hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩
There are a variety of pronunciations in Modern English and in historical forms of the language for words spelled with the letter ⟨a⟩. Most of these go back to the low vowel (the "short A") of earlier Middle English, which later developed both long and short forms. The sound of the long vowel was altered in the Great Vowel Shift, but later a new long A (or "broad A") developed which was not subject to the shift. These processes have produced the main four pronunciations of ⟨a⟩ in present-day English: those found in the words trap, face, father and square (with the phonetic output depending on whether the dialect is rhotic or not, and, in rhotic dialects, whether or not the Mary–merry merger occurs). Separate developments have produced additional pronunciations in words like wash, talk and comma.

Near-open front unrounded vowel
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩, a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".

The rounded counterpart of [æ], the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish; see open front rounded vowel for more information.

In practice, ⟨æ⟩ is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.

In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with ⟨ɛ⟩.
Paul's Military School
The Paul's Military School or Pavel Military School (Russian: Павловское военное училище) (also translated as Pavlovsk Military School, Pavlovsk Military College) was a military school in St. Petersburg, Russia, established in 1863 on the basis of the Paul's Cadet Corps. It was closed in November 1917 after the October Revolution. It was named after emperor Paul I.

Junker (Russia)
The term Junker (Russian: юнкер (yunker)) had several meanings in Imperial Russia. The Russian substantive Yunker is derived from the German noun Junker, where it means "young lord".

Yunker (ru: юнкер) was the rank for a volunteer at military service (ru: вольноопределяющийся, volnoopredelyayushchiycya, de: One-year volunteer) in the Imperial Russian Army in 19th and 20th centuries.
Fanen-yunker/yunker (ru: фанен-юнкер/юнкер) was a military rank for junior officers of dvoryan descent since 1902.

Kamer-yunker (ru: камер-юнкер; cf. German Kammerjunker) was a courtier title defined in the Table of Ranks, generally equating to valet de chambre or Groom of the Chamber.

Yunker was a term for students of any military or junker school in between 1864 and 1917.
Improved load-bearing equipment
The improved load-bearing equipment (ILBE) is a United States Marine Corps program that had included individual load carriage equipment, individual hydration systems, and individual water purification.

Since the rucksack was the first component of the program to be issued to Marines, the rucksack is commonly referred to as simply the ILBE. The ILBE rucksack was designed to replace the long existing all-purpose lightweight individual carrying equipment (ALICE) packs and newer modular lightweight load-carrying equipment (MOLLE) packs.

Marine Corps Systems Command
The Marine Corps Systems Command (MCSC) is the acquisition command of the United States Marine Corps, made up of Marines, sailors, civilians and contractors. As the only systems command in the Marine Corps, MCSC serves as Head of Contracting Authority and exercises technical authority for all Marine Corps ground weapon and information technology programs. MCSC is headquartered at Marine Corps Base Quantico.
Shehu transform
In mathematics, the Shehu transform is an integral transform which generalizes both the Laplace transform and the Sumudu integral transform. It was introduced by Shehu Maitama and Weidong Zhao in 2019 and applied to both ordinary and partial differential equations.

Integral transform
In mathematics, an integral transform is a type of transform that maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manipulated than in the original function space. The transformed function can generally be mapped back to the original function space using the inverse transform.
Sail (submarine)
In naval parlance, the sail (American usage) or fin (British/Commonwealth usage) (also known as a fairwater) of a submarine is the tower-like structure found on the dorsal (topside) surface of submarines. Submarine sails once housed the conning tower (command and communications data center), and continue to house the periscope(s), radar and communications masts (antenna). 
When above the water's surface, the sail serves as an observation platform. It also provides an entrance and exit point on the submarine that has enough freeboard to prevent the submarine being swamped. Under water, the sail acts as a vertical stabilizer. In some submarines, the sail also supports diving planes (or fairwater planes), which are control surfaces used for depth control while underwater.

Periscope
A periscope is an device for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position.

In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. This form of periscopic device, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles.

More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.
Palme II cabinet
The second cabinet of Olof Palme (Swedish: Regeringen Palme II) was the cabinet and Government of Sweden from 8 October 1982 until his assassination on 28 February 1986. The cabinet stayed in office as a caretaker government until 12 March 1986.

The cabinet was a single-party minority government consisting of the Social Democrats. The cabinet was led by Prime Minister Olof Palme who had led his party to victory in the 1982 general election. Olof Palme had previously been Prime Minister from October 1969 until defeat in the 1976 general election.

The cabinet resigned on 12 March 1986 as Olof Palme had been assassinated on 28 February 1986. From 28 February to 12 March 1986 the cabinet was led by Deputy Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson whose first cabinet succeeded on 12 March 1986.

