hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rapid Pass
The Rapid Pass is a smart card automated fare collection system based on near-field communication (NFC) technology used on participating public transit systems in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Rapid Pass card readers were implemented on a trial basis in 2017. Full implementation began in January 2018 and it was rolled out across rapid transit stations, railway stations, bus stops and terminals, and transit vehicles on many different transit systems.

Automated fare collection
An automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of components that automate the ticketing system of a public transportation network – an automated version of manual fare collection. An AFC system is usually the basis for integrated ticketing.
Kashid
Kashid is a beach village in Murud taluka on the shores of the Arabian Sea, in the North Konkan region of Maharashtra, India.  It is located 15 km from Murud City and 135 km from Mumbai on the Alibag-Murud road. The beach is wedged between two rocky hills in a semi circular arch and is located in between the stretch of the sea in North Konkan between Mandwa and Murud-Janjira. Water sports activities are available on the beach during peak hours. Hotels and homestays are available all along the State highway which runs close to the beach. There are some places to visit and in around Kashid like the Phansad Bird sanctuary, the Korlai fort and the Datta Mandir at Revdanda. A Ro-Ro ferry service started about two years ago, allows one to drive down to Kashid on a ship from Ferry Wharf to Mandwa and then by road from there on.However prior reservations are a must especially on week-ends

Konkan
The Konkan is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, bound by the river Daman Ganga at Damaon in the north, to Anjediva Island next to Karwar town in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Deccan Plateau to the east. The hinterland east of the coast has numerous river valleys, riverine islands and the hilly slopes known as the Western Ghats; that lead up into the tablelands of the Deccan. The Konkan region has been recognised by name, since at least the time of Strabo, in the third century CE. It had a thriving mercantile port with Arab tradesmen from the 10th century onwards. The best-known islands of Konkan are Ilhas de Goa, the site of the Goa state's capital at Panjim; also, the Seven Islands of Bombay, on which lies Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra & the headquarters of Konkan Division.
1952 U.S. Women's Open
The 1952 U.S. Women's Open was the seventh U.S. Women's Open, held June 26–29 at Bala Golf Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the final time the event was organized by the LPGA Tour; the United States Golf Association (USGA) has conducted the championship since 1953.

Louise Suggs, the 1949 champion, won the second of her two U.S. Women's Open titles, seven strokes ahead of runners-up Marlene Bauer and Betty Jameson. It was the sixth of eleven major championships for Suggs, whose lead after 36 holes was four strokes, and extended to seven strokes after the third round.

The championship was played in hot weather; temperatures in the first round on Thursday exceeded 100 °F (38 °C).

1953 U.S. Women's Open
The 1953 U.S. Women's Open was the eighth U.S. Women's Open, held June 25–28 at the Country Club of Rochester in Rochester, New York. It was the first U.S. Women's Open conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA), and the final two rounds were played on Saturday.

Betsy Rawls won an 18-hole playoff on Sunday by six strokes over runner-up Jackie Pung, 71 to 77.  It was the third of eight major championships for Rawls and the second of four U.S. Women's Opens.

Patty Berg set a course record with a 71 on Thursday and was the 36-hole leader on Friday evening, eight strokes ahead of the field. Her final two rounds of 80 and 79 on Saturday dropped her to solo third, one stroke out of the playoff.

Notably absent was two-time champion Babe Zaharias, who was recovering from colon cancer surgery. She returned in 1954 and won by a record twelve strokes in her final U.S. Women's Open.
Conflict (narrative)
Conflict is a major element of narrative or dramatic structure in literature, particularly European and European diaspora literature starting in the 20th century, that adds a goal and opposing forces to add uncertainty as to whether the goal will be achieved. In narrative, conflict delays the characters and events from reaching a goal or set of goals. This may include main characters or it may include characters around the main character.

Despite this, conflict as a concept in stories is not universal as there are story structures that are noted to not center conflict such as griot, morality tale, kishōtenketsu, ta'zieh and so on.

Deus ex machina
Deus ex machina (/ˈdeɪəs ɛks ˈmækɪnə, ˈmɑːk-/ DAY-əs ex-MA(H)K-in-ə; Latin: [ˈdɛ.ʊs ɛks ˈmaːkʰɪnaː]; plural: dei ex machina; 'God from the machine') is a plot device, a type of denouement  in which a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly or abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence. Its function is generally to resolve an otherwise irresolvable plot situation, to surprise the audience, to bring the tale to a happy ending, or act as a comedic device.
Seesaw mechanism
In the theory of grand unification of particle physics, and, in particular, in theories of neutrino masses and neutrino oscillation, the seesaw mechanism is a generic model used to understand the relative sizes of observed neutrino masses, of the order of eV,  compared to those of quarks and charged leptons, which are millions of times heavier. The name of the seesaw mechanism was given by Tsutomu Yanagida in a Tokyo conference in 1981.

