hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Welfare Reform Act 2009
The Welfare Reform Act 2009 (c. 24) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It reforms the law relating to social security benefits.

The act established Employment and Support Allowance, which replaces existing Incapacity Benefit.

The act introduced increased benefit conditionality, expanded requirements to undertake work-related activity and introduced sanctions for non-compliance with various obligations.

The act gave disabled people a "right to control" state support spent on them.

Incapacity Benefit
Incapacity Benefit was a British social security benefit that was paid to people facing extra barriers to work because of their long-term illness or their disability. It replaced Invalidity Benefit in 1995. The government began to phase out Incapacity Benefit in 2008 by making it unavailable to new claimants, and later moved almost all the remaining long-term recipients onto Employment and Support Allowance.
David Gardiner (politician)
David Gardiner (May 29, 1784 – February 28, 1844) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of New York State Senate from 1824 to 1828. He was the father of Julia Gardiner Tyler, second wife of U.S. President John Tyler. He died in an explosion aboard the USS Princeton.

Gardiners Island
Gardiner's Island is a small island in the Town of East Hampton, New York, in Eastern Suffolk County. It is located in Gardiner's Bay between the two peninsulas at the east end of Long Island. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) long, 3 miles (4.8 km) wide and has 27 miles (43 km) of coastline.

The island has been owned by the Gardiner family and their descendants since 1639 when Lion Gardiner purchased it from the Montaukett chief Wyandanch. At 5.19 square miles (13.4 km2), it is one of the largest privately owned islands in the United States, though slightly smaller than Naushon Island in Massachusetts, owned by the Forbes family.
New Mexico State Road 93
State Road 93 (NM 93) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately 16.5 miles (26.6 km). NM 93's southern terminus is a continuation of Curry County Road E at the Quay–Curry county line, and the northern terminus is at Interstate 40 (I-40) where it continues north as NM 392 north of Endee.

Interstate 40 in New Mexico
Interstate 40 (I-40), a major east–west route of the Interstate Highway System, runs east–west through Albuquerque in the US state of New Mexico. It is the direct replacement for the historic U.S. Highway 66 (US 66).
32nd Chess Olympiad
The 32nd Chess Olympiad (Armenian: 32-րդ Շախմատային օլիմպիադա, 32-rd Shakhmatayin olimpiadan), organized by FIDE and comprising an open and a women's tournament, took place between September 15 and October 2, 1996, in Yerevan, Armenia. Both tournament sections were officiated by international arbiter Alesha Khachatrian of Armenia.

The Russian team won their third consecutive title, captained by PCA world champion Kasparov. Once again, due to a dispute with the national federation, FIDE champion Anatoly Karpov was not present. Ukraine, led by Ivanchuk, took the silver, and the United States returned to the medal ranks for the first time since the fall of the Iron Curtain, beating England by half a point on tie break—somewhat ironically, half of the US team were born in Eastern Europe.

In addition to the overall medal winners, the teams were divided into seeding groups, with the top finishers in each group receiving special prizes.

Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.
Arv Garrison
Arvin Charles Garrison (August 17, 1922 – July 30, 1960) was an American jazz guitarist. He was born in Toledo, Ohio, and spent most of his life there.

Garrison taught himself ukulele at age nine and played guitar for dances and local functions beginning at the age of twelve. He led his own band at a hotel in Albany, New York, in 1941. He married a double bassist and performed with her in a group under her name, the Vivien Garry Trio. They recorded one album.

In 1946, Garrison recorded sessions with Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie in Los Angeles, sharing the studio with Miles Davis, Dodo Marmarosa, and Lucky Thompson. As part of the Earle Spencer orchestra, he played in a guitar section that included Irving Ashby and Barney Kessel.

In the 1950s he returned to Toledo and played locally. In 1960, while he was swimming, he died when he had an epileptic seizure in the water.

Lucky Thompson
Eli "Lucky" Thompson (June 16, 1924 – July 30, 2005) was an American jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist whose playing combined elements of swing and bebop. Although John Coltrane usually receives the most credit for bringing the soprano saxophone out of obsolescence in the early 1960s, Thompson (along with Steve Lacy) embraced the instrument earlier than Coltrane.
Kazipur River
Kazipur River (Bengali: কাজীপুর নদী) flows through Kazipur Upazila in Sirajganj District, Bangladesh. It then flows south and joins the Ichamati River.

The Kazipur is a small offshoot of the Jamuna River that departs from the main river in the northernmost part of Kazipur. The river then flows south through Kazipur and reaches its confluence with the Ichamati in Sirajganj Sadar Upazila.

The Kazipur River historically flowed past the Kazipur Police Station.

