hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jacques Barzun
Jacques Martin Barzun (/ˈbɑːrzən/; November 30, 1907 – October 25, 2012) was a French-born American historian known for his studies of the history of ideas and cultural history. He wrote about a wide range of subjects, including baseball, mystery novels, and classical music, and was also known as a philosopher of education. In the book Teacher in America (1945), Barzun influenced the training of schoolteachers in the United States.

A professor of history at Columbia College for many years, he published more than forty books, was awarded the American Presidential Medal of Freedom, and was designated a knight of the French Legion of Honor. The historical retrospective From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life, 1500 to the Present (2000), widely considered his magnum opus, was published when he was 93 years old.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Syed Hasan Imam (actor)
Syed Hasan Imam (born 27 July 1935) is an actor, film director, television director and cultural personality in Bangladesh. He earned Ekushey Padak (1999), Independence Day Award (2016) and Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement (2014). He was part of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. He became an honorary fellow of Bangla Academy in 2010.

Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement
The Bangladesh National Film Award for Lifetime Achievement (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার আজীবন সম্মাননা) is one of the most prestigious film awards given in Bangladesh. Since 2009, awards have been given in the category.
DAA (company)
DAA plc (styled "daa") (Irish: ÚABÁC cpt), previously Dublin Airport Authority (Údarás Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath), is a commercial semi-state airport company in Ireland. The company owns and operates Dublin Airport and Cork Airport. Its other subsidiaries include the travel retail business Aer Rianta International and DAA International.

DAA's head office is in the original passenger terminal on the grounds of Dublin Airport.

DAA owned and operated Shannon Airport, until it became a separate state-owned airport in 2012. The company also owned Great Southern Hotels, which had nine sites throughout the island of Ireland.  The hotels were sold in 2006.

Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (/ˈɛrəktəs/ EH-rək-təs; Irish: [ˈɛɾʲaxt̪ˠəsˠ]), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the bicameral parliament of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of the president of Ireland and the two houses of the Oireachtas (Irish: Tithe an Oireachtais): a lower house called Dáil Éireann and an upper house called Seanad Éireann.

The houses of the Oireachtas sit in Leinster House in Dublin, an eighteenth-century ducal palace. The directly elected Dáil is the more powerful of the houses of the Oireachtas.
Vicente Lucio Salazar
Vicente Lucio Salazar y Cabal (20 December 1832 – 14 February 1896) was Acting President of Ecuador between 16 April 1895 and 1 September 1895. Salazar was Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies in 1873, and President of the Senate in 1892. He became Vice President in 1894, becoming president when Luis Cordero left office. He was also Minister of Finance on numerous occasions.

President of Ecuador
The president of Ecuador (Spanish: Presidente del Ecuador), officially the Constitutional President of the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: Presidente Constitucional de la República del Ecuador), serves as the head of state and head of government of Ecuador. It is the highest political office in the country as the head of the executive branch of government. Per the current constitution adopted in 2008, the president can serve two four-year terms. Prior to that, the president could only serve one four-year term.

The current president of Ecuador is Daniel Noboa, who was first elected in 2023 and re-elected in 2025. Having been sworn in at age 35, Noboa is the second youngest president in Ecuadorian history, after Juan José Flores.
2007 Africa Cup
The 2007 Africa Cup was the eighth edition of highest level rugby union tournament in Africa. The competition involved twelve teams that were divided into two zones (North and South). Each zone was then divided into two pools of three. Each pool winner then qualified for a semi-final; the semi-final winners then played each other in the final.

Rugby Africa Cup
The Rugby Africa Cup is a two-year men's rugby union tournament involving the top 16 African nations based on their World Rugby rankings, it is organised by Rugby Africa. The tournament was first held in 2000. It was renamed the Rugby Africa Cup in November 2019, it was previously called the Africa Cup since 2006, the CAR Top 9 and CAR Top 10.

