hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Friends of Science in Medicine
The Friends of Science In Medicine (FSM) is an Australian association which supports evidence-based medicine and strongly opposes the promotion and practice of unsubstantiated therapies that lack a scientifically plausible rationale. They accomplish this by publicly raising their concerns either through direct correspondence (E.g. the Australian government, universities, etc.) or through media outlets. FSM was established in December 2011 by Loretta Marron, John Dwyer, Alastair MacLennan, Rob Morrison and Marcello Costa, a group of Australian biomedical scientists and clinical academics.

Australian Skeptics
Australian Skeptics is a loose confederation of like-minded organisations across Australia that began in 1980. Australian Skeptics investigate paranormal and pseudoscientific claims using scientific methodologies. This page covers all Australian skeptical groups which are of this mindset. The name "Australian Skeptics" can be confused with one of the more prominent groups, "Australian Skeptics Inc", which is based in Sydney and is one of the central organising groups within Australian Skeptics.
The Fighting Ranger (1948 film)
The Fighting Ranger is a 1948 American Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and written by Ronald Davidson. The film stars Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, Christine Larson, Marshall Reed, Eddie Parker, and Charlie Hughes. The film was released on August 15, 1948, by Monogram Pictures.

Monogram Pictures
Monogram Pictures Corporation was an American film studio that produced mostly low-budget films between 1931 and 1953, when the firm completed a transition to the name Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was among the minor studios in the golden age of Hollywood, generally referred to collectively as Poverty Row. Of the 11 permanent studios in Hollywood at the time, ranked in order of size, MGM was #1 -- and Monogram was #10 (the only one smaller was PRC).

The Monogram trademark is now owned by Allied Artists International. The original sprawling brick complex which functioned as home to both Monogram and Allied Artists remains at 4376 W Sunset Blvd, as part of the Church of Scientology Media Center (formerly KCET's television facilities).
Bérenger de Landore
Bérenger de Landore (also Berengar of Landorra, of Landorre; Berenguel de Landoria, Landória, or Landoira) (1262–1330) was a French Dominican, who became Master of the Order of Preachers (1312–1317), and then Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (1317-1330). He was from a noble family of southern France.

Master of the Order of Preachers
The Master of the Order of Preachers is the Superior General of the Order of Preachers, commonly known as the Dominicans.

The Master of the Order of Preachers is ex officio Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome, Italy, and of the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.

Fr. Gerard Francisco Timoner III serves as Master of the Order, since his 2019 election at the General Chapter held in Biên Hòa.
Jean-Michel Byron
Jean-Michel Byron (born 13 October 1957 as Jean-Michel Byron DuPlessis) is a South African-born funk and rock vocalist. The singer-songwriter is best known for serving for a time as the lead vocalist for the rock band Toto for new material on their first greatest hits album, Past to Present, as well as the band's Greatest Hits Live...and More project. Byron was the fourth frontman in the band's history, replacing Joseph Williams after Williams had suffered from voice issues due to intense touring as well as drug abuse. The South African singer was pushed heavily by the group's record label. The line-up change divided Toto's band-members, yet key group member Jeff Porcaro expressed support at first. His tenure with the band ended up being both brief and highly controversial with fans. In more recent years, Byron has collaborated with the jazz fusion group Michael Sanders & the One Tribe Nation.

Joseph Williams (musician)
Joseph Williams (born September 1, 1960) is an American singer, songwriter and film score composer, best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band Toto from 1986 to 1988 and again since 2010. Outside of Toto, he has worked as a composer and studio vocalist, including providing the singing voice of Simba in the 1994 animated film The Lion King.
State Library of North Carolina
The State Library of North Carolina serves North Carolina libraries, state government employees, and citizens. The library is the main depository for North Carolina state publications and serves North Carolina government agencies and employees by providing access to information resources pertinent to public decision-making and economic development.

The State Library of North Carolina is a division of the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, an agency that promotes and protects North Carolina’s arts, history, and culture.

The library has two locations in the state capital, Raleigh.  The main building is located on East Jones Street next to the North Carolina State Legislative Building and near the North Carolina Museum of History and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. The Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped is located on Capital Boulevard.

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (NCMNS) is a natural history museum in Raleigh, North Carolina. The museum is the oldest in the state, and the largest natural history museum in the Southeastern United States.