The combined waters of the Kazipur and the Ichamati flow south via a winding course through Sirajganj Sadar Upazila until they enter the Karatoya River at Nalka (Nalkaseganj), an important commercial centre at the junction of the two main inland waterways of Raiganj Upazila.

Ichamati River
Ichamati River (Bengali: ইছামতী নদী) (also spelt Ichhamati), is a trans-boundary river which flows through India and Bangladesh and also forms part of the boundary between the two countries. The river is facing siltation leading to thin flow of water in the dry season and floods in the rainy season. Experts are considering remedial measures and the situation is being discussed between the governments of India and Bangladesh.
Anton Yugov
Anton Tanev (Dontcho) Yugov (Bulgarian: Антон Танев Югов) (5 August 1904 – 6 July 1991) was a Bulgarian politician who was a leading member of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), and served as Prime Minister of the country from 1956 to 1962. He was an Honorary Citizen of Tirana, Albania.

Yugov was born to a Bulgarian family in Karasuli (Rugunovets), Ottoman Macedonia (today Polykastro, Greece). His family moved to Plovdiv after World War I.

Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonians (Bulgarian: македонци), or Macedonian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians, are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. This is how the majority of Slavic-speaking population of Macedonia had been referred to by most of the national conscious minority among them and by outside observers, from the 10th until the early 20th century in a sense of a demonym at first, and later as an social class synonym mainly, and as an ethnonym. Since 1913, the Macedonian Bulgarian population is largely concentrated in Pirin Macedonia but much is spread across the whole of Bulgaria and the diaspora.
AIESEC
AIESEC (/ˈaɪsɛk/ EYE-sek) is an international "youth-run" and led, non-governmental and not-for-profit organization that provides young people with business development internships. The organization focuses on empowering young people to make a progressive social impact. The AIESEC network includes approximately 40,000 members in 120+ countries.

AIESEC is a non-governmental in consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), is an independent arm of the UN DPI and UN's Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth, member of ICMYO, and is recognized by UNESCO. AIESEC's international headquarters are in Montreal, Canada.

United Nations Department of Global Communications
The United Nations Department of Global Communications (DGC) (prior to 1 January 2019, the United Nations Department of Public Information) is a department of the Secretariat of the United Nations. It is tasked with raising public awareness and support of the work of the United Nations through strategic communications campaigns, media and relationships with civil society groups.
Shinji Okazaki
Shinji Okazaki (岡崎 慎司, Okazaki Shinji; born 16 April 1986) is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is best known for winning the Premier League with Leicester City in 2016. He is currently the manager of FC Basara Mainz.

Internationally, he is Japan's third all-time top goalscorer with 50 goals.

2019–20 Segunda División
The 2019–20 Segunda División season, also known as LaLiga SmartBank for sponsorship reasons, was the 89th since its establishment.

On 12 March 2020 after most of teams had played 31 games, the league was suspended for at least two weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The league was suspended indefinitely on 23 March. The season recommenced on 10 June and was initially planned to be completed on 20 July.

On 20 July 2020, the final day of the regular season, Deportivo de La Coruña's match against Fuenlabrada was suspended indefinitely due to several Fuenlabrada players testing positive for COVID-19, therefore, delaying the official end of the season, whilst relegating Deportivo without even playing their match. The match was finally played on 7 August, resulting in a 2–1 win for Deportivo.
Suriname Major League
The Suriname Major League (SML) is the professional football league in Suriname.

The competition was launched on 22 February 2024, by the Surinamese Football Association as a successor to the SVB Eerste Divisie, formerly known as the SVB Hoofdklasse. With the start of the SML, professional football was introduced in Suriname, initially as a pilot project for the first four years. The first goal in SML history was scored by Jamilhio Rigters of S.V. Robinhood in the opening match on 23 February 2024, against S.V. Transvaal at the Dr. Ir. Franklin Essed Stadion. Following a goal from Jercinio Grendel of Transvaal, the match ended in a draw.

SVB Eerste Divisie
The SVB Eerste Divisie is the second highest football championship for clubs run by the Surinaamse Voetbal Bond. The league currently comprises twelve teams and operates a system of promotion and relegation. Seasons run from November to June, with each team playing 30 games in the regular season. The league was previously known as the Hoofdklasse but was rebranded as the Topklasse for the 2016–17 season, before being renamed the Eerste Divisie starting in the 2017–18 season. In 2024, the SVB introduced a new professional competition, the Suriname Major League, with the Eerste Divisie now serving as the nation's top amateur competition.

The league has a long history, its first completed season was in 1923‍–‍24 when Suriname was still a Dutch colony.
Margininkai, Kėdainiai
Margininkai is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 14 people. It is located 6 km from Gudžiūnai, by the Nykis river.

