hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Consumer spending
Consumer spending is the total money spent on final goods and services by individuals and households.

There are two components of consumer spending: induced consumption (which is affected by the level of income) and autonomous consumption (which is not).

Induced consumption
Induced consumption is the portion of consumption that varies with disposable income. When a change in disposable income “induces” a change in consumption on goods and services, then that changed consumption is called “induced consumption”. In contrast, expenditures for autonomous consumption do not vary with income. For instance, expenditure on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced.

In the simple linear consumption function,

induced consumption is represented by the term , where  denotes disposable income and  is called the marginal propensity to consume.
Sawatvilay Phimmasone
Sawatvilay Phimmasone (born March 3, 1987) is a Laotian taekwondo practitioner. He won a surprising bronze medal  in the men's lightweight (-72 kg) class at the 2008 Asian Taekwondo Championships, upsetting two-time Olympic medalist Song Myeong-Seob of South Korea in the first round.

Song Myeong-seob
Song Myeong-Seob (born June 29, 1984) is a South Korean Taekwondo athletic and a member of Kyung Hee University's Taekwondo team. He measures 1,77 m in height and 69 kg in weight.

Song was on the South Korean Taekwondo team at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games held in Athens, Greece.  He won the Bronze medal after losing to eventual gold medalist Hadi Saei Bonehkohal.  Song defeated Brazil's Diogo Silva for the Bronze medal in the Repechage ladder.
Hydrus (legendary creature)
The Hydrus (also known as Enhydros, Enidros, Hildris, Hydra, Idra, Idres, Ydre, Ydris, and Ydrus) is a creature from Medieval bestiaries. They were said to be found in the Nile River.  While in the Nile, a crocodile would roll the hydrus in the mud before eating the smaller creature.  However, once inside the crocodile's stomach, the hydrus would burst free from the stomach lining.  Another interpretation is that the hydrus would intentionally roll in the mud and seek out the crocodile while it slept with its mouth open.  In medieval Christian tradition, this bursting free from the crocodile became an emblem of the resurrection of Christ bursting free from Hell.

Bestiary
A bestiary (Latin: bestiarium vocabulum) is a compendium of beasts. Originating in the ancient world, bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks. The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson. This reflected the belief that the world itself was the Word of God and that every living thing had its own special meaning. For example, the pelican, which was believed to tear open its breast to bring its young to life with its own blood, was a living representation of Jesus. Thus the bestiary is also a reference to the symbolic language of animals in Western Christian art and literature.
Camelpox
Camelpox is a disease of camels caused by Camelpox virus (CMPV) of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and the genus Orthopoxvirus.  It causes skin lesions and a generalized infection. Approximately 25% of young camels that become infected will die from the disease, while infection in older camels is generally more mild. Although rare, the infection may spread to the hands of those that work closely with camels.

Chordopoxvirinae
Chordopoxvirinae is a subfamily of viruses in the family Poxviridae. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. The subfamily contains 18 genera. Diseases associated with this subfamily include smallpox.

Four genera in this subfamily contain species that infect humans: Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus.
RMS Alcantara (1913)
RMS Alcantara was an ocean liner which entered service just weeks before the start of World War I, was converted to an armed merchant cruiser in 1915, and was sunk in combat with the German armed merchant cruiser SMS Greif in the Action of 29 February 1916.

United States Naval Institute
The United States Naval Institute (USNI) is a private non-profit military association that offers independent, nonpartisan forums for debate of national security issues. In addition to publishing magazines and books, the Naval Institute holds several annual conferences. The Naval Institute is based in Annapolis, Maryland.

Established in 1873, the Naval Institute claimed "almost 50,000 members" in 2020, mostly active and retired personnel of the United States Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. The organization also has members in over 90 countries.

The organization has no official or funding ties to the United States Naval Academy or the United States Navy, though it is based on the grounds of the Naval Academy through permission granted by a 1936 Act of Congress.
Apulia Carbonate Platform
The Apulia Carbonate Platform in Apulia, Italy, was a major palaeogeographic element of the southern margin of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean. It is one of the so-called peri-Adriatic platforms, which are comparable to the Bahama Banks in their carbonate facies, shape, size, and subsidence rate and, also, in the internal architecture.