The museum is made up of six facilities, divided between five campuses. The newest facility, the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences at Greenville, was announced in 2020 and opened to the public on September 18, 2021. NCMNS is a division of the state Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.
MV Stirlingshire (1944)
Stirlingshire was a 7,067 GRT refrigerated cargo liner that was built in 1944 by Harland & Wolff Ltd, Belfast, United Kingdom as Empire Falkland for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT. She was sold into merchant service in 1946 and renamed Stirlingshire.  She served until 1966, when she was scrapped.

Cargo liner
A cargo liner, also known as a passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman, is a type of merchant ship which carries general cargo and often passengers.

They became common just after the middle of the 19th century, and eventually gave way to container ships and other more specialized carriers in the latter half of the 20th century.
Tigidia gens
The gens Tigidia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  The only member of this gens to appear in history was Sextus Tigidius Perennis, prefect of the praetorian guard early in the reign of Commodus, but others are known from inscriptions.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Sisters of St. Francis of the Martyr St. George
The Sisters of St. Francis of the Martyr St. George is a Roman Catholic Congregation of consecrated women whose spirituality is derived from St. Francis of Assisi. Mother M. Anselma Bopp and Father John Gerard Dall founded the Order in Thuine, Germany, in 1869. The Order expanded to the U.S. in 1923 with the founding of a Provincialate and Novitiate in Alton, Illinois, which continues to be the location of the Provincial House. They are also located in other areas of Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, New Jersey, Ohio, Washington, D.C., and Wisconsin, as well as on missions in Brazil and Cuba.

Catholic Diocese of Lincoln
The Diocese of Lincoln (Latin: Dioecesis Lincolnensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese in Nebraska, United States, and comprises the majority of the eastern and central portions of the state south of the Platte River. It is a suffragan see to the archdiocese of Omaha. The episcopal see is in Lincoln, Nebraska. The diocese was established in 1887, following the arrival of many Irish, German and Czech Catholic immigrants to the region. Bishop James D. Conley has been bishop there since 2012. The Cathedral of the Risen Christ is the cathedral parish of the diocese.
Favian Loyola
Favian Antonio Loyola (born 18 May 2005) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga de Primera club Audax Italiano. Born in the United States, he represented the United States internationally up to under-19 level before switching to represent Chile at under-20 level.

Orlando City SC
Orlando City Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in Orlando, Florida. The club competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. Owned by Zygi, Leonard, and Mark Wilf, it is the sister club of the National Women's Soccer League's Orlando Pride and MLS Next Pro's Orlando City B. The team plays its home games in downtown Orlando at Inter&Co Stadium, which is owned and operated by the club.

The team played as a charter member of the USL Pro, winning three Commissioner's Cups and two league championships in its first four seasons. The victories led to a successful bid to enter MLS, the highest level of the United States soccer league system, debuting in its 2015 season alongside New York City FC, and selling their USL franchise rights to Louisville City FC. Since its purchase by the Wilf family in 2021, the club has qualified twice for the CONCACAF Champions Cup, and won the U.S. Open Cup in 2022.
1941 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1927 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 36th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Boherlahan won the championship after a 2–02 to 0–06 defeat of Éire Óg Annacarty in the final. It was their 10th championship title overall and their first title since 1928.

1928 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1928 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 37th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Boherlahan won the championship after a 5–04 to 2–02 defeat of Clonoulty in the final. It was their ninth championship title overall and their second title in succession.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Iowa
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Iowa.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Carroll County, Iowa, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 19 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 21, 2025.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa
This is a list of properties and historic districts in Iowa that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are listings in all of Iowa's 99 counties, adding up to over 2,300 total.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 13, 2026.
El Allia
El Allia (Arabic: اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ) is a town and commune in El Hadjira District, Ouargla Province, Algeria. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 7,509, up from 6,530 in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 1.4%.

Touggourt
Touggourt (Arabic: ﺗﻗﺮت or تڤرت; Berber languages: ⵜⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, romanized: Tugurt, lit. 'the gateway' or 'the gate') is a city and commune, former sultanate and capital of Touggourt District, in Touggourt Province, Algeria, built next to an oasis in the Sahara. As of the 2008 census, the commune had a population of 39,409 people, up from 32,940 in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 1.8%. Touggourt's urban area includes the communes of Nezla, Tebesbest and Zaouia El Abidia, for a total population of 146,108.

