hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mechanical rectifier
A mechanical rectifier is a device for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) by means of mechanically operated switches.  The best-known type is the commutator, which is an integral part of a DC dynamo, but before solid-state devices became available, independent mechanical rectifiers were used for certain applications. Before the invention of semiconductors, rectification at high currents involved serious losses.

There were various vacuum/gas devices, such as the mercury arc rectifiers, thyratrons, ignitrons, and vacuum diodes. Solid-state technology was in its infancy, represented by copper oxide and selenium rectifiers. All of these gave excessive forward voltage drop at high currents. One answer was mechanically opening and closing contacts, if this could be done quickly and cleanly enough.

Ignitron
An ignitron is a type of gas-filled tube used as a controlled rectifier and dating from the 1930s. Invented by Joseph Slepian while employed by Westinghouse, Westinghouse was the original manufacturer and owned trademark rights to the name "Ignitron". Ignitrons are closely related to mercury-arc valves but differ in the way the arc is ignited.  They function similarly to thyratrons; a triggering pulse to the igniter electrode turns the device "on", allowing a high current to flow between the cathode and anode electrodes.  After it is turned on, the current through the anode must be reduced to zero to restore the device to its nonconducting state.  They are used to switch high currents in heavy industrial applications.
Social cognitive theory
Social cognitive theory (SCT), used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. This theory was advanced by Albert Bandura as an extension of his social learning theory. The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events and use this information to guide subsequent behaviors. Observing a model can also prompt the viewer to engage in behavior they already learned. Depending on whether people are rewarded or punished for their behavior and the outcome of the behavior, the observer may choose to replicate behavior modeled. Media provides models for a vast array of people in many different environmental settings.

Bobo doll experiment
The Bobo doll experiment was used by psychologist Albert Bandura to test his social learning theory. Between 1961 and 1963, he studied children's behaviour after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the adult model rewarded, punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll.

Social learning theory proposes that people learn largely through observation, imitation, and modelling. The Bobo doll experiment demonstrates that people learn not only by being rewarded or punished but they can also learn from watching someone else being rewarded or punished. These studies have practical implications, such as providing evidence of how children can be influenced by witnessing violent behavior.
Commander of the Navy (Vietnam)
The Commander of the Vietnamese People's Navy (Vietnamese: Tư lệnh Quân chủng Hải quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) is responsible for organization, construction, management and the highest commander of the Vietnam People's Navy.

Vietnam People's Navy
The Vietnam People's Navy (VPN; Vietnamese: Hải quân nhân dân Việt Nam), internally the Naval Service (Vietnamese: Quân chủng Hải quân (QCHQ)), also known as the Vietnamese People's Navy or the Vietnamese Navy (Vietnamese: Hải quân Việt Nam), is the naval branch of the Vietnam People's Army and is responsible for the protection of the country's national waters, islands, and interests of the maritime economy, as well as for the co-ordination of maritime police, customs service and the border defence force.

The VPN also maintains a naval infantry arm, the Vietnam People's Navy Naval Infantry, which, according to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, in 2025 constituted the majority of the VPN, with 27,000 naval infantrymen.
Anotogaster
Anotogaster is a genus of dragonflies in the family Cordulegastridae.

The genus contains the following species:

Anotogaster antehumeralis Lohmann, 1993

Anotogaster basalis Selys, 1854

Anotogaster chaoi Zhou, 1998

Anotogaster cornutifrons Lohmann, 1993

Anotogaster flaveola Lohmann, 1993

Anotogaster gigantica Fraser, 1924

Anotogaster gregoryi Fraser, 1924

Anotogaster klossi Fraser, 1919

Anotogaster kuchenbeiseri (Förster, 1899)

Anotogaster myosa Needham, 1930

Anotogaster nipalensis (Selys, 1854)

Anotogaster sakaii Zhou, 1988

Anotogaster sapaensis Karube, 2012

Anotogaster sieboldii (Selys, 1854) – jumbo dragonfly, Siebold's dragonfly

Anotogaster xanthoptera Lohmann, 1993

Anotogaster sieboldii
Anotogaster sieboldii, as known as golden-ringed dragonfly, jumbo dragonfly, Siebold's dragonfly or oniyanma (オニヤンマ、鬼蜻蜓、馬大頭) in Japanese, 無霸勾蜓 in Chinese and 장수잠자리 ("jang-su-jamjari", means 'General Dragonfly') in Korean is the largest species of dragonfly native to Eastern Asia, especially Japan, Taiwan, China, Korean Peninsula. It can grow between 95 and 100 mm in length.
Boardman Peak
Boardman Peak, at 9,457 feet (2,882 m) high is one of the peaks of the Soldier Mountains of Idaho.  Boardman Peak is located at the center of the range southeast of Iron Mountain, northwest of Smoky Dome, and northwest of Fairfield in Camas County and Sawtooth National Forest.  No trails go to the summit, but several pass near the peak, and the ascent is only class 2.

