hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roderick R. Butler
Roderick Randum Butler (April 9, 1827 – August 18, 1902) was an American politician who represented Tennessee's 1st district in the United States House of Representatives from 1867 to 1875, and again from 1887 to 1889.  He also served several terms in the Tennessee state legislature, and briefly served as a state court judge.  An opponent of secession, Butler represented Johnson County at the East Tennessee Convention in 1861, and afterward joined the Union Army. Butler was censured by the House of Representatives in March 1870 for receiving payment in return for recommending someone for admission to the U.S. Naval Academy.

40th United States Congress
The 40th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1867, to March 4, 1869, during the third and fourth years of Andrew Johnson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1860 United States census. Both chambers had a Republican majority. In the Senate, the Republicans had the largest majority a party has ever held.

This Congress was held during the Reconstruction era after the Civil War and U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. Arkansas, Florida, Alabama, North Carolina, Louisiana, and South Carolina were readmitted to representation in both the Senate and the House. Georgia was readmitted with representation in the House only. The Republican majority passed an amendment that became the 15th Amendment for voting rights.
Lancaster Cathedral
Lancaster Cathedral, also known as The Cathedral Church of St Peter and Saint Peter's Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It was a Roman Catholic parish church until 1924, when it was elevated to the status of a cathedral. It started as a mission church in 1798, and the present church was built on a different site in 1857–59. It was designed by E. G. Paley in the Gothic Revival style and is a grade II* listed building. In 1901 a baptistry was added by Austin and Paley, and the east end was reordered in 1995 by Francis Roberts. The cathedral is in active use, arranging services, concerts and other events, and is open to visitors.

Hardman & Co.
Hardman & Co., otherwise John Hardman Trading Co., Ltd., founded 1838, began manufacturing stained glass in 1844 and became one of the world's leading manufacturers of stained glass and ecclesiastical fittings. After the doors closed at Lightwoods Park Justin Hardman, a descendant of John Hardman kept the heart of the studio alive and with the help of chief designer, Artist Edgar JB Phillips (son of Edgar S Phillips, Hardman’s Chairman) they continued to design and manufacture exquisite traditional Hardman stained glass around the world, until the business closed in 2008.
Torbjörn Zetterberg
Torbjörn Zetterberg (born 10 May 1976) is a Swedish jazz musician (double bass) and composer, known from collaborations with Jonas Kullhammar. He is also a Zen Buddhist teacher and priest in the lineage of Philip Kapleau.

Philip Kapleau
Philip Kapleau (August 20, 1912 – May 6, 2004) was an American Zen Buddhist teacher. He trained in the Harada–Yasutani tradition, which is rooted in Japanese Sōtō and incorporates Rinzai-school koan study. He established Rochester Zen Center, which grew to become one of the most influential Zen communities in the West. His independent lineage includes teachers active in the USA, Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, Sweden, Finland, Germany, the UK and New Zealand.
Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji
In the early 14th century, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji (reigned 1296–1316) instituted price controls and related reforms in his empire. He fixed the prices for a wide range of goods, including grains, cloth, slaves and animals. He banned hoarding and regrating, appointed supervisors and spies to ensure compliance with the regulations, and severely punished the violators. The reforms were implemented in the capital Delhi, and possibly, other areas of the Sultanate.

Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau states that Alauddin's objective was the welfare of the general public. However, Ziauddin Barani (c. 1357), the main source of information about the reforms, states that the Sultan's objective was to subjugate the Hindus and to maintain an unprecedentedly large army (the low prices would make low salaries acceptable for the soldiers). The reforms were revoked shortly after Alauddin's death, by his son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah.

Doab
Doab (English: /ˈdoʊɑːb/) is a term used in South Asia for the tract of land lying between two confluent rivers.  It is similar to an interfluve.  In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as do-āb (دوآب, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers."
Naked sand darter
The naked sand darter (Ammocrypta beanii) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in the south-eastern United States.

Etheostomatinae
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
John Longmire
John Longmire  (born 31 December 1970) is the former senior coach of the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 2011 to 2024. As a player, he represented the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL) from 1988 to 1999.