There are several types of models, each extending the Standard Model.  The simplest version, "Type 1", extends the Standard Model by assuming two or more additional right-handed neutrino fields
inert under the electroweak interaction,
and the existence of a very large mass scale. This allows the mass scale to be identifiable with the postulated scale of grand unification.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a spontaneous process of symmetry breaking, by which a physical system in a symmetric state spontaneously ends up in an asymmetric state. In particular, it can describe systems where the equations of motion or the Lagrangian obey symmetries, but the lowest-energy vacuum solutions do not exhibit that same symmetry. When the system goes to one of those vacuum solutions, the symmetry is broken for perturbations around that vacuum even though the entire Lagrangian retains that symmetry.
Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – 8 Metre
The 8 Metre was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics program in Ostend. Two type of 8 Metre classes were used. Four races were scheduled in each type. In total 19 sailors, on 4 boats, from 2 nation entered in the 8 Metre.

8 Metre
The International Eight Metre class are class of racing yachts.  Eight Metre boats (often called "Eights" or 8mR) are a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case International rule.  Before WW II, Eights were the most prestigious international yacht racing class and they are still raced around the world. "Eight metre" in class name does not, somewhat confusingly, refer to length of the boat, but product of the formula. 8mR boats are on average some 15 metres long. Between 1907 and 2008 approximately 500 8mR boats were built, 177 of them have survived until today.
Zamora, Spain
Zamora (Spanish: [θaˈmoɾa] ⓘ) is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital of the province of Zamora. The city straddles the Duero river. With its 24 characteristic Romanesque style churches of the 12th and 13th centuries it has been called a "museum of Romanesque art". Zamora is the city with the most Romanesque churches in all of Europe. The most important celebration in Zamora is Holy Week.

Zamora is part of the natural comarca of Tierra del Pan and it is the head of the judicial district of Zamora.

Vaccaei
The Vaccaei or Vaccei were a pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain, who inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central Duero valley, in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania (specifically in Castile and León).
Narragansett Council
The Narragansett Council of Scouting America serves all of the state of Rhode Island and some of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Its several camps include Camp Yawgoog, Champlin Scout Reservation, and Camp Norse.

Rehoboth, Massachusetts
Rehoboth is a historic town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1643, Rehoboth is one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts. The population was 12,502 at the 2020 census. Rehoboth is a mostly rural community with many historic sites, including 53 historic cemeteries.
Pleurotus dryinus
Pleurotus dryinus, commonly known as the veiled oyster mushroom, is a species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae. It grows on dead wood and is a weak pathogen, especially infecting broad-leaved trees.

Pleurotaceae
The Pleurotaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have white spores.  The family contains 13 genera over 412 species. Members of Pleurotaceae can be mistaken for members of Marasmiaceae. Perhaps the best known member is the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus.

Many species in the genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia are nematophagous, that is, they derive nutrition by consuming nematodes. This is made possible by hyphae that may have adhesive knobs that attach to passing nematodes and secrete nematotoxic compounds.
Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering
The Indian Railway Service of Mechanical Engineering (IRSME) is one of the group 'A' central engineering services of the Indian railways. The officers of this service are responsible for managing the Mechanical Engineering Division of the Indian Railways. Till 2019, IRSME officers were drawn from the Combined Engineering Service Examination (ESE) and Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) examination conducted by Union Public Service Commission. All appointments to the Group 'A' services are made by the president of India.

Integral Coach Factory
Integral Coach Factory (ICF) is an Indian state-owned manufacturer of rolling stock, and electrical multiple units. Established in 1955, it is located in Perambur in Chennai and is the largest rail coach manufacturer in the world. It is owned and operated by the Indian Railways and is the oldest amongst the five rake production units of the Indian Railways. While the facility initially manufactured ICF coaches, it currently manufactures LHB coaches and electric multiple units including the semi-high speed Vande Bharat train-sets.
Helen Winter
Helen Allison Winter (born Helen Allison Wagenknecht; 1908 – December 13, 2001) was an American political activist and organizer. A member of the Communist Party USA, she was the daughter of Alfred Wagenknecht and the wife of Carl Winter.

Carl Winter (activist)
Carl Winter (born Philip Carl Weisberg; September 25, 1906 – November 16, 1991) was an American political official and newspaper editor. A member of the Communist Party USA, he was convicted under the Smith Act in 1949.
Coshma
Coshma (Irish: Cois Máighe) is a historical barony in southeast County Limerick, Ireland.

