hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Microphotonics
Microphotonics is a branch of technology that deals with directing light on a microscopic scale and is used in optical networking. Particularly, it refers to the branch of technology that deals with wafer-level integrated devices and systems that emit, transmit, detect, and process light along with other forms of radiant energy with photon as the quantum unit.

Microphotonics employs at least two different materials with a large differential index of refraction to squeeze the light down to a small size.  Generally speaking, virtually all of microphotonics relies on Fresnel reflection to guide the light.  If the photons reside mainly in the higher index material, the confinement is due to total internal reflection.  If the confinement is due many distributed Fresnel reflections, the device is termed a photonic crystal.  There are many different types of geometries used in microphotonics including optical waveguides, optical microcavities, and Arrayed waveguide gratings.

Arrayed waveguide grating
Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. These devices are capable of multiplexing many wavelengths into a single optical fiber, thereby increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks considerably.

The devices are based on a fundamental principle of optics, which states that light waves of different wavelengths do not interfere linearly with each other. This means that, if each channel in an optical communication network makes use of light of a slightly different wavelength, then the light from many of these channels can be carried by a single optical fiber with negligible crosstalk between the channels. The AWGs are used to multiplex channels of several wavelengths onto a single optical fiber at the transmission end and are also used as demultiplexers to retrieve individual channels of different wavelengths at the receiving end of an optical communication network.
Mashadi Abdul Muradli
Mashadi Abdul Muradli (Azerbaijani: Məşədi Əbdül Muradlı; b. 1844; Shusha, Elizavetpol Governorate, Russian Empire - d. 1900;  Shusha, Elizavetpol Governorate, Russian Empire) was an Azerbaijani poet and a member of Majlisi-Faramushan.

Elizavetpol Governorate
The Elizavetpol Governorate, also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, was a province (guberniya) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja). The area of the governorate stretched 38,922.43 square versts (44,296.15 square kilometres; 17,102.84 square miles) and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.
Nationalist Clubs
Nationalist Clubs were an organized network of socialist political groups which emerged at the end of the 1880s in the United States of America in an effort to make real the ideas advanced by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel Looking Backward. At least 165 Nationalist Clubs were formed by so-called "Bellamyites," who sought to remake the economy and society through the nationalization of industry. One of the last issues of The Nationalist noted that "over 500" had been formed. Owing to the growth of the Populist movement and the financial and physical difficulties suffered by Bellamy, the Bellamyite Nationalist Clubs began to dissipate in 1892, lost their national magazine in 1894, and vanished from the U.S. political scene entirely circa 1896. However the movement had an impact by causing other socialist parties to be started in the U.S. and had an impact on politics in other countries even after 1896.

Morris Hillquit
Morris Hillquit (August 1, 1869 – October 8, 1933) was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side. Together with Eugene V. Debs and Congressman Victor L. Berger, Hillquit was one of the leading public faces of American socialism during the first two decades of the 20th century.

In November 1917, running on an anti-war platform, Hillquit garnered more than 100,000 votes as the Socialist candidate for mayor of New York City. Hillquit again ran for mayor of New York in 1932. He also stood as a candidate for the United States Congress five times over the course of his life.
2009 Bauer Watertechnology Cup
The 2009 Bauer Watertechnology Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the thirteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Eckental, Germany between 2 and 8 November 2009.

2009 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2009 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 20 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and 142 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $150,000.
Nebahne Yohannes
Nebahne Yohannes claimed the imperial title nəgusä nägäst "King of Kings" of Ethiopia (1709 – July 1710) during the reign of Emperor Tewoflos.

According to E. A. Wallis Budge, he was supported by Satuni Yohannes (who had been involved in the death of the previous Emperor, Tekle Haymanot I, the nephew of Tewoflos) and Mamo. Nebahne was caught in flight at Ebenat, and after having his nose and ears cut off was set free. However, James Bruce states that Nebahne was supported by Tige, a former Ras Bitwoded, who had been imprisoned in Hamasien but managed to escape to his kindred Oromo where he raised an army. Bruce also writes that the decisive battle was fought at Yebaba on 28 March 1709; although the ultimate fate of Nebahne Yohannes is unknown, Tige and his two sons were killed by a peasant who afterwards presented their heads to Emperor Tewoflos.