Boardman Peak has over 300 feet (91 m) prominence and is west of Boardman Pass.

The northern slopes of Boardman Peak are drained by Boardman Creek, a tributary of the South Fork Boise River, and the south slopes are drained by Salt Log and Bremner Creeks, tributaries of the South Fork of Lime Creek.  Boardman Lake, while not directly below the peak, is northwest of the mountain.

Soldier Mountains
The Soldier Mountains are a mountain range in the U.S. state of Idaho, spanning northern Camas and eastern Elmore counties.  The highest point in the range is Smoky Dome at 10,095 feet (3,077 m), and the  range is bounded on the west and north by the South Fork Boise River.  The mountains are located within Sawtooth National Forest north of Fairfield, Idaho.  The Soldier Mountain Ski Area is located within the range to the east of Smoky Dome.

Iron Mountain near the western end of the Soldier Mountains has an old Forest Service fire lookout on its summit.  Several road and trails are located in the mountains, which provide for a variety of activities including hiking, off-road vehicle riding, fishing, and hunting.  Most of the peaks can be accessed relatively easily via class one or two routes.
Execution (computing)
In computing, execution is the process by which a computer program is processed to perform the actions that it encodes. As the processor follows the program instructions, effects are produced in accordance with the semantics of those instructions. The term run is generally synonymous. The act of starting execution is often called launching or invoking in addition to executing and running.

An execution processor comes in many forms. A machine code program may be executed via the programmable interface of a computer where execution involves repeatedly following a fetch–decode–execute cycle for each program instruction executed by the control unit. Source code may be executed by interpreter software. A program may be executed in a batch process without human interaction or a user may type commands in an interactive session.

User (computing)
A user is a person who uses a computer or network service. A user typically has a user account and is recognized by the system through a username. Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct end users.
Piano Trio No. 1 (Mozart)
The Piano Trio No. 1 in B♭ major (Divertimento), K. 254, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1776. It is scored for piano, violin and cello. Rachel Beckles Willson writes that it may have been inspired by Johann Christian Bach's harpsichord sonatas with accompanying violin and cello which Mozart heard in London in 1764. It is not known what occasion it was written for. The only record of a performance comes from one of Mozart's letters in which he reports performing it in a concert in Munich in 1777 on his journey to Paris. Although Mozart's autograph gives the work's title as a divertimento, in one of his letters he refers to it as Trio für Klavier ex B (piano trio in B-flat), and Kraus points out that the form and character have more in common with the trio than the divertimento.

B-flat major
B-flat major is a major scale based on B♭, with pitches B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G, and A. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative minor is G minor and its parallel minor is B-flat minor.

The B-flat major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The B-flat harmonic major and melodic major scales are:

Many transposing instruments are pitched in B-flat major, including the clarinet, trumpet, tenor saxophone, and soprano saxophone. As a result, B-flat major is one of the most popular keys for concert band compositions.
1978–79 Chicago Black Hawks season
The 1978–79 Chicago Black Hawks season was the 53rd season of operation of the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League (NHL).  The club was coming off a first-place finish in the Smythe Division in 1977–78.  In the 1978 Stanley Cup playoffs, the Black Hawks were swept by the Boston Bruins in four games in the quarter-finals.

1977–78 Chicago Black Hawks season
The 1977–78 Chicago Black Hawks season was the Hawks' 52nd season in the NHL, and the club was coming off a 26–43–11 record, earning 63 points, which was their lowest total since the 1957–58 season. The Hawks managed to qualify for the playoffs, as they finished in third place in the Smythe Division. In the playoffs, the Black Hawks were quickly swept out in two games by the Boston Bruins in the NHL preliminary round.
Småsponen Nunatak
Småsponen Nunatak (72°0′S 3°55′E﻿ / ﻿72.000°S 3.917°E﻿ / -72.000; 3.917) is a nunatak just northwest of Storsponen Nunatak, at the north side of Mount Hochlin in the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named Småsponen ("the little chip").

Mount Hochlin
Mount Hochlin (72°5′S 4°3′E﻿ / ﻿72.083°S 4.050°E﻿ / -72.083; 4.050) is a large ice-topped mountain, 2,760 metres (9,060 ft) high, standing east of Festninga Mountain in the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The Spøta Spur extends from its north-central section.
It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for L. Hochlin, a radio operator and dog driver with the expedition (1956–58).
Bavarian B X
The B X steam engines of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn) were express 2-4-0 locomotives in Bavaria. The vehicles had an inside locomotive frame, the cylinders lay behind the carrying axle and the steam inlet pipes ran in front of the boiler. Twelve locomotives were delivered with compound engines; two with simple, two-cylinder engines. The latter were converted to compound working in 1896 however.

