hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
18th-century history of Germany
From the 1680s to 1789, Germany comprised many small territories which were parts of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Prussia finally emerged as dominant. Meanwhile, the states developed a classical culture that found its greatest expression in the Enlightenment, with world class leaders such as philosophers Leibniz and Kant, writers such as Goethe and Schiller, and musicians Bach and Beethoven.

Junker
Junker (Danish: Junker, German: Junker, Dutch: Jonkheer, English: Yunker, Norwegian: Junker, Swedish: Junker, Georgian: იუნკერი, Iunkeri) is a noble honorific, derived from Middle High German Juncherre, meaning 'young nobleman' or otherwise 'young lord' (derivation of jung and Herr). The term is traditionally used throughout the German-speaking and Scandinavian parts of Europe. It was also used in the Russian Empire due to Baltic German influence, up until the Russian Revolution. The term is currently still in use by the Georgian Defense Forces for student officers of the National Defence Academy.
NGC 7838
NGC 7838 is a spiral or lenticular galaxy located about 500 million light-years away in the constellation of Pisces. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer Albert Marth on November 29, 1864. NGC 7838 appears to interact with NGC 7837 forming Arp 246.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
Østfold County Municipality
Østfold County Municipality (Norwegian: Østfold fylkeskommune) is the regional governing administration of Østfold county in Norway. The county municipality was established in its most early form on 1 January 1976 when the law was changed to allow elected county councils in Norway. The county municipality was dissolved on 1 January 2020, when Østfold was merged with the neighboring counties of Akershus and Buskerud, creating the new Viken county which is led by the Viken County Municipality. On 1 January 2024, following the dissolution of Viken county, the county municipality of Østfold was re-established. The administrative seat is located in Sarpsborg.

The main responsibilities of the county municipality includes the running of the 11 upper secondary schools with about 10,000 pupils. It manages all the county roadways, public transport, dental care, culture, and cultural heritage sites in the county. Public transport is managed through Østfold Kollektivtrafikk.

Viken County Municipality
Viken County Municipality (Norwegian: Viken fylkeskommune) was the democratically elected regional governing administration of Viken county in Norway. The main responsibilities of the county municipality included the overseeing the county's 21 upper secondary schools, county roadways, public transport, dental care, culture, and cultural heritage. The public transportation in the county was managed by Brakar, Østfold Kollektivtrafikk, and Ruter. Ruter was co-owned with the city of Oslo.
Yevgeny Petrov (writer)
Yevgeny Petrovich Petrov, also spelled Evgeny or Yevgeni, (Евгений Петрович Петров, born Katayev (Катаев); December 13 [O.S. November 30] 1902 in Odessa – July 2, 1942) was a popular Soviet author in the 1920s and 1930s. He often worked in collaboration with Ilya Ilf. As Ilf and Petrov, they wrote The Twelve Chairs, released in 1928, and its sequel, The Little Golden Calf, released in 1931.

The Twelve Chairs
The Twelve Chairs (Russian: «Двенадцать стульев», romanized: Dvenadtsat stulyev) is a Russian classic satirical picaresque novel by the Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, published in 1928. Its plot follows characters attempting to obtain jewelry hidden in a chair. A sequel was published in 1931. The novel has been adapted to other media, primarily film.
UGC 2812
UGC 2812 known as Arp 219, are a pair of interacting galaxies located 470 million light-years away in the Eridanus constellation. Both galaxies appeared to be distorted and tangled with each other which suggests their inevitable merging to form an elliptical galaxy. Moreover, they present a near-infrared spectra which could result from starbursts. Both objects are part of Atlas of Peculiar galaxies, where they are categorized under galaxies that have adjacent loops which are a manifestation of structures that were formed by gravitational interactions.

Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus is a constellation which stretches along the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.  The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.
1986 Milan Indoor
The 1986 Milan Indoor (also known as the 1986 Fila Trophy for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. The event was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was played at the PalaLido in Milan, Italy from 10 March until 16 March 1986. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title, his second at the event after 1983, and earned $80,000 first-prize money.

