hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Street lighting in Stockholm
Street lighting in Stockholm was a private affair for many centuries. The first known decree regarded lighting in Sweden is from 1697 and concerned Riddarholmen in Stockholm. A royal decree regarding public street lighting was issued in 1749 and asked property owners to keep lanterns lit during the dark months from dusk to midnight, with bright moon nights as an exception. Stockholm was a dark city, especially at night when the street lanterns were extinguished. People avoided walking on the city streets during the nighttime. The public street lighting in Stockholm became a communal task when gas lanterns and later on electrical lamps were introduced during the mid 1800s. The city contributed 97 lanterns which were placed on the city's buildings, on public places, by docks, and bridges.

Street light
A street light, light pole, lamp pole, lamppost, streetlamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found on a railway platform. When urban electric power distribution became ubiquitous in developed countries in the 20th century, lights for urban streets followed, or sometimes led.

Many lamps have light-sensitive photocells or astro clocks that activate the lamp automatically when needed, at times when there is reduced ambient light compared to daytime, such as at dusk, dawn, or under exceptional cloud cover. This function in older lighting systems could be performed with the aid of a solar dial.
Punchi Banda Nugawela
Punchi Banda Nugawela (known as P. B. Nugawela Dissawe) was a Ceylonese colonial-era legislator and  headmen. He was a member of the State Council of Ceylon and Diyawadana Nilame from 1916–1937.

Joining the public service as a clerk, he was appointed Rate Mahatmaya of Sarasiyapattuwa. He was later given the titular rank of Dissawe by the British Governor of Ceylon. In the 1920s he became an influential member of the Kandyan National Assembly and was elected to the first State Council in 1931 from Galagedra.

He married first Mallika Dunuwila, the older daughter of Dunuwila Disawa and Police Magistrate. After her death, he married her younger sister Anula Dunuwila. His children were E. A. Nugawela, Hugh Nugawela, ate Mahatmaya of Sarasiya Pattu; Clifford Nugawela; Hilda Nugawela Kumarihamy; Muriel Nugawela Kumarihamy; Malkanthi Nugawela Kumarihamy; Nita Nugawela Kumarihamy; Pearl Nugawela Kumarihamy.

Maha Dissava
The Mahâ Dissâvas was a high-ranking office in the Amātya Mandalaya, or Sinhalese Council of State, in the Sinhalese Kingdoms of monarchical Sri Lanka. Like many of the existing high offices at the time, it had combined legislative and judicial powers and functioned primarily equivalent to that of a Provincial governor. The office of Dissava was retained under the successive European colonial powers, namely the Portuguese Empire, the Dutch East India Company and the British Empire. A Dissava was the governor of a province known as a Disavanies. Within his province, the Dissava held both executive and judicial authority.
Paget Marsh Nature Reserve
Paget Marsh Nature Reserve, also known as Paget Marsh, is an unspoiled marsh, forest, and nature reserve in central Bermuda. It is located next to St. Paul's Church along Middle Road in Paget Parish, to the south of Hamilton Harbour. The 25 acres (10 ha) official reserve is protected by the Bermuda National Trust and Bermuda Audubon Society. It is also a Ramsar wetland of international importance.

The reserve's extensive peat marsh remains unchanged since the days of the first settlers. It is dotted with Bermuda cedar and Sabal bermudana palmetto trees. An extensive boardwalk, erected in 1999, has made the ponds, mangroves, grasslands, and forests accessible. The water bodies and forests in this area provide habitat for a variety of wildlife, especially birds.

Hamilton Harbour, Bermuda
Hamilton Harbour is a natural harbour in Bermuda which serves as the port for the capital, the City of Hamilton. It is an arm of the Great Sound, and forms a tapering wedge shape of water between Paget Parish and the peninsula which forms Pembroke Parish, and upon which the capital sits.

