hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Origin of avian flight
Around 350 BCE, Aristotle and other philosophers of the time attempted to explain the aerodynamics of avian flight. Even after the discovery of the ancestral bird Archaeopteryx which lived over 150 million years ago, debates still persist regarding the evolution of flight. There are three leading hypotheses pertaining to avian flight. In the Pouncing Proavis model, it is assumed to have evolved from ambush predators pouncing on prey from above. The Cursorial model assumes that flight started with running dinosaurs making short leaps and evolving proto-wings for greater control over those leaps. The third hypothesis, the Arboreal model, assumes birds evolved from tree-dwelling gliders, who gradually increased their control and flight distance.

In March 2018, scientists reported that Archaeopteryx was likely capable of flight, but in a manner substantially different from that of modern birds.

Bird anatomy
Beak

Head

Iris

Pupil

Mantle

Lesser coverts

Scapulars

Coverts

Tertials

Rump

Primaries

Vent

Thigh

Tibio-tarsal articulation

Tarsus

Feet

Tibia

Belly

Flanks

Breast

Throat

Wattle

Eyestripe

Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. Birds have a light skeletal system and light but powerful musculature which, along with circulatory and respiratory systems capable of very high metabolic rates and oxygen supply, permit the bird to fly. The development of a beak has led to evolution of a specially adapted digestive system.
Hells Gate Airtram
The Hells Gate Airtram is an aerial tramway that crosses Fraser Canyon immediately above Hells Gate in British Columbia, Canada. It starts at a parking lot off the Trans-Canada Highway and descends to its lower terminal on the opposite side of the canyon where there is an observation deck, a restaurant, a gift shop and other tourist attractions. It was built in 1970 by the Swiss manufacturer Habegger Engineering Works and opened on 21 July 1971. Before its construction, the only way to the observation deck was to hike down the canyon to the pedestrian suspension bridge that bridges the canyon.

Fraser Canyon
The Fraser Canyon is a major landform of the Fraser River where it descends rapidly through narrow rock gorges in the Coast Mountains en route from the Interior Plateau of British Columbia to the Fraser Valley.  Colloquially, the term "Fraser Canyon" is often used to include the Thompson Canyon from Lytton to Ashcroft, since they form the same highway route which most people are familiar with, although it is actually reckoned to begin above Williams Lake at Soda Creek Canyon near the town of the same name.
Alby James
Alby James OBE FRSA (born 24 May 1954) is a British theatre director and a producer for film and television drama, screenwriter, script consultant and trainer, whose career spans more than four decades. Committed to promoting diversity and inclusion in the industry, he has worked with broadcasters such as the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), as well as being involved with other development and mentorship schemes for writers, directors and producers. From its inception in March 2017, he led the Diverse Directors' Workshop at the National Film & Television School, with the aim of improving access to the mainstream and professional independent sector for women, ethnic minorities and those with disabilities. Recognition that James has received for his work include being appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2019 for services to film, theatre and broadcasting.

Barbican Centre
The Barbican Centre is a performing arts centre in the Barbican Estate of the City of London, England, and the largest of its kind in Europe. The centre hosts classical and contemporary music concerts, theatre performances, film screenings and art exhibitions. It also houses a library, three restaurants, and a conservatory. The Barbican Centre is a member of the Global Cultural Districts Network.

The London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra are based in the centre's Concert Hall. In 2013, it once again became the London-based venue of the Royal Shakespeare Company following the company's departure in 2001.

It was built as the City of London's gift to the nation at a cost of £161 million (equivalent to £718 million in 2023), and was officially opened to the public by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 March 1982. Together with the Southbank Centre, a similar arts centre, the Barbican Centre is also known for its brutalist architecture.
Hassan Muhammad Makki
Hassan Muhammad Makki (Arabic: حسن محمد مكي; 22 December 1933 – 9 June 2016) was the Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic for four months in 1974. Makki was appointed by President Abdul Rahman al-Iryani.  He was replaced shortly after the coup d'état that placed Ibrahim al-Hamdi in power as Chairman of the Military Command Council.

Before and after his term as the Prime Minister he served as Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Foreign Affairs or Minister for Economical Affairs several times between 1963 and 1980. He also has been sent as ambassador to Italy (1968–70, 1977–79), Western Germany (1970–72), to the United Nations (1974–76) and to the United States and Canada (1975–1976). Makki died on 9 June 2016, aged 82.

