hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Long distance observations
Long-distance observation  is any visual observation, for sightseeing or photography, that targets all the objects, visible from the extremal distance with the possibility to see them closely. The long-distance observations can't cover:

Forward scatter
Forward scattering is the deflection of waves by small angles so that they continue to move in close to the same direction as before the scattering. It can occur with all types of waves, for instance light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays as well as matter waves such as electrons, neutrons and even water waves. It can be due to diffraction, refraction, and low angle reflection. It almost always occurs when the wavelength of the radiation used is small relative to the features which lead to the scattering. Forward scatter is essentially the reverse of backscatter.

Many different examples exist, and there are very large fields where forward scattering dominates, in particular for electron diffraction and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. In these the relevant waves are transmitted through the samples. One case where there is forward scattering in a reflection geometry is reflection high-energy electron diffraction.
Saurashtra Railway
Saurashtra Railway came into being in April, 1948 with the amalgamation of state railways like Bhavnagar State Railway, Gondal Railway, Porbandar Railway, Jamnagar & Dwarka Railway, Morvi Railway, Dhrangadhra Railway, Okhamandal State Railway, Junagadh State Railway, Baria State Railway, Rajpipla Railway etc.

Upon the independence of India and the merger of various princely states into the Union of India, it became necessary to merge various state railways owned by these princely states into one. As the various states of Saurashtra and Kathiawar were merged to make Saurashtra State, the Government of India, similarly merged the various state railways of Gujarat into a separate entity called Saurashtra Railway.

On 5 November 1951, Saurashtra Railway, Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway, Rajputana Railway, Jaipur State Railway, and Cutch State Railway were merged and Western Railway came into existence.

Jaipur State Railway
The Jaipur State Railway was a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway constructed by the Jaipur Durbar and owned by the Princely Jaipur State. The railway was managed, stocked and worked by the Jaipur Durbar and trafficked by the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BB&CIR) for a specified fee.
Lesiaki, Gmina Klonowa
Lesiaki [lɛˈɕaki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Klonowa, within Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-east of Klonowa, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Sieradz, and 78 km (48 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Klonowa, Łódź Voivodeship
Klonowa [klɔˈnɔva] is a village in Sieradz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Klonowa. It lies approximately 31 km (19 mi) south-west of Sieradz and 84 km (52 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Hartmannsdorf, Greiz
Hartmannsdorf (German pronunciation: [ˈhaʁtmansdɔʁf] ⓘ) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. On 1 January 2023 it became part of the town Bad Köstritz.

Greiz (district)
Greiz (/ɡraɪts/ gryts) is a Kreis (district) in the east of Thuringia, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise) Saale-Holzland, Saale-Orla, district-free city Gera, the Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt, Altenburger Land, and the two Saxon districts Zwickau and Vogtlandkreis.
CaixaForum
CaixaForum is a series of museums, galleries and exhibition centres sponsored by Catalan not-for-profit banking foundation La Caixa.

It has the following locations:

CaixaForum Barcelona

CaixaForum Madrid

CaixaForum Lleida

CaixaForum Palma

CaixaForum Tarragona

CaixaForum Zaragoza

CaixaForum Sevilla

CaixaForum Valencia

CaixaForum Madrid
CaixaForum Madrid is a cultural center in Madrid, Spain. Located in Paseo del Prado in a former power station, it is owned by the not-for-profit banking foundation "la Caixa". The art center opened its doors in 2008 and it hosts temporary art exhibitions and cultural events.

The cultural center was designed by the Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron and built by Ferrovial between 2001 and 2007. It was an old power station called Central Del Mediodía, from the 1900s. The Vertical Garden by Patrick Blanc at the square is also well-known.
2011 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot
On the evening of June 15, 2011 in the downtown core of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, a riot broke out almost immediately after the conclusion of the Boston Bruins' victory over the Vancouver Canucks in game seven of the Finals of the National Hockey League to win the Stanley Cup.

Nearly 150 people were injured during the incident, including four by stabbing. On the night of the riot, nearly 100 arrests were made by the Vancouver police, including 85 for breach of peace, 8 for public intoxication and 8 for criminal code offenses such as assault and theft. In 2015, four years after the riot, police completed their investigation and recommended final charges against 2 suspects, bringing the total to 887 charges against 301 people. The riot did an estimated $4 million in damage with an extra $5 million being spent on additional staffing costs for prosecuting the rioters.