The approaches to the harbour are protected by a chain of islands (notably Hinson's, Marshall's, Long, and Hawkins), and by the small Salt Kettle Peninsula. Another island sits inside the harbour itself, White's Island. The eastern end of the harbour, the narrow corner of an isosceles triangle, is a small mangrove grown bay used for mooring smaller pleasure boats.
Bhauma-Kara dynasty
The Bhauma dynasty, also known as Kara dynasty, ruled in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala (IAST: Toṣala), included parts of present-day Odisha.

By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the former Shailodbhava territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followed Buddhism, and its later rulers followed Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The dynasty, whose rulers included seven women, was supplanted by the Bhanjas and the Somavamshis in the 10th century.

Tosali
Tosali or Toshali was an ancient city in the present day Odisha state in eastern India. It was the capital of the eastern province of the Kalinga Kingdom. While some scholars tried to identify this ancient city with Dhauli, 7 km away from Bhubaneshwar, other scholars were inclined to identify this city with Shishupalgarh, 5 km away from Bhubaneshwar.

Recent archaeological excavations showing fort ruins and major ancient era weapons, inscriptions and presence of Kushan era gold coins gives credence to the sites at Radhanagar near Brahmani river in Jajpur district to be the most likely location of Tosali.
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) is a disorder characterised by the age-related deterioration of the cervical spinal cord. Referred to be a range of different but related terms, a global consensus process selected Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy as the new overarching disease term.  It is a neurological disorder related to the spinal cord and nerve roots. The severity of CSM is most commonly associated with factors including age, location and extent of spinal cord compression.

Incidence of CSM increases with age, where spinal cord compression is bound to be present people aged 55 or above.

Pain, numbness, issues with balance and coordination are symptoms widely representative of most common cases of CSM. It primarily results from spinal cord compression due to the degenerative changes in the cervical region of the spine. A wide range of tests and medical care are available to help diagnose and treat CSM, respectively, due to the relatively high incidence of CSM.

Facet joint
The facet joints (also zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae.  There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment and each facet joint is innervated by the recurrent meningeal nerves.
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty
Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty (known as Ratchet & Clank: Quest for Booty in Europe and Australia) is a 2008 third-person shooter platform video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3, through PlayStation Network. Quest for Booty is the sixth main installment in the Ratchet & Clank series and the second installment of its Future saga, acting as direct sequel to Tools of Destruction, and follows Ratchet's quest to save Clank, who has been taken by the Zoni.

Third-person shooter
Third-person shooter (TPS) is a subgenre of 3D shooter games in which the gameplay consists primarily of shooting. It is closely related to first-person shooters, but with the player character visible on-screen during play. While 2D shoot 'em up games also employ a third-person perspective, the TPS genre is distinguished by having the game presented with the player's avatar as a primary focus of the camera's view.
Cvetković–Maček Agreement
The Cvetković–Maček Agreement (Serbo-Croatian: Sporazum Cvetković-Maček, Споразум Цветковић-Мачек), also known simply as the Sporazum in English-language histories,
was a political compromise on internal divisions in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It was settled on August 26, 1939, by  Yugoslav prime minister Dragiša Cvetković (an ethnic Serb) and by Vladko Maček (a Croat politician.) The agreement established the Banovina of Croatia, with boundaries drawn to include as many ethnic Croats as possible. This effectively created within  unitary Yugoslavia an  autonomous Croatian sub-state, a demand of Croat politicians since the  1918 founding of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The Banovina later provided a model for eventual post-war constitutional arrangements in Federal Yugoslavia (1943–1945).

Petar Živković
Petar Živković (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар Живковић; 1 January 1879 – 3 February 1947) was a Serbian military officer and political figure in Yugoslavia. He was Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 7 January 1929 until 4 April 1932.
Maritime and Commercial Court (Denmark)
Maritime and Commercial Court (Danish: Sø- og Handelsretten) is a specialized Danish court with jurisdiction over cases involving commercial law and maritime law. It was founded in 1861. It has a civil division, focusing on business cases, and a bankruptcy division.

