hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vacuum polarization
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field.  It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). It is analogous to the electric polarization of dielectric materials, but in vacuum without the need of a medium.

The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well-understood background effects. Vacuum polarization, referred to below as the one loop contribution, occurs with leptons (electron–positron pairs) or quarks.

Robert Serber
Robert Serber (March 14, 1909 – June 1, 1997) was an American theoretical physicist who contributed to multiple branches of physics and who served as a bridge between theorists and experimentalists. As a key participant of the Manhattan Project, Serber gave lectures explaining the basic principles and goals of the project, which were printed and supplied to all incoming scientific staff. These became known as The Los Alamos Primer. The New York Times called him "the intellectual midwife at the birth of the atomic bomb."
Jacob Duché Sr.
Colonel Jacob Duché (1708–1788) was a mayor of Philadelphia in the colonial province of Pennsylvania.

Duché was born in Philadelphia, the son of Anthony Duché (c. 1682-1762), a potter from a Huguenot family who had emigrated to England. Anthony had come with his wife to America in the same ship as William Penn in about 1700.
Jacob was appointed a colonel of the militia. He served as mayor of Philadelphia from 1761 to 1762. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society through his election in 1768.

He was for many years a vestryman of Christ Church; when the congregation grew too large to be accommodated there, he headed the committee that oversaw the erection of its daughter church, St. Peter's.

Mayor of Philadelphia
The mayor of Philadelphia is the chief executive of the government of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
as stipulated by the Charter of the City of Philadelphia. The current mayor of Philadelphia is Cherelle Parker, who is the first woman to hold the position.
Trio's Childcare Challenge
Trio's Childcare Challenge (Korean: 아이를 위한 나라는 있다) is a South Korean reality show program on KBS 2 starring Seo Jang-hoon, Kim Gu-ra, Kim Min-jong and Hwang Chi-yeul. The show airs on KBS 2 starting from July 6, 2019. It is distributed and syndicated by KBS every Saturday at 22:45 (KST). The program also airs on KBS World with English subtitles.

KBS2
KBS 2TV (Korean: KBS 제2텔레비전) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel launched on 1 December 1980 and owned by Korean Broadcasting System. In contrast to KBS1, the channel specializes primarily in entertainment.
Josep Maria Jujol
José María Jujol Gibert (16 September 1879 – 1 May 1949) was a Catalan Spanish architect. Jujol's wide field of activity ranged from furniture designs and painting, to architecture. He worked with Antoni Gaudí on many of his most famous works. Among Jujol's projects are Casa Batlló, Casa Milà, Park Güell, and Our Lady of Montserrat, and among his design styles are Modernisme and Art Nouveau.

Province of Tarragona
Tarragona (Spanish: [taraˈɣona]; Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə]) is a province of eastern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. It is bordered by the provinces of Castellón, Teruel, Zaragoza, Lleida and Barcelona and by the Mediterranean Sea.

The province's population is 795,902 (2018), about one fifth of whom live in the capital, Tarragona. Some of the larger cities and towns in Tarragona province include Reus, Salou, El Vendrell, Tortosa, Valls, Amposta. This province has 183 municipalities. The province includes several World Heritage Sites and is a popular tourist destination. There are Roman Catholic cathedrals in Tarragona and Tortosa.
Niemitz
Niemitz is a German surname of Slavic origin that comes from a variation on the Slavic words Niemiec, Němec. It is associated with the noble Silesian Niemitz family. Notable people with the surname include:

Carsten Niemitz (born 1945), German biologist

Niemiec
Niemiec is a Polish-language surname literally meaning "German person". Notable people with this surname include:

Al Niemiec (1911–1995), American baseball player

Bohuslav Niemiec (born 1982), Czech politician of Polish ethnicity

Courtney Niemiec (born 1992), American soccer player

Jan Niemiec (1958–2020), Polish-born Ukrainian Roman Catholic bishop

Jan Niemiec (1941–2017), Polish canoeist

John Niemiec (1901–1976), American footballer

Jona Niemiec (born 2001), German footballer

Franciszek Niemiec (born 1950), Polish basketball player

Patryk Niemiec (born 1997), Polish volleyball player

Przemysław Niemiec (born 1980), Polish cyclist

Szymon Niemiec (born 1977), Polish free jurisdiction clergyman and gay activist

Wojciech Niemiec (1956–2021), Polish footballer
Afrocyclops
Afrocyclops is a genus of copepod crustaceans in the family Cyclopidae, containing the following species:

