hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Portuguese inventions
The Portuguese inventions are the inventions created by the people born in Portugal (continent or overseas), or whose nationality is Portuguese. These inventions were created mainly during the age of Portuguese discoveries, and during modernity.

Relying on trade secret explains, in part, the difficulty often experienced by researchers in documenting Portuguese inventions, as many are not described in patent documents, or other technical documents. On the other hand, there are cases, like some types of swords, where the inventions themselves or the underlying documents were lost, having been destroyed, for example, during the French invasions. There are as well documentation and objects of Portuguese origin in private collections or museums outside of Portugal.

Carracks black sword
The Carracks black sword, sometimes called a crab sword, is a type of sword invented in Portugal, during the 15th century. It was used by Portuguese and Spanish soldiers and sailors in ships and caravels in the Age of Discovery.
Omicron Leonis
Omicron Leonis (ο Leonis, abbreviated Omicron Leo, ο Leo) is a binary star in the constellation of Leo, west of Regulus, some 130 light-years from the Sun, where it marks one of the lion's forepaws. The position of this system near the ecliptic means it is subject to lunar occultation.

The system consists of Omicron Leonis Aa (officially named Subra /ˈsuːbrə/, the traditional name for the system) and Omicron Leonis Ab.

Star system
A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. It may sometimes be used to refer to a single star. A large group of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a star cluster or galaxy, although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems. Star systems are not to be confused with planetary systems, which include planets and similar bodies (such as comets).
Mutually unbiased bases
In quantum information theory, a set of bases in Hilbert space Cd are said to be mutually unbiased if when a system is prepared in an eigenstate of one of the bases, then all outcomes of the measurement with respect to the other basis are predicted to occur with an equal probability of 1/d.

Root of unity
In mathematics, a root of unity is any complex number that yields 1 when raised to some positive integer power n. Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially important in number theory, the theory of group characters, and the discrete Fourier transform. It is occasionally called a de Moivre number after French mathematician Abraham de Moivre.

Roots of unity can be defined in any field. If the characteristic of the field is zero, the roots are complex numbers that are also algebraic integers. For fields with a positive characteristic, the roots belong to a finite field, and, conversely, every nonzero element of a finite field is a root of unity. Any algebraically closed field contains exactly n nth roots of unity, except when n is a multiple of the (positive) characteristic of the field.
York Lions men's ice hockey
The York Lions men's ice hockey team (formerly the York Yeomen) is an active ice hockey program representing the York Lions athletic department of York University. The team has been continually active since the early 1960s and is currently a member of the Ontario University Athletics conference under the authority of U Sports. The Lions play at the Canlan Ice Sports in Toronto, Ontario.

York Lions
The York Lions is the official name for the athletic varsity teams that represent York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The university's varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports and, where applicable, in the east division. The Lions' logo features a red lion from the school's logo with the university's colours, red and white.

York's former teams were known as the York Yeomen and York Yeowomen, but changed their name to the gender-neutral Lions in 2003.
Siege of Naples (1191)
The siege of Naples was a siege in 1191 during the expedition of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor aiming to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily in name of the claim of his wife Empress Constance. It lasted three months before Henry abandoned his expedition, after suffering a heavy loss due to disease. After his retreat, the Sicilians set a counterattack that almost reconquered his conquests and captured Empress Constance. It was particularly rare in the history of war that an empress was captured in an imperial offensive campaign.

Pope Celestine III
Pope Celestine III (Latin: Caelestinus III; c. 1105 – 8 January 1198), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. He had a tense relationship with several monarchs, including Emperor Henry VI, King Tancred of Sicily, and King Alfonso IX of León.
Baklava
Baklava (/bɑːkləˈvɑː, ˈbɑːkləvɑː/ ⓘ, or /bəˈklɑːvə/) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with either syrup or honey.

There are several theories for the origin of this pastry, but in modern times, it is a common dessert among cuisines of countries in West Asia, Southeast Europe, Central Asia, and North Africa. It is also enjoyed in South Asia, where, although not a traditional sweet, it has become popular over the years.

Syrup
In cooking, syrup (less commonly sirup; from Latin: sirupus, from earlier Arabic: شراب; sharāb, beverage, wine) is a thick, viscous, liquid condiment consisting primarily of a solution of sugar in water. It typically contains a large amount of dissolved sugars but shows little tendency to deposit crystals. In its concentrated form, its consistency is similar to that of molasses. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups.
Pacispora
The Pacisporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Diversisporales. The family contains the single genus Pacispora. Species in this genus are widespread in distribution, and form arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots.

