hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Upsilon4 Eridani
Upsilon4 Eridani is a close binary star system in the constellation Eridanus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.56. Based upon parallax measurements, the pair are located around 54.6 parsecs (178 ly) from the Sun.

This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary star system, which means that the Doppler-shifted spectral lines of both components can be distinguished. The pair have a circular orbit with a period of five days. The system is composed of two B-type main-sequence stars: one has a stellar classification of B8V and the other B9.5V. Both stars show HgMn peculiarities in their spectrum, and their properties are nearly identical. The spin rate of the two stars is synchronized to their orbital period. It is possible that a nearby K-type star is also related.

B-type main-sequence star
A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class is given as V. These stars have from 2 to 18 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 10,000 and 30,000 K.

B-type stars are luminous and blue-white. Their spectra have strong neutral helium absorption lines, which are most prominent at the B2 subclass, and moderately strong hydrogen lines. Examples include Regulus, Algol A and Acrux.
Margaret Manning
Margaret Manning (died 1984) was an American journalist and book reviewer. She was book editor of the Boston Globe the final ten years of her life, and twice a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism.

Manning was born in Omaha, Nebraska and grew up Illinois. In 1943 she graduated with honors from Vassar College. Prior to beginning work as a reviewer at the Globe in the 1960s, she did some writing for United Press and the Chicago Tribune.

She was married to Robert J. Manning.

Pulitzer Prize for Criticism
The Pulitzer Prize for Criticism has been presented since 1970 to a newspaper writer in the United States who has demonstrated 'distinguished criticism'.  Recipients of the award are chosen by an independent board and officially administered by Columbia University. The Pulitzer Committee issues an official citation explaining the reasons for the award.
CEP subgroup
In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a subgroup of a group is said to have the Congruence Extension Property or to be a CEP subgroup if every congruence on the subgroup lifts to a congruence of the whole group. Equivalently, every normal subgroup of the subgroup arises as the intersection with the subgroup of a normal subgroup of the whole group.

In symbols, a subgroup  is a CEP subgroup in a group  if every normal subgroup  of  can be realized as  where  is normal in .

The following facts are known about CEP subgroups:

Every retract has the CEP.

Every transitively normal subgroup has the CEP.

Normal subgroup
In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part. In other words, a subgroup  of the group  is normal in  if and only if  for all  and  The usual notation for this relation is

Normal subgroups are important because they (and only they) can be used to construct quotient groups of the given group.  Furthermore, the normal subgroups of  are precisely the kernels of group homomorphisms with domain  which means that they can be used to internally classify those homomorphisms.

Évariste Galois was the first to realize the importance of the existence of normal subgroups.
Tatuus FA010
The Tatuus FA010 is an open-wheel race car, designed, developed, and built by Italian chassis manufacturer Tatuus, for the Formula Abarth series, and later the Formula Masters China series, between 2010 and 2011.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
Ottoschmidtia
Ottoschmidtia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It only contains one known species, Ottoschmidtia microphylla (Griseb.) Urb.

Its native range is Caribbean, it is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti.

The genus name of Ottoschmidtia is in honour of Otto Christian Schmidt (1900–1951), a German botanist, professor in Berlin and Münster. He was also a specialist in algae. The Latin specific epithet of microphylla is a portmanteau word derived from 'micro-' meaning small and also 'phylla' meaning leaf.
The genus was first described and published in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Vol.20 on page 312 in 1924. The species was published in Ark. Bot. Vol.21A (Isue 5) on page 85 in 1927.

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
Lalmatia
Lalmatia (Bengali: লালমাটিয়া) is a small residential neighbourhood located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is a part of Mohammadpur Thana at the south side of Mohammadpur, bordering Dhanmondi and Sher-e-Bangla Nagar.

Dhanmondi Thana
Dhanmondi (Bengali: ধানমন্ডি) is an upscale residential and commercial neighbourhood and a thana (police jurisdiction) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, known for its central location, cultural vibrancy and being home to the country's founding president, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Dhanmondi Thana falls within the administrative areas of both the Dhaka North and Dhaka South city corporations.

The origins of Dhanmondi can be traced back to the early 1950s, when the Government of East Pakistan developed it as a centrally planned residential area catering to the city's elites.
Ken Sanders (book dealer)
Ken Sanders (born 1951) is an American antiquarian bookseller who is also well known for his pursuit of book thieves. He organized a sting operation to capture  John Charles Gilkey, and is a major focus of the book The Man Who Loved Books Too Much, about Gilkey's thefts. He has been an appraiser on Antiques Roadshow. He was raised in Salt Lake City, where he "was a serious book collector by age 17."

