hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nobitz
Nobitz (German pronunciation: [ˈnoːbɪts]) is a municipality in the district Altenburger Land, in Thuringia, Germany. The nearby Nobitz airfield was used by Ryanair for flights to and from London Stansted between 2003 and 2011.

Altenburger Land
Altenburger Land is a district in Thuringia, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the district of Greiz, the Burgenlandkreis (Saxony-Anhalt), and the districts Leipzig, Mittelsachsen and Zwickau in Saxony. The district is a member of the Central German Metropolitan Region.
Tang, County Westmeath
Tang (Irish: An Teanga, meaning 'the tongue') is a village and a 'half-parish' in County Westmeath, on the N55 national secondary road between Athlone and Ballymahon, County Longford. Tang forms part of the ecclesiastical parish of Drumraney. It is in County Westmeath but on the border with County Longford from which it is separated by the Dungorman River which flows into Lough Ree 3 km downstream via the River Inny. The village is 15 km north-east of Athlone

Athlone
Athlone (/æθˈloʊn/; Irish: Baile Átha Luain, meaning 'The town of Luan's ford' [ˌbʲlʲɑː ˈl̪ˠuənʲ]) is a town on the border of County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree. It is the second most populous town in the Midlands Region with a population of 22,869 in the 2022 census.

Most of the town lies on the east bank of the river, within the townland of the same name; however, by the terms of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, six townlands on the west bank of the Shannon, formerly in County Roscommon, were incorporated into the town, and consequently, into the county of Westmeath.

Around 100 km west of Dublin, Athlone is near the geographical centre of Ireland.
Aboriginal dugout canoe
Aboriginal dugout canoes were a significant advancement in canoe technology. Dugout canoes may have been stronger, faster, and more efficient than previous types of bark canoes. The Australian Aboriginal peoples' use of these canoes brought about many changes to both their hunting practices and society.

Dugout canoe
A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon (μονόξυλον) (pl: monoxyla) is Greek – mono- (single) + ξύλον xylon (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called Einbaum ("one tree" in English). Some pirogues are also constructed in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes.
Sāstrā sleuk rith
Sāstrā sleuk rith (Khmer: សាស្ត្រា​ស្លឹក​រឹត) or Khmer manuscripts written on palm leaves are sastra which constitute a major part of the literature of Cambodia along with the Khmer inscriptions kept since the foundation of the Khmer Empire in Southeast Asia.

Khmer inscriptions
Khmer inscriptions are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Laos) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer epigraphy.

Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization.

More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at Angkor Borei.

Beyond their archeological significance, Khmer inscriptions have become a marker of national identity.
Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The penultimate USSR-era flag was adopted by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1954 and used until 1991. The flag of the Russian SFSR was a defacement of the flag of the USSR. The constitution stipulated:

The state flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR) presents itself as a red, rectangular sheet with a light-blue stripe at the pole extending all the width [read height] which constitutes one eighth length of the flag.

The symbol of the hammer and sickle represented the working class; more specifically, the hammer represented the urban industrial workers and the sickle represented the rural and agricultural peasants. The red star represented the Communist Party and Communism. The red of the flag represented revolution in general and the Russian Revolution in particular. The blue stripe symbolized the wide Russian skies and the waters of its seas and rivers.

Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari ASSR) (Mari: Марий Автоном Совет Социализм Республик, Mariy Avtonom Sovet Sotsializm Respublik) was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR, succeeding the Mari Autonomous Oblast. When the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Mari ASSR became the Mari El Republic, a federal subject of the Russian Federation.
Bean (software)
Bean is a word processor for Mac OS X. Originally free and open source software Bean became closed source at version 3. However, the Bean executable is still distributed free of charge. According to its author, James Hoover, Bean is not meant to replace Microsoft Word, but to be a lean word processor that is beautiful and user friendly. Many of Bean's operations are carried out by the underlying Cocoa framework of Mac OS X. The name Bean is a play on Cocoa and Java, two popular programming frameworks.

After the release of Bean 3.2.2 in November 2012, Hoover announced that "active development of Bean will cease. Bean will remain available for download at the bean-osx.com website. It may even be updated as necessary to keep the app running on future versions of OS X. Also, I'll try to continue technical support at the usual email address." Since this announcement, Hoover has provided further updates and fixes for Bean, reaching version number 3.7.3 by August 2025.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Rufus Segar
Rufus Segar was a British anarchist, illustrator and graphic designer who was best known for his designs of the monthly Anarchy magazine throughout the 1960s. He and his wife, Sheila Bullard, were life-long anarchists.