Touggourt is notable for its date trees. It was formerly surrounded by a moat, which the French filled up. Bradt Travel Guides describe it as "largely a modern town of block architecture" and "largely unattractive. The centre is quiet most of the day due to the heat but is more active at night when people take to the streets."
Crucified boy
"Crucified Boy" (Russian: Распятый мальчик, romanized: Raspyaty malchik) is a reference to an anti-Ukrainian fake news story spread, among others, by Russian state-owned Channel One on July 12, 2014.

The story was first published by Eurasianist philosopher Aleksandr Dugin on 9 July 2014. It was then republished in news reports, officially titled "A refugee from Sloviansk recalls how a young son and a wife of a militiaman were executed in front of her". It contained allegations of a public crucifixion of a three-year-old boy performed by Ukrainian soldiers at "Lenin Square" in Sloviansk, as told by an alleged resident of Sloviansk, Halyna Pyshnyak (Ukrainian: Галина Пишняк, Russian: Галина Пышняк), a native of Zakarpattya. The story has become a staple example of Russian fake news.

The spread of the story served to distract from the Donetsk People's Republic's withdrawal from Sloviansk, and the cross-border shelling of Ukraine by Russian armed forces.

2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine
The Russian cross-border artillery shelling of Ukraine happened in July–September 2014 amidst the war in Donbas to prevent the defeat of the self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. The Russian Armed Forces performed a series of artillery strikes targeting Ukrainian troops in the Donbas region of Ukraine.
2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 2022 United States Senate election in South Carolina was held on November 8, 2022, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Republican Senator Tim Scott won reelection to a second full term, defeating state representative Krystle Matthews. This was the third consecutive election for this seat where both major party nominees were black.

Scott was appointed to the U.S. Senate in 2013 following the resignation of fellow Republican Jim DeMint. With 61.1% of the vote, he won the 2014 special election to serve the remainder of DeMint's term. Scott was then re-elected to a full six-year term in 2016 with 60.6% of the vote.

Primary elections in South Carolina were held on June 14, 2022. Scott won the Republican primary unopposed, while Matthews won the Democratic primary in a June 28 runoff.

Scott has said this election would be his last, and will not run again in 2028.

2016 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 2016 United States Senate election in South Carolina was held on November 8, 2016, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of South Carolina, concurrently with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Both major parties held their primaries on June 14.

Incumbent Republican Senator Tim Scott won re-election to a first full term in office.

This was the second U.S. Senate election in South Carolina (and the second of three consecutive elections for this seat) where both major party nominees were black, and the third overall since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment.
Bicinchoninic acid assay
The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay), also known as the Smith assay, after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company, is a biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (0.5 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL), similar to Lowry protein assay, Bradford protein assay or biuret reagent. The total protein concentration is exhibited by a color change of the sample solution from blue to purple in proportion to protein concentration, which can then be measured using colorimetric techniques. The BCA assay was patented by Pierce Chemical Company in 1989 & the patent expired in 2006.

Sodium tartrate
Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) is a salt used as an emulsifier and a binding agent in food products such as jellies, margarine, and sausage casings.  As a food additive, it is known by the E number E335.

It is made by the combination reaction of baking soda/sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with tartaric acid.

Because its crystal structure captures a very precise amount of water, it is also a common primary standard for Karl Fischer titration, a common technique to assay water content.
Juanito (footballer, born 1954)
Juan Gómez González (10 November 1954 – 2 April 1992), known as Juanito, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward.

A player with tremendous dribbling ability whose career was overshadowed by a fierce character, he was best known for his Real Madrid years. He died in a road accident at the age of 37.

Growing up, he supported Real Zaragoza, but as he approached his adulthood he began supporting Real Madrid. Upon his presentation in 1977, he said: "Playing for Real Madrid is like touching the sky, Real Madrid has always been my first choice as a team and Madrid has always been my favorite as a city". Over 13 seasons, he amassed La Liga totals of 350 matches and 99 goals.

Juanito earned more than 30 caps for Spain, representing the nation in two World Cups and one European Championship.

1979–80 Copa del Rey
The 1979–80 Copa del Rey was the 78th staging of the Spanish Cup, the annual domestic cup competition in the Spanish football. The tournament was attended by 226 teams from the main categories of Spanish football.

