hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Takic languages
The Takic languages are a putative group of Uto-Aztecan languages historically spoken by a number of Indigenous peoples of Southern California. Takic is grouped with the Tubatulabal, Hopi, and Numic languages in the northern branch of the Uto-Aztecan family.

Tübatulabal language
Tübatulabal /təˈbɑːtələbɑːl/ is an Uto-Aztecan language, traditionally spoken in Kern County, California, United States. It is the traditional language of the Tübatulabal, who have switched to English. The language originally had three main dialects: Bakalanchi, Pakanapul and Palegawan.

In English, the name Tübatulabal refers to both the Tübatulabal people and their language. However, in the language itself, the term Tübatulabal refers only to the Tübatulabal people. Its origin is unclear, but it may be related to the noun stem tɨba- "pine nuts". The Tübatulabal term for the Tübatulabal language is Pahkaʼanil.
Kayode Opeifa
Isiak Kayode Opeifa (born 21 May 1965) is a Nigerian transport administrator and former university lecturer who serves as the Managing Director of the Nigeria Railway Corporation (NRC), following his appointment by President Bola Tinubu on 22 January 2025. He previously served as Lagos State Commissioner for Transportation under the administration of Babatunde Fashola.

Babatunde Fashola
Babatunde Raji Fashola CON SAN (Yoruba: Bàbátúndé Rájí Fáṣọlá (Listenⓘ); born 28 June 1963) is a Nigerian lawyer and politician who served as the federal minister of Works and Housing of Nigeria from 2019 to 2023. He was the minister of Power, Works and Housing from 2015 to 2019. He also served two terms as governor of Lagos State from 2007 to 2015.
Jean Schmidt
Jeannette Mary Schmidt (née Hoffman; born November 29, 1951) is an American politician who is a state representative in Ohio's 62nd district. She was a U.S. Representative for Ohio's 2nd congressional district, serving from 2005 to 2013. She is a member of the Republican Party.

Brown County, Ohio
Brown County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 43,676. The county seat is Georgetown. The county was created in 1818 and is named for Major General Jacob Brown, an officer in the War of 1812 who was wounded at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Brown County is part of the Cincinnati–Middletown, OH–KY–IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Carmania (region)
Carmania (Ancient Greek: Καρμανία, romanized: Karmanía, Old Persian: 𐎣𐎼𐎶𐎴𐎠, romanized: Karmanā, Middle Persian: Kirmān) is a historical region that approximately corresponds to the current province of Kerman, Iran, and was a province of many Iranic empires such as Medes, Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empire. The region bordered Persia proper & the Persian Gulf in the west, Makran & the Makran Sea in the south-east, Parthia in the north (also known as Abarshahr), and Aria to the northeast.

Makran
Makran (Balochi: مکران), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān, is the southern coastal region of Balochistan. It is a semi-desert coastal strip in the Balochistan province in Pakistan and in Iran, along the coast of the Gulf of Oman. It extends westwards, from the Sonmiani Bay to the northwest of Karachi in the east, to the fringes of the region of Bashkardia/Bāšgerd in the southern part of the Sistan and Baluchestan province of modern Iran. Makrān is thus bisected by the modern political boundary between Pakistan and Iran. In January 2025, a government spokesperson informed that Iran is investigating the possibility of moving its capital to the Makran region.
Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles:

Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M.

This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z.

Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy.

Internal structure of Earth
The internal structure of Earth is the spatial variation of chemical and physical properties in the solid earth. The primary structure is a series of layers: an outer silicate crust, a mechanically weak asthenosphere, a solid mantle, a liquid outer core whose flow generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core.

Scientific understanding of the internal structure of Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior.
Glasair Merlin LSA
The Glasair Merlin is a light-sport aircraft under development by  Chinese-owned, United States–based Glasair Aviation. It will be supplied as a ready-to-fly Special LSA aircraft.

The aircraft first flew on 7 April 2015 at Arlington, Washington and was accepted as a light-sport aircraft in late March 2016.

Light-sport aircraft
A light-sport aircraft (LSA), or light sport aircraft, is a category of small, lightweight aircraft that are simple to fly. LSAs tend to be heavier and more sophisticated than ultralight (aka "microlight") aircraft, but LSA restrictions on weight and performance separates the category from established GA aircraft. There is no standard worldwide description of an LSA.
Communauté de communes Avenir et développement du secteur des Trois Rivières
The Communauté de communes Avenir et développement du secteur des Trois Rivières is a former communauté de communes in the Seine-et-Marne département and in the Île-de-France région of France. It was established on 10 December 1993. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes du Pays de Coulommiers in January 2013.