Carlsson I cabinet
The first cabinet of Ingvar Carlsson (Swedish: Regeringen Carlsson I) was the cabinet of Sweden between 12 March 1986 and February 1990. The cabinet was formed as a direct consequence of the assassination of the incumbent prime minister Olof Palme on 28 February 1986. After which the Speaker of the Parliament, Ingemund Bengtsson, in accordance with the Constitution of Sweden discharged all ministers.

In the course of the first cabinet of Ingvar Carlsson, Sweden — as well as most other western countries in the late 80s — enjoyed a period of economic expansion. The cabinet undertook a  reform of the Swedish tax system, which meant that more income tax went directly to the municipalities, instead of the state.  The reform also meant that a flat capital gains tax was implemented. During these years Sweden saw two widely publicised political scandals; the Ebbe Carlsson affair and the Bofors scandal.
Omaha Reservation
The Omaha Reservation (Omaha–Ponca: Umoⁿhoⁿ tóⁿde ukʰéthiⁿ) of the federally recognized Omaha tribe is located mostly in Thurston County, Nebraska, with sections in neighboring Cuming and Burt counties, in addition to Monona County in Iowa. As of the 2020 federal census, the reservation population was 4,526. The tribal seat of government is in Macy. The villages of Rosalie, Pender and Walthill are located within reservation boundaries, as is the northernmost part of Bancroft. Due to land sales in the area since the reservation was established, Pender has disputed tribal jurisdiction over it, to which the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in 2016 that "the disputed land is within the reservation’s boundaries."

Burt County, Nebraska
Burt County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska, bordering the west bank of the upper Missouri River. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 6,722. Its county seat is Tekamah. The county was formed in 1854 and named after Francis Burt, the first governor of Nebraska Territory.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Burt County is represented by the prefix 31 (it had the 31st-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).
Hari Balakrishnan
Hari Balakrishnan is the Fujitsu Professor of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, and the Co-founder and CTO at Cambridge Mobile Telematics.

Samuel Madden (computer scientist)
Samuel R. Madden (born August 4, 1976) is an American computer scientist specializing in database management systems. He is a professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 2024, he has been the head of computer science in the EECS department at MIT.
Bihar Football Association
The Bihar Football Association is the state governing body of football in Bihar, India. The Bihar men's and women's football team are administered by the association. It is affiliated with the All India Football Federation, the national administrating body for football in India. The Bihar State Soccer League is the top-flight football league of Bihar. The association sends state teams for Santosh Trophy and Rajmata Jijabai Trophy.

Bihar women's football team
The Bihar women's football team is the women's football team for the Indian state of Bihar.

Their U-17 junior team were the runners-up of the National Junior (U-17) Girls’ Football tournament 2022–23 held at Guwahati.
Agathonicus
Saint Agathonicus (Greek: Αγαθόνικος) was a 3rd-century citizen of Nicomedia.  While living in Greece, he taught the Greeks about Christianity. Meanwhile, the imperial governor began persecuting Christians, following the orders of Emperor Maximian. In this persecution, Agathonicus' companion Zoticus was seized in Carpe, and his followers were crucified. He was sent to Nicomedia, where Agathonicus and his companions Princeps, Theoprepius, Acyndinus, Severian, Zeno, along with many others, were then taken to Byzantium.  On this journey, many of the companions died from exhaustion and abuse, and the others were killed in Chalcedon. The survivors were taken to Thrace in Selymbria, where, after being tortured in front of the Greek Emperor, were beheaded.

Their feast day is August 21 in the Catholic and August 22 Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Nicomedia
Nicomedia (/ˌnɪkəˈmiːdiə/; Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286 AD, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocletian who ruled in the east), a status which the city maintained during the Tetrarchy system (293–324 AD).

The Tetrarchy ended with the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324 AD, when the western Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated Licinius and became the sole emperor. In 330 AD, Constantine chose for himself the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople, modern Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire.

The city was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the victory of Sultan Orhan Gazi against the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines managed to retake it in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, but it fell definitively to the Ottomans in 1419 AD.
History of trams in Helsinki
Until 2021, Helsinki was Finland's only remaining city with tram traffic. Two other cities—Turku (see Turku tram) and Vyborg (Finnish: Viipuri, Swedish: Viborg, Russian: Вы́борг; now part of Russia)—have had tram systems. Vyborg abandoned its trams in 1957 after it was ceded to the Soviet Union after the end of World War II. Turku withdrew its trams in 1972.

In August 2021 Tampere became the fourth city in Finland with a tram system and the second one to still have trams in service through the opening of the Tampere light rail system.