The Apulia Platform, which is part of the stable and relatively undeformed foreland of the Apennine thrust belt, is bounded on both sides by basinal deposits; westward the margin is buried under the Apennine thrust sheets, to the east the adjacent paleogeographic domains are the vast Ionian Basin to the south and the Umbria-Marche Basin to the north. To the west, the Apulia Platform plunges downfaulted underneath the terrigenous sediments of the Apennine foredeep; to the southeast, the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous margin lies 20–30 km offshore from the present Apulia coastline.

Gargano
Gargano (Italian: [ɡarˈɡaːno]) is a historical and geographical sub-region in the province of Foggia, Apulia, southeast Italy, consisting of a wide isolated mountain massif made of highland and several peaks and forming the backbone of a promontory projecting into the Adriatic Sea, the "spur" on the Italian "boot".
Maalaala Mo Kaya season 23
Maalaala Mo Kaya (transl. Would you remember?; abbreviated MMK), also known as Memories in English, is a Filipino television series, which was first aired on May 15, 1991. MMK is the longest-running drama anthology on Philippine television.

Maalaala Mo Kaya
Maalaala Mo Kaya (transl. would you remember?, abbreviated as MMK) is a Philippine television drama anthology series broadcast by ABS-CBN and Kapamilya Channel. Hosted by Charo Santos-Concio, its first iteration was aired from May 15, 1991, to December 10, 2022. The show returned for its second iteration on April 24, 2025 as a limited series for iWantTFC (now reverted into iWant) and consists of 13 episodes and on April 26, 2025 on the network's Yes Weekend line up. Its format is a dramatization of real life stories sent in by letter writers. It is the longest running drama anthology series in the Philippines.
Harat Zuwayyah
Harat Zuwayyah (also Ḩārat Zuwayyah) is a town located in south-east Libya's Khufra District, in the Cyrenaica Region. The town spread over 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) is 1 km north of Rabyanah, both residing in the basin of an intermittent oasis on the foothills of a small cluster of mountains, with a zenith of 600m. Harat Zuwayyah is roughly 135 km west of its nearest major road which includes the settlement al-Jawf.

Al Jawf, Libya
Al Jawf (Arabic: الجوف Al Ğawf) is a town in southeastern Libya, the capital of the Kufra district in Libya.

The city has an elevation of 382.2 m (1,254 feet). In 2022, the city's population was 18,587. Al Jawf receives almost no rain, averaging only 2.5 millimetres or 0.1 inches per year. Summer high temperatures average above 38 °C or 100 °F.

The city lies in the largest oasis in the Kufra basin, extracting the water from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. It is one of the most heavily irrigated oases in the Sahara. The surrounding area contains clusters of center-pivot irrigation systems used for agriculture. The distinctive pattern was photographed from orbit by the crew of the International Space Station in 2016.
Multiracial Antiguans and Barbudans
Multiracial Antiguans and Barbudans are Antiguans and Barbudans who have mixed ancestry of two or more ethnicities. Multiracial people are composed of two groups: mixed black/white and other mixed. In 2011, there were 786 mixed black/white people and 3,225 other mixed people. Mixed people have lived in Antigua and Barbuda since the introduction of slaves to the archipelago, and in 1787 the Antiguan census began collecting information on the multiracial population. When a mixed identity first emerged preceding emancipation, multiracial people began to be associated with an "intermediate class", being neither white nor enslaved. Mixed people are the largest minority group in the country.

White Antiguans and Barbudans
White Antiguans and Barbudans are Antiguans and Barbudans of European ancestry. In 2011, it was estimated that there were 1,398 white people living in the country. White people have continuously lived in Antigua and Barbuda since 1632, although the descendants of the old plantocracy have since been outranked on the social hierarchy from wealthy expatriates that operate many of the country's hotels and other businesses.
Job control (Unix)
In a Unix or Unix-like operating system, job control refers to controlling a process group as a job via a shell. Control features include suspend, resume, and terminate, and more advanced features can be performed by sending a signal to a job. Job control allows a user to manage processing in the Unix-based multiprocessing environment, and is distinct from general computing job control.

