hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alastair Niven
Alastair Neil Robertson Niven LVO OBE (25 February 1944 – 26 March 2025) was an English literary scholar and author. He wrote books on D. H. Lawrence, Raja Rao, and Mulk Raj Anand, and over the years served as Director General of The Africa Centre, Director of Literature at the Arts Council of Great Britain and of the British Council, a principal of Cumberland Lodge, and president of English PEN. In 2021, Niven was chosen as the recipient of the Benson Medal from the Royal Society of Literature, awarded for exceptional contribution to literature.

Harris Manchester College, Oxford
Harris Manchester College (HMC), officially Manchester Academy and Harris College, is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom.

It was founded in Warrington in 1757 as the Warrington Academy, a college for Unitarian students and moved to Oxford in 1893 . It became a full college of the university in 1996, taking its current name to commemorate its predecessor the Manchester Academy and a benefaction by Lord Harris of Peckham.

The college's postgraduate and undergraduate places are exclusively for students aged 21 years or over. With around 100 undergraduates and 150 postgraduates, Harris Manchester is the smallest undergraduate college in either of the Oxbridge universities.
History of theatre
The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are present in every society, it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment, and theatrical or performative elements in other activities. The history of theatre is primarily concerned with the origin and subsequent development of the theatre as an autonomous activity. Since classical Athens in the 5th century BC, vibrant traditions of theatre have flourished in cultures across the world.

Theatre of ancient Greece
A theatrical culture flourished in ancient Greece from 700 BC. At its centre was the city-state of Athens, which became a significant cultural, political, and religious place during this period, and the theatre was institutionalised there as part of a festival called the Dionysia, which honoured the god Dionysus. Tragedy (late 500 BC), comedy (490 BC), and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres emerged there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies. Modern Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the theatre of ancient Greece, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements.
Umgeni Steam Railway
The Umgeni Steam Railway is a 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge heritage railway at Inchanga (eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality), near Durban. The Durban to Pietermaritzburg line was built in the 1880s;  it runs through a 53 metres (174 ft) long tunnel at Drummond built in 1878, which is probably the oldest tunnel in use today in South Africa

In 1982, a small Dubs locomotive was donated by the Illovo Sugar company to local enthusiasts; this was the start of the preservation group. A Class-3BR locomotive is used every month; it was built by North British Locomotive Company in February 1912. The coaches used were built between 1908 and 1953, with most being built in the 1930s.

EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality
The eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseThekwini) is a metropolitan municipality, created in 2000, that includes the city of Durban and surrounding towns. eThekwini is one of the 11 districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. As of 2011, the majority of its 3,442,361 inhabitants spoke isiZulu.
Central College (Texas)
Central College is a community college based in Houston, Texas.  Part of the Houston Community College System, it serves Downtown, Midtown and parts of the Southeast portion of the city.  Central College consists of three satellite campuses:  Americana Building, Central Campus and Willie Lee Gay Campus.

Houston Independent School District
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the largest public school system in Texas, and the eighth-largest in the United States. Houston ISD serves as a community school district for most of the city of Houston and several nearby and insular municipalities in addition to some unincorporated areas. Like most districts in Texas, it is independent of the city of Houston and all other municipal and county jurisdictions. The district has its headquarters in the Hattie Mae White Educational Support Center in Houston.

In 2016, the school district was rated "met standards" by the Texas Education Agency.
Potapovka culture
Potapovka culture (Russian: Потаповская культура, romanized: Potapovskaya kul'tura) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the middle Volga in 2100–1800 BC.

The Potapovka culture emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture. It had close relations with the Sintashta culture in the east, with whom it shares many similarities. Like the Sintashta culture, its people are believed to have spoken a form of Proto-Indo-Iranian. It was directly ancestral to the Srubnaya culture, and probably influenced the emergence of the Andronovo culture.

Haplogroup U
Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands.
Auxiliary power
Auxiliary power is electric power that is provided by an alternate source and that serves as backup for the primary power source at the station main bus or prescribed sub-bus.

An offline unit provides electrical isolation between the primary power source and the critical technical load whereas an online unit does not.

A Class A power source is a primary power source, i.e., a source that assures an essentially continuous supply of power.

Types of auxiliary power services include Class B, a standby power plant to cover extended outages of the order of days; Class C, a 10-to-60-second quick-start unit to cover short-term outages of the order of hours; and Class D, an uninterruptible non-break unit using stored energy to provide continuous power within specified voltage and frequency tolerances.