Tekle Haymanot I
Tekle Haymanot I (Ge'ez: ተክለ ሃይማኖት), throne name Le`al Sagad (Ge'ez: ለዓለ ሰገድ,  28 March 1684 – 30 June 1708) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 27 March 1706 until his death in 1708, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. He was the son of Iyasu I and Empress Malakotawit.  He is often referred to as "Irgum Tekle Haymanot" or "Tekle Haymanot the Cursed".
Stan Longinidis
Stan "The Man" Longinidis (born 25 June 1965) is an Australian retired heavyweight kickboxer and 8-time world kickboxing champion. Born in Melbourne of Greek ethnicity, Longinidis is one of the few fighters to win world titles in four different styles of kickboxing competition: international rules, Oriental rules, full contact and Muay Thai. He holds notable victories over Branko Cikatić, Adam Watt, Peter Graham, Musashi and Dennis Alexio.

He is also an actor and motivational speaker.

Karate International Council of Kickboxing
The Karate International Council of Kickboxing (KICK) was a sanctioning body that regulates kickboxing matches.  It is considered among the more prestigious organizations that sanction professional kickboxing.

KICK was organized in 1982 by Frank Babcock, Fred Wren, Larry Caster, Bob Wall and Roy Kurban, with martial arts icon Chuck Norris serving as a goodwill ambassador.  It grew into one of the largest kickboxing organizations of the 1980s.
Hürlimann Brewery
Hürlimann Brewery is a former brewery in Zürich, Switzerland, now owned by the Rheinfelden, Aargau based brewery Feldschlösschen, which is owned by Carlsberg.

Hurlimann was founded in 1836 by Albert Hürlimann, and its management was in the same family for five generations. Hurlimann was one of the principal brewing companies of Switzerland (the other big ones being Calanda Bräu, Feldschlösschen and Cardinal Brewery).

The founder was a world leader in the scientific study of yeast, and the brewery had a long history of yeast development.

Pale lager
Pale lager is a pale-to-golden lager beer with a well-attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness.

In the mid-19th century, Gabriel Sedlmayr took British pale ale brewing and malt making techniques back to the Spaten Brewery in Germany and applied them to existing lagering methods. The resulting beers gradually spread around the globe to become the most common form of beer consumed in the world today.
Takis
Takis is a Mexican brand of flavored rolled tortilla chips produced by Barcel, a subsidiary of Grupo Bimbo. First sold in Mexico in 1999 as Taquis, the brand was renamed to Takis in 2004. Barcel originally intended to aim Takis towards a Hispanic demographic, but its popularity quickly spread. The snack was introduced to the United States in 2001 and to Canada in 2015.

Takis chips come in numerous flavors, the best selling of which is the chili-lime "Fuego" flavor, sold in distinctive purple bags, introduced in 2006. The shape of Takis is fashioned after the taquito. Besides the rolled corn chips, Takis produces other snacks with the same flavor lines, including different potato chip varieties, corn "stix", and peanuts.

Tajín seasoning
Tajín Clásico, often referred to as simply Tajín (Spanish pronunciation: [taˈxin]), is a Mexican spice mix consisting predominantly of lime, chili peppers and salt. It is used in a variety of preparations.
Glenoaks Boulevard
Glenoaks Boulevard is a major thoroughfare in Los Angeles County, which stretches some 22.4 miles as a north-south thoroughfare in Sylmar at its intersection with Foothill Boulevard to a west-east thoroughfare in Glendale before ending in the Scholl Canyon area as a minor street. It passes through much of the San Fernando Valley including San Fernando, Pacoima, and Sun Valley. It is also a north-south thoroughfare in Burbank. Glenoaks Boulevard runs east of and parallel to Interstate 5 (Golden State Freeway) in San Fernando and Burbank, and north of and parallel to State Route 134 (Ventura Freeway) in Glendale.

The median of Glenoaks Boulevard formerly carried Pacific Electric Railway trains from Brand Boulevard in Glendale to Eton Drive in Burbank. This Glendale–Burbank Line was cut back to Cypress Avenue in 1940 and replaced by buses in 1955.

