hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Order-4 apeirogonal tiling
In geometry, the order-4 apeirogonal tiling is a regular tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It covers the hyperbolic plane, which is a non-Euclidean surface with constant negative curvature, with a repeating pattern of congruent shapes that fill the plane completely without gaps or overlaps.

This tiling is made from apeirogons, which are polygons with infinitely many sides. In this pattern, four apeirogons meet at each vertex. It can be understood as the hyperbolic analogue of the square tiling of the Euclidean plane, where four squares meet at each vertex. Its Schläfli symbol is {∞,4}, meaning that each face has infinitely many sides and four faces meet at every vertex.

Apeirogon
In geometry, an apeirogon (from Ancient Greek  ἄπειροv apeiron 'infinite, boundless' and  γωνία gonia 'angle') or infinite polygon is a polygon with an infinite number of sides. Apeirogons are the rank 2 case of infinite polytopes. In some literature, the term "apeirogon" may refer only to the regular apeirogon, with an infinite dihedral group of symmetries.
Rape and revenge
Rape and revenge, or rape-revenge, is a horror film subgenre characterized by an individual enacting revenge for rape or other sexual acts committed against them or others. Rape and revenge films are also commonly thrillers or vigilante films.

Notable for its graphic depiction of violence, rape, torture, and sexual imagery, rape and revenge films have attracted critical attention and controversy, often gaining a cult following and retrospectively associated with the New French Extremity, underground cinema, and arthouse cinema.

New French Extremity
New French Extremity describes a range of French films made at the turn of the 21st century that were considered extreme or transgressive. Films of the New French Extremity are characterized by graphic depictions of violence, especially sexual violence, and explicit sexual imagery. Many non-French films subsequently become associated with this trend.
Hacker ethic
The hacker ethic is a philosophy and set of moral values within hacker culture. Practitioners believe that sharing information and data with others is an ethical imperative. The hacker ethic is related to the concept of freedom of information, as well as the political theories of anti-authoritarianism, anarchism, and libertarianism.

While some tenets of the hacker ethic were described in other texts like Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) by Ted Nelson, the term hacker ethic is generally attributed to journalist Steven Levy, who appears to have been the first to document both the philosophy and the founders of the philosophy in his 1984 book titled Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution.

Free software movement
The free software movement is a social movement with the goal of obtaining and guaranteeing certain freedoms for software users, namely the freedoms to run, study, modify, and share copies of software. Software which meets these requirements, The Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software, is termed free software.

Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s hacker culture and academia, Richard Stallman formally founded the movement in 1983 by launching the GNU Project. Stallman later established the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to support the movement.
Alteveer, Hoogeveen
Alteveer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑltəveːr]) is a hamlet in the municipality of Hoogeveen in the province of Drenthe in the Netherlands. As of 2021, it had a population of 163. It is located south of the town of Hoogeveen and northeast of the village of Alteveer in the municipality of De Wolden.

The area surrounding Alteveer consist of agricultural land, historically used for peat extraction.

Alteveer, De Wolden
Alteveer is a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is located in the municipality De Wolden, about 5 km south of the town of Hoogeveen.

It was first mentioned in 1656, and means "all too far", because of poor connections to the outside world. In 1840, it was home to 220 people. Nowadays Alteveer cooperates with nearby Kerkenveld. They have formed a twin village, but they are technically independent.
South Yemen insurgency
The South Yemen insurgency is a term used by the Yemeni government to describe the protests and attacks on government forces in southern Yemen, ongoing since 27 April 2009. Although the violence has been blamed on elements within the southern secessionist movement, leaders of the group maintain that their aims of independence are to be achieved through peaceful means, and claim that attacks are from ordinary citizens in response to the government's provocative actions. The insurgency comes amid the Shia insurgency in the country's north as led by the Houthi communities. Southern leaders led a brief, unsuccessful secession in 1994 following unification. Many of them are involved in the present secession movement. Southern separatist insurgents are active mainly in the area of former South Yemen, but also in Ad Dali' Governorate, which was not a part of the independent southern state.

Shabwah Governorate
Shabwah (Arabic: شَبْوَة, romanized: Šabwa) is a governorate (province) of Yemen.  Its main town is Ataq. It was named after the ancient south Arabian city of Shabwa.

During the Yemeni Civil War in 2015, the province became a battleground. The battle, known as the Shabwah Campaign, ended on August 15, 2015, after forces loyal to the government of Abd Rabbah Mansour Hadi defeated Houthi rebels.
Shastina
Shastina is a satellite cone of Mount Shasta.  It is the second youngest of four overlapping volcanic cones which together form the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Range.  At 12,335 feet (3,760 m), Shastina is taller than Mount Adams and would rank as the third highest volcano in the Cascades behind Mount Rainier and Shasta were it not nestled on the western flank of its higher neighbor.  Shastina has a topographic prominence of over 450 ft (137 m) above the saddle connecting it with Shasta and easily exceeds the typical mountaineering standard of 300 feet (91 m) for a peak to qualify as an independent summit, yet most lists of Cascade volcanoes omit it nonetheless.  The name "Shastina" is a diminutive of Shasta.