Electric power
Electric power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy within a circuit. Its SI unit is the watt, the general unit of power, defined as one joule per second. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively.

In common parlance, electric power is the production and delivery of electrical energy, an essential public utility in much of the world. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electrical grid.

Electric power can be delivered over long distances by transmission lines and used for applications such as motion, light or heat with high efficiency.
M-50 (Spain)
The M-50 orbital motorway is the outermost ring road of Madrid and its metropolitan area. It has a length of 85 km (53 mi) and, unlike the other ring roads, doesn't form a closed ring, lacking a connection in the northwest between A-6 and A-1. It runs at an average distance of 13.5 km (8.4 mi) from the Puerta del Sol. It is the longest beltway in the Madrid region, and may be compared with London's M25 motorway and Berlin's A10 beltway.

It is managed by the central government. Its construction was financed using a shadow toll system, paid with the tolls collected from the motorways R-2, R-3, R-4 and R-5.

Autovía A-6
The Autovía A-6 or Autopista AP-6 (also called Autovía del Noroeste) (Galician: Autovía do Noroeste) is a Spanish autovía and autopista route that starts in Madrid and ends in Arteixo (A Coruña).

The tolled Autopista AP-6, from Villalba to Adanero, has a total length of 72.19 km. It includes one of the most important engineering works in the whole motorway, a tri-tube tunnel under the Sierra de Guadarrama.
AN/ALQ-101 countermeasures pod
AN/ALQ-101 is an electronic countermeasures (ECM) pod used on aircraft such as the Blackburn Buccaneer at RAF Honington. It was also used in the Falklands War by the Avro Vulcan bomber during Operation Black Buck.

The system was developed and manufactured by Westinghouse Electronic Systems in Baltimore, Maryland. Its use by the RAF on Buccaneer Aircraft based at RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth was supported by Ferranti based in Edinburgh, Scotland who introduced a major update to the system. The modifications to adapt it for use on the Vulcan aircraft were carried out by the RAF.

In accordance with the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the "AN/ALQ-101" designation represents the 101st design of an Army-Navy airborne electronic device for special countermeasures equipment. The JETDS system also now is used to name all Department of Defense and some NATO electronic systems.

Electronic countermeasure
An electronic countermeasure (ECM) is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar, or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy, or make the real target appear to disappear or move about randomly. It is used effectively to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Most air forces use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances, so the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming. Self-protecting (defensive) ECM includes blip enhancement and jamming missile terminal homers.
Montreal International Black Film Festival
The Montreal International Black Film Festival is an annual film festival in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Held in September each year, the festival programs a selection of African, Caribbean, African American and Black Canadian films.

The event was launched by Fabienne Colas in 2005 as the Haitian Film Festival, with a focus specifically on films from Haiti. It was renamed to the Montreal International Black Film Festival in 2010, expanding its focus to include international films from the entire African diaspora. In 2013, Colas also launched the sibling Toronto Black Film Festival in Toronto, Ontario, and she has since launched the Halifax Black Film Festival and the Ottawa Black Film Festival.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the 2020 festival was presented entirely online. It attracted over 300,000 viewers during the course of the event, approximately 20 times the normal attendance of the in-person festival.

Halifax Black Film Festival
The Halifax Black Film Festival is an annual film festival in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Held in late February or early March each year, the festival programs a selection of African, Caribbean, African American and Black Canadian films.

The festival was launched in 2017 by Fabienne Colas. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the festival was staged online in 2021 and 2022, before returning to theatres in 2023.

The festival's projects have included Being Black in Halifax, a program which commissions short films by emerging black filmmakers from Halifax, screening them in a dedicated program at the festival before they are aired on CBC Television as a documentary series.
Azaz District
Azaz District (Arabic: منطقة أعزاز, romanized: manṭiqat A'zāz) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Azaz. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 251,769.

The district lies between Afrin District to the west, Mount Simeon District to the south and al-Bab District to the east. To the north is the Kilis Province of Turkey.

Al-Bab District
al-Bab District (Arabic: منطقة الباب, romanized: manṭiqat al-Bāb) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of al-Bab.

The district was split in 2009, when three southern subdistricts were separated to form the new Dayr Hafir District. At the 2004 census, the remaining subdistricts had a total population of 201,589.
Fiber laser
A fiber laser (or fibre laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing.

Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing, can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.

