hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1931 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1931 UCI Road World Championships was the fifth edition of the event. The race was held as an individual time trial rather than a mass start. The championship took place on Wednesday 26 August 1931 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The race was won by Learco Guerra of Italy.

UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The UCI Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race is a one-day event for professional cyclists that takes place annually. The winner is considered the World Cycling Champion (or World Road Cycling Champion) and earns the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in road race or stage events. The event is a single mass start road race with the winner being the first across the line at the completion of the full race distance. The road race is contested by riders organized by national cycling teams as opposed to commercially sponsored trade teams, which is the standard in professional cycling.
Gulashkird
Gulashkird also known as Faryjab or Paryjab or Valashgird was an important town in Kerman province of Iran during the Middle Ages as a station on the trade routes from the Persian Gulf and Persia to India and also into Central Asia.

Today the town lies at modern Faryjab, a small village north east of Bandar Abbas, south of Jiroft and 50 km north of Mantijan, near the town of Manujan and the Rudkhanah i Duzdi River.

Historically the town was a strongly fortified town with a castle known as Kftshah and was serviced by quanats that allowed the area to grow Indigo, oranges, date palms and Grain, It was mentioned by Arab geographers Mukaddasi and Yaqut al-Hamawi and Marco Polo.

The village has been suggested as a possible location for the lost city of Alexandria Carmania, founded by Alexander the Great months before he died in Babylon. Indeed, Greek pottery has been found in the area.

Rudkhanah-i-Duzdi
Rudkhanah-i-Duzdi also known as the Nahr-az-Zankan River was a river in Medieval Southern Persia. Mentioned by Marco Polo,  Istakhri   and by Yaqut al-Hamawi Its name means River of Robbers.

Rudkhanah-i-Duzdi was also the name of a village on the river with about 500 inhabitants, known in colonial times. It is in the Jiroft area, possibly a tributary of the Minab River.
2020 Route d'Occitanie
The 2020 Route d'Occitanie was a men's road bicycle race which took place from 1 to 4 August 2020 in France. It was the 44th edition of the Route d'Occitanie. The race was rated as a 2.1 event and formed part of the 2020 UCI Europe Tour.

2020 UCI Europe Tour
The 2020 UCI Europe Tour was the sixteenth season of the UCI Europe Tour. The 2020 season began on 25 January 2020 with the GP Belek and ended on 14 October 2020 with the Scheldeprijs.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.Pro, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.Pro, 1.1 and 1.2
Río Pasto
The Río Pasto is an approximately 58-km long left tributary of the Río Juanambú in the Nariño Department in southern Colombia. It rises on the western edge of the 3600 m high Páramo Bordoncillo. From there it initially flows west. It flows along the north-eastern outskirts of Pasto. The Río Pasto then turns north. It flows west past Antonio Nariño Airport and finally flows into the Río Juanambú at an altitude of about 800 m. The Río Pasto passes the city of Pasto and is heavily polluted in the process.

Pasto, Colombia
Pasto, officially San Juan de Pasto (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan de ˈpasto]; "Saint John of Pasto"), is the capital of the department of Nariño, in southern Colombia. Pasto was founded in 1537 and named after indigenous people of the area. In the 2018 census, the municipality had a population of 392,930. Pasto is located in the Atriz Valley on the Andes cordillera, at the foot of the Galeras volcano.
Eagles Claw Nature Reserve
The Eagles Claw Nature Reserve is a protected nature reserve that is located on the south coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia. The 1-hectare (2.5-acre) reserve protects a strip of rugged coastline in the vicinity of Lookout Point at the town of Eden. The reserve was gazetted on 27 March 1986, to give protection to what was then thought to be the only known mainland breeding colony of little penguins in the state.

Eden, New South Wales
Eden is a coastal town in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.  The town is 478 kilometres (297 mi) south of the state capital Sydney and is the most southerly town in New South Wales, located between Nullica Bay to the south and Calle Calle Bay, the northern reach of Twofold Bay, and built on undulating land adjacent to the third-deepest natural harbour in the southern hemisphere, and Snug Cove on its western boundary. At the 2016 census, Eden had a population of 3,151.

The eastern coastline has rugged cliffs at the southern end and a wide, sandy surf beach, Aslings Beach, north of the cliffs. The beach ends at the entrance to Lake Curalo, a safe boating inlet of Twofold Bay. Although the urban settlement of Eden commenced in 1843 the settlement was not officially proclaimed as a township until 20 March 1885. The town's main industries include fishing, forestry, and tourism.
HMS Pegasus (1779)
HMS Pegasus was a 28-gun Enterprise-class sixth rate. This frigate was launched in 1779 at Deptford and sold in 1816. Pegasus had a relatively uneventful career and is perhaps best known for the fact that her captain from 1786 to 1789 was Prince William Henry, the future King William IV. By 1811 Pegasus was a receiving ship at Chatham; she was sold in 1816.