Shastina was formed during a VEI-4 eruption around 7650 BC that also involved activity at the summit of Mount Shasta and the Red Banks on Shasta's south flank.

Parasitic cone
A parasitic cone (also adventive cone, satellite cone, satellitic cone or lateral cone) is the cone-shaped accumulation of volcanic material not part of the central vent of a volcano. It forms from eruptions from fractures on the flank of the volcano. These fractures occur because the flank of the volcano is unstable. Eventually, the fractures reach the magma chamber and generate eruptions called flank eruptions, which, in turn, produce a parasitic cone.

A parasitic cone can also be formed from a dike or sill cutting up to the surface from the central magma chamber in an area different from the central vent.

A peculiar example of multiple parasitic cones is Jeju Island in South Korea. Jeju Island features 368 "oreums" (Korean: 오름; "mount"), which lie in a roughly lateral line on either side of the island's central dormant shield volcano Hallasan.
Tanny Mouse
Mina Taniyama (谷山 美奈, Taniyama Mina), better known by her ring name Tanny Mouse (タニー・マウス, Tanī Mausu) (born January 7, 1976), is a Japanese retired professional wrestler best known for her tenure with the defunct Japanese promotions NEO Japan Ladies Pro-Wrestling and All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling.

Battle royal (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a battle royal (sometimes battle royale), is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared the winner. Typical battle royals begin with a number of participants in the ring, who are then eliminated by going over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor.
Llanddewi Court
Llanddewi Court, Llangybi, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a Grade II* listed house dating from the late 16th century. It is an example of a "double-house", a building in two sections, originally without interconnections, and designed to accommodate two families.

Cyril Fox
Sir Cyril Fred Fox FSA FBA MRIA (16 December 1882 – 15 January 1967) was an English archaeologist and museum director.

Fox became keeper of archaeology at the National Museum of Wales, and subsequently served as director from 1926 to 1948. Many of his most notable achievements were collaborative. With his second wife, Aileen Fox, he surveyed and excavated several prehistoric monuments in Wales. With Iorwerth Peate, he established the Welsh Folk Museum at St Fagans, and with Lord Raglan, he authored a definitive history of vernacular architecture, Monmouthshire Houses.
Tampines West MRT station
Tampines West MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Downtown Line in Tampines, Singapore. It is located at Tampines Avenue 4, near the junction with Tampines Avenue 1.

The station is located near some schools such as Temasek Polytechnic, Junyuan Primary School and East View Primary School, as well as SAFRA Tampines, and to the housing estates of Tampines Palmspring and Tampines Polyview.

Temasek Polytechnic
Temasek Polytechnic (TP) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education, Singapore.

Established in 1990, TP is renowned for its law and design programmes. It is also the first and only polytechnic in Singapore to offer a law programme.
Khasin Khuleguud
Khasiin Khuleguud (Mongolian: Хасын Хүлэгүүд; lit. 'Khas Broncos'), internationally known as Xac Broncos, is a Mongolian professional basketball team based in Ulaanbaatar. Founded in 2004, the team plays in The League, the country's premier level basketball league and has won nine  championships over its history.

2025 Basketball Champions League Asia – East
The 2025 Basketball Champions League Asia – East (BCL Asia – East) was the qualification tournament for the 2025 Basketball Champions League Asia. The tournament involved club teams from the East Asia (EABA) and Southeast Asia (SEABA) sub-zones of FIBA Asia. The games were held on March 24 to May 31, 2025, and two teams advanced to the 2025 Basketball Champions League Asia.
Silphium pinnatifidum
Silphium pinnatifidum, the tansy rosinweed or cutleaf prairie dock, is a species of  flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Southeastern United States where it is found in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Its habitat is prairies, barrens, and cedar glades.

Because of loss of its fire-dependent habitat, this species is uncommon and is considered vulnerable.

Although most populations are distinct, intermediate populations have been reported between Silphium pinnatifidum and Silphium terebinthinaceum, and some botanists consider S. pinnatifidum only a variety of S. terebinthinaceum.   S. pinnatifidum was once thought to be a result of hybridization between Silphium terebinthinaceum and Silphium laciniatum, although molecular studies have indicated that S. pinnatifidum is too closely allied to S. terebinthinaceum for this to be the case.

