hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hermite normal form
In linear algebra, the Hermite normal form is an analogue of reduced echelon form for matrices over the integers . Just as reduced echelon form can be used to solve problems about the solution to the linear system  where , the Hermite normal form can solve problems about the solution to the linear system  where this time  is restricted to have integer coordinates only. Other applications of the Hermite normal form include integer programming, cryptography, and abstract algebra.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Venice, Louisiana
Venice is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States. Located at the southern tip of the Mississippi River Delta, it lies about 77 miles (124 km) south of New Orleans on the west bank of the Mississippi River. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 162.

Venice is the last community along the Mississippi River accessible by automobile via Louisiana Highway 23, and it serves as the southern terminus of the Great River Road. This location has earned it the nickname "The end of the world.”

In 2001, the combined population of Venice and the neighboring communities of Orchard and Boothville was about 2,740 people, with approximately 975 families; about 460 of those residents lived in Venice.

Venice is known for commercial fishing, sport fishing, and offshore oil and gas services, and serves as a departure point for anglers heading to Port Eads near the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Oyster farming
Oyster farming is an aquaculture (or mariculture) practice in which oysters are bred and raised mainly for their pearls, shells and inner organ tissue, which is eaten. Oyster farming was practiced by the ancient Romans as early as the 1st century BC on the Italian peninsula and later in Britain for export to Rome. The French oyster industry has relied on aquacultured oysters since the late 18th century.
Gmina Pyrzyce
Gmina Pyrzyce is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Pyrzyce, which lies approximately 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The gmina covers an area of 204.40 square kilometres (78.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 19,515 (out of which the population of Pyrzyce amounts to 12,642, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,873).

Pyrzyce
Pyrzyce [pɨˈʐɨt͡sɛ] (Kashubian: Përzëca; German: Pyritz) is a town in Pomerania, north-western Poland. As of 2007, it had 13,331 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Pyrzyce County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

The town emerged from an early medieval tribal stronghold, which eventually became a castellan seat and a center of grain trade. Pyrzyce has largely preserved medieval defensive walls with several gates and towers, several medieval churches and a regional museum. It hosts one of the oldest geothermal plants in Poland.
Phacelia orogenes
Phacelia orogenes is an uncommon species of phacelia known by the common name mountain phacelia. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the southern High Sierra, particularly around Mineral King in Sequoia National Forest.

It grows in coniferous forest and meadows.

Sequoia National Forest
Sequoia National Forest is a U.S. national forest located in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It is named for the majestic Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) trees which populate 38 distinct groves within its boundaries.

The Giant Sequoia National Monument is located in the national forest. Other notable features include glacier-carved landscapes and impressive granite monoliths. The Needles are a series of granite spires atop a narrow ridge above the Kern River. Forest Service headquarters are located in Porterville, California. There are local ranger district offices in Dunlap, Kernville, Lake Isabella, and Springville.
Huda Lutfi
Huda Lutfi (Arabic: هدى لطفي) is a visual artist and cultural historian from Cairo, Egypt. Lutfi's works include paintings, collages, and installations that reflect a diverse style including pharaonic, Coptic, Western, Islamic, and contemporary international.

The Townhouse Gallery
The Townhouse Gallery was established in 1998 by William Wells as an independent, non-profit art space in Cairo, Egypt, with a goal of making contemporary arts accessible to all without compromising creative practice. The Townhouse supports artistic work in a wide range of media through exhibitions, residencies for artists and curators, educational initiatives and outreach programs. By establishing local and international relationships, as well as diversifying both the practitioners and audiences of contemporary art, the Townhouse aims to support and expand the knowledge, appreciation and practice of contemporary arts in Egypt and the region.
Argia (daughter of Adrastus)
In Greek mythology, Argia /ɑːrˈdʒaɪə/ or Argea /ɑːrˈdʒiːə/ (Ancient Greek: Ἀργεία Argeia) was a daughter of King Adrastus of Argos, and of Amphithea, daughter of Pronax. She was married to Polynices, the exiled king of Thebes, and bore him three sons: Thersander, Adrastus, and Timeas.

