hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
52nd New York State Legislature
The 52nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 5, 1829, during the short tenure of Martin Van Buren as Governor of New York, and—after Van Buren's resignation—during the first year of Enos T. Throop's governorship, in Albany.

Tioga County, New York
Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

The county's name is a corruption of Iroquois De-yoh-ho-gah, meaning "at the forks" or "where it forks."
House of Metternich
The House of Metternich was an old German noble family originating in the Rhineland.  The most prominent member was Prince Klemens von Metternich, who was the dominant figure at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). As a former reigning house (mediatised), the Metternich family belonged to the small circle of high nobility.

Electorate of Trier
The Electorate of Trier (German: Kurfürstentum Trier or Kurtrier; French: Trèves) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the end of the 9th to the early 19th century. It was the temporal possession of the prince-archbishop of Trier (Erzbistum Trier) who was, ex officio, a prince-elector of the empire. The other ecclesiastical electors were the archbishops (in the secular context called simply electors) of Cologne and Mainz.

The capital of the electorate was Trier; from the 16th century onward, the main residence of the Elector was in Koblenz. The electorate was secularized in 1803 in the course of the German mediatisation.

The Elector of Trier, in his capacity as archbishop, also administered the Archdiocese of Trier, whose territory did not correspond to the electorate (see map below).
Bhagwan Mahavir Government Museum
Bhagwan Mahavir Government Museum is an archaeological museum located in the Kadapa City of Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1982 by the government to protect the ancient artifacts of archaeological importance. It' establishment was funded by a Jain businessman and hence was named after their deity Mahavira. The idols of Lord Ganesha, Lord Vishnu, Lord Hanuman and Lord Shiva are present inside the museum which date back to the period between the 5th and the 18th century. All these antiquities made of granite, dolomite, limestone, bronze icons were found in the excavations carried out at different places of Cuddapah, Hyderabad and Kurnool districts.

Kadapa
Kadapa is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the Penna River. The city is surrounded on three sides by the Nallamala and Palkonda Hills lying on the tectonic landscape between the Eastern and Western ghats. Black and red ferrous soils occupy the region. The city is nicknamed "Gadapa" ('threshold') since it is the gateway from the west to the hills of Tirumala.

Kadapa has been under different rulers in its history, including the Cholas, the Vijayanagara Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore.
Hitit Computer Services
Hitit Computer Services is a travel technology company that provides commercial and operational IT systems for the airline and travel industry. It is headquartered in the ITU Arı Technopolis science park on the campus of Istanbul Technical University. Hitit is publicly listed at the Borsa Istanbul stock exchange since March 2022.

Travel technology
Travel technology (also called tourism technology or hospitality automation) refers to the application of information technology (IT) and information and communications technology (ICT) within the travel, tourism, and hospitality industries.

Examples of travel technology include computer reservation systems (CRS), global distribution systems (GDS), online travel agencies (OTAs), flight tracking systems, mobile booking platforms, and online review platforms that allow travelers to share and evaluate experiences.

Historically, travel technology was closely associated with airline computer reservation systems developed in the mid-20th century. Over time, the term expanded to encompass the broader tourism and hospitality sectors, including hotel management systems, destination management systems, and digital marketing platforms.
Maximum life span
Maximum life span (or, for humans, maximum reported age at death) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death. The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive between birth and death, provided circumstances that are optimal to that member's longevity.

Most living species have an upper limit on the number of times somatic cells not expressing telomerase can divide. This is called the Hayflick limit, although this number of cell divisions does not strictly control lifespan.

Hayflick limit
The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal somatic, differentiated human cell population will divide before cell division stops.

The concept of the Hayflick limit was advanced by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick demonstrated that a normal human fetal cell population will divide between 40 and 60 times in cell culture before entering a senescence phase. This finding refuted the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal cells are immortal.

Hayflick interpreted his discovery to be aging at the cellular level. The aging of cell populations appears to correlate with the overall physical aging of an organism.

Macfarlane Burnet coined the name "Hayflick limit" in his book Intrinsic Mutagenesis: A Genetic Approach to Ageing, published in 1974.
Pan de cazón
Pan de cazón (Spanish: "bread of small shark") is a casserole dish in Mexican cuisine that is prepared in the style of lasagna using layered tortillas with shark meat such as dogfish shark, black beans or refried black beans and spiced tomato sauce with habanero. It has been described as a specialty dish of the state of Campeche, Mexico.

The dish is typically prepared with blacktip shark in Campeche, and in Yucatán dogfish shark is typically used. Preparation traditionally involves boiling the shark meat in seasoned water and then shredding it.

