hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christopher A. Fuchs
Christopher Alan Fuchs (born in Cuero, Texas) is an American theoretical physicist whose work focuses on quantum information theory and the foundations of quantum mechanics. He is a professor of physics at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Fuchs is known for technical work in quantum information theory and for co-developing QBism, an interpretation of quantum mechanics that radically departs from conventional approaches. In QBism, individual agents' actions and experiences are the central concerns of the theory, not what the universe is doing without the agent.

Fuchs's current work includes research into symmetric informationally complete measurements (SIC-POVMs), which QBism uses to represent quantum states as probability distributions in a framework where the Born rule appears as a modification of the classical law of total probability.

He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI, Perimeter, PITP) is an independent research centre in foundational theoretical physics located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1999. The institute's founding and major benefactor is Canadian entrepreneur and philanthropist Mike Lazaridis.

The original building, designed by Saucier + Perrotte, opened in 2004 and was awarded a Governor General's Medal for Architecture in 2006. The Stephen Hawking Centre, designed by Teeple Architects, was opened in 2011 and was LEED Silver certified in 2015.

In addition to research, Perimeter also provides scientific training and educational outreach activities to the general public. This is done in part through Perimeter's Educational Outreach team.
2025 Men's Softball World Cup
The 2025 WBSC Men's Softball World Cup was the 18th Men's Softball World Cup, an international softball tournament. The group stage took place from 12 June–21 September 2024 in Prince Albert, Canada; Sonora, Mexico; and Oklahoma City, United States. The finals took place from 8–13 July 2025 in Prince Albert, Canada. Canada last hosted the tournament in 2017, while the United States last hosted it in 1996. Mexico haven't hosted the tournament since the inaugural edition in 1966.

Australia are the defending champions after defeating Canada 5–2 in the 2022 final to claim their second World Cup.

Men's Softball World Cup
The Men's Softball World Cup, known through 2015 as the ISF Men's World Championship, is a softball tournament for the best national men's teams in the world. From 1966 to 2013 it was held every four years, first by the International Softball Federation (ISF) and from 2019 an onward it is held every two years by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), the 16 best teams in the world compete.
Axis of Justice
Axis of Justice is a non-profit organization co-founded by Serj Tankian and Tom Morello in 2002. It was founded "to bring together musicians, fans of music, and grassroots political organizations to fight for social justice together." They "aim to build a bridge between fans of music around the world and local political organizations to effectively organize around issues of peace, human rights, and economic justice." The group has worked for such causes as immigrant rights and death penalty abolition. Its recommended book list includes such authors as Karl Marx, Che Guevara, George Orwell, Noam Chomsky, Mumia Abu-Jamal and Grant Morrison.

Pete Yorn
Peter Joseph Yorn (born July 27, 1974) is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. He first gained international recognition after his debut record, Musicforthemorningafter, was released to critical and commercial acclaim in 2001. He is known for playing the bulk of the instruments on his records. Spin magazine, in a career retrospective article dated March 26, 2021, recognized Yorn as one of his generation's best songwriters. Yorn’s eleventh album, The Hard Way, was released on August 23, 2024.
2023 Indianapolis City-County Council election
The 2023 Indianapolis City–County Council elections took place on November 7, 2023, with all 25 seats up for election. Before the elections, Democrats held a 20-5 seat majority. New districts were drawn in 2021 that were used for this Election. Primaries for the council were held May 2, 2023. Following the elections, Democrats held their control of the council with a 19–6 majority. In the Indianapolis mayoral election held at the same time, Democrat Joe Hogsett beat Republican Jefferson Shreve 59.5% to 40.5%. With his election to District 4, Nick Roberts became the youngest elected official for any of the 50 largest American cities at age 23.

2023 Indianapolis mayoral election
An election for Mayor of Indianapolis was held on November 7, 2023. Primary elections were held on May 2. Incumbent Democratic mayor Joe Hogsett sought and won re-election to a third term in office. Hogsett and Republican Jefferson Shreve advanced to the general election. After the Mayoral election, Shreve was elected to the House of Representatives in the 2024 United States House of Representatives elections representing Indiana's 6th Congressional district. Shreve had the best performance of a Republican since Greg Ballard in 2011. Hogsett performed 12 points worse than he did in 2019.
Ruski's Tavern
Ruski's Tavern (sometimes sylized as Rūski's Tavern) is a dive bar located at 212 Danforth Street in the West End of Portland, Maine, United States. It is one of the city's few remaining neighborhood bars, and (having been established under its current name in 1981) one of its oldest. As of 2023, it is owned by Josh and Monica Whaley, who purchased it in 2005.

It is one of Portland's Class XI-licensed restaurants: ones that may not generate more than $50,000 in food sales and may serve only alcohol for part of the day.

