kuttab was primarily used for teaching children in reading, writing, grammar, and Islamic studies, such as memorizing and reciting the Qur'an (including Qira'at), other practical and theoretical subjects were also often taught. The kuttāb represents an old-fashioned method of education in Muslim majority countries, in which a sheikh teaches a group of students who sit in front of him on the ground. Until the 20th century, when modern schools developed, kuttabs were the prevalent means of mass education in much of the Islamic world.
Disappearance of Andrew Gosden
On 14 September 2007, Andrew Paul Gosden, a 14-year-old schoolboy from Doncaster, South Yorkshire, disappeared after travelling alone to Central London. That morning, he left home as if heading to school, withdrew £200 from his bank account, and returned briefly to change his clothes before leaving again without informing his family. He was last seen on CCTV at King's Cross station. Despite extensive national appeals, no confirmed sightings have been reported since, and his whereabouts remain unknown.

In December 2021, two men were arrested on suspicion of kidnap and human trafficking in connection with the case. Both were later eliminated from the inquiry. Gosden's disappearance remains unsolved.

Panorama (British TV programme)
Panorama is a British current affairs documentary news programme broadcast on the BBC. First broadcast in 1953, it is the world's longest-running television news magazine programme.

Panorama has been presented by many well-known BBC presenters, including Richard Dimbleby, Robin Day, David Dimbleby and Jeremy Vine. As of 2022, it broadcasts in peak time on BBC One, without a regular presenter. The programme also airs worldwide through the international feed of the BBC News channel in many countries, and domestically via the UK feed.
South Cascade Glacier
South Cascade Glacier is a large alpine glacier in the North Cascades of Washington, USA. It is bordered on the east by 8,261-foot (2,518 m) Sentinel Peak, and is about 17 mi (27 km) north of Glacier Peak in the Glacier Peak Wilderness. Meltwater from the glacier flows directly into South Cascade Lake, which feeds the South Fork Cascade River, which is a tributary of the Skagit River.

South Cascade Glacier is one of the four "benchmark glaciers" that is monitored by the USGS and its mass balance has been monitored since 1959. Its area has declined from 2.71 km2 in 1958 to 1.8 km2 in 2015 representing an area loss of 34%. Between 1958 and 2009 South Cascade Glacier lost nearly a half of its volume.

Skagit River
The Skagit River (/ˈskædʒɪt/ SKAJ-it) is a river in southwestern British Columbia in Canada and northwestern Washington in the United States, approximately 150 mi (240 km) long. The river and its tributaries drain an area of 1.7 million acres (690,000 hectares) of the Cascade Range along the northern end of Puget Sound and flows into the sound.

The Skagit watershed is characterized by a temperate, mid-latitude, maritime climate. Temperatures range widely throughout the watershed. Recorded temperatures at Newhalem range from a low of −6 °F (−21 °C) to a high of 109 °F (43 °C), with greater extremes likely in the mountains. The highest temperatures are commonly recorded in July; the lowest are in January.
Syrian Air
Syrian Air (Arabic: السورية, operating as SyrianAir) is the flag carrier of Syria. It primarily operates in the Middle East, though the airline had operated scheduled international services to several destinations in Asia, Europe and Africa prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war, previously serving over 50 destinations worldwide. Its main bases are Damascus International Airport, alongside formerly Aleppo International Airport. The company has its head office in the Social Insurance Building in Damascus.

Douglas DC-4
The Douglas DC-4 is an American four-engined (piston), propeller-driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift and into the 1960s. From 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide.
Okolona, Houston and Calhoun City Railway
The Okolona, Houston & Calhoun City Railway company was incorporated in Mississippi in 1933 and purchased the 38 mile long Mobile & Ohio branch line running from Okolona to Calhoun City, MS. The railroad offered daily passenger service along the towns served via railbus and several freight trains a week.

Competition from highways eroded traffic on the line and the OH&CC filed to abandon in 1938. By 1940 the tracks were removed.

Mobile and Ohio Railroad
The Mobile and Ohio Railroad (M&O) was a railroad in the Southern U.S. The M&O was chartered in January and February 1848 by the states of Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee. It was planned to span the distance between the seaport of Mobile, Alabama and the Ohio River near Cairo, Illinois. On September 13, 1940, it was merged with the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad to form the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad.

At the end of 1925 M&O operated 1,161 miles (1,868 km) of road and 1,536 miles (2,472 km) of track; that year it reported 1,785 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 49 million passenger-miles.