hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A'ali
A'ali (Arabic: عالي) is a major town in northern Bahrain. It is a part of the Northern Governorate, although from 2001 to 2014 it lay within the Central Governorate. A'ali is famous for its ancient burial mounds, especially several very large burial mounds in the city centre. A'ali is also famous for its traditional handcrafted pottery, which can be seen and bought from different potters and boutiques in the whole town.

Qal'at al-Bahrain
The Qal'at al-Bahrain (Arabic: قلعة البحرين; Portuguese: Forte de Barém), also known as the Bahrain Fort or Portuguese Fort, is an archaeological site located in Bahrain. Archaeological excavations carried out since 1954 have unearthed antiquities from an artificial mound of 12 m (39 ft) height containing seven stratified layers, created by various occupants from 2300 BC up to the 18th century, including Kassites, Greeks, Portuguese and Persians, making it the oldest fortification in the Persian Gulf region. It was once the capital of the Dilmun civilization and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.
Phenylacetate decarboxylase
Phenylacetate decarboxylase is a carboxy-lyase enzyme. The enzyme was isolated from anoxic toluene-producing microbial communities. It is a glycyl radical enzyme. It requires activation through a dedicated cognate activating enzyme (encoded by PhdA). The cognate activase catalyses the reductive lysing of S-Adenosyl methionine which yields a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical that allows the production of the glycyl radical. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:

Phenylacetate + H+ = Toluene + CO2

The enzyme is involved in various biosynthetic and bio-catabolic pathways, including the toluene production pathway, phenylacetate degradation pathway and biosynthetic pathway of select other aromatic compounds in toluene (and other aromatic carbon) producing bacterial species.

Toluene
Toluene (/ˈtɒl.juiːn/), also known as toluol (/ˈtɒl.ju.ɒl, -ɔːl, -oʊl/), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H5CH3, often abbreviated as PhCH3, where Ph stands for the phenyl group. It is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the odor associated with paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group by a single bond. As such, its systematic IUPAC name is methylbenzene. Toluene is predominantly used as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.

As the solvent in some types of paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and certain types of glue, toluene is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm.
Wemyss, Fife
Wemyss (/wiːmz/ ⓘ WEEMZ) is a civil parish on the south coast of Fife, Scotland, lying on  the Firth of Forth. It is bounded on the north-east by the parish of Scoonie and the south-west by the parish of Kirkcaldy and Dysart  and its length from south-west to north-east is about 6 miles. Inland it is bounded by Markinch and its greatest breadth is 2+1⁄4 miles.

The name of the parish is from the Scottish Gaelic Uaimheis meaning 'cave place', from uaimh, 'cave', and es, an obsolete Gaelic suffix meaning 'place of'. The parish gives its name to the family and Earls of Wemyss.

Markinch
Markinch (/mɑːrˈkɪntʃ/, Scottish Gaelic: Marc Innis) is both a village and a parish in the heart of Fife, Scotland. According to an estimate taken in 2008, the village has a population of 2,420. The civil parish had a population of 16,530 (in 2011). Markinch is east of Fife's administrative centre, Glenrothes, and preceded Cupar as Fife's place of warranty and justice prior to the 13th century.
Carroll Street station
The Carroll Street station is a local station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway, located in the neighborhood of Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, at Carroll and Smith Streets. It is served by the F and G trains at all times. The <F> train skips this station when it operates.

Turnstile
A turnstile (also called a gateline, baffle gate, automated gate, turn gate in some regions) is a form of gate which allows one person to pass at a time. A turnstile can be configured to enforce one-way human traffic. In addition, a turnstile can restrict passage only to people who insert a coin, ticket, transit pass, security credential, or other method of payment or verification.  Modern turnstiles can incorporate biometrics, including retina scanning, fingerprints, and other individual human characteristics which can be scanned.