Trams in Turku
The Turku tramway network was the first tram system to be operated in Finland, and was the second-to-last first generation tram system in Finland. It was operated as horse tramway from 1890 until 1892, and as an electrified tramway from 1908 until 1972. Prior to 1919 the tram system was owned by private interests, and from that year onwards by the City of Turku until closure of the system.

The possible recreation of the tram network and/or a creation of a light rail network have been discussed since the (second) closure of the tram system in 1972. In December 2009 the Turku City Council made the decision that a light rail system (Finnish: pikaraitiotie, "fast tramway") system would be realised in the city after an intermediate phase of bus rapid transit.
Couch Potato (TV series)
Couch Potato was an Australian children's television show broadcast on ABC TV in Australia and a staple of Classic ABC.

Airing on Sunday mornings, it was a "wrapper" show linking three or four animated or live action shows aimed at older pre-teen and young teenage audiences.

Marmalade Atkins
Marmalade Atkins is a children's fictional character created by the writer Andrew Davies. Marmalade first appeared in the book Marmalade and Rufus in 1979, and the character was later brought to television in 1981 in which she was played by Charlotte Coleman.
City of Joondalup
The City of Joondalup is a local government area in Perth, Western Australia. Its central business district is located in the suburb Joondalup, and it includes the town centres of Hillarys and Warwick.

Western Australia Police Force
The Western Australia Police Force, colloquially WAPOL, provides police services throughout the state of Western Australia to a population of 2.66 million people, of which 2.11 million reside in the Perth Metropolitan Region. Western Australia has a land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres (975,685 sq mi), making it the world's largest non-federated area of jurisdiction.
Brokpa
The Brokpa (Tibetan: འབྲོག་པ་, Wylie: ’brog pa, THL: drok pa), sometimes called Minaro, is an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group mostly found in the Indian-administered union territory of Ladakh around the villages of Dha and Hanu. Some of the community is also across the Line of Control in the Pakistan-administered Baltistan, in the villages around Ganokh. They speak an Indo-Aryan language called Brokskat. The Brokpa are mostly Vajrayana Buddhist but some are Muslim.

Frederick Drew
Frederick Drew FGS, FRGS (11 August 1836 – 28 October 1891), was an English geologist, who is noted for his geographical study of Kashmir. He worked as a geologist for over a decade in Maharaja Ranbir Singh's government and also served as the governor of Ladakh. He was elected Fellow of the Geological Society of London.
Ethnic groups in London
London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, has become one of the most ethnically diverse and multicultural cities in the world.

Greater London had a population of 8,899,375 at the 2021 census. Around 41% of its population were born outside the UK, and over 300 languages are spoken in the region.

British Bangladeshis
British Bangladeshis (Bengali: বিলাতী বাংলাদেশী, romanized: Bilatī Bangladeshī) are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots are from Bangladesh. Bengali Muslims have prominently been migrating to the UK since World War II. Migration reached its peak during the 1970s, with most originating from the Sylhet Division. The largest concentration live in east London boroughs, such as Tower Hamlets. This large diaspora in London leads people in Sylhet to refer to British Bangladeshis as Londonis (Bengali: লন্ডনী).
McCune Mound and Village Site
The McCune Mound and Village Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located in Whiteside County, Illinois near the city of Sterling. The site consists of a single mound, 3 metres (9.8 ft) high and 23 metres (75 ft) in diameter, and five depressions that may have been housing sites. The site was occupied by Upper Mississippian peoples from roughly 1200 to 1500 A.D.; it is considered part of the Langford tradition, a subset of Upper Mississippian culture found in northwestern Illinois. Modern archaeologists first documented the site in 1961. As a relatively intact site with a single-component habitation, the site was considered to have the potential to provide significant information on the Langford tradition.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 1979.

Mississippian culture
The Mississippian culture was a collection of Native American societies that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600 CE, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center, located in what is present-day southern Illinois.

The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539–1540 (when Hernando de Soto explored the area), with notable exceptions being Natchez communities. These maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.
Michele Cucuzza
Michele Cucuzza (born in 1952) is an Italian journalist, news speaker and television presenter.

Born in Catania, the son of the volcanologist Salvatore Cucuzza Silvestri, Cucuzza became professional journalist in 1979 and he started his career for the radio Radio Popolare. In 1985 he became a collaborator of RAI TV, working as a redactor, a correspondent and for about ten years as a news speaker of TG2. In 1998 he became the presenter of La Vita in diretta, a Rai 1 infotainment program broadcast in the afternoon. He considers himself a "dubious Christian" after a long personal spirititual quest.

