hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Multiple equilibria in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a large system of ocean currents, like a conveyor belt. It is driven by differences in temperature and salt content and it is an important component of the climate system. However, the AMOC is not a static feature of global circulation. It is sensitive to changes in temperature, salinity and atmospheric forcings. Climate reconstructions from δ18O proxies from Greenland reveal an abrupt transition in global temperature about every 1470 years. These changes may be due to changes in ocean circulation, which suggests that there are two equilibria possible in the AMOC. Stommel made a two-box model in 1961 which showed two different states of the AMOC are possible on a single hemisphere. Stommel’s result with an ocean box model has initiated studies using three dimensional ocean circulation models, confirming the existence of multiple equilibria in the AMOC.

Dansgaard–Oeschger event
A Dansgaard–Oeschger event (often abbreviated D–O event) is a rapid climate fluctuation; such events occurred 25 times during the last glacial period. Some scientists say that the events occur quasi-periodically with a recurrence time being a multiple of 1,470 years, but this is debated. The comparable climate cyclicity during the Holocene is referred to as Bond events. Dansgaard–Oeschger refers to palaeoclimatologists Willi Dansgaard and Hans Oeschger.
1962–63 Stoke City F.C. season
The 1962–63 season was Stoke City's 56th season in the Football League and the 23rd in the Second Division. 1963 was also Stoke's centenary year which was celebrated with a friendly match at the Victoria Ground against Spanish giants Real Madrid.

In the club's centenary year Stoke managed to finally achieve promotion back to the top flight after a ten-year absence. Despite a slow start Stoke went on two fantastic unbeaten runs and although there was a nervy end to the season a Stanley Matthews inspired 2–0 over Luton Town in the final home match secured Stoke both promotion to the First Division and the Second Division title.

Victoria Ground
The Victoria Ground was the home ground of Stoke City from 1878 until 1997, when the club relocated to the Britannia Stadium after 119 years. At the time of its demolition it was the oldest operational ground in the Football League.
Robin Rand
Robin Rand (born 1956) is a retired United States Air Force general and former commander of Air Force Global Strike Command. He also concurrently served as the commander of Air Forces Strategic, United States Strategic Command, a command that provides combat-ready forces to conduct strategic nuclear deterrence and global strike operations in support of combatant commanders. Rand's post made him responsible for the United States' three intercontinental ballistic missile wings, the two B-52 wings, and the only B-2 wing with two B-1 wings and a weapon's storage complex to be added in FY16, approximately one-third of the nation's nuclear deterrent.

Randolph Air Force Base
Randolph Air Force Base (IATA: RND, ICAO: KRND, FAA LID: RND) is a United States Air Force base located in Bexar County, Texas, (14.8 miles (23.8 km) east-northeast of Downtown San Antonio).

Opened in 1931, Randolph has been a flying training facility for the United States Army Air Corps, the United States Army Air Forces, and the Air Force during its entire existence.

On 1 October 2010, Randolph AFB merged with Lackland Air Force Base and the US Army's Fort Sam Houston to form Joint Base San Antonio.
2013 Canadian Direct Insurance BC Men's Curling Championship
The 2013 Canadian Direct Insurance BC Men's Curling Championship was held from February 6 to 10 at the Parksville Curling Club in Parksville, British Columbia. The winner of the BC Men's Curling Championship will represent British Columbia at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier in Edmonton.

BC Men's Curling Championship
The BC Men's Curling Championship (formerly the belairdirect BC Men's Provincial Curling Championship and the Canadian Direct Insurance BC Men's Provincials) is the British Columbia provincial championship for men's curling. It was known as the Safeway Select up to 2003.  The tournament is run by Curl BC, the provincial curling association. The winner represents Team British Columbia at the Tim Hortons Brier.
A Tribute to the Cathedral Quartet
A Tribute to the Cathedral Quartet is a CD/DVD released by Christian gospel quartet Ernie Haase & Signature Sound. The album is a tribute to the gospel group the Cathedral Quartet with whom tenor singer Haase performed from 1990 to 1999. This DVD video is the first to feature their new lead singer, Devin McGlamery and last to feature their bass singer, Tim Duncan. The album was released on October 25, 2010 by Spring House Music.