Sports riot
A sports riot is a riot that occurs during or after sporting events. Sports riots occur worldwide. Most riots are known to occur after the event is done, but some have been during the game (see football hooliganism). While association football is one of the more well-known triggers for riots, other sports which have triggered riots include ice hockey and motorcycle racing. There are a number of factors believed to influence whether riots occur, including cultural factors; environmental factors such as temperature, darkness, and noise; and witnessing player violence.
Philippine eagle-owl
The Philippine eagle-owl (Ketupa philippensis) is a vulnerable species of owl belonging to the family Strigidae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found in lowland forests on the islands of Catanduanes, Samar, Bohol, Mindanao, Luzon, Leyte and possibly Sibuyan. While it is the largest owl in the Philippines, it is relatively small compared to other members of its genus. It is a vulnerable species with its population on the decline. Its main threats are habitat destruction, hunting and poaching for the pet trade.

Johann Jakob Kaup
Johann Jakob von Kaup (10 April 1803 – 4 July 1873) was a German naturalist. A proponent of natural philosophy, he believed in an innate mathematical order in nature and he attempted biological classifications based on the Quinarian system. Kaup is also known for having coined popular prehistoric taxa like Pterosauria, Machairodus, Deinotherium, Dorcatherium, and Chalicotherium.
Brachychiton megaphyllus
Brachychiton megaphyllus, commonly known as the red-flowering kurrajong, is a tree of the genus Brachychiton found in northern Australia. It was described in 1988 by Gordon Guymer in his revision of the genus, previously having been considered a variant of Brachychiton paradoxus.

Hybrids with Brachychiton multicaulis have been reported.

Brachychiton
Brachychiton (kurrajong, bottletree) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs, native to Australia (the centre of diversity, with 30 species) and New Guinea (one species). Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are estimated to be 50 million years old, corresponding to the Paleogene.
2004 CSIO Gijón
The 2004 CSIO Gijón was the 2004 edition of the Spanish official show jumping horse show, at Las Mestas Sports Complex in Gijón. It was held as CSIO 5*.

This edition of the CSIO Gijón was held between 27 August to 4 September.

CSI Gijón
The International Show Jumping Contest of Gijón, commonly known as CSI Gijón or CSIO Gijón when it becomes official, is a show jumping event held in Gijón, Spain, at the Las Mestas Sports Complex.

It was a CSI 5* until 2022, and it is a CSI4* since then. One of the main characteristics of the event is the fact that betting is allowed and very popular among spectators.
Solomon Islands women's national football team
The Solomon Islands women's national football team represents Solomon Islands in international women's association football. The team is controlled by the Solomon Islands Football Federation (SIFF) and is affiliated to the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). Their current head coach is the former footballer Timothy Inifiri.

Despite having not yet qualified for a FIFA Women's World Cup, the Solomon Islands finished fourth in the OFC Women's Nations Cup twice, in 2007 and 2010, and third in the 2022 OFC Women's Nations Cup. The team is one of the youngest national teams in Oceania, having played its first match in April 2007.

New Zealand women's national football team
The New Zealand women's national football team represents New Zealand in international football competitions, and is governed by New Zealand Football (NZF). They are nicknamed the Football Ferns.

The New Zealand national team has taken part in the FIFA Women's World Cup six times, making their debut in 1991. New Zealand co-hosted the 2023 World Cup alongside Australia. They have failed to go past the group stage in all occasions.
WOLF (AM)
WOLF (1490 kHz) is a commercial sports radio formatted broadcast AM radio station licensed to Syracuse, New York, serving the Syracuse metropolitan area. The station is owned by Craig Fox, who also owns several other radio and low-power TV stations in the state of New York. The WOLF broadcast license is held by WOLF Radio, Inc. The station is also simulcast on FM translator W223CP at 92.5 FM, on the FM6 service of WVOA-LD at 87.75 FM, and in Fulton, New York, on WOSW 1300 AM and its FM translator, W253BZ at 98.5 FM.

AM stereo
AM stereo is a term given to a series of mutually incompatible techniques for radio broadcasting stereo audio in the AM band in a manner that is compatible with standard AM receivers. There are two main classes of systems: independent sideband (ISB) systems, promoted principally by American broadcast engineer Leonard R. Kahn; and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) multiplexing systems (conceptually closer to FM stereo).

Initially adopted by many commercial AM broadcasters in the mid to late 1980s, AM stereo broadcasting soon began to decline due to a lack of receivers (most "AM/FM stereo" radios only receive in stereo on FM), a growing exodus of music broadcasters to FM, concentration of ownership of the few remaining stations in the hands of large corporations and the removal of music from AM stations in favor of news/talk or sports broadcasting. By 2001, most of the former AM stereo broadcasters were no longer stereo or had left the AM band entirely.
Milašiūnai, Kėdainiai
Milašiūnai (formerly Polish: Miłaszuny) is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, the village was uninhabited. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Pernarava.

It was an okolica (a property of the Daugėlavičiai, Urnėžiai, Čulickiai families) at the beginning of the 20th century. There was a windmill nearby.