Afrocyclops alter Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops curticornis (Kiefer, 1932)

Afrocyclops doryphorus Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops gibsoni (Brady, 1904)

Afrocyclops herringi Alekseev & Sanoamuang, 2006

Afrocyclops ikennus Onabamiro, 1957

Afrocyclops lanceolatus Kiefer, 1935

Afrocyclops nubicus (Chappuis, 1922)

Afrocyclops pauliani Lindberg, 1951

Afrocyclops propinquus (Kiefer, 1932)

Afrocyclops sparus Dussart, 1974

Afrocyclops gibsoni
Afrocyclops gibsoni is a species of copepod in the family Cyclopidae. Three subspecies have been identified:

Afrocyclops gibsoni abbreviatus Kiefer, 1933

Afrocyclops gibsoni doryphorus (Kiefer, 1935)

Afrocyclops gibsoni ondoensis (Kiefer, 1952)
Modern pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics
The modern pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 19 to 20 August 2016 at Deodoro Aquatics Centre, Deodoro Stadium, and Youth Arena.

Thirty-six athletes competed each in the men's and women's events. Initially the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM) proposed that all five events be staged in the same arena. While this did not eventuate, all venues were within approximately 300.0 metres (984.3 ft) of each other.

Modern pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's
The men's modern pentathlon at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held on 19 August. Three venues were used: Deodoro Aquatics Centre (swimming), Deodoro Stadium (horse-riding and combined running and shooting) and Youth Arena (fencing).

The medals were presented by Timothy Fok, IOC member, Hong Kong and Klaus Schormann, President of the UIPM.
Latakia offensive
The Latakia offensive refer to a series of battles to take control of the Latakia Governorate during the Syrian Civil War:

2013 Latakia offensive: A failed rebel offensive launched in August 2013 to capture the Latakia Governorate from Government forces.

2014 Latakia offensive: The second rebel offensive in the Latakia Governorate launched on 21 March 2014 by rebel Islamist groups including Al-Nusra Front.

2015–16 Latakia offensive: A Syrian Government offensive launched in November 2015 to capture rebel-held territory bordering Turkey.

2016 Latakia offensive: A failed rebel counter-offensive launched in June 2016 to seize the territory previously lost in the 2015–16 offensive.

2015–2016 Latakia offensive
The 2015–2016 Latakia offensive was a campaign of the Syrian Civil War that was launched by government forces in October 2015 to recapture rebel-held territory in the Latakia Governorate bordering Turkey.
BMW Nazca C2
The BMW Nazca C2 (also known as Italdesign Nazca C2) is a concept sports car introduced at the 1991 Tokyo Motor Show. The car was designed by famed automotive design studio Italdesign, home of Giorgetto Giugiaro, and features a similar frontal design of a BMW. It was an evolution of the BMW Nazca M12 from 1991.

BMW 8 Series (E31)
The BMW E31 is the first generation of the BMW 8 Series. It is a grand tourer built by BMW from 1990 to 1999 as a 2-door coupé, powered by either a V8 or V12 engine. Whilst it did supplant the original E24 based 6 Series in 1990, it was not a direct successor, but a new model class with a substantially higher price and performance than the 6 Series.
Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform
The Republican Political Alliance for Integrity and Reform (RePAIR) is a U.S. political group, founded in August 2020, consisting of Republican politicians who oppose the reelection of President Donald Trump. RePAIR is affiliated with Defending Democracy Together. The group's stated mission is to "return to principles-based governing in the post-Trump era," calling for a change in leadership for the Republican party, and supporting the candidacy of Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. The group was founded by former Trump administration official Miles Taylor and is led by former members of Republican administrations, including those of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Trump.

In 2021, the A Call for American revival movement, which aims to create a new political party as an alternative for the GOP, was formed of members of RePAIR and Stand Up Republic.

