hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Electoral district of Windsor (New South Wales)
Windsor was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1859 and named after the town of Windsor. It was abolished in 1880. The sitting member, Henry McQuade, unsuccessfully contested The Hawkesbury.

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.
Principle of homonymy
In zoology, the principle of homonymy is one of the guiding principles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

It states that any one name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group). This will typically be the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a homonym) is typically barred from being used. The principles of priority and the first reviser apply here. For family-group names the termination (which is rank-bound) is not taken into account.

In 1777 Johann Reinhold Forster published the name Echidna for a genus of moray eels. This meant that when Georges Cuvier proposed to use this name Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater he created a junior homonym. Later, in 1811, Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger published the name Tachyglossus, as a replacement name, or nomen novum, and this is considered to be the valid name for the spiny anteater.

Nomen novum
In biological nomenclature, a nomen novum (Latin for "new name"), replacement name (or new replacement name, new substitute name, substitute name) is a replacement scientific name that is created when technical, nomenclatural reasons have made it impossible to continue using the previous name (for example because it was discovered to be a homonym – spelled the same as an existing, older name). Nomen novum does not apply when a name is changed for taxonomic reasons alone. It is frequently abbreviated, e.g. nomen nov., nom. nov..
Salon des indépendants
The Salon des indépendants is an annual art exhibition in Paris, begun in 1884. Organised by the Société des artistes indépendants, it aims to show works by all artists claiming a certain independence in their art and was formed – like the Société – in reaction to artists refused by the juries of the Paris Salon and the dominance of academic art.

Champs-Élysées
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (UK: /ˌʃɒ̃z eɪˈliːzeɪ, ɛ-/, US: /ʃɒ̃z ˌeɪliˈzeɪ/; French: [av(ə)ny de ʃɑ̃z‿elize] ⓘ), usually shortened to the Champs-Élysées, is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. The avenue is 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and 70 metres (230 ft) wide, running between the Place de la Concorde in the east and the Place Charles de Gaulle in the west, where the Arc de Triomphe is located. It is known for its theatres, cafés, and luxury shops; as the finish of the Tour de France cycling race; and for its annual Bastille Day military parade.

The name is French for the Elysian Fields, the place for dead heroes in Greek mythology. It has been described as the "most beautiful avenue in the whole world".
Jackson Ward
Jackson Ward, previously known as Central Wards, is a historically African-American district in Richmond, Virginia, with a long tradition of African-American businesses. It is located less than a mile from the Virginia State Capitol, sitting to the west of Court End and north of Broad Street. It was listed as a National Historic Landmark District in 1978. "Jackson Ward" was originally the name of the area's political district within the city, or ward, from 1871 to 1905, yet has remained in use long after losing its original meaning.

Court End
37°32′38″N 77°25′53″W﻿ / ﻿37.54389°N 77.43139°W﻿ / 37.54389; -77.43139

Court End is a neighborhood in Richmond, Virginia, that sits to the north of the Capitol Square and East Broad Street. It developed in the Federal era, after Virginia's capital moved from Williamsburg.
Tyneside Electrics
The Tyneside Electrics were the suburban railways on Tyneside that the North Eastern Railway and the London and North Eastern Railway electrified using the third rail system. The North Tyneside Loop was electrified from 1904 onwards and formed one of the earliest suburban electric networks; the South Tyneside line to South Shields via Pelaw was electrified in March 1938. British Railways converted these lines to diesel operation in the 1960s: the line to South Shields in January 1963 and the North Tyneside lines in June 1967 when the electrical supply infrastructure (which dated from 1935) and the rolling stock (which dated from 1937) had become life expired. In addition, the system was losing passengers and suffering from costly vandalism. Since the late 1970s, much of the system has been converted to form the Tyne and Wear Metro.

Benton Metro station
Benton is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, and former British Rail station, serving the suburb of Benton, North Tyneside in Tyne and Wear, England. It was opened in 1871, closed in 1978 for conversion to become part of the Tyne and Wear Metro, and joined that network in 1980.

It should not be confused with a previous station, on the site of the current Four Lane Ends Interchange, which opened in 1864, closed in 1871, and was variously called Benton, Long Benton and Longbenton. Nor should it be confused with Forest Hall station on the East Coast Main Line, which opened in 1856, closed in 1958, and was known as Benton until 1874.
Mount Galesios
Mount Galesios or Galesion (Greek: όρος Γαλήσιος/Γαλήσιον), today known as Alamandağ or Gallesion in Turkish, is a mountain north of Ephesus in modern-day Turkey. The mountain is located on the northern bank of the Küçükmenderes River (ancient Kaystros), on the western coast of Asia Minor. It is notable as the seat of a large Eastern Orthodox monastic community in late Byzantine times, from the 11th century to the area's conquest by the Turks in the 14th century.