Seine-et-Marne
Seine-et-Marne (French pronunciation: [sɛn e maʁn] ⓘ; lit. 'Seine and Marne') is a department in the Île-de-France region in Northern France. Named after the rivers Seine and Marne, it is the region's largest department with an area of 5,915 square kilometres (2,284 square miles); it roughly covers its eastern half. In 2019, it had a population of 1,421,197. Its prefecture is Melun, although both Meaux and Chelles have larger populations.
New York Giants Radio Network
The New York Giants Radio Network is a broadcast radio network based in New York City, the official radio broadcaster of the National Football League's New York Giants. The network's radio broadcasts are currently flagshipped at WFAN, a station owned by Audacy. Overflow radio casts air on WFAN-FM, WFAN's corporate sibling.

The network distributes Giants home and away games to a network of 18 stations in three states. Bob Papa is the current play-by-play announcer, with former Giants linebacker Carl Banks as color analyst, and former Giants tight end Howard Cross as sideline reporter.

WTLB
WTLB (1310 kHz) is a now silent American AM radio station in Utica, New York. WTLB dominated the Central New York radio market from the early 1950’s when rock and roll became popular until the late 1970’s when FM surpassed AM in popularity.

In 2025, it’s four towers were removed and the land was sold after 78 years of service.
St John the Baptist's Church, Papworth St Agnes
St John the Baptist's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Papworth St Agnes, Cambridgeshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and is under the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches.

Friends of Friendless Churches
Friends of Friendless Churches (FoFC), also referred to as 'The Friends', is a registered charity formed in 1957, active in England and Wales, which campaigns for and rescues redundant historic places of worship threatened by demolition, decay, or inappropriate conversion.  As of December 2025, the charity cares for over 70 redundant churches, chapels, and meeting houses in England and Wales.
Lac du Lauvitel
Lac du Lauvitel is a lake in the commune of Le Bourg-d'Oisans in the Isère department of France. At an elevation of 1530 m, the lake has a surface area of 0.35 km2. It is situated in the Vénéon valley. It is the largest lake of the Écrins massif  and forms one slope of the Oisans region. The lake is accessible by foot from the nearby town of la Danchère.

The southern part of the lake and valley are classified as part of a "réserve naturelle intégrale" since 1995. This classification aims to preserve such areas in their natural state as if entirely unaffected by human activity. This restricted area is forbidden to visitors and is instead reserved exclusively for scientific research, having been recognised in 2012 as an essential protected area for its scientific importance according to an assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Isère
Isère (US: /iːˈzɛər/ ee-ZAIR; French: [izɛʁ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Isera; Occitan: Isèra, Occitan pronunciation: [iˈsɛɾa]) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019. Its prefecture is Grenoble. It borders Rhône to the northwest, Ain to the north, Savoie to the east, Hautes-Alpes to the south, Drôme and Ardèche to the southwest and Loire to the west.
Quṣūr al-Fuṭa
Quṣūr al-Fuṭa (Arabic: قصور الفوطة, romanized: Quṣūr al-Fuṭa) were a group of five palaces in the al-Futa district of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. They were  built for five sons of King 'Abd al-'Aziz Ibn Saud when they reached the age of marriage. The King ordered the palaces to be built in 1942.

The palaces were located in the Al Fouta neighbourhood, a short distance south of Murabba Palace. An early photograph by Tommy Walters of ARAMCO was published by Facey in his book Riyadh, the Old City.

Murabba Palace
Murabba Palace (Arabic: قصر المربّع  Qaṣr al Murabbaʿ; literally the 'Square Palace') is a historic palace in the al-Murabba neighborhood of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located in the King Abdulaziz Historical Center. One of the first buildings erected outside the walls of the old city, it served as the official workplace and main residence of King Abdulaziz ibn Saud from 1938 until his death in 1953. It is named after its square with the form of 400 by 400 metres (1,300 by 1,300 ft). The palace was transformed into a museum and opened to the general public in 1999.
The Beginning of the End of the World
The Beginning of the End of the World is a compilation album by Brazilian post-punk band Mercenárias, released in 2005 by British record label Soul Jazz Records. It features a selection of tracks of their two studio albums, Cadê as Armas? (1986) and Trashland (1988).

The album's name alludes to the Brazilian music festival O Começo do Fim do Mundo, that happened in 1982 and promoted many underground punk bands such as Ratos de Porão, Inocentes and Cólera, among others.

Cadê as Armas?
Cadê as Armas? (Portuguese for Where Are the Weapons?) is the debut album by Brazilian post-punk band Mercenárias. It was released in 1986 via famous independent record label Baratos Afins and re-released in CD form in 1995, with three live bonus tracks recorded in 1988, during a show that celebrated the 10-year anniversary of Baratos Afins.