A turnstile can be used in the case of paid access (sometimes called a faregate or ticket barrier when used for this purpose), for example to access public transport, a pay toilet, or to restrict access to authorized people, for example in the lobby of an office building.
Tahmasib Ajdarov
Tahmasib Hossein Ajdarov (Azerbaijani: Əjdərov Təhmasib Hüseyn oğlu; born April 17, 1964) is an Azerbaijani and Ukrainian scientist and Doctor of Economics (2002). During his service term, 1st Class Senior State Tax Service Advisor – Tax Service General; Master of Sambo-Wrestling and Race Sports.

Higher Attestation Commission
Higher Attestation Commission (Russian: Высшая аттестационная комиссия, Ukrainian: Вища атестаційна комісія, abbreviated Cyrillic: ВАК, Latin: VAK) is a name of a national government agency in Russia, Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states that oversees awarding of advanced academic degrees.  Due to translation differences, these committees are sometimes translated as the "State Supreme Certification Commission" or other similar variation; the common Cyrillic-based acronym of VAK remains a constant with all versions.

A commission of a similar kind (Bulgarian: Висша атестационна комисия) operated in Bulgaria until 2010, when it was abolished as part of a reorganisation of academic structures.

On December 9, 2010, the Higher Education Commission of Ukraine was merged into the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.
Western Assurance Company
The Western Assurance Company was a Canadian insurance company that has operated from 1851 to 2025. Western was one of the country's earliest fire insurance companies and played an important role in the development of the industry in Canada.

RSA Insurance Group
RSA Insurance Group Limited (trading as RSA, formerly RSA Insurance Group plc and Royal and Sun Alliance) is a British multinational general insurance company headquartered in London, England. RSA has major operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Scandinavia and Canada. It provides insurance products and services in more than 100 countries through a network of local partners. It has 9 million customers. RSA was formed by the merger of Sun Alliance and Royal Insurance in 1996.

RSA was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Danish insurer Tryg and Canada's Intact Financial Corporation in May 2021. The transaction closed on 1 June 2021.
Gmina Iwonicz-Zdrój
Gmina Iwonicz-Zdrój is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Iwonicz-Zdrój, which lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Krosno and 54 km (34 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of 45.5 square kilometres (17.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,945 (out of which the population of Iwonicz-Zdrój amounts to 1,891, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 9,054).

Krosno County, Podkarpackie Voivodeship
Krosno County (Polish: powiat krośnieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Krosno, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains four towns: Jedlicze, Rymanów, Dukla, and Iwonicz-Zdrój.

The county covers an area of 923.79 square kilometres (356.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 112,301, out of which the population of Jedlicze is 5,736, that of Rymanów is 3,825, that of Dukla is 2,061, that of Iwonicz-Zdrój is 1,787, and the rural population is 98,892.
2014–15 Serbian Cup
The 2014–15 Serbian Cup season was the ninth season of the Serbian national football tournament.

The competition started on 3 September 2014 and concluded with the final on 20 May 2015.

The winner of the competition, Čukarički, qualified for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.

Serbian First League
The Serbian First League (Serbian: Прва лига Србије / Prva liga Srbije), referred to as the Mozzart Bet First League for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier in professional Serbia's football league. The league was formed in 2005, following a reshuffle of the second tier Serbo-Montenegrin divisions. It is operated by the Football Association of Serbia.
3-Dehydrocarnitine
3-Dehydrocarnitine is an aliphatic quaternary ammonium betaine that is part of the carnitine family. At physiological pH of 7.3, the major species of 3-dehydrocarnitine is its zwitterionic form, the conjugate base of 3-dehydrocarnitinium. 3-Dehydrocarnitine is classified as a short-chain keto acid, as it has a carbon chain containing less than six carbon atoms. It is an intermediate in carnitine degradation and is formed from D- or L-carnitine. The enzymes responsible for the degradation of carnitine to 3-dehydrocarnitine are carnitine-3-dehydrogenase or (S)-carnitine-3-dehydrogenase.