Küçük Menderes River
Küçük Menderes ("Little Meander"), Cayster River, Caystrus River or Kaystros River (Ancient Greek: Κάϋστρος, romanized: Káÿstros) is a river south of İzmir, Turkey. It generally flows westward and arrives at the Aegean Sea at Pamucak beach, near Selçuk, İzmir.

The ancient city of Ephesus was once an important port on the river, but over the centuries, sedimentation gradually filled in the inlet around the city. The ancient port of Panormus was near its mouth. The coastlines moved seaward, and the ruins of Ephesus are now some 8 km (5.0 mi) inland from the coast.

Its tributaries are the Fertek, Uladı, Ilıca, Değirmen, Aktaş, Rahmanlar, Prinçci, Yuvalı, Ceriközkayası, Eğridere, Birgi, Çevlik and Keles.

The river is currently just north of the Büyük Menderes ("Great Meander") River; both rivers have often changed their course.
Clanwilliam (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Clanwilliam was a short-lived constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed only for the inaugural Union election in 1910. It covered a rural area centred on the town of Clanwilliam. It elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Egino, Duke of Thuringia
Egino (died 3 August 908) was a count in East Franconia and Duke of Thuringia in the late 9th century. He was a Popponid (Elder House Babenberg), the younger brother of Henry of Franconia and Poppo of Thuringia. All three may have been sons or grandsons of Poppo of Grapfeld.

Egino feuded with his brother Poppo in Thuringia in 882 and 883, but the reasons are unknown. In 882, he and the Saxons had instigated a war with Poppo and the Thuringii and vanquished them. In 883, he was recorded as a co-duke of the Thuringii, and savagely defeated his brother, forcing him to retreat with but a small remnant of his original fighting force.

While a necrology of Fulda records Egino's death in 886, he was mentioned in charters as living in 887 and 888. Egino was killed, along with Burchard, Duke of Thuringia, and Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg, in battle with the Magyars.

Henry, Margrave of the Franks
Henry (died 28 August 886) was the leading military commander of the last years of the Carolingian Empire. He was commander-in-chief under Kings Louis the Younger and Charles the Fat. His early career was mostly restricted to East Francia, his homeland, but after Charles inherited West Francia in 884 he was increasingly active there. During his time, raids by the Vikings (mainly Danes) peaked in Francia. The sources describe at least eight separate campaigns waged by Henry against the Vikings, most of them successful.

Henry is described in the sources as a Saxon, Frank or Thuringian. His title is given variously as count (Latin comes), margrave (marchensis) or duke (dux). The territory he governed is described variously in the sources as Francia, Neustria or Austrasia, perhaps indicating that his military command covered most of the north of the empire from the Breton March in the west to Frisia and Saxony in the east.
Hotan Silk Factory
The Hotan Silk Factory (Chinese: 和田丝绸厂; pinyin: Hétián Sīchóu Chǎng; lit. 'Hetian Silk Factory') is a silk factory in Hotan, Xinjiang, China. It is located to the northeast of the town of Hotan and manufactures many colorful silks which are sold in market. The factory offers tours in Chinese of the silk-making process, from the boiling of the cocoons to the printing of the silk.

Hotan
Hotan is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Northwestern China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of Hotan Prefecture.

With a population of 408,900 (2018 census), Hotan is situated in the Tarim Basin some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) southwest of the regional capital, Ürümqi. It lies just north of the Kunlun Mountains, which are crossed by the Sanju, Hindutash and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of Yarkant County and populated almost exclusively by Uyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic Silk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers, the Karakash River and the White Jade River, to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan Desert. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.
Davide Lanzafame
Davide Lanzafame (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdaːvide lantsaˈfaːme]; born 9 February 1987) is an Italian football coach and former professional player, who played as a striker or right winger. He is in charge of Eccellenza amateurs Borgaro.

SSC Bari
Società Sportiva Calcio Bari, commonly referred to as SSC Bari and simply Bari, is an Italian football club based in Bari, Apulia. Bari currently plays in the Serie B. The team finished the 2021–22 season in first place in Serie C and earned promotion to Serie B for the 2022–23 season.

Bari was originally founded in 1908 and reestablished several times, most recently in 2018. The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football, Serie A and Serie B. The club was formerly known as AS Bari or FC Bari 1908 as well as other names, due to re-establishing. Bari usually plays in all-white with red detailing.