Pacoima, Los Angeles
Pacoima (Tataviam: Pakoinga, meaning "entrance") is a neighborhood in the northeast San Fernando Valley, within the city of Los Angeles, California. It is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the San Fernando Valley.
British folk revival
The British folk revival incorporates a number of movements for the collection, preservation and performance of folk music in the United Kingdom and related territories and countries, which had origins as early as the 18th century. It is particularly associated with two movements, usually referred to as the first and second revivals, respectively in the late 19th to early 20th centuries and the mid-20th century. The first included increased interest in and study of traditional folk music, the second was a part of the birth of contemporary folk music. These had a profound impact on the development of British classical music and in the creation of a "national" or "pastoral" school and led to the creation of a sub-culture of folk clubs and folk festivals as well as influential subgenres including progressive folk music and British folk rock.

Child Ballads
The Child Ballads are 305 traditional ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, anthologized by Francis James Child during the second half of the 19th century. Their lyrics and Child's studies of them were published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. The tunes of most of the ballads were collected and published by Bertrand Harris Bronson in and around the 1960s.
Quarter hypercubic honeycomb
In geometry, the quarter hypercubic honeycomb (or quarter n-cubic honeycomb) is a dimensional infinite series of honeycombs, based on the hypercube honeycomb. It is given a Schläfli symbol q{4,3...3,4} or Coxeter symbol qδ4 representing the regular form with three quarters of the vertices removed and containing the symmetry of Coxeter group  for n ≥ 5, with  =  and for quarter n-cubic honeycombs  = .

Honeycomb (geometry)
In geometry, a honeycomb is a space filling or close packing of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions. Its dimension can be clarified as n-honeycomb for a honeycomb of n-dimensional space.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic honeycombs.  Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.
Robert A. Gardner (politician)
Robert A. Gardner (born September 22, 1945) is an Ohio politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate. He represented the 18th district, which encompassed all of Lake County as well as portions of Cuyahoga and Geauga Counties, from 1997 to 2004. He was succeeded by Tim Grendell. Along with his stint in the Ohio Senate, he also made an unsuccessful bid for the United States House of Representatives in 1992, losing to Eric Fingerhut.

Eric Fingerhut
Eric David Fingerhut (born May 6, 1959) is an American politician, attorney, and academic administrator serving as the president and CEO of the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA). Prior to his appointment at JFNA, he served as president and CEO of Hillel International from 2013 to 2019. Earlier, he served as the corporate Vice President of Education and STEM Learning business at Battelle Memorial Institute, Chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents, Ohio state senator and member of the United States House of Representatives for one term.

Fingerhut was appointed Chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents on March 14, 2007 by Governor Ted Strickland. This position is a member of the Ohio Governor's Cabinet. On February 22, 2011, he submitted his resignation to Gov. John Kasich, effective March 14, 2011, after serving four years of his five-year term.
Andrea Mocenigo
Andrea Mocenigo (after 1471 – 1542), son of Lunardo, was a Venetian senator of the republic and a historian and in 1495 protonotary apostolic.  He composed a work on the League of Cambrai entitled Belli memorabilis Cameracensis adversus Venetos historiae libri vi (Venice, 1525).

Protonotary apostolic
In the Catholic Church, protonotary apostolic  (PA; Latin: protonotarius apostolicus) is the title for a member of the highest non-episcopal college of prelates in the Roman Curia or, outside Rome, an honorary prelate on whom the pope has conferred this title and its special privileges. An example is Prince Georg of Bavaria (1880–1943), who became in 1926 protonotary by papal decree.
Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter
The Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter is a long-range heavy military cargo aircraft developed from the B-29 and B-50 bombers.

C-97s served in the Berlin Airlift, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Some aircraft served as flying command posts for the Strategic Air Command, while others were modified for use in Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadrons (ARRS).

Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
The Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major is an American 28-cylinder four-row radial piston aircraft engine designed and built during World War II. At 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), it is the largest-displacement aviation piston engine to be mass-produced in the United States, and at 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) the most powerful. The prototype first ran on 28 April 1941, with production-standard engines running in 1944. It was the last of the Pratt & Whitney Wasp family, and the culmination of its maker's piston engine technology.

The war was over before it could power airplanes into combat. It powered many of the last generation of large piston-engined aircraft before turbojets, but was supplanted by equivalent (and superior) powered turboprops (such as the Allison T56).