Silphium laciniatum
Silphium laciniatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known commonly as compassplant or compass plant. It is native to North America, where it occurs in Ontario in Canada and the eastern and central United States as far west as New Mexico. Other common names include prairie compass plant, pilotweed, polarplant, gum weed, cut-leaf silphium, and turpentine plant. It is a rosinweed of genus Silphium.
Minrui Road station
Minrui Road (simplified Chinese: 闵瑞路; traditional Chinese: 閔瑞路; pinyin: Mǐnruì Lù) is a station on the Pujiang line of the Shanghai Metro. The station is located at the intersection of Minrui Road and Sanlu Highway, between Sanlu Highway and Puhang Road. It began passenger trial operations with the rest of the Pujiang line on March 31, 2018.

Pujiang line
The Pujiang line (simplified Chinese: 浦江线; traditional Chinese: 浦江線; pinyin: Pǔjiāng Xiàn) is an automated, driverless, rubber-tired Shanghai Metro line in the town of Pujiang in the Shanghainese district of Minhang. It was originally conceived as phase 3 of Shanghai Metro line 8, but afterwards was constructed as a separate line, connecting with line 8 at its southern terminus, Shendu Highway. The line opened for passenger trial operations on March 31, 2018. It is the first automated, driverless people mover line in the Shanghai Metro, and has 6 stations with a total length of 6.689 kilometres (4.156 mi). The people mover was expected to carry 73,000 passengers a day. The line is colored gray on system maps.

The line is operated by Shanghai Keolis Public Transport Operation & Management Co. Ltd. (Chinese: 上海申凯公共交通运营管理有限公司), a joint venture owned by Keolis and Shanghai Shentong Metro Group for at least five years after opening.
Rakuto Maru
Rakuto Maru was a cargo steamship that was built in Japan in 1935. The Imperial Japanese Army requisitioned her in 1937, and used her in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Imperial Japanese Navy requisitioned her in 1941. In 1942 she took part in the invasion of Tarakan. In 1943 she survived hitting a mine, and she aided the cruiser Aoba after a USAAF air raid crippled her. She was sunk in the Philippines in 1944 by US Navy aircraft that attacked the convoy in which she was sailing. 199 of the people aboard her were killed.

Rakuto Maru was the first of a series of ships that the Uraga Dock Company of Uraga, Kanagawa equipped with a new propulsion system, which used reduction gearing not only for an exhaust steam turbine, but also for a high-speed reciprocating steam engine. Uraga went on to build numerous other ships with the same propulsion system, including at least ten of the same class as Rakuto Maru.

Japanese cruiser Aoba
Aoba (Japanese: 青葉; named after Mount Aoba) was the lead ship in the two-vessel Aoba class of heavy cruisers in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Launched in 1926 and heavily modernized in 1938–40, Aoba initially served as a patrol craft, largely along the China coast, and saw extensive service during World War II.  Repeatedly heavily damaged and repaired, she was finally crippled by bombing and settled on the bottom of shallow Kure harbor in April 1945; two raids in late July reduced her to an unsalvageable hulk. During the attack on 24 July 1945, future Vice Admiral Dick H. Guinn dropped the 2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb which contributed to her sinking. She was formally removed from the Navy List on 20 November 1945, and her wreck scrapped in 1946–47.
San Basilio, Córdoba
San Basilio (Spanish: Barrio de San Basilio) is one of the neighbourhoods in the Centro district of Córdoba, Spain. It is bordered by the River Guadalquivir to the southeast. The district was specifically included in the Historic centre of Córdoba as part of the UNESCO World Heritage site. Among its historic monuments are the Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos and the Royal Stables of Córdoba.

Royal Stables of Córdoba
Royal Stables ((in Spanish) Caballerizas Reales) are a set of stables in Córdoba, Spain. The building is situated in the historic centre and borders the Guadalquivir. The stables housed the best stallions and mares of the royal stud breed Andalusian horse.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Oklahoma
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Oklahoma.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Oklahoma, United States. The locations of National Register properties for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 6 properties listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 14, 2025.

Grant County, Oklahoma
Grant County is a county located on the northern border of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,169. Its county seat is Medford. Originally designated as part of the Cherokee Outlet, it was named County L in Oklahoma Territory at the time of its opening to non-Indian settlement. A county election renamed it for U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.
Craticulina
Craticulina is a genus of true flies in the family Sarcophagidae. They are cleptoparasites of various species of sand wasps. They are ovoviviparous, laying larvae instead of eggs. The larvae share the prey of the sand wasp, and though they are much smaller than the wasps, many fly larvae may be present in each wasp larva, causing food to run short. Sometimes the fly larvae also attack the wasp larvae while they are small, especially if too many fly larvae and too little food are present.

The flies are sand coloured, which no doubt helps camouflage them, but at least some species of hosts take evasive action when Craticulina species are present, though it is not clear how effectively.