Statistically, Bari is the most successful club from the Apulia region in terms of all-time Serie A records. The club is among the elite in Southern Italian football and is ranked 17th in the all-time Serie A records. The club won the Mitropa Cup in 1990.
2017 Healthy Ageing Tour
The 2017 Healthy Ageing Tour was a women's cycle stage race that is being held in the Netherlands from 4 to 8 April 2018. The 2017 edition of the race was the seventh running of the Healthy Ageing Tour, being held with a UCI rating of 2.1.

Bloeizone Fryslân Tour
The  Bloeizone Fryslân Tour, also known as the EasyToys Bloeizone Fryslân Tour for sponsorship reasons is an elite women's annual multiple stage road bicycle race event held in the province Groningen in the Netherlands since 2011. The stage race is rated by the UCI as category 2.1, having been upgraded from 2.2 in 2018. The race was previously known as the Energiewacht Tour from 2011 to 2016 and then the Healthy Ageing Tour from 2017 to 2021.
David Speirs
David James Speirs (born 15 December 1984) is a Scottish-Australian former politician and convicted drug dealer, who was the Leader of the Opposition in South Australia and Leader of the South Australian Liberal Party from April 2022 until August 2024. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from the 2014 state election, representing the electorate of Bright from 2014 to 2018, and its successor, the electorate of Black, from 2018 to 2024.

Speirs served as the Minister for Environment and Water in the Marshall Ministry between March 2018 and March 2022.

On 8 August 2024 Speirs resigned as State Liberal Party leader, triggering a  contest for his position, which was won by Vincent Tarzia. On 5 October, Speirs announced he would resign from the SA Parliament after he was charged with drug-supply offences.

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (commonly abbreviated DofE) is a youth awards programme founded in the United Kingdom in 1956 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, which has since expanded to 144 nations. The awards recognise adolescents and young adults for completing a series of self-improvement exercises modelled on Kurt Hahn's solutions to his "Six Declines of Modern Youth".
Beylik of Constantine
The Beylik of Constantine (Arabic: بايلك قسنطينة, romanized: Bâylik Qasentina), Beylik of the Sunrise or Beylik of the East (Arabic: بيليك الشرق, romanized: Bâylik Ash-sharq or Bâylik Al-sharq) as was its official designation, was one of the three Beyliks of the Regency of Algiers (the other two being the Beylik of Titteri, also known as the Beylik of Médéa, and the Beylik of the West, also known as the Beylik of the Sunset).
The region liberated itself from the Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa in the early 16th century, and constituted itself around Constantine in the mid to late 16th century. The Beylik collapsed in the 1837 siege of Constantine during the French conquest of Algeria. The Constantine department was formed upon the bases of the Beylik in 1848.

Constantine Department
Constantine Department was a French département in Algeria during the colonial period, which existed between 1848 and 1974.  The area of the former department, centered on the city of Constantine, is also referred to as Constantinois (Arabic: قسنطينة Qusanṭīnah).
Nariva Plain
On the island of Trinidad, the Nariva Plain is a lowland area on the east between the Central Range and the Southern Range; the lowland area on the west is the Naparima Plain.  To the north of the Central Range is the Caroni Plain.  The lowland areas are either flat or consist of gently rolling hills. The eastern half of the island is not as thickly settled as the western. The 35-mile long Ortoire River flows eastward through the Nariva Plain and drains in the Nariva Swamp (see map and picture below) on the Atlantic Ocean coast.

Nariva Swamp
10°25′N 61°05′W﻿ / ﻿10.417°N 61.083°W﻿ / 10.417; -61.083

The Nariva Swamp is the largest freshwater wetland in Trinidad and Tobago and has been designated a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. The swamp is located on the east coast of Trinidad, immediately inland from the Manzanilla Bay through Biche and covers over 60 square kilometres (23 mi2). The Nariva Swamp is extremely biodiverse, being home to 45 mammal species, 39 reptile species, 33 fish species, 204 bird species, 19 frog species, 213 insect species and 15 mollusc species. All this contained in just 60 square kilometers.
Sammarçolles
Sammarçolles (French pronunciation: [samaʁsɔl]) is a commune in Vienne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. The small town lies northeast of Loudun, 6.5 kilometres by road. It contains a "rich chapel", built by the Montault des Isles family.
686 people were recorded in 1886. The population declined in the 20th century to a low of 472 people in 1990. As of 2017 it has a population of 642 people.