He founded Ken Sanders Rare Books in 1997 and Dream Garden Press in 1980. In 1982 he was a founding member of the Fund for Wild Nature (then the Earth First! Foundation), which provides grants for the protection of biodiversity and wilderness.  He is a member of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America and served on its Board of Governors for six years, during which time he was the Security Chair. He was a friend of Edward Abbey, and is a subject of the documentary WRENCHED!

Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America
The Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America (ABAA) is an organization in the United States for dealers in rare and antiquarian books. The association is a member of the International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB).
Steeple, Essex
Steeple is a village on the Dengie Peninsula in Essex, England. It is situated just east of Maylandsea and Mayland, on the southern side of the River Blackwater estuary. The parish also includes the small hamlet of Stansgate on the banks of Blackwater. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 486.

Mayland, Essex
Mayland is a village and civil parish on the Dengie Peninsula in the Maldon District of Essex, England. The northern part of the built up area is also known as Maylandsea, which faces onto a creek which forms part of the Blackwater Estuary. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 3,873 and the Mayland built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which includes Maylandsea) had a population of 3,797.
Leederville Aquifer
The Leederville Aquifer is a significant freshwater aquifer located in the south west of Western Australia and predominantly beneath the Swan Coastal Plain west of the Darling Scarp.

It is located above the Yarragadee Aquifer, and beneath two superficial aquifers known as the Gnangara Mound and Jandakot Mound. These aquifers are separated by impervious layers with no groundwater, called aquitards.

The aquifer is several hundred meters thick and in some places reaches the surface. Water extracted from this aquifer is used in Perth's water supply. It is ultimately replenished by rainwater, however in recent years the state government has supplemented this by also pumping treated wastewater into the aquifer.

Swan Coastal Plain
The Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia is the geographic feature which contains the Swan River as it travels west to the Indian Ocean. The coastal plain continues well beyond the boundaries of the Swan River and its tributaries, as a geological and biological zone, one of Western Australia's Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia regions. It is also one of the distinct physiographic provinces of the larger West Australian Shield division.
Noah Monteiro
Noah Pereira Monteiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈno.ɐ peˈɾej.ɾɐ mõˈtɐj.ɾu]; born 23 November 2009) is a Portuguese racing driver who competes in the F4 Spanish Championship for Campos Racing.

Born in Coimbra, Monteiro is the son of former Formula One driver Tiago Monteiro and model Diana Pereira. He began competitive kart racing aged seven, winning several national titles before graduating to junior formulae in 2025.

Rotax Max Challenge
The Rotax Max Challenge (RMC) is a kart racing series owned and organized worldwide by BRP-Rotax and its distributors, approved and in compliance with CIK-FIA. Competition takes place on a club, national and international level which culminates in the Grand Finals once a year.

Youngest Winners
The Rotax Micro MAX class, typically for drivers aged 8 to 12, has seen record-breaking performances by younger competitors:
Wiley Lee: Became the youngest driver on record to win a major Rotax Micro MAX main event race at 7 years and 4 months old during Round 3 of the 2026 Rotax RMC Winter Trophy at Speedsportz Racing Park. https://www.instagram.com/reel/DUMWcZPEhbu/?igsh=aHE1dW9lYTd5dHVx

Arshi Gupta: Won the 2025 FMSCI National Karting Championship (Micro Max) at age 9.
Shiv Tummala: Secured a win in the 2025 Meco Meritus Cup (Micro Max) at age 9.

Diego LaRoque: Noted for winning the 2016 Rotax Max Challenge Grand Finals in the Micro Max category at age 10.
Arabitol
Arabitol, or arabinitol, is a sugar alcohol. It can be formed by the reduction of either arabinose. Some organic acid tests check for the presence of D-arabitol, which may indicate overgrowth of intestinal microbes such as Candida albicans or other yeast/fungus species.

Arabitol and lyxitol are diastereomeric pentitols, differing in the configuration of two stereocenters. Arabitol was initially produced, soon after its discovery, through the catalytic reduction of D-arabinose or D-lixose. It can be obtained in two spatial forms: L-arabitol and D-arabitol.

Sugar alcohol
Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols, polyalcohols, alditols or glycitols) are organic compounds, typically derived from sugars, containing one hydroxyl group (−OH) attached to each carbon atom. They are white, water-soluble solids that can occur naturally or be produced industrially by hydrogenating sugars. Since they contain multiple (−OH) groups, they are classified as polyols.

