hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zigzag code
In coding theory, a zigzag code is a type of linear error-correcting code introduced by Ping, Huang & Phamdo (2001). They are defined by partitioning the input data into segments of fixed size, and adding sequence of check bits to the data, where each check bit is the exclusive or of the bits in a single segment and of the previous check bit in the sequence.

The code rate is high: J/(J + 1) where J is the number of bits per segment. Its worst-case ability to correct transmission errors is very limited: in the worst case it can only detect a single bit error and cannot correct any errors. However, it works better in the soft-decision model of decoding: its regular structure allows the task of finding a maximum-likelihood decoding or a posteriori probability decoding to be performed in constant time per input bit.

Decoding methods
In coding theory, decoding is the process of translating received messages into codewords of a given code. There have been many common methods of mapping messages to codewords. These are often used to recover messages sent over a noisy channel, such as a binary symmetric channel.
Løddesøl
Løddesøl is a village in Arendal municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 408 on the eastern shore of the river Nidelva. The village lies about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the village of Rise, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of the village of Nævesdal, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the village of Lindtveit, and about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) west of the town of Arendal. The village has an elementary school and preschool as well as a sawmill and some small stores.

Nidelva (Agder)
Nidelva is the main river in the Arendal drainage basin in Agder county, Norway.  The 221.7-kilometre (137.8 mi) long river begins at the confluence of two rivers: Nisserelva and Fyreselv. The confluence is located by the village of Haugsjåsund in Nissedal municipality in southern Telemark county.  The river flows south into the Skagerrak at the city of Arendal. The watershed covers 4,011 square kilometres (1,549 sq mi) and has an average waterflow of 114.4 cubic metres per second (4,040 cu ft/s) at Rykene near the mouth.  The highest waterflow ever recorded on the river was 1,200 cubic metres per second (42,000 cu ft/s) in the autumn of 1987.
Syzransky Uyezd
Syzransky Uyezd (Сызранский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Simbirsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the southern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Syzran.

Syzran
Syzran (Russian: Сызрань, IPA: [ˈsɨzrənʲ]) is the third largest city in Samara Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of Saratov Reservoir of the Volga River. Population: 165,725 (2021 Census); 178,750 (2010 Census); 188,107 (2002 Census); 174,335 (1989 Soviet census).
Lithuania Davis Cup team
The Lithuania men's national tennis team represents Lithuania in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Lithuanian Tennis Association.

Lithuania has never been a tennis country – no tennis player from Lithuania entered ATP top 500 until 2008. However, the situation is changing in recent years. Currently young Lithuanian players are winning the greatest tennis victories in the history of Lithuania. As expected, this led to the increasing popularity of tennis in the country. Now, Lithuania has a few very high quality players.

In 2012 Lithuania competed in the third group of Davis Cup, where they won all three ties and got promoted to the second group. It played seven times  there. Also, it has competed in the third group for 13 times. And once have been promoted to group one, where Lithuania team is currently playing.

Lithuanian Tennis Association
The Lithuanian Tennis Union (Lietuvos Teniso Sąjunga) is the national governing body for the sport of tennis in Lithuania. LTS was created to standardize rules and regulations and to promote and develop the growth of tennis in Lithuania.

The LTS includes 173 players including world number 77 Ričardas Berankis and has 47 coaches.

The current president is Ramūnas Grušas.

In 2023, the Lithuanian Tennis Union was forced to host Russian and Belarusian players despite the Union's position that players from the countries should be banned following the Russian invasion of Ukraine due to International Tennis Federation rules requiring they be allowed to play.
Light Up (sculpture)
Light Up, often stylised as Light Up!, is a painted steel plate public art sculpture created by American artist Tony Smith and dedicated on May 15, 1974. The sculpture is located in the University of Pittsburgh's Forbes Quadrangle between Posvar Hall, the Barco Law Building, and Hillman Library.  Commissioned in 1971 by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, it was originally situated in Gateway Center in downtown Pittsburgh, but was donated to the University of Pittsburgh and relocated to its Oakland campus in 1988.  The sculpture was temporarily recited to the Seagram Plaza in New York City in 1998 for an exhibition of Smith's work at the Museum of Modern Art.

Tony Smith (sculptor)
Anthony Peter Smith (September 23, 1912 – December 26, 1980) was an American sculptor, painter, architectural designer, and a noted art theorist. As a leading sculptor in the 1960s and 1970s, Smith is often associated with the minimalist art movement.
Link Stack
Link Stack (65°36′S 64°34′W﻿ / ﻿65.600°S 64.567°W﻿ / -65.600; -64.567) is a rocky pillar at the northwest end of Chavez Island, off the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill, 1934–37. The stack was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 because it was here that the 1957 winter surveys by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey from the Prospect Point station were linked with the 1957–58 summer surveys by the British Naval Hydrographic Survey Unit.