2022 AFL Grand Final
The 2022 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match contested between Geelong and the Sydney Swans at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 24 September 2022. It was the 127th grand final of the Australian Football League (AFL), staged to determine the premiers of the 2022 AFL season. The match, attended by 100,024 spectators, was won by Geelong by a margin of 81 points, marking the club's tenth VFL/AFL premiership. Isaac Smith of Geelong won the Norm Smith Medal as the player judged best on ground.
HD 122862
HD 122862 (HR 5279) is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Apus. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.02, allowing it to be faintly seen with the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is relatively close at a distance of 95 light years, but is approaching the Sun with a radial velocity of −21.11 km/s.

HD 122862 is a G-type subgiant with 1.08 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 1.58 R☉. It shines at 2.87 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,943 K, giving it a yellow glow. HD 122862 has an iron abundance 71% that of the Sun and, at an age of 6.83 billion years, it spins slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 3.1 km/s.

Apus
Apus is a small constellation in the southern sky. It represents a bird-of-paradise, and its name means "without feet" in Greek because the bird-of-paradise was once wrongly believed to lack feet. First depicted on a celestial globe by Petrus Plancius in 1598, it was charted on a star atlas by Johann Bayer in his 1603 Uranometria. The French explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille charted and gave the brighter stars their Bayer designations in 1756.

The five brightest stars are all reddish in hue. Shading the others at apparent magnitude 3.8 is Alpha Apodis, an orange giant that has around 48 times the diameter and 928 times the luminosity of the Sun. Marginally fainter is Gamma Apodis, another aging giant star. Delta Apodis is a double star, the two components of which are 103 arcseconds apart and visible with the naked eye. Two star systems have been found to have planets.
Kanjōsan Castle
Kanjōsan Castle (感状山城, Kanjōsan-jō)  is the remains of a Muromachi period Japanese castle structure located in the city of Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site as one of the Remains of Akamatsu-shi Castles, combining both Shirahata Castle and Okishio Castle, since 1996.

Mimasaka Province
Mimasaka Province (美作国, Mimasaka no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [mʲi.maꜜ.sa.ka (no kɯ.ɲi)]) was a province of Japan in the area that is northern Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of western Japan. Mimasaka bordered Bitchū, Bizen, Harima, Hōki, and Inaba Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Sakushū (作州). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Mimasaka was one of the provinces of the San'yō circuit.

Under the Engishiki classification system, Mimasaka was ranked as one of the 35 "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital.  The provincial capital was located in what is now the city of Tsuyama.
Primskovo
Primskovo (pronounced [ˈpɾiːmskɔʋɔ]; German: Primskau) is a dispersed settlement in the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Primskovo is also the name of the local parish church and the collective name for the area covering a number of settlements in the surrounding area, including Dolnji Vrh, Gornji Vrh, Gradišče, Ježce, Kamni Vrh pri Primskovem, Mihelca, Mišji Dol, Poljane pri Primskovem, Sevno, Stara Gora, and Zagrič.

Zagrič
Zagrič (pronounced [zaˈɡɾiːtʃ]; formerly Lačni Vrh or Lačenberg, German: Latschenberg) is a small dispersed settlement in the hills northwest of Čatež in the historical region of Lower Carniola in Slovenia. It belongs to the Municipality of Šmartno pri Litiji and is included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
Oman LNG
Oman LNG is a LNG plant in Qalhat near Sur, Oman. The company was established by the Royal decree of Sultan Qaboos of Oman in 1994. The  construction was launched in November 1996, and the plant was commissioned in September 2000. Oman LNG operates three LNG trains with a total capacity of 10.4 million tonnes per year. The company's production facilities are located on the coast at Qalhat near Sur in the South Sharqiyah Governorate, Oman.

TotalEnergies
TotalEnergies SE is a French multinational integrated energy and petroleum company founded in 1924 and is one of the seven supermajor oil companies. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. TotalEnergies is also a large-scale chemicals manufacturer.

TotalEnergies has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. In the 2023 Forbes Global 2000, TotalEnergies was ranked as the 21st largest company in the world.
IBM eServer
IBM eServer was a family of computer servers from IBM. Announced in 2000, it combined the various IBM server brands (AS/400, Netfinity, RS/6000, S/390) under one brand. The various sub-brands were at the same time rebranded from:

IBM RS/6000 to IBM eServer pSeries, p for POWER

IBM AS/400 to IBM eServer iSeries, i for Integrated

IBM Netfinity to IBM eServer xSeries, x for eXtended architecture (with respect to "commodity" Intel-based servers)

IBM System/390 was replaced by the 64-bit IBM eServer zSeries, z for Zero downtime.

