hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
European Employment Strategy
The 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam introduced the concept of a European Employment Strategy (EES), following on from the integrated strategy for employment launched at the Essen European Council in December 1994.

Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Maastricht Treaty, which had been signed in 1992.

Under the Treaty of Amsterdam, member states agreed to transfer certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas, including legislating on immigration, adopting civil and criminal laws in areas of shared and exclusive competency, and enacting common foreign and security policy (CFSP), as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU.
Sol-Iletsk
Sol-Iletsk (Russian: Соль-Иле́цк) is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Ilek River (Ural's tributary), 77 kilometers (48 mi) south of Orenburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 28,377 (2010 Census); 26,883 (2002 Census); 23,836 (1989 Soviet census); 22,000 (1975); 11,802 (1897).

The climate is arid, sharply continental.

Orenburg
Orenburg (Russian: Оренбу́рг, pronounced [ɐrʲɪnˈburk]), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies in Eastern Europe, near the boundary of Europe and Asia, along the banks of the Ural River, being approximately 1,480 kilometers (920 mi) southeast of Moscow.

Orenburg is close to the border with Kazakhstan. It was the capital of the Kazakh ASSR from 1920 to 1925.
Saraçoğlu Sport Complex
Saraçoğlu Sport Complex (Turkish: Saraçoğlu Spor Tesisleri) is a multi-purpose outdoor arena in Karatay, Konya, Turkey.

The sport complex is located at Telsiz St. in Karatay district of Konya, Turkey. Competitions in sports branches like  field hockey, shooting (trap and skeet), field archery and basketball, can be held at the complex.

The venue hosted the shooting and the archery competitions at the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games.

Karatay, Konya
Karatay is a municipality and district of Konya Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,832 km2, and its population is 370,927 (2022). Karatay is one of the central districts of Konya along with the districts of Meram and Selçuklu. It covers the eastern part of the agglomeration of Konya and the adjacent countryside.

The solar power plant Kızören in Konya which went online in 2016 covers an area of 430,000 m2 and will be able to produce 26 GWh of electricity annually.
Leonid Kharitonov (actor)
Leonid Vladimirovich Kharitonov (Russian: Леонид Владимирович Харитонов; 1930–1987) was a Soviet and Russian theatre and film actor. He played in the films Private Ivan, Ivan Brovkin on the State Farm and Street Full of Surprises. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1972).

Moscow Art Theatre
The Moscow Art Theatre (or MAT; Russian: Московский Художественный академический театр (МХАТ), Moskovskiy Hudojestvenny Akademicheskiy Teatr (MHAT)) was a theatre company in Moscow. It was founded in 1898 (1898) by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Konstantin Stanislavski, together with the playwright and director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. It was conceived as a venue for naturalistic theatre, in contrast to the melodramas that were Russia's dominant form of theatre at the time. The theatre, the first to regularly put on shows implementing Stanislavski's system, proved hugely influential in the acting world and in the development of modern American theatre and drama.

It was officially renamed the Gorky Moscow Art Theatre in 1932. In 1987, the theatre split into two troupes, the Moscow Gorky Academic Art Theatre and the Moscow Chekhov Art Theatre.
Central Contra Costa Sanitary District
The Central Contra Costa Sanitary District  (CCCSD), also called Central San, provides sanitary sewage transport and treatment for the central portion of Contra Costa County, California. The main facility is a 54-million-US-gallon (200,000 m3) per day treatment plant in residential Martinez, California and it provides service to approx 462,000 residents.  It operates and maintains 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of sewer lines out of its second location in Walnut Creek, California.  It is a California Energy Commission Showcase Plant.

Martinez, California
Martinez (Spanish: Martínez) is a city in and the county seat of Contra Costa County, California, United States, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Located on the southern shore of the Carquinez Strait, the city's population was 37,287 at the 2020 census. The city is named after Californio ranchero Ygnacio Martínez, having been founded on his Rancho El Pinole. Martinez is known for its historic center and its waterfront.
Alagöz, Derik
Alagöz (Kurdish: Talbeş) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Derik, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Rutan tribe and had a population of 96 in 2021.

