hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a canonical essay by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.  According to University of Sydney professor of philosophy Peter Godfrey-Smith, this "paper [is] sometimes regarded as the most important in all of twentieth-century philosophy". The paper is an attack on two central aspects of the logical positivists' philosophy: the first being the analytic–synthetic distinction between analytic truths and synthetic truths, explained by Quine as truths grounded only in meanings and independent of facts, and truths grounded in facts; the other being reductionism, the theory that each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms that refer exclusively to immediate experience.

"Two Dogmas" has six sections. The first four focus on analyticity, the last two on reductionism. There, Quine turns the focus to the logical positivists' theory of meaning. He also presents his own holistic theory of meaning.

Paul Grice
Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language  who created the theory of implicature and the cooperative principle (with its namesake Gricean maxims), which became foundational concepts in the linguistic field of pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics.
2027 FIFA U-20 World Cup
The 2027 FIFA U-20 World Cup will be the 25th edition of the FIFA U-20 World Cup, the biennial international men's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 1977 as the FIFA World Youth Championship. It will mark the 50th anniversary of the tournament.

The tournament will be co-hosted by Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan, who are both hosting their second FIFA tournament, having respectively hosted the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup and the 2024 FIFA Futsal World Cup. It will also be the first FIFA youth tournament to be co-hosted, as well as the second FIFA tournament overall, to be co-hosted by countries from two confederations, following the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup in Australia and New Zealand.

Morocco are the defending champions.

1977 FIFA World Youth Championship
The 1977 FIFA World Youth Championship was the inaugural staging of the FIFA World Youth Championship, hosted by Tunisia from 27 June to 10 July 1977, in three venues — Tunis, Sousse and Sfax. The 28 matches played were the smallest number in tournament history. The USSR U20s defeated Mexico U20s in a penalty shootout, in the final held at Tunis's Stade El Menzah.

The Tournament Committee was chaired by FIFA Vice-President Harry Cavan, who had spearheaded the creation of the World Youth Championship.
Protection from Harassment Act 1997
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (c. 40) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. On introducing the Bill's second reading in the House of Lords, the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, said, "The aim of this Bill is to protect the victims of harassment. It will protect all such victims whatever the source of the harassment—so-called stalking behaviour, racial harassment, or anti-social behaviour by neighbours." Home Office guidance on the Act says "The legislation was always intended to tackle stalking, but the offences were drafted to tackle any form of persistent conduct which causes another person alarm or distress."

Infield and Platford described the Act as "controversial".

Hybrid offence
A hybrid offence, dual offence, Crown option offence,  dual procedure offence, offence triable either way,  or wobbler is one of the special class offences in the common law jurisdictions where the case may be prosecuted either summarily or on indictment. In the United States, an alternative misdemeanor/felony offense (colloquially known as a wobbler) lists both county jail (misdemeanor sentence) and state prison (felony sentence) as possible punishment, for example, for theft.
Polonia Bydgoszcz
Polonia Bydgoszcz is a Polish sports club based in Bydgoszcz most known for its speedway team ŻKS Polonia Bydgoszcz which currently races in the 1. Liga. The club has won the Polish Speedway League Championship seven times, the latest in 2002, and European Team Championship three times, the latest in 2001. The club also has a football team that plays in the lower leagues, though it was more successful in the past and played in the Polish top division, plus several other departments: athletics, cycling and boccia.

Polish Pairs Speedway Championship
The Polish Pairs Speedway Championship (Polish: Mistrzostwa Polski Par Klubowych, MPPK) is an annual speedway event held each year in different Polish clubs organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1974.

The participating teams are drawn into three groups; each staging a pairs competition. The top two teams in each group qualify for the Final. A host team chosen by the GKSŻ is seeded directly to the Final. The team winning the Final is awarded a gold medal and declared Polish Pairs Champions. Teams finishing second and third are awarded silver and bronze medals respectively.
Witoldów, Łask County
Witoldów [viˈtɔlduf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Widawa, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Widawa, 25 km (16 mi) south-west of Łask, and 57 km (35 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Widawa, Łódź Voivodeship
Widawa [viˈdava] is a village in Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Widawa. It lies approximately 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Łask and 53 km (33 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.
Open flap debridement
In dentistry, open flap debridement is a periodontal procedure in which the supporting alveolar bone and root surfaces of teeth are exposed by incising the gingiva to provide increased access for scaling and root planing.  While the efficacy of this treatment is debated, it is almost always performed ancillary to any osseous resective or regenerative periodontal procedures.