1986 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix was the only tennis circuit held that year. The tour consisted of 70 tournaments in 23 different countries. It incorporated three of the four grand slam tournaments, three World Championship Tennis tournaments and the Grand Prix tournaments. The season ending Masters tournament was moved from the January slot to December.
2021 North Shropshire by-election
A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of North Shropshire was held on 16 December 2021, triggered by the resignation of the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Owen Paterson. It was won by Helen Morgan of the Liberal Democrats, with a large swing of 34%.

It was the party's second gain from the Conservatives since the 2019 general election following their victory at Chesham and Amersham in June 2021.

COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom
A series of stay-at-home orders were introduced by the UK and devolved governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
On 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a nationwide lockdown to curb the widening outbreak of COVID-19. This involved closing many sectors and ordering the public to stay at home. It was an extension of the previous advice to avoid all non-essential contact, which was issued on 16 March 2020. This was incrementally lifted, starting from several weeks later. Similar restrictions were introduced in late 2020 and early 2021 as infections rose. Restrictions applied to certain areas, and then on a larger scale, differing between the four countries of the United Kingdom to which Health is devolved, with the central government being responsible for England.
Cruden Bay F.C.
Cruden Bay Junior Football Club are a Scottish football club from the village of Cruden Bay, Aberdeenshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, they currently play in the North of Scotland Football League. Founded in 1934 as an Amateur side, they stepped up to the Junior grade in 1995. The club are based at Watson Park, formerly known as Bayfield Park, and the club's colour is purple.

North of Scotland Football League
The North of Scotland Football League (NoSFL) is a football league based in the north east of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–7 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Highland Football League. It is split into two separate leagues, the Premier League and the Championship which contain 16 teams and 15 teams respectively. Geographically, the league covers Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Highland and Moray. The league is the direct successor to the North Region Junior Football League which had been run by the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association from 2001 until 2025.

Subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria for the Highland League, the winners of the NoSFL take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the North Caledonian Football League champions, with the winner being promoted to the Highland League. As of the 2025–26 season, no team in the NoSFL meets the required licensing criteria.
John Rankin (footballer, born 1983)
John Rankin (born 27 June 1983) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player.

Rankin played as a central midfielder for Ross County, Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Hibernian, Dundee United, Falkirk, Queen of the South and Clyde. Rankin also played once for Scotland B in 2006.

PFA Scotland Team of the Year
The Professional Footballers' Association Scotland Team of the Year (often called the PFA Scotland Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to a set of 44 footballers in the four national tiers of the Scottish football league system, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a "Team of the Year". The award is compiled by the members of the players' trade union, Professional Footballers' Association Scotland (PFA Scotland), with the winners then being voted for by the other players in their respective divisions. The award was instituted in the 2006–07 season. In that first season, the award was voted for by the managers in each division.

The award was expanded to include the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) in 2021–22.
Gmina Prabuty
Gmina Prabuty is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Kwidzyn County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Prabuty, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Kwidzyn and 78 km (48 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 197.12 square kilometres (76.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,091 (out of which the population of Prabuty amounts to 8,488, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 4,603).

Kwidzyn County
Kwidzyn County (Polish: powiat kwidzyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kwidzyn, which lies 73 kilometres (45 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Prabuty, lying 18 km (11 mi) east of Kwidzyn.

The county covers an area of 834.64 square kilometres (322.3 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 83,231, out of which the population of Kwidzyn is 38,444, that of Prabuty is 8,695, and the rural population is 36,092.

Kwidzyn County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Kwidzyn County is bordered by Tczew County to the west, Sztum County to the north, Iława County to the east, Grudziądz County to the south and Świecie County to the south-west.
Household of Elizabeth II
The Royal Households of the United Kingdom consist of royal officials and the supporting staff of the British royal family, as well as the Royal Household which supports the Sovereign. Each member of the Royal Family who undertakes public duties has their own separate household.

When Elizabeth II was still a Princess she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947. After that marriage they shared the Household of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh.

When she succeeded her father George VI as sovereign of the United Kingdom, she appointed a new household, known as the Household of the Sovereign 1952–2022.

The Duke of Edinburgh then received a separate household upon his wife's accession, the Household of the Duke of Edinburgh until his death in 2021.

With the passing of the Queen on 8 September 2022 the Household of the Sovereign passed to her son, King Charles III.