West End (Portland, Maine)
The West End is a downtown neighborhood in Portland, Maine. It is located on the western side of Portland's peninsula primarily on Bramhall Hill and is noted for its architecture and history. The neighborhood is home to many late 19th- and early 20th-century homes and, in 2010, it was called "one of the best preserved Victorian neighborhoods in the country". The Western Promenade, a park laid out in 1836, overlooks the forests and small settlements of Southwestern Maine, along with the distant White Mountains. Other historic structures include 68 High Street, The Gothic House, Brown House, Butler House, Ingraham House, Morrill Mansion and the Minott House.

The West End is known for ethnic and socioeconomic diversity; in 1994, it was called one of Portland's 'gay-friendly' neighborhoods.
Clayton Park (New Jersey)
Clayton Park is a county park located in the community of Imlaystown in Upper Freehold Township, New Jersey. The 450-acre (180 ha) park preserves both fields and old-growth forests formerly owned by park's namesake, farmer Paul Clayton, who sold the park property to the Monmouth County Park System in 1979. The park's 6 miles (9.7 km) of trails  are most often used for hiking, biking and horseback riding.

Monmouth County Park System
The Monmouth County Park System is an agency that maintains over 40 parks and recreational areas, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Established in 1960, the Park System takes up 5.9% of Monmouth County's total acreage. The largest park in the county is Turkey Swamp Park in Freehold with 2,388 acres. The most visited park in the county in 2021 was the Manasquan Reservoir in Howell with 1,412,586 visits. The entire Park System had a total of 8,668,914 visitors in 2021 compared to 645,354 residents of Monmouth County.
Beach evolution
Beach evolution is a natural process occurring along shorelines where sea, lake, or river water erodes the land. Beaches form as sand accumulates over centuries through recurrent processes that erode rocky and sedimentary material into sand deposits. River deltas contribute by depositing silt carried from upriver, accreting at the river's outlet to extend lake or ocean shorelines. Catastrophic events such as tsunamis, hurricanes, and storm surges accelerate beach evolution.

Coastal geography
Coastal geography is the study of the constantly changing region between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, climatology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast. It includes understanding coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, and  the ways in which humans interact with the coast.
Biotronik
Biotronik (BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG; Biotronik Worldwide) is a limited partnership multi-national medical device company, headquartered in Berlin, Germany.

The company offers equipment for diagnosis, treatment, and therapy support in the areas of cardiac rhythm management, monitoring, electrophysiology, and neuromodulation.  In the area of cardiac rhythm management, Biotronik Home Monitoring uses tele-monitoring technology to provide doctors with up-to-date information for implant patients.

Biotronik employs more than 9,000 people worldwide in over 100 countries, with research and development activities in Europe, North America, and Singapore.  It produces all critical components of its products in-house.  One in every five employees at its Berlin headquarters works in research and development (R&D).

Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system (CCS, also called the electrical  conduction system of the heart) transmits the signals generated by the sinoatrial node – the heart's pacemaker, to cause the heart muscle to contract, and pump blood through the body's circulatory system. The pacemaking signal travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node, along the bundle of His, and through the bundle branches to Purkinje fibers in the walls of the ventricles. The Purkinje fibers transmit the signals more rapidly to stimulate contraction of the ventricles.

The conduction system consists of specialized heart muscle cells, situated within the myocardium. There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the conduction system which can be seen on an ECG. Dysfunction of the conduction system can cause irregular heart rhythms including rhythms that are too fast or too slow.
Metaballs
In computer graphics, metaballs, also known as blobby objects, are organic-looking n-dimensional isosurfaces, characterised by their ability to meld together when in close proximity to create single, contiguous objects.

In solid modelling, polygon meshes are commonly used. In certain instances, however, metaballs are superior. A metaball's "blobby" appearance makes them versatile tools, often used to model organic objects and also to create base meshes for sculpting.

The technique for rendering metaballs was invented by Jim Blinn in the early 1980s to model atom interactions for Carl Sagan's 1980 TV series Cosmos. It is also referred to colloquially as the "jelly effect" in the motion and UX design community, commonly appearing in UI elements such as navigations and buttons. Metaball behavior corresponds to mitosis in cell biology, where chromosomes generate identical copies of themselves through cell division.

Solid modeling
Solid modeling (or solid modelling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modeling of three-dimensional shapes (solids). Solid modeling is distinguished within the broader related areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics, such as 3D modeling, by its emphasis on physical fidelity. Together, the principles of geometric and solid modeling form the foundation of 3D-computer-aided design, and in general, support the creation, exchange, visualization, animation, interrogation, and annotation of digital models of physical objects.
Evangelii praecones
Evangelii praecones (June 2, 1951) was an encyclical letter of Pope Pius XII  about Catholic missions. In it, he described necessary improvements and changes, and the persecution of the Church in some parts of the world. The encyclical was issued in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the encyclical Rerum ecclesiae by his predecessor Pope Pius XI.