Derik, Turkey
Derik (Kurdish: Dêrîka Çiyayê Mazî) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,381 km2, and its population is 62,028 (2022). Derik is situated in Mardin Province within the predominantly Kurdish-speaking region of southeastern Turkey. The district's population is largely Kurdish-speaking, reflecting the broader demographic character of Mardin Province.
Bilharz (crater)
Bilharz is a lunar impact crater that lies in the eastern part of the Mare Fecunditatis. It is the largest member of a close triple-crater formation with Atwood to the east and Naonobu to the northeast. To the southeast is the crater Langrenus.

The interior of this crater has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, leaving the floor flat, shallow, and nearly featureless with just a few very small sub-craters. There is no central peak at the midpoint. The outer rim remains circular and only slightly worn.

Prior to being named by the International Astronomical Union in 1976, this crater was identified as Langrenus F.

Ewen Whitaker
Ewen Adair Whitaker (22 June 1922 – 11 October 2016) was a British-born astronomer known for his work in selenography and lunar cartography. Together with Gerard Kuiper, Whitaker founded the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. He co-authored multiple moon atlases, and helped NASA to select a landing site for Apollo 12 and several Surveyor and Ranger missions.
Sangagiri
Sangagiri is a municipality in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is situated on the National Highway 544, on the Coimbatore - Salem section.

Sangagiri is known for Sangagiri fort, lorries and lorry building industries. It is the headquarters of Sangagiri revenue district comprising Edappadi. It is also the headquarters of Sangagiri educational district.

Edappadi
Edappadi (also spelt Idaippadi) is a municipality in the Salem district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Edappadi was once known for its thriving power loom industry. The economy is diversified by agriculture, heavy truck transport, granite, entertainment and foundries.

The rocks around Edappadi are expected to contain rare minerals.
Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District
Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District (SCMTD), or simply Santa Cruz METRO, provides bus service throughout Santa Cruz County, California. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 4,110,800, or about 15,200 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

Santa Cruz METRO also operates the Highway 17 Express service for Amtrak Thruway between the city of Santa Cruz and San Jose Diridon station, in partnership with Amtrak California and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority.

Valley Transportation Authority
The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, more commonly known simply as the Valley Transportation Authority (VTA), is a special district responsible for public transit services, congestion management, specific highway capacity expansion projects, and countywide transportation planning for Santa Clara County, California. It serves San Jose, California, and the surrounding Silicon Valley. It is one of the governing parties for the Caltrain commuter rail line that serves the county. In 2025, the VTA's public transportation services had a combined ridership of 27,576,300, or about 93,000 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025.
Topu Barman
Topu Barman (Bengali: তপু বর্মন; born 20 December 1994) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Bangladesh Premier League club Bashundhara Kings and the Bangladesh national team.

2020–21 Federation Cup (Bangladesh)
The 2020–21 Federation Cup (due to sponsorship from Walton also known as Walton Federation Cup 2020) was the 32nd edition of the tournament, the main domestic annual club football competition in Bangladesh organized by Bangladesh Football Federation. The 13 participants is competing in the tournament. The tournament has started on 22 December 2020. The winner of the tournament will earn the slot of playing Qualifying play-off of 2022 AFC Cup.

Bashundhara Kings are current champions. The club have defeated Rahmatganj MFS by 2–1 on 5 January  2020 to lift the trophy for the first time.
Morag Pearce
Morag "Maggie" Pearce (née Kirkland) is a former England women's international footballer who played as a right-back. She competed at the 1984 European Competition for Women's Football where England lost against Sweden in the final. She won five Women's FA Cups with Southampton during the 1970s.