Chavez Island
Chavez Island (65°38′S 64°32′W﻿ / ﻿65.633°S 64.533°W﻿ / -65.633; -64.533) is an island 3 nautical miles (6 km) long which rises to 550 metres (1,800 ft), lying immediately west of Magnier Peninsula, which is between Leroux Bay and Bigo Bay, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered and named by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, probably for Commandant Alfonso Chaves of Ponta Delgada, Azores, but the spelling Chavez has become established through long usage.
Liam Baker
Liam Baker (born 27 January  1998) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played junior representative football with West Perth in the WAFL and represented Western Australia at national championships at under 18 level. After being undrafted in 2016, Baker then played senior WAFL football with Subiaco. Baker was drafted by Richmond in the 2018 rookie draft and made his AFL debut in round 19, 2018. He was an AFL premiership player with Richmond in 2019 and 2020, and in 2020 was named to the AFL's 22Under22 team, recognising the best young players in the league.

Dreamtime at the 'G
The Dreamtime at the 'G is an annual Australian rules football match between Australian Football League clubs Essendon and Richmond.

Since the 2007 season the match has been held annually on the Saturday night of the AFL's "Indigenous Round", also known as the Sir Doug Nicholls Round. The name of the match comes from the Australian Aboriginal term "Dreamtime" and "the 'G", a nickname for the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) where the match usually takes place; it has been played away from the ground on two occasions, when the COVID-19 pandemic impacted football in Victoria.

The game draws one of the highest crowds of the home-and-away season, with an average crowd of over 70,000 since its inception (with the exception of rain-affected matches), and a record attendance of 85,656 in 2017. The winning club is awarded the "Kevin Sheedy Cup", and the best player on the ground is awarded the "Yiooken Award".
Theodor Fuchs
Theodor Fuchs (15 September 1842 in Eperies – 5 October 1925 in Steinach am Brenner) was an Austrian geologist and paleontologist.

He studied geology and paleontology at the University of Vienna as a pupil of Eduard Suess (doctorate 1863). Following graduation, he worked as an assistant at the Hofmineralienkabinett in Vienna, being named its curator in 1880. From 1889 to 1904 he was director of the geologic-paleontological department at the Natural History Museum in Vienna. In 1897 he became an associate professor of paleontology at the university.

His primary research dealt with studies of stratigraphic conditions of the Late Tertiary of the Vienna Basin and investigations of Tertiary deposits in the Mediterranean.

In 1894 he proposed the Chattian age, a chronostratigraphic stage of the Oligocene epoch. In 1895 he was the first to report on soft sediment deformations known today as "load casts" — at the time, Fuchs used the descriptive term Fließwülste (flow crests).

Eduard Suess
Eduard Suess (Austrian German: [ˈeːdu.ard ˈsyːs]; 20 August 1831 – 26 April 1914) was an Austrian geologist and a specialist on the geography of the Alps. He is responsible for hypothesising two major former geographical features, the supercontinent Gondwana (proposed in 1861) and the Tethys Ocean. He also introduced the concepts of eustasy. As a professor of geology at the University of Vienna, he was a founding figure in geology in Austria, influencing numerous geologists across Europe. He was considered the "dean of geology" at the beginning of the twentieth century. He was also an Austrian parliament representative for the liberal party.
John Sudworth
John Sudworth (Chinese: 沙磊) is a British journalist. He was previously the Beijing correspondent for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and is currently a North American correspondent for the network. He had lived and worked in China for nine years. His wife, Yvonne Murray, is a reporter for the Irish public broadcaster RTÉ. In 2017, Sudworth and his camera crew were attacked and forced to sign a confession in a Chinese village. In 2020, Sudworth won a George Polk Award for his reporting on the Xinjiang internment camps. After suffering pressure and threats from the Chinese government, he left Beijing and moved to Taipei with his wife and three young children in March 2021.

George Polk Awards
The George Polk Awards in Journalism are a series of American journalism awards presented annually by Long Island University in New York in the United States. A writer for Idea Lab, a group blog hosted on the website of PBS, described the award as "one of only a couple of journalism prizes that means anything". The award is described as follows:

For 75 years, LIU has been the proud home of the George Polk Awards in Journalism, the first major award of its kind to recognize reporting across all media. This prestigious honor focuses on the intrepid, bold, and influential work of the reporters themselves, placing a premium on investigative work that is original, resourceful, and thought-provoking.
Varying Permeability Model
The Varying Permeability Model, Variable Permeability Model or VPM is an algorithm that is used to calculate the decompression  needed for ambient pressure dive profiles using specified breathing gases. It was developed by D.E. Yount and others for use in professional and recreational diving. It was developed to model laboratory observations of bubble formation and growth in both inanimate and in vivo systems exposed to pressure. In 1986, this model was applied by researchers at the University of Hawaiʻi to calculate diving decompression tables.