Diversisporales
The Diversisporales are an order of generally hypogeous (underground) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within the division Glomeromycota. Many have vesicles for energy storage, or auxiliary cells. Species produce a wide range of spore types, hence the name.
Gainesville Daily Register
The Gainesville Daily Register is newspaper published in Gainesville, Texas, on Tuesdays and Fridays. It has been published continuously since 1890.

The newspaper covers primarily Cooke County, Texas, and parts of Love County, Oklahoma to the north, Montague County, Texas to the west, and Grayson County, Texas to the east. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc (CNHI), and is the only daily newspaper operating in Cooke County.

The newspaper, formerly known as Gainesville Daily Register and Messenger, was founded by the Leonard family of Gainesville in 1890. The newspaper was sold to Donrey Media in 1973. Shortly thereafter the newspaper converted to offset printing and a new six-unit Goss printing press was set up. CNHI acquired the paper in 1998. The publication is printed at Texoma Web Offset Printing in Gainesville, Texas.

Cooke County, Texas
Cooke County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. At the 2020 census, its population was 41,668. The county seat is Gainesville. The county was founded in 1848 and organized the next year. It is named for William Gordon Cooke, a soldier during the Texas Revolution. It is a part of the Texoma region.

Cooke County comprises the Gainesville, TX micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Dallas–Fort Worth, TX-OK combined statistical area.
Harold Druken
Harold Druken (born January 26, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He was drafted 36th overall in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft by the Vancouver Canucks. He played for the Canucks, Carolina Hurricanes and Toronto Maple Leafs during his National Hockey League (NHL) career, and also played professionally in Switzerland for EHC Basel. Druken spent most of his professional career in the minor leagues with the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliates of the Canucks, Maple Leafs and Hurricanes.

1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
The 1999 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (1999 WJC) was held in Winnipeg, and five other communities in  Manitoba, Canada from December 26, 1998, to January 5, 1999. In the gold medal match at Winnipeg Arena, Russia defeated Canada 3–2 on Artem Chubarov's overtime goal.  The bronze medal was claimed by Slovakia, giving the six-year-old country its first medal at an IIHF event.

The playoff round reverted back to six teams qualifying, with group leaders getting a bye to the semifinals.
Outline of Paris
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Paris:

Paris – capital and most populous city of France, with an area of 105 square kilometres (41 square miles) and an official estimated population of 2,140,526 residents as of 1 January 2019. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts.

Palais-Royal
The Palais-Royal (French: [pa.lɛ ʁwa.jal]) is a former French royal palace located on Rue Saint-Honoré in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. The screened entrance court faces the Place du Palais-Royal, opposite the Louvre. Originally called the Palais-Cardinal, it was built for Cardinal Richelieu from about 1633 to 1639 by architect Jacques Lemercier. Richelieu bequeathed it to Louis XIII, before Louis XIV gave it to his younger brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. As the succeeding Dukes of Orléans made such extensive alterations over the years, almost nothing remains of Lemercier's original design.

The Palais-Royal is now the seat of the Ministry of Culture, the Conseil d'État and the Constitutional Council. The central Palais-Royal Garden (Jardin du Palais-Royal) serves as a public park; its arcade houses shops.
Athena Park
Athena Park (French: Parc Athéna) is a small park in the Park Extension neighborhood of the Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It occupies a quadrilateral bounded by Jean Talon Street, Bloomfield Street, de l'Épée Avenue, and Greenshields Street. It was named in honor of the ancient Greek goddess Athena, by the City of Montreal in 1986.

Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension
Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension (French pronunciation: [vilʁɛ sɛ̃ miʃɛl paʁk ɛkstɑ̃sjɔ̃]) is a borough (arrondissement) in the city of Montreal, Quebec. It had a population of 145,090 according to the 2021 Census and a land area of 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 mi2).

The borough of Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension was created on January 1, 2002, following the municipal reorganization of Montreal. The borough includes the neighbourhoods of Villeray, Saint-Michel, and Parc-Extension.
Empire of China (1915–1916)
The Empire of China, also known in historiography as the Hongxian Monarchy (Chinese: 洪憲帝制), was a short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor. The attempt ultimately failed, set back the republican cause by several years, and led China into a period of fracture and conflict among various local warlords.

Tang Jiyao
Tang Jiyao (simplified Chinese: 唐继尧; traditional Chinese: 唐繼堯; pinyin: Táng Jìyáo; Wade–Giles: T'ang Chi-yao) (August 14, 1883 – May 23, 1927) was a Chinese general and warlord of Yunnan during the Warlord Era of early Republican China. He was military governor of Yunnan from 1913–1927.
Birth of the Cool
Birth of the Cool is a compilation album by the American jazz trumpeter and bandleader Miles Davis. It was released in February or March 1957 on Capitol Records. It compiles eleven tracks recorded by Davis's nonet for the label over the course of three sessions during 1949 and 1950.