Colin Ward
Colin Ward (14 August 1924 – 11 February 2010) was a British anarchist writer and editor. Roman Krznaric (2010), the Australian-born social philosopher, called him 'one of the greatest anarchist thinkers of the past half century, and a pioneering social historian.'
Environmental policy of the European Union
The European Union (EU) Environmental Policy was initiated in 1973 with the "Environmental Action Programme" at which point the Environmental Unit was formed (named Directorate General for the Environment in 1981). The policy has thereafter evolved "to cover a vast landscape of different topics enacted over many decades" (Reuters) and in 2015 the Institute for European Environmental Policy estimated that "the body of EU environmental law" amounted to more than 500 directives, regulations and decisions.

"Over the past decades the European Union has put in place a broad range of environmental legislation. As a result, air, water and soil pollution has significantly been reduced. Chemicals legislation has been modernised and the use of many toxic or hazardous substances has been restricted. Today, EU citizens enjoy some of the best water quality in the world" (European Commission, EAP 2020)

Water Framework Directive
The Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) is an EU directive to establish a framework for the protection of all water bodies (including marine waters up to one nautical mile from shore) by 2015. The WFD establishes a programme and timetable for Member States to set up river basin management plans by 2009.
Star Channel (international)
Star Channel is an international television channel brand owned by the Disney Entertainment business segment of the Walt Disney Company. Originally launched in Latin America on February 22, 2021, it expanded worldwide as a replacement for the international Fox channels inherited from the Fox Networks Group division of 21st Century Fox that Disney acquired on March 20, 2019.

As of 2023, apart from the Fox channel rebrands, other former Fox channels in the Baltic states, CIS, Ukraine, Greece and Poland instead transitioned to being branded as FX. Some worldwide Fox channels, especially those in Africa, UK & Ireland, Germany, Norway and Southeast Asia, were wound down and entirely discontinued in favor of the launch of Disney+ in their countries/regions.

Star Crime
Star Crime is a television network, owned by the Disney Entertainment division of The Walt Disney Company, used as replacement of Fox Crime. Its basic programming include numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation.

As of February 2024, the channel is active in three regions: the Balkans, Bulgaria and Portugal. The rebranding took place on October 1, 2023 for the Balkans and Bulgaria and on February 7, 2024 for Portugal.
Curitiba Pride
The Diversity Parade (Brazilian Portuguese: Parada da Diversidade) and the Diversity March (Brazilian Portuguese: Marcha pela Diversidade) of Curitiba are annual events held in the capital of the Brazilian state of Paraná, aimed at promoting the visibility of sexual and gender diversity. The events address themes related to the history, culture, and demands for rights of the LGBTQ population in Brazil. The event is often cited as one of the first LGBTQ pride parades held in Brazil. The events usually take place between 19 de Dezembro Square and Nossa Senhora de Salete Square, in front of the Legislative Assembly of Paraná.

Pride Month
Pride Month, sometimes specified as LGBTQ Pride Month, is a month-long observance dedicated to the celebration of LGBTQ pride, commemorating the contributions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) culture and community. Pride Month is observed in June in the United States, coinciding with the anniversary of the 1969 Stonewall riots, a series of gay liberation protests.
GLI2
Zinc finger protein GLI2 also known as GLI family zinc finger 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLI2 gene.  The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor.

GLI2 belongs to the C2H2-type zinc finger protein subclass of the Gli family. Members of this subclass are characterized as transcription factors which bind DNA through zinc finger motifs. These motifs contain conserved H-C links. Gli family zinc finger proteins are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and they are implicated as potent oncogenes in the embryonal carcinoma cell. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the cytoplasm and activates patched Drosophila homolog (PTCH) gene expression. It is also thought to play a role during embryogenesis.

Keratinocyte
Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.  In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as basal keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, water loss, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. A number of structural proteins, enzymes, lipids, and antimicrobial peptides contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinocytes differentiate from epidermal stem cells in the lower part of the epidermis and migrate towards the surface, finally becoming corneocytes and eventually being shed, which happens every 40 to 56 days in humans.
Rights Expression Language
A Rights Expression Language or REL is a machine-processable language used to express intellectual property rights (such as copyright) and other terms and conditions for use over content. RELs can be used as standalone expressions (i.e. metadata usable for search, compatibility tracking) or within a DRM system.

RELs are expressible in a machine-language (such as XML,  RDF, RDF Schema, and JSON). Although RELs may be processed directly, they can also be encountered when embedded as metadata within other documents, such as eBooks, image, audio or video files.

Metadata
Metadata (or metainformation) is data that defines and describes the characteristics of other data.  It often helps to describe, explain, locate, or otherwise make data easier to retrieve, use, or manage. For example, the title, author, and publication date of a book are metadata about the book. But, while a data asset is finite, its metadata is infinite.

As such, efforts to define, classify types, or structure metadata are expressed as examples in the context of its use. The term "metadata" has a history dating to the 1960s where it occurred in computer science and in popular culture. Different types of metadata serve different functions. For example, descriptive metadata for a document might include the author, creation date, file size and keywords.
2011 in science
The year 2011 involved many significant scientific events, including the first artificial organ transplant, the launch of China's first space station and the growth of the world population to seven billion. The year saw a total of 78 successful orbital spaceflights, as well as numerous advances in fields such as electronics, medicine, genetics, climatology and robotics.

2011 was declared the International Year of Forests and Chemistry by the United Nations.

Nanometre
The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) or one thousand millionth (long scale) of a metre (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres. One nanometre can be expressed in scientific notation as 1 × 10−9 m and as ⁠1/1000000000⁠ m.
Prince of Foxes
Prince of Foxes is a 1947 historical novel by Samuel Shellabarger, following the adventures of the fictional Andrea Orsini, a captain in the service of Cesare Borgia during his conquest of the Romagna.

Andrea Mantegna
Andrea Mantegna (UK: /mænˈtɛnjə/, US: /mɑːnˈteɪnjə/; Italian: [anˈdrɛːa manˈteɲɲa]; c. 1431 – September 13, 1506) was an Italian Renaissance painter, a student of Roman archaeology, and the son-in-law of Jacopo Bellini.

Like other artists of the time, Mantegna experimented with perspective, e.g. by lowering the horizon in order to create a sense of greater monumentality. His flinty, metallic landscapes, and somewhat stony figures give evidence of a fundamentally sculptural approach to painting. He also led a workshop that was the leading producer of prints in Venice before 1500.
Galaxy AI
Galaxy AI is a collection of artificial intelligence (AI) features developed by Samsung Electronics for use in Galaxy-branded mobile devices. First released with the Samsung Galaxy S24 series in January 2024, the system integrates both on-device and cloud-based processing to support features such as language translation, image editing, and content search. These tools operate within various Samsung applications and are intended to assist with everyday tasks.

According to Samsung: "In essence, Bixby is like a personal assistant ready to respond to your verbal commands, while Galaxy AI is like a smart companion that's always working to make your device smarter and your life easier."

S Pen
S Pen (Korean: S펜) is a wireless digital pen stylus designed and developed by Samsung Electronics featuring Wacom's digital pen technology. It is made for use (and often bundled) with supported Galaxy mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, as well as selected Samsung Notebook, Galaxy Book, and Chromebook notebooks. It was first released with the Galaxy Note in 2011, becoming a core feature of the Note line of products. The S Pen supports features such as translating text by hovering the pen, and creating animated messages.
4th Ohio General Assembly
The Fourth Ohio General Assembly was the fourth meeting of the Ohio state legislature, composed of the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives. It convened in Chillicothe, Ohio, on December 2, 1805, and adjourned January 27, 1806. This General Assembly coincided with the first year of Edward Tiffin's second and final term as Ohio Governor.

Jefferson County, Ohio
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,249. Its county seat is Steubenville. The county is named for Thomas Jefferson, who was vice president at the time of its creation.

Jefferson County is part of the Weirton–Steubenville, WV–OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton, PA–WV–OH Combined Statistical Area.
UGC 7069
UGC 7069 is a very large ring galaxy located about 760 million light years from Earth in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is currently the largest ring galaxy discovered with a diameter of approximately 115 kiloparsecs (~390,000 light-years) making it twice the diameter of the Cartwheel Galaxy which for reference has a diameter of roughly 45.9 kiloparsecs. It is a starburst galaxy with high star formation rate (SFR) of 13 solar masses per year.

Starburst galaxy
A starburst galaxy is one undergoing an exceptionally high rate of star formation, as compared to the long-term average rate of star formation in the galaxy, or the star formation rate observed in most other galaxies.