The RS/6000 SP supercomputer line was replaced by Blue Gene platform.

IBM RS/6000
The RISC System/6000 is a family of RISC-based (Reduced Instruction Set Computer-based) Unix servers, workstations and supercomputers made by IBM in the 1990s. The RS/6000 family replaced the IBM RT PC computer platform in February 1990 and is the first computer line to see the use of IBM's POWER and PowerPC based microprocessors. In October 2000, the RS/6000 brand was retired for POWER-based servers and replaced by the eServer pSeries. Workstations continued under the RS/6000 brand until 2002, when new POWER/-based workstations were released under the IntelliStation POWER/ brand.

The RS/6000 floating-point execution unit (FPU) enabled major improvements in the speed and accuracy of floating-point operations. The key feature of the FPU was introducing the MAF (multiply-add fused) operation, which has since become standard in most modern processors.
USS YMS-416
The USS YMS-416 was a YMS-1 class minesweeper originally built for the United States Navy. After brief service during World War II, it was sold as a research ship and renamed Healys-1. Its fate was unknown for many years until it was discovered at the bottom of Lake Washington.

YMS-1-class minesweeper
The YMS-1 class of auxiliary motor minesweepers was established with the laying down of YMS-1 on 4 March 1941. Some were later transferred to the United Kingdom as part of the World War II Lend-Lease pact between the two nations. One ship eventually made its way into the Royal Canadian Navy postwar.
Bath House, Piccadilly
Bath House was the London town house of the Barons Ashburton in the 19th century. Formerly the site of the Pulteney Hotel, the property was acquired by Mr. Alexander Baring from William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath in 1821 and rebuilt and renamed after the Earl.

Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton (27 October 1774 – 12 May 1848), was a British politician, diplomat, nobleman, financier, art collector, and a member of the Baring family. Baring was the second son of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet, and his wife Harriet, daughter of William Herring.
Marulan railway station
Marulan railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Marulan. It opened on 6 August 1868. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Whitmire Ranch
Whitmire Ranch is a locale in Hidalgo County, New Mexico.  The ranch was named after its owner, J. B. Whitmire, a rancher in the 1880s.  Its headquarters was located nearby Whitmire Spring on the western shore near the center of Playas Lake.

Locale (geographic)
As defined by the United States Geological Survey, a locale is a geographic place at which there is or was human activity. It does not include populated places (such as cities, settlements, towns, or villages), mines, and dams. Locale indicates locations of more dispersed, periodic or temporary human activity, such as a crossroad, a camp, a farm, a landing, a railroad siding, a ranch, a windmill, or one of any of the various types of agricultural, communication, geographical, infrastructure, or transport stations where human activities are carried out.

Locale also indicates locations of former locales and incidents of human activity, such as a battlefield or historic site, and former locations of populated places such as a ghost town, ruins, or an archaeological site.
V-shaped passage grave
V-shaped passage graves are a megalithic chamber tomb found in parts of Atlantic Europe including Ireland, the Channel Islands and Brittany. They date to between 3500 and 2500BC.

They are similar to Wedge-shaped gallery graves in that in plan they have a narrow entrance that widens out inside into a burial chamber. The entrance passage and the burial chamber are distinguished by sill stones, however, meaning they are part of the passage grave tradition.

In some cases a small sub chamber leads off from the main chamber.

Examples include "La Varde" and Le Creux es Faies on Guernsey and "Le Ruen" and "Ty-ar-Boudiquet" in Brittany.

Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. More than 35,000 megalithic structures have been identified across Europe, ranging geographically from Sweden in the north to the Mediterranean Sea in the south.

The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian Algernon Herbert in reference to Stonehenge and derives from Ancient Greek μέγας (mégas), meaning "great", and λίθος (líthos), meaning "stone". Most extant megaliths were erected between the Neolithic period (although earlier Mesolithic examples are known) through the Chalcolithic period and into the Bronze Age.
Trams in Frankfurt (Oder)
The Frankfurt (Oder) tramway (German: Straßenbahn Frankfurt (Oder)) is a network of tramways forming part of the public transport system in Frankfurt (Oder), a town in Brandenburg, Germany, located on the Oder River, at the German-Polish border.