Gudžiūnai
Gudžiūnai is a small town in Kėdainiai district, central Lithuania. It is located on the Dotnuvėlė River. The town has a Catholic Sacred Heart church, a secondary school, and a post office. There is also a train station (Gudžiūnai GS) just outside the town.
Verdine White
Verdine Adams White (born Verdine Adams Jr.; July 25, 1951) is an American musician, best known as a founding member and bassist for the band Earth, Wind & Fire. White was placed at No. 19 on Rolling Stone's list of The 50 Greatest Bassists of All Time.

Ramsey Lewis
Ramsey Emmanuel Lewis Jr. (May 27, 1935 – September 12, 2022) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and radio personality. Lewis recorded over 80 albums and received five gold records and three Grammy Awards in his career. His album The In Crowd earned Lewis critical praise and the 1965 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance. His best known singles include "The 'In' Crowd", "Wade in the Water", and "Sun Goddess". Until 2009, he was the host of the Ramsey Lewis Morning Show on the Chicago radio station WNUA.

Lewis was also active in musical education in Chicago. He founded the Ramsey Lewis Foundation, established Ravinia's Jazz Mentor Program, and served on the board of trustees for the Merit School of Music and The Chicago High School for the Arts.
2002 ANAPROF
ANAPROF 2002 is the 2002 season of the Panamanian football league, ANAPROF.  The season started on March 17, 2002 with the Torneo Apertura 2002 and finalized on November 24, 2002 with the Torneo Clausura 2002. The Apertura champion was Árabe Unido and the Clausura champion was Plaza Amador, on November 30, 2002 the ANAPROF 2002 final was played and Plaza Amador was crowned champion over Deportivo Árabe Unido.

Sporting San Miguelito
Academia de Futbol Sporting San Miguelito is a Panamanian professional football team playing in Liga Panameña de Fútbol (the highest level of Panamanian football). Founded in 1989, it is based in San Miguelito District of Panamá Province.
Time reversal signal processing
Time reversal signal processing is a signal processing technique that has three main uses: creating an optimal carrier signal for communication, reconstructing a source event, and focusing high-energy waves to a point in space.  A Time Reversal Mirror (TRM) is a device that can focus waves using the time reversal method.  TRMs are also known as time reversal mirror arrays since they are usually arrays of transducers. TRM are well-known and have been used for decades in the optical domain. They are also used in the ultrasonic domain.

Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements. Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions, digital storage efficiency, correcting distorted signals, improve subjective video quality, and to detect or pinpoint components of interest in a measured signal.
Cold as Ice (Foreigner song)
"Cold as Ice" is a 1977 song written by Lou Gramm and Mick Jones that was first released by British-American rock band Foreigner from their eponymous debut album. It became one of the best-known songs of the band in the US, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was initially the B-side of some versions of the "Feels Like the First Time" 45 rpm single.

The single release is a few seconds shorter than the album version, but adds some orchestration (in the form of horns and strings at subtle levels).

Al Greenwood
Alan Greenwood (born October 20, 1951) is an American rock musician who was a founding member and keyboardist of the rock band Foreigner from 1976 to 1980. He performed on the albums Foreigner (1977), Double Vision (1978) and Head Games (1979). In 2024, Greenwood was selected for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of Foreigner.

In 1981, Greenwood formed the band Spys with former Foreigner bass player Ed Gagliardi, John Blanco, John Digaudio and Billy Milne and recorded the albums Spys (1982) and Behind Enemy Lines (1983).

Greenwood played keyboards on former Rainbow (and future Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force and Deep Purple) frontman Joe Lynn Turner's 1985 debut solo album, Rescue You.
Bogliasco
Bogliasco (Ligurian: Boggiasco) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Italian region Liguria, located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) southeast of Genoa. Together with the comuni of Camogli, Recco, Pieve Ligure and Sori, it is part of the so-called Golfo Paradiso. Economy is mostly based on tourism; agriculture include production of olives.

Bogliasco borders the following municipalities: Genoa, Pieve Ligure, and Sori.

Recco
Recco (Latin: Ricina / Recina) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa, region of Liguria, Italy.

Recco is home to the September 8 fireworks festival honoring the Virgin Mary. The town is also known for being home to the most  successful waterpolo team in Italy, and among the best in Europe, Pro Recco.
Patiala railway station
Patiala railway station (station code: PTA) is a railway station serving Patiala city of Punjab in India. It is under Ambala railway division of Northern Railway zone of Indian Railways. It is located at 256 m (840 ft) above sea level and has four platforms. 24 trains stops, one train originates and one train terminates here.

Ambala railway division
Ambala railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It was formed on 1 July 1987 and its headquarters is located at Ambala in the Indian state of Haryana.