Zwitterion
In chemistry, a zwitterion (/ˈtsvɪtərˌaɪɔːn/ TSVIT-ər-EYE-awn; from German  Zwitter [ˈtsvɪtɐ] 'hermaphrodite'), also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups.
(1,2-dipolar compounds, such as ylides, are sometimes excluded from the definition.)

Some zwitterions, such as amino acid zwitterions, are in chemical equilibrium with an uncharged "parent" molecule. Betaines are zwitterions that cannot isomerize to an all-neutral form, such as when the positive charge is located on a quaternary ammonium group. Similarly, a molecule containing a phosphonium group and a carboxylate group cannot isomerize.
Iakovos Moskos
Iakovos Moskos or Moschos (Greek: Ιάκωβος Μόσκος/Μόσχος, 1600s – 1700s) was a Greek painter.  He shared the same name as three other famous Greek painters Ioannis Moskos, Elias Moskos and Leos Moskos.  He was affiliated with Saint Catherine's Monastery.   Moskos painted in the typical Greek style.  He was active during Greek Rococo and the end of the baroque period in Greek art.  Ioannis Kornaros was exposed to his work while he was at the monastery.   He was known for painting the Holy place of Mount Sinai the assumed location where Moses received the commandments.  It is his most notable work.  Eight of his paintings have survived.

Ioannis Kornaros
Ioannis Kornaros (Greek: Ιωάννης Κορνάρος, 1745 – 1821)  was a Greek painter.  He was one of the few painters from Crete during the 19th century.  He does not belong to the Cretan Renaissance  but was influenced by the art.  He is considered to be one of the foremost icon painters of the Greek Neoclassical era and Modern Greek Enlightenment in art also known as Neo Hellenikos Diafotismos.  He implemented a unique style.  He was influenced by Michael Damaskinos, Georgios Klontzas, Victor and other Cretan artists.  He influenced Modern Greek art.  He is one few Greek painters affiliated with Cyprus.  Others included Ioannis Kyprios and Theodore Apsevdis.  His teacher was Georgios Kastrofylakas.  His most famous painting Great Art Thou (Megas Ei Kyrie) resembles Georgios Klontzas's In Thee Rejoiceth.
John Herbert Turner
John Herbert Turner (May 7, 1834 – December 9, 1923) was a British Columbia politician.  Born in Claydon, Suffolk, England, Turner moved to British North America and worked as a merchant in Halifax and Charlottetown. In 1862 he moved to Victoria, on Vancouver Island, and founded Turner, Beeton and Co., which was involved in salmon canning, insurance and finance, importing and wholesaling.

Turner entered politics serving as mayor of Victoria from 1876 to 1881 and entered the provincial legislature in 1886 in the constituency of Victoria City. He served as minister of finance under successive premiers from 1887 to 1895 and as the 11th premier of British Columbia from 1895 to 1898. From 1901 to 1915 he was the province's representative in London where he retired. He died in Richmond in 1923.

Premier of British Columbia
The premier of British Columbia is the first minister and head of government for the Canadian province of British Columbia. Until the early 1970s, the title prime minister of British Columbia was often used. The word premier is derived from the French word of the same spelling, meaning "first"; and ultimately from the Latin word primarius, meaning "primary".
Parmotrema abnuens
Parmotrema abnuens is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first introduced to science in 1885 as a species of Parmelia by William Nylander in 1885, who described the lichen from samples collected in Uruguay. Mason Hale transferred it to the genus Parmotrema in 1974. The species has also been recorded from Brazil and India.

Parmotrema
Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family  Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.

Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.: 83
Jacobian curve
In mathematics, the Jacobi curve is a representation of an elliptic curve different from the usual one defined by the Weierstrass equation. Sometimes it is used in cryptography instead of the Weierstrass form because it can provide a defence against simple and differential power analysis style (SPA) attacks; it is possible, indeed, to use the general addition formula also for doubling a point on an elliptic curve of this form: in this way the two operations become indistinguishable from some side-channel information. The Jacobi curve also offers faster arithmetic compared to the Weierstrass curve.