Republicans for the Rule of Law
Republicans for the Rule of Law is the principal initiative of the conservative, anti-Donald Trump political group Defending Democracy Together, founded by Bill Kristol, Mona Charen, Linda Chavez, Sarah Longwell, and Andy Zwick in 2019. The project, a 501(c)(4) (social welfare) group, created an advertising campaign to pressure Republican members of Congress to "demand the facts" about the Trump-Ukraine scandal during the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump.
Milky Way Farm
Milky Way Farm in Giles County, Tennessee, is the former estate of Franklin C. Mars, founder of Mars Candies. The property is named for the company's Milky Way candy bar. During the Great Depression, the estate was the largest employer in Giles county. The estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district; the farm and manor house are now used for weddings, tours, trail runs, & special events.

Mars Inc.
Mars, Incorporated (doing business as Mars Inc.) is an American multinational manufacturer of confectionery, pet food, and other food products and a provider of animal care services founded on June 23, 1911. Mars is headquartered in McLean, Virginia, in the Washington metropolitan area, and is entirely owned by the Mars family. The company had US$45 billion in annual sales in 2022; that year Forbes ranked the company as the fourth-largest privately held company in the United States.

Mars operates in four subsidiaries around the world: Snacking (headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with U.S. headquarters in Hackettstown and Newark, New Jersey), Petcare (Zaventem, Belgium; Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico; Querétaro, Mexico), Food (Rancho Dominguez, California) and Mars Edge (Germantown, Maryland), the company's life sciences division.
Puerto Rico Highway 180
Puerto Rico Highway 180 (PR-180) is a bypass located near downtown Salinas, Puerto Rico. This road extends from PR-1 (north of downtown), near PR-52, to PR-701 (south of downtown) and is known as Avenida Pedro Albizu Campos.

Puerto Rico Highway 1
Puerto Rico Highway 1 (PR-1) is a highway in Puerto Rico that connects the city of Ponce to San Juan. Leaving Ponce, the road heads east and follows a somewhat parallel route along the southern coast of the island heading towards Salinas. At Salinas, the road turns north to cut through the Cordillera Central in its approach to San Juan. Before reaching San Juan, it climbs to make its way to the mountain town of Cayey and then it winds down into the city of Caguas on its final approach to San Juan.
Venera Gimadieva
Venera Faritovna Gimadieva (Russian: Венера Фаритовна Гимадиева; born 28 May 1984) is a Russian operatic soprano. She is invited to opera houses around the world as one of the leading lyric coloratura sopranos of her generation.

Juan Diego Flórez
Juan Diego Flórez (born Juan Diego Flórez Salom, January 13, 1973) is a Peruvian operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in bel canto operas. On June 4, 2007, he received his country's highest decoration, the Knight Grand Cross in the Order of the Sun of Peru.
Minuscule 69
Minuscule 69, known as the Codex Leicester or Codex Leicestrensis, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves. It is designated by the siglum 69 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and δ 505 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts.Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 15th century. Some leaves of the codex are lost. It has been examined and collated by many palaeographers and textual critics. Although it is of a late date, its text is remarkable from the point of view of textual criticism.

J. Rendel Harris
James Rendel Harris (27 January 1852 in Plymouth, Devon – 1 March 1941) was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents. His contacts at the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt enabled twin sisters Agnes Smith Lewis and Margaret Dunlop Gibson to discover there the Sinaitic Palimpsest, the oldest Syriac New Testament document in existence. He subsequently accompanied them on a second trip, with Robert Bensly and Francis Crawford Burkitt, to decipher the palimpsest. He himself discovered there other manuscripts (073, 0118, 0119, 0137, a Syriac text of the Apology of Aristides etc.,). Harris's Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai appeared in 1890. He was a Quaker.
Dynamic programming language
A dynamic programming language is a type of programming language that allows various operations to be determined and executed at runtime. This is different from the compilation phase. Key decisions about variables, method calls, or data types are made when the program is running, unlike in static languages, where the structure and types are fixed during compilation. Dynamic languages provide flexibility. This allows developers to write more adaptable and concise code.

