hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data
In molecular phylogenetics, relationships among individuals are determined using character traits, such as DNA, RNA or protein, which may be obtained using a variety of sequencing technologies. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has become a popular technique in transcriptomics, which represent a snapshot of gene expression. In eukaryotes, making phylogenetic inferences using RNA is complicated by alternative splicing, which produces multiple transcripts from a single gene. As such, a variety of approaches may be used to improve phylogenetic inference using transcriptomic data obtained from RNA-Seq and processed using computational phylogenetics.

Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs).

Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
Julius A. Schmahl
Julius August Schmahl (August 1, 1867 – April 10, 1955) was a Minnesota politician, and a member of the Republican Party. He served nearly four decades in statewide elective office, as Minnesota's Secretary of State and Treasurer. He was a newspaper reporter and was the editor of the Redwood Falls Gazette newspaper.

Minnesota State Treasurer
The state treasurer of Minnesota was a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Twenty-six individuals occupied the office of state treasurer from 1858 until the office's abolition in 2003. The final state treasurer was Carol C. Johnson, a DFLer.
Sigma Coronae Borealis
Sigma Coronae Borealis (σ CrB) is a star system in the constellation of Corona Borealis. It is a quintuple star system containing three sunlike main-sequence stars and two other low-mass stars. The combined visual magnitude is 5.3 and the system lies 74 light years from Earth. σ CrB A is the variable star TZ Coronae Borealis.

Star system
A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction. It may sometimes be used to refer to a single star. A large group of stars bound by gravitation is generally called a star cluster or galaxy, although, broadly speaking, they are also star systems. Star systems are not to be confused with planetary systems, which include planets and similar bodies (such as comets).
Ang Huling Pagluha
Ang Huling Pagluha ("The Final Shedding of Tears") was the first novel of Filipino novelist Iñigo Ed. Regalado that appeared on the pages of the Tagalog-language magazine Liwayway.  It began as a serial novel in Liwayway on 30 June 1926.  The 283-page book version was published in 1933 in Manila, Philippines by the Bahay Aklatan "Ang Pagsilang" (Library House "The Birth") during the American era in Philippine history (1898-1946). Ang Huling Pagluha was one of the novels Regalado had written during the Golden Age of the Tagalog Novel (1905-1935).

Liwayway
Liwayway (Tagalog word meaning "dawn") is a leading Tagalog weekly magazine published in the Philippines since 1922. It contains Tagalog serialized novels, short stories, poetry, serialized comics, essays, news features, entertainment news and articles, and many others. In fact, it is the oldest Tagalog magazine in the Philippines. Its sister publications are Bannawag, Bisaya Magasin, and Hiligaynon.
2012 Sydney Motorsport Park 360
The 2012 Sydney Motorsport Park 360 was a motor race for the Australian sedan-based V8 Supercars. It was the ninth event of the 2012 International V8 Supercars Championship. It was held on the weekend of 25–26 August at the Sydney Motorsport Park, in Eastern Creek, New South Wales.

It was the first V8 Supercars event held at the circuit since 2008, when the circuit was known as Eastern Creek Raceway. The V8 Supercars used the traditional 3.93 km Gardner Circuit as opposed to the new 4.7 km Brabham Circuit. It was also the first of three events held in New South Wales and the last before the endurance races (the Sandown 500, Bathurst 1000 and Gold Coast 600).

2012 International V8 Supercars Championship
The 2012 International V8 Supercar Championship (often simplified to the 2012 V8 Supercars Championship) was an FIA-sanctioned international motor racing series for V8 Supercars. It was the fourteenth running of the V8 Supercar Championship Series and the sixteenth series in which V8 Supercars have contested the premier Australian touring car title. The championship began on 1 March at the Clipsal 500 and concluded on 2 December at the Homebush Street Circuit.

Jamie Whincup and Triple Eight Race Engineering started the season as the defending drivers' and teams' champions.

Whincup successfully defended his drivers' championship, wrapping up the title at Winton, with Triple Eight Race Engineering also wrapping up the teams' championship. Whincup's teammate Craig Lowndes took second in the points standings from Mark Winterbottom of Ford Performance Racing.
John Prince's Street
John Prince's Street, also Princes Street, is a street in Marylebone in the City of Westminster in central London that runs from Margaret Street in the north to Oxford Street in the south. It is joined on its eastern side by Great Castle Street.

Marylebone
Marylebone (usually /ˈmɑːrlɪbən/ MAR-lib-ən, also /ˈmærɪ(lə)bən/ MARR-il-ə-bən, MARR-ib-ən) is an area in London, England, and is located in the City of Westminster. It is in Central London and part of the West End. Oxford Street forms its southern boundary.

An ancient parish and latterly a metropolitan borough, it merged with the boroughs of Westminster and Paddington to form the new City of Westminster in 1965.