Due to South Africa being far stronger than any other African nation, South African teams have only competed five times, and won the competition three times. The winning South African teams on these occasions were the under 23 or amateur players (in 2000, 2001 and 2006).
Jean-Louis Martinet
Jean-Louis Martinet (born 8 November 1912, Sainte-Bazeille, died 20 December 2010) is a French composer. He studied at the Schola Cantorum with Charles Koechlin and at the Conservatoire de Paris with Jean Roger-Ducasse and Olivier Messiaen. He also studied privately with René Leibowitz. In 1971 he was appointed professor at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal.

Charles Koechlin
Charles-Louis-Eugène Koechlin (French: [ʃaʁl lwi øʒɛn keklɛ̃]; 27 November 1867 – 31 December 1950), commonly known as Charles Koechlin, was a French composer, teacher and musicologist. Among his better known works is Les Heures persanes, a set of piano pieces based on the novel Vers Ispahan by Pierre Loti and The Seven Stars Symphony, a 7 movement symphony where each movement is themed around a different film star (all Silent era stars) who were popular at the time of the piece's writing (1933).

He was a political radical all his life and a passionate enthusiast for such diverse things as medieval music, The Jungle Book of Rudyard Kipling, Johann Sebastian Bach, film stars (especially Lilian Harvey and Ginger Rogers), traveling, stereoscopic photography and socialism. He once said: "The artist needs an ivory tower, not as an escape from the world, but as a place where he can view the world and be himself. This tower is for the artist like a lighthouse shining out across the world."
Yi Tongnyŏng
Yi Dongnyeong (also spelled Yi Dong-nyung; 6 October 1869 – 13 March 1940) was a Korean independence activist. He served as the fourth (1926), seventh (1927–1930), eighth (1930–1933), tenth (1935–1939), and eleventh (1939–1940) President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile in Shanghai, China.

Yi Dongnyeong, along with Yi Si-yeong, Yi Hoeyŏng and Yi Sangnyong, started the Sinhŭng Military Academy.

After the establishment of the Korean Provisional Government in 1919, he participated in it until his death.

He died at 4:40pm on 13 March 1940, on the second floor of the Provisional Government headquarters in Chongqing. He had spent ten days in bed, suffering from pneumonia, and had previously suffered from asthma for years before his death.

Yi Si-yeong
Yi Si-yeong (Korean: 이시영; Hanja: 李始榮; December 3, 1868 – April 19, 1953) was a Korean politician, independence activist, educator and neo-Confucianist scholar. He was the first vice president of South Korea from 1948 to 1951. Yi resigned after the National Defense Corps incident of 1951. His art names were Seongjae (성재; 省齋) or Sirimsanin (시림산인; 始林山人). Before the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, he had served for Joseon as the Governor of South Pyongan Province and the President of Hansung Law Court.
1995–96 USHL season
The 1995–96 USHL season was the 17th season of the United States Hockey League as an all-junior league. The regular season began in September 1995 and concluded in March 1996. The Green Bay Gamblers won the Anderson Cup as regular season champions. The Green Bay Gamblers also defeated the Rochester Mustangs 4 games to 3 for the Clark Cup.

United States Hockey League
The United States Hockey League (USHL) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey. The league consists of 16 active teams located in the Midwestern United States and Great Plains, for players between the ages of 16 and 21. The USHL is strictly amateur, allowing former players to compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college hockey.

The Lincoln Stars won the Anderson Cup as the 2024–25 regular season champions. The Muskegon Lumberjacks won the 2025 Clark Cup playoff championship, their first in franchise history.
Shaji, Guangzhou
23°06′29″N 113°15′07″E﻿ / ﻿23.1081°N 113.2519°E﻿ / 23.1081; 113.2519

Shaji (Chinese: 沙基; pinyin: Shājī; Jyutping: saa1gei1, also romanized as Shakee and Shakei) is an area adjacent to Yanjiang West Road (沿江西路) in the Liwan District of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. It lies opposite Shamian Island where on 23 June 1925, there was a massacre in which Chinese demonstrators and one French merchant died in an exchange of fire between British and French marines guarding the foreign concessions and cadets from the Whampoa Military Academy.

