hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Electron spectrometer
An electron spectrometer is a device used to perform different forms of electron spectroscopy and electron microscopy. This requires analyzing the energy of an incoming beam of electrons. Most electron spectrometers use a hemispherical electron energy analyzer in which the beam of electrons is bent with electric or magnetic fields. Higher energy electrons will be bent less by the beam, this produces a spatially distributed range of energies.

Electron spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment, including particle accelerators, transmission electron microscopes, and astronomical satellites.

Electron spectroscopy
Electron spectroscopy refers to a group formed by techniques based on the analysis of the energies of emitted electrons such as photoelectrons and Auger electrons. This group includes X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). These analytical techniques are used to identify and determine the elements and their electronic structures from the surface of a test sample. Samples can be solids, gases or liquids.

Chemical information is obtained only from the uppermost atomic layers of the sample (depth 10 nm or less) because the energies of Auger electrons and photoelectrons are quite low, typically 20 - 2000 eV. For this reason, electron spectroscopy techniques are used to analyze surface chemicals.
Iranotricha
Iranotricha is a genus of ground spiders containing the single species, Iranotricha lutensis. It was  first described by Alireza Zamani & Yuri M. Marusik in 2018, and is only found in the Lut Desert, Iran.

Ground spider
Ground spiders comprise Gnaphosidae, the seventh largest spider family with about 2,500 described species in over 100 genera distributed worldwide. There are 105 species known to central Europe, and common genera include Gnaphosa, Drassodes, Micaria, Cesonia, Zelotes and many others. They are closely related to Clubionidae. At present, no ground spiders are known to be seriously venomous to humans.
101 Mitigations
"101 Mitigations" is the fifteenth episode of the thirtieth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 654th episode overall. The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland with a story by Rob LaZebnik and teleplay by Brian Kelley and Dan Vebber. It aired in the United States on Fox on March 3, 2019.

In this episode, Homer is arrested for stealing Comic Book Guy's car, and he seeks forgiveness from both the judge on the case and Comic Book Guy. Filmmaker Guillermo del Toro guest starred as himself. The episode received mixed reviews.

Springfield (The Simpsons)
Springfield is the primary fictional setting of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons and related media. It is an average-sized, fictional city in an unknown state in the United States. The city's geography, surroundings, and layout are flexible, often changing to accommodate the plot of any given episode.

Springfield was inspired by a number of real-life locations, including creator Matt Groening's hometown of Portland, Oregon, the nearby town of Springfield, Oregon, and producer Mike Scully's hometown of Springfield, Massachusetts. However, in order to emphasize it as an example of "Anytown, USA", the location of the fictional Springfield remains a mystery. "Clues" regarding Springfield's climate, geology, distance from real cities, or political alignment, which are found in numerous episodes of the series, are intentionally contradictory.

In November 2025, an island version of Springfield was the main map for the Fortnite x Simpsons crossover mini season.
Simbalbara National Park
Simbalbara National Park is a national park in India, located in the Kiyarda Dun valley of Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh, along its border with Haryana. It is also known as Col. Sher Jung National Park. The vegetation consists of dense Sal forests with grassy glades. The protected area was created in 1958 as the Simbalbara Wildlife Sanctuary with 19.03 km2. In 2010, 8.88 km2 were added to it and it was made into a National Park, covering an area of about 27.88 square kilometres (10.76 sq mi). There is a perennial stream in the valley. The Travel and Tourism department of Himachal Pradesh has preserved the park in its natural form.

Simbalbara Forest Rest House is connected from Puruwala and provides views of the valley. Tiger, Goral, Sambhar and Chittal are the common animals found here.  There are walking trails also in the adjoining forests. October and November are the best times to visit the park.

Sirmaur district
Sirmaur district is the southernmost district of Himachal Pradesh, northern India. It is largely mountainous and rural, with 90% of its population living in villages. Some of its towns include the capital  Nahan, Paonta Sahib, Lana palar,
Tuheri, Bhawan, Sirmaur, Shamra, UchaTikker and Suketi, the latter known for Shivalik Fossil Park. It is culturally part of the historical Mahasu region.
Aam
Aam is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Overbetuwe, about 1 km east of the town of Elst. The hamlet is nowadays surrounded by Elst.