Abdul Rahman al-Eryani
Abdul Rahman Yahya al-Eryani (Arabic: عبد الرحمن الإرياني, romanized: ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān Yaḥyā al-Iryānī; 10 June 1910 – 14 March 1998) was a Yemeni politician who served as the second President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) from 5 November 1967 to 13 June 1974. Originally a leader of the Free Yemeni Movement opposition group during the time of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, al-Eryani served as Minister of Religious Endowments under North Yemen's first republican government and later became the only civilian politician to have led Northern Yemen. He was eventually overthrown by Ibrahim al-Hamdi and died in exile.
Cyril Joe Barton
Cyril Joe Barton, VC (5 June 1921 – 31 March 1944) was a Second World War bomber pilot in the Royal Air Force who received the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth Armed Forces.

South Thames Colleges Group
South Thames Colleges Group (STCG) is a large further education institution that operates four colleges in south-west London: South Thames College, Kingston College, Merton College, and Carshalton College. The four main campuses are in Wandsworth, Kingston upon Thames, Morden, and Carshalton.
Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of diverse climates, flora and fauna, natural landmarks and landscapes. The climate ranges from continental, oceanic, subtropical and Mediterranean through the country. Most of the Dinaric Alps are located in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the highest elevation point is the mountain Maglić at 2,386 meters (7,828 ft), while the lowest point of elevation is the Adriatic Sea in the south of the country. 42.8% of the land is covered in thick forests. The country is rich in water resources, and in some places, rivers and springs may be used without filtration. Significant rivers are the Drina, Neretva, Sava, Bosna and Una. Important national parks include Kozara National Park, Sutjeska National Park, and Una National Park, all nationally protected areas.

Kozara National Park
Kozara National Park (Serbo-Croatian: Национални парк Козара, Nacionalni park Kozara) is a national park in Bosnia and Herzegovina that was proclaimed a protected national forest in 1967 by Josip Broz Tito. It is situated between the rivers Una, Sava, Sana and Vrbas, in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Kozara Marathon, also known as Kozara Ultra Trail is held in the Kozara National Park. The park is also the site for Kozara Grand Prix, a mountain bike race that takes place in the wilderness of the park. The race is part of the Union Cycliste Internationale calendar.

A smaller part of the park is designated for nature lovers. Walking, hiking, biking and herb picking are among the many activities in Kozara.
Rashid Mahazi
Rashid Abdulhakim Mahazi (born 20 April 1992) is an Australian former football player. A natural defensive minded player, Mahazi also played as a right back or as a defensive midfielder as he primarily did in the 2014–15 A-League season, under coach Kevin Muscat in Melbourne Victory's premiership and grand final victories. He announced his retirement in December 2020.

Monash Villareal FC
Monash Villarreal Football Club  is an Australian soccer club based in Hughesdale a suburb of Melbourne.  Monash City FC was established in 1997 from the ashes of the Oakleigh United Club and changed their name in 2020 following a successful partnership with LaLiga outfit Villarreal. The club currently competes in Victorian State League Division 4.
Primera División de Fútbol Profesional – Apertura 2013
The Apertura 2013 season was the 31st edition of Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador since its establishment of an Apertura and Clausura format. Firpo were the defending champions. The league consisted of 10 teams, each playing a home and away game against the other clubs for a total of 18 games, respectively. The top four teams at the end of the regular season will take part of the playoffs.

2012–13 Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño
The 2012–13 season (officially known as Liga de Plata) was El Salvador's Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño The season was split into two championships Apertura 2012 and Clausura 2013. The champions of the Apertura and Clausura play the direct promotion playoff every year. The winner of that series ascends to Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador.

The Apertura 2012 was named the Torneo Luis Baltazar Ramírez, after the 1982 world cup player Luis Ramírez Zapata.
Eldon Square bus station
Eldon Square Bus Station is one of two bus stations serving Newcastle City Centre. It is owned by Newcastle City Council and is managed by Tyne and Wear PTE. The current glass-roofed bus station was built adjacent to the former, and is accessible via the mall.

It is located in the Haymarket area of the city centre, a short walk from Newcastle University and Northumbria University. It offers a connection with services from Haymarket bus station and Haymarket Metro Station. It is attached to, and accessible from Eldon Square Shopping Centre, which links the bus station with the Northumberland Street and Monument areas of the city.

Nexus (transport executive)
The Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive, branded as Nexus, is an executive body of the North East Combined Authority and is best known for owning and operating the Tyne and Wear Metro. It replaced the Tyneside PTE on 1 April 1974.
2014 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship
The 2014 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship (also known as the 2014 Speedway European Under 21 Championship) was the 17th edition of the Championship.

The final was staged at Rybnik in Poland and was won by Václav Milík Jr., the second rider from the Czech Republic to do so. He won the final with a 15-point maximum.

European Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship
The European Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship was an annual speedway event organised by FIM Europe (formerly the European Motorcycle Union (UEM)) from 1977 to 1988 and again from 2013 to 2020.
Gmina Tczów
Gmina Tczów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Tczów, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Zwoleń and 104 km (65 mi) south of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 72.12 square kilometres (27.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,877.