Job control was first implemented in the C shell by Jim Kulp, then at IIASA in Austria, making use of features of the 4.1BSD kernel.
The KornShell, developed at Bell Labs, adopted it and it was later incorporated into the SVR4 version of the Bourne shell, and exists in most modern Unix shells.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Erik Hulzebosch
Erik Hulzebosch (born 17 June 1970) is a Dutch marathon speed skater, inline speed skater and part-time singer and blogger at his own website.

Born in Ane, Gramsbergen Hulzebosch started as a cyclo-cross cyclist. In marathon speed skating he won several races on both artificial and nature track races, making his debut in 1987. He was the 1992 World Champion in inline skating. During the 1997 Elfstedentocht Hulzebosch was favourite to win the title, but was outsprinted in the final metres by Henk Angenent. Hulzebosch is known for his Eastern Dutch accent and his popularity in these days resulted in a top-15 hit called "Hulzebosch Hulzebosch" in 1997 as well. He is married to long track speed skater Jenita Hulzebosch-Smit, sister of Olympic silver medalist Gretha Smit.

Gretha Smit
Grietje "Greta" Smit (born 20 January 1976) is a Dutch former speed skater.

Smit won a surprising silver medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics in the 5000 metre event. She skated a world record broken in a later pair by Claudia Pechstein. Prior to that season, she had not competed in long track speed skating competitions for several years, and had only taken up practice again shortly before the Dutch trials in late 2001.

However, she had been a very successful marathon skater in the years before 2002. She had become Dutch marathon skating champion on natural ice in 1995, 1998, 2000 and 2001, and on artificial ice in 1999, 2000 and 2001. During the last held Elfstedentocht in 1997 she finished second. She also won the alternative Elfstedentocht - skated in Finland - in 1998, 2000 and 2001.

Smit's two sisters, Jenita and Marianne, were also good (marathon) skaters; Jenita also took up long track skating in the 2002/2003 season.
Mount Madarao
Mount Madarao (Japanese: 斑尾山) is an extinct volcano located between Iiyama and Shinano, Nagano, Japan. It is 1382 meters (4534 ft) high.

Mount Madarao has traditionally been included in the Five Mountains of Northern Shinshu. Compared to other mountains (Iizuna 1917 meters, Togakushi 1904, Kurohime 2053, and Myoko 2454), it is a low mountain, but looks a mountain of comparable height because it is nearest to Nakano, Nagano where the Five Mountains have been defined. In winter, the ski slopes of Madarao Mountain Resort and Tangram Ski Circus are in operation.

Iiyama, Nagano
Iiyama (飯山市, Iiyama-shi) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 February 2019, the city had an estimated population of 20,118 in 7372 households, and a population density of 99 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 202.43 square kilometres (78.16 sq mi). It markets itself as "Japan's Hometown" and is known as the "Little Kyoto of Snow Country".
Szczepkowo-Zalesie
Szczepkowo-Zalesie [ʂt͡ʂɛpˈkɔvɔ zaˈlɛɕɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec Kościelny, within Nidzica County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) east of Janowiec Kościelny, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Nidzica, and 57 km (35 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Janowiec Kościelny
Janowiec Kościelny [jaˈnɔvjɛt͡s kɔɕˈt͡ɕɛlnɨ] is a village in Nidzica County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Janowiec Kościelny.
Battlefield – The Rocktopia Records Collection
Battlefield – The Rocktopia Records Collection is the fifth compilation album released by English melodic hard rock band Ten, which consists of tracks from all the Rocktopia Records releases, namely Albion, Isla De Muerta and The Dragon And Saint George EP.

As with the last three releases, the collection's cover was illustrated by Gaetano Di Falco, who also illustrated the band's three aforementioned releases.
The release was strictly limited to 500 copies.