Pernarava
Pernarava (formerly Russian: Пернараво, Polish: Pernarowo) is a small town in Kėdainiai District Municipality, Kaunas County in central Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 232. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Ariogala, 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Kėdainiai. There are wooden Catholic church of Crucified Jesus (built in 1815), dispensary, school, library, monument for postwar partisans of Kęstutis military district.
Traditional Scouting
Traditional Scouting is "old-fashioned" or "back to basics" Scouting in some form, often with an emphasis on woodcraft and scoutcraft activities. As a pluralist movement, there is no one set definition for the term, but most traditionalists share a common set of values and procedures. Traditionalists aim to return the Scout Movement to something approximating its original style and activities; rejecting the trend of modernizing the program in an attempt to widen its appeal and/or use the name "Scouts" for new programs for ever-younger children.

Baden-Powell traditionalists follow Robert Baden-Powell's model of Scouting from his book Scouting for Boys with some rejecting even Cubs and Rovers programs. Other Traditionalist oppose Baden-Powell like organizational structures being used outside of the original Boy Scouts.

Order of World Scouts
The Order of World Scouts (OWS), founded in 1911, is the oldest international Scout organisation.  It is headquartered in England and has an administration headquarters in Italy.

As of November 2008, the Order of World Scouts includes member associations in 14 countries – the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Peru, Jamaica, as well as two associations each for Poland, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and three associations in Mexico, Ukraine and Nepal, Uganda, Honduras and the United States (United States Trailblazers).
House of the Huangcheng Chancellor
The House of the Huangcheng Chancellor, also known by its Chinese name, Huangcheng Xiangfu, is a 10-hectare (25-acre) walled estate on Phoenix Hill (Fenghuangshan) comprising Huangcheng, a village occupying a hollow above the Changhe Valley between Yangcheng and Jincheng in southeastern Shanxi, China. It is composed of numerous siheyuan-style courtyards built into the side of a hill, overlooked by defensive towers and enclosed by high crenellated walls that divide it into two sections. The fortifications were built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

It has been called the "greatest cultural residence in North China". China's National Tourism Administration gave it a AAAAA rating in 2011.

Scholar-official
The scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats (Chinese: 士大夫; pinyin: shì dàfū), were government officials and prestigious scholars in Chinese society, forming a distinct social class.

Scholar-officials were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. After the Sui dynasty these officials mostly came from the scholar-gentry (紳士 shēnshì) who had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing the imperial examinations. Scholar-officials were the elite class of imperial China. They were highly educated, especially in literature and the arts, including calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the government administration and local life of China until the early 20th century.
Greased paper window
A greased paper window is a very inexpensive window made of paper coated in grease. The grease fills gaps between the paper fibers, reducing the amount of light lost to scattering. Greased paper windows provide a diffuse light source, while blocking wind and preventing insects and other small animals from entering a structure.

Greased paper windows were often used by American pioneers of the early 1800s and other itinerant peoples, in lieu of relatively expensive traditional glass windows. Laura Ingalls Wilder recalled living in a home with a greased paper window in her 1937 children's novel, On the Banks of Plum Creek.

Paper
Paper is a thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers. Largely derived from lignocellulose, paper is created from a pulp dissolved into a slurry that is drained and dried into sheets. Different types of paper are defined by constituent fiber, paper pulp, sizing, coating, paper size, paper density and grammage.

The papermaking process developed in East Asia at least as early as 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although archaeological evidence exists of 2nd century BCE paper-like material in China. Before the industrialization of paper production, the most common paper was rag paper, made from discarded natural fiber textiles collected by ragpickers. The 1843 invention of wood pulp, coupled with the Second Industrial Revolution, made pulpwood paper the dominant variety to this day.
Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain
The Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain (Gran Logia Simbólica Española as per Spanish) is one of the main grand obediences (federations of several masonic lodges) in Spain. It is one of a group of obediences included in CLIPSAS, and can be defined as a mixed or egalitarian, liberal and non-dogmatic Grand Lodge.

Freemasonry in Belgium
Freemasonry in Belgium comprises several Masonic obediences, a federation and a confederation. These include Grand Orient of Belgium, the Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Women's Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Belgian Federation of Le Droit Humain and Lithos Confederation of Lodges.
A. Marc Gillinov
A. Marc Gillinov is an American cardiac surgeon at The Cleveland Clinic, where he is Chair of the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

He did his undergraduate work at Yale University and obtained his medical degree from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and joined the Cleveland Clinic staff in 1997.

Inventions made by Gillinov, along with those of another surgeon, Edward M. Boyle, formed the basis for a wound drainage product brought to market by ClearFlow.  He worked on a device for left atrial appendage occlusion sold by AtriCure.

He wrote a book with Steven Nissen that published in 2012.