Zwoleń County
Zwoleń County (Polish: powiat zwoleński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Zwoleń, which lies 104 kilometres (65 mi) south-east of Warsaw.

The county covers an area of 571.24 square kilometres (220.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 36,222, out of which the population of Zwoleń is 7,698, and the rural population is 28,524.
2013 Intermediate League World Series
Note: There exists a duplicate article (which does not include the world champion), under the title of 2013 Little League Intermediate World Series.

The 2013 Intermediate League World Series took place from July 30–August 5 in Livermore, California, United States. Osaka, Japan defeated Collier Township, Pennsylvania in the championship game.

This was the inaugural ILWS.

Intermediate League World Series
See: Intermediate League Baseball

The Intermediate League World Series is a baseball tournament for children aged 11 to 13 years old that began in 2013. It is patterned after the Little League World Series, which was named for the World Series in Major League Baseball. The tournament is held in Livermore, California.

The intermediate division is the second of four Little League divisions by development. The pitching mound is 50 feet from home plate, and the base paths are 70 feet apart. This allows for a transition between the smaller field dimensions of Little League (46/60), and the standard field dimensions of the advanced leagues (60.5/90).
Arabella McKenzie
Arabella McKenzie (born 1 March 1999) is an Australian rugby league & rugby union player. She has represented Australia at an international level and competed at the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

New South Wales Waratahs
The New South Wales Waratahs (/ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/;), often referred to as the Waratahs, are an Australian professional rugby union team based in Sydney that represents the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby Pacific competition. The Waratahs play their home games at the new Sydney Football Stadium.
Ivannia
Ivannia (Ukrainian: Івання) is a village in Ukraine, Ternopil Oblast, Kremenets Raion, Lopushne rural hromada. After the liquidation of the Kremenets Raion (1940–2020) on 19 July 2020, the village became part of the Kremenets Raion.

Lopushne rural hromada
Lopushne rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Лопушненська територіальна громада, romanized: Lopushnenska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Lopushne. Its population is 5,110 (2022 estimate) Established on 10 August 2015.
32nd New York State Legislature
The 32nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 1, 1808, to March 30, 1809, during the second year of Daniel D. Tompkins's governorship, in Albany.

Tioga County, New York
Tioga County /taɪˈoʊɡə/ is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,455. Its county seat is Owego. Tioga County is part of the Binghamton metropolitan area. The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

The county's name is a corruption of Iroquois De-yoh-ho-gah, meaning "at the forks" or "where it forks."
HMS Tauranga
HMS Tauranga was a Pearl-class cruiser of the Royal Navy. The vessel was originally named Phoenix and built by J & G Thomson, Glasgow. She was launched on 28 October 1889. Renamed on 2 April 1890, as Tauranga as part of the Auxiliary Squadron of the Australia Station. She arrived in Sydney with the squadron on 5 September 1891. During the Samoan civil unrest in 1899, she took part in operations with HMS Porpoise and HMS Royalist. Spending between 1901 and 1903 in reserve at Sydney before being assigned to the New Zealand division of the Australia Station. She left the Australia Station on 14 December 1904. She was sold for £8500 in July 1906 to Thomas Ward for breaking up.

A Pearl-class cruiser from Brassey's Naval Annual, 1897

Memorial to Payne, First Lieutenant of H.M.S. Tauranga, in Chester Cathedral

Robert Louis Stevenson, his family and Samoans, and the band of HMS Tauranga at Vailima (Samoa) (photo by Alfred James Tattersall).

Pearl-class cruiser
The Pearl-class cruiser, also called Pallas-class, was a third-class protected cruiser designed by Sir William White for the Royal Navy. Nine ships were built to this design, five of which were paid for by Australia under the terms of the Imperial Defence Act of 1887 to serve in Australian waters.
Vaalbara
Vaalbara is a hypothetical Archean supercontinent consisting of the Kaapvaal craton (in present-day eastern South Africa) and the Pilbara Craton (in present-day north-western Western Australia). E. S. Cheney derived the name from the last four letters of each craton's name. The two cratons consist of continental crust dating from 3.6 to 2.7 Ga; this timing would make Vaalbara one of Earth's earliest supercontinents.

Continental crust
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This layer is sometimes called sial because its bulk composition is richer in aluminium silicates (Al-Si) and has a lower density compared to the oceanic crust, called sima which is richer in magnesium silicate (Mg-Si) minerals. Changes in seismic wave velocities have shown that at a certain depth (the Conrad discontinuity), there is a reasonably sharp contrast between the more felsic upper continental crust and the lower continental crust, which is more mafic in character.