The tournament began on 11 September 1979 and ended on 4 June 1980 with the final, held in Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid.

The final was an unusual event as Real Madrid CF faced their reserve team Castilla CF. The final score was 6–1 with Real Madrid getting their fourteenth title. This win added to the league title gave the double (third in their history) and Castilla CF qualified directly for the next edition of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

The revelation of the tournament Castilla CF, became the third team from the second division to reach the final.

The defending champions, Valencia CF, were defeated 3–2 (on aggregate score) by Sporting de Gijón in the round of 16.
Principality of Salerno
40°41′0″N 14°46′0″E﻿ / ﻿40.68333°N 14.76667°E﻿ / 40.68333; 14.76667

The Principality of Salerno (Latin: Principatus Salerni) was a medieval Southern European state, formed in 851 out of the Principality of Benevento after a decade-long civil war. It was centred on the port city of Salerno. Although it owed allegiance at its foundation to the Carolingian emperor, it was de facto independent throughout its history and alternated its allegiance between the Carolingians and their successors in the West and the Byzantine emperors in the east.

Amalfi
Amalfi (UK: /əˈmælfi/, US: /ɑːˈmɑːlfi/, Italian: [aˈmalfi]) is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 metres, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery. The town of Amalfi was the capital of the maritime republic known as the Duchy of Amalfi, an important trading power in the Mediterranean between 839 and around 1200. It has 4,611 inhabitants.

The town became a popular seaside resort beginning in the Edwardian era, with members of the British upper class spending their winters in Amalfi. Amalfi is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
MAP2K7
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, also known as MAP kinase kinase 7 or MKK7, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K7 gene. This protein is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family. The MKK7 protein exists as six different isoforms with three possible N-termini (α, β, and γ isoforms) and two possible C-termini (1 and 2 isoforms).

MKK7 is involved in signal transduction mediating the cell responses to proinflammatory cytokines, and environmental stresses. This kinase specifically activates MAPK8/JNK1 and MAPK9/JNK2, and this kinase itself is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase kinase kinases including MAP3K1/MEKK1, MAP3K2/MEKK2, MAP3K3/MEKK5, and MAP4K2/GCK.

MKK7 is ubiquitously expressed in all tissue. However, it displays a higher level of expression in skeletal muscle.  Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found.

Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Threonine is synthesized from aspartate in bacteria such as E. coli. It is encoded by all the codons starting AC (ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG).

Threonine sidechains are often hydrogen bonded; the most common small motifs formed are based on interactions with serine: ST turns, ST motifs (often at the beginning of alpha helices) and ST staples (usually at the middle of alpha helices).
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament.

Disarmament and non-proliferation treaties have been agreed upon because of the extreme danger intrinsic to nuclear war and the possession of nuclear weapons.

Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring, especially considering accidents or retaliatory strikes from false alarms. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence and make conventional wars more common.

Nevada Desert Experience
Nevada Desert Experience is a name for the movement to stop U.S. nuclear weapons testing that came into use in the middle 1980s. It is also the name of an anti-nuclear organization which continues to create public events to question the morality and intelligence of the U.S. nuclear weapons program, with a main focus on the United States Department of Energy's (DOE) Nevada National Security Site (formerly called the Nevada Test Site or the Nevada Proving Ground).
Kobe Tunnel
Kobe Tunnel (神戸トンネル, Kobe tonneru) is a railway tunnel on JR's Sanyo Shinkansen line located between Shin-Kobe Station and Nishi-Akashi Station in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture next to Rokko Tunnel with total length of 7.970km. It was built and completed in 1972.

Shin-Kōbe Station
Shin-Kōbe station (Japanese: 新神戸駅, Hepburn: Shin-Kōbe-eki; lit. 'New Kōbe Station') is a railway station on the San'yō Shinkansen and the Seishin-Yamate Line serving the city of Kobe, Japan, and the surrounding area. It is located to the north of Kobe city centre, at the foot of Mount Rokkō. The Shinkansen trains mostly run inside tunnels under the mountains in this area. The station exists in a small space in between two long tunnels (Rokkō and Kobe Tunnels).

This station was newly built for the San'yō Shinkansen and is connected with the city center by the Kobe Municipal Subway.