Flesh fly
Sarcophagidae (from Ancient Greek  σάρξ sárx 'flesh' and  φαγεῖν phageîn 'to eat') are a family of flies commonly known as flesh flies. They differ from most flies in that they are ovoviviparous, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching maggots instead of eggs on carrion, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals, hence their common name. Some flesh fly larvae are internal parasites of other insects such as Orthoptera, and some, in particular the Miltogramminae, are kleptoparasites of solitary Hymenoptera. The adults mostly feed on fluids from animal bodies, nectar, sweet foods, fluids from animal waste and other organic substances. Juveniles need protein to develop and may be laid on carrion, dung or sweet plant foods (including fruit, nuts, and artificial foodstuffs).
Wavefront .obj file
OBJ (or .OBJ) is a geometry definition file format first developed by Wavefront Technologies for The Advanced Visualizer animation package. It is an open file format and has been adopted by other 3D computer graphics application vendors.

The OBJ file format is a simple data-format that represents 3D geometry alone – namely, the position of each vertex, the UV position of each texture coordinate vertex, vertex normals, and the faces that make each polygon defined as a list of vertices, and texture vertices.  Vertices are stored in a counter-clockwise order by default, making explicit declaration of face normals unnecessary. OBJ coordinates have no units, but OBJ files can contain scale information in a human readable comment line.

Shading
Shading refers to the depiction of depth perception in 3D models (within the field of 3D computer graphics) or illustrations (in visual art) by varying the level of darkness. Shading tries to approximate local behavior of light on the object's surface and is not to be confused with techniques of adding shadows, such as shadow mapping or shadow volumes, which fall under global behavior of light.
Carl Pettersson
Carl Pettersson (born 29 August 1977) is a Swedish professional golfer who is a member of the PGA Tour. He has won five times on the PGA Tour, making him one of Sweden's most successful players alongside Jesper Parnevik and Henrik Stenson. Pettersson carries dual citizenship after having become an American citizen in January 2012.

Official World Golf Ranking
The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of professional golfers. It was started in 1986. The rankings are based on a player's position in individual tournaments (i.e. not pairs or team events) over a "rolling" two-year period. New rankings are calculated each week. During 2018, nearly 400 tournaments on 20 tours were covered by the ranking system. All players competing in these tournaments are included in the rankings. In 2026, 25 tours factored into the world rankings. As well as being of general interest, the rankings have an additional importance, in that they are used as one of the qualifying criteria for entry into a number of leading tournaments.

The chair of the OWGR is former world number twelve and 2008 Masters Tournament champion Trevor Immelman.
Pengiran Muhammad Salleh
Pengiran Muhammad Salleh bin Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad (1890 – 22 February 1969) was a religious figure and noble cleric who held the position of Pengiran Di-Gadong in Brunei. Serving from 1968 to 1969, this title represents the second most senior rank within the wazir class of state officials. In addition, he was a member of the Tujuh Serangkai ("Seven Branches") committee from 1953 to 1954, and Brunei Islamic Religious Council (MUIB) from 1959 to 1969.

He was widely regarded as a devoted religious figure who dedicated much of his life to the development of Islam. A strong advocate for English-language education, he also championed the strict enforcement of Islamic laws, including the prohibition of alcohol consumption for Muslims and the regulation of Khalwat violations.

Mukim Sungai Kedayan
Mukim Sungai Kedayan was a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It was located within Kampong Ayer, the historical stilt settlements on the Brunei River in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 230 in 2016.
Nkhotakota District
Nkhotakota is a district in the Central Region of Malawi. The capital is Nkhotakota. The district covers an area of 4,259 km² and has a population of 395,897. The word Nkhotakota means "zig-zag" in Chichewa. It is located along the shore of Lake Malawi.

Nkhotakota
Nkhotakota (N-kho-tah-kho-tuh) (formerly Kota Kota) (name derived from the Chichewa for "Corner Corner") is a town and one of the districts in the Central Region of Malawi. It is on the shore of Lake Malawi (formerly Lake Nyasa) and is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi. As of 2018, Nkhotakota had a population estimated at 28,350. The district had a population of 301,000.
Lachrymose conception of Jewish history
The lachrymose conception of Jewish history is a historiographical theory, paradigm, or narrative of Jewish history that emphasizes and focuses on the suffering and persecution of Jews. The term was coined by Austrian-born American scholar Salo Wittmayer Baron, who criticized the pessimistic approaches of historians Heinrich Graetz and Joseph ha-Kohen toward medieval history specifically. It has come to more broadly reflect attitudes toward assimilation and antisemitism within the study of Jewish history. Baron's critique has been debated within Jewish historiography, with opposition from scholars such as Yitzhak Baer. The concept remains a focal point in discussions of Jewish historical narratives, particularly in relation to Zionist historiography and diaspora studies.

Jewish studies
Jewish studies (Hebrew: מדעי היהדות, romanized: madʿê ha-yahadut, lit. 'sciences of Judaism'), or Judaic studies, is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, while Harvard University was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.