Its main rival was the twin-row, 18-cylinder, nearly 3,350 cu in (54.9 L) displacement, up to 3,700 hp (2,800 kW) Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone, first run some seven years earlier (May 1937).
Nuoragana
Nuoragana (Russian: Нуорагана; Yakut: Нуораҕана, Nuorağana) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Zhabylsky Rural Okrug of Megino-Kangalassky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 76 kilometers (47 mi) from Mayya, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 718, down from 773 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Mayya (rural locality)
Mayya (Russian: Майя, Yakut: Майа, Maya) is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of the Selo of Maya of Megino-Kangalassky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 34 kilometers (21 mi) from Nizhny Bestyakh, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 7,288, of whom 3,385 were male and 3,903 female, up from 7,023 as recorded during the 2002 Census.
Eclecticism
Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases. However, this is often without conventions or rules dictating how or which theories were combined.

Eclecticism in ethics, philosophy, politics, and religion is often compared to syncretism, but the two concepts differ in their approach to combining elements from different traditions. While syncretism in religion involves the merging or assimilation of several distinct traditions into a new, unified system, eclecticism adopts elements from various systems without necessarily integrating them into a single cohesive framework. This distinction allows for a broader, more inclusive approach in eclecticism, where the selection is based on individual merit or preference rather than an attempt to create a new unified tradition.

Platonic Academy
37°59′33″N 23°42′29″E﻿ / ﻿37.99250°N 23.70806°E﻿ / 37.99250; 23.70806

The Academy (Ancient Greek: Ἀκαδημία, romanized: Akadēmia) was founded by Plato in ca. 387 BC in Athens. Aristotle studied there for twenty years (367 BC – 347 BC) before founding his own school, the Lyceum. The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC. Although philosophers continued to teach Plato's philosophy in Athens during the Roman era, it was not until AD 410 that a revived Academy was re-established as a center for Neoplatonism, persisting until 529 AD when it was closed down by Justinian I.

The academy is regarded as the first institution of higher education in the west, where subjects as diverse as biology, geography, astronomy, mathematics, history, and many more were taught and investigated. It has been regarded as perhaps the earliest structured academy for political science in antiquity.
Polish National Flag Day
The Polish National Flag Day, also known as the Day of the Flag of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), is a national holiday in Poland which takes place on 2 May every year. The holiday is celebrated  on the day between two national holidays: 1 May (called International Workers' Day) and 3 May (Constitution Day).

The Polish Diaspora Day is likewise celebrated on this date.

While not a public holiday in Poland, many people take this day off as it is between two national holidays.

3 May Constitution Day
3 May Constitution Day (also Third May National Holiday; Polish: Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja) is a Polish national and public holiday. It celebrates the declaration of the Constitution of 3 May 1791—the first modern constitution in Europe. Festivities date back to the Duchy of Warsaw early in the 19th century, but it became an official holiday only in 1919 in the Second Polish Republic. Delisted during the Polish People's Republic, it was reestablished after the fall of communism in modern Poland.
Progressive Advance
Progressive Advance (Spanish: Avanzada Progresista) is an anti-Chavista progressive political party in Venezuela, founded by former members of For Social Democracy (PODEMOS), Fatherland for All and the United Socialist Party of Venezuela in June 2012. The party's current general secretary is Luis Augusto Romero.

United Socialist Party of Venezuela
The United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Spanish: Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela, PSUV, [peˈsuβ, peˈsuβe]) is a socialist political party and the ruling party of Venezuela. It was formed in 2007 from a merger of some of the political and social forces that support the Bolivarian Revolution begun by President Hugo Chávez. At the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, PSUV lost its majority in the National Assembly for the first time since the unicameral legislature's creation in 2000 against the Democratic Unity Roundtable, winning 55 out of the National Assembly's 167 seats. In the 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election, amid a widespread opposition boycott, they won back a supermajority of the chamber.
Indonesian identity card
The Indonesian identity card (Indonesian: Kartu Tanda Penduduk, abbr. KTP), is a compulsory identity card for Indonesian citizens and residents with a valid resident permit. The card is issued upon reaching the age of 17 or upon marriage. For Indonesian citizens, the card is valid for life (previously it was only valid for 5 years for citizens under 60 years old). For non-Indonesian citizens, it is valid for as long as their residency permit allows. Since 2011, the Indonesian government has issued an electronic version of the card, known as the e-KTP (KTP elektronik), which contains an embedded microchip.

Government of Indonesia
The term Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, abbr. GOI, sometimes also referred to as Government of Indonesia or the Central Government (Indonesian: Pemerintah Pusat) especially in laws) can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the executive and legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the executive branch in the form of the President of Indonesia, as assisted by the Vice President and the Cabinet, as this is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day governance.