Most continental crust is dry land above sea level. However, 94% of the Zealandia continental crust region is submerged beneath the Pacific Ocean, with New Zealand constituting 93% of the above-water portion.
Medieval battles of Srebrenica (1411–1459)
The Medieval battles of Srebrenica were a series of battles between the Kingdom of Bosnia, Kingdom of Hungary, The Ottoman Empire and the Serbian Despotate for mineral rich, notably silver, city of Srebrenica in Eastern Bosnia.

Serbian Despotate
The Serbian Despotate (Serbian: Српска деспотовина / Srpska despotovina) was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is mistakenly considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 70 years, experiencing a cultural, economic, and political renaissance, especially during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarević. After the death of Despot Đurađ Branković in 1456, the Despotate continued to exist for another three years before it finally fell under Ottoman rule in 1459.

After 1459, political traditions of the Serbian Despotate continued to exist in exile, in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, with several titular despots of Serbia, who were appointed by kings of Hungary. The last titular Despot of Serbia was Pavle Bakić, who fell in the Battle of Gorjani in 1537.
Swavesey Rural District
52°18′07″N 0°00′18″E﻿ / ﻿52.302°N 0.005°E﻿ / 52.302; 0.005
Swavesey was a rural district in Cambridgeshire, England, from 1894 to 1934.

It was formed under the Local Government Act 1894 from the part of the St Ives rural sanitary district which was in Cambridgeshire (the rest being in Huntingdonshire).

It covered the civil parishes of

Boxworth

Conington

Fen Drayton

Lolworth

Over

Swavesey

In 1925 Dr. W. R. Grove, the medical officer for health reported that Swavesey Rural District had an area of 14445 acres with a population which grew from 2424 in 1921 to 2487 in 1925.

It was merged in 1934 under a County Review Order into the Chesterton Rural District.  It now forms part of the South Cambridgeshire district.

Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (/ˈhʌntɪŋdənʃər, -ʃɪər/; abbreviated Hunts) is a local government district in Cambridgeshire, England. 
The district had a population of 180,800 at the 2021 census, and has an area of 354.3 square miles (918 km2). The largest towns are St Neots (33,410), Huntingdon (25,428), and St Ives (16,815). The district council is based in Huntingdon.

Historically a county in its own right, Huntingdonshire's boundaries were established in the Anglo-Saxon era. Huntingdonshire became an administrative county in 1889. In 1965, it was merged with the Soke of Peterborough to form Huntingdon and Peterborough, which was in turn merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely in 1974 to form Cambridgeshire, of which Huntingdonshire is now a district.
Freemantle F.C.
Freemantle Football Club was a football club based in the Freemantle area of Southampton. They were active for 21 years and were one of the early leading pioneers of football in Hampshire. During their brief heyday, at the end of the nineteenth century, they were arch rivals to Southampton F.C.

1897–98 Southern Football League
The 1897–98 season was the fourth in the history of the Southern League. Southampton won the Division One championship for the second successive season. Bristol City applied for election to Division Two of the Football League. However, they were not elected.
Michiru Shimada
Michiru Shimada (島田 満, Shimada Michiru, May 19, 1959 – December 15, 2017) was a Japanese anime screenwriter from Tokyo. Shimada was a graduate of Waseda University. She made her screenwriting debut in 1980.

She died in 2017, aged 58, from undisclosed causes.

Hamtaro
Hamtaro, known in Japan as Trotting Hamtaro (とっとこハム太郎, Tottoko Hamutarō), is a Japanese children's manga and storybook series created and illustrated by Ritsuko Kawai about a hamster named Hamtaro. The manga was serialized in Shogakukan's Shōgaku Ninensei (Second Grade) magazine in April 1997; more Hamtaro stories would later be added into the other grade-level magazines, as well as in Ciao. The series focuses on a hamster named Hamtaro, who has a variety of adventures with other hamsters known as the "Ham-Hams" ("Hamuchans" in the Japanese version). Viz Media published the manga adaptations and storybooks in English.

Multiple anime adaptations were produced by TMS Entertainment and aired on TV Tokyo. The first series was dubbed in English by The Ocean Group.
Wanda Harper Bush
Wanda Harper Bush (October 6, 1931 – December 29, 2015)  was an American professional rodeo cowgirl. She competed in the Girl's Rodeo Association (GRA), now known as the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA), and won two barrel racing world championships, in 1952 and 1953. She was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 1978 and the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 2017. The August 2017 induction ceremony was ProRodeo's 38th annual event, and marked the first time in the event's history that the class of inductees included barrel racers from the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA).

Calf roping
Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping in the United States and Canada and rope and tie in Australia and New Zealand, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together, in as short a time as possible.  A variant on the sport, with fewer animal welfare controversies, is breakaway roping, where the calf is roped, but not tied.