hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Economics Society
The History of Economics Society (HES) is a learned society in the field of the history of economics and economic methodology, which was formally established in May 1974. Since its creation, the HES has served an international community.

The HES publishes a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that began in 1979 as the History of Economics Bulletin and was renamed the Journal of the History of Economic Thought in 1990.

The HES also offers several grants for researchers working on the history of economics such as the"Early-Career Scholars Research Fund". and the "HES New Initiatives Fund". In addition, the HES offers online resources for historians and general information on the history of economics community, including graduate programs and course materials. In conjunction with other history of economics societies, the HES maintains SHOE, a free, moderated electronic mailing list with over 1,000 subscribers.

History of economic thought
The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day.

This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition, and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In the Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price.

In the Western world, economics was not a separate discipline, but part of philosophy until the 18th–19th century Industrial Revolution and the 19th century Great Divergence, which accelerated economic growth.
Fernando Leal Audirac
Fernando Leal Audirac (born 16 November 1958 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a visual artist, painter, sculptor, etcher and designer. He is a specialist of classical painterly techniques, such as fresco, encaustic, egg tempera, oil, that he reinterprets in a contemporary key, combining them with modern technology.

National Museum of Art of Romania
The National Museum of Art of Romania (Romanian: Muzeul Național de Artă al României) is located in the Royal Palace in Revolution Square, central Bucharest. It features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, as well as the international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family.

The exhibition "Shadows and Light" ran from 15 July to 2 October 2005. With four centuries of French art, it was the largest exhibition of French painting in Central and Eastern Europe since 1945. 77 works were exhibited, including masterpieces by painters such as Poussin, Chardin, Ingres, David, Delacroix, Corot, Cézanne, Matisse, Picasso, and Braque.
Šalka Vas
Šalka Vas (pronounced [ˈʃaːu̯ka ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Šalka vas, German: Schalkendorf) is a settlement immediately northeast of the town of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Kočevje
Kočevje (pronounced [kɔˈtʃéːwjɛ] ⓘ; German: Gottschee; Göttscheab or Gətscheab in the local Gottscheerish dialect; Italian: Cocevie) is a town and the seat of Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia.
Spanish–Ottoman wars
The Spanish–Ottoman wars were a series of wars fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish Empire for Mediterranean and overseas influence, and specially for global religious dominance between the Catholic Church and Ottoman Caliphate. The peak of the conflict was in the 16th century, during the reigns of Charles V, Philip II of Spain, and Suleiman the Magnificent in the years 1515–1577, although it formally ended in 1782.

Council of Italy
The Council of Italy, officially the Royal and Supreme Council of Italy (Spanish: Real y Supremo Consejo de Italia, Italian: Reale e Supremo Consiglio d'Italia), was a ruling body and key part of the government of the Spanish Empire in Europe, second only to the monarch himself. It was based in Madrid and administered the Spanish territories in Italy: the Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, Duchy of Milan, State of the Presidi, Marquisate of Finale (until 1713) and other minor territories.

Before the 1556 creation of the Council due to the historical rule of the Crown of Aragon over most of the territories, Spanish possessions in Italy were administered by the Council of Aragon.
Congreso (Buenos Aires Underground)
Congreso is a station on Line A of the Buenos Aires Underground. It lies at the intersection of Rivadavia and Callao avenues, in the neighborhood of Balvanera. It is located just metres from the Palace of the Argentine National Congress. The station belonged to the inaugural section of the Buenos Aires Underground opened on 1 December 1913, which linked the stations Plaza Miserere and Plaza de Mayo.

Avenida Rivadavia
Avenida Rivadavia is one of the principal thoroughfares in Buenos Aires, Argentina, extending 23 miles (37 km)  from downtown Buenos Aires to the western suburb of Merlo. It is considered the third longest avenue in the world after Yonge Street (Toronto) and Western Avenue (Chicago).
Farikah
Farikah (Arabic: فريكة, also spelled Frikka, Freike, Freikeh or Furaykah) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, located north of Hama. It is situated in the Ghab plain. Nearby localities include Shathah and Nabl al-Khatib to the south, al-Amqiyah Tahta and al-Ankawi to the east, al-Ziyarah to the northeast and Sirmaniyah to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Farikah had a population of 2,497 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

Government forces and rebels contested Farikah throughout July 2015.

Al-Ankawi
Al-Ankawi (Arabic: العنكاوي) is a Syrian town located in the Ziyarah Subdistrict of the al-Suqaylabiyah District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Ankawi had a population of 2,298 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

The settlement has been shelled repeatedly  by the Syrian government in recent years.
Football in the Basque Country
Association football has been a part of Basque Country culture since the end of the 19th century. As of 2025, four Basque teams play in La Liga, the top division of the Spanish football system: Athletic Bilbao, Real Sociedad, CA Osasuna and Deportivo Alavés.

