hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
38th meridian west from Washington
The 38th meridian west from Washington is an archaic meridian based on the Washington Meridian, lying approximately 115°02′48″ west of the Prime Meridian through Greenwich. The meridian is not currently used for any boundaries, but historically formed the eastern boundary of Nevada Territory and the state of Nevada and the western boundary of Utah Territory.

Meridian (geography)
In geography and geodesy, a meridian is the locus connecting points of equal longitude, which is the angle (in degrees or other units) east or west of a given prime meridian (currently, the IERS Reference Meridian). In other words, it is a coordinate line for longitudes, a line of longitude. The position of a point along the meridian at a given longitude is given by its latitude, measured in angular degrees north or south of the Equator. On a Mercator projection or on a Gall-Peters projection, each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Assuming a spherical Earth, a meridian is a great semicircle on Earth's surface. Adopting instead a spheroidal or ellipsoid model of Earth, the meridian is half of a north-south great ellipse. The length of a meridian is twice the length of an Earth quadrant, equal to 20,003.93144 km (12,429.86673 mi) on a modern ellipsoid (WGS 84).
John Wallwork (surgeon)
John Wallwork CBE FRCS FMedSci (born July 1946), is a retired cardiothoracic surgeon and emeritus professor who performed Europe's first successful combined heart-lung transplant in 1984, and in 1986 performed the world's first heart-lung and liver transplant with Sir Roy Calne.

Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) is an award for medical scientists who are judged by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences for the "excellence of their science, their contribution to medicine and society and the range of their achievements".
Kentucky's 11th House of Representatives district
Kentucky's 11th House of Representatives district is one of 100 districts in the Kentucky House of Representatives. Located in the western part of the state, it comprises Henderson County. It has been represented by J. T. Payne (R–Henderson) since 2025. As of 2023, the district had a population of 44,493.

Kentucky House of Representatives
The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth. Not more than two counties can be joined to form a House district, except when necessary to preserve the principle of equal representation. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Frankfort.
Lion of Parola
The Lion of Parola is a statue located at the edge of the Parolannummi military training ground in Parola area of Hattula, Finland, to honor the visit of Russian Emperor Alexander II, who inspected the Finnish troops in 1863. It is an element related to the Finnish national awakening. During this visit Alexander II met with Senator Johan Vilhelm Snellman, and this led to the decree that elevated the Finnish language to equal status with Swedish in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The statue was created by Swedish sculptor Andreas Fornander and was erected in 1868.

Parola (Hattula)
Parola is an urban area located in the municipality of Hattula in the Kanta-Häme region of Finland. It is notable for its rich history that intertwines ancient settlement, medieval culture, and significant military heritage. Parola has a population of 6,678 as of 2022 and it is the centre of Hattula.
Complete field
In mathematics, a complete field is a field equipped with a metric and complete with respect to that metric. A field supports the elementary operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, while a metric represents the distance between two points in the set. Basic examples include the real numbers, the complex numbers, and complete valued fields (such as the p-adic numbers).

Valuation (algebra)
In algebra (in particular in algebraic geometry or algebraic number theory), a valuation is a function on a field that provides a measure of the size or multiplicity of elements of the field. It generalizes to commutative algebra the notion of size inherent in consideration of the degree of a pole or multiplicity of a zero in complex analysis, the degree of divisibility of a number by a prime number in number theory, and the geometrical concept of contact between two algebraic or analytic varieties in algebraic geometry. A field with a valuation on it is called a valued field.
Spagna (Rome Metro)
Spagna is an underground station on Line A of the Rome Metro, in the rione Campo Marzio, which was inaugurated in 1980.

The station is named after the nearby Piazza di Spagna: its main exit is on Vicolo del Bottino, a short stretch of road that leads to the square. Another exit, connected by a series of moving walkways, is located near Porta Pinciana and the homonymous entrance to Villa Borghese.

Campo Marzio
Campo Marzio (Italian: [ˈkampo ˈmartsjo]) is the 4th rione of Rome, Italy, identified by the initials R. IV. It belongs to the Municipio I and covers a smaller section of the area of the ancient Campus Martius. The logo of this rione is a silver crescent on a blue background.
Richard Bland Lee
Richard Bland Lee I (January 20, 1761 – March 12, 1827) was an American planter, jurist, and politician from Fairfax County, Virginia. He was the son of Henry Lee II (1730–1787) of "Leesylvania" and Lucy Grymes (1734–1792) and the younger brother of both Maj. Gen. Henry ("Light Horse Harry") Lee (1756–1818) and of Charles Lee (1758–1815), Attorney General of the United States from 1795 to 1801, who served in both the Washington and Adams administrations.