1979 WFA Cup final
The 1979 WFA Cup Final was the ninth final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. It was the ninth final to be held under the direct control of Women's Football Association (WFA). Southampton and Lowestoft contested the match at Jubilee Park, the home of Waterlooville F.C. on 6 May 1979. The match ended 1–0 in favour of Southampton.
Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1774–1775)
The Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1774–1775) was a military conflict between the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (now Myanmar) and the Thonburi Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand).

After about two hundred years of Lan Na kingdom under Burmese rule, the Siamese armies under King Taksin of Thonburi led an expedition to the northern city of Chiang Mai. The Siamese managed to take Burmese-held Chiang Mai in January 1775 and began the transfer of Lan Na from Burmese rule to Siamese domination.

Phraya Phichai
Phraya Phichai (Thai: พระยาพิชัย), or popularly known as Phraya Phichai Dap Hak (Thai: พระยาพิชัยดาบหัก; lit: "Phraya Phichai of the broken sword") (1741–1782) was a historic Siamese nobleman of Mon descent who served as a military leader under King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom. He legendarily became known for fighting with a sword in each hand until one was broken.
Nen language (Papuan)
Nen (Nen Zi, Nenium, Wekamara) is a Yam language spoken in the Bimadbn village in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, with 250 speakers as of a 2002 SIL survey. It is situated between the speech communities of Nambu and Idi.

Nen has unusual lexicalization patterns in its verbs. It has very few intransitive verbs, and where some verbs would be intransitive in most other languages, Nen has a class of morphologically "middle" verbs in their place. Many of the few intransitive verbs that Nen does have are positional verbs, which refer to spatial positions and postures.

Yam languages
The Yam languages, also known as the Morehead River languages, are a family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages south and west of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea (South Papua).
Nick Hoffman (racing driver)
Nick Hoffman (born May 1, 1992) is an American professional racing driver, chassis builder, and businessman. He currently competes full-time in the World of Outlaws Case Construction Late Model Series, driving the No. 9 Longhorn Chassis for Tye Twarog Racing. He has also previously driven in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, served as the house car driver for Barry Wright Race Cars in 2022, and since 2012 has owned his own chassis company Elite Chassis which produces Dirt Modified's.

Steve Arpin
Stephen Arpin (born December 16, 1983) is a Canadian race car driver and entrepreneur. He currently competes part-time UMP Dirt Modifieds in the No. 00EH Longhorn Chassis. He has also previously raced in the ARCA Menards Series, NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series. He currently owns Longhorn Chassis a Dirt Late Model and Dirt Modified chassis manufacturer.
2006–07 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup
The 2006/07 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the twenty eight World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 9 December 2006 and ended on 3 March 2007. This season included five disciplines: aerials, moguls, dual moguls, ski cross and halfpipe.

Dual mogul events returned on world cup calendar as a separate title from moguls for last time.

FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup is an annual freestyle skiing competition arranged by the International Ski Federation since 1980. Currently six disciplines are included in world cup: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe, slopestyle and big air. In the 1980s and 1990s there were also ski ballet and combined, which no longer exist.

Races are hosted primarily at ski resorts in North America, the Alps in Europe, with regular stops in Scandinavia, east Asia, but a few races have also been held in the Southern Hemisphere. World Cup competitions have been hosted in 22 countries around the world: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,  New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States. (note that all world cup races hosted at ski resort in Ukraine was still part of Soviet Union respectively.)
Joaquin Spring
Joaquin Spring, originally known as Valenzuela Spring, is a spring on Joaquin Ridge in the Diablo Range in Fresno County, California. The spring is located on the southwestern slope of the ridge, about 500 feet below Joaquin Rocks, at an elevation of 3,520 feet (1,070 meters).