Marylebone station lies two miles north-west of Charing Cross.

The area is also served by numerous tube stations: Baker Street, Bond Street, Edgware Road (Bakerloo line), Edgware Road (Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines), Great Portland Street, Marble Arch, Marylebone, Oxford Circus, and Regent's Park.
Omaveloxolone
Omaveloxolone, sold under the brand name Skyclarys, is a medication used for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia. It is taken by mouth.

The most common side effects include an increase in alanine transaminase and an increase of aspartate aminotransferase, which can be signs of liver damage, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea and musculoskeletal pain.

Omaveloxolone was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2023, and in the European Union in February 2024. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to prevent spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats. In cells, antioxidants such as glutathione, mycothiol, or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, inhibit damage from oxidative stress.

Dietary antioxidants are vitamins A, C, and E, but the term has also been applied to various compounds that exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro, having little evidence for antioxidant properties in vivo. Dietary supplements marketed as antioxidants have not been shown to maintain health or prevent disease in humans.
Queen Marau
Johanna Marau Taʻaroa a Tepau Salmon (24 April 1860 – 2 February 1935) was the last Queen of Tahiti as the wife of King Pōmare V, who ruled from 1877 to 1880. Her name means "Much unique cleaning of the splash" in the Tahitian language.

Pōmare IV
Pōmare IV (28 February 1813 – 17 September 1877), more properly ʻAimata Pōmare IV Vahine-o-Punuateraʻitua (otherwise known as ʻAimata – "eye-eater", after an old custom of the ruler to eat the eye of the defeated foe), was the Queen of Tahiti between 1827 and 1877. She was the fourth monarch of the Kingdom of Tahiti.
Bembridge School And Cliffs SSSI
Bembridge School And Cliffs SSSI (grid reference ST647869) is a 12.58 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Bembridge on the Isle of Wight, notified in 1999.

It is listed in the Geological Conservation Review.
This site consists of the coastral strip in the northern part of Whitecliff Bay. Steyne Wood Clays containing fossils from the Quaternary period are found at the site.

Bembridge
Bembridge is a village and civil parish located on the easternmost point of the Isle of Wight. It had a population of 3,848 according to the 2001 census of the United Kingdom, leading to the implausible claim by some residents that Bembridge is the largest village in England. Bembridge is home to many of the Island's wealthiest residents. The population had reduced to 3,688 at the 2011 Census.

Bembridge sits at the extreme eastern point of the Isle of Wight. Prior to land reclamation the area of Bembridge and Yaverland was almost an island, separated from the remainder of the Isle of Wight by Brading Haven. On the Joan Blaeu map of 1665, Bembridge is shown as Binbridge Iſle, nearly separated from the rest of Wight by River Yar.

Prior to the Victorian era Bembridge was a collection of wooden huts and farmhouses, which only consolidated into a true village with the building of the church in 1827 (later rebuilt in 1846).
Arria Ly
Arria Ly (real name Joséphine Gondon; March 24, 1881 – December 19, 1934) was a journalist, writer, lecturer and radical French feminist in the early twentieth century. Ly, who was known for her aggressive and impassioned rhetoric style, popularized radical feminist ideas, arguing for perpetual celibacy and putting forth a robust anti-marriage campaign. She gained notoriety nationally in France in the aftermath of the famous 1911 Ly-Massat affair.

Ly's radical ideas about male-female sexual relations set her apart from the mainstream French feminist movement and generated significant controversy among both the public and her feminist peers. Ly's notoriety as a radical alternative to mainstream feminism caused her to gain many nicknames including "Cadette de Gascogne," the "Laic Nun," and the "Pistol Virgin."

Madeleine Pelletier
Madeleine Pelletier (18 May 1874 – 29 December 1939) was a French psychiatrist, first-wave feminist, and political activist. Born in Paris, Pelletier frequented socialist and anarchist groups in her adolescence. She became a doctor in her twenties, overcoming a large educational gap, and was France's first woman to receive a doctorate in psychiatry. Pelletier joined freemasonry, the French Section of the Workers' International, and came to lead a feminist association. She set out to join the October Revolution but returned disillusioned. In France, she continued to advocate for feminist and communist causes, and wrote numerous articles, essays, and literary works, even following a stroke in 1937 which made her hemiplegic. Pelletier was charged with having performed an abortion in 1939 despite her condition precluding her ability to perform this act. She was placed in a mental asylum where her health deteriorated and she died of a second stroke later that year.
Félix Gancedo
Félix Gancedo (born 18 September 1940 in Málaga, Spain) is a Spanish sailor and world-class competitor in the Snipe, Flying Dutchman, Tempest and Dragon classes.

He won the Snipe class world championship in 1973 and 1975, was second in 1981 and third in 1971. Besides, he won the European championship of the class in four occasions (1972, 1974, 1978 and 1990); the Spanish nationals fifteen times (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1990); and the Masters Worlds (1991).