Biscay
Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, ˈbɪski/ BISK-ay, BISK-ee; Basque: Bizkaia [bis̻kai.a]; Spanish: Vizcaya [biθˈkaʝa]) is a province of the Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.

Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
Warren Clay Coleman
Warren Clay Coleman (May 25, 1849 – May 24, 1904) was an African-American businessman in south-central North Carolina known as a founder of the Coleman Manufacturing Company, which built one of the first black-owned and operated textile mills in the United States. The Coleman-Franklin-Cannon Mill still stands in Concord, North Carolina, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

Born into slavery, Coleman learned shoemaking and barbering before he came of age as a freedman. He had a white attorney father who took an interest in him, and the ambitious Coleman made use of his contacts and became known as a highly successful entrepreneur in and around Concord, North Carolina. He developed a substantial general store and other retail outlets, bought land, and developed and rented residential real estate, owned farms in several areas, and had other businesses in addition to the mill. In 1900 Coleman was the wealthiest man of color in the state.

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, or the AME Zion Church (AMEZ) is a historically African-American Christian denomination based in the United States. It was officially formed in 1821 in New York City, but operated for a number of years before then. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church adheres to Wesleyan-Arminian theology.

The AME Zion Church is not to be confused with the similarly named African Methodist Episcopal Church, which was officially formed in 1816 by Richard Allen and Daniel Coker in Philadelphia. The denomination was made up of AME churches in the Philadelphia region, including Delaware and New Jersey. Though the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was founded to grant equal rights to African Americans in Methodist Christianity, its church membership is composed of people of all racial backgrounds.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea Mare
The Diocese of Oradea (Latin: Dioecesis Magnovaradinensis Latinorum, Hungarian: Nagyváradi Római Katolikus Egyházmegye, Romanian: Dieceza Romano-Catolică de Oradea Mare) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory of the Catholic Church in Romania, named after its episcopal see in the city of Oradea.

John Vitéz
John Vitéz de Zredna (Hungarian: zrednai Vitéz János, Croatian: Ivan Vitez od Sredne, Slovak: Ján Vitéz zo Sredny; c. 1408 – 8 August 1472) was a Hungarian and Croat humanist, diplomat, Latinist, mathematician, astrologist and astronomer. He served as Archbishop of Esztergom from 1465 until his death.
SpringBoard
SpringBoard is the standard application that manages the iPhone's home screen. Other tasks include starting WindowServer, launching and bootstrapping applications, and setting some of the device's settings on startup.

Android's equivalent of iOS' SpringBoard would be a launcher, offering similar functionalities.

IOS 11
iOS 11 is the eleventh major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple, being the successor to iOS 10. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 5, 2017, and was released on September 19, 2017. It was succeeded by iOS 12 on September 17, 2018.
Gerry Brisson
Gerald Joseph Brisson (September 3, 1937 – January 16, 2013) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 4 games in the National Hockey League with the Montreal Canadiens during the 1962–63 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1957 to 1970, was spent in the minor leagues. He was born in Saint Boniface, Manitoba. He died at his home in Mesa, Arizona on January 16, 2013.

Winnipeg Monarchs (WHL)
The Winnipeg Monarchs were a junior ice hockey team that played in the Western Canada Hockey League from 1967 to 1977 under three names. The team played as the Winnipeg Jets from 1967 to 1973; the Winnipeg Clubs from 1973 to 1976, and the Winnipeg Monarchs from 1976 to 1977. The Monarchs franchise played at Winnipeg Arena in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The team was the direct namesake for the Winnipeg Jets professional hockey club that began play in 1972; the junior Jets changed their name to disambiguate themselves in 1973.

In 1977 the Monarchs moved to Calgary to become the Calgary Wranglers. They are today the Lethbridge Hurricanes.
British Taekwondo
British Taekwondo Limited, operating as British Taekwondo is the National Governing Body for World Taekwondo in Great Britain. It is a member of, and recognised by, World Taekwondo, the international governing body for taekwondo as recognised by the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. British Taekwondo is also a member of the British Olympic Association (BOA), the British Paralympic Association (BPA) and the European Taekwondo Union (ETU).

Established in 1982 its functions include responsibility for the selection of National Teams to compete at International and Olympic level.

A second body founded in 2002, Sport Taekwondo UK Ltd operating as GB Taewkondo is responsible, with the support of its parent body, British Taekwondo, for the management of the elite competitive taekwondo and para taekwondo programs in Great Britain, and the hosting in Great Britain of elite level competitive taekwondo events.

British Paralympic Association
The British Paralympic Association (BPA) is the National Paralympic Committee for Great Britain (GBR), and is responsible for the United Kingdom's participation in the Paralympic Games.

