hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exhaustivity
In linguistics, exhaustivity is the phenomenon where a proposition can be strengthened with the negation of certain alternatives. For example, in response to the question "Which students got an A?", the utterance "Ava got an A" has an exhaustive interpretation when it conveys that no other students got an A. It has a non-exhaustive interpretation when it merely conveys that Ava was among the students who got an A.

Exhaustivity is a major topic in the linguistic subfields of semantics and pragmatics. Research on the topic aims to explain when and why expressions receive exhaustive interpretations. Particular factors include focus, disjunction, questions, and polarity items. A major theoretical issue is whether exhaustivity is a semantic entailment encoded in the grammar, a pragmatic implicature arising from Gricean social cognition, or some combination of the two.

Polarity item
In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is associated with affirmation or negation. An  affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item, abbreviated NPI or NEG.

The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context. In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a particular type have the same licensing contexts.
Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)
This is a timeline of the presence of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece from 1204 to 1453. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Manuel II Palaiologos
Manuel II Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος, romanized: Manouḗl Palaiológos, pronounced [ma.nuˈil pa.le.oˈlo.ɣos]; 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425) was Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was tonsured a monk and received the name Matthaios (Ματθαίος). Manuel was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, which sometimes threatened to capture his territory outright. Accordingly he continued his father's practice of soliciting Western European aid against the Ottomans, and personally visited several foreign courts to plead his cause. These efforts failed, although an Ottoman civil war and Byzantine victories against Latin neighbors helped Manuel's government survive and slightly expand its influence. His wife Helena Dragaš saw to it that their sons, John VIII and Constantine XI, became emperors. He is commemorated by the Greek Orthodox Church on 21 July.
MTV Hits (Australia and New Zealand)
MTV Hits was an Australian and New Zealand subscription music channel focused on hit music. The channel first launched in Australia in April 2007 (as The Music Factory), and later launched in New Zealand on 1 December 2011.

The channel closed on 1 December 2015 to be replaced in all markets by MTV Music, but was revived 5 years later on 1 July 2020 as a rebrand of MTV Music.

Sky (New Zealand)
Sky Network Television Limited, more commonly known as Sky, is a New Zealand broadcasting company that provides pay television services via satellite, media streaming services, and broadband internet services. As of 30 June 2025, Sky had 914,368 residential television subscribers consisting of 448,290 satellite subscribers and 409,582 streaming subscribers. Additionally, Sky had 50,867 broadband customers. It also provides free-to-air services through its subsidiary Sky Free, which it acquired from Warner Bros. Discovery on 1 August 2025. Despite the similarity of name, branding and services, such as Sky Go and MySky shared with its Comcast-owned, European equivalent, Sky Group, there is no connection between the companies.
Manikuntala Sen
Manikuntala Sen (Bengali: মণিকুন্তলা সেন; c. 1911–1987) was one of the first women to be active in the Communist Party of India. She is best known for her Bengali-language memoir Shediner Kotha (published in English as In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey), in which she describes her experiences as a woman activist during some of the most turbulent times in India's history.

Barisal
Barisal (/ˌbʌr əˈsɑːl/ or /ˈbær əˌsɔːl/; Bengali: বরিশাল, pronounced [boɾiʃal] ⓘ), officially known as Barishal, is a major city that lies on the banks of the Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the administrative headquarter of both Barisal District and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country. The city was once called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal.

Barisal municipality was established in 1876 during the British rule in India and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002. Barisal is Bangladesh's third largest financial hub after Dhaka and Chittagong. The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 533,000, according to the 2023 national census, and about 250,000 voters, according to the 2018 voter list of city election. The area of the city is 58 km2.
XR-3 Hybrid
The XR-3 Hybrid is a plug-in hybrid kit vehicle from Robert Q. Riley Enterprises.

The top speed is 80 mph (130 km/h) and fuel economy is 125 mpg‑US (1.88 L/100 km; 150 mpg‑imp) on diesel power only and 225 mpg‑US (1.05 L/100 km; 270 mpg‑imp) on combined diesel and electric power.

The vehicle body is FRP/foam composite.

The vehicle is built from plans, with parts sourced by the builder, although a kit with pre-assembled parts may be sold sometime in the future.

As of March 27, 2021, their official website is suspended.  A member of Elio Owners Forum has reported that attempts to reach them on their facebook page were unsuccessful.