Sugar alcohols are used widely in the food industry as thickeners and sweeteners. In commercial foodstuffs, sugar alcohols are commonly used in place of table sugar (sucrose), often in combination with high-intensity artificial sweeteners, in order to offset their low sweetness. Xylitol and sorbitol are popular sugar alcohols in commercial foods.

Sugar alcohols are synthesised by most microorganisms and plants, with roles in maintaining cellular water balance and responding to stresses, such as water deficiency or low temperature.
Carolyn Hurless
Carolyn Hurless (November 24, 1934 – February 13, 1987) was an American astronomer and an American Association of Variable Star Observers merit award winner. She made an estimated 78,876 astronomical observations in her lifetime.

Leslie Peltier
Leslie Copus Peltier (January 2, 1900 – May 10, 1980) was an American amateur astronomer and discoverer of several comets and novae, including Nova Herculis 1963.  He was once described as "the world's greatest non-professional astronomer" by Harlow Shapley.
San Gavino Monreale
San Gavino Monreale (Sardinian: Santu 'Èngiu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Medio Campidano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Cagliari, and roughly halfway between the latter and the town of Oristano.

San Gavino Monreale borders the following municipalities: Gonnosfanadiga, Pabillonis, Sanluri, Sardara, Villacidro. It is home to a castle.

Sanluri
Sanluri (Italian: [sanˈluːri] ⓘ; Sardinian: Seddori; Latin: Sullurium) is a town and comune, which along with Villacidro is a co-capital of the province of Medio Campidano, Sardinia, Italy. The territory of Sanluri comprises an area of 84.16 square kilometres (32.49 sq mi).

In 1436, Sanluri was elevated to viscountship by the Aragonese Crown, and granted to Giovanni de Sena, baron of Quartu Sant'Elena and viscount of Sanluri, the feudalism lasted until the 1800s.
1984 San Juan, Puerto Rico, mayoral election
San Juan, Puerto Rico, held an election for mayor on November 6, 1984. It was held as part of the 1984 Puerto Rican general election. It saw the election of Baltasar Corrada del Río, a member of the New Progressive Party.

1984 Puerto Rican general election
General elections were held in Puerto Rico on November 6, 1984. Rafael Hernández Colón of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) was elected Governor, whilst the PPD also won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Voter turnout was 89%.
Polish Popular-Christian Forum "Patrimony"
The Polish Popular-Christian Forum "Patrimony" (Polish: Polskie Forum Ludowo-Chrześcijańskie „Ojcowizna”, PFLCh "Ojcowizna"), also known as the Polish Party "Patrimony" (Polish: Polska Partia „Ojcowizna”) between 14 January 1992 and 1998, is an agrarian political party in Poland. It was founded by Roman Bartoszcze and Leszek Murzyn after the former was ousted from party leadership in the Polish People's Party in June 1991, and cofounded with Stanisław Majdański and Leszek Murzyn. It was deregistered as a party in 1998, and refounded as an association on 15 October 2004 by Leszek Murzyn.

2001 Polish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 23 September 2001. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The election concluded with an overwhelming victory for the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance – Labor Union, the electoral coalition between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Labour Union (UP), which captured 41% of the vote in the crucial lower house Sejm. The 2001 election is recognized as marking the emergence of both Civic Platform (PO) and Law and Justice (PiS) as players in Polish politics, while also witnessing the outright collapse of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) and its former coalition partner, the Freedom Union (UW).

Voter turnout for the 2001 election was 46% The 2001 election featured heavy redistricting owing to local government reforms passed in 1998. For this election only, list seats were allocated using the Sainte-Laguë method instead of the D'Hondt method.
Midori Matsushima
Midori Matsushima (Japanese: 松島 みどり, Hepburn: Matsushima Midori; born 15 July 1956) also known by her legal name Midori Baba (馬場 みどり, Baba Midori) is a Japanese politician. She served as Japan's Minister of Justice in 2014, later resigning in the same year after an allegation of violating electoral laws by distributing paper fans to voters.

Minister of Justice (Japan)
The Minister of Justice (法務大臣, Hōmu Daijin) is a member of the Cabinet of Japan and is the leader and chief executive of the Ministry of Justice. The minister is nominated by the Prime Minister of Japan and is appointed by the Emperor of Japan.

The current minister is Hiroshi Hiraguchi, who took office on 21 October 2025.
Grand Haven Musical Fountain
The Grand Haven Musical Fountain is a synchronized display of water and lights in Grand Haven, Michigan located on Dewey Hill on the north shore of the Grand River. Each 25 to 30 minute show runs nightly at dark from Memorial Day through Labor Day, with Friday and Saturday shows that run during the months of May and September.