Featuring unusual instrumentation and several notable musicians, the music consisted of innovative arrangements influenced by Afro-American music and classical music techniques, and marked a major development in post-bebop jazz. As the title suggests, these recordings are considered seminal in the history of cool jazz. Most of them were originally released in the 10-inch 78-rpm format and are all approximately three minutes long.

Ted Gioia
Ted Gioia (born October 21, 1957) is an American jazz critic and music historian. He is author of 12 books, including Music: A Subversive History, The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire, The History of Jazz and Delta Blues. He is also a jazz musician and one of the founders of Stanford University's jazz studies program.
Krastanov Cove
Krastanov Cove (Bulgarian: Кръстанов залив, ‘Krastanov Zaliv’ \kra-'sta-nov 'za-liv\) is the 1.6 km wide cove indenting for 1.2 km the southwest coast of Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica southeast of Piperkov Point. The feature is “named after Captain Ivan Krastanov (1946-2003), commander of the Bulgarian ocean fishing trawlers Sagita and Fizalia during their fishing trips to Antarctic waters off South Georgia from February to July 1978 and from December 1978 to May 1979 respectively. The Bulgarian fishermen, along with those of the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany are the pioneers of modern Antarctic fishing industry.”

Elephant Island
Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated 245 kilometres (152 miles) north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1,253 kilometres (779 miles) west-southwest of South Georgia, 935 kilometres (581 miles) south of the Falkland Islands, and 885 kilometres (550 miles) southeast of Cape Horn. It is within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom.

The Brazilian Antarctic Program maintains a shelter on the island, Goeldi, and formerly had another (Wiltgen) supporting the work of up to six researchers each during the summer. Wiltgen was dismantled in the summers of 1997 and 1998.
Smörgåstårta
Smörgåstårta (Swedish for lit. 'sandwich-torte'), or sandwich cake (Finnish: voileipäkakku; Estonian: võileivatort; Icelandic: brauðterta), is a savoury main dish, not a dessert, of Swedish origin, popular in Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Iceland, etc. The name is quite literal, with the dish consisting of a cake-like dish, mainly festive, but composed of layers of bread bound with large amounts of sandwich filling and garnish, structurally similar to a layered cream cake, but culinarily more in line with Toast Skagen. When eaten, it is sliced and served like any other cake.

Swedish cuisine
Swedish cuisine (Swedish: svenska köket) is the traditional food of Sweden. Due to Sweden's large north-to-south expanse, there are regional differences between the cuisine of North and South Sweden.

Historically, in the far north, meats such as reindeer, and other game dishes were eaten, some of which have their roots in the Sami culture, while fresh vegetables have played a larger role in the South. Many traditional dishes employ simple, contrasting flavours, such as the traditional dish of meatballs and brown cream sauce with tart, pungent lingonberry jam.
Shakawe Airport
Shakawe Airport (IATA: SWX, ICAO: FBSW) is an airport serving Shakawe, a village in the North-West District of Botswana.

It is the gateway to the northern part of the Okavango Delta and the Linyati area.  Direct charter flights are operated to the aerodrome. It is owned by the Department of Civil Aviation.

Aerial view of airport Shakawe (2019)

Apron

North-West District (Botswana)
The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana.  For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango). It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council.  The administrative centre is Maun.

As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The total number of workers constituted 32,471 with 16,852 males and 15,621 females, with a majority of them involved in agriculture.

Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, the Aha Hills (on the border with Namibia), the Nhabe Museum in Maun, and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district.
Long John (bull)
Long John #58X (2010 – February 21, 2017) was an American bucking bull. He competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) and Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) circuits. He was the PBR World Champion Bull in 2015. He tied for the title in 2016 with two other bulls (Bruiser and Pearl Harbor), but the tie breaker went to his half-brother, Bruiser. In 2015, he was the PRCA Reserve Champion Bull, coming in second to Kish's #849 Crystal Deal. In 2016, Time Magazine selected Long John for its 100 Most Influential Animals of 2016, at 50th place. Long John became both a fan favorite and a bull rider favorite by the end of his career. The PBR CEO, Sean Gleason, said, shortly after his death: "Long John was a phenomenal athlete with the heart of a champion."

In 2023, Long John was ranked No. 15 on the list of the top 30 bulls in PBR history.

Professional Bull Riders
The Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR) is an international professional bull riding organization headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. It is the largest bull riding league in the world, sanctioning hundreds of events every year in the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Australia. Over 800 bull riders from said countries, as well as others hold PBR memberships.
Kithaab
Kithaab, also Kitab (lit. 'Book'), is a Malayalam-language play featuring a humorous portrayal of a young girl who dreams of calling out the Azaan (vaang), the Islamic call to worship normally recited by a male muezzin or mukri. The girl questions the subjugation of women in her community, and rebels against community norms by dancing with her friends, stealing food denied to her, and demanding the opportunity to call the vaang.

