hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Early world maps
The earliest known world maps date to classical antiquity, the oldest examples of the 6th to 5th centuries BCE still based on the flat Earth paradigm. World maps assuming a spherical Earth first appear in the Hellenistic period. The developments of Greek geography during this time, notably by Eratosthenes and Posidonius culminated in the Roman era, with Ptolemy's world map (2nd century CE), which would remain authoritative throughout the Middle Ages. Since Ptolemy, knowledge of the approximate size of the Earth allowed cartographers to estimate the extent of their geographical knowledge, and to indicate parts of the planet known to exist but not yet explored as terra incognita.

With the Age of Discovery, during the 15th to 18th centuries, world maps became increasingly accurate; exploration of Antarctica, Australia, and the interior of Africa by western mapmakers was left to the 19th and early 20th century.

Oceanus
In Greek mythology, Oceanus or Okeanos was one of the Titans, the children of Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth), the brother and husband of the Titaness Tethys, and the father of the river gods and the Oceanids, as well as being the great river which encircled the entire world.
Vivek Joshi
Vivek Joshi (born 21 May 1966) is a retired IAS  officer of 1989 batch from Haryana cadre who is serving as Election Commissioner of India since February 19, 2025. He previously served as the Chief Secretary of Haryana state from 1 November 2024 till 18 February 2025. Previously, he served as  Personnel Secretary of India  from 19 August 2024 till 31 October 2024. Before that, he served as Secretary of the Department of Financial Services.

Chief secretary (India)
The Chief Secretary is the highest-ranking executive official and civil servant of the government of an Indian state. The Chief Secretary is the ex-officio head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre Indian Administrative Service and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the chief minister on all matters of state administration.

The Chief Secretary is an officer of the Indian Administrative Service. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the Indian order of precedence. The Chief Secretary acts as an ex-officio secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called "Secretary to the Cabinet". The status of this post is equal to that of a Secretary to the Government of India.
Airport station (Ottawa)
Airport station (French: Station Aéroport) is an O-Train rapid transit station. It is located at Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport in the south end of Ottawa. It serves as the southwestern terminus of the three-stop Line 4 which opened on January 6, 2025. The airport is also served by an OC Transpo bus stop.

Line 4 (O-Train)
Line 4 (French: Ligne 4), also known as the Airport Line (French: Antenne de l'Aéroport), is a diesel light rail line on the O-Train network in Ottawa, Ontario. The line provides a connection between Line 2 (also known as the Trillium Line) at South Keys station, and Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport. The four-kilometre (2.5 mi) line opened on January 6, 2025.
Panjal Traps
The Panjal Traps or the Tethyan Plume is a large igneous province (LIP) that erupted during the Early–Middle Permian in what is now north-western India.  The Panjal Traps are associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, which resulted in the dispersal of the Cimmerian continental blocks from the north-eastern margin of Gondwana and possibly the break-up of this old and large continent.
In the Zanskar-Spliti-Lahaul area (in the north-western Himalayas and south-east Ladakh) the 30–150 m (98–492 ft)-thick basalts of the Panjal Traps are mostly exposed as massive (terrestrial) lava flows, but also as (marine) pillow lavas and hyaloclastites.

The Panjal Traps were first documented in 1824 and were eventually named by British geologist Richard Lydekker in 1883, but their origin, age, and relationship with surrounding and underlying rocks remained elusive for more than a century.  They remained one of the most understudied LIPs before being properly dated to 289 Ma in 2011.

Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including intrusive (sills, dikes) and extrusive (lava flows, tephra deposits), arising when magma travels through the crust towards the surface. The formation of LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with divergent plate tectonics. The formation of some of the LIPs in the past 500 million years coincide in time with mass extinctions and rapid climatic changes, which has led to numerous hypotheses about causal relationships. LIPs are fundamentally different from any other currently active volcanoes or volcanic systems.
Eastern red-rumped swallow
The eastern red-rumped swallow (Cecropis daurica) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae. It is found in open, often hilly, areas with clearings and cultivation across Southeast Asia to north-eastern India and Taiwan.

The European red-rumped swallow and the African red-rumped swallow were formerly considered as subspecies of the eastern red-rumped swallow.

Erik Laxmann
Erik Gustavovich Laxmann (Russian: Эрик (Кирилл) Густавович Лаксман) (July 27, 1737 – January 6, 1796) was a Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and natural scientist born in Savonlinna (Nyslott) in Finland, then part of Sweden. He is remembered today for his taxonomic work on the fauna of Siberia and for his attempts to establish relations between Imperial Russia and Tokugawa Japan.