Each nightly show features a particular theme, from Sci-Fi Night to Country Night, with each show featuring a variety of choreographed songs that fit that night's theme. Additionally, special shows including a patriotic theme every July 4, a program saluting the United States Coast Guard runs yearly during the Coast Guard Festival in August, and other specialty one-time shows throughout each season. The fountain, which is owned by the city of Grand Haven, draws an annual average of 100,000 people.

Grand Valley State University
Grand Valley State University (GVSU, GV, or Grand Valley) is a public university in Allendale, Michigan, United States. It was established in 1960 as Grand Valley State College. Its main campus is situated on 1,322 acres (5.35 km2) approximately 12 miles (19 km) west of Grand Rapids. The university also features campuses in Grand Rapids and Holland and regional centers in Battle Creek, Detroit, Muskegon, and Traverse City.

GVSU enrolled more than 22,000 students as of fall 2025 from 82 of 83 Michigan counties and dozens of other states and foreign countries. It employed nearly 4,000 people, with about 1,800 faculty and 2,000 staff. The university has alumni from 50 U.S. states, Canada, and 25 other countries.

GVSU's NCAA Division II sports teams are the Lakers and they compete in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) in all 20 intercollegiate varsity sports. They have won 31 NCAA Division II National Championships.
Carlos Morphi
Capitán General Carlos Morphi was an Irish Lt. Colonel who worked for Spain. He became the Colonial governor of Paraguay in 1766. He had good relations with the Jesuits. He was also, in 1770, the founder of Eusebio Ayala, Paraguay.

Governorate of Paraguay
The Governorate of Paraguay (Spanish: Gobernación del Paraguay), originally called the Governorate of Guayrá, was a governorate of the Spanish Empire and part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.  Its seat was the city of Asunción; its territory roughly encompassed the modern day country of Paraguay.

The Governorate was created on December 16, 1617, by the royal decree of King Philip III as a split of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and of Paraguay into its respective halves.  The Governorate lasted until 1782, after which the massive Viceroyalty of Peru was split, and Paraguay became an intendency (intendencia) of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
Poor Removal Act 1795
The Poor Removal Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 101), sometimes called the Removal Act 1795, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which modified the Settlement Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 12), an act which concerned when a pauper could receive poor relief. The effect of the Removal Act was "that no non-settled person could be removed from a parish unless he or she applied for relief." The Act stated that the earlier settlement certificate system "hath been found very ineffectual".

Poor Relief Act 1662
The Poor Relief Act 1662 (14 Cha. 2. c. 12) was an act of the Cavalier Parliament of England. It was an Act for the Better Relief of the Poor of this Kingdom and is also known as the Settlement Act or the Settlement and Removal Act.
Masked Goddess
The Masked Goddess (仮面の女神, Kamen no Megami) is a relatively large Japanese dogū or clay figurine of the late Jōmon period (c. 2000–1000 BC). Excavated from the Nakappara Site in Chino, Nagano Prefecture, it is exhibited at the nearby Togariishi Museum of Jōmon Archaeology. Alongside the "Hollow Dogū" from Hokkaidō, the "dogū with palms pressed together" from Aomori Prefecture, "Jōmon Goddess" from Yamagata Prefecture, and "Jōmon Venus" that was also excavated in Chino, it is one of five dogū that have been designated National Treasures.

Chino, Nagano
Chino (茅野市, Chino-shi) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2019, the city had an estimated population of 55,673 in 23,236 households, and a population density of 210 persons per km². The total area of the city is 266.59 square kilometres (102.93 sq mi).
2008 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2008 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures was made on 12 February 2008. The championship ran from 10 May to 19 October 2008.

Adare entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 19 October 2007 at the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, between Adare and Ahane, in what was their second meeting in the final overall and a first final meeting in six years. Adare won the match by 0–13 to 0–08 to claim their fourth championship title overall and a second title in succession.

Ahane's Niall Moran was the chanpionship's top scorer with 3–45.

2002 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2002 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 108th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The competition ran from 30 June to 13 October 2002.

Adare were the defending champions.

On 13 October 2002, Adare won the championship after a 0–14 to 0–12 defeat of Ahane in the final. It was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession.

Kilmallock's Andrew O'Shaughnessy was the championship's top scorer with 5–29.
Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.

No quarter
No quarter, during military conflict or piracy, implies that combatants would not be taken prisoner, but executed. Since the Hague Convention of 1899, it is considered a war crime; it is also prohibited in customary international law and by the Rome Statute. Article 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907 states that "it is especially forbidden [...] to declare that no quarter will be given".