Bill Gaither
William James Gaither (/ˈɡeɪθər/ GAY-thər; born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series. In 2023, he released a secular music album with the Gaither Vocal Band entitled Love Songs.
Verrucarin A
Verrucarin A is a chemical compound that belongs in the class of trichothecenes, a group of sesquiterpene toxins produced by several fungi, namely from the Fusarium species, that are responsible for infecting food grains. It was first described in 1962. Within the skeleton of the basic trichothecene structure, the olefin and epoxide are crucial for toxicity; ester functionalities and hydroxyl groups often contribute to the toxicity, thereby rendering verrucarin A as one of the most lethal examples. The mechanism of action for this class of toxins mainly inhibits protein biosynthesis by preventing peptidyl transferase activity. Although initially thought to be potentially useful as anticancer therapeutics, numerous examples of trichothecene derivatives were shown to be too toxic for clinical use.

Sesquiterpene
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many combinations. Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related sesquiterpenoids.  It is estimated (2006) that 3000 sesquiterpenes have been identified.
Autovia C-60
The Autovia C-60, also known as the Autovia Mataró-Granollers is a highway in Catalonia, Spain. This is a freeway that connects Mataró (the capital of the comarca of the Maresme) and Granollers (the capital of the comarca of the Vallès Oriental).

It connects junction 13 of the Autopista AP-7 with junction 13 of the Autopista Barcelona a Mataró (C-32).  Although the other motorways are tolled the C-60 is free.

41°32′51″N 2°24′44″E﻿ / ﻿41.54750°N 2.41222°E﻿ / 41.54750; 2.41222

Autopista AP-7
The Autopista AP-7 (also called Autopista del Mediterráneo) (Catalan: Autopista de la Mediterrània) is a Spanish autopista (controlled-access highway). It runs along the Mediterranean coast of Spain.

AP-7 has two different sections (911+96 km):

From Els Límits (in La Jonquera municipality) to Vera: 911 km long. Main cities passed:
Figueres
Girona
Sabadell
Barcelona
Tarragona
Reus
Salou
Amposta
Castelló de la Plana
Sagunt
Valencia
Gandia
Dénia
Benidorm
Alacant
Elx
Cartagena

From Málaga to Guadiaro: 96 km long. Main cities passed:
Torremolinos
Benalmádena
Fuengirola
Marbella
Estepona
Chris Wilder
Christopher John Wilder (born 23 September 1967) is an English professional football manager who formerly played as a right-back. He is the manager of EFL Championship club Sheffield United.

Wilder's extensive professional playing career saw spells at Sheffield United (twice), Rotherham United, Notts County, Bradford City, Brighton & Hove Albion and Halifax Town. He also had loan spells at five clubs.

After retiring, he became a manager and was in charge of Alfreton Town, Halifax Town (their last manager before liquidation), Oxford United, Northampton Town, Sheffield United, Middlesbrough and Watford. He won promotion from the Conference Premier with Oxford via the play-offs in 2010, from League Two as champions with Northampton in 2016, from League One with Sheffield United as champions in 2017, and from the Championship with the same club two years later.

League Managers Association Awards
The League Managers Association Awards is an annual award ceremony in English football, awarded by the League Managers Association. The most prestigious award is the LMA Manager of the Year award. It is presented to a manager from any division for his achievements in the prior season. The award is voted by fellow professional managers and as a result consideration is also given to managers who inherit poor sides or financial difficulties and not only those managers who do not have such financial constraints and have won trophies. On only five occasions has the Premier League winning manager won the award compared with the Premier League Manager of the Year award which has been won on all but four occasions by the manager of the team who were league champions. Trophies for the event are hand-crafted by silversmith Thomas Lyte, which also makes trophies for the LG Performance of the Week Award throughout the league season.
MX vs. ATV Supercross
MX vs. ATV Supercross is a racing video game developed by Rainbow Studios and published by Nordic Games for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. This is the fifth game in the MX vs. ATV franchise and is the first game developed after the original creator of the franchise, Rainbow Studios, separated from their most recent publisher THQ due to bankruptcy. An updated version, known as MX vs. ATV Supercross Encore, was released in 2015 for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in July 2016.

Rainbow Studios
Rainbow Studios is an American video game developer based in Phoenix, Arizona, best known for developing offroad racing games, such as Motocross Madness and the MX vs. ATV series. It was established by Earl Jarred in 1986 under the name Rainbow Multimedia Group and rebranded as Rainbow Studios in 1992. In January 2002, the company was acquired by THQ, under the ownership of which it was renamed THQ Digital Studios Phoenix in February 2010 and closed in August 2011. The studio was re-instated as Rainbow Studios in 2013 by Nordic Games (later known as THQ Nordic), a publishing company that had purchased most assets of the then-bankrupt THQ earlier that year. The studio is now independent.
Lipper average
Lipper Average also known as Lipper Index are a series of indices produced by Lipper, a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters, that establish benchmarks to measure the performance of a portfolio, or of various mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. They allow an investor, a portfolio manager, or an institutional investor to compare the performance of their investment portfolio against other, similar investments.  Historical trends, strengths and weaknesses can be evaluated.