Periodontology
Periodontology or periodontics (from Ancient Greek περί, perí – 'around'; and ὀδούς, odoús – 'tooth', genitive ὀδόντος, odóntos) is the specialty of dentistry that studies supporting structures of teeth, as well as diseases and conditions that affect them. The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. A periodontist is a dentist who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal disease, and in the placement of dental implants.
Club Balonmano Caserío Ciudad Real
Club Balonmano Caserío Ciudad Real is a Spanish handball club playing in the ASOBAL league.

The club was created on 27 July 2011 by fan associations of BM Ciudad Real. They sought to cover the vacant place in Ciudad Real left by the relocation of BM Ciudad Real to Madrid (and renaming to 'Atlético de Madrid').

In May 2025, the club promoted to the 2025–26 ASOBAL league, the top flight of the Spanish handball system.

BM Neptuno
Club Balonmano Neptuno/Atlético de Madrid was a Spanish professional handball team based in Madrid, Spain. Part of the Atlético Madrid sports organization. They played two seasons in the Liga ASOBAL and their home court was the Palacio Vistalegre.
2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre breaststroke
The men's 200 metre breaststroke competition at the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 20 at the Saanich Commonwealth Place.  The last champion was Brendan Hansen of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in breaststroke.

2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The tenth edition of the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in 2006 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, from August 17–20. Six world records were tallied compared to one from the 2002 edition. This edition was slower than it would have been because of the lack of a full strength Australian team, one of the strongest teams in the world. This made it a common situation that swimmers in the B final were swimming fast enough to place in the top 3 since no country is allowed to have more than 2 swimmers in either final heat.
Loreto (Milan Metro)
Loreto is an interchange subway station serving Lines 1 and 2 of the Milan Metro. The Line 1 station was opened on 1 November 1964 as part of the inaugural section of the Metro, between Sesto Marelli and Lotto. The Line 2 station was opened on 27 September 1969 as part of the section between Cascina Gobba and Caiazzo.

The station is located at Piazzale Loreto within the municipal area of Milan. It is a very busy station. This is an underground station, with two tracks in a single tunnel for Line 1 over two tracks in one tunnel for Line 2.

Caiazzo (Milan Metro)
Caiazzo is a station on Line 2 of the Milan Metro. It was opened on 27 September 1969 as part of the inaugural section of Line 2, between Cascina Gobba and Caiazzo. On 27 April 1970, the line was extended by one station to Centrale.
Fujiwara Hok-ke
The Fujiwara Hok-ke (藤原北家; lit. Fujiwara northern house) was a cadet branch of the Fujiwara clan of Japan.

The other three were the Fujiwara Nan-ke, Fujiwara Kyō-ke and Fujiwara Shiki-ke. The Hok-ke branch issued the de facto rulers of Japan through their hereditary position as imperial regents (Sesshō and Kampaku). In the Kamakura period, it further split into the Five regent houses, who continued to monopolize the regency from the 12th century until 1868. After the Meiji Restoration, these houses were appointed Prince in the new hereditary peerage.

Fujiwara no Yoshifusa
Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原 良房; 804 – October 7, 872), also known as Somedono no Daijin or Shirakawa-dono, was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.

When Yoshifusa's grandson was enthroned as Emperor Seiwa, Yoshifusa assumed the role of regent (sesshō) for the young monarch.  He was the first sesshō in Japanese history who was not himself of imperial rank; and he was the first of a series of regents from the Fujiwara clan.
Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade
Athletics was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 7 to 12 at the Universiade Village Stadium and the Central Stadium in Kazan, Russia.

Level of participation and performance was moderate. The proximity of other important athletics competitions like Asian Championships, South American Championships, Central American and Caribbean Championships and European U23 Championships caused many high-profile student-athletes to skip the event. The host nation, Russia, however, fielded most of its top athletes which resulted in three Universiade records and first place on the medal table with a huge lead over the second nation, Ukraine.

2013 European Athletics U23 Championships
The 2013 European Athletics U23 Championships were the 9th edition of the biennial athletics competition between European athletes under the age of twenty-three. It was held in Tampere, Finland from 10 to 14 July.

Russia topped the medal table with 20 medals in total, including 8 golds, before Great Britain and Germany.
Staphylus of Naucratis
Staphylus of Naucratis was an ancient Greek historian, geographer and mythographer quoted by Strabo (x. p. 475), Pliny (H. N. v. 31), and Athenaeus (ii. p. 45, c.), as well as by the scholiasts. He wrote a work on Thessaly (Schol. ad Apoll Rhod. iv. 816 ; Harpocrat. s. v. penestae ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Nub. 1064), on Aeolia, Attica (Harpocration. s.v epiboion pronaia ), and on Arcadia (Sext. Empir. adv. Math. 116).