Business court
Business courts, sometimes referred to as commercial courts, are specialized courts for legal cases involving commercial law, internal business disputes, and other matters affecting businesses. In the US, they are trial courts that primarily or exclusively adjudicate internal business disputes and/or commercial litigation between businesses, heard before specialist judges assigned to these courts. Commercial courts outside the United States may have broader or narrower jurisdiction than state trial level business and commercial courts within the United States, for example patent or admiralty jurisdiction; and jurisdiction may vary between countries. Business courts may be further specialized, as in those that decide technology disputes and those that weigh appeals. Alternative dispute resolution and arbitration have connections to business courts.
Altıntoprak, Kızıltepe
Altıntoprak (Kurdish: Girbeşk) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Kîkan tribe and had a population of 426 in 2021.

Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯˈzɯɫtepe]; Kurdish: Qoser; Ottoman Turkish: تال ارمين, romanized: Tell Armen, lit. 'Armenian hill') is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,236 km2, and its population is 267,151 (2022). It is mainly populated by Kurds of the Kîkan Kurdish tribe. Kızıltepe is situated in Mardin Province within the broader Kurdish-majority region of southeastern Turkey. Demographic research has identified the Mardin region as having a predominantly Kurdish-speaking population, with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) as the principal spoken language. Kızıltepe is predominantly inhabited by Kurds and is situated within Mardin Province, which demographic studies have consistently identified as a Kurdish-majority province with high concentrations of Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) speakers.
Germantown station (MARC)
Germantown is a passenger rail station on the MARC Brunswick Line between Washington, D.C., and Martinsburg, West Virginia (with a branch to Frederick, Maryland). It is one of the busiest stations on the Brunswick Line along with Silver Spring and Rockville stations. All Brunswick Line trains stop at this station.

The original Germantown station, which was built by Ephraim Francis Baldwin for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was destroyed by arsonists in 1978, and was reconstructed for MARC.

Brunswick Line
The Brunswick Line is a MARC commuter rail line between Washington, D.C., and Martinsburg, West Virginia, with a branch to Frederick, Maryland. It primarily serves the northern and western suburbs of Washington. The line, MARC's second longest at 74 miles, is operated under contract to MARC by Alstom and runs on CSX-owned track, including the Metropolitan, Old Main Line, and Cumberland subdivisions. It is the successor to commuter services provided by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which date to the mid-19th century.
Skipsfjorden, Dønna
Skipsfjorden is an arm of the Stifjorden in Dønna Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) long fjord (more accurately it is a strait) lies between the island of Dønna on the west and the island of Løkta in the east.

At it northern end, it flows between Vardhaugneset on the island of Dønna and Jordfastholmen on the island of Løkta. The village of Glein on Donna is on the western side of the fjord. At its southern end, it passes between Gullsneset on the west and Koppardal on the east. From Koppardal there is a ferry south to the village of Bjørn, on the island of Dønna.

County roads Fv186 and Fv189 partly run along the western side of the fjord.

Dønna Municipality
Dønna is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland region. The administrative centre of the island municipality is the village of Solfjellsjøen. Other villages include Bjørn, Dønnes, Hestad, Sandåker, and Vandve. The main island of Dønna is connected to the neighboring Herøy Municipality to the south by the Åkviksundet Bridge.

The 193-square-kilometre (75 sq mi) municipality is the 305th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Dønna Municipality is the 305th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,427. The municipality's population density is 7.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (19/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Short Mountain (Tennessee)
Short Mountain is a mountain-sized monadnock that is the highest point in Cannon County, Tennessee and the Nashville metropolitan area. It is surrounded by the Highland Rim to the north, east and south but is an outlier of the Cumberland Plateau, evidenced by its sandstone caprock reaching over 2,000 feet (610 meters) in elevation; this makes it the westernmost part of Tennessee with an elevation over 2,000 feet (610 meters). Nearby Little Short Mountain to the east and Sugar Tree Knob to the west also stand well over 1,400 feet (427 meters) above sea level, and Little Short Mountain is even still high enough above nearby river valleys in the Nashville Basin to qualify as a Class 6 mountain, but they do not have sandstone caprock nor reach the height Short Mountain does.