Richard Bland (burgess)
Richard Bland I (August 11, 1665 – April 1720), sometimes known as Richard Bland of Jordan's Point, was a Virginia planter and member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and the father of Founding Father Richard Bland.
Campsite Memorial of Augustus
The Campsite Memorial of Augustus, or Octavian's Tropaeum for the Battle of Actium was a victory trophy (tropaeum) built by Emperor Augustus to commemorate his decisive naval victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Located on a hill north of Nikopolis, Greece, the monument was part of Augustus' broader efforts to celebrate his triumph and consolidate his political and religious authority. The structure combined military symbolism with religious dedication, prominently displaying bronze rams from the captured enemy ships and reliefs reflecting Augustan propaganda.

Retaining wall
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of inconveniently steep terrain in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the frontside is called a seawall or a bulkhead.
Tipple
A tipple is a structure used at a mine to load the extracted product (e.g., coal, ores) for transport, typically into railroad hopper cars. In the United States, tipples have been frequently associated with coal mines, but they have also been used for hard rock mining.

Underground hard-rock mining
Underground hard-rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate "hard" minerals, usually those containing metals, such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin, and lead. It also involves the same techniques used to excavate ores of gems, such as diamonds and rubies. Soft-rock mining refers to the excavation of softer minerals, such as salt, coal, and oil sands.
R-406A
R-406A is a refrigerant invented by George H. Goble.  It is a mixture of three components: chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), isobutane (R-600a),  and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-142b) in the ratio 55/4/41.

This refrigerant was designed as a drop-in replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) which is compatible with the typical mineral oil lubricants used in R-12 systems. Since it is a zeotropic mixture, it has a range of boiling points which may increase the effectiveness of the heat transfer elements in refrigeration equipment.

Because it contains R-22, its future is limited due to eventual phase-out of this refrigerant.

Chlorodifluoromethane
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).  This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22, or CHClF2.  It was commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant.  These applications were phased out under the Montreal Protocol in developed countries in 2020 due to the compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), and in developing countries this process will be completed by 2030. R-22 is a versatile intermediate in industrial organofluorine chemistry, e.g. as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene.
Shahriaz
Shah Riaz Hossain is a Bangladeshi actor and model. He acted in Pagla Diwana (2015), opposite to Pori Moni and in Nagar Mastan (2015) with Pori Moni. And he also acted in Gundami (2016) and Aaral (2016) with the actress Achol; starred in many others, as Shooter (2016), Meyeti Ekhon Kothay Jabe (2017), Crime Road (2017), Chol Palai (2017), Fifty Fifty Love (2018), Bou Bazar (2019), and Protishodher Agun (2019).

Pori Moni
Shamsunnahar Smrity (born 24 October 1992), known by her stage name Pori Moni, is a Bangladeshi film actress. She was one of the highest paid actresses in Bangladesh.

Moni began her career as a model and made her acting debut in the film industry with the movie Rana Plaza in 2015. She gained widespread recognition for her performance in the movie Dhumketu in 2016, which was a commercial success. Her most notable films include Swapnajaal (2018), Gunin (2022) and Antor Jala (2017). She has won several awards for her performances, she won the Special Critic Award at 21st Meril-Prothom Alo Awards. In 2020, she was listed in Forbes Asia's "100 Digital Stars".
Rowe Cup
The Rowe Cup is a race held annually at Alexandra Park, Auckland, New Zealand for standardbred horses.

The Rowe Cup is run over a distance of 3200 m. Along with the Dominion Handicap raced at Addington Raceway it is one of the major harness races for trotters rather than pacers.

The Rowe Cup is currently held in early May on the same night as the Roy Purdon Memorial Handicap (Group 1) for pacers. Previously it was held later in May on the same night as the Auckland Cup and Northern Trotting Derby for 3 year old trotters. In 2024 Australian visitors Greg Sugars and Jess Tubbs won both Cups with Just Believe and Better Eclipse.

Between 1918 and 1971 it was raced in December.

Addington Raceway
Addington Raceway or The Met is the home of the Metropolitan Trotting Club in Addington, Christchurch in New Zealand.  The venue consists of a trotting track, a greyhound track, conference centre and restaurants. It is also home to many feature harness races such as: The New Zealand Trotting Cup and the Dominion Handicap.

The raceway forms part of a sporting complex that includes Rugby League Park and the Christchurch Arena.
2011 USTA Challenger of Oklahoma
The 2011 USTA Challenger of Oklahoma was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Tulsa, United States between 12 and 18 September 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Wong Pei Tty
Wong Pei Tty (Chinese: 黃佩蒂; Jyutping: Wong4 Pui3 Dai3; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: N̂g Pōe-tè, born 11 November 1981) is a Malaysian former doubles badminton player. Wong is currently the Head Coach of the Badminton Academy in Singapore Sport School. Her previous stint included being coach for Malaysia women's doubles national team.