All examples were taken on by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and retired between 1922 and 1924. According to the provisional renumbering plan of 1923 they were to be allocated operating numbers 34 7501 to 7513, but they did not appear in the final renumbering plan.

The engines were equipped with Bavarian 3 T 12 tenders.

2-4-0
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. In most of North America it became known as a Porter.

The notation 2-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement, on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached tender. A subset is 2-4-0WT, a configuration in which the water is under the bolier in a well tank.
Rinkeby Swedish
Rinkeby Swedish (Swedish: Rinkebysvenska [ˈrɪ̂ŋːkɛbyːˌsvɛnska]) is any of a number of varieties of Swedish spoken mainly in urban districts with a high proportion of immigrant residents which emerged as a linguistic phenomenon in the 1980s. Rinkeby in Stockholm is one such suburb, but the term Rinkeby Swedish may sometimes be used for similar varieties in other Swedish cities as well. A similar term is Rosengårdssvenska ("Rosengård Swedish") after the Rosengård district in Malmö. The one magazine in Sweden published in these varieties, Gringo, proposes miljonsvenska ("Million Swedish") based on the Million Programme.

Different varieties of Rinkeby Swedish exist which are based on the regional dialects, especially in the major urban centers of Stockholm (Svealand dialects), Malmö (Scanian) and Gothenburg (western Götaland dialects).

Götaland dialects
Götamål is one of the six dialect areas of the Swedish language, mostly heard in Västergötland, Dalsland, northern Halland, northern Småland and Östergötland. However, it is also heard in Bohuslän and Värmland. Examples of Götamål features are vowel reduction, vowel shortening in front of endings and loss of /r/ in suffixes, such as in hästa instead of hästar, eng. horses.
James Penrice
James Regan Penrice (born 22 December 1998) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Greek Super League club AEK Athens.

He has previously played for Partick Thistle, Livingston, East Fife and Heart of Midlothian.

PFA Scotland Team of the Year
The Professional Footballers' Association Scotland Team of the Year (often called the PFA Scotland Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to a set of 44 footballers in the four national tiers of the Scottish football league system, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a "Team of the Year". The award is compiled by the members of the players' trade union, Professional Footballers' Association Scotland (PFA Scotland), with the winners then being voted for by the other players in their respective divisions. The award was instituted in the 2006–07 season. In that first season, the award was voted for by the managers in each division.

The award was expanded to include the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) in 2021–22.
John Shelton Curtiss
John Shelton Curtiss (July 15, 1899 – December 27, 1983), was an American historian of Russia and historical scholar of old Yankee descent. Curtiss was a longtime professor of history at Duke University.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is an antisemitic hoax and forgery purporting to detail a Jewish plot for global domination. Largely plagiarized from several earlier sources, it was first published in Imperial Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. It played a key part in popularizing belief in an international Jewish conspiracy.

The text was exposed as a work of black propaganda by the British newspaper The Times in 1921 and by the German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung in 1924. Beginning in 1933, distillations of the work were assigned by some German teachers, as if they were factual, to be read by German schoolchildren throughout Nazi Germany. It remains widely available in numerous languages, in print and on the Internet, and continues to be presented by antisemitic groups as a genuine document. It has been described as "probably the most influential work of antisemitism ever written".
Commonwealth Offices, Townsville
Commonwealth Offices is a heritage-listed commercial building at 42 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1884 to 1889. It has also known as D & W Murray Ltd Building, Rooneys Ltd Building and Scott, Dawson & Stewart Building. As at March 2016, it is known as Federation Place. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 June 1994.

Townsville City, Queensland
Townsville City is a coastal suburb at the centre of the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the suburb of Townsville City had a population of 2,945 people.

It is the city's central business district and a major hub for businesses of all sectors in the Northern Australia region.
Libra jaquesa
The libra jaquesa or Jaca pound was a type of coin that was used in the Kingdom of Aragon from the 11th and 12th centuries until after 1800 as a unit of account. It was not minted but instead served as a reference for the value of minted coins. Its value was equivalent to 20 sueldos jaqueses or 320 dineros. Its name originates from the Aragonese city of Jaca.

The one-pound silver unit of mass was subdivided into 240 silver pieces, also called dineros. The sueldo was a gold coin of the same weight as a silver piece. Since gold and silver maintained until the modern era a ratio of 12:1, each sueldo was equivalent to 12 dinero units, and the silver pound was equivalent to 20 sueldos. One of the most commonly circulated coins was the pieza, which was worth eight sueldos, and another was the peseta, equivalent to seven sueldos or, interchangeably, a week's salary of a manual laborer.