Joaquin Rocks
Joaquin Rocks are a group of three pillars of rock, originally known as "Las Tres Piedras" (The Three Rocks), located on Joaquin Ridge, in the Diablo Range, in Fresno County, California. The Joaquin Rocks are at an elevation of 4,121 feet (1,256 meters), and are the most distinguishing feature of Joaquin Ridge. The three pillars of rock are clearly visible on the ridge for many miles from many directions in the San Joaquin Valley and from their summits have a view of much of the valley. It is located, 3 miles (4.8 km) west-northwest of Black Mountain (Anticline Ridge) and 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Ragged Valley.
Africa–Europe relations
Regarding Africa-Europe relations  see:

African military systems (1800–1900)

Colonisation of Africa
Scramble for Africa

Decolonisation of Africa

Economic history of Africa

British diaspora in Africa
British West Africa
East Africa Protectorate
History of Egypt under the British
Historiography of the British Empire
South Africa–United Kingdom relations

Foreign relations of the African Union

Italian Empire

Organisation internationale de la Francophonie for France
African French, on language
French colonial empire
Belgian colonial empire

Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)

Soviet Union-Africa relations

Yugoslavia and the Organisation of African Unity

Africa–Nordic relations

Decolonisation of Africa
The decolonisation of Africa was a series of political developments in Africa between the mid-1950s to 1975, during the Cold War. Colonial governments formed during the Scramble for Africa collapsed, giving way to sovereign states in a process characterised by violence, political upheaval, civil unrest, and organised revolts. Major events during the decolonisation of Africa include the Mau Mau rebellion, the Algerian War, the Congo Crisis, the Angolan War of Independence, the Zanzibar Revolution, and the events leading to the Nigerian Civil War.
Yevgeny Nosov (writer)
Yevgeny Ivanovich Nosov (Russian: Евгений Иванович Носов; 15 January 1925 – 12 June 2002) was a Soviet and Russian writer, part of the Village Prose movement, who since 1958 (when he debuted with On the Fisherman's Trail, a collection of stories and short novels) contributed regularly to Nash Sovremennik and Novy Mir magazines. Nosov, who fought in World War II and was severely injured in February 1945, received two Orders of Lenin (1984, 1990) and the Hero of Socialist Labour (1990) title. In 2001 he was awarded the Solzhenitsyn Prize for having created works that "...highlighted the tragedy of the War and the immense consequences it had for the Russian village, revealed to the full extent the belated bitterness of forgotten and neglected war veterans."

Hero of Socialist Labour
The Hero of Socialist Labour (Russian: Герой Социалистического Труда, romanized: Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It represented the highest degree of distinction in the USSR and was awarded for exceptional achievements in Soviet industry and culture. It provided a similar status to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, which was awarded for heroic deeds, but differed in that it was not awarded to foreign citizens.
Hrvoje Barišić
Hrvoje Barišić (born 3 February 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Bosnian Premier League club Zrinjski Mostar. Born in Croatia, he plays for the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

2013–14 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 2013–14 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina (known as BH Telecom Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the fourteenth season of the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the highest football league of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since its original establishment in 2000 and twelfth as a unified country-wide league. The season began on 27 July 2013 and ended on 10 May 2014, with a winter break between 2 December 2013 and 1 March 2014.

Zrinjski were crowned national champions for the third time, while defending champions Željezničar ended up in fourth place.

Leotar and Rudar Prijedor were relegated at the end of the season.
Slavkov Forest
The Slavkov Forest (formerly also Emperor's Forest; Czech: Slavkovský les, German: Kaiserwald) is a highland and geomorphological mesoregion of the Czech Republic. It is located in the Karlovy Vary Region. Slavkov Forest also refers to a protected landscape area, partially located within the highland.

Karlovy Vary Region
The Karlovy Vary Region (Czech: Karlovarský kraj) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the westernmost part of the country. It is named after its capital Karlovy Vary. It is known for spas, which include Karlovy Vary and Mariánské Lázně.