Each index consists of the 30 largest mutual funds for each category. Investments are grouped by sector, industry, country, and market capitalization. Lipper indices enable anyone to benchmark a portfolio against other competitors, rather than against passive indices. The Wall Street Journal and Barron's carry some of the information supplied by Lipper Analytical Services on a regular basis.

Thomson Reuters
Thomson Reuters Corporation (/ˈrɔɪtərz/ ⓘ ROY-tərz) is a Canadian multinational content-driven technology conglomerate. The company was founded in Toronto, Ontario, and maintains its headquarters in the city at 19 Duncan Street.

Thomson Reuters was created by the Thomson Corporation's purchase of the British company Reuters Group on 17 April 2008. It is majority-owned by the Woodbridge Company, a holding company for the Thomson family of Canada.
Jai Bihari Lal Khachi
Jai Bihari Lal Khachi or J.B.L Khachi (5 May 1927 – 11 April 2002) was an Indian politician from Kumarsain in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh, India. He was a former 3 times cabinet minister of Himachal Pradesh and a member of the Indian National Congress.

Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The seat of the Assembly is at Shimla, the capital of the state. There are 68 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.
Goggles
Goggles, or safety glasses, are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in snow sports as well, and in the sport of swimming. Goggles are often worn when using power tools such as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems.

Photokeratitis
Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense direct or reflected sunlight) or artificial (e.g. the electric arc during welding) sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva.

The injury may be prevented by wearing eye protection that blocks most of the ultraviolet radiation, such as welding goggles with the proper filters, a welder's helmet, sunglasses rated for sufficient UV protection, or appropriate snow goggles. The condition is usually managed by removal from the source of ultraviolet radiation, covering the corneas, and administration of pain relief. Photokeratitis is known by a number of different terms, including snow blindness, arc eye, welder's flash, sand eyes, bake eyes, corneal flash burns, flash burns, niphablepsia, or keratoconjunctivitis photoelectrica.
Doug Ghim
Doug Ghim (born April 16, 1996) is an American professional golfer who grew up in Arlington Heights, Illinois and graduated from Buffalo Grove High School. In May 2018, Ghim became the top-ranked golfer in the World Amateur Golf Ranking.

2017 Arnold Palmer Cup
The 2017 Arnold Palmer Cup was a team golf competition held from June 9–11, 2017 at Atlanta Athletic Club in Johns Creek, Georgia, United States. The 21st playing of the Arnold Palmer Cup, it was the first since the death of namesake Arnold Palmer.

The score was level at 5 points each after the first day but the United States team won 9 of the 10 singles matches on the second day and halved the other. This gave them an overwhelming lead, needing just 1 point from 10 singles matches on the final day to win the match. The second set of singles was split 5–5, to give the United States a comfortable 19½–10½ victory in the match.
2001 Heineken Trophy
The 2001 Heineken Trophy was a tennis tournament played on grass courts in Rosmalen, 's-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands that was part of the International Series of the 2001 ATP Tour and of Tier III of the 2001 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from June 18 through June 24, 2001.

2001 WTA Tour
The WTA Tour is the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III, Tier IV and Tier V events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Brzeziny, Gmina Rzeczyca
Brzeziny [bʐɛˈʑinɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rzeczyca, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Rzeczyca, 25 km (16 mi) east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 65 km (40 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Rzeczyca, Gmina Rzeczyca
Rzeczyca [ʐɛˈt͡ʂɨt͡sa] ⓘ is a village in Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rzeczyca. It lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) north-east of Tomaszów Mazowiecki and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Town rights were granted before 1775 and revoked before 1793.
Outline of Munich
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Munich:

Munich – capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria. With over 1,450,000 residents in 310.43 km2 (119.86 sq mi) it is also Germany's third most populated Großstadt. Munich is considered a global city as of 2015, one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany.