Habanero
The habanero (/ˌ(h)ɑːbəˈnɛəroʊ/; Spanish: [aβaˈneɾo] ⓘ) is a pungent cultivar of Capsicum chinense chili pepper. Unripe habaneros are green, and they color as they mature. The most common color variants are orange and red, but the fruit may also be white, brown, yellow, green, or purple. Typically, a ripe habanero is 2–6 centimetres (3⁄4–2+1⁄4 inches) long. Habanero chilis are very hot, rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale. The habanero's heat, flavor, and floral aroma make it a common ingredient in hot sauces and other spicy foods.
Punnagavarali
Punnagavarali, a raga in Carnatic Music, is a derived scale from Hanumatodi, which is the 8th melakarta Raga in the 72 melakarta system.

Punnagavarali raga is associated with karuna rasa and snakes (naga means snake). Snake charmers play this scale. It is said to attract snakes, if sung perfectly. In wedding ceremonies, a piece called the Odam usually played at the muhurtam, is often in Punnagavarali. This is an ancient raga and traditional Tamil pieces such as Nondichindu are also set in this.

Melakarta
Mēḷakartā is a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). Mēḷakartā ragas are parent ragas (hence known as janaka ragas) from which other ragas may be derived. A melakarta raga is sometimes referred as mela, karta or sampurna as well, though the latter usage is inaccurate, as a sampurna raga need not be a melakarta (take the raga Bhairavi, for example).

In Hindustani music the thaat is the rough equivalent of Melakartā. There are 10 thaats in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted melakarta scheme has 72 ragas.
Nemania effusa
Nemania effusa is a species of ascomycete fungus in the family Xylariaceae. It is often found living on the dead bark of willow trees. The species was originally named Hypoxylon effusum by German botanist Theodor Rudolph Joseph Nitschke in 1867; Zdeněk Pouzar transferred it to Nemania in 1985.

Xylariaceae
The Xylariaceae are a family of mostly small ascomycetous fungi. It is one of the most commonly encountered groups of ascomycetes and is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. They are typically found on wood, seeds, fruits, or plant leaves, some even associated with insect nests. Most decay wood and many are plant pathogens.

One example of this family is King Alfred's Cake (Daldinia concentrica).

Phylogenetic analyses published in 2009 suggest that there are two main lineages in this family, Hypoxyloideae and Xylarioideae.
Office for Judicial Complaints
The Office for Judicial Complaints (OJC) was an office within the Ministry of Justice which, between 2004 and 2013, managed the handling of complaints against the judiciary of England and Wales. On 1 October 2013 it was replaced by the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office.

The OJC also assisted in the handling of complaints against the judiciary of Scotland between 2004 and 2011, when the Judicial Complaints Reviewer was introduced.

Judiciary of England and Wales
There are various levels of judiciary in England and Wales—different types of courts have different styles of judges. They also form a strict hierarchy of importance, in line with the order of the courts in which they sit, so that judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales are given more weight than district judges sitting in the County Court and magistrates' courts. On 1 April 2020 there were 3,174 judges in post in England and Wales. Some judges with United Kingdom-wide jurisdiction also sit in England and Wales, particularly Justices of the United Kingdom Supreme Court and members of the tribunals judiciary.

By statute, judges are guaranteed continuing judicial independence.

There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians, however, for a distinct Welsh criminal justice system.

The following is a list of the various types of judges who sit in the courts of England and Wales:
2012 emo killings in Iraq
The 2012 emo killings in Iraq were a string of homicides that were part of a campaign against Iraqi teenage boys who dressed in an emo style carried out by paramilitary groups as an attack on Western culture. Between 6 and 70 young men were kidnapped, tortured and murdered in Baghdad, Iraq, during March 2012. In September 2012, BBC News reported that gay men in Baghdad said the killings had not abated.

Ministry of Interior (Iraq)
The Ministry of Interior (MOI) is the government body charged with overseeing policing and border control in Iraq. The MOI comprises several agencies, including the Iraqi Police, Highway Patrol, Traffic Department, Emergency Response Unit, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Unit, and Department of Border Enforcement. Following passage of the Facilities Protection Service Reform Law, the Ministry absorbed FPS personnel previously spread among other ministries.  The MOI has approximately 380,430 employees, and the Ministry of Finance approved US$3.8 billion for its 2008 budget, representing a 21% growth over the previous year.: 37
Terek, Alay
Terek (Kyrgyz: Терек, romanized: Terek) is a village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Alay District. Its population was 1,576 in 2021.

Nearby towns and villages include Sopu-Korgon (3 miles), Jerge-Tal (4 miles) and Askaly (5 miles).

Jerge-Tal, Osh
Jerge-Tal (Kyrgyz: Жерге-Тал) is a village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Alay District. Its population was 712 in 2021.