Baronies were mainly cadastral rather than administrative units. They acquired modest local taxation and spending functions in the 19th century before being superseded by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.

Croom, County Limerick
Croom (Irish: Cromadh) is a village in County Limerick, Ireland. It is located just off the N20 (which has bypassed the town since 2001) on the River Maigue. It is 8 km southeast of Adare on the N20. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.
Löb's theorem
In mathematical logic, Löb's theorem states that in Peano arithmetic (PA) (or any formal system including PA), for any formula P, if it is provable in PA that "if P is provable in PA then P is true", then P is provable in PA. If Prov(P) is the assertion that the formula P is provable in PA, we may express this more formally as

If

then

.

An immediate corollary (the contrapositive) of Löb's theorem is that, if P is not provable in PA, then "if P is provable in PA, then P is true" is not provable in PA. For example, "If  is provable in PA, then " is not provable in PA.

Löb's theorem is named for Martin Hugo Löb, who formulated it in 1955. It is related to Curry's paradox.

Normal modal logic
In logic, a normal modal logic is a set L of modal formulas such that L contains:

All propositional tautologies;

All instances of the Kripke schema:

and it is closed under:

Detachment rule (modus ponens):  implies ;

Necessitation rule:  implies .

The smallest logic satisfying the above conditions is called K. Most modal logics commonly used nowadays (in terms of having philosophical motivations), e.g. C. I. Lewis's S4 and S5, are normal (and hence are extensions of K). However a number of deontic and epistemic logics, for example, are non-normal, often because they give up the Kripke schema.

Every normal modal logic is regular and hence classical.
2015 Aegon Manchester Trophy
The 2015 Aegon Manchester Trophy was a professional tennis tournament played on grass courts. It was the 1st edition of the revived tournament, forming part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Manchester, United Kingdom between 1 and 7 June 2015.

2015 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour, in 2015 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2015 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 166 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 38th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 7th under the name of Challenger Tour.
St Peter's and St Paul's Church, Holsworthy
St Peter's and St Paul's Church is a grade II* listed building and is the parish church of the small market town of Holsworthy, Devon, England. The present church, built in the early English style, dates from the mid-13th century. Renovations in the late 19th century included the complete rebuilding of the chancel, the addition of a north aisle and the renovation of the nave and south aisle. The 15th-century three-stage west tower is 85.75 feet (26.14 m) high and houses a set of eight bells and a carillon. The first building on the site was probably a Norman Oratory built c.1130 and demolished in c.1250. Remnants of the oratory have been incorporated into the south porch.

Holsworthy
Holsworthy is a market town and civil parish in the Torridge district of Devon, England, 36 miles (58 km) west of Exeter. The River Deer, a tributary of the River Tamar, forms the western boundary of the parish, which includes the village of Brandis Corner. According to the 2011 census the population of Holsworthy was 2,641, growing to an estimated 3,287 in 2019.
Indiana State Road 329
State Road 329 (SR 329) is a State Road in the northern section of the state of Indiana. Running for about 0.335 miles (0.539 km) in a general northeast–southwest direction, connecting SR 29 and U.S. Route 24/U.S. Route 35/SR 25. SR 329 was originally introduced in the mid-1930s routed between Zionsville and SR 29. That segment of SR 329 was renumber to SR 334 by the late 1930s. SR 329 was commissioned again in September 1984 replacing SR 29 through Logansport. This designation of SR 329 lasted until 1999. The current designation of SR 329 was created when the Hoosier Heartland Highway in Logansport was completed.

U.S. Route 24 in Indiana
U.S. Route 24 (US 24) in Indiana runs east from the Illinois state line to Huntington. At Huntington, US 24 turns northeast and runs to Fort Wayne; it then runs concurrently with Interstate 69 (I-69) and I-469 to bypass the city before entering Ohio at the state line east of Fort Wayne. The segment of US 24 between Logansport and Toledo, Ohio, is part of the Hoosier Heartland Industrial Corridor project of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act.
Ernest Fenollosa
Ernest Francisco Fenollosa (February 18, 1853 – September 21, 1908) was an American art historian of Japanese art, professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University. An important educator during the modernization of Japan during the Meiji Era, Fenollosa was an enthusiastic Orientalist who did much to preserve traditional Japanese art.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Cam Fowler
Cameron Matthew Fowler (born December 5, 1991) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey player who is a defenseman for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 12th overall by the Anaheim Ducks in the 2010 NHL entry draft, for whom he played the first 15 seasons of his NHL career.

A dual citizen, Fowler represents the United States internationally and won a gold medal as a member of the junior team at the 2010 World Junior Championships. He was a member of the Windsor Spitfires team that won the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 2009–10, as well as the 2010 Memorial Cup.

