hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hilum (biology)
In botany, a hilum (pronounced /ˈhaɪləm/) is a scar or mark left on a seed coat by the former attachment to the ovary wall or to the funiculus (which in turn attaches to the ovary wall). It is commonly known as the "eye" in some bean and pea species.

For some species of fungus, the hilum is the microscopic indentation left on a spore when it separates from the sterigma of the basidium.

A hilum can also refer to the point around which layers of starch are deposited in a starch granule. This point may be located either at the center or to the side of the granule.

The adjectival form hilar denotes the presence of such a mark, and for some species it can be used as a distinguishing characteristic.

Basidium
A basidium (pl.: basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of reproductive bodies of basidiomycete fungi. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the group. These bodies are also called tertiary mycelia, which are highly coiled versions of secondary mycelia. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores. Occasionally the number may be two or even eight. Each reproductive spore is produced at the tip of a narrow prong or horn called a sterigma (pl. sterigmata), and is forcefully expelled at full growth.

The word basidium literally means "little pedestal". This is the way the basidium supports the spores. However, some biologists suggest that the structure looks more like a club. A partially grown basidium is known as a basidiole.
Additive group
An additive group is a group of which the group operation is to be thought of as addition in some sense.  It is usually abelian, and typically written using the symbol + for its binary operation.

This terminology is widely used with structures equipped with several operations to specify structures obtained by forgetting the other operations. Examples include the additive group of the integers, of a vector space and of a ring. This is particularly useful with rings and fields to distinguish the additive underlying group from the multiplicative group of the invertible elements.

In older terminology, an additive subgroup of a ring has also been known as a modul or module (not to be confused with a module).

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Atskuri Church
The Atskuri church of the Dormition (Georgian: აწყურის ღვთისმშობლის მიძინების სახელობის ტაძარი, romanized: ats'q'uris ghvtismshoblis midzinebis sakhelobis t'adzari) is a ruined medieval cathedral in the village of Atskuri, Akhaltsikhe Municipality, in Georgia's south-central region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. Originally built in the 10th–11th century, the church was rebuilt shortly after the destructive earthquake of 1283. It was a crossed-dome church with three protruding apses on the east. Of what was one of the largest cathedrals in Georgia in its time, only ruined walls survived into the 21st century. A project of full restoration was launched in 2016. The church is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance
The Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance (Georgian: ეროვნული მნიშვნელობის კატეგორიის კულტურის უძრავი ძეგლები) are buildings, structures, sites, or places in Georgia that have been determined to have nationwide cultural significance by meeting special criteria developed by the Ministry of Culture and are subject to preservation by the state.

The monument must have an outstanding artistic or aesthetic value, be associated with a particularly important historical event, person, or overall national values.

The original list of the Immovable Monuments of Cultural Heritage was approved in the Presidential decree No. 665 of 7 November 2006. Since then, it has been updated several times. After the amendments of 2013, the monument can be defined as having national significance by the resolution of the Government of Georgia based on the submission of the Ministry of Culture.
Q-Force
Q-Force is an American adult animated comedy television series created by Gabe Liedman for Netflix. With Liedman as showrunner, joined by Sean Hayes, Michael Schur, Todd Milliner and others as executive producers, ten episodes were released September 2, 2021. Panned by critics, Q-Force was not renewed for a second season.

Titmouse, Inc.
Titmouse, Inc. (also known as Titmouse Animation or simply Titmouse; formerly known as Titmouse Productions) is an American animation studio based in Los Angeles, California founded in 2000 by Chris and Shannon Prynoski. The studio develops and produces animated television programs, feature films, music videos, title sequences, commercials, and short films. Its name is derived from the titmouse, which serves as the company's mascot.
Aymos
Babili Amos Shili (born January 17, 1995) mononymously known as Aymos, is a South African singer and songwriter. He is best known for the hit single "Emcimbini" which was produced by Kabza De Small and DJ Maphorisa.

Kabza de Small
Kabelo Petrus Motha (born 27 November 1992) is a South African DJ, record producer,and a record label owner popularly known as Kabza de Small. He is a major figure in the amapiano genre of house music. Aside from  his solo career, Motha is a member of the Scorpion Kings. Motha gained international recognition after the release of "Umshove", in 2018.

Kabza's third studio album  I Am the King of Amapiano: Sweet & Dust (2021), debuted number one in South Africa.