Shamian
23°06′34″N 113°14′22″E﻿ / ﻿23.10944°N 113.23944°E﻿ / 23.10944; 113.23944

Shamian (also romanized as Shameen or Shamin, both from its Cantonese pronunciation) is a sandbank island in the Liwan District of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The island's name literally means "sandy surface" in Chinese.

The territory was divided into two concessions given to France and the United Kingdom by the Qing government in the 19th century (1859–1943). The island is a gazetted historical area that serves as a tranquil reminder of the colonial European period, with quiet pedestrian avenues flanked by trees and lined by historical buildings in various states of upkeep. The island is the location of several hotels, a youth hostel, restaurants and tourist shops selling curios and souvenirs.
1994 Philips Open
The 1994 Philips Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the 23rd edition of the tournament and took place from 11 April until 17 April 1994. Unseeded Alberto Berasategui won the singles title.

1994 ATP Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour is the elite tour for professional tennis organized by the ATP. The ATP Tour includes the Grand Slam tournaments (organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Championship Series, Single-Week, the ATP Championship Series, the ATP World Series, the ATP World Team Cup, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), the ATP Tour World Championships and the Grand Slam Cup (organized by the ITF).
Flow velocity
In continuum mechanics the flow velocity in fluid dynamics, also macroscopic velocity in statistical mechanics, or drift velocity in electromagnetism, is a vector field used to mathematically describe the motion of a continuum. The length of the flow velocity vector is scalar, the flow speed.
It is also called velocity field; when evaluated along a line, it is called a velocity profile (as in, e.g., law of the wall).

Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. Intuitively, this corresponds to a space that has no disjoint parts and no holes that go completely through it, because two paths going around different sides of such a hole cannot be continuously transformed into each other. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial.
Ganksta N-I-P
Rowdy Lewayne Williams (born August 28, 1969), better known as Ganxsta NIP (pronounced Gangsta Nip), is an American rapper from South Park, Houston, Texas and a member of the South Park Coalition, which he co-founded in 1987 with Houston rapper K-Rino. In 1992 he released his debut album South Park Psycho. This record also helped put the South Park Coalition name on the map due to world wide distribution from Rap-a-Lot. He also wrote the Geto Boys hit "Chuckie". NIP stands for "Nation of Islam Is Powerful"; he is also a part of the Nation of Islam. Williams is also looked at as one of the creators of the horrorcore rap genre.

Geto Boys
The Geto Boys (originally spelled Ghetto Boys) were an American hip-hop group originally formed in Houston. In the 1990s, they had commercial success with a lineup consisting of Bushwick Bill, Willie D, and Scarface. Their 1991 single "Mind Playing Tricks on Me" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. Formed in 1986, the group was active until the 2019 death of Bushwick Bill.

The group's lyrics discussed controversial subject matter including misogyny, violence, psychotic experiences, and drug addiction. About.com ranked the Geto Boys No. 10 on its list of the 25 Best Rap Groups of All-Time, describing them as "southern rap pioneers who led to future southern hip-hop acts."
Patauga jungle boot
The Patauga jungle boot or French Army bush boot (French: chaussure de brousse or chaussure de brousse de l'armée française), commonly known as the "splasher" (Patauga), is a lightweight cotton canvas and rubber boot worn by the members of the French Armed Forces when deployed overseas. First introduced in the late 1940s, the Patauga boot, along with the French M1949 Bush Hat, became an icon associated with France's decolonization wars in Indochina and Algeria throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The Pataugas boots were popular not only among members of the French military, but also among civilians engaging in outdoor activities. Its design was subsequently copied and adopted by several militaries worldwide.