João Gordo (of Ratos de Porão fame), Edgard Scandurra (formerly a member of Mercenárias, and more well known for his work with Ultraje a Rigor and Ira!) and Vange Leonel provide backing vocals in the track "Santa Igreja".

A music video was made for the track "Pânico", being the Mercenárias' only one.

An old drawing of the Argentinian coat of arms is depicted in the album's cover.
Newtownabbey Ratepayers' Association
The Newtownabbey Ratepayers' Association was a minor political party operating in Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland

It contested elections for Newtownabbey Borough Council from 1997 to 2005 and registered as a political party with the Electoral Commission in 2001.

The party had 2 councillors elected in the 1997 local elections, 1 in 2001 and 1 in 2005. In the 2005 elections the party stood candidates in 3 of Newtownabbey's 4 electoral areas and polled 1897 votes, 6.4% of the votes in the borough.

In their statement of accounts for the year to the end of 2005, the party declared that they had a membership of 23.

Their sole remaining elected councillor, Billy Webb, joined the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in April 2008.

Newtownabbey Borough Council
Newtownabbey Borough Council was a Local Authority in County Antrim in Northern Ireland, on the north shore of Belfast Lough just immediately north of Belfast. The Council merged with Antrim Borough Council in April 2015 under local government reform in Northern Ireland to form Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council.
Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bonds are considered to be two bonds, triple bonds to be three, quadruple bonds to be four, quintuple bonds to be five and sextuple bonds to be six. In most compounds, the valence of hydrogen is 1, of oxygen is 2, of nitrogen is 3, and of carbon is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the coordination number, the oxidation state, or the number of valence electrons for a given atom.

Sextuple bond
A sextuple bond is a type of covalent bond involving 12 bonding electrons and in which the bond order is 6. The only known molecules with true sextuple bonds are the diatomic dimolybdenum (Mo2) and ditungsten (W2), which exist in the gaseous phase and have boiling points of 4,639 °C (8,382 °F) and 5,930 °C (10,710 °F) respectively.
Benedikt Guðmundsson
Benedikt Rúnar Guðmundsson (born 19 August 1972) is an Icelandic basketball coach. He has been named Úrvalsdeild karla Coach of the Year twice: in the 2006–07 season and in the 2008–09 season. In both seasons, he won the Icelandic men's championship KR. He has been named the Úrvalsdeild kvenna Coach of the year twice; in 2010, when he also won the Icelandic women's championship with KR, and in 2019.

1. deild karla (basketball)
1. deild karla (English: Men's First Division) or D1 is the second-tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: Körfuknattleikssamband Íslands - KKÍ).
The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 18 games, followed by a four-team playoff round. Both semifinals and finals series are best-of-three. The top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner are promoted to the Úrvalsdeild karla. The bottom club is relegated, and replaced by the four-team playoff round winner of the third-tier 2. deild karla.
Children's Specialized Hospital
Children's Specialized Hospital (CSH) is a children's rehabilitation hospital in New Brunswick, New Jersey. It has 140 beds. Founded in 1891, the hospital supports a wide range of research with five core areas of research focus - autism, mobility, cognition, brain injury, and chronic illness. It treats infants, children, teens, and young adults up until the age of 21. Its largest campus is in New Brunswick campus which is a member of the greater Children's Academic Health Campus.

Rehabilitation hospital
Rehabilitation hospitals, also referred to as inpatient rehabilitation hospitals, are devoted to the rehabilitation of patients with various neurological, musculoskeletal, orthopedic, and other medical conditions following stabilization of their acute medical issues. The industry is largely made up by independent hospitals that operate these facilities within acute care hospitals. There are also inpatient rehabilitation hospitals that offer this service in a hospital-like setting, but separate from acute care facilities. Most inpatient rehabilitation facilities are located within hospitals.

The objective of rehabilitation is to cure a patient completely. However, exact goals vary for each person. For instance, someone with a problem in their lungs might get pulmonary rehabilitation so that their breathing becomes better.

On the other hand, someone with a spine injury may need physical therapy and rehab to help restrict more damage from happening to their backs.
Jones v. Mississippi
Jones v. Mississippi, 593 U.S. 98 (2021), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the imposition of life sentences for juveniles. The Supreme Court had previously ruled in  Miller v. Alabama in 2012 that mandatory life sentences without parole for juvenile offenders was considered cruel and unusual punishment outside of extreme cases of permanent incorrigibility, and made this decision retroactive in Montgomery v. Louisiana in 2016. In Jones, a juvenile offender who was 15 at the time of his offense, challenged his life sentence following Montgomery but was denied by the state. In a 6–3 decision with all six conservative justices upholding the life sentence without parole for Jones, the Court ruled that the states have discretionary ability to hold juvenile offenders to life sentences without parole without having to make a separate assessment of their incorrigibility.

