hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 2648
NGC 2648 is an unbarred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Cancer. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 2,451 ± 19 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 36.2 ± 2.6 Mpc (~118 million ly). NGC 2648 was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel in 1784.

The galaxies PGC 24469 and NGC 2648 are designated in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as Arp 89.

The luminosity class of NGC 2648 is I and it has a broad HI line.

NGC 2648 is a retired galaxy, which is a galaxy in which star formation has practically ceased is said to be passive. However, some passive galaxies may still show faint emission lines similar to those of LINER galaxies. This is what a team of French and Brazilian astronomers discovered. It is from them that the name retired galaxy comes.

To date, three non-redshift measurements give a distance of 34.333 ± 0.231 Mpc (~112 million ly), which is within the Hubble distance values.

Cancer (constellation)
Cancer is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac and is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its name is Latin for crab and it is commonly represented as one. Cancer is a medium-size constellation with an area of 506 square degrees and its stars are rather faint, its brightest star Beta Cancri having an apparent magnitude of 3.5. It contains ten stars with known planets, including 55 Cancri, which has five: one super-Earth and four gas giants, one of which is in the habitable zone and as such has expected temperatures similar to Earth. At the (angular) heart of this sector of our celestial sphere is Praesepe (Messier 44), one of the closest open clusters to Earth and a popular target for amateur astronomers.
Roberto Serniotti
Roberto Serniotti (born 1 May 1962) is an Italian professional volleyball coach.

A former head coach of many teams in the whole of Europe, among others, Panathīnaïkos Athlītikos Omilos, Tours Volley-Ball, Berlin Recycling Volleys, M. Roma Volley, Trentino Volley, Asseco Resovia.

He is currently the assistant coach of the JTEKT Stings

2003 Men's European Volleyball Championship
The 2003 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the 23rd edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Berlin, Germany from September 5 to September 14, 2003.
Constitutional theory
Constitutional theory is an area of constitutional law that focuses on the underpinnings of constitutional government. It overlaps with legal theory, constitutionalism, philosophy of law and democratic theory. It is not limited by country or jurisdiction.

Alexander Bickel
Alexander Mordecai Bickel (December 17, 1924 – November 7, 1974) was an American legal scholar who promoted a conservative interpretation of the United States Constitution. One of the most influential constitutional commentators of the twentieth century, his writings emphasize judicial restraint.
Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres sprint competition of the athletics events at the 2015 Pan American Games will take place between the 21 and 22 of July at the CIBC Pan Am and Parapan Am Athletics Stadium. The defending Pan American Games champion is Adriana Muñoz of Cuba.

Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres sprint competition of the athletics events at the 2011 Pan American Games took on the 25 of October at the Telmex Athletics Stadium.  The defending Pan American Games champion was Diane Cummins of Canada.
Phaeographis salazinica
Phaeographis salazinica is a species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in the Solomon Islands, the lichen was first described as a new species in 2003 by Australian lichenologist Alan W. Archer. He named it Phaeographis salazinica, with the specific epithet referring to the presence of the compound salazinic acid as its major secondary compound. The lichen also contains trace amounts of consalazinic acid, connorstictic acid, norstictic acid, subnorstictic acid, protocetraric acid, and methyl norstictate. The type specimen was collected near Tatamba on Tanabuli Island (part of Santa Isabel Island). The main morphological characteristics of Phaeographis salazinica are the conspicuous lirellae, and the large brown muriform ascospores (typically measuring 150–180 μm long by 35–50 μm wide). Archer transferred the taxon to the genus Phaeographis in 2007.

Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark. These lichens are characterized by their crust-like growth form and typically partner with orange-pigmented Trentepohlia algae. Many species produce distinctive elongated, slit-like fruiting bodies, and some have unusually large ascospores that can begin germinating almost immediately upon release. The family originated approximately 176 million years ago and has diversified steadily since, with major bursts of new species arising alongside the spread of flowering plants and tropical rainforests.
MTV Channel
MTV Channel (Pvt) Ltd is a Sri Lankan media company which owns three national television channels - Shakthi TV, Sirasa TV and TV 1. It also owns the Hit TV, News First and Ethalaya.com. The company was established in 1992 as joint venture between Capital Maharaja and Singapore Telecommunications. Singapore Telecommunications sold its share in the company to Gregson Holdings Ltd in 1998. Later International Media Management invested in the company.