Delhi railway division, Firozpur railway division, Lucknow NR railway division and Moradabad railway division are the other railway divisions under NR Zone headquartered at New Delhi.
Kültepe
Kültepe (Turkish: lit. 'ash-hill'), also known under its ancient name Kaneš (Kanesh, sometimes also Kaniš/Kanish)  or Neša (Nesha), is an archaeological site in Kayseri Province, Turkey. It was already a major settlement at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC (Early Bronze Age), but it is world-renowned for its significance at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC (Middle Bronze Age).  The archaeological site consists of a large mound (also known as  höyük, tepe or tell), and a lower city, where a kārum (the Assyrian word for trading district) was established in the beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. So far, 23,500 cuneiform tablets recovered from private houses constitute the largest collection of private texts in the ancient Near East. In 2014, the archaeological site was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey.

Eshnunna
Eshnunna (Ešnunna, also Ašnunna, Išnun, Ašnun, Ašnunnak, and Ešnunak.) (modern Tell Asmar in Diyala Governorate, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian (and later Akkadian) city and city-state in central Mesopotamia 12.6 miles northwest of Tell Agrab and 15 miles northwest of Tell Ishchali. Although situated in the Diyala Valley northwest of Sumer proper, the city nonetheless belonged securely within the Sumerian cultural milieu. It is sometimes, in very early archaeological papers, called Ashnunnak or Tupliaš.

The tutelary deity of the city was Tishpak (Tišpak) though other gods, including Sin, Adad, and Inanna of Kiti (Kitītum) were also worshiped there. The personal goddesses of the rulers were Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban.
Åge Vedel Tåning
Åge Vedel Tåning (27 July 1890 – 26 September 1958 in Copenhagen) was a Danish ichthyologist. He was a director of the Carlsberg Laboratory, the Dana collection and the Danish Fisheries Research Station.

Carlsberg Laboratory
The Carlsberg Research Laboratory is a private scientific research center in Copenhagen, Denmark under the Carlsberg Foundation. It was founded in 1875 by J. C. Jacobsen, the founder of the Carlsberg brewery, with the purpose of advancing biochemical knowledge, especially relating to brewing. It featured a Department of Chemistry and a Department of Physiology. In 1972, the laboratory was renamed the Carlsberg Research Center and was transferred to the brewery.
Central Labrador
Central Labrador is the most populous region of Labrador, Canada, that extends from the shores of Lake Melville into the interior. It is also home to Happy Valley – Goose Bay, the largest community in Labrador.

Lake Melville
Lake Melville is an estuary of Hamilton Inlet (itself an extension of Groswater Bay) on the Labrador coast of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  Comprising 3,069 km2 (1,185 sq mi) and stretching 140 km (87 mi) inland to Happy Valley-Goose Bay, it forms part of the largest estuary in the province, primarily draining the Churchill River and Naskaupi River watersheds.  Both Lake Melville and Hamilton Inlet are encircled by mountains, with primary settlements at Happy Valley-Goose Bay, North West River, and Sheshatshiu.  It is the 46th largest lake globally.
Soil chemistry
Soil chemistry is the study of the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors. In the early 1870s a consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society in England, named J. Thomas Way, performed many experiments on how soils exchange ions, and is considered the father of soil chemistry. Other scientists who contributed to this branch of ecology include Edmund Ruffin, and Linus Pauling.

Soil formation
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils. These alterations lead to the development of layers, termed soil horizons, distinguished by differences in color, structure, texture, and chemistry. These features occur in patterns of soil type distribution, forming in response to differences in soil forming factors.

Pedogenesis is studied as a branch of pedology, the study of soil in its natural environment. Other branches of pedology are the study of soil morphology and soil classification. The study of pedogenesis is important to understanding soil distribution patterns in current (soil geography) and past (paleopedology) geologic periods.
Halang language
Halang, also known as Salang, is a Bahnaric language of the Mon–Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family. It is spoken in the southern Laotian province of Attapu by approximately 4,000 people and in the neighboring Kon Tum Province of Vietnam by approximately 13,000 people. In Vietnam, Halang is spoken in Đắk Na Commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province (Lê et al. 2014:175)

In more specific usage, Halang refers to the dialect spoken in Vietnam, whereas Salang refers to the dialect spoken in Laos. Halang or Salang may also serve as an ethnonym for members of the ethnic group that speak the language. However, in Vietnam, the Halang speakers are officially classified as a subgroup of the larger Sedang ethnicity.

Kon Tum province
Kon Tum was a former province in the Central Highlands region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Quảng Nam to the north, Gia Lai to the south, Quảng Ngãi to the east, Sekong, Attapeu of Laos and Ratanakiri of Cambodia in the west.

Kon Tum shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,677.30 km2 (3,736.43 sq mi) and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural.

On June 12, 2025, Kon Tum was incorporated into Quảng Ngãi province.