Ulick Alexander
Sir James Ulick Francis Canning Alexander GCB GCVO CMG OBE (10 February 1889 – 4 April 1973) was a British Army officer, businessman, and courtier in several of the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. He was present in December 1936, when Edward VIII signed the Instrument of Abdication.
Highgate Wood telephone exchange
Highgate Wood telephone exchange was the first all-electronic telephone exchange in Britain. It was built in Grand Avenue, in the London suburb of Muswell Hill, by members of the Joint Electronic Research Council (JERC).

Time-division multiplexing
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time according to agreed rules, e.g. with each transmitter working in turn. It can be used when the bit rate of the transmission medium exceeds that of the signal to be transmitted. This form of signal multiplexing was developed in telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century but found its most common application in digital telephony in the second half of the 20th century.
Paul von Mitesser
Paul von Mitesser (1757–1833) was an Austrian platzmajor (fortress officer) based in Semlin (Zemun) at the Habsburg-Ottoman border and spy active in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. He was an intermediate between the Austrian military command and the Serbs in the Pashalik of Belgrade. Following the outbreak of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) he became an Austrian contact of Revolutionary Serbia. He served as an Austrian consul in Travnik, Sanjak of Bosnia, tasked with upholding Austro-Ottoman relations and counter French and Russian influence.

Dahije
The Dahije (Serbian Cyrillic: Дахије, from Turkish: dayı)[a] were the renegade Janissary officers who revolted against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and took power in the Pashalik of Belgrade, after capturing and murdering Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha in 1801. The four supreme Dahije leaders were Mehmed-aga Fočić, Kučuk Alija, Aganlija and Mula Jusuf. Rebels against the sultan, they were defeated by the Serbs in the initial phase of the First Serbian Uprising, which is also called "Uprising against the Dahije" (Serbian: Буна против дахија; Buna protiv dahija).
Warri, New South Wales
Warri is a locality in the Queanbeyan-Palerang Region, Southern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia. It lies mostly southwest of the Kings Highway between Bungendore and Braidwood and on the north bank of the Shoalhaven River. At the 2016 census, it had a population of 109.

Kings Highway (Australia)
Kings Highway is an interstate highway located within the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales, Australia. The highway connects Canberra with Batemans Bay on the South Coast. It is designated route B52.
Transbaikal Military District
The Transbaikal Military District (Russian: Забайкальский военный округ) was a military district of first the Soviet Armed Forces and then the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, formed on 17 May 1935 and included the Buryat Republic, Chita Oblast, and Yakutia.  Chita was the headquarters of the district. It was finally disbanded on 1 December 1998 by being amalgamated with the Siberian Military District, though Chita remained the headquarters of the new amalgamated district.

Soviet Air Defence Forces
The Soviet Air Defence Forces (Russian: войска ПВО, romanized: voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony, voyska PVO, V-PVO, lit. 'Anti-Air Defence Troops'; formerly: противовоздушная оборона страны, ПВО страны, romanized: protivovozdushnaya oborona strany, PVO strany, lit. 'Anti-Air Defence of the Country') was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.

Formed in 1941, it continued being a service branch of the Russian Armed Forces after 1991 until it was merged into the Air Force in 1998. Unlike Western air defence forces, V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself, separate from the Soviet Air Force (VVS) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces. During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services, behind the Strategic Rocket Forces and the Ground Forces.
2025 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship
The 2025 FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship was the 19th edition of the FIVB Volleyball Boys' U19 World Championship, the biennial international youth volleyball championship contested by the men's national teams under the age of 19 of the members associations of the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. It was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan from 24 July to 3 August 2025.

Starting with this edition, the tournament was expanded from 20 to 24 teams, following the decision adopted by FIVB in June 2023.

FIVB Youth and Junior World Rankings
The FIVB Youth and Junior World Rankings is a ranking system for men's and women's age-group (U- categories) national teams in volleyball. The teams of the member nations of Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), volleyball's world governing body, are ranked based on their ranking in each FIVB appointed international tournaments, like the previous senior world ranking system. The rankings are used in international competitions to define the seeded teams and arrange them in pools. Specific procedures for seeding and pooling are established by the FIVB in each competition's formula, but the method usually employed is the serpentine system.