In 1757, Laxmann started his studies at the Royal Academy of Turku (Åbo) and was subsequently ordained a Lutheran priest in St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia.
Golden Calf of Gozo
The Golden Calf of Gozo (Maltese: L-Għoġol tad-Deheb) is a golden statue of a calf that was supposedly discovered buried under the Hill of Ta' Gelmus in 1729 on the island of Gozo, Malta. It was supposedly brought by Jewish refugees from the destruction of Jerusalem and buried by expelled Jews around 1494, before they left the island. Whether it was the original Golden Calf is open to interpretation.

Golden calf
According to the Torah, the Bible, and the Quran, the golden calf (Hebrew: עֵגֶל הַזָּהָב, romanized: ʿēḡel hazzāhāḇ) was a cult image made by the Israelites when Moses went up to Mount Sinai. In Hebrew, the incident is known as "the sin of the calf" (Hebrew: חֵטְא הָעֵגֶל, romanized: ḥēṭəʾ hāʿēḡel). It is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus.

Bull worship was common in many cultures. In Egypt, whence according to the Exodus narrative, the Israelites had recently come, the bull-god Apis was a comparable object of worship, which some believe the Hebrews were reviving in the wilderness. Alternatively, some believe Yahweh, the national god of the Israelites, was associated with or pictured as a sacred bull through the process of religious assimilation and syncretism. Among the Canaanites, some of whom would become the Israelites, the bull was widely worshipped as the sacred bull and the creature of El.
Gmina Starcza
Gmina Starcza is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the village of Starcza, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of Częstochowa and 47 km (29 mi) north of the regional capital Katowice.

The gmina covers an area of 20.1 square kilometres (7.8 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 2,823.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Upper Liswarta Forests Landscape Park.

Częstochowa County
Częstochowa County (Polish: powiat częstochowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Częstochowa, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The towns in Częstochowa County are Blachownia, Koniecpol, Przyrów and Olsztyn.

The county covers an area of 1,519.49 square kilometres (586.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 134,637, out of which the population of Blachownia is 9,545, that of Koniecpol is 5,910, and the rural population is 119,182.
Forest Hill with Shotover
Forest Hill with Shotover is a civil parish covering 7.56 km2 of South Oxfordshire approximately centred 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Oxford. Its population in 2011 was 856, almost exclusively in the villages of Forest Hill, hamlets of Shotover Cleve and Shotover Edge.  It includes a country estate at Shotover Park. Forest Hill with Shotover was formed in 1881 by the merger of three smaller civil parishes: Forest Hill, Shotover and Shotover Hill Place.

South Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England. Its council is temporarily based outside the district at Abingdon-on-Thames pending a planned move to Didcot, the district's largest town. The areas located south of the River Thames are within the historic county of Berkshire.
South River (Ontario)
The South is a river in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District, Ontario, beginning in the Western Uplands of Algonquin Provincial Park and emptying into Lake Nipissing. The river takes its name from an arm of Lake Nipissing into which it flows, South Bay.

South River, Ontario
South River is a village on Highway 124 near Algonquin Park in the Almaguin Highlands region of Parry Sound District of Ontario, Canada. It is about halfway between North Bay and Huntsville  or a 3-hour drive (300 km) north from Toronto. South River has access to the Algonquin Park for canoeists at Kawawaymog (Round Lake).  South River is home of Mikisew Provincial Park on the shores of Eagle Lake.
2025 Braga Open
The 2025 Braga Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Braga, Portugal between 29 September and 5 October 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Android Runtime
Android Runtime (ART) is an application runtime environment used by the Android operating system.  Replacing Dalvik, the process virtual machine originally used by Android, ART performs the translation of some of the application's bytecode into native instructions that are later executed by the device's runtime environment.

Profiling (computer programming)
In software engineering, profiling (program profiling, software profiling) is a form of dynamic program analysis that measures, for example, the space (memory) or time complexity of a program, the usage of particular instructions, or the frequency and duration of function calls.  Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization, and more specifically, performance engineering.

Profiling is achieved by instrumenting either the program source code or its binary executable form using a tool called a profiler (or code profiler). Profilers may use a number of different techniques, such as event-based, statistical, instrumented, and simulation methods.
Marv Hagedorn
Marv Hagedorn (born March 2, 1956, in Omak, Washington) has been Idaho's Veterans Division administrator since July 30, 2018.

Hagedorn was a Republican Idaho Senator representing District 14 from 2012 to 2018. He previously was an Idaho State Representative (2007–2012) by appointment of Governor Butch Otter in January 2007 representing District 20 in the B seat. Hagedorn ran for Idaho lieutenant governor in 2018 and placed third in the Republican primary.

Butch Otter
Clement Leroy "Butch" Otter (born May 3, 1942) is an American businessman and politician who served as the 32nd governor of Idaho from 2007 to 2019. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected in 2006, and re-elected in 2010 and 2014. Otter served as lieutenant governor from 1987 to 2001 and in Congress from 2001 to 2007.