Inselberg
An inselberg or monadnock (/məˈnædnɒk/ mə-NAD-nok) is an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain.
If the inselberg is dome-shaped and formed from granite or gneiss, it can also be called a bornhardt, though not all bornhardts are inselbergs. An inselberg results when a body of rock resistant to erosion, such as granite, occurring within a body of softer rocks, is exposed by differential erosion and lowering of the surrounding landscape.
Tuira Formation
The Tuira Formation is a geologic formation in Panama. It preserves bivalve, gastropod and sponge fossils dating back to the Tortonian period (Clarendonian to Hemphillian in the NALMA classification), from 11 to 9.5 Ma.

Tortonian
The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago). It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian.

The Tortonian roughly overlaps with the regional Pannonian Stage of the Paratethys timescale of Central Europe. It also overlaps the upper Astaracian, Vallesian and lower Turolian European land mammal ages, the upper Clarendonian and lower Hemphillian North American land mammal ages and the upper Chasicoan and lower Huayquerian South American land mammal ages.
Ummidia richmond
Ummidia richmond is a species of spider in the family Halonoproctidae. It is endemic to Florida.

The specific name richmond is taken from the endangered pine rockland habitat around Naval Air Station Richmond, and is now known as the Richmond Tract.

Halonoproctidae
Halonoproctidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders, split off from the family Ctenizidae in 2018. Species in the family are widely distributed in North and Central America, Australasia, Asia, southern Europe and North Africa. One species is recorded from Venezuela in South America. They are relatively large, sombrely coloured spiders, that live in burrows with some kind of trapdoor.
Aguadulce Airport
Aguadulce Airport  was an airport serving the city of Aguadulce in Coclé Province, Panama.

The runway is adjacent to the west side of the city. There is a dirt road crossing the runway midfield.

The Alonso Valderrama non-directional beacon (Ident: CHE) is located 18.6 nautical miles (34.4 km) south-southeast of the airport. The Santiago VOR-DME (Ident: STG) is located 24.3 nautical miles (45 km) west-southwest of the airport.

Coclé Province
Coclé (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈkle]) is a province of central Panama on the nation's southern coast. The administrative capital is the city of Penonomé.  This province was created by the Act of September 12, 1855 with the title of Department of Coclé during the presidency of Dr. Justo de Arosemena. It became a province, Decretory Number 190, on October 20, 1985. Coclé is primarily an agricultural area, with sugar and tomatoes as major crops.  The province has a number of well-known beaches, such as Santa Clara, Farallon and Rio Hato, and tourist activity has increased in recent years. It covers an area of 4,946.6 km2, and had a population of 268,264 in 2023.
Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War
Murder, kidnapping, torture and intimidation were a routine part of Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) operations during the Vietnam War. They were intended to liquidate opponents such as officials, leaders, military personnel, civilians who collaborated with the South Vietnamese government, erode the morale of South Vietnamese government employees, cow the populace and boost tax collection and propaganda efforts.: 2–63  : 270–9

An Giang province
An Giang is a province of Vietnam. It is located in the Mekong Delta, in the country's southwestern part.

On June 12, 2025, the National Assembly passed Resolution No. 202/2025/QH15, which took effect the same day, merging Kiên Giang Province into An Giang Province.
Artsakh University
Artsakh State University (Armenian: Արցախի Պետական Համալսարան) was a university in Stepanakert, the oldest and largest university in the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. Over the course of its 50-year history, Artsakh State University produced over 20,000 graduates in 60 fields of study.

After the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive and the flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians, the university building was appropriated by the Azerbaijan Ministry of Education for Karabakh University (Azerbaijani: Qarabağ Universiteti) on November 28, 2023, which started admitting students in 2024.

Students from Artsakh State University have campaigned for the university to resume operations in exile in Armenia.