The BPA select, prepare, enter, fund and manage the Great Britain and Northern Ireland team at the Paralympic Games. This team is known as ParalympicsGB.
Shooting at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Shooting at the 1982 Commonwealth Games was the fourth appearance of Shooting at the Commonwealth Games. The events were held in Brisbane, Australia, from 30 September to 9 October 1982 and featured contests in twenty disciplines, compared to just six in 1978.

The events took place at the Belmont Shooting Complex.

Australia topped the shooting medal table by virtue of winning seven gold medals.

Shooting at the Commonwealth Games
Shooting sports have been contested at the Commonwealth Games at every games since 1966 with the exception of the 1970 and 2022 Commonwealth Games.

Events were open until they were segregated by gender in 1994 for pistol and most rifle events and in 2002 for trap and skeet events; the full bore rifle competitions remained open.
Order dual (functional analysis)
In mathematics, specifically in order theory and functional analysis, the order dual of an ordered vector space  is the set  where  denotes the set of all positive linear functionals on , where a linear function  on  is called positive if for all   implies 
The order dual of  is denoted by . 
Along with the related concept of the order bound dual, this space plays an important role in the theory of ordered topological vector spaces.

Ordered topological vector space
In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis and order theory, an ordered topological vector space, also called an ordered TVS, is a topological vector space (TVS) X that has a partial order ≤ making it into an ordered vector space whose positive cone  is a closed subset of X. 
Ordered TVSes have important applications in spectral theory.
2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters
The 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the Shanghai ATP Masters 1000, classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2014 ATP World Tour. It took place at Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in Shanghai, China from October 5 to October 12, 2014.

Shanghai Masters (tennis)
The Shanghai Masters (Chinese: 上海大师赛), known as the Rolex Shanghai Masters for sponsorship reasons, is an annual tennis tournament for male professional players held in Shanghai, China in the month of October. It is played on outdoor hard courts at the Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena in the Minhang District. The tournament is part of the nine ATP Masters 1000 events on the ATP Tour, and is the only one not played in Europe or North America. The tournament was not held from 2020 to 2022 due to Chinese travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Kata Szidónia Petrőczy
Kata Szidónia Petrőczy (1658–21 October 1708) was a Hungarian writer and poet. She is regarded as the first female writer of the Baroque period in Hungary and its foremost representative of Baroque prose.

Kata Szidónia was the daughter of baron Stephen Petrőczy and Elisabeth Thököly and cousin of prince Imre Thököly of Transylvania. Her family was Protestant. After her father participated in 1670 in a rebellion against Habsburg, they lived in exile in Poland for a while. She married Petrovinai Pekry Lőrinc in 1681, and became the grandmother of writer Polixénia Daniel (1720–1776). The couple were deeply involved in the political life of Hungary and Transylvania. Her poems were published in 1874.

Polixénia Daniel
Polixénia Daniel (1720–1775), was a Hungarian noble, philanthropist and writer.

She was the daughter of baron Daniel Stephen and married baron Wesselényi István in 1742. She became known for her great learning, her charitable projects and as a protector of artists and scientists. She was also active as a writer, and several manuscripts of her hand survives. Her daughter, Zsuzsanna Wesselényi (1744–1800), became known for her diary.
Barnet Burns
Barnet Burns (c.1807 – 26 December 1860) was an English sailor, trader, and showman who became one of the first Europeans to live as a Pākehā Māori and to receive the full Māori facial tattoo. He travelled to Australia and found employment as a trader of flax in New Zealand in the 1830s. Burns returned to Europe in 1835 and spent most of his remaining years as a showman giving lectures, where he described the customs of the Māori, performed the haka, exhibited his Māori tattoos and recounted his adventures in New Zealand.

Ngāpuhi
Ngāpuhi (also known as Ngāpuhi-Nui-Tonu or Ngā Puhi) is a Māori iwi associated with the Northland regions of New Zealand centred in the Hokianga, the Bay of Islands, and Whangārei.

According to the 2023 New Zealand census, the estimated population of Ngāpuhi is 184,470. This compares to 125,601 in 2001, 102,981 in 2006, 122,214  in 2013. and 165,201 in 2018. It is formed from 150 hapū or subtribes, with 55 marae.

Despite such diversity, the people of Ngāpuhi maintain their shared history and self-identity. Te Rūnanga ā Iwi o Ngāpuhi, based in Kaikohe, administers the iwi. The Rūnanga acts on behalf of the iwi in consultations with the New Zealand government. It also ensures the equitable distribution of benefits from the 1992 fisheries settlement with the government, and undertakes resource management and education initiatives.
Loi Kaaba
Loi Kaaba (ꯂꯣꯏ ꯀꯥꯕ), also known as Thoibi Loi Kaaba (ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯂꯣꯏ ꯀꯥꯕꯥ), is an event from the Khamba Thoibi classical epic in the Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore. It describes Princess Thoibi’s return from exile in the Kabaw (Kabo) region and the events that followed during her journey back to the Moirang kingdom.