BWF Super Series
The BWF Super Series was a series of Grade 2 badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). It was launched on December 14, 2006, and implemented in 2007.

Since 2011, the Super Series includes two levels of tournament, Super Series Premier and Super Series. A season of Super Series featured twelve tournaments around the world, including five of them classified as Super Series Premier. Super Series Premier tournament offers higher ranking point and higher minimum total prize money. Top eight players/pairs in each discipline in Super Series standings are invited to the Super Series Finals held at the year end.

BWF announced a new tournament structure in March 2017, BWF World Tour together with the new hosts for the 2018–2021 cycle to replace this Super Series tournament.
Knowledge (song)
"Knowledge" is a song by American band Operation Ivy. It was written by lead vocalist Jesse Michaels and appeared on the album Energy.

During the opening of the song at Operation Ivy's last show at Gilman St. (which was released on the Lint Rides Again bootleg), Michaels opens the song by saying, "this song is called 'Knowledge', and it's about growing up."

Matt Freeman
Roger Matthew Freeman, also known as Matt McCall, (born April 23, 1966) is an American musician best known as the bassist of punk rock band Rancid.  After forming several bands with guitarist and vocalist Tim Armstrong in the late 1980s and early 1990s, including ska-punk pioneers Operation Ivy, he and Armstrong formed Rancid with drummer Brett Reed.  The band's success helped revive mainstream interest in punk, and they have released ten albums since their formation.  Freeman has several side projects as well, including Devil's Brigade, in which Freeman sings lead vocals and plays bass.  Freeman's style is characterized by aggressive walking lines and fills, typically played on a Fender Precision Bass.
Dayton Sharks
The Dayton Sharks were a professional indoor football team based in Dayton, Ohio. The team was a member of the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL). The franchise started as an expansion team in the CIFL during the 2013 season. The Sharks were the fifth indoor football team to be based in Dayton, the first being the Dayton Skyhawks of the original Indoor Football League. The Skyhawks were followed by the Dayton Warbirds, who later became the Dayton Bulldogs, of the National Indoor Football League the third being the Cincinnati Marshals who played their 2007 season in Dayton and the fourth being the Dayton Silverbacks who played from 2006 to 2012. The Owner of the Sharks was CA Sports Entertainment LLC. The Sharks played their home games at Hara Arena in nearby Trotwood, Ohio.

Dayton Bulldogs
The Dayton Bulldogs was an indoor football team in Dayton, Ohio.  They were members of the National Indoor Football League that played during the 2006 season.  They played their home games at the Nutter Center.
Martellictis
Martellictis is an extinct genus of mustelid that lived during the Pliocene epoch. The type species, Martellictis ardea, was initially classified as a species of Mustela and later as a species of Pannonictis or Enhydrictis before it was given its own genus in 2018.

Mustelidae
The Mustelidae (/mʌˈstɛlɪdiː/; from Latin mustela, weasel) are a diverse family of carnivoran mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, polecats, martens, grisons, and wolverines. Otherwise known as mustelids (/ˈmʌstɪlɪdz/), they form the largest family in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora with about 66 to 70 species in nine subfamilies.
Paulus Traudenius
Paulus Traudenius (? in Gouda – 9 July 1643 in Batavia, Dutch East Indies) was the Dutch governor of Formosa from 1640 to 1643.

Traudenius was a descendant of a family of teachers in Gouda. His grandfather, also Paulus Traudenius, was in 1573 the first rector of the local Latin school after the reformation and had Latinized his original name Trudens to Traudenius. In 1630 grandson Traudenius is registered as a merchant for the Dutch East India Company in Tayouan on Taiwan. In 1633 he became a head merchant at Quinam, but  was also active along the coast of China, in the Pescadores and on Taiwan. He married twice, in April 1633 in Batavia with Elisabeth de Meester from Rotterdam, and in 1641 at Fort Zeelandia with Adriana Quina, widow of the former governor of Taiwan, Johan van der Burg. In 1643 he was recalled from Formosa to Batavia, where he soon thereafter died.

Johan van der Burg
Johan van der Burg (Delft, ?–1640) was the Dutch governor of Formosa from 1636 to 1640. In 1627 he arrived in Batavia, married Adriana Quina. It is possible he became the brother-in-law of Hans Putmans. In 1631 he was appointed in the Council of India. In 1634 he was sent on a mission to Sultanate of Banten. Johan died in office on 11 March 1640 and was buried at Fort Zeelandia.
Črnotiče
Črnotiče (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnoːtitʃɛ]; Italian: Cernotti) is a settlement near Črni Kal in the City Municipality of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlets of Na Placu (Slovene: Na placu) near St. Paul's Church, Na Vršiču (Na vršiču) in the center of the settlement, and lower-lying Na Križcah (Na križcah).