Bavarian language
Bavarian (Boarisch or Bairisch; German: Bayrisch [ˈbaɪʁɪʃ] ⓘ), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a group of Upper German varieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria, and South Tyrol in Italy. Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Sudetenland and western Hungary. Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), making it the largest of all German dialects. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.
Notakto
Notakto is a tic-tac-toe variant, also known as neutral or impartial tic-tac-toe. The game is a combination of the games tic-tac-toe and Nim, played across one or several boards with both of the players playing the same piece (an "X" or cross). The game ends when all the boards contain a three-in-a-row of Xs, at which point the player to have made the last move loses the game. However, in this game, unlike tic-tac-toe, there will always be a player who wins any game of Notakto.

Notakto is an impartial game, where the allowable moves depend only on the state of the game and not on which player is taking their turn. When played across multiple boards it is a disjunctive game. The game is attributed to professor and backgammon player Bob Koca, who is said to have invented the game in 2010, when his five-year-old nephew suggested playing a game of tic-tac-toe with both players as "X".

Disjunctive sum
In the mathematics of combinatorial games, the sum or disjunctive sum of two games is a game in which the two games are played in parallel, with each player being allowed to move in just one of the games per turn.  The sum game finishes when there are no moves left in either of the two parallel games, at which point (in normal play) the last player to move wins.
This operation may be extended to disjunctive sums of any number of games, again by playing the games in parallel and moving in exactly one of the games per turn. It is the fundamental operation that is used in the Sprague–Grundy theorem for impartial games and which led to the field of combinatorial game theory for partisan games.
Rigensgade
Rigensgade (lit. 'State Street') is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It links Sølvgade in the west with Øster Voldgade in the east. An underpass for pedestrians link the beginning of the street with Rosenborg Castle Gardens on the other side of Sølvgade. Notable buildings include the former Garrison Hospital. and the Methodist Jerusalem's Church.

Øster Voldgade
Øster Voldgade (lit. "East Rampart Street"), together with Vester Voldgade and Nørre Voldgade, forms a succession of large streets which arches around the central and oldest part of the Zealand side of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs north-east from Gothersgade at Nørreport Station to Georg Brandes Plads, between the Copenhagen Botanical Gardens and Rosenborg Castle Gardens, and continues straight to a large junction at the southern end of Oslo Plads, near Østerport Station, where it turns into Folke Bernadotte Allé.
Consignee
A consignee is a person or entity to which goods are consigned. In a contract of carriage, the consignee is the entity who is financially responsible (the buyer) for the receipt of a shipment.

If a sender dispatches an item to a receiver via a delivery service, the sender is the consignor, the recipient is the consignee, and the deliverer is the carrier.

Freight transport
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commercial products and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well. "Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also used in the same sense.
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994
The history of rail transport in Great Britain 1948–1994 covers the period when the British railway system was nationalised under the name of 'British Railways', latterly known as British Rail until its eventual privatisation in 1994.

The railway system in this period underwent modernisation, reorganisation and rebranding, some of which proved controversial. The use of steam locomotives on the network also ended in this period. Due to falling passenger numbers, rail subsidies from the government were necessary to keep the railways financially viable. Concerns about the levels of these contributed to the Beeching cuts that closed down many less well used lines.

British Railways Board
The British Railways Board (BRB) was a nationalised industry in the United Kingdom that operated from 1963 to 2001. Until 1997, it was responsible for most railway services in Great Britain, trading under the brand name British Railways and, from 1965, British Rail. It did not operate railways in Northern Ireland, where railways were the responsibility of the Government of Northern Ireland.

It is a statutory corporation, which when operating consisted of a chairman and nine to fifteen other members appointed by the Secretary of State for Transport. The Board, now reduced to a minimum membership of a chairman and one other member, continues to exist to hold the French law benefits and obligations of the Channel Tunnel Rail Usage Contract.
1996–97 Football League Cup
The 1996–97 Football League Cup (known as the Coca-Cola Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 37th Football League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 92 football clubs.

The tournament was won by Leicester City, who beat Middlesbrough 1–0 in the final replay at Hillsborough after finishing 1–1 at Wembley Stadium.

1997 Football League Cup final
The 1997 Football League Cup final was played between Middlesbrough and Leicester City. The first game, at Wembley Stadium on Sunday 6 April 1997, ended in a 1–1 draw after extra time. Fabrizio Ravanelli opened the scoring only for Leicester's Emile Heskey to equalise in the last minute of extra time. Heskey was fortunate to be on the field, having committed what was a bookable foul on Boro captain Nigel Pearson after already being booked. Leicester won the replay, and their second League Cup, in the game played at Hillsborough Stadium on 16 April 1997 with another extra-time goal, this time from Steve Claridge.

This was the last year that the Football League Cup final was decided by a replay.