Kit car
A kit car is an automobile available as a set of parts that a manufacturer sells and the buyer then assembles into a functioning car. Usually, many of the major mechanical systems such as the engine and transmission are sourced from donor vehicles or purchased new from other vendors. Kits vary in completeness, consisting of as little as a book of plans, or as much as a complete set with all components to assemble into a fully operational vehicle such as those from Caterham.
Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq
Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq (Arabic: أَبُو يُوسُف يَعقُوب بن عَبد الحَقّ) (c. 1212 – 20 March 1286) was a Marinid ruler. He was the fourth son of Marinid founder Abd al-Haqq, and succeeded his brother Abu Yahya in 1258.  He died in 1286. He was the son of Abd al-Haqq I and Oum el-Iman bint Ali el-Bethary, a Zenata woman. Some sources add her mother to be known as Oum el Youm and a daughter of a Zenata clan leader of the Tafersit region.

Zayyanid dynasty
The Zayyanid dynasty or Ziyanids (Arabic: زيانيون, Ziyāniyyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (Arabic: بنو عبد الواد, Bānu ʿAbd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, mainly in modern Algeria centered on the town of Tlemcen in northwest Algeria. The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 to 1557.
Battle of Pateros
The Battle of Pateros refers to a series of skirmishes between Spanish troops and revolutionary forces in the towns of Las Piñas, Taguig and Pateros in Manila. These skirmishes occurred shortly after the execution of José Rizal and are considered the renewal of hostilities in Luzon after a period of ceasefire from the Battle of Binakayan to the Rizal execution.

Manila (province)
Manila, also known as Tondo until 1859, was a province of the Captaincy General of the Philippines that encompassed former pre-Hispanic polities of Tondo, Maynila, and Namayan. In 1898, it comprised the city of Manila (primarily referring to present-day Intramuros) and 23 other municipalities. In 1901, the province was dissolved, with the city of Manila absorbing five of its smaller neighboring municipalities. The remaining part was merged with the adjacent district of Morong to form the province of Rizal.
Infomir
Infomir is a Ukrainian company which produces industrial and consumer electronics, as well as software products. The group of companies covers up to 4% of the global IPTV/OTT set-top box market and supplies products to more than 160 countries.

The main office and production of Infomir are located in Ukraine. The company's contract partner is Jabil Circuit, which has 100 plants in 23 countries.

Set-top box
A set-top box (STB), also known as a cable box, receiver, or simply box, and historically television decoder or a converter, is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV tuner input and displays output to a television set, turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen or other display device. It is designed to be placed alongside or "on top" (hence the name) of a television set.

Set-top boxes are used in cable television, satellite television, terrestrial television and Internet Protocol television systems, as well as other uses such as digital media players ("streaming boxes"). Alternatives to set-top boxes are the smaller dongles, and television sets with built-in TV tuners.
2024–25 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team represented the University of Maryland, College Park during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by third-year head coach Kevin Willard and played their home games at Xfinity Center in College Park, Maryland, as a member of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 27–9, 14–6 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for second place. As the No. 2 seed in the Big Ten tournament, they beat Illinois in the quarterfinals before losing to Michigan in the semifinals. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 4 seed in the West region. They defeated Grand Canyon and Colorado State to advance to the Sweet Sixteen. There, they lost to the eventual champion Florida, 87–71.

Following the season, head coach Kevin Willard left the team to take the head coaching position at Villanova. On April 1, the school named Texas A&M head coach Buzz Williams the team's new head coach.

2024–25 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team represented the University of Illinois during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Illini were led by eighth-year head coach Brad Underwood. The Illini played their home games at the State Farm Center in Champaign, Illinois as members of the Big Ten Conference.

The Illini opened their season just outside of the preseason rankings and defeated the Eastern Illinois Panthers 112–67, led by a 31 point scoring performance from freshman Will Riley.
Canthus (herpetology)
In snakes and amphibians, the canthus, canthal ridge or canthus rostralis is the angle between the flat crown of the head and the side of the head between the eye and the snout, or more specifically, between the supraocular scale and the rostral scale. It is defined as a sharp ridge in many viperids, but is rounded in most rattlesnakes, for example.

Supraocular scales
In scaled reptiles, supraocular scales are (enlarged) scales on the crown immediately above the eye. The size and shape of these scales are among the many characteristics used to differentiate species from each another.

In many species of boids and viperids, the supraoculars are heavily fragmented. In others, such as the colubrids and elapids, they are enlarged.
Kinlet
Kinlet is a small village and civil parish in the south-east of the county of Shropshire, England. The parish is on the northern edge of the Wyre Forest and is in the Bridgnorth District of Shropshire. The parish incorporates the hamlets of Kinlet Village, Button Bridge and Button Oak. Kinlet is located 18 miles (29 km) south of Telford, the main town in Shropshire and 23 miles (37 km) west of Birmingham.