Isla de Muerta (album)
Isla de Muerta is the twelfth studio album by the English melodic hard rock band Ten, released on 20 May 2015 by Rocktopia Records. The album is named after the mythical "Island of the Dead" from pirate legend. The album's cover was illustrated by Gaetano Di Falco. The band has released two singles (and lyric videos) from the album, for "Tell Me What to Do" and "This Love".

The album cover was illustrated by Gaetano Di Falco, who also illustrated the cover of the band's previous studio album Albion.
Bad Griesbach Challenge Tour
The Bad Griesbach Challenge Tour was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour. It was played for the first time in July 2013 at the Hartl Resort in Bad Griesbach, Germany.

Andrea Pavan won the inaugural tournament.

Bad Griesbach
Bad Griesbach im Rottal (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈɡʁiːsbax ʔɪm ˈʁɔtaːl] ⓘ, lit. 'Bad Griesbach in the Rott Valley'; Central Bavarian: Bod Griasboch (im Rottoi)), or just Bad Griesbach, is a town in the district of Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
Brodnia
Brodnia [ˈbrɔdɲa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pęczniew, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Pęczniew, 23 km (14 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 54 km (34 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Pęczniew
Pęczniew [ˈpɛnt͡ʂɲɛf] is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Pęczniew. It lies approximately 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Poddębice and 51 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital, Łódź.
French Saddle Pony
The French Saddle Pony, also called the Poney Français de Selle, is a pony breed developed as a sport horse for children and smaller adult riders. It was initially developed in 1969 as the Poney de Croisement (Cross-bred Pony), and in 1972 a stud book was created. In 1991 the stud book was closed and the breed renamed to Poney Français de Selle. The breed combines a mix of French and British pony breeds, as well as Thoroughbred and Arabian blood, to create the horse seen today. Due to the large number of breeds used to create the French Saddle Pony, there is not yet a defined set of physical characteristics for the breed, although all tend to be suited for competition in English riding disciplines, including dressage, show jumping and three-day eventing. They fill a similar role as the British riding pony and the German riding pony.

Pony
A pony is a type of small horse, usually under a specific height at full maturity. Ponies often have thicker coats, manes and tails, compared to larger horses, and proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, thicker necks and shorter heads. In modern use, breed registries and horse shows may define a pony as measuring at the withers below a certain height; height limits varying from about 142 cm (14.0 h) to 150 cm (14.3 h). Some distinguish between horse or pony based on its breed or phenotype, regardless of its height. The word pony derives from the old French poulenet, a diminutive of poulain meaning foal, a young, immature horse.: 1041  A full-sized horse may sometimes be called a pony as a term of endearment.
Wiener Neudorf
Wiener Neudorf (German pronunciation: [ˈviːnɐ ˈnɔʏdɔʁf] ⓘ; Central Bavarian: Weana Neiduaf) is an Austrian town in the eastern part of the Mödling district, south of Vösendorf and Maria Enzersdorf, west of Biedermannsdorf, and north of Guntramsdorf.

Guntramsdorf
Guntramsdorf is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. As part of the "Industrieviertel", the industrial region in the southeast of Lower Austria, it is well connected to the country capital Vienna. The local rail service Badner Bahn connects Guntramsdorf with the central district of Vienna in the north and popular spa resort destination Baden bei Wien in the south. In the west of the town lies the Vienna Woods, an outlier of the Alpine foothills, featuring recreational forest areas and hiking trails, and the southeast of Guntramsdorf extends into the thermal Vienna Basin.
Mansourasaurus
Mansourasaurus ("Mansoura lizard") is a genus of herbivorous lithostrotian sauropod dinosaur from the Quseir Formation of Egypt. The type and only species is Mansourasaurus shahinae.

The discovery of Mansourasaurus was considered quite significant by paleontologists, because very few Late Cretaceous sauropod remains have been found in Africa, where the rocky strata that preserve remains elsewhere and produce rich fossil beds were typically not found exposed at or near ground level.