It is sometimes identified as the first of five papal encyclicals issued between 1919 and 1959 that redefined the Church’s missionary role.

Catholic missions
Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide, often after an intermediate phase as an apostolic prefecture or apostolic vicariate. Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by the Latin Church in practice.

In the Roman Curia, missionary work is organised by the Dicastery for Evangelisation.
Westmount
Westmount (French pronunciation: [wɛstmaunt]) is a city on the Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada. Enclaved by the city of Montreal, it had a population of 19,658 in the 2021 Canadian census.

Westmount is home to schools, an arena, a pool, a public library and a number of parks, including Westmount Park, King George Park (also known as Murray Hill Park) and Westmount Summit. The city operates its own electricity distribution company Westmount Light & Power (Hydro-Westmount).  The city is also the location of two Canadian Forces Primary Reserve units: The Royal Montreal Regiment and 34th Signals Regiment.

Traditionally, the community of Westmount has been a wealthy and predominantly anglophone enclave, having been at one point the richest community in Canada. It is still the most affluent neighbourhood in Canada outside of Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary.

2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal
Montreal was one of the cities in Quebec affected by the 2000–2006 municipal reorganization in Quebec.  On January 1, 2002, all the municipalities on the island of Montreal were merged into the city of Montreal.

However, following a change of government in the 2003 Quebec election and a 2004 referendum, some of those municipalities became independent cities again on January 1, 2006.  The recreated cities did not regain all of their previous powers, however.  A new urban agglomeration of Montreal was created, which resulted in the recreated cities still sharing certain municipal services with Montreal.
O family
The O (or Oh) family is a North Korean family whose members have been considered close to the ruling Kim family over several generations, and is regarded as being highly influential in the North Korean regime. The designation originates with O Jung-hup whose 1939 death while fighting for Kim Il Sung is deemed a great act of loyalty.

Their members include:

O Jung-hup, revolutionary fighter associated with Kim Il Sung

O Kuk-ryol, nephew of O Jung-hup, Vice-Chairman of the National Defense Commission of the DPRK

O Se-won, son of O Kuk-ryol

O Se-uk, son of O Kuk-ryol, and defector to the US

National Defense Commission (North Korea)
The National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (NDC) was the highest state institution for military and national defense leadership in North Korea, which also served as the highest governing institution of the country from 1998 until 2016 when it was replaced by the State Affairs Commission.
Mandhal
Mandhal is a major commercial town in Kuhi  Taluka of Nagpur district.  Mandhal is famous for Chilly production and is a major market attracting traders from across the state and the state of Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Chhattisgarh. The Agricultural produce market committee (APMC) of Mandhal is one of the largest in the district (https://web.archive.org/web/20090410004745/http://agmarknet.nic.in/profile/profile_online/displayformdetails.asp?mkt=2116 ) that serves to  186 towns and villages in the Kuhi Taluka.

The historical name for Mandhal was Matangnagari. It is famous for Akhada i.e. Indian wrestling. Competitions are held each year for the pandav panchami of Diwali festival at Bhola hudki.

Kuhi
Kuhi is a town and a tehsil in the Umred subdivision of the Nagpur district in Nagpur, India. Kuhi is located 40 km from Nagpur District.Kuhi is two town areas. One is Kuhi and other is Bhojapur. It comes under the revenue division of Berar region in the state of Maharashtra.

It is located along the banks of the Nag River.
Dark Entries (comics)
Dark Entries is a 2009 original graphic novel written by Ian Rankin. The author's earliest work in the comic field, it was one of two books to launch Vertigo's new sub-imprint Vertigo Crime, along with Brian Azzarello's Filthy Rich. Italian artist Werther Dell'Edera created the interior art and Lee Bermejo painted the cover for the book.

The story involves DC Comics character John Constantine, best known from the Vertigo series Hellblazer. Dark Entries is the only publication in the Vertigo Crime imprint to feature an established DC Universe character.

Titan Publishing Group
Titan Publishing Group is the publishing division of the British entertainment company Titan Entertainment, which was established as Titan Books in 1981. The books division has two main areas of publishing: film and television tie-ins and cinema reference books; and graphic novels and comics references and art titles. Its imprints are Titan Books, Titan Comics, Titan Magazines and Titan Manga.
RV Marcus G. Langseth
RV Marcus Langseth is a research vessel operated by the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University as a part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) fleet. The Marcus G. Langseth was dedicated on December 4, 2007, came into service in early 2008, replacing the RV Maurice Ewing.