The Karlovy Vary Region, as a higher territorial self-governing unit, was created in 2000 in the northern part of the West Bohemian Region. The seat of the region is Karlovy Vary. In terms of size, number of municipalities, and population, it ranks among the smaller regions of the Czech Republic. Its area (3,314 km²) covers 4.25% of the territory of the Czech Republic. The Karlovy Vary Region is the third smallest region by area, right after Prague and the Liberec Region. By population, the Karlovy Vary Region is the smallest region in the Czech Republic, with approximately 279,000 inhabitants.
Captorhinida
Captorhinida (older name: Cotylosauria) is a doubly paraphyletic grouping of early reptiles. Robert L. Carroll (1988) ranked it as an order in the subclass Anapsida, composed of the following suborders:

A paraphyletic Captorhinomorpha, containing the families Protorothyrididae, Captorhinidae, Bolosauridae, Acleistorhinidae and possibly also Batropetidae

Procolophonia, containing families Nyctiphruretidae, Procolophonidae and Sclerosauridae

Pareiasauroidea, with families Rhipaeosauridae and Pareiasauridae

Millerosauroidea, with a single family Millerettidae.

While they all share primitive features and resemble the ancestors of all modern reptiles, some of these families are more closely related to (or belong to) the clade Parareptilia, while others are further along the line leading to diapsids. For this reason, the group is only used informally, if at all, by most modern paleontologists. All members of this group are thought to be extinct.

Millerosauria
Millerosauria is a proposed extinct order of early reptiles that contains the families Millerettidae and Eunotosauridae. It was named in 1957 by Watson and represents a group of reptiles that were thought to be ancestral to Eosuchia (a now-defunct clade roughly corresponding to the non-saurian Neodiapsida) and modern reptiles. Many cladistic studies have interpreted members of the Millerosauria as an early-diverging group of 'parareptiles', but some phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that 'Parareptilia' represents a group of unrelated early reptiles and is therefore polyphyletic. In 2025, Jenkins et al. recovered the subgroup Millerettidae close to Neodiapsida as the earliest-diverging group in the clade Parapleurota.

Eunotosaurus has been recovered as a stem-turtle in some cladistic studies.
Federal, New South Wales
Federal is a village in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the Byron Shire local government area. It is approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the regional centre of Byron Bay. It is 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to Minyon Falls which is within the Nightcap National Park.

The village lies in the traditional territory of the Widjabal, a subgroup of the Bundjalung people. It stands on land that was a part of The Big Scrub, 75,000 hectares of lowland subtropical rainforest which was cleared for agricultural use; this clearing also dispossessed many of the Bundjalung people.

At the 2011 census, Federal had a population of 712. At the 2021 census, the population was 784, with a median age of 47.

Minyon Falls
The Minyon Falls is a plunge waterfall on Repentance Creek in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The waterfall descends more than 100 metres (330 ft) over the huge rhyolite cliffs which were once part of the Tweed Volcano. The water flow eroded the rocks to create the waterfall.

Minyon Falls is located in the traditional lands of the Bundjalung people.
Šmihel, Laško
Šmihel (pronounced [ʃmiˈxeːu̯]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies on a hill above the right bank of the Savinja River, just west of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

The local church, from which the settlement gets its name, is dedicated to Saint Michael and belongs to the Parish of Laško. It is a pilgrimage church with a double belfry built between 1637 and 1641. Four of an original seven mid-17th century chapel-shrines representing the Stations of the Cross still survive along the road leading up the hill to the church.

Laško
Laško (pronounced [ˈláːʃkɔ] ⓘ; German: Tüffer) is a spa town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The town is located at the foothills of Hum Hill on the Savinja River. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1227 and was granted town privileges in 1927. It is known to have been settled since the Iron Age and Roman archaeological finds are common in the area, though the precise location of the Roman settlement is not known. Today the town is best known for its annual Festival of Beer & Flowers (Pivo - Cvetje) and the local Laško Brewery, the largest brewery in the country. In 2010, Laško was heavily affected by flooding. The town's coat of arms depicts three white fleurs-de-lis on a blue field.