Cruel and unusual punishment
"Cruel and unusual punishment"  is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction.  The precise definition varies by jurisdiction, but typically includes punishments that are arbitrary, unnecessary, or overly severe compared to the crime.
Goddard–Thorn theorem
In mathematics, and in particular in the mathematical background of string theory, the Goddard–Thorn theorem (also called the no-ghost theorem) is a theorem describing properties of a functor that quantizes bosonic strings. It is named after Peter Goddard and Charles Thorn.

The name "no-ghost theorem" stems from the fact that in the original statement of the theorem, the natural inner product induced on the output vector space is positive definite. Thus, there were no so-called ghosts (Pauli–Villars ghosts), or vectors of negative norm. The name "no-ghost theorem" is also a word play on the no-go theorem of quantum mechanics.

Bosonic string theory
Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s. It is so called because it contains only bosons in the spectrum.

In the 1980s, supersymmetry was discovered in the context of string theory, and a new version of string theory called superstring theory (supersymmetric string theory) became the real focus. Nevertheless, bosonic string theory remains a very useful model to understand many general features of perturbative string theory, and many theoretical difficulties of superstrings can actually already be found in the context of bosonic strings.
Two Arabesques
The Two Arabesques (Deux arabesques), L. 66, is a pair of arabesques composed for piano by Claude Debussy when he was still in his twenties, between the years 1888 and 1891.

The arabesques contain hints of Debussy's developing musical style. The set is one of the very early impressionistic pieces of music, following the French visual art form. Debussy seems to wander through modes and keys, and achieves evocative scenes throughout both pieces. His view of a musical arabesque was a line curved in accordance with nature, and with his music he mirrored the celebrations of shapes in nature made by the Art Nouveau artists of the time.  Of the arabesque in baroque music, he wrote:

“That was the age of the ‘wonderful arabesque' when music was subject to the laws of beauty inscribed in the movements of Nature herself.”

Glossary of music terminology
A variety of musical terms are encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian, in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by Fr. and Ger., respectively.

Unless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms listed here.
Jones reductor
A Jones reductor is a device used to reduce aqueous solutions of metal ions. The active component is a zinc amalgam. Jones reductors have been used for preparing solutions of titanium(III), vanadium(II), chromium(II), molybdenum(III), niobium(III), europium(II), and uranium(III).

Titanium(III) chloride
Titanium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl3. At least four distinct species have this formula; additionally hydrated derivatives are known. TiCl3 is one of the most common halides of titanium and is an important catalyst for the manufacture of polyolefins.
Suvodol monastery
The Suvodol monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: Манастир Суводол) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located in the cadastral area of Selačka, a village 25 km south-east of Zaječar, in neastern Serbia. It is administratively part of the Eparchy of Timok. According to legend it was either built by the Byzantine Empire in the period between 1004 and 1008, or by Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović in the 14th century. The oldest specimen is a grave monument from 1255. The Old church was destroyed in 1865, and a new one started building in August 1866.

Zaječar
Zaječar (Serbian Cyrillic: Зајечар, pronounced [zâjɛtʃar]; Romanian: Zaicear or Zăiceari) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the city administrative area had a population of 48,621 inhabitants. 
Zaječar is widely known for its rock music festival Gitarijada and for the ZALET festival dedicated to contemporary art. Roman Emperor Galerius was born in Gamzigrad, near Zaječar, where he built the city of Felix Romuliana.
Terra-3
45°50′52.8″N 73°31′04.8″E﻿ / ﻿45.848000°N 73.518000°E﻿ / 45.848000; 73.518000

Terra-3 (Russian: терра–3) was a Soviet laser testing centre, located on the Sary Shagan anti-ballistic missile (ABM) testing range in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. It was originally built to test missile defence concepts, but these attempts were dropped after the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty was signed. The site later hosted two modest devices used primarily for experiments in space tracking. Several other laser test sites were also active during this period. During the 1980s, officials within the United States Department of Defense (DoD) suggested it was the site of a prototypical anti-satellite weapon system. The site was abandoned and is now partially disassembled.

Anti-ballistic missile
An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to destroy in-flight ballistic missiles. They achieve this explosively (chemical or nuclear), or via hit-to-kill kinetic vehicles, which may also have self-maneuvering capabilities.

Tactical systems are widely deployed to counter short and intermediate-range ballistic missiles that carry conventional warheads.

Strategic systems, deployed by the United States, Russia, China, and Israel, are capable of intercepting intercontinental ballistic missiles, typically used to carry strategic nuclear warheads. During the Cold War, the 1972 ABM Treaty limited the nuclear arms race; excessive ICBM production would have been favoured to overwhelm ABM systems. For modern strategic systems, Russia's ABMs are the only ones that are themselves armed with nuclear warheads.