Opened in 1898, the network presently consists of five lines. Since 1990 it has been operated by Stadtverkehrsgesellschaft mbH Frankfurt (Oder) (SVF), and it is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB).

Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg
The Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (VBB) is a transport association run by public transport providers in the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg. It is a private limited company owned jointly by the states of Berlin and Brandenburg (with one third each) and the 18 districts and district-free cities of Brandenburg with 1.85% each. It was founded on 30 December 1996. VBB claims to be one of the largest transport associations in Europe based on the area covered of 30,367 km2 with nearly 6 million inhabitants. Common ticketing was launched on 1 April 1999. The 2005 number of passengers transported was 1.23 billion, with 3.37 million passengers per day.: p:27
2000–01 Kent Football League
The 2000–01 Kent Football League season (known as the Bass Brewers Kent League for sponsorship reasons) was the 35th in the history of Kent Football League a football competition in England.

The League structure comprised two divisions: a Premier Division together with a Reserves Section single Division One, the latter being an amalgamation of two geographically based divisions from the previous season. Reserves teams were not permitted in the Premier Division. Additionally there were two league cup competitions: the Challenge Cup for the Premier Division clubs and another for the teams in the Reserves Section.

Ramsgate F.C.
Ramsgate Football Club are a football team based in Ramsgate, Kent, England. They are currently members of the Isthmian League Premier Division.  The club was founded in 1945 and was known as Ramsgate Athletic until 1972.  After playing in the original Kent League in the 1950s, Ramsgate joined the Southern League in 1959.  In 1976 they resigned from this league and returned to county-level competition in a new Kent League.  In 2005 Ramsgate gained promotion to the Isthmian League Division One and secured a second consecutive promotion to the Premier Division a year later.  Ramsgate were relegated in 2009 and have since played at the seventh level of the English football league system.

Ramsgate play at Southwood Stadium, which has undergone significant improvement since 2020, including the laying of a new 3G pitch.  The main local rivals of the club are Margate who are situated just four miles away. When the two teams meet, it is known as the Thanet derby.
MR 0-10-0 Lickey Banker
In 1919, the Midland Railway built a single one-off 0-10-0 steam locomotive, No 2290 (later LMS (1947) 22290 and BR 58100). It was designed by James Anderson for banking duties on the Lickey Incline in Worcestershire (south of Birmingham), England. It became known as "Big Bertha" or "Big Emma" by railwaymen and railway enthusiasts.

GWR 9400 Class
The Great Western Railway (GWR) 9400 Class is a class of 0-6-0PT pannier tank steam locomotive, used for shunting and banking duties.

The first ten 9400s were the last steam engines built by the GWR. After nationalisation in 1948, another 200 were built by private contractors for British Railways (BR). Most had very short working lives as the duties for which they were designed disappeared through changes in working practices or were taken over by diesel locomotives. Two locomotives survived into preservation, with the oldest of the class, 9400 as part of the National Collection.
Church Missionary Society in India
The Church Missionary Society in India was a branch organisation established by the Church Missionary Society (CMS), which was founded in  Britain in 1799 under the name the Society for Missions to Africa and the East, as a mission society working with the Anglican Communion, other Protestants, and Orthodox Christians around the world.  In 1812, the British organization was renamed the Church Missionary Society.

In 1814 the CMS began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at Chennai (Madras) and Bengal, then in 1816 at Travancore. The mission stations were extended across India in the following years. The work among women was mainly left to the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society and the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission.

Church of England Zenana Missionary Society
The Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (CEZMS; founded 1880), also known as the Church of England Zenana Mission, was a British Anglican missionary society established to spread Christianity in India via women. It would later expand its Christian missionary work into Japan and Qing Dynasty China. In 1957 it was absorbed into the Church Missionary Society (CMS).
Orange-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Orange-1 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Orange-1 District includes all of the Orange County towns of Chelsea, Corinth, Orange, Vershire, Washington, and Williamstown.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Orange-1 District had a population of 8,577 in that same census, 5.65% above the state average.

Vershire, Vermont
Vershire is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States, created under Vermont Charter of August 3, 1781. The population was 672 at the 2020 census. The name Vershire is a portmanteau of Vermont and New Hampshire.