Loudun
Loudun (/luːˈdʌn/; French pronunciation: [lu.dœ̃]; Poitevin: Loudin) is a commune in the Vienne department and the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France.

It is located 30 km (19 mi) south of the town of Chinon and 25 km to the east of the town Thouars. The area south of Loudun is the place of origin of a significant portion of the Acadians, one of the early settlers of New France in Canada.
Negativconcertland
Negativconcertland is a 1993 recording of a live concert by Negativland. It is a bootleg recorded from the audience. At the time of its release, Negativland had never officially released a live album. SST later put out "Negativ(e)land: Live On Tour" against their wishes to compete with Seeland's Dispepsi album. In 2006, they released an official live recording, It's All In Your Head FM, made on the tour of the same name.

Dispepsi
Dispepsi is the eighth album by the American experimental plunderphonics band Negativland. It was released on July 29, 1997, by Seeland Records, Negativland's record label. It is structured as a statement against the major soft drink companies and contains many samples of advertisements from the industry. Particularly, the collage album focuses on Pepsi adverts.
The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1950 film)
The White Hell of Pitz Palu (German: Föhn) is a 1950 West German mountain film directed by Rolf Hansen and starring Hans Albers, Liselotte Pulver and Adrian Hoven. It is a remake of Arnold Fanck's 1929 film The White Hell of Pitz Palu. Interiors were shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Sohnle and Fritz Lück . It was a prominent early role for Lieselotte Pulver and helped put the young Swiss actress on the path to stardom in the German-speaking world.

Mountain film
A mountain film is a film genre that focuses on mountaineering and especially the battle of human against nature. In addition to mere adventure, the protagonists who return from the mountain come back changed, usually gaining wisdom and enlightenment.
State v. Leidholm
State v. Leidholm, Supreme Court of North Dakota, 334 N.W.2d 811 (1983), is a criminal law case distinguishing the subjective and objective standard of reasonableness in a case where a battered woman  used self-protection as a defense. Janice Leidholm had killed her husband near Washburn, North Dakota and claimed self defense. The case clarifies between the defenses of justification and excuse. The case overturned Janice Leidholm’s prior conviction regarding her husband’s death.

Self-defense
Self-defense (self-defence) primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions.
Kazlıçeşme, Zeytinburnu
Kazlıçeşme is a neighbourhood (Turkish: mahalle) in the municipality and district of Zeytinburnu, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 4,844 (2022). Chartered in 1957, it is the least populous neighborhood of Zeytinburnu. The locality took its name from the historic fountain (Turkish: çeşme) with a relief goose (Turkish: kaz) figure below the fountain's inscription, which dates it back to Hijri year AH 953 (AD 1537).

Stretching between Bakırköy district in the southwest and Fatih district in the northeast, where it borders to the historic Walls of Constantinople, the area covers the entire coast line of Zeytinburnu at the Sea of Marmara. The 13 km (8.1 mi) long shoreline road Kennedy Avenue connecting Sirkeci with Bakırköy runs through Kazlıçeşme.

Bakırköy
Bakırköy is a municipality and district in the European part of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 29 km2, and its population is 226,685 (2022). Bakırköy lies between the D.100 highway (locally known as E-5) and the coast of the Sea of Marmara. Bakırköy houses a large psychiatric hospital, and is an important shopping and commercial center.
Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility
NICA (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) is a particle collider complex being constructed by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to perform experiments such as Nuclotron ion beams extracted to a fixed target and colliding beams of ions, ions-protons, polarized protons and deuterons. The projected maximum kinetic energy of the accelerated ions is 4.5 GeV per nucleon, and 12.6 GeV for protons.

Nuclotron
Nuclotron is a superconductive synchrotron, exploited by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. This particle accelerator  is based on a miniature iron-shaped field superconductive magnets, and has a particle energy up to 7 GeV. It was built in 1987–1992 as a part of Dubna synchrophasotron modernisation program (the Nuclotron ring follows the outer perimeter of the superconductive booster synchrotron ring). Five runs of about 1400 hours total duration have been provided by the present time. The most important experiments tested the cryomagnetic system of a novel type, and obtained data on nuclear collisions using internal target.
The Electric Soft Parade
The Electric Soft Parade are an English psychedelic pop band from Brighton, comprising brothers Alex and Thomas White, the creative core of the band, as well as a number of other musicians with whom they record and perform live, most recently including Andrew Mitchell (of Dundee-based group The Hazey Janes) and Damo Waters, as well as long-standing bass/keyboard player, Matthew Twaites.

Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its relaunch and completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.