Shakthi TV
Shakthi TV (Tamil: சக்தி) is the first Tamil television service of Sri Lanka. It is the number one Tamil station in Sri Lanka. This general entertainment channel broadcasts serials, films, sports, current affairs, news and children's programs. It mainly airs programs from Sun TV (India). Shakthi TV is available worldwide through YuppTV.
1903 Dublin University by-election
The 1903 Dublin University by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held from 28 February to 5 March 1903. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

The seat had become vacant following the resignation of the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP, W. E. H. Lecky due to ill health. Lecky vacated his Parliamentary seat by being appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds on 18 February 1903. Lecky had been Member of Parliament for the constituency since an 1895 by-election.

1895 Dublin University by-election
The 1895 Dublin University by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 2–6 December 1895. The constituency returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

The seat had become vacant when the Unionist Member of Parliament, David Plunket was elevated to the peerage as Baron Rathmore on 14 November 1895. Plunket had been a Member of Parliament for the constituency since an 1870 by-election.
Stig Inge Bjørnebye
Stig Inge Bjørnebye (born 11 December 1969) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played in Norway, England, and Denmark, most notably for Liverpool, and is currently the sports director of the Scottish football club Glasgow Rangers. His preferred position was left back, which he occupied for domestic clubs and the national team. Bjørnebye was appointed assistant manager of Norway in 2003, relinquishing the role three years later to succeed Tom Nordlie as manager of IK Start. He was the sports director of Rosenborg Ballklub from March 2015 until November 2019.

For club and country, Bjørnebye was noted for his precise deliveries from the flanks. Described as a "solid, no-nonsense full-back", Bjørnebye played competitive football for 16 years, and appeared in 194 Premier League matches, until injury compelled retirement in March 2003. He played for the Norwegian national team in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cup and the Euro 2000 and was capped 75 times, scoring once.

Danish Superliga
The Danish Superliga (Danish: Superligaen, pronounced [ˈsuˀpɐliːˌkɛˀn̩]) is a professional association football league in Denmark and the highest level of the Danish football league system. The league is currently contested by 12 teams each year, with 2 teams relegated. It is the current Danish football championship tournament, and administered by the Divisionsforeningen.
Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park
The Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, commonly known as the Rajiv Gandhi Zoo or Katraj Zoo, is located in Katraj, Pune district, Maharashtra State, India. It is managed by the Pune Municipal Corporation. The 130-acre (53 ha) zoo is divided into three parts: an animal orphanage, a snake park and a zoo and includes the 42-acre (17 ha) Katraj Lake.

Sambar deer
The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is a large deer native to the Indian subcontinent, South China and Southeast Asia that is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2008. Populations have declined substantially due to hunting, local insurgency, and industrial exploitation of habitat.
Sambuca di Sicilia
Sambuca di Sicilia (Sicilian: Sammuca) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily, located about 68 kilometres (42 mi) southwest of Palermo and about 89 kilometres (55 mi) northwest of Agrigento. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Sambuca di Sicilia borders the following municipalities; Bisacquino, Caltabellotta, Contessa Entellina, Giuliana, Menfi, Santa Margherita di Belice, and Sciacca.

Menfi
Menfi is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Palermo and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Agrigento.

The town lies some 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the south coast of Sicily, between the rivers Belice and Carboj. In 1910, a full third of the population of the town of Menfi had emigrated to the United States. Other major recipients were Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela.
Microsoft Enterprise Agreement
EA/SA (Enterprise Agreement/Software Assurance) is a volume licensing package offered by Microsoft. It primarily targets large organizations which have 500 or more personal computers. The minimum quantity was increased from 250 to 500 on 1 July 2016, but it remains at 250 for public sector customers. Other programs, including Open Value, Open License and Select License, are geared towards smaller organizations.

The Enterprise Agreement, whose price is tiered to the number of computers or users being licensed, is a three-year contract which covers all software licensing and updates for one client system. An option is given at contract termination to renew for one or three additional years.

Software products licensed under the contract include Windows 10, Microsoft Office and the core Client Access Licenses for Windows Server, Exchange, System Center and SharePoint, which allow the computer to legally access Microsoft servers over a network.

Client access license
A client access license (CAL) is a commercial software license that allows client computers to use server software services. Most commercial desktop apps are licensed so that payment is required for each installation, but some server products can be licensed so that payment is required for each device or user that accesses the service provided by the software. For example, an instance of Windows Server 2016 for which ten User CALs are purchased allows 10 distinct users to access the server.
Rebel Galaxy
Rebel Galaxy is a space trading and combat simulation game developed and published by Double Damage Games. It was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on October 20, 2015. Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions were released in January 2016.

A prequel to the game, Rebel Galaxy Outlaw, was released for Microsoft Windows on 13 August 2019 and later for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One on 22 September 2020.