Marcus G. Langseth is intended primarily to collect multichannel seismic data, including 3-D surveys.  The ship was purchased from the geophysical survey company WesternGeco in 2004, having previously been named Western Legend. The Marcus G. Langseth was named for Marcus G. Langseth, a Lamont scientist.

In March 2009, Chinese authorities denied the vessel permission to pass between Taiwan and China. In August 2009, Marcus G. Langseth was named in a Canadian lawsuit seeking to halt its seismic tomography experiment. The lawsuit was dismissed, diplomatic clearance was issued and the ship sailed after a delay of a day.

Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research institution of Columbia University specializing in the Earth system science. It is located on its own campus north of Manhattan in Palisades, New York.

The observatory was one of the centers of research that led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics as well as many other notable scientific developments.
Pandemic H1N1/09 virus
The pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strain that was responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media due to the prevailing belief that it originated in pigs. The virus is believed to have originated around September 2008 in central Mexico.

The H1N1 pandemic of 2009 was the first public health emergency of international concern designated by the World Health Organization. While H1N1/09 was the primary strain of flu seen that year, it was not unusually contagious or lethal.

Most cases were mild, although those who had to be hospitalized were often severely ill. In the fall of 2009, between 15 and 33% of those hospitalized with H1N1 in the Southern Hemisphere were taken to the ICU. One clinician remarked that the pandemic was "like two diseases" because of the stark difference between mild and severe cases, with few falling in between.

Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in microbiology where strains are derived from a single cell colony and are typically quarantined by the physical constraints of a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to within virology, botany, and with rodents used in experimental studies.
Anti-Japanese sentiment
Anti-Japanese sentiment (also called Japanophobia, Nipponophobia and anti-Japanism) is the fear or dislike of Japan or Japanese culture. Anti-Japanese sentiment can take many forms, from antipathy toward Japan as a country to racist hatred of Japanese people.

Wokou
Wokou (Chinese: 倭寇; pinyin: Wōkòu; Japanese: 倭寇; Hepburn: Wakō; Korean: 왜구; Hanja: 倭寇; RR: Waegu; literal Chinese translation: "dwarf bandits"), which translates to "Japanese pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century to the 17th century. The wokou were made of various ethnicities of East Asian ancestry, which varied over time and raided the mainland from islands in the Sea of Japan and East China Sea.

Wokou activity in Korea declined after the Treaty of Gyehae in 1443 but continued in Ming China and peaked during the Jiajing wokou raids in the mid-16th century. Chinese reprisals and strong clamp-downs on pirates by Japanese authorities saw the wokou disappear by the 17th century.
Alison Gilliland
Alison Gilliland (born 1968) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 2021 to 2022.

In June 2021, she was elected as Lord Mayor of Dublin, succeeding Hazel Chu. Gilliland was elected unopposed, and supported by the Labour Party, Fianna Fáil, Green Party, and the Social Democrats.

She was elected to Dublin City Council (DCC) for the Artane-Whitehall local electoral area in 2014. She chaired the DCC Strategic Policy Committee (SPC) on Housing and a member of the Finance SPC, and sat as an alternate member to the European Committee of the Regions and on the Commission for Citizenship, Governance, Institutional and External Affairs (CIVEX).

Gilliland did not contest the 2024 Dublin City Council election.

Hazel Chu
Hazel Chung-fai Chu (born 3 November 1980) is an Irish Green Party politician who has been a member of Dublin City Council since May 2019. She was elected deputy leader of the Green Party on 28 January 2026. She was chair of the Green Party from December 2019 to December 2021. She was the first Irish-born person of Chinese descent elected to political office on the island of Ireland. She served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 2020 to 2021, and in doing so became the first person of Chinese ethnicity to be mayor of a European capital. She is the party's spokesperson for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform, Digitalisation & Media.
Braničevo District League
Braničevo District League is a section of the District Leagues, one of the fifth-tier divisions of the Serbian football league system. The league is operated by the Football Association of Serbia.

The league consists of 14 clubs from Braničevo District which play each other in a double round-robin league, with each club playing the other club home and away. At the end of the season the top club will be promoted to Dunav Zone League.

Serbian football league system
The Serbian football league system is a series of interconnected leagues for association football clubs in Serbia. The system has a hierarchical format with promotion and relegation between leagues at different levels.
1987 South American Rugby Championship
The 1987 South American Rugby Championship was the 15th edition of the competition of the leading national rugby union teams in South America.

The tournament was played in Santiago, and was won by Argentina.

South American Rugby Championship
The South American Rugby Championship refers to the continental rugby union championships for South America, organized by Sudamérica Rugby. The current name of the championships is South American Six Nations, implemented in 2018. South American championships have also existed for lower divisions of the rugby union championships, as well as youth and women tournaments, and editions for rugby sevens.