The Jacobi curve can be of two types: the Jacobi intersection, that is given by an intersection of two surfaces, and the Jacobi quartic.

System of equations
In mathematics, a set of simultaneous equations, also known as a system of equations or an equation system, is a finite set of equations for which common solutions are sought. An equation system is usually classified in the same manner as single equations, namely as a:

System of linear equations,

System of nonlinear equations,

System of bilinear equations,

System of polynomial equations,

System of differential equations, or a

System of difference equations
Timberline High School (Lacey, Washington)
Timberline High School is a comprehensive public secondary school in Lacey, Washington. Opened in 1970 and part of North Thurston Public Schools, its school colors are green and gold and the mascot is a blazer.

Timberline primarily receives students from Komachin Middle School. At one point the school building was also home to the experimental high school, New Century High School. Timberline's original floor plan was open, similar to the Juanita concept; the original building was fully demolished during the 2007–08 school year.

Juanita High School
Juanita High School (JHS) is a high school in Kirkland, King County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. It is administered by Lake Washington School District (LWSD).
North China Buffer State Strategy
The North China Buffer State Strategy (華北分離工作, Kahoku Bunri Kōsaku) (simplified Chinese: 华北五省自治; traditional Chinese: 華北五省自治) is the general term for a series of political manoeuvrings Japan undertook in the five provinces of northern China, Hebei, Chahar, Suiyuan, Shanxi, and Shandong. It was an operation to detach all of northern China from the power of the Nationalist Government and put it under Japanese control or influence.

In China the affair is referred to as the "North China Incident" corresponding only to the time between the series of "North China Autonomy Movements" orchestrated by the Japanese army since May 1935 and the founding of the Hebei–Chahar Political Council under Song Zheyuan in December. It is recognized as ranking alongside the Manchurian Incident, the Shanghai Incident, and the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

He–Umezu Agreement
The He-Umezu Agreement (梅津・何應欽協定, Umezu-Ka Okin Kyōtei) (Chinese: 何梅協定) was a secret agreement between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan that was concluded on 10 June 1935, two years prior to the outbreak of general hostilities during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Caprenin
Caprenin is a fat substitute designed for lowering the caloric content of food. Structurally, it resembles normal food fat, being made up of glycerol and fatty acids (behenic, capric, and caprylic acids). Caprenin contains about 4 kcal per gram, or about half the energy in traditional fats and oils. Caloric reduction results, in part, from incomplete absorption of the unusual fatty acids.

Caprenin was launched by Procter & Gamble as a cocoa butter replacement, but it proved difficult to use and appeared to increase serum cholesterol slightly, resulting in its withdrawal from the market in the mid-1990s.

It is used as a reduced-calorie substitute in soft candies and confectionery coatings.

Fat substitute
A fat substitute is a food product with the same functions, stability, physical, and chemical characteristics as regular fat, with fewer calories per gram than fat. They are utilized in the production of low fat and low calorie foods.
Ceffyl Pren
The Ceffyl Pren ("wooden horse") is a term referring to a former local form of punishment practiced in rural Wales, a Welsh form of mob justice. It was a form of ritual humiliation in which offenders would be paraded around the village tied to a wooden frame, sometimes at night, by a mob carrying torches. The custom was similar to practices known in England as "rough music" or in Scotland as "riding the stang".

Humiliation
Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It is an emotion felt by a person whose social status, either by force or willingly, has just decreased. It can be brought about through intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act. Whereas humility can be sought alone as a means to de-emphasize the ego, humiliation must involve other person(s), though not necessarily directly or willingly.

Humiliation is currently an active research topic, and is now seen as an important – and complex – core dynamic in human relationships, having implications at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels.
Arctic rabies virus
Arctic rabies virus is a strain of Lyssavirus rabies that circulates throughout the arctic regions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia. There have been no cases in Sweden or mainland Norway in over 100 years. The virus is, however, found on Svalbard. No cases have been reported in Finland since 1989. The Arctic fox is the main host.