Nearby villages include Sopu-Korgon, Chiy-Talaa and Kichi-Karakol.
Point Davis
Point Davis (60°46′S 44°39′W﻿ / ﻿60.767°S 44.650°W﻿ / -60.767; -44.650) is a point 1.2 nautical miles (2.2 km) west-northwest of Point Rae on the north side of Scotia Bay, Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands. Charted in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under Bruce, who named it for W.G. Davis, Director of the Argentine Meteorological Office.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Point Davis". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Point Rae
Point Rae (60°46′S 44°37′W﻿ / ﻿60.767°S 44.617°W﻿ / -60.767; -44.617) is a point marking the northeast side of the entrance to Scotia Bay on the south coast of Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands. It was charted in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under Bruce, who named it for John Rae, Scottish Arctic explorer and member of the Sir John Richardson expedition of 1854, which discovered the fate of the Sir John Franklin Arctic expedition of 1847.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Point Rae". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Salvia garipensis
Salvia garipensis is a species of sage, commonly called Gariep sage. It is native to Namibia and South Africa′s Northern Cape province, where it grows on well-drained stony slopes and along water courses at 630–2200 m in altitude.

The epithet garipensis has its origins in the Khoekhoegowab word for ″river″ as applied to the Orange River, which forms a border between South Africa and Namibia. Its spelling has been treated inconsistently in the literature. While some global databases (e.g. Plants of the World Online) adopt gariepensis as a corrected form, South African floristic works (including Flora Capensis, vol. 5, 1912) and several nomenclatural sources retain the original published spelling garipensis E.Mey. ex Benth..

This species is most closely related to the South African species Salvia chamelaeagnea and Salvia albicaulis, as well as the eastern Mediterranean's Salvia dominica.

Salvia chamelaeagnea
Salvia chamelaeagnea is a species of flowering plant in genus Salvia, known as sages. It is endemic to South Africa, where it grows on the western coastline of the Cape of Good Hope. It is a shrubby perennial herb up to 6 feet (1.8 metres) tall and 4 feet (1.2 metres) wide. It bears three-quarters-inch (two-centimetre) light violet-blue flowers with pale lower lips and white throats. The small, green leaves release a slight medicinal odor when brushed. In the wild, the plant grows in sandy soil in streambeds, open fields, and roadsides. It is cultivated for gardens.

Common names for the plant in Afrikaans include Afrikaanse salie and bloublommetjiesalie.
Daewoo Precision Industries K3
The Daewoo Precision Industries K3 is a South Korean light machine-gun. It is the third indigenous firearm developed in South Korea by the Agency for Defense Development, following the K1 and K2 assault rifles. It is manufactured by Daewoo Precision Industries, current SNT Motiv. The K3 is capable of firing both 5.56×45mm NATO and .223 Remington rounds like the K2 assault rifle. The K3 light machine gun entered service in 1989, replacing the M60 machine gun in frontline use.

This machine gun will be replaced by SNT Motiv K15 from its service since 2022.

Daewoo Precision Industries K1
The Daewoo Precision Industries K1 is a family of South Korean selective-fire assault rifles  developed by Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and manufactured by Daewoo Precision Industries (now SNT Motiv) and Dasan Machineries (since 2016). It entered service in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces in 1981.

Though considered a rifle, the K1 was designated as a submachine gun (기관단총) by the Ministry of National Defense due to the K1 replacing the M3 submachine gun in purpose.
Georgios Skoutarides
Georgios Skoutarides (Greek: Γεώργιος Σκουταρίδης) (1885 – 1962) was a Greek athlete.  He competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens and at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. In 1906, he was eliminated in the first round of the 110 metre hurdles competition. Two years later, Skoutarides ran in the first heat of the 100 metres, placing second to Edward Duffy and not advancing to the semifinals. He also participated in the 110 metre hurdles event where he was also eliminated in the first round.

Edward Duffy (athlete)
Edward John Duffy (6 June 1883 – 19 October 1918) was a South African athlete. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.

He was born in Ryno, North West and died in Johannesburg.

Duffy was a semifinalist (top 17) in the 100 metres at the 1908 Olympic Games, winning the first heat with a time of 11 3⁄5 seconds. Duffy took third place in semifinal 3, losing to James Rector, the eventual silver medalist.

Duffy lost in the preliminary heats of the 200 metres, placing second to Harold Huff. His time was 23.2 seconds, .4 slower than Huff.
Levi David Addai
Levi David Addai is a British screenwriter and playwright. He is best known for the award-winning Damilola, Our Loved Boy, the critically acclaimed Youngers and his stage plays 93.2FM, House of Agnes and Oxford Street.