The village is located in the centre of the parish. Its parish has a population of 680 according to the 2001 census, The land within the parish totals  8,164 acres (3,304 ha; 12.756 sq mi). increasing to 901 at the 2011 census. There is little in terms of employment in the parish, with residents travelling to nearby towns and cities.

Bridgnorth
Bridgnorth is a market town and civil parish in Shropshire, England,  named after a bridge over the River Severn. The river divides the town into High Town and Low Town, the upper town on its right bank and the lower on its left bank. The population at the 2011 Census was 12,079.
Waheed el Solh
Waheed el Solh or Wahid Solh (in Arabic وحيد الصلح, born in Saida, Ottoman Empire 1901 – died in Beirut, 13 October 1958) was a Lebanese politician and a close aide to his uncle, former prime minister Sami Solh. At the time of his death, he was a Planning Ministry official.

Wahid Solh was born in 1901 in Saida, Lebanon. He was a relative of former Lebanese prime ministers Riad Solh, Sami Solh, Takieddine Solh and Rachid Solh. He was married to Mounira Solh, a pioneer advocate for the rights of women and people with disabilities in Lebanon. They had five children: Samir, Najla, Salim, Sana and Nassib.

He was assassinated for political reasons on October 13, 1958, during the civil war in Lebanon

Mounira Solh
Mounira Solh (Arabic: منيرة صلح; 19 September 1911 – 27 November 2010) was a pioneer advocate of women's and disabled people's rights in Lebanon. She was one of the earliest female candidates to run for parliament in Lebanon and the Middle East. She ran for a seat in the Parliament of Lebanon in 1960, 1964 and 1968. She was also a humanitarian with several decades of volunteer and charity work.

Mounira Solh founded Al Amal Institute for the Disabled, which was the first of its kind in the Arab world and in Lebanon in 1959. The first of its kind in Lebanon, the Association of the Parents of Mentally Disabled Children, was also established by Solh in 1984.
Langå
Langå, is a railway town in central Denmark with a population of 2.925 (2025), located in Randers municipality in Region Midtjylland in Jutland. It was the site of the municipal council of the now former Langå municipality, until 1 January 2007. Langå is located by the railroad stretch between Randers and Århus and is the beginning of the railroad stretch towards Viborg and Struer. The motto of Langå is "Alle spor fører til Langå" (All tracks leads to Langå) for its placement between the two railroad tracks.

Randers Municipality
Randers Municipality (Danish: Randers Kommune, pronounced [ˈʁɑnɐs kʰoˈmuːnə]) is a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covers an area of 748.21 km2 (288.89 sq mi), and has a population of 100,356 (as of 1 January 2025). Its mayor, since 1 January 2018 is Torben Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the city of Randers.

The municipality is part of Business Region Aarhus and of the East Jutland metropolitan area, which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016.
2023 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
The 2023 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali was a road cycling stage race that will take place between 21 and 25 March 2023 in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna and in San Marino. The race is rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2023 UCI Europe Tour calendar, and is the 38th edition of the Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali.

2023 UCI Europe Tour
The 2023 UCI Europe Tour was the nineteenth season of the UCI Europe Tour.

Throughout the season, points were awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determined how many points were awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points were awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest were as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.Pro, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.Pro, 1.1 and 1.2
Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels
Hedwig of Munsterberg-Oels (Czech: Hedvika Minstrberská; 10/12 June 1508, Oleśnica – 28 November 1531, Legnica) was born Duchess of Münsterberg and Oleśnica and Countess of Kladsko and by marriage Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach.

Hedwig was a daughter of Duke Charles I of Münsterberg-Oels, who was a grandson of the King George of Bohemia. Her mother was Anna of Sagan, a daughter of John II, the last Duke of Żagań (Sagan).

On 9 January 1525 Hedwig married George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach. She was George's second wife. The marriage produced two daughters:

Anna Maria (1526–1589) married in 1544 Duke Christoph of Württemberg (1515–1568)

Sabina (1529–1575) married in 1548 Elector Johann Georg of Brandenburg (1525–1598)

Hedwig died in Legnica (Liegnitz), where she was buried.

County of Kladsko
The County of Kladsko (Czech: Kladské hrabství, German: Grafschaft Glatz, Polish: Hrabstwo kłodzkie) was a historical administrative unit within Bohemia as a part of the Kingdom of Bohemia and later in the Kingdom of Prussia with its capital at Kłodzko (Kladsko) on the Nysa river. The territory comprises the Kłodzko Land with the Kłodzko Valley in center within the Sudetes mountain range and roughly corresponds with the present-day Kłodzko County in the Polish Lower Silesian Voivodeship.
Arabi, Hormozgan
Arabi (Persian: ارابي, also Romanized as Ārābī) is a village in Kohurestan Rural District, in the Central District of Khamir County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 747, in 130 families.