Otter is Idaho’s second longest serving governor, ahead of Robert E. Smylie, but behind Cecil Andrus.
1988–89 in English football
The 1988–89 season was the 109th season of competitive football in England.

The season saw Arsenal win their first league title for 18 years, in dramatic fashion, as they beat defending champions Liverpool 2–0 at Anfield to clinch the title on number of goals scored. Liverpool had won the FA Cup six days earlier and for the second season running missed out on a unique second double. Third placed Nottingham Forest lifted both the Football League Cup and Full Members' Cup. The ban on English clubs, following the Heysel Stadium disaster, was now in its fourth season and UEFA then voted for it to continue for a fifth season. In April 1989, fourteen Liverpool supporters were convicted of manslaughter relating to the disaster.

The season was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster on 15 April 1989, which resulted in the deaths of 97 Liverpool fans in a crowd crush at the FA Cup semi-final.

Tyneside
Tyneside is a built-up area across the banks of the River Tyne in Northern England. The population of Tyneside as published in the 2011 census was 774,891. Tyneside is made up of the metropolitan boroughs of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside. The area is surrounded by the North East Green Belt. Residents of the area are commonly referred to as Geordies.
Jasień, Radomsko County
Jasień [ˈjaɕɛɲ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kobiele Wielkie, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south-west of Kobiele Wielkie, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Radomsko, and 87 km (54 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Kobiele Wielkie
Kobiele Wielkie [kɔˈbjɛlɛ ˈvjɛlkʲɛ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kobiele Wielkie. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) east of Radomsko and 84 km (52 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The village has an approximate population of 800.

It is the birthplace of Nobel laureate, writer Władysław Reymont. There are two monuments commemorating him, in the village.
Mukherjee-Samarth family
The Mukherjee-Samarth family is a Bengali-Marathi Hindu family that has been involved in the Hindi film industry since the 1930s, Shobhana Samarth having first acted in a film in 1935. The Mukherjee family was connected to the Samarth family by Tanuja's marriage to Shomu Mukherjee in 1973.

Shobhna Samarth
Shobhana Samarth (née Saroj Shilotri; 17 November 1916 – 9 February 2000) was an Indian director, actress and producer, who began her career in the early days of talkie movies in the Hindi film industry and continued in lead roles into the 1950s.

She started in Marathi cinema. Her first Hindi film, Nigahen Nafrat, was released in 1935. She is best remembered for her portrayal of Sita in Ram Rajya (1943). In 1997, she was honoured with the Filmfare Special Award for her contribution to the arts.

Samarth later produced and directed a pair of movies that launched the careers of her daughters, Nutan and Tanuja.
Turobów
Turobów [tuˈrɔbuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerniewice, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north of Czerniewice, 22 km (14 mi) north-east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 50 km (31 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Czerniewice
Czerniewice [t͡ʂɛrɲɛˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Czerniewice. It lies on the Krzemionka River, approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and 50 km (31 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź. It was probably founded in the 14th century.

In 2004 the village had a population of 730.
Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing
Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing was a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 until 2023. The area was represented by the riding of Algoma from 1867 to 1904 and from 1968 to 1996 and then by Algoma—Manitoulin from 1996 to 2004. In 2023 the riding was dissolved with parts going to Kapuskasing—Timmins—Mushkegowuk, Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma, Sudbury East—Manitoulin—Nickel Belt, and Thunder Bay—Superior North.

Sudbury District
The Sudbury District is a district in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1894 from townships of eastern Algoma District and west Nipissing District. In 1973, the Regional Municipality of Sudbury was created as a separate jurisdiction out of the district.

The overwhelming majority of the district (about 92%) is unincorporated and part of Unorganized North Sudbury District. With the exception of Chapleau, all of the district's incorporated municipalities are found in the area immediately surrounding the city of Greater Sudbury to the west, east and south. North of the Greater Sudbury area, the district is sparsely populated; between Sudbury and Chapleau, only unincorporated settlements, ghost towns and small First Nations reserves are found.
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Information Theory Society. It covers information theory and the mathematics of communications. It was established in 1953 as IRE Transactions on Information Theory. The editor-in-chief is Venugopal V. Veeravalli (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign). As of 2007, the journal allows the posting of preprints on arXiv.

According to Jack van Lint, it is the leading research journal in the whole field of coding theory. A 2006 study using the PageRank network analysis algorithm found that, among hundreds of computer science-related journals, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory had the highest ranking and was thus deemed the most prestigious. ACM Computing Surveys, with the highest impact factor, was deemed the most popular.