Sixth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a sixth-rate was the designation for small warships mounting between 20 and 28 carriage-mounted guns on a single deck, sometimes with smaller guns on the upper works and sometimes without. It thus encompassed ships with up to 30 guns in all. In the first half of the 18th century the main battery guns were 6-pounders, but by mid-century these were supplanted by 9-pounders. 28-gun sixth-rates were classed as frigates, those smaller as 'post ships', indicating that they were still commanded by a full ('post') captain, as opposed to sloops of 18 guns and less, which were under commanders.
Jean Gautheroux
Jean Maurice Henri Gautheroux (11 February 1909 – 14 October 1986) was a French footballer who played as a midfielder for CA Paris and the French national team in the late 1920s.

In 1959 and 1960, he co-directed 13 matches of the French national team.

1928 Coupe de France final
The 1928 Coupe de France final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on May 6, 1928, that saw Red Star Olympique defeat CA Paris 3–1 thanks to goals by Paul Wartel, Brenna Egil Lund and Juste Brouzes.
Digermulen Church
Digermulen Church (Norwegian: Digermulen kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Digermulen on the island of Hinnøya. It is one of the churches for the Svolvær parish which is part of the Lofoten prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The white, concrete church was built in an octagonal style in 1951 using plans drawn up by the architects Andreas Melchior Wiel Nygaardand Torstein Schyberg. The church seats about 250 people.

Vågan Municipality
Vågan (Northern Sami: Vuogát) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Lofoten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Svolvær. Some of the villages in Vågan include Digermulen, Gimsøysand, Gravermarka, Henningsvær, Hopen, Kabelvåg, Kleppstad, Laupstad, Liland, Skrova, Straumnes, and Sydalen.

The 479-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) municipality is the 209th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vågan Municipality is the 117th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,793. The municipality's population density is 20.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (53/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.2% over the previous 10-year period.
2013 ICC Awards
The 2013 ICC Awards were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013. The ICC had been hosting ICC Awards since 2004, which were now into their tenth year. Previous events were held in London (2004, 2011), Sydney (2005), Mumbai (2006), Johannesburg (2007, 2009), Dubai (2008), Bangalore (2010) and Colombo (2012). The ICC awards the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy to the Cricketer of the Year, which is considered to be the most prestigious award in world cricket.

2010 ICC Awards
The 2010 ICC Awards were held on 6 October 2010 in Bangalore, India in association with the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations (FICA).

The ICC had been hosting ICC Awards since 2004, which were now into their seventh year. Previous events were held in London (2004), Sydney (2005), Mumbai (2006), Johannesburg (2007, 2009) and Dubai (2008).

The ICC awards the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy to the Cricketer of the Year, which is considered to be the most prestigious award in world cricket.
Yokohama Canon Eagles
The Yokohama Canon Eagles is a Japanese rugby union team founded in 1981 that competes in the Japan Rugby League One and is owned by Canon. The team was previously based in Machida, Tokyo, Japan. According to the official website, it was founded as Canon Rugby Team in 1980, and determined the nickname Eagles in 2010. The team moved to Yokohama ahead of the rebranding of the Top League in 2022, becoming the Yokohama Canon Eagles.

Hanazono Kintetsu Liners
Hanazono Kintetsu Liners is a Japanese rugby union team owned by Kintetsu Corporation which was founded in 1929. They have won the All-Japan Championship three times as an amateur team. Their home is at Hanazono Rugby Stadium, which was also opened in 1929 and is in Higashiosaka, Japan.

Early in 2008 Kintetsu won promotion back to the Top League for the 2008–9 season, and it was announced that former All Blacks coach Peter Sloane would be head coach. Sloane coached the team for three years before Ryusuke Maeda succeeded him in 2011.

The team rebranded as Hanazono Kintetsu Liners ahead of the rebranding of the Top League to the Japan Rugby League One in 2022.
Three-domain system
The three-domain system is a taxonomic classification system that groups all cellular life into three domains, namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, introduced by Carl Woese, Otto Kandler and Mark Wheelis in 1990. The key difference from earlier classifications such as the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classification is the splitting of Archaea (previously named "archaebacteria") from Bacteria as completely different organisms.

The three-domain system has been contested by some scientists who believe that eukaryotes do not form a separate domain of life, but instead represent a clade alongside the Archaea, in a single shared domain.