Naucratis
Naucratis or Naukratis (/ˈnɔːkrətɪs/; Ancient Greek: Ναύκρατις, "Naval Command"; Egyptian: njwt-kꜣrṯ, nskꜣrṯ, pr-mryt; Coptic: Ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲣⲱ Piemro) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean Sea and the city of Alexandria. Naucratis was the first and, for much of its early history, the only permanent Greek settlement in Egypt, serving as a symbiotic nexus for the interchange of Greek and Egyptian art and culture.

The modern villages of Kom Gi'eif, el-Nibeira and el-Niqrash cover the archaeological site, which is of great importance. It is the source of numerous art objects in many of the world's museums, as well as pottery inscribed with some of the earliest known examples of Greek writing.

The sister port of Naucratis was the harbour town of Heracleion, which was discovered in 2000.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during a disease state, whereas physiology is the biological discipline that describes processes or mechanisms operating within an organism. Pathology describes the abnormal or undesired condition (symptoms of a disease), whereas pathophysiology seeks to explain the functional changes that are occurring within an individual due to a disease or pathologic state.

Experimental pathology
Experimental pathology, also known as investigative pathology, is the scientific study of disease processes through the microscopic or molecular examination of organs, tissues, cells, or body fluids from diseased organisms. It is closely related, both historically and in modern academic settings, to the medical field of pathology.
Cochran Peak
Cochran Peak (79°39′S 84°39′W﻿ / ﻿79.650°S 84.650°W﻿ / -79.650; -84.650) is a sharp peak rising in the southern part of the Gifford Peaks, in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from ground surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Henry B. Cochran, International Geophysical Year weather central meteorologist at Little America V in 1958.

Gifford Peaks
Gifford Peaks (79°36′S 84°48′W﻿ / ﻿79.600°S 84.800°W﻿ / -79.600; -84.800) are a line of sharp peaks and ridges along the escarpment at the west side of the Heritage Range, located between Watlack Hills and Soholt Peaks. They were named by the University of Minnesota Geological Party of 1963–64 for Chief Warrant Officer Leonard A. Gifford, a pilot of the 62nd Transportation Detachment who aided the party.
John Madden (judge)
Sir John Madden, GCMG (16 May 1844 – 10 March 1918) was an Australian judge and politician who was the fourth and longest-serving Chief Justice of Victoria, in office from 1893 until his death. He was acting governor on a number of occasions.

James McCulloch
Sir James McCulloch, KCMG (18 March 1819 – 31 January 1893) was a British colonial politician and statesman who served as the fifth premier of Victoria over four non-consecutive terms from 1863 to 1868, 1868 to 1869, 1870 to 1871 and 1875 to 1877. He is the third longest-serving premier in Victorian history.
Julia Carabias Lillo
Julia Carabias Lillo (born August 11, 1954, Mexico City) is a Mexican ecologist and Environmental Conservationist. She is a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and served as the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources under President Ernesto Zedillo from 1994 to 2000.

International Cosmos Prize
The International Cosmos Prize was established in 1993, commemorating Expo '90 in Osaka, Japan. The objective of the prize was to develop the basic concept of Expo '90, "The Harmonious Coexistence between Nature and Humankind" and is awarded by the Commemorative Foundation for the International Garden and Greenery Exposition, Osaka, Japan, 1990 (Expo '90 Foundation).

The prize, which may be awarded to an individual or team, consists of a commendation, a medallion and a monetary reward, currently 40 million yen. It is awarded during a ceremony held in each autumn, at which the individual or team.

The name of the prize, "Cosmos," refers to the Cosmos flower that bloomed during the Expo and the ancient Greek word kosmos meaning "universe in harmony."
History of political Catalanism
The history of Catalan political nationalism, also referred to as Catalanism (Catalan: catalanisme), traces its origins to the early years of the Bourbon Restoration in Spain following the failure of the federalist system of the short-lived First Spanish Republic. However, its roots extend to the first half of the 19th century, driven by the cultural revival movement known as the Renaixença and opposition to the centralist model of the liberal Spanish state. Historian John H. Elliott notes that the term "Catalanism," previously associated with cultural movements, began to take on significant political meaning during the Revolutionary Sexennium (1868–1874). Specifically, the term "Catalanist" emerged around 1870–1871, used by members of Jove Catalunya and the journal La Renaixensa to signify ambitions beyond mere regionalism. As a political movement, Catalanism solidified in the late 1880s.

Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres (6 July 1877 – 18 February 1949) was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then—from 1931 to 1936—as its president.
Bomber B
Bomber B was a German military aircraft design competition organised just before the start of World War II intended to develop a second-generation high-speed bomber for the Luftwaffe. The new designs would be a direct successor to the Schnellbomber philosophy of the Dornier Do 17 and Junkers Ju 88, relying on high speed as its primary defence. Bomber B would be a much larger and more capable aircraft, with range and payload far greater than the Schnellbomber, surpassing the largest conventional designs then under consideration. The winning design was intended to form the backbone of the Luftwaffe's bomber force, replacing the wide collection of semi-specialized designs then in service. The Reich Air Ministry was so optimistic that more modest projects were generally cancelled; when the project failed the Luftwaffe was left with hopelessly outdated aircraft.

Arado Flugzeugwerke
Arado Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer, originally established as the Warnemünde factory of the Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen firm, which produced land-based military aircraft and seaplanes during the First and Second World Wars.
Flying ointment
Flying ointment is a substance described in European folklore and early modern witch trials as enabling witches to fly, often on broomsticks. These ointments were believed to contain hallucinogenic plants and were linked to the superstition of witches flying at night to Witches' Sabbaths.

Unguent
An unguent is a soothing preparation spread on wounds, burns, rashes, abrasions or other topical injuries (i.e. damage to the skin). It is similar to an ointment, though typically an unguent is oilier and less viscous. It is usually delivered as a semi-solid paste spread on the skin, and it is often oily in order to suspend the medication or other active ingredients.

During the Victorian era, the use of the unguent macassar oil on the hair became so popular that antimacassars were invented to prevent damage to furniture.
2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III – Pool A (Ulcinj)
Pool A (Ulcinj) of the 2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Group III was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Group III of the 2019 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and bottom teams proceeding to their respective section of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to Group II.

2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III were the final stages of the Group III zonal competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Using the positions determined in their pools, the sixteen teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2019 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III. The top two teams advanced to Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II.
Under Cover – Chapter One
Under Cover – Chapter One is the 117th release and first and so far only cover album by electronic group Tangerine Dream. It is the group's twenty-eighth major studio album and was released in December 2010. The idea for the album is said to have started in 2008 in Los Angeles. The band was touring in the west coast area at the time, and their promoter jokingly told the band they should cover top 40 hits. It grew into a bet and a full blown concept after careful consideration from the band. Information on the album started to circulate in early autumn, and it was made available for pre-order on the Eastgate Shop website in November. Although appearing on Madcap's Flaming Duty (2007) and appearing on the cover art and performing vocals on this release, vocalist Chris Hausl never became an official member of the group.

Madcap's Flaming Duty
Madcap's Flaming Duty is the ninety-eighth release and twenty-seventh major studio album by Tangerine Dream. Along with Cyclone (1978) and Tyger (1987) it is one of the few Tangerine Dream releases to feature vocals. The album is a tribute to Syd Barrett who died in 2006; the title references Barrett's album The Madcap Laughs. This is the first album to feature Bernhard Beibl who would remain a member until 2014.
Yakut scripts
There are 4 stages in the history of Yakut writing systems:

until the early 1920s – writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet;

1917–1929 – Novgorodov's writing system, which is based on the Latin alphabet;

1929–1939 – a unified alphabet on the Latin basis;

since 1939 – writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1859 to 1961. Raised as coastal defence artillery, the unit later served as field artillery in Mesopotamia during World War I, and in North Africa, Sicily, Italy and North West Europe during World War II. It carried out a number of roles in the postwar Territorial Army.

Ordnance QF 25-pounder
The Ordnance QF 25-pounder, or more simply 25-pounder or 25-pdr, with a calibre of 3.45 inches (87.6 mm), was a piece of field artillery used by British and Commonwealth forces in the Second World War. Durable, easy to operate and versatile, it was the most produced and used British field gun and gun-howitzer during the war.

It was introduced into service just before the War started and combined both high-angle and direct-fire abilities, a relatively high rate of fire, and a reasonably lethal shell, with a highly mobile piece. Initial production was slow but, by 1945, over 12,000 had been manufactured. It remained the British Army's primary artillery field piece well into the 1960s, with smaller numbers used in training units until the 1980s. Many Commonwealth countries used theirs in active or reserve service until about the 1970s, and ammunition for the weapon is currently (2020s) being produced by Pakistan Ordnance Factories.