Pronax
In Greek mythology, Pronax (/ˈproʊˌnæks/; Ancient Greek: Πρῶναξ) was one of the sons of Talaus and Lysimache, a brother of Adrastus and Eriphyle, and the father of Lycurgus and Amphithea. According to some accounts, he died before the war of the Seven against Thebes, and the Nemean Games were instituted in his honor.
Indooroopilly Shopping Centre
Indooroopilly Shopping Centre, formerly Indooroopilly Shoppingtown, is a major regional shopping centre in the western suburb of Indooroopilly in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It hosts over 260 specialty stores over 4 floors and is the largest shopping centre in the western suburbs of Brisbane, by gross lettable area, and contains the only Myer and David Jones store in that region.

Event Cinemas
Greater Union Organisation Pty Ltd, trading as Event Cinemas, Moonlight Cinema and Birch Carroll & Coyle (BCC Cinemas), is the largest movie exhibitor in Australia and New Zealand, with over 140 cinema complexes currently operating worldwide.

The Greater Union Organisation is a subsidiary of EVT Limited (formerly known as Event Hospitality and Entertainment) which is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, a corporation that owns and operates brands in the entertainment, hospitality and leisure sectors, mainly within Australasia.
Cathaica pyrrhozona
Cathaica pyrrhozona is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae, which is similar to Cathaica fasciola on shell morphology. 
 But this species has single proximal accessory sac instead of two.

Camaenidae
Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora.

These snails occur in a wide variety of habitats in the tropics of Eastern Asia and Australasia.

A large American group, which is mainly represented by species from the Caribbean, has, until recently, also been subsumed under the Camaenidae. However, latest molecular phylogenetic studies showed that these species represent a different family, the Pleurodontidae.

This molecular study also implies that the Bradybaeninae, previously treated as a distinct family within the Helicoidea, is a junior synonym of the Camaenidae.
Operation Lark
Operation Lark was two special forces naval operations in 1978 conducted by members of the South African Navy (SADF), 4 Reconnaissance Regiment and Rhodesian SAS during the South African Border War. Its objective was the assassination of Robert Mugabe at his residence in Maputo, Mozambique.

SAS Assegaai
SAS Assegaai, formerly known as SAS Johanna van der Merwe, was a Daphné-class submarine of the South African Navy. Decommissioned in 2003, SAS Assegaai is the only one of the former three Daphné-class submarines to have been retained for preservation as a museum boat, the other two have been cut up and sold for scrap. The Daphné-class submarines have since been replaced by the Type 209, or Heroine-class submarines.
André–Quillen cohomology
In commutative algebra, André–Quillen cohomology is a theory of cohomology for commutative rings which is closely related to the cotangent complex. The first three cohomology groups were introduced by Stephen Lichtenbaum and Michael Schlessinger (1967) and are sometimes called Lichtenbaum–Schlessinger functors T0, T1, T2, and the higher groups were defined independently by Michel André (1974) and Daniel Quillen (1970) using methods of homotopy theory. It comes with a parallel homology theory called André–Quillen homology.

Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool of algebraic geometry, and many results and concepts of commutative algebra are strongly related with geometrical concepts.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.
Safdarjung Hospital
Safdarjung Hospital is a multi-specialty hospital, and the largest central government hospital in India if measured by bed strength. It is associated with Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and located in the heart of New Delhi on the Ring Road, opposite to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).

Inner Ring Road, Delhi
The Inner Ring Road, also called Mahatma-Gandhi Ring Road, refers to inner most among 3 main ring roads in Delhi in India, the inner, outer and UER-II. Delhi's Inner Ring Road covers 55 km (34 mi) and is signal-free except for a small number of crossings. The road features three lanes in each direction and is currently being widened to four lanes in each direction. It features a few flyover links to the Delhi Outer Ring Road.
DC Palestinian Film and Arts Festival
The DC Palestinian Film and Arts Festival (DCPFAF) is a non-profit, volunteer-run annual film festival established in 2011 that showcases the work of Palestinian filmmakers and artists in Palestine and in diaspora, showcasing the range and complexity of Palestinian identities and narratives.