For instance, in a dynamic language, a variable can start as an integer. It can later be reassigned to hold a string without explicit type declarations. This feature of dynamic typing enables more fluid and less restrictive coding. Developers can focus on the logic and functionality rather than the constraints of the language.

Type introspection
In computing, type introspection is the ability of a program to examine the type or properties of an object
at runtime.
Some programming languages possess this capability.

Introspection should not be confused with reflection, which goes a step further and is the ability for a program to manipulate the metadata, properties, and functions of an object at runtime.  Some programming languages also possess that capability  (e.g.,
Java,
Python,
Julia,
and
Go).
Brock Purdy
Brock Richard Purdy (born December 27, 1999) is an American professional football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Iowa State Cyclones and was selected by the 49ers with the final pick in the 2022 NFL draft, becoming that year's Mr. Irrelevant.

Purdy began his rookie season in the NFL as the third-string quarterback but took the starting role following injuries to Trey Lance and Jimmy Garoppolo. Winning all five regular-season games that he started, Purdy played a key role in the 49ers securing a division title and an NFC Championship Game appearance. Purdy continued as the 49ers' starting quarterback in the 2023 season, where he led them to a repeat division title and led the league in multiple passing categories before an appearance in Super Bowl LVIII. Purdy also set the franchise's single season passing yards record and earned his first Pro Bowl selection.

Brandon Aiyuk
Brandon Aiyuk (EYE-yook; born March 17, 1998) is an American professional football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Sierra College Wolverines and Arizona State Sun Devils and was selected by the 49ers in the first round of the 2020 NFL draft.
Georgia State Route 280
State Route 280 (SR 280) is a generally south-to-north state highway located in the Atlanta metropolitan area in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia.  It runs from Georgia 139 in western Atlanta to Interstate 75 (I-75) in Marietta.  The road has the odd shape of a shepherd's hook.

Marietta, Georgia
Marietta is a city in and the county seat of Cobb County, Georgia, United States. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 60,972. The 2019 estimate was 60,867, making it one of Atlanta's largest suburbs. Marietta is the fourth largest of the principal cities by population of the Atlanta metropolitan area.
1942–43 AHL season
The 1942–43 AHL season was the seventh season of the American Hockey League. Seven teams played 56 games each in the schedule, while an eighth team, the New Haven Eagles ceased operations 32 games into the season, in January 1943. The Buffalo Bisons won the F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy as the Western Division champions, and their first Calder Cup as league champions.

New Haven Eagles
The New Haven Eagles were a professional ice hockey team that played in New Haven, Connecticut. The Eagles were one of five inaugural franchises in the Canadian American Hockey League, and a founding member of the American Hockey League.
WWTN
WWTN (99.7 FM) is a commercial radio station serving the Nashville media market.  The station is owned by Cumulus Media and is marketed as "SuperTalk 99.7 WTN" (the first W of its call sign is eliminated for simplicity). WWTN is licensed to the city of Hendersonville, Tennessee, which is approximately 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Nashville. The station's studios are in the Music Row district of Nashville.

WWTN transmits with an effective radiated power of 100,000 watts, the maximum for most FM stations, and is a Class C0 station. Its signal covers most of Middle Tennessee, even venturing into parts of Northern Alabama and Southern Kentucky. Its antenna (395 meters/1296 feet in height above average terrain) is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) SSE of Nashville in Rutherford County, Tennessee, between the cities of Murfreesboro and Franklin.

Hendersonville, Tennessee
Hendersonville is the most populous city in Sumner County, Tennessee, on Old Hickory Lake. As of the 2020 census the city's population was 61,753. Hendersonville is the fourth-most populous city in the Nashville metropolitan area after Nashville, Murfreesboro, and Franklin and the 10th largest in Tennessee. Hendersonville is located 18 miles (29 km) northeast of downtown Nashville. The city was settled around 1784 by Daniel Smith, whose house Rock Castle, is maintained as a historic site.

The city is named for William Henderson, the first postmaster.
Tonny Vilhena
Tonny Emílio Trindade de Vilhena (Dutch: [ˈtɔni viˈleːnaː], Portuguese: [viˈʎẽnɐ]; born 3 January 1995) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Super League Greece club Panathinaikos. He has represented the Netherlands national team.