The play is written by scriptwriter-director Rafeeq Mangalassery. It was released in November 2018 in the Indian state of Kerala, at a time when the women's rights movement was taking shape, asking for the right to worship in Sabarimala temple; for Muslim women's right to participate in religious rituals; and for gender equality in religious spaces, including the appointment of women as Imams, and participating in and leading prayers at mosques.

Kerala reformation movement
The reformation movement in Kerala refers to a socio-cultural shift that began in the late 19th century, resulting in significant transformations in the social fabric of the southern Indian state of Kerala.
Saudi Flag Day
Saudi Flag Day (Arabic: يوم العلم السعودي), officially the Flag Day (Arabic: يوم العلم), is a public holiday in Saudi Arabia observed annually on March 11 to commemorate the adoption of the unstandardized version of the country's national flag by King Abdulaziz ibn Saud in 1937. It was first celebrated on the 86th anniversary of the adoption in 2023, when King Salman bin Abdulaziz designated it as the nation's third non-religious legal holiday to be observed as per the Gregorian calendar after Saudi National Day and Saudi Founding Day.

Public holidays in Saudi Arabia
Public holidays in Saudi Arabia ( Arabic: العطل الرسمية في السعودية ) In Saudi Arabia there are few holidays, compared with other countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council, but they have long-term holidays from 10 to 12 days. Where the expense of public holidays in Saudi Arabia only as days of work, in addition to the daily Friday and Saturday weekend, amounting to vacations up to more than two weeks.

Government departments and institutions are suspended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the festival holidays for holiday Eid to the public sector if there is a time and one day the reality of the weekend and the Eid holiday, this day is added to the Eid vacation.

According to the Gulf News, the public holidays in Saudi Arabia are Saudi Founding Day, Eid Al Fitr, the Day of Arafat, Eid Al Adha, the Islamic New Year, and Saudi National Day.
Scott Quigg
Scott Quigg (born 9 October 1988) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 2007 to 2020. He held the World Boxing Association super-bantamweight title (Regular version) from 2013 to 2016, and the British super-bantamweight title from 2011 to 2012.

Anthony Joshua vs Wladimir Klitschko
Anthony Joshua vs Wladimir Klitschko was a professional boxing match contested on 29 April 2017 at Wembley Stadium in London, with Joshua's IBF and the vacant WBA (Super) and IBO heavyweight titles on the line. Joshua won the match via technical knockout (TKO) in the eleventh round with 90,000 fans in attendance. Klitschko announced his retirement from boxing a few months after the fight. The bout was named Fight of the Year by The Ring and the Boxing Writers Association of America.
Salakot
Salakot is a traditional lightweight headgear from the Philippines commonly used for protection against the sun and rain. Variants occur among ethnic groups, but all are shaped like a dome or cone and can range in size from having very wide brims to being almost helmet-like. Made from various materials including bamboo, rattan, nito ferns, and bottle gourd, the salakot is held in place by an inner headband and a chinstrap. The tip of the crown commonly has a spiked or knobbed finial made of metal or wood. The salakot is the direct precursor to the pith helmet (also called salacot in Spanish and salacco in French) widely used by European military forces in the colonial era.

Pointed hat
Pointed hats have been a form of headgear of a wide range of cultures throughout history. Although often suggesting an ancient Indo-European tradition, they were also traditionally worn by women of Lapland, the Japanese, the Mi'kmaq people of Atlantic Canada, and the Huastecs of Veracruz and Aztec (e.g., as illustrated in the Codex Mendoza). The Kabiri of New Guinea have the diba, a pointed hat glued together.
Chanika, Ilala
Chanika (Kata ya Chanika, in Swahili)  is an administrative ward of the Ilala Municipical Council of  the Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. Majohe ward encircles the ward on its northern edge. Tambani Ward of the Mkuranga District in the Pwani Region lies to the south, while Msongola is to the east. The Msimbu and Kisarawe wards of the Kisarawe District in the Pwani Region are also to the west. According to the 2022 census, the ward has a total population of 75,271.

Ilala District, Dar es Salaam
Ilala District, officially the Ilala Municipal Council (Halimashauri ya Manispaaa ya Ilala, in Swahili) is one of five districts of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The district is bordered to the north and northeast by Kinondoni District and Ubungo District, to the east by the Zanzibar Channel, the west by Pwani Region, and to the south by the Temeke District. It covers an area of 364.9 km2 (140.9 sq mi).  The district is comparable in size to the land area of U.S Virgin Islands.  The administrative seat is Mchafukoge. The 2022 National Tanzania Census states the population for Ilala as 1,649,912.