Russian-Armenian University
Russian-Armenian University (RAU) (Russian: Российско-армянский университет, РАУ; Armenian: Հայ-Ռուսական համալսարան) is an intergovernmental university being under the joint authority of the Russian Federation and Armenia. The languages of instruction and communication at the university are Russian and Armenian.

There are Russian and Armenian education sectors operating at RAU. Upon graduation, students receive two state Diplomas: Armenian and Russian.
Bethan Davies
Bethan Davies (born 7 November 1990) is a British racewalker who competes in the 20 kilometres walk event. She was the bronze medallist at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and has represented her country at the World Championships in Athletics and IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships. She holds the indoor British record in the 3000 metres walk (12:44.99 minutes) and the Commonwealth record for the indoor 5000 metres walk (21:25.37 minutes).

2013 British Athletics Championships
The 2013 British Athletics Championships was the national championship in outdoor track and field for athletes in the United Kingdom, held from 12–14 July at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham. It was organised by UK Athletics. It served as a selection meeting for the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.
Samuel Johnson: A Life
Samuel Johnson:  A Life is a prize-winning biography of 18th-century English lexicographer Samuel Johnson by British literary critic David Nokes.  It was published on October 27, 2009, shortly before the author's death.  Building on earlier work by scholars Robert DeMaria, Walter Jackson Bate, Lawrence Lipking and Peter Martin, many critics lauded Samuel Johnson:  A Life as a significant step forward in Johnsonian biography and criticism.  In the biography, Nokes challenges James Boswell's significance in Dr. Johnson's life, writing that "Johnson wished to keep...his acknowledged biographer at a distance" and even second-guessed his "annointment" of Boswell as his official biographer.

James Boswell
James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck (/ˈbɒzwɛl, -wəl/; 29 October 1740 (N.S.) – 19 May 1795), was a Scottish biographer, diarist, and lawyer, born in Edinburgh. He is best known for his biography of the English writer Samuel Johnson, Life of Samuel Johnson, which is commonly said to be the greatest biography written in the English language. A great mass of Boswell's diaries, letters, and private papers were recovered from the 1920s to the 1950s, and their publication by Yale University has transformed his reputation.
Francisco León Franco
Francisco Javier León Franco (13 October 1832 – 10 August 1880) was Vice President of Ecuador in the administration of Gabriel García Moreno from 1869 to 1875, and acting President of Ecuador 6 August 1875 to 6 October 1875. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1865.

Vice President of Ecuador
The vice president of Ecuador is the second highest political position in Ecuador. In many instances, the vice president succeeded the president in turbulent political situations. The last time was in 2005 after the resignation of president Lucio Gutiérrez. According to the current constitution, the vice president is elected on the same ticket as the president. Salary of the vice president is US$4,869 per month.

The current vice president is Maria Jose Pinto since 24 May 2025.

Below is the history of the office holders.
Parish of Teltawongee
Teltawongee is a remote civil parish located at 30°40′23″S 141°57′10″E﻿ / ﻿30.673056°S 141.952778°E﻿ / -30.673056; 141.952778 in Mootwingee County western New South Wales.

The area is semi arid and major features of the Parish include Pancannia Lake and Packsaddle Creek. It gives its name to the Teltawongee beds, geological formation. the parish is almost unpopulated, with less than two inhabitants per square kilometer. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (hot desert).

The parish is east of the Silver City Highway, and the nearest settlement is Packsaddle, New South Wales 2 km to the north.

Silver City Highway
Silver City Highway is a 683-kilometre-long (424 mi) highway that links Buronga, New South Wales to the Queensland border via Wentworth, Broken Hill, and Tibooburra, in the arid Far West region of New South Wales; a short branch also connects to Calder Highway on the Victorian border at Curlwaa (signed as Calder Highway). The namesake of the highway is derived from the moniker for Broken Hill – the "Silver City" – which the highway travels through. The highway is designated route B79 from Buronga to the Queensland border at Warri Gate since the completion of the highway's sealing in December 2022.