Forbes Africa ranked Motha number 18 on Forbes Africa 30 under 30. His accolades include thirteen South African Music Awards, five Metro FM Music Awards, three AmaPiano Music Awards, two Mzansi Viewers Choice Awards, one Sunday Times GenNext, and one Dance Music Awards South Africa.
Gamochaeta stagnalis
Gamochaeta stagnalis, the desert cudweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico, Guatemala, and the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, New Mexico).

Gamochaeta stagnalis is an annual herb up to 35 cm (14 in) tall, producing a slender taproot. Leaves are up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. The plant forms many small flower heads in tightly packed clumps. Each head contains 3–4 purple disc flowers but no ray flowers.

Gamochaeta stagnalis is very similar to G. purpureum and some G. stagnalis specimens (especially from Arizona) have been misidentified as that species.

Gamochaeta ustulata
Gamochaeta ustulata, commonly named featherweed or Pacific cudweed,  is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the western United States and southwestern Canada, in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. It is found primarily on seaside hills and in the Coast Ranges, with additional populations inland.

Gamochaeta ustulata is an annual or perennial herb up to 40 cm (16 in) tall. Leaves are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long, green on the top but appearing white on the underside because of many woolly hairs. The plant forms many small flower heads in elongated arrays. Each head contains 4–6 yellow disc flowers but no ray flowers.
2013–14 New Zealand V8 season
The 2013–14 New Zealand V8 season was the fifteenth season of the series, under the NZV8 guise. The season began at the Thunder in the Park event at Pukekohe Park Raceway on 16 November 2013 and finished at the Pukekohe Park Raceway ITM Auckland 400 V8 Supercars event on 27 April after six championship meetings. Jason Bargwanna was the reigning TLX champion, and whilst AJ Lauder won the TL Championship, graduated into the TLX class to battle for the title. The TLX Championship eventually was won by Nick Ross and the TL Championship was won by Ian Booth.

Jason Bargwanna
Jason Eric Bargwanna (born 26 April 1971) is an Australian motor racing driver. Best known as a Supercars Championship competitor, Bargwanna raced in the series for 25 years, the pinnacle of which was winning, with Garth Tander, the 2000 Bathurst 1000 in a Garry Rogers Motorsport prepared Holden Commodore. Bargwanna was the Driving Standards Observer for the Supercars Championship from 2014 until 2016.
1996–97 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 1996–97 Frauen-Bundesliga was the seventh season of the Frauen-Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It was the last season, in which the first league was divided into two divisions. Beginning with the 1997–98 season all Bundesliga teams played in a single division. As the new uniform league had eight spaces less than the divided Bundesliga, eight teams had to play in the qualification with the champions of the Regionalligas.

In the final the leaders of the northern division met. Grün-Weiß Brauweiler defeated FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen 4–3 on penalties. Previously the regular time had ended goalless. In the extra time Rumeln-Kaldenhausen had taken an early lead, but Brauweiler had equalized late in the game. It was Brauweiler's only championship.

1997–98 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 1997–98 Frauen-Bundesliga was the eighth season of the Frauen-Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It began on 17 August 1997 and ended on 7 June 1998. It was the first season in which the Bundesliga used the modern system of one united league on the national level instead of a southern and northern division as in the years before.
Cristóbal de Oñate
Cristóbal de Oñate (1504 — October 6, 1567) was a Spanish Basque explorer, conquistador and colonial official in New Spain. He is considered the founder of the contemporary city of Guadalajara in 1531, as well as other places in Nueva Galicia (western New Spain).

Compostela, Nayarit
Compostela is the name of both a municipality and of a town in it that serves as the seat; both are in the Mexican state of Nayarit. The municipality had 77,436 in 2020 and the seat 20,322. It has a total area of 1,848 km2 (713.5 sq mi).
Nasir Gebelli
Nasir Gebelli (Persian: ناصر جبلی, also Nasser Gebelli, born 1957) is an Iranian-American programmer and video game designer usually credited in his games as simply Nasir. He became known in the early 1980s for programming action games for Apple II, such as Space Eggs (a clone of Moon Cresta). These were initially published by Sirius Software, then he started his own company, Gebelli Software. Several of the games he wrote for Gebelli Software were 3D space combat simulators for the Apple II.

From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Gebelli developed home console games for Square. He programmed the first three Final Fantasy games, the Famicom 3D System title Rad Racer, 3-D WorldRunner, and Secret of Mana.