Four-wave mixing
Four-wave mixing (FWM) is an intermodulation phenomenon in nonlinear optics, whereby interactions between two or three wavelengths produce two or one new wavelengths. It is similar to the third-order intercept point in electrical systems. Four-wave mixing can be compared to the intermodulation distortion in standard electrical systems. It is a parametric nonlinear process, in that the energy of the incoming photons is conserved. FWM is a phase-sensitive process, in that the efficiency of the process is strongly affected by phase matching conditions.
Culture of Cornwall
The culture of Cornwall forms part of the culture of the United Kingdom, but has distinct customs, traditions and peculiarities. Cornwall has many strong local traditions. After many years of decline, Cornish culture has undergone a strong revival, and many groups exist to promote Cornwall's culture and language today.

Arthur Quiller-Couch
Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (/ˌkwɪlərˈkuːtʃ/; 21 November 1863 – 12 May 1944) was an English writer who published using the pseudonym Q. Although a prolific novelist, he is remembered mainly for the monumental publication The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900 (later extended to 1918) and for his literary criticism. He influenced many who never met him, including American writer Helene Hanff, author of 84, Charing Cross Road and its sequel, Q's Legacy. His The Oxford Book of English Verse was a favourite of John Mortimer's fictional character Horace Rumpole.
Padmanath Bhattacharya
Padmanath Bhattacharya (Bengali: পদ্মনাথ ভট্টাচার্য; 1868-1938) was an Indian historian. His works generally centred on the ancient Kamrup region. The Padmanath Vidyabinod Memorial Awards are named after him.

Assam Province
Assam Province was a province of British India, created in 1912 by the partition of the Eastern Bengal and Assam Province.
Its capital was in Shillong.

The Assam territory was first separated from Bengal in 1874 as the 'North-East Frontier'  non-regulation province. It was incorporated into the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 and re-established as a province in 1912.
Sheridan Downey
Sheridan Downey (March 11, 1884 – October 25, 1961) was an American lawyer and a Democratic politician from Wyoming and California. In 1934, he ran for lieutenant governor of California as Upton Sinclair's running mate in the "End Poverty in California" campaign. In 1938 he was elected U.S. Senator from California, and he served from 1939 to 1950.

Bancroft Library
The Bancroft Library is the main special collections library of the University of California, Berkeley. The original collection, acquired in 1905 from its founder Hubert Howe Bancroft, is the largest collection of materials on Californian history and Western North America in the world.
PBA Players Championship
The PBA Players Championship is one of five major tournaments on the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour. It is one of three PBA Tour major events that are open only to PBA members, although Commissioner exemptions in recent years have allowed a handful of collegiate players to participate. (The U.S. Open and USBC Masters allow qualifying amateurs to enter.)

USBC Masters
The USBC Masters is a championship ten-pin bowling event conducted by the United States Bowling Congress. The Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) began recognizing it as a title event in 1998, and it was designated one of the four majors in 2000. A PBA rule change in 2008 retroactively awarded a PBA title (and a major) to any Masters winners prior to 1998 who were PBA members at the time of the victory.
Zrkinyants Saint Gevork Church
Zrkinyants Saint Gevork Church (Armenian: Զրկինյանց Սուրբ Գևորգ Եկեղեցի; Russian: Церковь Зркинянц Св. Геворг) was an Armenian Apostolic church in Tbilisi, Georgia. It was destroyed in 1937-38 by order of Lavrentiy Beria along with 10 other churches in Tbilisi.

Old Tbilisi
Old Tbilisi (Georgian: ძველი თბილისი, dzveli t'bilisi) refers to the historical parts of Tbilisi. Although the term "Old Tbilisi" has long been used to denote the oldest part of the city, it was only in 2007 that it became an official administrative distinct, while also incorporating several historical neighbourhoods formerly included in the districts of Mtatsminda-Krtsanisi, Isani-Samgori, and Didube-Chugureti. The official district was abolished in 2013, with its territories allotted to several other divisions of the capital; however, locals and visitors continue to refer to historical districts as "Old Tbilisi" without precise boundaries.
Ecuadorian literature
Ecuadorian literature has been characterized for essentially being costumbrista and, in general, closely linked to events that are exclusively national in nature, with narratives that provide a glimpse into the life of the common citizen.The origins of Ecuadorian literature go back to the ancestral narratives that were passed down from generation to generation. These first stories dealt with fantastical, mythological, and legendary themes.

In recent years, Ecuadorian literature has achieved international notoriety thanks to authors such as Mónica Ojeda and María Fernanda Ampuero.