Črni Kal
Črni Kal (pronounced [ˈtʃəɾni ˈkaːu̯]; Italian: San Sergio) is a village in southwestern Slovenia in the City Municipality of Koper. It is best known today for the Črni Kal Viaduct, the longest and highest viaduct in Slovenia.
Paddy FitzGerald
Patrick FitzGerald (born 1939) is an Irish former hurler and manager. At club level he played with Midleton and Imokilly and was also a member of the Cork senior hurling team. His son, Ger FitzGerald, also played with Midleton and Cork.

1987–88 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
The 1987–88 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship was the 18th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county club hurling tournament. The championship ran from 23 August 1987 to 17 March 1988.

Borris-Ileigh of Tipperary were the defending champions, however, they failed to qualify after being defeated by Lorrha in the North Tipperary SHC. Cappawhite of Tipperary made their championship debut.

The All-Ireland final was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 17 March 1988, between Midleton of Cork and Athenry of Galway, in what was a first championship meeting between the teams. Midleton won the match by 3–08 to 0–09 to claim a first title.

Athenry's P. J. Molloy was the championship's top scorer with 0–31.
SimHash
In computer science, SimHash is a technique for quickly estimating how similar two sets are. The algorithm is used by the Google Crawler to find near duplicate pages. It was created by Moses Charikar. In 2021 Google announced its intent to also use the algorithm in their newly created FLoC (Federated Learning of Cohorts) system.

Similarity measure
In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Though, in more broad terms, a similarity function may also satisfy metric axioms.

Cosine similarity is a commonly used similarity measure for real-valued vectors, used in (among other fields) information retrieval to score the similarity of documents in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions.
Key events of the 20th century
The 20th century changed the world in unprecedented ways. The World Wars sparked tension between countries and led to the creation of atomic bombs, the Cold War led to the space race and the creation of space-based rockets, and the World Wide Web was created. These advancements have played a significant role in citizens' lives and shaped the 21st century into what it is today.

Arms race
An arms race occurs when two or more groups compete in military superiority. It consists of a competition between two or more states to have superior armed forces, concerning production of weapons, the growth of a military, and the aim of superior military technology. Unlike a sporting race, which constitutes a specific event with winning interpretable as the outcome of a singular project, arms races constitute spiralling systems of on-going and potentially open-ended behavior.

The existing scholarly literature is divided as to whether arms races correlate with war. International-relations scholars explain arms races in terms of the security dilemma, engineering spiral models, states with revisionist aims, and deterrence models.
Gloria Kossak
Gloria Kossak (1941–1991), Polish painter and poet, was a daughter of painter Jerzy Kossak and granddaughter of another renowned Polish painter, Wojciech Kossak, himself the son of Juliusz Kossak, the progenitor of the entire Kossak family of artists and writers, and precursor of a Polish school of battle-scene painting.

Wojciech Kossak
Wojciech Horacy Kossak (31 December 1856 – 29 July 1942) was a Polish painter and member of the celebrated Kossak family of artists and writers.  He was the son of painter Juliusz Kossak, and twin brother of freedom fighter Tadeusz Kossak, and the father of two highly talented literary daughters, Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska and Magdalena Samozwaniec and of a painter son, Jerzy Kossak.
Convention Center station (San Diego Trolley)
Convention Center station is a station of the Green and Silver Lines on the San Diego Trolley. It is located in the Marina district section of the city, which features a variety of waterfront apartments just west of downtown. The San Diego Convention Center is located adjacent to the station, and Petco Park is less than half a mile away. This station opened June 30, 1990 as part of the Orange Line's (then called the East Line) Bayside Extension.

It was closed from April 9 through July 2012 to undergo renovations as part of the Trolley Renewal Project.

On September 2, 2012, service to this station by the Orange Line was replaced by the Green Line as part of a system redesign.

Green Line (San Diego Trolley)
The Green Line is a 19.8-mile (31.9 km) light rail line in the San Diego Trolley system, operated by San Diego Trolley, Inc. an operating division of the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS). The route serves downtown San Diego, Mission Valley, and the cities of La Mesa and El Cajon. The Green Line has the second highest ridership of the San Diego Trolley's three core lines, transporting 13,673,926 riders during FY 2014 - according to MTS.

The line is one of five lines in the trolley system, the others being the Blue, Orange, Copper, and Silver ("heritage weekend" service only) lines.