Several variations of the algorithm have been used in mobile and desktop dive planning software and in dive computers.

Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) is an organization based in the US which supports research on matters of hyperbaric medicine and physiology, and provides a certificate of added qualification for physicians with an unrestricted license to practice medicine and for limited licensed practitioners, at the completion of the Program for Advanced Training in Hyperbaric Medicine. They support an extensive library and are a primary source of information for diving and hyperbaric medicine physiology worldwide.
Liu Chih-yun
Chih-Yun Liu (Chinese: 劉熾雲; pinyin: Liú Chìyún) served as Deputy International Commissioner of the Boy Scouts of China.

In 1995, Liu was awarded the 242nd Bronze Wolf, the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting.

Bronze Wolf Award
The World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf Award is presented by it for outstanding international service by an individual to the Scout Movement.

The award consists of a bronze wolf pendant hung on a dark green ribbon bordered by two narrow stripes of yellow.

The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) has awarded just over 400 Bronze Wolf Awards since it inaugurated its award in 1935. WOSM has restricted the number of recipients in order to maintain the award's significance. Currently, the award is limited to approximately one recipient for every two million members worldwide.
Albania–Taiwan relations
Albania–Taiwan relations are the bilateral relations between Albania (formally the Republic of Albania) and Taiwan (formally the Republic of China). The two sides do not maintain formal diplomatic relations, nor do they have representative offices with embassy functions in each other’s capitals. Affairs related to Albania are handled by the Taipei Representative Office in Italy.

Italy–Taiwan relations
The bilateral relations between Italy and the Republic of China (Taiwan) began with official diplomatic relations from 1913 to 1941 and from 1944 to 1970, but these were interrupted by World War II. Since 6 November 1970, Italy has recognized the People's Republic of China under the "One China policy," and thus maintains relations with Taiwan through unofficial channels.
Kosmos 1317
Kosmos 1317 (Russian: Космос 1317 meaning Cosmos 1317) was a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1981 as part of the Soviet military's Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 1317 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 22:54 UTC on 31 October 1981. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1981-108A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 12933.

Kosmos 1317 was a US-K satellite like Kosmos 862 that self-destructed in orbit, NASA believe deliberately. The first debris elements were
spotted on 25 May 1981. All of the resultant debris is still in orbit.

US-K
Upravlyaemy Sputnik Kontinentalny (US-K; Russian: Управляемый Спутник Континентальный meaning Continental Controllable Satellite; Russian: УС-К) is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites used to detect missile launches as part of the Oko system. It consists of a constellation of satellites, usually in molniya orbits, designated under the Kosmos system. The satellites are built by the company NPO Lavochkin and are launched on Molniya-M rockets. Oko can be directly translated as the Russian word for eye.  As of June 2014, only two of the eight satellites in orbit were still functional, rendering the system inoperable.
NGC 681
NGC 681 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus, located approximately 66.5 million light-years from Earth.

NGC 681 is a member of the MCG -02-05-053 group (also known as LGG 33), which contains four galaxies, including NGC 701 and IC 1738.

Intermediate spiral galaxy
An intermediate spiral galaxy is a galaxy that is in between the classifications of a barred spiral galaxy and an unbarred spiral galaxy. It is designated as SAB in the galaxy morphological classification system devised by Gerard de Vaucouleurs, and is also known as a weakly barred spiral galaxy. Subtypes are labeled as SAB0, SABa, SABb, or SABc, following a sequence analogous to the Hubble sequence for barred and unbarred spirals. The subtype (0, a, b, or c) is based on the relative prominence of the central bulge and how tightly wound the spiral arms are.
Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, 'the unborn, embryo'; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of zoology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization and development of embryos and fetuses. Embryology includes teratology, the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.

Early embryology, put forward by Marcello Malpighi, was preformationist in concept: based on the idea that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves.  The theory now accepted, epigenesis, is the idea that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps.  This concept was proposed in antiquity by Aristotle. Modern embryology developed from the work of Karl Ernst von Baer, though accurate observations had been made in Italy by anatomists such as Aldrovandi and Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance.

Fetus
A fetus or foetus (/ˈfiːtəs/; pl.: fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring of a viviparous animal that develops from an embryo. Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, in general a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional, and some may not yet be situated in their final anatomical location.

In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (which is the eleventh week of gestational age) and continues until the birth of a newborn.
Monte Colombo
Monte Colombo is a frazione and former comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) south of Rimini.