Kingdom (biology)
In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla (singular phylum).

Traditionally, textbooks from the United States and some of Canada have used a system of six kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea or Archaebacteria, and Bacteria or Eubacteria), while textbooks in other parts of the world, such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Spain, and the United Kingdom have used five kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera).

Some recent classifications based on modern cladistics have explicitly abandoned the term kingdom, noting that some traditional kingdoms are not monophyletic, meaning that they do not consist of all the descendants of a common ancestor. The terms flora (for plants), fauna (for animals), and, in the 21st century, funga (for fungi) are also used for life present in a particular region or time.
Chinese community in Paris
As of 1990, the majority of Asians living in the Paris area were ethnic Chinese originating from several countries. As of 1998 the largest group included ethnic Chinese from Indochina, and a smaller group originated from Zhejiang.

Quartier asiatique
The Quartier asiatique (French pronunciation: [kaʁtje azjatik], Asian Quarter), also called Triangle de Choisy ([tʁijɑ̃ɡl də ʃwazi]) or Petite Asie ([pətit azi]; Chinese: 巴黎唐人街, Vietnamese: Phố Tàu Paris) is the largest commercial and cultural center for the population of East Asian and Southeast Asian origin of Paris. It is located in the southeast of the 13th arrondissement in an area that contains many high-rise apartment buildings. Despite its status as a "Chinatown", the neighborhood also contains significant Vietnamese, Laotian and Cambodian populations.
Walton and Frinton Lifeboat Station
Walton and Frinton Lifeboat Station is located at The Parade in Walton-on-the-Naze, a seaside town in the Tendring District of the county of Essex.

A lifeboat station was established at Walton-on-the-Naze in 1884 by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).

In October 2022, the RNLI announced changes to the lifeboat cover on the Essex coast. In April 2024, the Walton and Frinton All-weather Tamar lifeboat 16-19 Irene Muriel Rees (ON 1299) was withdrawn, leaving no operational lifeboat on station. The former boarding-boat John Wickens (D-798), now officially in the relief fleet, is still on station for training and evaluation purposes.

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
VoyenTV
VoyenTV (Russian: ВоенТВ) is the television and production arm of the Ministry of Defence of Belarus. It is today the only television company in Belarus with unlimited access in military units and formations of the Armed Forces of Belarus. It was founded on 15 April 1994. The commissioning of the company in the form of an editorial board was on 15 October 1992 by order of the Council of Ministers of Belarus. At the time, it was a subdivision of the National State Television and Radio Company of Belarus. The staff eventually grew to 28 people which resulted in the purchase of new equipment and the regularity of military reports. In January 1995, the studio was renamed to the Central Television and Radio Broadcasting Studio of the Ministry of Defense. In 2002, on the basis of the Television and Radio Broadcasting Studio, the VoenTV Television Company was established.

Belteleradio
The National State TV and Radio Company of the Republic of Belarus or simply Belteleradio, is a state-owned television and radio broadcasting service in Belarus.

From 1993 until 2021, it was a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) under the name Belarusian Television and Radio Company (BTRC). In May 2021, the EBU Executive Board agreed to suspend BTRC as a member of the broadcasting union effective 11 June 2021. The broadcaster later іndіcated that the suspension would expire in 2024, but this was later denied by the EBU a couple months prior to when the suspension hypothetically would have been lifted as they publicly addressed that it had "no reason" to reinstate BTRC's membership "at the current time". This means that BTRC's membership is indefinitely suspended, and as a result cannot rejoin the organisation. Until the suspension is lifted or another Belarusian member joins in its place, there are presently no members of the EBU who are from Belarus.
Liane de Pougy
Liane de Pougy (born Anne-Marie Chassaigne, 2 July 1869 – 26 December 1950) was a French dancer, courtesan and novelist. She was a Folies Bergère vedette, and was known as one of the most beautiful and notorious courtesans in Paris. Later in life, she became a Dominican tertiary.

Ghica family
The House of Ghica (or Ghika) (Romanian: Ghica; Albanian: Gjika; Greek: Γκίκας, Gikas) was a Romanian noble family of Albanian origin whose members held significant positions in Wallachia, Moldavia and later in the Kingdom of Romania, between the early 17th century and late 19th century. The Ghica family produced many voivodes of Wallachia and Moldavia and two Prime Ministers of Romania. Several branches of the family still exist today.
Mutual shaping
Mutual shaping suggests that society and technology are not mutually exclusive to one another and, instead, influence and shape each other.   This process is a combination of social determinism and technological determinism.  The term mutual shaping was developed through science and technology studies (STS) in an attempt to explain the detailed process of technological design. Mutual shaping is argued to have a more comprehensive understanding of the development of new media because it considers technological and social change as directly affecting the other.