Iranian Americans
Iranian-Americans, also known as Persian Americans, are United States citizens or nationals who are of Iranian ancestry or who hold Iranian citizenship. According to the National Organization for Civil Registration, an organization of the Ministry of Interior of Iran, the United States has the greatest number of Iranians outside the country.

Most Iranian-Americans arrived in the United States after 1979 in the wake  of the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Iranian monarchy. Over 40% of them settled in California, specifically Los Angeles, where they formed distinct ethnic enclaves, such as the Angelino community of "Tehrangeles" in Westwood, Los Angeles.

Research by the Iranian Studies Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2004 estimated the number of Iranian-Americans at 691,000, about half of whom live in  California.
2022–23 Toledo Rockets women's basketball team
The 2022–23 Toledo Rockets women's basketball team represented University of Toledo during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Rockets, led by fifteenth-year head coach Tricia Cullop, played their home games at Savage Arena in Toledo, Ohio, as members of the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The Rockets completed MAC play with a 16–2 record to claim the regular season championship for the second straight season. As the top seed they defeated Buffalo, Kent State and Bowling Green to win the MAC tournament. They were placed as the twelfth seed in the Seattle Region 3 of the 2023 NCAA tournament where they defeated Iowa State in the first round. They lost to Tennessee in the second round.

2023 MAC women's basketball tournament
The 2023 MAC women's basketball tournament was the postseason basketball tournament that ends the 2022–23 college basketball season in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The entire tournament was held at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, in Cleveland, Ohio between March 8 and 11. Toledo defeated Bowling Green in the final to earn the conference's automatic bid into the 2023 NCAA tournament. Quinesha Lockett of Toledo was the MVP.
Adidas Argentum
The Adidas Argentum is a family and brand of association football balls. Used as official match balls of Argentine football championship, the Argentum balls, in order to distinguish them in their construction, have had the year of adoption in their names.

Before the adoption of the brand, as official match balls of the Argentine football championships were used variants of Adidas Tango, of Adidas Roteiro, of Adidas Teamgeist and Terrapass, of Adidas SpeedCell and of Adidas Tango 12. However, the first real brand created for AFA was Adidas Tafugo.

Adidas Jabulani
The Jabulani (/ˌdʒæbjʊˈlɑːni/ JAB-yuu-LAH-nee, Zulu: [dʒaɓuˈlaːni]) was a football manufactured by Adidas. It was the official match ball for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

The ball is made from eight spherically moulded panels and has a textured surface intended to improve aerodynamics. It was consequently developed into the Adidas Tango 12 series of footballs. The Jabulani had a mixed reception during the World Cup due to its unusual flight pattern. The NASA Ames Research Center studied its performance and compared it to the +Teamgeist Berlin (used in the 2006 World Cup) and found it had a noticeable "knuckleball" effect.

Jabulani, meaning "be happy!" in Zulu, is the imperative plural form of the verb jabula "to be happy". Its design was much maligned by players at the World Cup, and production ceased after two years.
Mipham Chokyi Lodro
Mipham Chokyi Lodro (27 October 1952 – 11 June 2014), also known as Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche, was the fourteenth Shamarpa of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Shamarpa is the second-most important teacher of the Karma Kagyu school, after the Karmapa.

The Karmapas are sometimes referred to as the Black Hat Lamas, referring to their distinctive, black crown. Karma Pakshi, the second Karmapa, prophesied that "future Karmapas shall manifest in two nirmāṇakāya forms." Later, the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje, presented to his principal student, Khedrup Drakpa Senge, a ruby-red crown (Standard Tibetan: ཞྭ་དམར།, Tibetan: [ɕàmáː], Wylie: zhwa dmar, 'red hat') that was—apart from its color—an exact replica of his own crown; the Karmapa explained that the red crown symbolised their identical nature, and so the lineage of the Shamarpas began. The fourteenth Shamarpa was recognised by the sixteenth Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje.

3rd Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje
The 3rd Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (Tibetan: རང་འབྱུང་རྡོ་རྗེ་, Wylie: rang 'byung rdo rje) (1284–1339) was the 3rd Gyalwa Karmapa and head of the Karma Kagyu school, the largest school within the Kagyu tradition. He was an important figure in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, who helped to spread Buddha-nature teachings in Tibet.
Lists of replicas
This is a list of lists of replicas of various specific objects.