Screen Nation Film and Television Awards
The Screen Nation Film & TV Awards, formerly the bfm (black filmmaker) Film and TV Awards, was founded in September 2003 by independent film producer Charles Thompson, as a platform to raise the profile of black British and international film and television talent of African heritage.
Mount Serle
Mount Serle is the name of both a mountain peak and a former sheep station in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia. Known by the name Arta-wararlpanha, the location is also of important cultural and spiritual significance to the Adnyamathanha people, who lived there long before European settlement in the mid-19th century. The Greenwood family were prominent pastoralists as well as mineral prospectors in the area, in particular William Bentley Greenwood and his son Gordon Arthur Greenwood. W. B. Greenwood discovered the uranium deposits at Mount Painter (now part of Arkaroola Protection Area), which were identified by geologist Douglas Mawson in 1910. The station was poor pastoral country, and has been destocked. Although not an official protected area, is home to many native animals.

Feral goats in Australia
Feral goats are an invasive animal species in Australia. First arriving in the 18th century with European settlers, feral goat populations originated from escaped domestic individuals. Today, feral goats are found across Australia, where they cause economic and environmental damage through overgrazing and competition with livestock and native marsupials.
Johanna Rytting Kaneryd
Anna Johanna Rytting Kaneryd  (Swedish: [jʊˈhânːa ˈrʏ̂tːɪŋ ˈkɑ̂ːnɛˌryːd]; born 12 February 1997) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Women's Super League club Chelsea and the Sweden national team.

In December 2024, she was awarded the Diamond Ball Award, the highest award in Swedish women's football.

Women's League Cup
The Women's League Cup, also known as the Subway Women's League Cup for sponsorship reasons, is a league cup competition in English women's association football. The competition was originally open to the eight teams in the FA WSL, but since the WSL's restructuring to two divisions, it has featured 23 teams. Prior to this it was known as the FA WSL Cup. Following the completed takeover by Women's Professional Leagues Limited (WPLL), the cup is now referred to as the Women's League Cup.

Fourteen editions have been played, with Arsenal being the most successful club with seven titles.

Following a successful use of the VAR (Video Assistant Referee) and Goal line technology in the 2023 Womens FA Cup final, they were used for the first time in the competions history in the 2024 final and both have been used in the finals since.
Peterhead Lifeboat Station
Peterhead Lifeboat Station is located at West Pier, in the harbour town of Peterhead, on the east coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

A lifeboat was first stationed at Peterhead in 1865, by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

The station currently operates a Tamar-class All-weather lifeboat, 16-03 The Misses Robertson of Kintail (ON 1282), on station since 2006.

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
Triphenylstibine
Triphenylstibine is the chemical compound with the formula Sb(C6H5)3, which is often abbreviated SbPh3, This colourless solid is a common organoantimony(III) compound.  It serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry and as a reagent in organic synthesis.

Like the related molecules triphenylamine, triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine, SbPh3 is pyramidal with a propeller-like arrangement of the phenyl groups.  The Sb-C distances average 2.14-2.17 Å and the C-Sb-C angles are 95°.

Triphenylarsine
Triphenylarsine is the chemical compound with the formula As(C6H5)3. This organoarsenic compound, often abbreviated AsPh3, is a colorless crystalline solid that is used as a ligand and a reagent in coordination chemistry and organic synthesis. The molecule is pyramidal with As-C distances of 1.942–1.956 Å and C-As-C angles of 99.6–100.5°.
Admete (Oceanid)
In Greek mythology, Admete (/ædˈmiːtiː/; Ancient Greek: Ἀδμήτη means 'the unbroken, unwedded or untamed') was one of the 3,000 Oceanids, daughters of the Titans Oceanus and his sister-wife Tethys. The name of Admete/ Admeta was the female form of Admetus. Along with her other sisters, Admete was one of the companions of Persephone in Sicily when the god Hades abducted the daughter of Demeter.

Oceanids
In Greek mythology, the Oceanids or Oceanides (/oʊˈsiːənɪdz, ˈoʊʃənɪdz/ oh-SEE-ə-nidz, OH-shə-nidz; Ancient Greek: Ὠκεανίδες, romanized: Ōkeanídes, sg. Ὠκεανίς, Ōkeanís) are the nymphs who were the three thousand (a number interpreted as meaning "innumerable") daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys.
Greyhound Board of Great Britain
The Greyhound Board of Great Britain (GBGB) is the organisation that governs licensed greyhound racing in Great Britain. It does not govern independent tracks or Northern Irish tracks and therefore has no jurisdiction over them.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is a ministerial department of the government of the United Kingdom. The department is responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. Concordats set out agreed frameworks for cooperation, between it and the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations.

Defra also leads for the United Kingdom on agricultural, fisheries and environmental matters in international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change, although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility; later transferred to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister in July 2016.