Spanish dinero
The dinero (diner in Catalan) was the currency of many of the Christian states of the Iberian Peninsula from the 10th century.
It evolved from the Carolingian denar (in Latin denarius) and was adopted by all Iberian Peninsula Carolingian-originated States: the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre, the Kingdom of Aragon, and the Catalan Counties.

It served in turn as the model for the Portuguese dinheiro.

In most of the Spanish States, the dinero was superseded by the maravedí and then the real as the unit of account. However, in Principality of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, the currency system based on the dinero continued, with twelve dineros to the sou and six sous the peseta.

Note that in modern Spanish, "dinero" means "money".
Chitrambari
Chitrambari (pronounced chitrāmbari) is a ragam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 66th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Chaturangini in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music. It is the prati madhyamam equivalent of Naganandini, which is the 30th melakarta.

Arohana
Arohana, arohanam, aroh or aroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the ascending scale of notes in a raga. The pitch increases as we go up from Shadja (Sa) to the Taar Shadja (Sa), possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

It contrasts with an avarohana, avarohanam or avaroha the descending scale of any raga. The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.
Ayr North (ward)
Ayr North  is one of the eight electoral wards of South Ayrshire Council. Created in 2007, the ward elects four councillors using the single transferable vote electoral system and covers an area with a population of 17,055 people.

The area has been politically split between Labour and the Scottish National Party (SNP) with both parties holding half the seats at various points since the ward's creation.

South Ayrshire Council
South Ayrshire Council (Scottish Gaelic: Comhairle Shiorrachd Àir a Deas) is the local authority for South Ayrshire, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It was created in 1996, and now comprises eight wards, each with three of four directly elected councillors by the single transferable vote system, which creates a form of proportional representation. The council is based at County Buildings in Ayr.
Mashed Potato Time
"Mashed Potato Time" is a 1962 single written by Kal Mann and Bernie Lowe, and performed by Dee Dee Sharp, with backing vocals by the Orlons, on her debut album It's Mashed Potato Time. The song refers to the Mashed Potato dance move, which was a fad. It was one of several songs that at that time that referenced the dance, another being James Brown's "Mashed Potatoes U.S.A." The Marvelettes song "Please Mr. Postman" is mentioned in the lyrics and is copied in the arrangement. Also mentioned in the lyrics are the songs "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" by the Tokens and "Dear Lady Twist" by Gary U.S. Bonds. Sharp recorded a sequel to "Mashed Potato Time" called "Gravy (For My Mashed Potatoes)".

In 1996 the Campbell Soup Company featured the song in a $30 million advertising campaign, using a new, more upbeat recording by Sharp.

Please Mr. Postman
"Please Mr. Postman" is a song written by Georgia Dobbins, William Garrett, Freddie Gorman, Brian Holland and Robert Bateman. It was the debut single by girl group the Marvelettes for the Tamla (Motown) label and is famous for being  the first Motown song to reach the number-one position on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The single achieved this position in late 1961; it hit number one on the R&B chart as well.

The song has been covered several times, including a version by the Beatles in 1963. It became a number-one hit again in early 1975 when The Carpenters' cover of the song reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100. The 2017 song "Feel It Still" by Portugal. The Man has significant similarities to "Please Mr. Postman" and includes a credit for Brian Holland.
Bewdley Rowing Club
Bewdley Rowing Club is a rowing club on the River Severn, based at Riverside North, Wribbenhall, Bewdley, Wyre Forest District, West Midlands, England. The club is open to all age groups and the blade colours are blue and gold; kit: indigo with a (quite broad) gold band.

Bewdley
Bewdley (/ˈbjuːdli/ ⓘ BEWD-lee) is a town and civil parish in the Wyre Forest District in Worcestershire, England, on the banks of the River Severn. It is in the Severn Valley, and is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west of Kidderminster, 12.5 miles (20.1 km) north of Worcester and 23 miles (37 km) southwest of Birmingham. It lies on the River Severn, at the gateway of the Wyre Forest national nature reserve, and at the time of the 2021 census had a population of 9,267. Bewdley is a popular tourist destination and is known for the Bewdley Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford, and the well-preserved Georgian riverside.
Sawariwau
Sawariwau (Wapishana: Sawari Wa'o) is a village in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana. Sawariwau is inhabited by Wapishana Amerindians. It is located about 70 miles (110 km) south of Lethem in the Rupununi savannah. The main language spoken in the village is Wapishana.

Lethem, Guyana
Lethem is a town in Guyana’s south, located in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo region. It is the regional capital of Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo.

It is named after Sir Gordon James Lethem, who was the Governor of British Guiana from 1941 to 12 April 1947. The city is populated by 1,702 inhabitants as of 2012.

Lethem has several commercial establishments for shoes, bicycles, shirts and other items; they are especially frequented by Brazilians who usually take goods to Boa Vista, Manaus, Pacaraima and Santa Elena de Uairén.

The annual Rodeo on Easter weekend is the city's main event.