It was first mentioned in the 11th century as apud Ambam, and refers to the Amba river. In 1840, it was home to 182 people.

Overbetuwe
Overbetuwe (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌoːvərˈbeːtyu.ə] ⓘ) is a municipality in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It was formed on 1 January 2001 as a merger of three former municipalities: Elst, Heteren and Valburg. Overbetuwe is bordered in the north by the river Rhine and in the south by the river Waal. The town hall is located in Elst, the largest town in the municipality. Since 2021 it has been part of the Arnhem-Nijmegen Green Metropolitan Region (Dutch: Groene Metropoolregio Arnhem-Nijmegen, which aids planning and development in the region's eighteen municipalities.
Bi-partisan appointment republican model
The Bi-partisan appointment republican model was a proposal for Australian constitutional reform. If approved at referendum, the model would have established Australia as a republic with a Head of State appointed by the Australian Federal Parliament. The model was put to the people at the November 1999 republican referendum and was defeated by 54.4% of voters.

Majority
A majority is more than half of a total; however, the term is commonly used with other meanings, as explained in the "Related terms" section below.

It is a subset of a set consisting of more than half of the set's elements. For example, if a group consists of 31 individuals, a majority would be 16 or more individuals, while having 15 or fewer individuals would not constitute a majority.

A majority is different from, but often confused with, a plurality (or relative majority in British English), which is a subset larger than any other subset but not necessarily more than half the set. See the "Related terms" section below for details.
65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia"
The 65th Infantry Division "Granatieri di Savoia" (Italian: 65ª Divisione fanteria "Granatieri di Savoia") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Granatieri di Savoia was formed on 12 October 1936 in Littoria and disbanded on 20 April 1941 in Soddu, Ethiopia. The division's name translates as "Grenadiers of Savoy", with the House of Savoy being the ruling family of the Kingdom of Italy.

81/14 Model 35 Mortar
The Mortaio da 81 Mod. 35 was an Italian World War II infantry mortar. It was the standard weapon of the Italian Army during the war, of typical Brandt-system construction, but relatively lightweight, with good range and considered very successful.

The weapon used two kinds of ammunition, a heavy high-explosive shell weighing 6.86 kg (15.1 lb) and a lighter shell weighing 3.26 kg (7.2 lb) for long distance fire.
Cyrrhestica
Cyrrhestica (Greek: Κυρρηστική) is a district of Greater Syria which appears to have owed its name to the hellenistic era of the country. The readings Κυρριστική and Κυριστική are mistakes made by the scribes. It lies to the east of the plain of Antioch and Amanus, and was bounded on the east by the Euphrates and Commagene to the north, it extended as far as the desert. This fertile, well-watered, and thickly peopled district occupied the right bank of the Euphrates, where the river inclines rather eastward of south. It was the scene of the campaign in which Ventidius defeated the Parthian Pacorus and avenged Crassus and the Roman army which had fallen at Carrhae. Constantine I united it with Commagene under the name of Provincia Euphratensis. The chief towns of Cyrrhestica were Hierapolis Bambyce, Zeugma, Europus, Birtha?, Beroea (modern Aleppo), Batnae, and Cyrrhus.

Carchemish
Carchemish (/ˈkɑːrkəmɪʃ/ KAR-kəm-ish or /kɑːrˈkiːmɪʃ/ kar-KEE-mish), also spelled Karkemish (Turkish: Karkamış), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria. At times during its history the city was independent, but it was also part of the Mitanni, Hittite and Neo-Assyrian Empires. Today it is on the frontier between Turkey and Syria.