Giuseppe Impastato
Giuseppe "Peppino" Impastato (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe pepˈpiːno impaˈstaːto]; 5 January 1948 – 9 May 1978), was an Italian political activist who opposed the Mafia, which ordered his murder in 1978.
Serpula
Serpula (also known as calcareous tubeworm, serpulid tubeworm, fanworm, or plume worm) is a genus of sessile, marine annelid tube worms that belongs to the family Serpulidae. Serpulid worms are very similar to tube worms of the closely related sabellid family, except that the former possess a cartilaginous operculum that occludes the entrance to their protective tube after the animal has withdrawn into it. The most distinctive feature of worms of the genus Serpula is their colorful fan-shaped "crown". The crown, used by these animals for respiration and alimentation, is the structure that is most commonly seen by scuba divers and other casual observers.

Tube worm
A tubeworm is any worm-like sessile invertebrate that anchors its tail to an underwater surface and secretes around its body a mineral tube, into which it can withdraw its entire body.

Tubeworms are found among the following taxa:

Annelida, the phylum containing segmented worms
Polychaetea, the class containing bristle worms
Canalipalpata, the order containing bristle-footed annelids or fan-head worms
Siboglinidae, the family of beard worms
Riftia pachyptila, a species known as giant tube worms
Lamellibrachia, a genus
Serpulidae, a family
Sabellidae, the family containing feather duster worms

Phoronida, the phylum containing horseshoe worms

Microconchida, an order of extinct tubeworms

Kuphus polythalamia , a bivalve mollusk species whose common name is giant tube worm
Jurong Beilu station
Jurong Beilu station (simplified Chinese: 驹荣北路站; traditional Chinese: 駒榮北路站; pinyin: Jūróng Běilù Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Kēuiwìng Bāklǒu Jaahm; lit. 'Jurong North Road station') is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Shunde District. It opened on 28 December 2022.

Shunde, Guangdong
Shunde or Shun Tak (from Cantonese) is a district in the city of Foshan, Guangdong, located in the Pearl River Delta of China. It had a population of 2,464,784 as of the 2010 census. Once a traditional agricultural county, it has become one of the most affluent counties in Guangdong and mainland China. Since 2009, Shunde has been administered independently of Foshan city. It is directly accountable to the Guangdong provincial government.
1999 Arab Cup Winners' Cup
The 1999 Arab Cup Winners' Cup was the 10th edition of the Arab Cup Winners' Cup held in Kuwait City, Kuwait between 1 – 20 November 1999. The teams represented Arab nations from Africa and Asia.
Al-Ittihad from Qatar won the final against Al-Jaish from Syria for the first time.

Arab Cup Winners' Cup
The Arab Cup Winners' Cup (Arabic: الكأس العربية للأندية الفائزة بالكؤوس) was a football competition between the winning clubs of national cup competitions in Arab nations. It started in 1989 and merged with the Arab Club Champions Cup and Arab Super Cup in 2002 to form the Arab Unified Club Championship.
Havannah, Cheshire
Havannah near Congleton in Cheshire, England, is a former industrial and residential area and was at one time known as 'the deserted village'.

It was established by local industrialist Charles Roe and named to commemorate the British capture of Havana in Cuba in 1762.

The area used water power from the River Dane. There were copper and brass works and a corn mill, and cigars were made there. There were also cottages, and a modern housing development has been built in the area. A modern hydro power project began in 2019, using the 4m high weir at Havannah.

Congleton
Congleton is a market town and civil parish in the borough of Cheshire East, in Cheshire, England. The town is on the River Dane, 21 miles (34 km) south of Manchester and 13 miles (21 km) north of Stoke on Trent. At the 2021 census, the town's built-up area had a population of 30,005, while the parish had a population of 28,497.
Poplar Grove, Salt Lake City
40°45.5′N 111°55.5′W﻿ / ﻿40.7583°N 111.9250°W﻿ / 40.7583; -111.9250
Poplar Grove is a western neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. It lies north of Glendale and south of Rose Park & Fair Park. It is the second largest neighborhood in Salt Lake City (after Glendale) and is often confused with Glendale.

Rose Park, Salt Lake City
40°47′N 111°55′W﻿ / ﻿40.783°N 111.917°W﻿ / 40.783; -111.917

Rose Park is a neighborhood located in the northwest area of Salt Lake City, Utah, and is among the most ethnically diverse areas in Utah. Its name comes from the area's original developer, who arranged part of the area's streets in the shape of several roses, with one of its main streets, American Beauty Drive, acting as a long rose stem. This area's original roof shingles were red or green and its street names all feature rose varieties. Rose Park residents enjoy a very short commute (less than 5 minutes) to downtown, high bikeability, and many recreational amenities.