In the Flying Dutchman class, he was Spanish national champion 1964, 1967 and 1968.

Open Snipe World Championship
The Open Snipe World Championship is an annual international sailing regatta for Snipe (dinghy), organized by the host club on behalf of the Internal Snipe Class Association and recognized by World Sailing, the sports IOC recognized governing body. The trophy awarded for the World Championship is Commodore Hub E. Isaacks and O'Leary Trophies. The class got recognised status by World Sailing in 1958.
Kuppe (Harz)
The Kuppe is a mountain in the Harz that lies north of Sankt Andreasberg in the district of Goslar in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is 729.1 metres high and is connected to the Jordanshöhe in the west.

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
Bruce, Alberta
Bruce is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Beaver County. It is located along Highway 14 between Viking and Ryley, approximately 115 kilometers (71 mi) east of Edmonton, and has an elevation of 680 meters (2,230 ft). The hamlet is located in Census Division No. 10 and in the federal riding of Vegreville-Wainwright.

Beaver County, Alberta
Beaver County is a municipal district in central-east Alberta, Canada. It is centred on Holden in the western part of Census Division No. 10. Its municipal office is located in Ryley.

Beaver County was incorporated as a municipal district on July 31, 1999, and the name was changed from "County of Beaver No. 9" to "Beaver County".
Modern United States Navy carrier air operations
Modern United States Navy aircraft carrier air operations include the operation of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft on and around an aircraft carrier for performance of combat or noncombat missions. The carrier is usually the centerpiece of the carrier strike group. The flight operations are highly evolved, based on experiences dating back to 1922 with USS Langley.

USS Langley (CV-1)
USS Langley (CV-1/AV-3) was the United States Navy's first aircraft carrier, converted in 1920 from the collier USS Jupiter (Navy Fleet Collier No. 3), and also the US Navy's first turbo-electric-powered ship. Langley was named after Samuel Langley, an American aviation pioneer. She was the sole member of her class to be rebuilt as a carrier. Conversion of another collier was planned but canceled when the Washington Naval Treaty required the cancellation of the partially built Lexington-class battlecruisers Lexington and Saratoga, freeing up their hulls for conversion into aircraft carriers. Following another conversion to a seaplane tender, Langley saw service in World War II. On 27 February 1942, while ferrying a cargo of USAAF P-40s to Java, she was attacked by nine twin-engine Japanese bombers of the Japanese 21st and 23rd naval air flotillas and so badly damaged that she had to be scuttled by her escorts.
Ectenessa
Ectenessa is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

Ectenessa affinis Martins, Galileo & Oliveira, 2011

Ectenessa andrei Martins & Galileo, 1996

Ectenessa angusticollis (Buquet, 1860)

Ectenessa argodi Belon, 1902

Ectenessa decorata (Melzer, 1935)

Ectenessa fenestrata (Gounelle, 1909)

Ectenessa guttigera (Lucas, 1857)

Ectenessa lurida Martins, 1973

Ectenessa melanicornis Napp & Martins, 1982

Ectenessa nitida Bates, 1885

Ectenessa ocellata (Gounelle, 1909)

Ectenessa ornatipennis Tippmann, 1960

Ectenessa quadriguttata (Burmeister, 1865)

Ectenessa scansor (Gounelle, 1909)

Ectenessa spinipennis (Buquet, 1860)

Ectenessa villardi Belon, 1902

Ectenessa zamalloae Galileo & Martins, 2008

Ectenessa guttigera
Ectenessa guttigera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1857.

The larvae of this beetle usually drill into wood and can cause damage to live logs or wood that has been felled.
Valery Leontiev
Valery Yakovlevich Leontiev (Russian: Валерий Яковлевич Леонтьев; born 19 March 1949) is a Russian singer, songwriter and actor, whose popularity peaked in the 1980s and 1990s. He was titled a People's Artist of Russia in 1996. During his career, he achieved international success in Eastern Europe, has the status of a pop icon along with Alla Pugacheva, and is a winner of ZD Awards.

In 1993, Leontyev headlined the Voice of Asia festival, along with Boney M and Gloria Gaynor.

Over the course of his decades-long career, he has recorded more than 30 albums, many of which sold millions of copies. The media refers to Leontiev as a megastar and a legend of the Russian pop.

Oktyabrsky Concert Hall
The Oktyabrsky Big Concert Hall (BKZ) (Russian: Большой концертный зал «Октя́брьский», romanized: Bol'shoy kontsertnyy zal «Oktyábr'skiy», Big Concert Hall "October") is a theatre located in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It hosts variety actors, rock musicians, and also dance and ballet collectives. Located in the Greek Square, it opened October 1967, inaugurated 50 years after the October Revolution.