Nongban
Angom Nongban Kongyamba, known by just one name as Nongban, is a nobleman in Ancient Moirang. He is a rich man of Angom clan. He is the main villain in the Khamba Thoibi epic legend. He was a polygamist. He wanted to marry Princess Thoibi in addition to his other wives. Prince Chingkhuba, Thoibi's father, agreed to give him the princess' hand in marriage. However, Thoibi was in love with Khuman Khamba. So, he and Chingkhuba thought of many ways to stop Khuman Khamba. But none of their plans worked.
Thulani Serero
Thulani Caleb Serero (born 11 April 1991) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Cape Town City and the South African national team.

He started his career at Ajax Cape Town in the South African Premier Soccer League, before joining Ajax and Vitesse in the Dutch Eredivisie. He later played in the United Arab Emirates for Al Jazira and Khor Fakkan.

Carling Knockout Cup
The Carling Knockout Cup is a South African professional soccer knockout competition which comprises the 16 teams in the South African Premiership.  It is the third of the three main cups administered by the PSL along with the MTN 8 and the Nedbank Cup.  The competition was first held in 1982 as the Datsun Challenge, and in 2023 under its current sponsored name.
Dragging Down the Enforcer
Dragging Down the Enforcer is the name of the debut album by Outlaw Order, a side-project of the pioneering American sludge metal outfit Eyehategod. It was released in November 2008 in both jewel case and metal box formats. It was originally due to be released on October 13 and 14, but was delayed due to manufacturing issues. There were apparently 13 songs recorded for the album, but the final track listing lists 11, meaning two B-sides exist. Between the release of the Legalize Crime EP and Dragging Down the Enforcer, bassist Justin Grisoli left the band, hence bass parts on the album were recorded by Brian Patton. The track "Double Barrel Solves Everything" previously appeared on Legalize Crime as "D.B.S.E.".

Legalize Crime
Legalize Crime is the name of the debut EP by Outlaw Order (OO%), a side project of sludge metal band Eyehategod. It was released as a limited edition 7" (1,500 copies were printed) in 2003 and re-released on CD with a bonus live track on October 25, 2006. The reissue is  available through Eyehategod's webstore.
Momentary Bliss
"Momentary Bliss" is a song by British virtual band Gorillaz, featuring British rapper Slowthai and the Kent-based punk rock duo Slaves. The song was the first song to be released for Gorillaz' Song Machine initiative, a web series consisting of singles and music videos released over the course of the year from the band, with each episode featuring different guest musicians. The song was also the first single released for their seventh studio album, Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez. This was the final single before Slaves changed their band name to "Soft Play".

Remi Kabaka Jr.
Remi Kabaka Jr. (born 11 April 1970) is a British record producer, art director, and percussionist best known as the drummer and producer for British virtual band Gorillaz. He became a music producer for the band in 2015 after several years of providing the voice of Russel Hobbs and was listed as an A&R producer alongside Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett in the 2019 documentary Gorillaz: Reject False Icons. In 2007, Kabaka created the audiovisual collective Gorillaz Sound System.
Attachment of earnings
Attachment of earnings is a legal process in civil litigation by which a defendant's wages or other earnings are taken to pay for a debt.  This collections process is used in the common law system, especially Britain and the United States, but in other legal regimes as well.

Ballentine's Law Dictionary notes that this process is not literal, whereby a "person's property is figuratively brought into the court."

Legal process
Legal process (sometimes simply process) is any formal notice or writ by a court obtaining jurisdiction over a person or property. Common forms of process include a summons, subpoena, mandate, and warrant. Process normally takes effect by serving it on a person, arresting a person, posting it on real property, or seizing personal property.
Melodics
Melodics is the features of melody that are characteristic for a particular style, period, or group of composers, e.g. baroque melodics, the melodics of Frédéric Chopin's compositions. Melodics is an element of a musical work which orders the sequence of sounds of different registers and duration time.

The two basic kinds of melodics – vocal and instrumental – are combined with the main executive means. The rest derive directly from the two above and reciprocally diffuse one another.

Melody
A melody (from Greek  μελῳδία (melōidía) 'singing, chanting'), also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. In its most literal sense, a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm, while more figuratively, the term can include other musical elements such as tonal color. It is the foreground to the background accompaniment. A line or part need not be a foreground melody.

Melodies often consist of one or more musical phrases or motifs, and are usually repeated throughout a composition in various forms. Melodies may also be described by their melodic motion or the pitches or the intervals between pitches (predominantly conjunct or disjunct or with further restrictions), pitch range, tension and release, continuity and coherence, cadence, and shape.