USA Hockey National Team Development Program
The United States National Team Development Program (NTDP)  represents the United States in the IIHF World U18 Championship. Additionally the team plays domestically against opponents in the United States Hockey League (under-17 and under-18 teams), the National Collegiate Athletic Association (under-18 team), and other international tournaments. The program was started in 1996 by USA Hockey as a way to identify elite ice hockey players under the age of 18, and centralize their training. There are two teams in the program: under-17 and under-18. Both teams are based in Plymouth, Michigan.
Hay MacDowall
Lieutenant-General Hay MacDowall (c. 1752 – c. 16 March 1809) was a Scottish officer in the British Army who was the sixth General Officer Commanding, Ceylon. He was appointed on 19 July 1799. He was succeeded by David Douglas Wemyss. Fort MacDowall in Matale was named due to his involvement during Kandyan Wars. Only the remnants of gateway and portion of the ramparts are exist today.

General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
General Officer Commanding, Ceylon (also known as Commander of Troops or Officer Commanding His/Her Majesties Troops, Ceylon) was the designation of the General Officer appointed to command all British Army units stationed in the island of Ceylon during the British colonial administration of the island.
Calder, Saskatchewan
Calder (2016 population: 90) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Calder No. 241 and Census Division No. 9. The village lies approximately 56 km east of the city of Yorkton and 35 km west of Roblin, Manitoba, approximately 5 km south of Highway 8 and Highway 10.

Yorkton
Yorkton is a city located in south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is about 300 kilometres (190 mi) south-east of Saskatoon and 450 kilometres (280 mi) north-west of Winnipeg, Manitoba and is the sixth-largest city in the province. Yorkton was founded in 1882 and incorporated as a city in 1928. The city is bordered by the rural municipalities of Orkney to the north, west, and south, and Wallace on the east.
1978 San Francisco Giants season
The 1978 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 96th season in Major League Baseball, their 21st season in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season, and their 19th at Candlestick Park. The team finished in third place in the National League West with an 89–73 record, 6 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers.

1978 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1978 Los Angeles Dodgers season was the 89th season for the Los Angeles Dodgers franchise in Major League Baseball (MLB), their 21st season in Los Angeles, California, and their 17th season playing their home games at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles California.

The team won their second straight National League pennant and losing to the New York Yankees in the World Series again. Dodger coach Jim Gilliam died at the end of the season and his uniform number, 19, was retired by the team prior to Game 1 of the World Series; the team also wore a black memorial patch with Gilliam's number during the World Series. Unlike the previous Dodger team, no member of the team hit 30 home runs after seeing four members hit that mark the previous season (the team leader was Reggie Smith, with 29).
1960 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 5, 1960. Six-year incumbent mayor Nathan Phillips was challenged by former mayor Allan Lamport and Controller Jean Newman. Phillips was returned to office.

The City of Toronto also held a referendum on whether to remove the Blue Law banning films and concerts on Sunday evenings. The measure passed 94,000 votes to 58,003.

Metropolitan Toronto
The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto was an upper-tier level of municipal government in Ontario, Canada, from 1953 to 1998. It was made up of the old city of Toronto and numerous townships, towns and villages that surrounded Toronto, which were starting to urbanize rapidly after World War II. It was commonly referred to as "Metro Toronto" or "Metro".

Passage of the 1997 City of Toronto Act caused the 1998 amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto and its constituents into the current City of Toronto. The boundaries of present-day Toronto are the same as those of Metropolitan Toronto upon its dissolution: Lake Ontario to the south, Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427 to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, and the Rouge River to the east.
Deputy Mayor of Cape Town
The Deputy Mayor of Cape Town is the deputy head of the local government of Cape Town, South Africa; currently that government takes the form of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality.

The Deputy Mayor of Cape Town is elected by the Cape Town City Council and serves alongside the Mayor of Cape Town. The Deputy Mayor has a term length five years and can be renewed once. The position holds many duties stated in the Municipal Structures Act, such as serving as acting Mayor of Cape Town and appointing an interim Mayoral Committee in the event of the Mayor's absence, resignation, death or removal.

The current Deputy Mayor is Eddie Andrews of the Democratic Alliance, who was elected to the role on 18 November 2021. He replaced Ian Neilson, who is also from the DA and was elected in 2009, succeeding Grant Haskin of the African Christian Democratic Party. He did not seek another term in 2021.

City of Cape Town
The City of Cape Town (Afrikaans: Stad Kaapstad; Xhosa: Isixeko saseKapa) is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of Cape Town and surrounding areas.  As of 2022 it has a population of 4,772,846.