List of Eiffel Tower replicas

Independence Hall replicas

Replicas of the Jewish Temple

Replicas of Michelangelo's David

Replicas of Michelangelo's Pietà

Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations

List of replicas of Noah's Ark

770 Eastern Parkway replicas

Replicas of the Statue of Liberty

Stonehenge replicas and derivatives

Replicas of the White House

Stonehenge replicas and derivatives
This is a list of Stonehenge replicas and derivatives that seeks to collect all the non-ephemeral examples together. The fame of the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge in England has led to many efforts to recreate it, using a variety of different materials, around the world. Some have been carefully built as astronomically aligned models whilst others have been examples of artistic expression or tourist attractions.
Chris Baines
John Christopher Baines (born 4 May 1947) is an English naturalist, one of the UK's leading independent environmentalists. He is a horticulturalist, landscape architect, naturalist, television presenter and author.

Baines grew up in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He worked in the local parks department when he left school, and then studied horticulture and landscape architecture at Wye College, University of London.

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland. It was founded in 1889. It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns, petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

In 2023/24 the RSPB had revenue of £169 million, 2,517 employees, 13,500 volunteers and 1.1 million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it one of the world's largest wildlife conservation organisations. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 222 nature reserves.
16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate
16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16α-OH-DHEA-S), also known as 16α-hydroxy-17-oxoandrost-5-en-3β-yl sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and a metabolic intermediate in the production of estriol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) during pregnancy. It is the C3β sulfate ester of 16α-hydroxy-DHEA.

Dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone precursor. It is one of the most abundant circulating steroids in humans. DHEA is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads, and the brain. It functions as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids both in the gonads and in various other tissues. However, DHEA also has a variety of potential biological effects in its own right, binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors, and acting as a neurosteroid and modulator of neurotrophic factor receptors.

In the United States, DHEA is sold as an over-the-counter supplement, and medication called prasterone.
History of the Federated States of Micronesia
The Federated States of Micronesia are located on the Caroline Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. The history of the modern Federated States of Micronesia is one of settlement by Micronesians; colonization by Spain, Germany, and Japan; United Nations trusteeship under United States-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; and gradual independence beginning with the ratification of a sovereign constitution in 1979.

Chuuk State
Chuuk State (/ˈtʃuːk/; also known as Truk) is one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). It consists of several island groups: Nomoneas, Faichuuk, the Hall Islands, Namonuito Atoll (Magur Islands), Pattiw (Western Islands), and the Mortlock Islands. Chuuk is by far the FSM's most populous state, with 50,000 inhabitants on 120 square kilometers (46 square miles). Chuuk Lagoon is where most people live. Weno island, in the lagoon, is Chuuk's state capital and the country's biggest city. It may hold a referendum on independence in the near future, although this referendum has been repeatedly postponed.
POSIX terminal interface
The POSIX terminal interface is the generalized abstraction, comprising both an application programming interface for programs, and a set of behavioural expectations for users of a terminal, as defined by the POSIX standard and the Single Unix Specification.  It is a historical development from the terminal interfaces of BSD version 4 and Seventh Edition Unix.

Flow control (data)
In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Flow control should be distinguished from congestion control, which is used for controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred. Flow control mechanisms can be classified by whether or not the receiving node sends feedback to the sending node.

Flow control is important because it is possible for a sending computer to transmit information at a faster rate than the destination computer can receive and process it. This can happen if the receiving computers have a heavy traffic load in comparison to the sending computer, or if the receiving computer has less processing power than the sending computer.
Northern Illinois Huskies football
The Northern Illinois Huskies football team are a college football program representing Northern Illinois University (NIU) in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of college football. NIU football plays its home games at Huskie Stadium on the campus of the Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois.

The Huskies completed the most recent of their two stints in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in the 2025 season, having first played in the conference from 1975–85 before returning in 1997. They won six MAC championships – in 1983, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018, and 2021. NIU has played in 12 postseason bowl games since 2004, most notably the 2013 Orange Bowl.

The Huskies have agreed to move to the Mountain West Conference as a football-only member in 2026.

Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
The Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) was a college athletic conference that existed from 1908 to 1970 in the United States.

At one time the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, or IIAC, was a robust league that claimed most of the Illinois institutions of higher education. It was nicknamed the "Little Nineteen," but in 1928 had a membership of 23 schools.  Former Illinois State University track coach Joseph Cogdal, associated with the IIAC for 43 years of its 62-year history, noted that the league had roots in the 1870s when a number of schools banded together for oratorical contests. Their first intercollegiate football game was played in 1881 between Illinois State University and Knox College, and by 1894 a football association was established.