Steven Nissen
Steven E. Nissen (born 1948) is an American cardiologist, researcher and patient advocate. He was chairman of cardiovascular medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Joining Cleveland Clinic in 1992, Nissen served as Vice-Chairman of the Department of Cardiology (1993–2002), Section Head of Clinical Cardiology (1992–2000), and Director of the Coronary Intensive Care Unit (1992–1997). Most recently, he served as Medical Director of the Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Coordinating Center (C5), an organization that directs multi-center clinical trials. Nissen still attends in the Cardiac Critical Care Unit periodically throughout the year.
Super Garuda Shield
Super Garuda Shield (formerly Garuda Shield) is a two-week multinational military exercise between the United States Armed Forces, Indonesian National Armed Forces, and multiple partner nations. The purpose of this joint exercise is to maintain peace and security, including to strengthen relationships within the Indo-Pacific region by enhancing military capabilities, interoperability, and collective commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific. This joint-exercise is annually conducted since 2007 in Indonesia.

Samuel Paparo
Samuel John Paparo Jr. (born 1964) is a United States Navy four-star admiral serving as the 27th Commander of United States Indo-Pacific Command, the nation’s oldest and largest geographic combatant command. A TOPGUN-trained naval aviator with combat experience spanning three decades, Paparo has commanded at every level from fighter squadron to combatant command, with the rare distinction of having led forces both from the cockpit and on the ground in combat. He oversees approximately 380,000 military and civilian personnel responsible for all U.S. military activities across 36 nations, 14 time zones, and a region encompassing more than half the world’s population.
Bukkehåmåren
Bukkehåmåren is a mountain in Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,910-metre (6,270 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen mountains within Jotunheimen National Park. The mountain sits about 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of the village of Vågåmo and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of the village of Beitostølen. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Heimdalshøe to the east, Høgdebrotet and Tjønnholstinden to the southwest, Eggen to the west, Surtningssue to the northwest, and Besshøe and Besseggen to the north, Veslfjellet to the northeast. The small lake Bukkehåmårtjønne lies just south of the mountain peak.

Vågåmo
Vågåmo is the administrative centre of Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the Otta River, at the eastern end of the lake Vågåvatn in the Ottadalen valley. The Norwegian National Road 15 passes through the village. The 1.68-square-kilometre (420-acre) village has a population (2024) of 1,471 and a population density of 876 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,270/sq mi).

Vågåmo is home to a local museum, the Jutulheimen Bygdemuseum, and to the historical Klones farm which is also the location of the Nord-Gudbrandsdalen Upper Secondary School (videregående skole) which specializes in agriculture. The Klones farm dates back to the 15th century and has been the location of the school since 1919. There are also many horses and a store named Jutulbue there. Vågå Church is located in the village.
Algorithm characterizations
Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.

Intrinsic and extrinsic properties
In science and engineering, an intrinsic property is a property of a specified subject that exists itself or within the subject. An extrinsic property is not essential or inherent to the subject that is being characterized. For example, mass is an intrinsic property of any physical object, whereas weight is an extrinsic property that depends on the strength of the gravitational field in which the object is placed.
Freedom Force (2002 video game)
Freedom Force is a real-time tactical role-playing game developed by Irrational Games and published by Electronic Arts and Crave Entertainment in 2002. The player guides a team of superheroes as they defend Patriot City from a variety of villains, monsters, and other menaces. The game's budget was around $2 million. A sequel, Freedom Force vs The 3rd Reich, was self-published in early March 2005. The games were made available on Steam on May 29, 2009.

Real-time tactics
Real-time tactics (RTT) is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time, simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. It is differentiated from real-time strategy gameplay by the absence of classic resource micromanagement and base or unit building, and by the greater importance of individual units and a focus on complex battlefield tactics.
History of the Jews in Natchez, Mississippi
The history of the Jews in Natchez, Mississippi starts before the 1840s, and most likely precedes verifiable records. By the late 19th century, the Jewish population of Natchez reached roughly 5%, which was higher than other places in the state of Mississippi. Many of these Jewish residents co-mingled with the local white non-Jewish planters and landowners, some Natchez Jews even owned slaves and fought in the Confederate States Army. By the 21st century the Jewish population of Natchez has dropped to around a dozen residents, in part due to the economic downturn.

Monsanto family
The Monsanto family is a historical Sephardic Jewish merchant and banking business  who played a significant role in founding the Jewish community in Colonial Louisiana (then transferring between French and Spanish rule) in the 18th century. They had originated in the Iberian Peninsula but moved to Amsterdam and spread out through the Dutch Empire and to the Americas at Curaçao. The family arrived in Louisiana in the 1760s, and one of their members, Isaac Monsanto, was one of the wealthiest merchants in New Orleans. The family engaged in the Atlantic slave trade and owned African slaves at their plantations at Natchez, Mississippi (this was later known as Glenfield Plantation) and Trianon, New Orleans. Not including their former estate in New Orleans, by the 1780s, the Monsantos kept 51 slaves for their personal use and sold other enslaved African people to Louisiana plantations.