FouseyTube
Yousef Saleh Erakat (/ˈjuːsəf ˈsælə ˈɛrəkæt/ YOO-səf SAL-ə ERR-ə-kat; Arabic: يوسف صالح عريقات, romanized: Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ ʿUrayqāt, Palestinian Arabic: Yūsif Ṣāliḥ ʿRēqāt; born January 22, 1990), also known as FouseyTube or Fousey (/ˈfuːsi/ FOO-see), is an American YouTuber, online streamer, actor, and musician. His YouTube channels include FouseyTUBE (later renamed Crashout YSE), and the reality vlog-channel DOSEofFOUSEY. As a YouTuber, he produces prank videos, parodies, vlogs, comedy sketches and interviews. He is the recipient of two Streamy Awards. As an actor, he starred in Tyler Perry's comedy horror film Boo! A Madea Halloween (2016) and its 2017 sequel. In January 2025, he released his debut album, G7: The Death of Fousey, which earned negative reviews.
Isonipecotic acid
Isonipecotic acid, also known as piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (P4C), is a conformationally constrained derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a moderately potent GABAA receptor partial agonist. It consists of a piperidine ring with a carboxylic acid moiety in the iso position. The drug showed moderate-efficacy partial agonism of α1, α2, α3, and α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (EmaxTooltip maximal efficacy = 46–57%), but showed full or near-full agonism of α4 and α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (Emax = 83–104%). Isonipecotic acid is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier. It was first described in the scientific literature by at least 1944 and was identified as a GABAA receptor agonist by 1978.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
Joseph Butler
Joseph Butler (18 May 1692 O.S. – 16 June 1752 O.S.) was an English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher, born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire (now in Oxfordshire). His principal works are the Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726) and The Analogy of Religion (1736).

He is known for critiques of deism, Thomas Hobbes's egoism, and John Locke's theory of personal identity. The many philosophers and religious thinkers Butler influenced included David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, Henry Sidgwick, John Henry Newman, and C. D. Broad, and is widely seen as "one of the pre-eminent English moralists." He played a major, if underestimated role in developing 18th-century economic discourse, influencing political economist Josiah Tucker.

Henry Sidgwick
Henry Sidgwick (/ˈsɪdʒwɪk/; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise The Methods of Ethics. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence.

He was the Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1883 until his death. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research and a member of the Metaphysical Society and promoted the higher education of women.

In 1875, with Millicent Garrett Fawcett, he co-founded Newnham College, a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women, after Girton College.

In 1856 Sidgwick joined the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society.
KRK Uralets
KRK Uralets is an indoor sporting arena located in Yekaterinburg, Russia.  It is used for various indoor events and is the home arena of the Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg ice hockey club.  The capacity of the arena is 5,545 spectators.

KRK Uralets was built in 1972. Reconstructed in 2006, the complex also serves as one of the city's concert venues.

It was the venue of the 2016 Russian Figure Skating Championships.

Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg
HC Avtomobilist (Russian: Автомобилист Екатеринбург) is a professional ice hockey club based in Yekaterinburg, Russia. It is a member of the Kharlamov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The club replaced Khimik Voskresensk in the KHL in 2009.
Kitsiputous
Kitsiputous, located in Enontekiö is one of the highest waterfalls in Finland.

The falls are located along the hiking trail leading to the Three Nations' Border Point. The waterfalls turn into frozen waterfalls during winter.

Enontekiö
Enontekiö (Finnish: [ˈenontekiø]; Northern Sami: Eanodat [ˈe̯anoðah(t)]; Swedish: Enontekis; Inari Sami: Iänudâh; Skolt Sami: Jeänõk) is a municipality in the Finnish part of Lapland with approximately 1,800 inhabitants. It is situated in the outermost northwest of the country and occupies a large and very sparsely populated area of about 8,400 square kilometres (3,200 sq mi) between the Swedish and Norwegian border. Finland's highest point, the Halti fell, with a height of 1,324 metres (4,344 ft) above the mean sea level, is situated in the north of Enontekiö. The municipality shares borders with regions of Sweden and Norway that encompass the Scandinavian Mountains. The administrative centre of Enontekiö is the village of Hetta. About one fifth of the community's population are Sami people. Enontekiö's main industries are tourism and reindeer husbandry.
State of emergency
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state before, during, or after a natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict, medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk.

American Convention on Human Rights
The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), also known as the Pact of San José or by its Spanish name used in most of the signatory nations, Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, is an international human rights instrument. It was adopted by many countries in the Americas in San José, Costa Rica, on 22 November 1969. It came into force after the eleventh instrument of ratification (that of Grenada) was deposited on 18 July 1978.