It was the location of an important battle, about 605 BC, between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible (Jer. 46:2, 2 Chron. 35:20). Modern neighbouring cities are Karkamış in Turkey and Jarabulus in Syria (also Djerablus, Jerablus, Jarablos, Jarâblos).
Mohammad Shah Fazli
Mohammad Shah Fazli is an islamist politician from Afghanistan who served as Vice President of Afghanistan and chief justice of Supreme Court of Afghanistan.

He was also deputy leader of Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami.

Vice President of Afghanistan
The vice president of Afghanistan was the second highest political position attainable in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The vice presidents were elected on the same ticket as the president. A presidential candidate was responsible for nominating two candidates for vice president before the election.

Although Sardar Mohammad Dawood Khan was the founder of the Republic in Afghanistan and the first president of Afghanistan; however, the position of Vice president was, for the first time, created in Afghanistan by King Amanullah Khan when he declared a constitutional monarchy in 1926 and established the position of "Yawar" (later " Deputy") and appointed Mahmoud Khan Shaghasi as the "First Deputy Assistant" (later "Vice president") as the first appointee of this position.
Spalerosophis diadema
Spalerosophis diadema, known commonly as the Blotched diadem snake and the Blotched royal snake, is a species of large snake in the subfamily Colubrinae of the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Asia and northern Africa.

Giorgio Jan
Giorgio Jan (21 December 1791 in Vienna – 8 May 1866, Milan) was an Italian taxonomist, zoologist, botanist, herpetologist, and writer. He is also known as Georg Jan or Georges Jan. He was the first director of the natural history museum at Milan.
Abnormally Attracted to Sin
Abnormally Attracted to Sin is the tenth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos, released 19 May 2009, in standard and limited CD/DVD edition. The album debuted on Billboard 200 at no. 9, giving Amos her seventh Top 10 album in the US.

The album's lead single is "Welcome to England". The song was a moderate hit on Triple A radio in the US. The release was supported by the Sinful Attraction Tour in the US, Europe, and Australia.

Little Earthquakes
Little Earthquakes is the debut solo album by the American singer-songwriter Tori Amos, featuring the singles "Silent All These Years", "China", "Winter" and "Crucify". After Atlantic Records rejected the first version of the album, Amos began working on a second version with her then-boyfriend Eric Rosse. The album was first released in the UK on January 6, 1992, where it peaked at number 14 in the charts. The US release followed on February 25, 1992.

It was well received by critics and listeners. In the US, the album reached the top 60 of the Billboard 200.  It is frequently regarded as one of the greatest albums of all time; it was voted number 73 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums and ranked number 233 on Rolling Stone's 500 greatest albums of all time.
Edward Trifonov
Edward Nikolayevich Trifonov (Hebrew: אדוארד טריפונוב, Russian: Эдуард Трифонов; born March 31, 1937) is a Russian-born Israeli molecular biophysicist and a founder of Israeli bioinformatics. In his research, he specializes in the recognition of weak signal patterns in biological sequences and is known for his unorthodox scientific methods.

He discovered the 3-bp and 10-bp periodicity in the DNA sequences, as well as the rules determining the curvature of DNA molecules and their bending within nucleosomes. Trifonov unveiled multiple novel codes in biological sequences and the modular structure of proteins. He proposed an abiogenic theory of the origin of life, and molecular evolution from single nucleotides and amino acids to present-day DNA and protein sequences.

Fusion gene
In genetics, a fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously independent genes. It can occur as a result of translocation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human neoplasia. The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent role in being a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
Reality Checkpoint
Reality Checkpoint is the humorous nickname of a large cast-iron lamppost in the middle of Parker's Piece, Cambridge, England, at the intersection of the park's diagonal paths. It gained the nickname in the early 1970s when it first appeared on the lamppost's base as graffiti,  possibly by a student. The graffiti was sometimes removed by the local council, but soon reinstated. The nickname is now officially painted on.

Street light
A street light, light pole, lamp pole, lamppost, streetlamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform. When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.

Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells or astro clocks that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is reduced ambient light compared to daytime, such as at dusk, dawn, or under exceptional cloud cover. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a solar dial.
Yancun, Beijing
Yancun Town (Chinese: 阎村镇; pinyin: Yáncūn Zhèn) is a town situated in the eastern part of Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Xinzhen Subdistrict and Qinglonghu Town in its north, Xilu, Gongchen Subdistricts and Liangxiang Town in its east, Doudian Town in the south, Chengguan Subdistrict in the west, and contains Xingcheng Subdistrict as well as an exclave of Xinzhen Subdistrict within. It is home to 77,621 residents as of 2020.

The name came to be during the reign of Yongle Emperor of Ming dynasty. At the time eight families with the surname Yan moved here from Zhuozhou, and thus the settlement was known as Yancun (Chinese: 阎村; lit. 'Yan Village').

Fangshan, Beijing
Fangshan District (Chinese: 房山区; pinyin: Fángshān Qū) is a district of the city of Beijing. It is situated in the southwest of Beijing, 38 km (24 mi) away from downtown Beijing. It has an area of 2,019 square kilometres (780 sq mi) and a population of 1,312,778 (2020 Census).

The district administers 8 subdistricts, 14 towns, and 6 townships.
Kasia Adamik
Katarzyna "Kasia" Adamik (born 28 December 1972) is a Polish director and storyboard artist. She has directed TV series including 1983, Axis Mundi, and Absentia. Her debut film feature as director, Bark!, was in competition at Sundance Film Festival. Adamik and Olga Chajdas shared the award for Best TV Show at the Polish Film Awards for directing drama The Pack. A Hollywood Reporter article listed her among "four of the country's most prominent directors", naming her alongside the fellow Polish directors she worked on for conspiracy thriller series 1983, which was Netflix's first Polish original series.

1983 (TV series)
1983 is a Polish thriller drama television series produced for and released by Netflix on 30 November 2018. The series, created and written by Joshua Long and based on an original idea by Long and Maciej Musiał, is set in an alternate timeline in which the fall of the communist Polish People's Republic never happened, and the Iron Curtain is still in place. It is Netflix's first Polish original series.
Tom Mack
Thomas Lee Mack (born November 1, 1943) is an American former professional football player who was a guard for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1999.

A native of Cleveland, Ohio, Mack played college football as an end and tackle for the Michigan Wolverines from 1963 to 1965. He was a starter on the 1964 Michigan team that won the Big Ten Conference championship and defeated Oregon State in the 1965 Rose Bowl.  He was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten player in 1965 and was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 2006.

Mack was selected by the Rams with the second overall pick of the 1966 NFL draft and played at left guard for the Rams for 13 seasons from 1966 to 1978. During his NFL career, Mack played in 11 Pro Bowls and appeared in 184 consecutive games, 176 as a starter, over 13 seasons.

1964 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1964 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University as a member of the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. It was the team's first season in the AAWU after competing as an independent for five years. Led by Tommy Prothro in his tenth and final season as head coach, the Beavers compiled an overall record of 8–3 with a mark of 3–1 in conference play, sharing the AAWU title with USC, and outscoring their opponents 149 to 124. Oregon State represented the conference in the Rose Bowl, where the Beavers lost to Michigan. It was the last bowl game appearance for the program until 35 years later when the 1999 team was invited to the Oahu Bowl. The team captains were linebacker Dick Ruhl and fullback Booker Washington.
Cynips quercusechinus
Cynips quercusechinus, the urchin gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces galls in the leaves and leaf buds of blue oak and scrub oak. Like other oak gall wasps, it has two generations: a bisexual generation, and a parthenogenic female generation. In spring, the hatching bisexual generation produces hollow green galls in leaf buds. In summer, the unisexual generation induces its galls, which are red or pink and resemble sea urchins, on the undersides of leaves. These galls are about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) in diameter. The galls fall with the leaves in autumn, and the larvae inside of them emerge as adults in the spring and lay their eggs.

This species was first described by Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1870 based on specimens from California.

Cynipini
Cynipini is a tribe of gall wasps. These insects induce galls in plants of the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. They are known commonly as the oak gall wasps.
It is the largest cynipid tribe, with about 936 to 1000 recognized species, most of which are associated with oaks. The tribe is mainly native to the Holarctic.