Social determinism
Social determinism is the theory that social interactions alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors).

A social determinist would only consider social dynamics like customs, cultural expectations, education, and interpersonal interactions as the contributing factors to shape human behavior. Non-social influences, like biology, would be ignored in their contribution towards behavior. Thus, in line with the nature-nurture debate, social determinism is analogous to the 'nurture' side of the argument.
1790 English cricket season
The 1790 English cricket season was a successful one for Hampshire who won all three of their known matches, two against England, and one against Kent. Samuel Britcher, the MCC scorer, began his annual publication (to 1805) of A Complete List of all the Grand Matches of Cricket that have been Played, a compilation of match scorecards. His 1790 edition features fourteen scorecards, including six from matches played at Lord's Old Ground, the MCC venue. Details of 22 matches are known, but few were important.

Rest of England cricket teams
In English cricket since the first half of the 18th century, various ad hoc teams have been formed for short-term purposes which have been called England (i.e., in the sense of "the rest of England") to play against, say, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) or an individual county team. The key factor is that they were non-international and there is a significant difference between them and the official England cricket team which takes part in international fixtures. Conceptually, there is evidence of this sort of team being formed, or at least mooted, since the 1730s. They have always been "occasional elevens" but, nevertheless, have invariably been strong sides. A typical example would be a selection consisting of leading players drawn from several county teams.
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation
From the beginning of 2015, the Centre for Metrology (MIKES) (Finnish: Mittatekniikan keskus; Swedish: Mätteknikcentralen) formerly the Centre for Metrology and Accreditation has been part of VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. As the National Metrology Institute of Finland, MIKES is responsible for the implementation and development of the national measurement standards system and realisation of the SI units in Finland. MIKES designates other National Standards Laboratories in Finland. Moreover, MIKES performs research in metrology, i.e., in measurement science. MIKES’s customers include both Finnish and international companies as well as the public sector. Other national metrology institutes are for example PTB (Germany), NPL (UK), NMIJ Archived 2012-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (Japan), NIST (USA), and Główny Urząd Miar (Poland). As a part of VTT MIKES operates under the administrative domain of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy.

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is the national metrology institute of the Federal Republic of Germany, with scientific and technical service tasks. It is a higher federal authority and a public-law institution directly under federal government control, without legal capacity, under the auspices of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action.
HIP 13044
HIP 13044 is a red horizontal-branch star about 2,300 light years (700 pc) from Earth in the constellation Fornax. The star is part of the Helmi stream, a former dwarf galaxy that merged with the Milky Way between six and nine billion years ago. As a result, HIP 13044 circles the Galactic Center at a highly irregular orbit with respect to the galactic plane. HIP 13044 is slightly less massive than the Sun, but is approximately seven times its size. The star, which is estimated to be at least nine billion years old, has passed the red-giant phase. The relatively fast rotation of the star may be due to having engulfed one or more planets during the red-giant phase.

Fornax
Fornax (/ˈfɔːrnæks/) is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, partly ringed by the celestial river Eridanus. Its name is Latin for furnace. It was named by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1756. Fornax is one of the 88 modern constellations.

The three brightest stars—Alpha, Beta and Nu Fornacis—form a flattened triangle facing south. With an apparent magnitude of 3.91, Alpha Fornacis is the brightest star in Fornax. Six star systems have been found to have exoplanets. The Fornax Dwarf galaxy is a small faint satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. NGC 1316 is a relatively close radio galaxy.

The Hubble Space Telescope's Ultra-Deep Field is located within Fornax.

It is the 41st largest constellation in the night-sky, occupying an area of 398 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +50° and -90° during the month of December.
History of English law
History of English law is the history of the legal system and laws of England.

Coverage of the history of English law is provided by:

Fundamental Laws of England

History of English land law

History of English contract law

History of English criminal law

History of trial by jury in England

History of the courts of England and Wales

History of English land law
The history of English land law can be traced back to Roman times. Throughout the Early Middle Ages, where England came under rule of post-Roman chieftains and Anglo-Saxon monarchs, land was the dominant source of personal wealth. English land law transformed further from the Anglo-Saxon days, particularly during the post-Norman Invasion feudal encastellation and the Industrial Revolution. As the political power of the landed aristocracy diminished and modern legislation increasingly made land a social form of wealth, subject to extensive social regulation such as for housing, national parks and agriculture.