Aurelio Espinosa Pólit
Aurelio Espinosa Pólit (Quito, July 11, 1894 – February 21, 1961) was an Ecuadorian writer, poet, literary critic, and university professor. He co-founded the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, and he founded the Aurelio Espinosa Polit Museum and Library in Quito.

He was a Jesuit priest, in the religious order Society of Jesus. He worked on more than 600 pieces and books in his lifetime, and was a renowned translator. He translated into Spanish the complete works of the Latin poets Virgil and Horacio and the Greek playwright Sophocles. He was the first rector of the Pontifical Catholic University, where he also taught Greek language and Greek literature. He was well-versed in Latin and Greek, and spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian fluently.

The Aurelio Espinosa Pólit Prize, a leading literary prize in Ecuador, is named after him.
Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman lightweight
The men's Greco-Roman lightweight was one of thirteen wrestling events held as part of the wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics programme. The competition was held from August 2 to 5, and featured 20 wrestlers from 20 nations. Lightweight was the third-lightest category, including wrestlers weighing 62 to 67.5 kilograms (136.7 to 148.8 lb).

Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics
At the 1928 Summer Olympics, thirteen wrestling events were contested, for all men. There were six weight classes in Greco-Roman wrestling and seven classes in freestyle wrestling. The freestyle competitions were held from July 30 to August 1, 1928 and the Greco-Roman events were held from August 2 to August 5, 1928.
Angélica Mendoza de Ascarza
Angélica Mendoza de Ascarza (1 October 1929 – 28 August 2017) was a Peruvian Quechua human rights activist. She is considered to be a symbol of human rights in Peru and of those who disappeared in the country from 1980 to 2000 as a result of the internal violence in Peru and has been recognized by the International Red Cross and Amnesty International as a "tireless advocate for those women who lost their loved ones."

Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Peru)
The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Spanish: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, MINJUSDH) of Peru is the government ministry charged with advising the President of Peru in judicial matters. The ministry is responsible of the national prison system as well as the state's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church in Peru.

The minister of justice is Juan Alcántara Medrano since May 2025.
Jamille Matt
Jamille Antonio Matt (born 20 October 1989) is a Jamaican professional footballer who plays as a striker for EFL League Two club Walsall.

Matt began his career at Sutton Coldfield Town, before moving to Kidderminster Harriers in 2010. He spent three seasons at the club, before moving to Fleetwood Town in January 2013. He signed on loan for Stevenage in November 2015, and for Plymouth Argyle in March 2016. He moved to Blackpool in June 2016. He spent the 2017–18 on loan at Grimsby Town, before signing for Newport County in June 2018.

2021–22 EFL League Two
The 2021–22 EFL League Two (referred to as the Sky Bet League Two for sponsorship reasons) was the 18th season of Football League Two under its current title and the 30th season under its current league division format.

Scunthorpe were relegated along with Oldham Athletic, who became the first former FA Premier League member to be relegated to the fifth tier.
Harbridge
Harbridge is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley, in the New Forest district, in the county of Hampshire, England. It is located some four kilometres north of Ringwood and a similar distance south of Fordingbridge, in southwest Hampshire. In 1931 the parish had a population of 276.

Fordingbridge
Fordingbridge is a town and broader civil parish with a population of 6,200 on the River Avon in the New Forest District of Hampshire, England. It is located near the Dorset and Wiltshire borders and on the edge of the New Forest.

It is 81 miles (130 km) southwest of London, and 10 miles (16 km) south of the city of Salisbury. Fordingbridge is a former market town famed for its seven-arch late medieval bridge, which crosses the River Avon at the centre of the town. The Avon Valley Path passes through the town.

Since 1982 Fordingbridge has been twinned with Vimoutiers in Normandy, France.
University of Puerto Rico at Carolina
The University of Puerto Rico at Carolina (UPRC or UPR-Carolina) is a public college in Carolina, Puerto Rico. It is part of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) and is better known as CRCA or CUNICA from its former names in Spanish of Colegio Regional de Carolina and Colegio Universitario de Carolina respectively.

UPRCA is the only college in the UPR with an academic calendar divided into quarters instead of semesters, allowing complete studies in less time. It enrolls approximately 4,000 students.

University of Puerto Rico
The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Universidad de Puerto Rico; often shortened to UPR) is the main public university system in the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is a government-owned corporation with 11 campuses and approximately 44,200 students and approximately 4,450 faculty members. UPR has the largest and most diverse academic offerings in the commonwealth, with 472 academic programs of which 32 lead to a doctorate.