The director of the hall, since 1988, has been Emma Lavrinovich.
Roland Charles
Roland Charles (August 31, 1938 – May 26, 2000) was an African-American photographer and gallerist, best known for co-founding The Black Photographers of California and its associated exhibition space, the Black Gallery, in Los Angeles, among the first institutions by and for black photographers.

California African American Museum
34°00′57″N 118°17′00″W﻿ / ﻿34.015806°N 118.283465°W﻿ / 34.015806; -118.283465

The California African American Museum (CAAM) is a museum located in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, next to the California Science Center. The museum focuses on enrichment and education on the cultural heritage and history of African Americans with a focus on California and western United States.

Admission is free to all visitors. Their mission statement is "to research, collect, preserve, and interpret for public enrichment the history, art and culture of African Americans with an emphasis on California and the western United States."

CAAM hosts independent and collaborative educational programs both on and off site of lectures, workshops, innovative programs, and hands-on activities that serve public and private school students, museum patrons and community visitors.
London shrunk
The London shrunk, or London shrinkage, process was an 18th-century textile finishing process designed to preshrink wool fabrics and minimize their tendency to shrink before being used for making garments. When compared to the traditional steam shrinking method of controlling shrinkage, London shrinkage provided more permanent results in terms of reducing the likelihood of fabric shrinkage. London shrunk was found to be effective for fine worsteds, it was not typically used for woolens.

The term London shrunk originated from London's garment industry. The practice of London shrinking was alternatively known as sponging.

Woolen
Woolen (American English) or woollen (Commonwealth English) is a type of yarn made from carded wool.  Woolen yarn is soft, light, stretchy, and full of air. It is thus a good insulator, and makes a good knitting yarn. Woolen yarn is in contrast to worsted yarn, in which the fibers are combed to lie parallel rather than carded, producing a hard, strong yarn.
Bruebach
Bruebach (French pronunciation: [bʁybak] ⓘ; German: Brubach) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. It forms part of the Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération, the inter-communal local government body for the Mulhouse conurbation.

Mulhouse
Mulhouse (/məˈluːz/ mə-LOOZ, French: [myluz] ⓘ; Alsatian: Mìlhüsa [mɪlˈhyːsa]; German: Mülhausen [myːlˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ, meaning "mill house") is a French city of the European Collectivity of Alsace (Haut-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region of France). It is near the border with Switzerland and Germany. It is the largest city in Haut-Rhin and second largest in Alsace after Strasbourg.

Mulhouse is known for its museums, especially the Cité de l'Automobile (also known as the Musée national de l'automobile, 'National Museum of the Automobile') and the Cité du Train (also known as Musée Français du Chemin de Fer, 'French Museum of the Railway'), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in the world. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester", Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society is found.
NGC 6789
NGC 6789 is a void irregular galaxy in the constellation Draco. It was discovered by Lewis Swift on August 30, 1883. It is located within the Local Void, a region of space with far fewer galaxies than its surroundings.

NGC 6789 is the nearest blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxy to the Milky Way. It is chemically homogeneous and relatively metal-poor.

NGC 6789 has attracted attention because it shows recent central star formation despite its extreme isolation.

Draco (constellation)
Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky. Its name is Latin for dragon. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century Greek astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. The north pole of the ecliptic is in Draco. Draco is circumpolar from northern latitudes, meaning that it never sets and can be seen at any time of year.
Fred Jung
Fred H. Jung (born October 5, 1973) is an American politician serving as the mayor of Fullerton, California. He was first elected to the Fullerton City Council in 2020 and re-elected in 2024. Jung announced his candidacy for the Orange County Board of Supervisors in the 2026 election, seeking to represent District 4.

Orange County Transportation Authority
The Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) is the transportation planning commission for Orange County, California, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. OCTA is responsible for funding and implementing transit and capital projects for the transportation system in the county, including freeway expansions, express lane management, bus and rail transit operation, and commuter rail funding and oversight.

OCTA was founded in 1991 through the consolidation of seven separate transportation agencies by the California State Legislature and is governed by a 17-member Board of Directors with the Caltrans District Director serving in a non-voting capacity. The Transit Authority's administrative offices are located in Orange, California.
Abdülhalik Renda
Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (29 November 1881 – 1 October 1957) was a Turkish civil servant and politician of Tosk Albanian descent who was acting President of Turkey for one day after Atatürk's death in November 1938.

Acting President of Turkey
The acting president of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye cumhurbaşkanı vekili) is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Turkey. The acting president is a person who fulfills the duties and powers of the president of Turkey when cases of incapacity and vacancy occur.

In cases where the President of Turkey temporarily leaves his office due to illness or going abroad, the oldest Vice President of Turkey shall act for the President and exercise the powers of the President. If the office of the President becomes vacant, the Presidential election is held within 45 days. Until a new one is elected, the Vice President acts as the President and exercises the powers of the President.