Kahurestan Rural District
Kahurestan Rural District (Persian: دهستان کهورستان) is in Kahurestan District of Khamir County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Jeyhun. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Kahurestan.
Mandy Barker
Mandy Barker is an international award-winning photographer and multidisciplinary artist whose work addressing marine plastic debris has received global recognition. Working alongside scientists and researchers, Barker aims to bring awareness to plastic pollution in the world's oceans and highlight its harmful effects on marine ecosystems and human health.

Barker has been published in over 50 countries and publications including National Geographic, Time, The Guardian, Smithsonian, The Explorer’s Journal, and New Scientist. She is frequently invited to contribute expert commentary in interviews with the BBC, ITV, Greenpeace, CNN, and the British Embassy. Her work has been exhibited worldwide from MoMA Museum of Modern Art, the United Nations headquarters in New York, the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, and the Science and Technology Park in Hong Kong.

Prix Pictet
The Prix Pictet (Pictet prize) is an international award in photography. It was founded in 2008 by the Geneva-based Pictet Group with the mandate to use the power of photography to communicate messages about sustainability to a global audience. Its goal is to uncover photography of the highest order, applied to current social and environmental challenges. With the participation of over 4,700 photographers, the prize is judged by an independent jury and carries a prize of 100,000 Swiss francs.

Since 2008 the ten cycles of the Prix Pictet have been shown in more than 100 exhibitions across 25 countries with visitor numbers of over 550,000. The ten Prix Pictet winners are Benoit Aquin, Nadav Kander, Mitch Epstein, Luc Delahaye, Michael Schmidt, Valérie Belin, Richard Mosse, Joana Choumali, Sally Mann and Gauri Gill.
2020–21 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team
The 2020–21 Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Sooners were led by twenty-fifth year head coach Sherri Coale. The team played its home games at the Lloyd Noble Center in Norman, Oklahoma was a member of the Big 12 Conference.

After the season, Sherri Coale retired after twenty five season as head coach of the Sooners. Jennie Baranczyk was announced as the new head coach in April 2021.

They finished the season 12–12, 9–9 in Big 12 play to finish in sixth place. In the Big 12 Tournament, they lost to Oklahoma State in the Quarterfinals.  They were not invited to the NCAA tournament or the WNIT.

Sherri Coale
Sherri Kay Coale (née Buben; Born on January 19, 1965) is a retired college basketball coach. She was the head coach of the University of Oklahoma Sooners women's basketball team for 25 years, from 1996 to 2021. Coale was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2016.
Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz
Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Juan Díaz, billed as A Battle for the Ages. A Fight for Supremacy, was a boxing lightweight title superfight, for the vacant WBO and WBA lightweight championship, and Marquez's The Ring lightweight title. The bout was held on February 28, 2009, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas, United States.  Marquez won the fight via technical knockout in the ninth round.

The match was named the 2009 Fight of the Year.

The Ring (magazine)
The Ring (often called The Ring magazine or Ring magazine) is a boxing magazine, that was first published in 1922 as a boxing and wrestling magazine. As the sporting legitimacy of professional wrestling came more into question, The Ring shifted to becoming exclusively a boxing-oriented publication.

Ring began publishing annual ratings of boxers in 1924. With its November/December 2022 issue, the magazine stopped publication of its regular monthly print issues and will remain a digital publication, offering occasional special interest print issues.
Hundred of Port Adelaide
The Hundred of Port Adelaide is a cadastral hundred covering the vicinity of Port Adelaide, Lefevre Peninsula and the coast of the central Adelaide Plains south of Gawler River and west of Port Wakefield Road. It is one of the eleven hundreds of the County of Adelaide and was named in 1846 by Governor Frederick Robe.

City of Salisbury
The City of Salisbury is a local government area (LGA) located in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. Its neighbours are the City of Playford, City of Tea Tree Gully and City of Port Adelaide Enfield.

Encompassing an area of 158 square kilometres (61 square miles), the city is one of the most populous and fast-growing council areas in South Australia: the local government area's population in 2021, of 145,806, was an increase of 32% over the 2001 population of 110,676 and of 13% over the 2011 population of 129,109.

The Local Government Area's main town centre – Salisbury City Centre – is on the main street of the town of Salisbury, John Street. The centre also hosts the council's principal office, council chambers and library, on Church Street. There is also a centre at Mawson Lakes, a master-planned development that surrounds the large Sir Douglas Mawson Lake.

The current CEO is John Harry.