Space flight simulation game
Space flight simulation is a genre of flight simulator video games that lets players experience space flight to varying degrees of realism. Common mechanics include space exploration, space trade and space combat.
Jackson Sanatorium
Jackson Sanatorium (also known as, Our Home on the Hillside, Home Hygienic Institute, Jackson Health Resort) was a historical mineral spa in Dansville, Livingston County, New York, attracted many prominent people to Dansville for the water cure. Operated for many years by the Jackson family, its operations dated to 1852 when water cures were in growing favor. Dansville had a spring gushing from the hillside, "All Healing Spring", which was supposed to have curative properties. As these water cures were located near some noted springs, "the Home on the Hillside" was created and the institution was ready for occupancy in 1853. In 1890, the old name of the company, "Our Home Hygienic Institute" was changed to "The Jackson Sanitorium". In 1904, the name was again changed to "The Jackson Health Resort". Granula was invented at the Jackson Sanatorium.

Mineral spa
Mineral spas are spa resorts developed around naturally occurring mineral springs. Like seaside resorts, they are mainly used recreationally although they also figured prominently in prescientific medicine.
Wurm Online
Wurm Online is a 3D massively multiplayer online video game (MMO) developed by Code Club AB (formerly called Onetofree AB and Mojang Specifications AB, with no direct relation to Mojang AB). Development started in 2003 by friends Rolf Jansson and Markus Persson, and was released for personal computers using Java in 2006. Both player versus player and realm versus realm combat are possible in the game.

Realm versus Realm
Realm versus Realm (RvR) is a type of player versus player (PvP) gameplay in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) where the player base is divided over multiple preset realms that fight each other over game assets. This differs from normal Player versus Player combat in that Realm versus Realm usually involves a combat-based game, as opposed to one where sporadic Player versus Player combat occurs. In this context, "realm" generally means a geographic territory or political affiliation.

This concept is also referred to as Group versus Group, Race versus Race, Nation versus Nation, or Faction versus Faction depending on the specific implementation in the game under discussion. Contrast with "Guild versus Guild" games (or GvG, in an alternate usage from Group versus Group), such as Shadowbane or Age of Conan, in which players organize themselves into factions of their own creation and design rather than realms which are prebuilt by the game developers.
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
Valve-sparing aortic root replacement (also known as the David procedure) is a cardiac surgery procedure which is used to treat Aortic aneurysms and to prevent Aortic dissection. It involves replacement of the aortic root without replacement of the aortic valve. Two similar procedures were developed, one by Sir Magdi Yacoub, and another by Tirone David.

Cardiac surgery
Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is a  surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.
Felim O'Neill of Kinard
Sir Phelim Roe O'Neill of Kinard (Irish: Sir Féilim Rua Ó Néill na Ceann Ard; 1604–1653) was an Irish politician and soldier who started the Irish rebellion in Ulster on 23 October 1641. He joined the Irish Catholic Confederation in 1642 and fought in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms under his cousin, Owen Roe O'Neill, in the Confederate Ulster Army. After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland O’Neill went into hiding but was captured, tried and executed in 1653.

Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (13 April 1593 (N.S.) – 12 May 1641), was an English statesman and a major figure in the period leading up to the English Civil War. He served in Parliament and was a supporter of King Charles I. From 1632 to 1640 he was Lord Deputy of Ireland, where he established a strong authoritarian rule. Recalled to England, he became a leading advisor to the King, attempting to strengthen the royal position against Parliament. When Parliament condemned Lord Strafford to death, Charles reluctantly signed the death warrant and Strafford was executed. He had been advanced several times in the Peerage of England during his career, being created 1st Baron Wentworth in 1628, 1st Viscount Wentworth in late 1628 or early 1629, and, finally, 1st Earl of Strafford in January 1640. He was known as Sir Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baronet, between 1614 and 1628.
Cambarus nerterius
Cambarus nerterius, the Greenbrier cave crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the state of West Virginia in the United States. It is found only in or immediately adjacent to caves in Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties, and is included on the IUCN Red List as a Near Threatened species.

Pocahontas County, West Virginia
Pocahontas County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,869. Its county seat is Marlinton. The county was established in 1821. It is named after the daughter of the Powhatan chief of the Native Americans in the United States who came from Jamestown, Virginia. She married an English settler, and their children became ancestors of many of the First Families of Virginia.

Pocahontas County is the home to the Green Bank Observatory and is part of the National Radio Quiet Zone.
Aqir
Aqir, also spelt 'Aqr, Akir and Akkur, was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict, located 9 km southwest of Ramla and 1 km north of Wadi al-Nasufiyya (today called Nahal Ekron). It was depopulated and demolished and replaced by Kiryat Ekron.

Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine
The Ramle Subdistrict was  one of the subdistricts of Mandatory Palestine. It was part of Lydda District of the British Mandate of Palestine. The sub-district's main city was Ramle. Its total population in 1944 was estimated at 123,490, of which 88,560 were Muslims; 29,420 were Jews; and 5,500 were Christians. A number of Palestinian Arab villages in the subdistrict were ethnically cleansed during the Nakba, both by Zionist forces prior to the Israeli declaration of independence and after by Israeli forces. Following the war the area that had made up Ramla Subdistrict became a part of Israel's Central District, being mostly subdivided between a newly created Ramla Subdistrict and Rehovot Subdistrict.
Škoda Enyaq
The Škoda Enyaq (originally introduced as Škoda Enyaq iV) is a battery electric compact crossover SUV manufactured by Škoda Auto. It was introduced in September 2020 in Prague, while mass production commenced in November 2020. It utilizes the Volkswagen Group MEB platform, with the Volkswagen ID.4 being a sister model.

Compact crossover SUV
Compact crossover SUV is an automobile classification used mainly in North America to describe a segment of crossover SUV, a type of sport utility vehicle, between subcompact crossover SUV and mid-size crossover SUV.

By the late 2010s, the segment had emerged as the most popular automobile segment in several regions. For example, nearly one in every four cars sold in the United States in 2019 was a compact crossover, at about 24.2 percent.

The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2020 was the Toyota RAV4, with 995,762 units sold globally. It was also the second best-selling automobile in the world after the Toyota Corolla in 2021.
Armin Hodžić (politician)
Armin Hodžić (born 10 February 1996) is a Croatian-Bosniak politician who is currently a member-elect of the Croatian Sabor from the 12th electoral district after having defeated incumbent Ermina Lekaj Prljaskaj in the 2024 Croatian parliamentary election. A member of the Bošnjaci zajedno! party, Hodžić had briefly served as Chairman of the Party of Democratic Action of Croatia and ran as an independent candidate in the 2020 Parliamentary elections.

Before his parliament election, Hodžić was President of the Bosniak National Council in Zagreb. He has also proposed Bosniaks and Croatian-Muslims being counted as their electoral district.

Bosniaks of Croatia
Bosniaks of Croatia (Bosnian and Croatian: Bošnjaci u Hrvatskoj) are one of the ethnic minorities of the Republic of Croatia. According to the 2021 Croatian census, there were 24,131 Bosniaks, or 0.62% of the total population, making them the third largest ethnic group in the country after Croats and Serbs.

Bosniaks are officially recognized as an autochthonous national minority, and as such, they elect a special representative to the Croatian Parliament, shared with members of four other national minorities.
Most Bosniaks live in the capital Zagreb (8,119), Istria County (6,146) and Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (4,877). There is a Bosniak community in Maljevac, hence the mosque in the village.
Street Sense (horse)
Street Sense (foaled February 23, 2004 in Kentucky at Chesapeake Farm by Drew Nardiello) is a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2006 Breeders' Cup Juvenile and 2007 Kentucky Derby and was the 2006 Champion Two-Year-Old.

Stud (animal)
A stud animal is a registered animal retained for breeding. The terms for the male of a given animal species (stallion, bull, rooster, etc.) usually imply that the animal is intact—that is, not castrated—and therefore capable of siring offspring. A specialized vocabulary exists for de-sexed animals (gelding, steer, etc.) and those animals used in grading up to a purebred status.

Stud females are generally used to breed further stud animals, but stud males may be used in crossbreeding programs. Both sexes of stud animals are regularly used in artificial breeding programs.

A stud farm, in animal husbandry, is an establishment for selective breeding using stud animals. This results in artificial selection.
Hill cipher
In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.

The following discussion assumes an elementary knowledge of matrices.

Bifid cipher
In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion. It was invented around 1901 by Felix Delastelle.
Fort Foote
Fort Foote  was an American Civil War-era wood and earthwork fort that was part of the wartime defenses of Washington, D.C., which helped defend the Potomac River approach to the city. It operated from 1863 to 1878, when the post was abandoned, and was used briefly during the First and Second World Wars. The remnants of the fort are located in Fort Foote Park, which is maintained by the National Park Service as part of the National Capital Parks-East system.  The area's mailing address is Fort Washington, Maryland.

National Capital Parks-East
National Capital Parks-East (NACE) is an administrative grouping of multiple National Park Service sites east of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., and in the state of Maryland.  These sites include: