hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Miller Act
The Miller Act (ch. 642, Sec. 1-3, 49 stat. 793,794, codified as amended in Title 40 of the United States Code)  requires prime contractors on some government construction contracts to post bonds guaranteeing both the performance of their contractual duties and the payment of their subcontractors and material suppliers.

The Act was originally enacted as the Heard Act in 1894. That act established a single performance and payment bond that "did afford some protection to... unpaid subcontractors and materialmen, but it was fraught with substantive and procedural limitations." It was superseded by the Miller Act of 1935, named after its sponsor U.S. Representative John E. Miller (D-AR).

Federal Acquisition Regulation
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) is the principal set of rules regarding government procurement in the United States. The document describes the procedures executive branch agencies use for acquiring products and services. The FAR is part of the Federal Acquisition System, which seeks to obtain the best value for agencies, minimize administrative costs and time required for acquisition, and promote fair competition for the suppliers of the products and services.

The FAR is issued by the FAR Council, a body composed of the secretary of defense, the GSA administrator, and the NASA administrator. This council meets quarterly or more frequently as needed, and the FAR may be updated multiple times per year.

The earliest regulation of US government procurement dates from 1792. Much of the FAR used today dates to 1984. It is codified at Chapter 1 of Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 48 CFR 1.
Vincennes Subglacial Basin
Vincennes Subglacial Basin (73°30′S 122°0′E﻿ / ﻿73.500°S 122.000°E﻿ / -73.500; 122.000) is a subglacial basin to the north of Dome Charlie in Wilkes Land, running ENE-WSW and joining Aurora Subglacial Basin with Adventure Subglacial Trench. The feature was delineated by the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI)-National Science Foundation (NSF)-Technical University of Denmark (TUD) airborne radio echo sounding program, 1967–79, and named after Vincennes, the command ship of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-42 (Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, USN).

This article incorporates public domain material from "Vincennes Subglacial Basin". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Dome C
Dome C, also known as dôme Circe, Dome Charlie (US) or dôme Concordia, is located at Antarctica at an elevation of 3,233 metres (10,607 ft) above sea level, on one of several domes of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dome C is located on the Antarctic Plateau, 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) inland from the Australian Casey Station and 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560 kilometres (350 mi) away. Dome C is the site of the Concordia Research Station, jointly operated by France and Italy.
4th Regional Command
The 4th Regional Command under the Vietnam People's Navy (VPN) is the naval operations command that independently manages and protects the Spratly Islands, Phú Quý Island, South China Sea and the South Central Coast, from Phú Yên to the North Bình Thuận including the provinces: Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận and the North of Bình Thuận. Its headquarter is in the Cam Ranh Bay Navy Base.

Bình Thuận province
Bình Thuận was a former southernmost coastal province in the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Lâm Đồng to the north, Ninh Thuận to the northeast, Đồng Nai to the west, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu to the southwest and the South China Sea to the east.

Bình Thuận province is sometimes seen as part of the Southeast region. The province is known for its scenery and beaches. There are also a number of sites of archaeological significance.

On June 12, 2025, Bình Thuận was incorporated into Lâm Đồng province.
Brookmerland
Brookmerland is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Aurich, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated southeast of Norden. Its seat is in the village Marienhafe.

The Samtgemeinde Brookmerland consists of the following municipalities:

Leezdorf

Marienhafe

Osteel

Rechtsupweg

Upgant-Schott

Wirdum

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
USS Waxbill (MHC-50)
USS Waxbill (MHC-50/AMCU-50/AMS-39/YMS-479/PCS-1456) was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-446 subclass acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines placed in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Presidential Unit Citation (South Korea)
The Presidential Unit Citation (Korean: 대통령부대표창; Hanja: 大統領部隊表彰) is a military unit award of the government of Republic of Korea that may be presented to South Korean and foreign military units for outstanding performance in defense of the Republic of Korea. In recognition of allied military service to South Korea during the Korean War, all United States military departments were authorized the unit award for that period.

Officially, the South Korean government does not have the term: Presidential Unit Citation (대통령 부대 표창). This is the one of Presidential Citations (대통령 표창)'  awarded to organizations such as local governments, military units, hospitals, etc.
AT&T Center (Milwaukee)
The AT&T Center is a 19-story, 313-foot-tall neo-Gothic building in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Construction began in 1918 for Wisconsin Telephone and was completed in 1924. It houses the AT&T Wisconsin headquarters.

The Eschweiler & Eschweiler architecture firm designed the AT&T Center. Alexander C. Eschweiler opened the firm in 1892 and later his three sons would join the firm in 1924. The firm was also behind the designs of the Milwaukee Gas Light Building, The Milwaukee Arena, The Milwaukee County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy as well as many mansions in the Historic Water Tower neighborhood.

Wisconsin Gas Building
The Wisconsin Gas Building (originally Milwaukee Gas Light Building) is a classic stepped Art Deco tower located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin at 626 East Wisconsin Avenue.  It was designed by architects Eschweiler & Eschweiler and completed in 1930 using differing materials on the exterior to graduate from dark to light.
Shotgun sequencing
In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing random DNA strands. It is named by analogy with the rapidly expanding, quasi-random shot grouping of a shotgun.

The chain-termination method of DNA sequencing ("Sanger sequencing") can only be used for short DNA strands of 100 to 1000 base pairs. Due to this size limit, longer sequences are subdivided into smaller fragments that can be sequenced separately, and these sequences are assembled to give the overall sequence.
In shotgun sequencing, DNA is broken up randomly into numerous small segments, which are sequenced using the chain termination method to obtain reads. Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing. Computer programs then use the overlapping ends of different reads to assemble them into a continuous sequence.

Shotgun sequencing was one of the precursor technologies that was responsible for enabling whole genome sequencing.

Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.  Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.
2023 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship
The 2023 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was held from November 5 to 11 at the Swift Current Curling Club in Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The winning team of Shaun Meachem, Kelly Schafer, Chris Haichert and Teejay Haichert from Saskatchewan will represent Canada at the 2024 World Mixed Curling Championship.

Canadian Mixed Curling Championship
The Canadian Mixed Curling Championship is the national curling championship for mixed curling in Canada. The winners of the tournament represent Canada at the World Mixed Curling Championship.

In mixed curling, the positions on a team must alternate between men and women. If a man throws last rocks, which is usually the case, the women must throw lead rocks and third rocks, while the other male member of the team throws second rocks. In 2004, Shannon Kleibrink became the only woman to skip a team and win a Canadian Mixed championship.
11573 Helmholtz
11573 Helmholtz, provisional designation 1993 SK3, is a Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers (8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1993, by German astronomers Freimut Börngen and Lutz Schmadel at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. It is one of few asteroids located in the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter. The asteroid was named for German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.

Lutz D. Schmadel
Lutz Dieter Schmadel (2 July 1942 – 21 October 2016) was a German astronomer and a prolific discoverer of asteroids, who worked at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) of the University of Heidelberg.

His special interest was the astrometry of minor planets. Among his numerous discoveries were the three main-belt asteroids 8661 Ratzinger, 10114 Greifswald, and 11508 Stolte.

He was the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, a reference book containing information about the discovery and naming of 12,804 asteroids (March 2006). One asteroid 2234 Schmadel, discovered in 1977, was named in his honor. The asteroid 8811 Waltherschmadel was named for his father, Walther Schmadel (1902–1944), who died at the Eastern Front near Stalingrad during World War 2.
Khujand
Khujand, sometimes spelled Khodjent and formerly known as Leninabad from 1936 to 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan and the capital of Tajikistan's northernmost Sughd province.

Khujand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia, dating back about 2,500 years to the Persian Empire. Situated on the Syr Darya river at the mouth of the Fergana Valley, Khujand was a major city along the ancient Silk Road. After being captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BC, it was renamed Alexandria Eschate and has since been part of various empires in history, including the Umayyad Caliphate (8th century), the Mongol Empire (13th century) and the Russian empire (19th century). Today, the majority of its population are ethnic Tajiks and the city is close to the present borders of both Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Bukhara
Bukhara (/bʊˈxɑːrə/ buu-KHAR-ə) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents as of 1 January 2020. It is the capital of Bukhara Region.

The Bukhara region has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. Bukhara served as the capital of the Uzbek states such as the Khanate of Bukhara, the Emirate of Bukhara and later the Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic. It was the birthplace of the scholar Imam Bukhari. The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" (Bukhārā-ye sharīf). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments. UNESCO has listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerous mosques and madrasas) as a World Heritage Site.
Spike (stagecraft)
In stagecraft, a spike is a marking, usually made with a piece of tape (although some theatres use paint pens), put on or around the stage. This marking is used to show the correct position for set pieces, furniture, actors and other items which move during the course of a performance and are required to stop or be placed in a specific location.

Several companies make rolls of very thin gaffer's or paper tape marketed as "spike tape" specifically for placing spikes.  In a pinch, gaffer, masking or electrical tape can be used. When used to indicate locations under dark conditions, phosphorescent tape (sometimes referred to as "glow tape") is used for practical and safety reasons.  Performer spikes are generally only used when positioning needs to be precise, either for safety or performance reasons, such as lighting specials.

Masking tape
Masking tape, also known as painter's tape, is a type of pressure-sensitive tape made of a thin and easy-to-tear paper, and an easily released pressure-sensitive adhesive. It is available in a variety of widths. It is used mainly in painting, to mask off areas that should not be painted.

Some inexpensive masking tapes are suited for general use in homes and offices.  Others are designed for professional house painters. Masking tapes for automotive or aircraft use have special characteristics for these demanding applications.
1992 Ross Perot vice presidential candidate selection
This article lists running mates considered by Ross Perot during his 1992 independent candidacy for President of the United States. On March 30, 1992, Perot announced that retired vice admiral James Stockdale would serve as his "interim" running mate, so that Perot could qualify for the ballot in several states. At the time, Perot planned to pick a permanent running mate during the summer, around the time of the 1992 Democratic National Convention and the 1992 Republican National Convention. Perot suspended his campaign during the summer of 1992, possibly preventing him from choosing a different running mate. After he decided to run again, Perot decided to keep Stockdale as his running mate. John Silber, the president of Boston University, was also rumored as a potential running mate for Perot. Stockdale appeared at the 1992 vice presidential debate. The Perot–Stockdale ticket took 18.9% of the popular vote, but the Clinton–Gore ticket won the election.

1992 United States presidential debates
The 1992 United States presidential debates were a series of debates held during the 1992 presidential election.

The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization formed in 1987, organized four debates among the major party candidates, sponsored three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate. Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, Democratic nominee Bill Clinton, and Independent candidate Ross Perot met the criteria for inclusion in the debates. The CPD-sponsored vice presidential debate took place between their respective vice presidential running mates, Dan Quayle, Al Gore, and James Stockdale.
Toxicodendron radicans
Toxicodendron radicans, commonly known as eastern poison ivy or poison ivy, is a species of allergenic flowering plant. It has numerous subtaxons and forms both vines and shrubs. Despite its common name, it is not a true ivy, but rather a member of the cashew and sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It is different from western poison ivy, Toxicodendron rydbergii, and resembles a number of species.

The species is found in North America. Although commonly eaten by animals, with birds consuming the seeds, T. radicans is considered a noxious weed. As a poison ivy, it causes urushiol-induced contact dermatitis in most people who touch it, producing an itchy, irritating, and sometimes painful rash.

Sumac
Sumac or sumach (/ˈsuːmæk, ˈʃuː-/ S(H)OO-mak, UK also /ˈsjuː-/)—not to be confused with poison sumac—is any of the roughly 35 species of flowering plants in the genus Rhus (and related genera) of the cashew and mango tree family, Anacardiaceae. However, it is Rhus coriaria that is most commonly used for culinary purposes. Sumac is prized as a spice—especially in Iranian cuisine, and other Eastern cuisines—and used as a dye and holistic remedy. The plants grow in subtropical and temperate regions, on nearly every continent except Antarctica and South America.
It holds cultural significance as a symbolic item on the Haft-sin table during Nowruz, the Persian New Year.
Palaeoagaracites
Palaeoagaracites is an extinct monotypic genus of gilled fungus in the order Agaricales. It contains the single species Palaeoagaracites antiquus.

The genus is solely known from the Lower Cretaceous, Upper Albian stage (about 100 Ma), Burmese amber deposits in Myanmar. Palaeoagaracites is one of only five known agaric fungal species known in the fossil record, the second oldest to be described, and only genus from Burmese amber.

Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The amber is of significant palaeontological interest due to the diversity of flora and fauna contained as inclusions, particularly arthropods including insects and arachnids but also birds, lizards, snakes, frogs and fragmentary dinosaur remains. The amber has been known and commercially exploited since the first century AD, and has been known to science since the mid-nineteenth century. Research on the deposit has attracted controversy due to the potential role of the amber trade in funding internal conflict in Myanmar and hazardous working conditions in the mines where it is collected.
Ramnath Mauzo
Ramanath Narayan "Ramnath" Mauzo (born Ramanath Narain Sinai Mauzo; c. 1910 – 15 April 1990), also known as R N Mauzo, was an Indian photo artist, photographer, and actor best known for founding the photography studio Mauzo Fotografo in 1936. He further gained recognition for his award-winning portrait Luz E Sombra (1940). His notable students include artist Laxman Pai, and Bollywood cinematographer K Vaikunth.

Margao
Margao (Goan Konkani: Modgaum, IPA: [mɵɖɡãʋ]; Portuguese: Margão, IPA: [mɐɾɡɐ̃ũ]) is the commercial capital of the Indian state of Goa. It stands on the banks of the river Sal. It is the district headquarters of South Goa, and administrative headquarters of Salcete sub-district. It is Goa's second largest city by population after Mormugao.
CATMA
CATMA (Computer Assisted Text Markup and Analysis) is an online tool for annotating text that is frequently used in digital literary analysis and other digital textual scholarship in the humanities. It was developed by researchers at the University of Hamburg.

CATMA started in 2008 as a reimplementation of TACT (Textual Analysis Computing Tools), which was a DOS-based tool developed at University of Toronto. While other software packages for qualitative data analysis, like Dedoose or NVivo, are targeted at social science researchers, CATMA is explicitly designed for humanities research. It is frequently used for computational literary analysis, and has been discussed in a range of scholarly sources.

NVivo
NVivo is a qualitative data analysis (QDA) computer software package, formerly developed and marketed by QSR International, which is now part of Lumivero. NVivo is used in the social sciences, such as anthropology, psychology, communication, sociology and human geography, as well as fields such as forensics, tourism, criminology and marketing.
Piansano
Piansano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region of Latium, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Viterbo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,232 and an area of 26.5 square kilometres (10.2 sq mi).

Piansano borders the following municipalities: Arlena di Castro, Capodimonte, Cellere, Tuscania, Valentano.

Cellere
Cellere is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo in the Italian region of Latium, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Rome and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Viterbo.

The main sight is the  church of Sant'Egidio Abate, designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.
Law enforcement in Argentina
In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police with jurisdiction in all Argentine territory. Most routine police work is carried out by provincial/state police forces. In recent years, several cities (such as Saldan and Villa Allende) started their own local police forces to reduce the burden on the State Police. The capital city of Buenos Aires (a federal district), where the Argentine Federal Police works with Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard) and Buenos Aires City Police (Municipal police).

Police corruption
Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which a law enforcement officer breaks their political contract and abuses their power for personal gain. Such a police officer is often referred to as a dirty cop. A corrupt officer may act alone or as part of a group. Corrupt acts include taking bribes, stealing from victims or suspects, and manipulating evidence to affect the outcome of legal proceedings (such as in a frameup). Police corruption challenges the human rights of citizens, and can undermine public trust in the police when uncovered or suspected.
Madison Parish Courthouse
The Madison Parish Courthouse, located at 100 North Cedar Street in downtown Tallulah in Madison Parish, Louisiana, was built in 1939.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 21, 1989.

It is a two-story stucco-over-masonry Colonial Revival building.  Its main part is a five bays wide and has a hip roof.  It has an Ionic portico with a lunette in its tympanum.  It is topped by a two-stage English Baroque-style cupola with an octagonal lantern with round arch openings and an ogee cap.  Side wings with parapets were added later.

The building is a local landmark, and has one of only two pedimented porticos in Tallulah.

It was designed by architects J.W. Smith & Associates.  J.W. Smith also designed two NRHP-listed high schools:  Bastrop High School, in Bastrop, Louisiana and Mer Rouge High School in Mer Rouge, Louisiana.  It was built by contractor M.T. Reed Construction Co.

Tallulah, Louisiana
Tallulah (/təˈluːlə/ tə-LOO-lə) is a city in, and the parish seat of, Madison Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,286, down from 7,335 in 2010.

As this was historically a center of agriculture since the antebellum years, producing cotton and pecans, Tallulah and the parish have long had majority-African American populations. The small city is now nearly 77 percent African American; the surrounding parish is 60 percent black. Mechanization and industrial agriculture have reduced the number of jobs, and many residents have moved since the mid-20th century to larger cities with more opportunities.

Tallulah is the principal city of the Tallulah Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Madison Parish. The Madison Parish Sheriff's office operates the Steve Hoyle Rehabilitation Center in Tallulah.