1st San Marco Regiment
The 1st San Marco Regiment (Italian: 1° Reggimento San Marco), located in Brindisi,  is an amphibious formation of the Italian Navy.  They are the Italian marines. 
Until the middle of the 1990s the unit was known as the San Marco Battalion (Battaglione San Marco), until it was expanded beyond battalion size because of the new geopolitical situation after the end of the Cold War and an increasing number of international missions, after as the San Marco Regiment. In 2013 it became part of the San Marco Marine Brigade as 1st San Marco Regiment.
Plinio Prieto
Plinio Prieto Ruiz (21 June 1923 – 13 October 1960) was a Cuban revolutionary, captain in the revolutionary army, and a participant in the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista as well as the Escambray rebellion. He was one of the organizers of the Second National Front of the Escambray. After the success of the Cuban Revolution, he opposed Fidel Castro's dictatorship and joined the armed rebel movement, where he was captured, sentenced to death, and executed.

Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo
Eloy Gutiérrez Menoyo (December 8, 1934 – October 26, 2012) was a revolutionary who led the guerrilla force Second National Front of Escambray during the Cuban Revolution against Fulgencio Batista and later opposed the government of Fidel Castro over its pro-Soviet leanings. His brother Carlos Gutiérrez Menoyo died in the Presidential Palace attack of March 13, 1957.
Eskasoni 3A
Eskasoni 3A is a Mi'kmaq reserve located in Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia.

It is administratively part of the Eskasoni First Nation.

45°57′15″N 60°34′28″W﻿ / ﻿45.95417°N 60.57444°W﻿ / 45.95417; -60.57444

Eskasoni First Nation
The Eskasoni Mi'kmaw Nation (Mi'kmaq: Eskissonqnik) is a band government of the Mi'kmaq First Nations, located in Unama'ki (Cape Breton), Nova Scotia, Canada. As of 2021, Eskasoni has a membership of 4,675. Of this population, 3,973 live on-Reserve, and 667 live off-Reserve.
Knowstone
Knowstone is a village and civil parish situated in the North Devon district of Devon, England, halfway between the Mid Devon town of Tiverton, Devon and the North Devon town of South Molton. The hamlet of East Knowstone lies due east of the village. Knowstone was the birthplace of Admiral Sir John Berry (1635–1691), second son of Rev. Daniel Berry (1609–1654), vicar of Knowstone cum Molland. An elaborate mural monument erected by Sir John in 1684 to the memory of his parents survives in Molland Church.

The village lies on the route of the Two Moors Way and Celtic Way Exmoor Option.

Southwick, Northamptonshire
Southwick (pronounced "Suth-ick") is a small village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England. It is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the town of Oundle and is set in a valley of the River Nene. The village lies in the North Northamptonshire. Before local government changes in 2021 it fell within the non-metropolitan district of East Northamptonshire, which lay within the East Midlands region. At the time of the 2001 census, the parish's population was 180 people, increasing marginally to 181 at the 2011 Census.
F3 (Istanbul funicular)
The F3, also known as the Vadistanbul Skyrail (Turkish: Vadistanbul Havaray) and officially referred to as the F3 Vadistanbul-Seyrantepe funicular line (Turkish: F3 Vadistanbul-Seyrantepe füniküler hattı), is a 750 m (2,460 ft) long funicular railway in Sarıyer, Istanbul. The line is one of four funicular railways in Turkey, all of them in Istanbul, and is the only one that operates above ground. Because the F3 runs on top a concrete viaduct, it has been falsely commented as a Monorail even though it is technically a funicular railway on a standard gauge rail track. The route runs between Vadistanbul and Seyrantepe, where connection to the M2 line is available.

The F3 was opened on 29 October 2017.