Arctic rabies virus belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and the genus Lyssavirus. Arctic rabies virus represents one of four genotypes of rabies, all of which have been shown to adapt to different hosts which include fruit- and insect-eating bats and the Arctic fox.

Lyssavirus
Lyssavirus (from the Greek λύσσα lyssa  "rage, fury, rabies" and the Latin vīrus) is a genus of RNA viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Mammals, including humans, can serve as natural hosts. The genus Lyssavirus includes the causative agent (rabies virus) of rabies.
Arab Liberation Flag
The Arab Liberation Flag (Arabic: علم التحرير العربي) is a pan-Arab tricolor flag originally adopted by the Egyptian Free Officers movement following the 1952 Egyptian revolution. The tricolor flag consists of horizontal stripes in red, white, and black. The Arab Liberation Flag became a symbol of Arab nationalism, republicanism, and Nasserism, as well as the basis for numerous flags in the Arab world. Today, its variations are used as the national flags of Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, and Sudan, and were formerly used by Syria and Libya.

Federation of Arab Republics
The Federation of Arab Republics (FAR; Arabic: إتحاد الجمهوريات العربية, romanized: Ittiḥād al-Jumhūrīyāt al-'Arabīyah, lit. 'Union of Arab Republics') was an unsuccessful attempt by Muammar Gaddafi to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria in order to create a unified Arab state. Although approved by a referendum in each country on 1 September 1971, the three countries disagreed on the specific terms of the merger. The federation lasted from 1 January 1972 to 19 November 1977.
Sheylanli (tribe)
Sheylanli tribe (Kurdish: شیلانلی) is a Kurdish tribe who lived in the Sheylanli village, Lachin, until it was occupied by Armenian troops. Due to the war, the Sheylanlis fled to Aghjabadi Rayon, Azerbaijan. They speak the Kurmanji dialect of the Kurdish Language.

This tribe is considered to be one of the 24 Kurdish tribes those were moved from Iran to Karabakh and Zangezur by Shah Abbas I of Iran in the 16th century to fortify the borders of the Safavid Empire. Tatiana Fyodorovna Aristova gives some Sheylanli Kurdish family names such as Asadlar, Ismaillar, Nabilar, and Khudular in the book Kurdy Zakavkazia. The author mentions Sheylanli, Zerty, and Minkend among the poorest Kurdish communities of Azerbaijan in Lachin.

Kurdish tribes
Kurdish tribes are tribes of Kurdish people, an Iranian ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.

The tribes are socio-political and generally also a territorial unit based on descent and kinship, real or putative, with a characteristic internal structure. They are naturally divided into a number of sub-tribes, and each of these sub-tribes again are divided into smaller units: clans, lineages and households.
SS Infanta Isabel de Borbon
SS Infanta Isabel de Borbon was a steam ocean liner and mail ship launched in 1912 in Scotland and operated by the Compañía Transatlántica Española (CTE). She and her sister ship Reina Victoria-Eugenia represented a significant modernisation of CTE's fleet of aging and obsolescent ships.

After the Second Spanish Republic was declared in 1931 Infanta Isabel de Borbon was renamed Uruguay. In 1932 she was laid up and in 1934 the Republic converted her into a prison ship.

In 1939 a Nationalist air attack on the Port of Barcelona sank Uruguay at her moorings. After the Nationalist defeat of the Second Republic her wreck was raised and scrapped.

Prison ship
A prison ship, is a current or former seagoing vessel that has been modified to become a place of substantive detention for convicts, prisoners of war or civilian internees. Some prison ships were hulked. While many nations have deployed prison ships over time, the practice was most widespread in 18th- and 19th-century Britain, as the government sought to address the issues of overcrowded civilian jails on land and an influx of enemy detainees from the War of Jenkins' Ear, the Seven Years' War and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.