The bodies responsible for overseeing compliance with the Convention are the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, both of which are organs of the Organization of American States (OAS).
Erdheim–Chester disease
Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD)  is an extremely rare disease classified as a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytic neoplasm. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined ECD as a slow-growing blood cancer that may originate in the bone marrow or precursor cells. Typical onset occurs in middle aged individuals, although pediatric cases have been documented. The exact cause of ECD remains unknown, though it is believed to be linked to an exaggerated TH1 immune response. The disease involves an infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multi-nucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.

Xanthoma
A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis) is a deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states. They are cutaneous manifestations of lipidosis in which lipids accumulate in large foam cells within the skin. They are associated with hyperlipidemias, both primary and secondary types.

Tendon xanthomas are associated with type II hyperlipidemia, chronic biliary tract obstruction, primary biliary cirrhosis, sitosterolemia and the rare metabolic disease cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis. Palmar xanthomata and tuberoeruptive xanthomata (over knees and elbows) occur in type III hyperlipidemia.
Shining bronze cuckoo
The shining bronze cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae, found in Australia, Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. It was formerly placed in the genus Chrysococcyx.

It is a very small cuckoo, being only 13 to 18 cm (5.1 to 7.1 in) in length, and parasitises chiefly dome-shaped nests of various Gerygone species, having a range that largely corresponds with the distribution of that genus. It may also parasitise other Acanthizidae species, and is also the most southerly ranging brood parasitic bird species in the world, extending to at least 46°S in New Zealand.

John Latham (ornithologist)
John Latham FRS (27 June 1740 – 4 February 1837) was an English physician, naturalist and author. His main works were A General Synopsis of Birds (1781–1801) and A General History of Birds (1821–1828). He was able to examine specimens of Australian birds that reached England in the final twenty years of the 18th century, and was responsible for providing English names for many of them. He named some of Australia's most famous birds, including the emu, sulphur-crested cockatoo, wedge-tailed eagle, superb lyrebird, Australian magpie, magpie-lark, white-throated needletail and pheasant coucal. Latham has been called the "grandfather" of Australian ornithology. He was also the first to describe the hyacinth macaw from South America.
Boueta Mbongo
Boueta Mbongo (Bueta Mbongo or Bweta Mbongo in Kikongo; born c. 1860 as Malonga Mi‑Mpanzu, died 11 November 1898) was a Kongo-Lari traditional leader and a major figure in the resistance against French colonialism in what is now the Republic of the Congo. Today, he is considered a national hero in Congo-Brazzaville.

Marien Ngouabi
Marien Ngouabi (December 31, 1938 – March 18, 1977) was a Congolese politician and military officer who served as the fourth President of the People's Republic of the Congo from 1969 until his assassination in 1977.
Alan Mannus
Alan Mannus (born 19 May 1982) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper and is currently a goalkeeping coach for Larne. He began his career at Linfield, and during his time there he had spells on loan at Larne and Carrick Rangers. Mannus then signed for Shamrock Rovers and in 2011, moved to St Johnstone before finishing his career at Rovers in 2023. He has played for Northern Ireland at international level.

PFAI Team of the Year
The Professional Footballers' Association of Ireland Team of the Year (often called the PFAI Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to the group of eleven players voted by their fellow players as having performed the best over the season. There are two separate teams voted for; the League of Ireland Premier Division and a League of Ireland First Division.
Ballygarrett
Ballygarrett (Irish: Baile Ghearóid, meaning 'town of Garrett') is a rural village in the southeastern corner of Ireland. It is in County Wexford 12 km (7.5 mi) south-east of Gorey on the R742 road.  The birthplace of Texas empresario James Power, Ballygarrett is twinned with Refugio, Texas.

Empresario
An empresario (Spanish pronunciation: [em.pɾe.ˈsaɾ.jo]) was a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for settling the eastern areas of Coahuila y Tejas in the early nineteenth century.

Since empresarios attracted immigrants mostly from the Southern United States, they encouraged the spread of slavery into Texas. Although Mexico banned slavery in 1829, the settlers in Texas revolted in 1835 and continued to develop the economy, dominated by slavery, in the eastern part of the territory.
Plandome Pond Park
Plandome Pond Park (also known as Plandome Park and historically as Bourndale Park) is a park in the Incorporated Village of Plandome Heights, in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is located within – and is owned and operated by – the Town of North Hempstead.

North Hempstead, New York
North Hempstead (officially known as the Town of North Hempstead) is one of three towns in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 237,639 at the time of the 2020 census. It is the 7th most populous city or town in New York.