M2 (Istanbul Metro)
The M2, officially referred to as the M2 Yenikapı–Hacıosman metro line (Turkish: M2 Yenikapı–Hacıosman metro hattı), is a rapid transit line of the Istanbul Metro and the first heavy metro of Istanbul and Turkey. It is colored light green on the maps and route signs. The M2 operates between Hacıosman in southern Sarıyer to Yenikapı in south-central Fatih on the historic peninsula of Istanbul. Shuttle trains run from Sanayi to Seyrantepe to Rams Park. The M2 line has 16 stations, all but one underground, and a total length of 23.49 kilometers (14.60 mi). A daily ridership of about 500,000 makes it the busiest line of the Istanbul Metro system.
Death and funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor
The funeral of Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, took place on 5 June 1972. Edward had been King of the United Kingdom from 20 January to 11 December 1936, reigning as Edward VIII before his abdication, and had lived in Paris at the time of his death. His funeral took place at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle after lying in state for three days and he was buried at the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore. His widow, Wallis, Duchess of Windsor, was buried alongside him in 1986.

Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon
Antony Charles Robert Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (7 March 1930 – 13 January 2017), was a British photographer. He was best known internationally for his portraits of prominent cultural and political figures, many of which were published in Vogue, Vanity Fair, The Sunday Times Magazine, The Sunday Telegraph Magazine, and other major outlets. More than 280 of his photographs are held in the permanent collections of the National Portrait Gallery. Between 1968 and 1973, he directed several television documentaries and contributed to design and accessibility reforms. A committed advocate for disabled people, he helped shape policy and infrastructure across the United Kingdom. He married Princess Margaret, sister of Queen Elizabeth II, in 1960; he was created Earl of Snowdon the following year, and they divorced in 1978.
Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.

EBSCO Information Services
EBSCO Information Services, headquartered in Ipswich, Massachusetts, is a division of EBSCO Industries Inc., a private company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. EBSCO provides products and services to libraries of many types around the world. Its products include EBSCONET, a complete e-resource management system, and EBSCOhost, which supplies a fee-based online research service with 375 full-text databases, a collection of 600,000-plus ebooks, subject indexes, point-of-care medical references, and an array of historical digital archives. In 2010, EBSCO introduced its EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS) to institutions, which allows searches of a portfolio of journals and magazines.
AUM-N-6 Puffin
The AUM-N-6 Puffin, also known as Kingfisher F and AUM-6, was an anti-ship and anti-submarine missile developed for use by the United States Navy in the late 1940s. Pulsejet-powered and intended to allow an aircraft to launch a torpedo or bomb from stand-off range, it was flight-tested but failed to enter operational service.

McDonnell Aircraft Corporation
The McDonnell Aircraft Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer that was based in St. Louis, Missouri. The company was founded on July 6, 1939, by James Smith McDonnell, and was best known for its military fighters, including the F-4 Phantom II, and crewed spacecraft including the Mercury capsule and Gemini capsule. McDonnell Aircraft later merged with the Douglas Aircraft Company to form McDonnell Douglas in 1967.
Nduga massacre
The Nduga massacre (Indonesian: Pembantaian Nduga) was a shooting of construction workers that occurred on 1 December 2018, in Nduga Regency, Papua (now in Highland Papua), Indonesia. The shooting is considered to be part of the Papuan conflict. The West Papua National Liberation Army (TPNPB) acknowledged responsibility and the Indonesian government labeled the attack a massacre.

Trans-Papua Highway
The Trans-Papua Highway (Indonesian: Jalan Raya Trans-Papua) refers to 12 road segments, some under construction, across Western New Guinea in Indonesia, located in the island of New Guinea. The roads stretch from Sorong to Merauke with a total length of 4,325 km (2,687 mi). As of March 2017, 3,850 km (2,390 mi) of roads had been completed and construction on all the roads was predicted to finish in 2018, but construction was delayed in late 2018 due to armed conflict.

As of 2019, around 90% of the route had been cleared, although very little was paved and bridges had not been constructed.

The completed road segments include 884 out of Indonesia's 1,068 km border road with Papua New Guinea. As of May 2017, the remaining parts of the road, including 7,000 meters of bridges, were planned to be completed in 2017 and 2018, although not all of the road has been layered by asphalt. As of October 2020, the road was only 200–300 km from completion.