For example, the star formation rate of the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 3 M☉/yr, while starburst galaxies can experience star formation rates of 100 M☉/yr or more. While many main-sequence galaxies use up their molecular gas reservoir in 1-2 Gyr, the high rate of star formation in starbursts can deplete all of their star-forming material in scales of 0.1 Gyr - much shorter than the age of the galaxy. As such, the starburst nature of a galaxy is a phase, and one that typically occupies a brief period of a galaxy's evolution. The majority of starburst galaxies are in the midst of a merger or close encounter with another galaxy. Starburst galaxies include M82, NGC 4038/NGC 4039 (the Antennae Galaxies), and IC 10.
Kiato
Kiato (Greek: Κιάτο) is a town in the northern part of Corinthia in the Peloponnese, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of Sikyona. Kiato is situated on the Gulf of Corinth, near the mouth of the river Asopos. It has much tourist activity mainly in the summer. The ancient city Sicyon was located 4 km southwest of present Kiato. Kiato is 4 km northwest of Velo, 13 km southeast of Xylokastro and 18 km northwest of Corinth. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Corinth - Athens) passes southwest of the town. It had a station on the now decommissioned Piraeus-Patras railway. The new Kiato railway station is an interchange station of Proastiakos (suburban railway) lines to Athens and to Aigio.

Xylokastro
Xylokastro (Greek: Ξυλόκαστρο) is a seaside town and a former municipality in Corinthia in the Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Xylokastro-Evrostina, of which it is a unit or component. The municipal unit has an area of 310.252 km2.

Geographic features include a long 2 km white pebbled beach and semi-arid forest on varied terrain, scattered with early churches and evidence of early settlements and religious sites.  It has narrowly separated upper and lower coastal roads and forms a medium-sized touristic village on the Gulf of Corinth. It is a popular coastal weekend location for many people of Athens.
John Sampson (North Carolina politician)
John Sampson (1719–1784) was a politician in North Carolina during and after the American Colonial era. After immigrating to the colony from northern Ireland, he settled near Wilmington. He was appointed to local offices, raised a militia to defend against the Spanish Alarm, and served as a Revolutionary War Patriot militia officer. He was an early settler in Duplin County, North Carolina. He served as mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina starting in 1760.

Sampson County, North Carolina is named in honor of him.

New Hanover County, North Carolina
New Hanover County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 225,702. The county seat is Wilmington. Though the second-smallest county in North Carolina by land area, it is one of the most populous counties, as Wilmington is one of the largest communities in the state. The county was created in 1729 as New Hanover Precinct and gained county status in 1739. New Hanover County is included in the Wilmington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which also includes neighboring Pender and Brunswick counties.
Erica astroites
Erica astroites is a plant belonging to the genus Erica and forming part of the fynbos. The species is endemic to the Western Cape and is rare. It is found only in Meiringspoort in the Swartberg where it grows on cliffs and near waterfalls.

Erica (plant)
Erica is a genus of roughly 857 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae. The English common names heath and heather are shared by some closely related genera of similar appearance. The genus Calluna was formerly included in Erica; it differs in having even smaller scale-leaves (less than 2–3 millimetres long), and the flower corolla consisting of separate petals. Erica is sometimes referred to as "winter (or spring) heather" to distinguish it from Calluna "summer (or autumn) heather".
Komi State Pedagogical Institute
Komi State Pedagogical Institute (Russian: Коми государственный педагогический институт) is a higher education institution founded on 18 November 1931 to train teachers. Reorganized on 14 February 2013 as a merger with Syktyvkar State University.

Order of the Badge of Honour
The Order of the Badge of Honour (Russian: орден «Знак Почёта», romanized: orden "Znak Pochyota") was a civilian award of the Soviet Union.

It was established on 25 November 1935, and was conferred on citizens of the USSR for outstanding achievements in sports, production, scientific research and social, cultural and other forms of social activity; for promotion of economic, scientific, technological, cultural and other ties between the USSR and other countries; and also for significant contribution to basic and applied research.

The order was awarded 1,574,368 times.

The "Order of the Badge of Honour" was replaced by the "Order of Honour" (Russian: Орден Почёта) by a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR on 28 December 1988. Following the USSR dissolution, it was replaced by the "Order of Honour" of Russia, established by Presidential Decree no. 442 of 2 March 1994.