The FIVB Youth and Junior World Rankings are composed of:

FIVB Youth World Rankings for boy's under-19 and women's under-18

FIVB Junior World Rankings for men's under-21 and women's under-20

while FIVB under-23 World Rankings are dissolved.
Antopal Ghetto
The Antopal Ghetto (spring 1942 – 15 October 1942) was a Jewish ghetto, a place of forced resettlement of Jews from the urban-type settlement of Antopal in Drahichyn district, Brest Region, during the persecution and extermination of Jews under the German occupation of Belarusian territory by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Drahichyn district
Drahichyn district or Drahičyn district (Belarusian: Драгічынскі раён; Russian: Дрогичинский район) is a district (raion) of Brest region in Belarus. Its administrative center is Drahichyn. As of 2024, it has a population of 33,486.
Neal Huntington
Neal Alden Huntington (born February 4, 1969) is an American former General Manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball who currently works in the front office of the Cleveland Guardians as a special assistant to baseball projects.

Pedro Álvarez (baseball)
Pedro Manuel Álvarez Jr. (born February 6, 1987), nicknamed "El Toro" (Spanish for "The Bull"), is a Dominican-American former professional baseball designated hitter and infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Baltimore Orioles.

During his playing career, Álvarez stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) and weighed 250 pounds (110 kg). A third baseman until late 2014, Álvarez transitioned to first base for the Pirates in 2015, and in 2016 became a designated hitter for the Orioles. On June 19, 2018, he was designated for assignment by the Orioles.
3-D Man
3-D Man is the name of two superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

The first incarnation, a composite of two brothers, Charles Chandler and Hal Chandler, first appeared in Marvel Premiere #35 (April 1977). The second incarnation, Delroy Garrett, took on the name in Avengers: The Initiative #14, having debuted as Triathlon a decade before in Avengers (vol. 3) #8 (September 1998).

Secret Invasion
"Secret Invasion" is a comic book crossover storyline written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Leinil Francis Yu, that ran through a self-titled eight-issue limited series and several tie-in books published by Marvel Comics from April through December 2008. The story involves a subversive, long-term invasion of Earth by the Skrulls, a group of alien shapeshifters who have secretly replaced many superheroes in the Marvel Universe with impostors over a period of years, prior to the overt invasion. Marvel's promotional tagline for the event was "Who do you trust?".

A six-episode television miniseries of the same name, loosely based on the storyline and produced by Marvel Studios as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) debuted in June 2023 on Disney+.
Societal innovation
Societal innovation refers to a systemic change in the interplay of the state and civil society. It is a relative of social innovation, but differs from it by considering the state to be an important co-creator in achieving sustainable systemic change. In this sense, the term's origins lie beyond the traditional anglosaxon understanding for the concept of social innovation.

The term has been used in research, see e.g.
,
but also in some official reports and documents of the European Union, where societal innovation is considered as an answer to societal challenges. A formal definition exists

A societal innovation introduces a novel economic and/or social improvement to people’s
everyday life. It brings a (radical or incremental) systemic change to society’s structures or
modes of operation, and it is legitimated by the majority of societal stakeholders.

Civil society
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of
(1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or
(2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc., that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values.
Basil Guy (bishop)
Christianity portal

Basil Tudor Guy (9 March 1910 – 29 April 1975) was an Anglican bishop in the 20th century.

Guy was born on 9 March 1910 and educated at Forest School and Keble College, Oxford. After a curacy at Wanstead, he was Vicar of  Bradninch then St Eustachius' Church, Tavistock  before his appointment as Archdeacon of Bedford in 1956. A year later he was elevated to  Bishop of Bedford in 1957. Five years later he was translated to Gloucester where he stayed until his death from cancer on 29 April 1975.

Archdeacon of Bedford
The Archdeacon of Bedford is an ecclesiastical post in the Church of England Diocese of St Albans in the Province of Canterbury. Historically the post was in the Diocese of Lincoln, then from 1837 in the Diocese of Ely, England. On 13 April 1914, the archdeaconry became a part of the Diocese of St Albans. The present holder of the office is Dave Middlebrook, collated Archdeacon on 30 March 2019.