Monte Colombo borders the following municipalities: Coriano, Gemmano, Montescudo, and San Clemente.

Gemmano
Gemmano (Romagnol: Zman) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 15 km (9 mi) south of Rimini.

Gemmano borders the following municipalities: Mercatino Conca, Montescudo-Monte Colombo, Montefiore Conca, San Clemente, Sassocorvaro Auditore, Sassofeltrio.

Sights include the sanctuary of Madonna di Carbognano, built on the ancient site of a God Pan temple.

The town was razed during the Battle of Gemmano, an engagement in World War II.
Rodrigo Martins (politician)
Rodrigo Rodrigues de Souza Martins (born 2 August 1982) is a Brazilian politician. From 2015 to 2019, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He is the nephew of Wilson Nunes Martins and Rubem Martins.

Wilson Nunes Martins
Wilson Nunes Martins (born May 17, 1953, in Santa Cruz do Piauí, Piauí) is a Brazilian politician and member of the Workers Party (PT). He served as Governor of Piauí from April 1, 2010, to April 2, 2014.
St. Nicholas Kirche (New York City)
40°43′23″N 73°59′10″W﻿ / ﻿40.723°N 73.986°W﻿ / 40.723; -73.986

St. Nicholas Kirche is a former Roman Catholic church located at 127 East Second Street between Avenue A and First Avenue in the Alphabet City/East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The church, known in German as Deutsche Römisch-Katholische St. Nicholas Kirche ("St. Nicholas Roman Catholic German Church"), was the national parish for the local German-speaking population.

National parish
National parish is a type of Catholic parish distinguished by liturgical rites or nationality of the congregation; it is found within a diocese or particular Church, which includes other types of parishes in the same geographical area, each parish being unique. A national parish is distinguished from the commonly known type of parish, the territorial parish, which serves a territory subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the territorial parish priest. A national parish is an ecclesiastic subdivision which serves a community of people but is not necessarily a geographic subdivision.
Henry III, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels
Henry III of Münsterberg-Oels (also: Henry III of Poděbrady, Henry III of Bernstadt; German: Heinrich III. von Podiebrad; Czech: Jindřich III-Minstrbersko Olešnický; 29 April 1542, Oleśnica – 10 April 1587, Oleśnica) was Duke of Münsterberg from 1565 to 1574 and Duke of Bernstadt.  He also held the title of Count of Glatz.

Duchy of Münsterberg
The Duchy of Münsterberg (German: Herzogtum Münsterberg) or Duchy of Ziębice (Polish: Księstwo Ziębickie, Czech: Minstrberské knížectví) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, with a capital in Münsterberg (Ziębice). Existing from 1321/1322 to 1742, it was located in what came to be referred to as Lower Silesia. Its territory is similar to modern Ząbkowice Śląskie County in Poland.
Out of the Tunnel's Mouth
Out of the Tunnel's Mouth is the 20th studio album by English guitarist and songwriter Steve Hackett, released in October 2009 by Wolfwork and EAR Music. Hackett started recording the album in 2008 while he was involved in a legal case against his ex-wife Kim Poor, which created problems regarding its release. As a result, recording took place in his living room with his touring keyboardist Roger King serving as co-producer. The album includes performances by founding Genesis guitarist Anthony Phillips and Yes bassist Chris Squire.

Out of the Tunnel's Mouth was initially available through Hackett's website and his live shows, until it received a formal release by InsideOut Music in April 2010. This included a 2-CD Special Edition with an extra disc two containing live tracks from the 2009 tour and a previously unreleased studio track. Hackett supported the album with his Around the World in 80 Trains Tour, recordings from which were released on the live album Live Rails (2011).

Live Rails
Live Rails is an album by musician Steve Hackett. It was recorded during the tour around the release of Out of the Tunnel's Mouth. It is also one of several of Hackett's official live releases beginning with The Tokyo Tapes (1998) to feature a growing number of Genesis songs. The inclusion of these songs foreshadows Hackett's Genesis Revisited tours, which began in 2013.
Everette Lee DeGolyer
Everette Lee DeGolyer (October 9, 1886 – December 14, 1956), was a prominent oil company executive, petroleum exploration geophysicist and philanthropist in Dallas. He was known as "the founder of applied geophysics in the petroleum industry", and as "the father of American geophysics," and was a legendary collector of rare and often early edition books primarily in the fields of Southwestern history, railroads, law, geology, science and physics, and both English and American literature.

Geophysical Service
Geophysical Service Inc. (often abbreviated GSI) was a Texas-based company founded by John Clarence Karcher and Eugene McDermott in 1930, for the purpose of using refraction and reflection seismology to explore for petroleum deposits.