Lithostrotia
Lithostrotia is a clade of derived titanosaur sauropods that lived during the Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The group was defined by Upchurch et al. in 2004 as the most recent common ancestor of Malawisaurus and Saltasaurus and all the descendants of that ancestor. Lithostrotia is derived from the Ancient Greek lithostros, meaning "inlaid with stones", referring to the fact that many known lithostrotians are preserved with osteoderms. However, osteoderms are not a distinguishing feature of the group, as the two noted by Unchurch et al. include caudal vertebrae with strongly concave front faces (procoely), although the furthest vertebrae are not procoelous.
2016 Ecuador Open Quito
The 2016 Ecuador Open Quito was an ATP tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 2nd edition of the Ecuador Open Quito as part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2016 ATP World Tour. It took place in Quito, Ecuador from February 1 through February 7, 2016.

Ecuador Open (tennis)
The Ecuador Open Quito was a men's tennis event on the ATP Tour held in the Ecuadorean capital of Quito. Begun in 2015, it was part of the ATP 250 Series. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts. The event replaced the Chile Open.

The city was previously home to the Quito Open, a Grand Prix-affiliated tournament played from 1979 to 1982.

Quito is located at 2800 metres above sea level, more than twice as high than the Alps tournaments. Players must adapt to thinner air, which causes breathing difficulties and makes the ball faster.

Victor Estrella Burgos won the title in 2015, successfully defended it in 2016 and did so again in 2017. However, he lost in the second round of the 2018 edition to Gerald Melzer.

On 24 August 2018, tournament organisers announced that the tournament had folded due to lack of financial support.
Darko Filipović
Darko Filipović (Serbian: Дарко Филиповић; born 21 February 1981) is a Serbian turbo-folk singer born in Leskovac, south Serbia, who became famous after becoming a finalist in the first season of the music show Zvezde Granda in 2004. Filipović grew up in Leskovac, Serbia, and lived there until 2003, when he moved to Belgrade. Before competing in Zvezde Granda, Filipović was singing at typical Serbian night clubs on water called "Splavovi". His success in the competition Zvezde Granda gave him a lot of fame and attention from people from former Yugoslavia. His most famous song is his debut single "Ona Ona". Filipović is currently signed with the record label Grand Production.

Grand Production
Grand Production (Serbian: Гранд продукција / Grand produkcija) is a Serbian record label and production company predominantly focused on folk performers. The label produces the weekly television show Grand Parada, launched their own cable television channel, and organize a competitive festival of pop-folk and turbo-folk music, Grand Festival.
Blambangan Express
Blambangan Express (Indonesian: Kereta Api Blambangan Ekspres) is an inter-city passenger train operated by Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) with executive and economy classes. It was introduced on 2 December 2022 as a Semarang Tawang–Ketapang service, and its route was extended to Pasar Senen in July 2024, allowing travel between Jakarta and Banyuwangi without changing trains.

The service runs once daily in each direction. Following the Jakarta extension, it covers about 1,031 km and takes about 16 hours 25 minutes, making it the longest KAI inter-city route to date.

Kereta Api Indonesia
PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (lit. 'Indonesian Railways (State-owned) Limited', KAI) is the main state-owned railway operator of Indonesia. KAI provides intercity passenger services directly, while its subsidiaries provide commuter rail services (KAI Commuter), airport link services (KAI Bandara), freight rail services (KAI Logistik), as well as infrastructure maintenance (KAI Services). KAI also operates in other sectors, such as properties management (KAI Properti) and tourism (KAI Wisata). KAI also has indirect control of Whoosh through its ownership of a majority of shares in PT Pilar Sinergi BUMN Indonesia (PSBI), another state-owned enterprise of Indonesia.

KAI operates on the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi, with a total of 6,945 kilometres (4,315 mi) of tracks. Also holds track-assets and planned services on Madura Island. In 2024, KAI carried 505 million passengers and 73.5 million tonnes of cargo, earning Rp 36.1 trillion in revenue.