ACM Computing Surveys
ACM Computing Surveys is peer-reviewed quarterly scientific journal and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. It publishes survey articles and tutorials related to computer science and computing. The journal was established in 1969 with William S. Dorn as founding editor-in-chief.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 23.8. In a 2008 ranking of computer science journals, ACM Computing Surveys received the highest rank "A*". One of the most prestigious journals in computer science, ranked 1st in 2024 Journal Ranking in Computers (ranked 1/147 in Computer Science Theory & Methods).
Lamellodiscus
Lamellodiscus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans in the family Diplectanidae; all species of Lamellodiscus are small worms, parasitic on the gills of teleost fish.

The type-species of the genus is Lamellodiscus typicus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, a parasite of a sparid fish caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.

Diplectanidae
The Diplectanidae are a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans. They are all parasitic on the gills of fish (marine or freshwater). Diplectanids are small animals, generally around 1 mm in length. As parasites, they can be extremely numerous, up to several thousand on an individual fish.
Aegis system equipped vessels (ASEV)
Aegis system equipped vessels (ASEV) or (Japanese: イージス・システム搭載艦) are a pair of ballistic missile defense (BMD) cruisers under construction to be operated by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) as dedicated sea-based BMD platforms, serving as an alternative to Japan's now-cancelled land-based Aegis Ashore BMD system.

Minister of Defense (Japan)
The Minister of Defense (防衛大臣, Bōei Daijin), or Bōei-shō (防衛相), is a  member of the Japanese cabinet and is the leader of the Ministry of Defense, the executive department of the Japanese Armed Forces. The minister of defense's position of command and authority over the military is second only to that of the Prime Minister of Japan, who is the commander-in-chief.

The minister of defense is appointed by the Prime Minister and is a member of the National Security Council. The current Minister of Defense is Shinjirō Koizumi, who took office on October 21, 2025.
WJVA-LP
WJVA-LP (106.5 FM, "WJVA radio") is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Portsmouth, Virginia. The station is owned by Juneteenth Festival Company and airs a variety format.

The station was assigned the WJVA-LP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on October 31, 2014.

Portsmouth, Virginia
Portsmouth is an independent city in southeastern Virginia, United States. It lies across the Elizabeth River from Norfolk. As of the 2020 census, the population was 97,915. It is the ninth-most populous city in Virginia and is part of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. Due to its strategic location, the city has long been associated with the United States Armed Forces, particularly the Navy. The Norfolk Naval Shipyard is a historic and active Navy facility located in Portsmouth.
Hankasalmi railway station
The Hankasalmi railway station (Finnish: Hankasalmen rautatieasema, Swedish: Hankasalmi järnvägsstation) is located in the village and urban area of Hankasalmen asemanseutu in the municipality of Hankasalmi, Finland. It is located along the Jyväskylä–Pieksämäki railway, and its neighboring stations are Jyväskylä in the west and Pieksämäki in the east.

The Finnish Heritage Agency has proclaimed the Hankasalmi station a nationally significant built cultural environment.

Jyväskylä Central Station
Jyväskylä Central Station, also known as Jyväskylä Travel Center (Finnish: Jyväskylän matkakeskus) is a transportation hub located in the city of Jyväskylä, Finland. The station is the city's main train station as well its main long-distance bus terminal.
Ping'an, Haidong
Ping'an District (simplified Chinese: 平安区; traditional Chinese: 平安區; pinyin: Píng'ān Qū) formerly known as Ping'anyi (simplified Chinese: 平安驿; traditional Chinese: 平安驛; pinyin: Píng'ānyì), is an administrative district and the seat of the city of Haidong, in the east of Qinghai Province, China, located about 35 km (22 mi) east from Xining. Its postal code is 810600, and its population is 127,480, 29.4% of whom belong to ethnic minorities. The area is known for its Selenium resources.

During the Han dynasty it was known as Anyi County, and as Zhongge during the Tang dynasty, then as Pingrong and Ping'an during the Ming and Qing dynasty respectively. In 2015, Ping'an County became Ping'an District.

Haidong
36°28′24″N 102°24′38″E﻿ / ﻿36.4734°N 102.4106°E﻿ / 36.4734; 102.4106

Haidong (Chinese: 海东市; pinyin: Hǎidōng shì) is a prefecture-level city of Qinghai province in Western China. Its name literally means "east of the (Qinghai) Lake." On 8 February 2013 Haidong was upgraded from a prefecture (海东地区) into a prefecture-level city. Haidong is the third most populous administrative division in Qinghai after Xining and Golmud.

Haidong was historically populated by the Qiang people, although the area has been inhabited as early as 6000 years ago. In 121 BC the area was captured by Huo Qubing, defeating the Xiongnu. In 399 AD the Xianbei founded the state of Nanliang, with its capital in Ledu District.