2018 Johan Cruyff Shield
The 2018 Johan Cruyff Shield was the 23rd edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal), an annual Dutch football match played between the winners of the previous season's Eredivisie and KNVB Cup. The match was contested by PSV Eindhoven, champions of the 2017–18 Eredivisie, and Feyenoord, winners of the 2017–18 KNVB Cup. It was held at the Philips Stadion on 4 August 2018.
Religion in Portugal
Christianity is the predominant religion in Portugal, with Roman Catholicism being its largest denomination; according to the 2021 census, 84.77% of the total population is Christian. Currently, Portugal is a secular state and its constitution guarantees freedom of religion.

Ecclesiastical history of Braga
The region around the city of Braga, in modern Portugal, was an important centre for the spreading of Christendom in the Iberian Peninsula. This is reflected in the number of religious personalities associated with the region and the fact that many ecumenical councils were held in the city.
2021 Music City Bowl
The 2021 Music City Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2021, with kickoff at 3:00 p.m. EST (2:00 p.m. local CST) and televised on ESPN. It was the 23rd edition of the Music City Bowl (after the 2020 edition was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic), and was one of the 2021–22 bowl games concluding the 2021 FBS football season. Sponsored by translation and language services company TransPerfect, the game was officially known as the TransPerfect Music City Bowl.

2021–22 NCAA football bowl games
The 2021–22 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football games scheduled to complete the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The main games concluded with the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship played on January 10, 2022, while the all-star portion of the schedule concluded February 19, 2022.
Natalia Arroyo
Natalia Arroyo Clavell (Spanish: [naˈtalja aˈroʝo]; born 14 April 1986) is a Spanish professional football manager and former player who is the manager of Women's Super League club Aston Villa. Previously, she played professionally for FC Barcelona and also for Espanyol, retiring in 2009.

2021–22 Primera División (women)
The 2021–22 Primera División Femenina de Fútbol was the 34th edition of Spain's highest women's football league, the 21st since the inception of the Superliga Femenina. The league began on 5 September 2021 and finished on 15 May 2022.

Barcelona were the defending champions. They defended the title with a perfect season (30 wins in 30 matches).
Scatsta Airport
Scatsta Airport (IATA: SCS, ICAO: EGPM) was a commercial airport on the island of Mainland, Shetland in Scotland located 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) north of Lerwick and 5 mi (8 km) southwest of Sullom Voe Terminal.

It is owned by Shetland Island's Council and was operated by Serco on behalf of the aerodrome licensee BP (Exploration).

Scatsta Airport fully closed to all operations on 30 June 2020.

Mainland, Shetland
The Mainland is the principal island of Shetland in Scotland. Covering an area of 899 km2 (347 sq mi), the island contains Shetland's only burgh, Lerwick, which is the main administrative centre, and major point of Shetland's ferry and air connections. The island has a diversified economy, with interests in agriculture, fishing, aquaculture, oil and gas, and tourism. It also forms part of a UNESCO Global Geopark, noted for its cliffs, moorlands, and diverse marine wildlife. Mainland is also the largest island in the North Sea.
Grace Hartigan
Grace Hartigan (March 28, 1922 – November 15, 2008) was an American abstract expressionist painter and a significant member of the vibrant New York School of the 1950s and 1960s.  Her circle of friends, who frequently inspired one another in their artistic endeavors, included Jackson Pollock, Larry Rivers, Helen Frankenthaler, Willem and Elaine de Kooning and Frank O'Hara. Her paintings are held by numerous major institutions, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. As director of the Maryland Institute College of Art's Hoffberger School of Painting, she influenced numerous young artists.

Clement Greenberg
Clement Greenberg (/ˈɡriːnbɜːrɡ/) (January 16, 1909 – May 7, 1994), occasionally writing under the pseudonym K. Hardesh, was an American essayist known mainly as an art critic closely associated with American modern art of the mid-20th century and a formalist aesthetician. He is best remembered for his association with the art movement abstract expressionism and the painter Jackson Pollock.