Cynipini wasps can act as ecosystem engineers. Their galls can become hosts of inquilines, and the wasps themselves are hosts to parasitoids.

Most of these wasps undergo cyclical parthenogenesis, sometimes reproducing sexually, and sometimes producing young without fertilization.
Soldal v. Cook County
Soldal v. Cook County, 506 U.S. 56 (1992), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a seizure of property like that which occurs during an eviction, even absent a search or an arrest,  implicates the Fourth Amendment. The Court also held that the Amendment protects property as well as privacy interests, in both criminal as well as civil contexts. Finally, saying that "certain wrongs affect more than a single right", the Court left open the possibility that the Fourteenth Amendment's protections against deprivation of property without due process of law may also be implicated.

Self-help (law)
Self-help, in the context of a legal doctrine, refers to individuals exercising their rights without resorting to legal writs or consulting higher authorities. This occurs, for example, when a financial institution repossesses a car on which it holds both the title and a defaulted note. Individuals may resort to self-help when they retrieve property under the unauthorized control of another person or abate nuisances, such as using sandbags and ditches to protect land from flooding.

A self-help eviction refers to a commercial landlord's common law right to peaceably reenter their property to evict a defaulting tenant or other person with no right of possession.
2019 NIRSA National Soccer Championship
The 2019 NIRSA national soccer championship was the 26th NIRSA National Soccer Championships, the annual national championships for United States-based, collegiate club soccer teams organized by NIRSA. It took place at Round Rock Multipurpose Complex, in Round Rock, Texas from Thursday, November 21 to Saturday, November 23, 2019.

2015 NIRSA National Soccer Championship
The 2015 NIRSA national soccer championship was the 22nd NIRSA National Soccer Championships, the annual national championships for United States-based, collegiate club soccer teams organized by NIRSA. It took place at the Reach 11 Sports Complex in Phoenix, Arizona from Thursday, November 19 to Saturday, November 21, 2015.
Wang Ze
Wang Ze (died 14 March 1048) was a rebel leader during Emperor Renzong's reign in the Song dynasty, whose agrarian army occupied Bei Prefecture for 65 days before it was crushed by the government army led by Wen Yanbo.

Wang utilized Maitreya teachings as a tool to organize his Millenarian troops. A much later supernatural novel The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt based its story on this rebellion.

Emperor Renzong of Song
Emperor Renzong of Song (30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063), personal name Zhao Zhen, was the fourth emperor of the Northern Song dynasty of China. He reigned for about 41 years from 1022 to his death in 1063, making him the longest reigning Song dynasty emperor. He was the sixth son of his predecessor, Emperor Zhenzong, and was succeeded by his cousin's son, Zhao Shu who took the throne as Emperor Yingzong because his own sons died prematurely.
Daniel D. Stevens
Daniel Dickinson Stevens (December 19, 1839 – November 7, 1916) was a United States Navy sailor during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honor, America's highest military decoration, for his actions at the Second Battle of Fort Fisher.

Naval History and Heritage Command
The Naval History and Heritage Command, formerly the Naval Historical Center, is an Echelon II command responsible for the preservation, analysis, and dissemination of U.S. naval history and heritage located at the historic Washington Navy Yard.  The NHHC is composed of 42 facilities in 13 geographic locations including the Navy Department Library, 10 museums and 1 heritage center, USS Constitution repair facility and detachment, and historic ship ex-USS Nautilus.
Kızlal, Silvan
Kızlal, also known as Yayageçer, (Kurdish: Qizlal) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Silvan, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 757 in 2022.

Silvan, Diyarbakır
Silvan (Kurdish: Farqîn; Ottoman Turkish: ميا فارقين, romanized: Meyafarikîn, Armenian: Սիլվան, romanized: Silvan) is a municipality and district of Diyarbakır Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,252 km2, and its population is 86,161 (2022). It is populated by Kurds.