hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Egyptian Army
The structure of the Egyptian Army depicted below focuses on operational organisation.

Under the Ministry of Defense is the Military Operations Authority with its headquarters in Cairo. The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces's office is in Cairo. He is also chief of staff of the army. Formally, he is also chief of staff of the air force and navy as well, but apparently the commanders of the other two services frequently report directly to the Minister of Defense/Commander-in-Chief. From the Chief of Staff's office are directed four military regions, and the Unified Command East of the Canal, which in turn directs the two field armies.

Scud missile
A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design.

Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the Middle East. They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when Iraq fired dozens at Saudi Arabia and Israel. In Russian service, it has been replaced by the 9K720 Iskander.
Contributor Roles Taxonomy
The Contributor Roles Taxonomy, commonly known as CRediT, is a controlled vocabulary of 14 distinct types of contributions to a scholarly research project. CRediT is commonly used by scientific journals to indicate what each author of a research article did.

Controlled vocabulary
A controlled vocabulary provides a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. Controlled vocabularies are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri, taxonomies and other knowledge organization systems. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, preferred terms that have been preselected by the designers of the schemes, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, which have no such restriction.
The Rape of the Sabine Women (Poussin)
The rape of the Sabine women is the subject of two oil paintings by Nicolas Poussin. The first version was painted in Rome about 1634 or 1635 and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, catalogued as The Abduction of the Sabine Women. The second, painted in 1637 or 1638, is in the Louvre in Paris, catalogued as L'enlèvement des Sabines.

John Smith (art historian)
John Smith (1781–1855) was a 19th-century British art dealer who developed the concept of the catalogue raisonné.

Smith was born in London. He began dealing in art as a framemaker, specializing in wood-carving and gilding. He became an art dealer and art consultant known for his "reasoned catalog" of painters that he wrote in 8 volumes and sold by subscription to his art clients during the years 1829 to 1837, and to which he added a 9th volume as a supplement in 1842.
2025 Trentino Curling World Cup
The 2025 Trentino Curling World Cup will be held from August 28 to 31 at Palacurling Cembra in Cembra, Trentino, Italy. The event will be held in a round-robin format with a € 27,000 purse.

The event was organized by Team Joël Retornaz in collaboration with the Curling Cembra Association and the Trentino Curling Cembra ASD to bring a high-level international curling event to Italy ahead of the 2026 Winter Olympics. It followed the same format as the 2024 Cortina Curling Cup women's event held the year prior with ten teams from six nations making up the field. Among them were world number two ranked Team Yannick Schwaller of Switzerland, reigning European champions Team Marc Muskatewitz of Germany and newly crowned Baden Masters champions Team Marco Hösli, also of Switzerland.

2025 Baden Masters
The 2025 Baden Masters was held from August 14 to 17 at the Curling Club Baden Regio in Baden, Switzerland as part of the World Curling Tour. The event was held in a round-robin format with a purse of 35,000 CHF. It was the first men's event of the 2025–26 World Curling Tour. The event category for the event was 500.
Shantaveri Gopala Gowda
Shantaveri Gopala Gowda (14 March 1923 – 9 June 1972) was an Indian socialist politician who was thrice elected to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, in 1952, 1962 and 1967. He is considered one of India's most important socialist leaders, and a pioneer of socialism in Karnataka. He was influenced by Ram Manohar Lohia. His leadership began as early as 1951. He was considered "charismatic" and he gained many followers.
He mentored several socialists in Karnataka including J. H. Patel, Bangarappa, S. M. Krishna and D. Devaraj Urs, al of who would go on to become chief ministers of the state. Urs was inspired and understood the depth of Gowda's mind and life which was devoted to the poor and working classes, especially the farmers. The Land Reforms Act and renaming of the state from Mysore to Karnataka are thanks to his association with Gowda.

Ram Manohar Lohia
Ram Manohar Lohia (pronunciationⓘ 23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an Indian political activist of the Indian independence movement and a socialist politician. As a nationalist, he worked actively to protest against colonialism, raising awareness of the same. He founded multiple socialist political parties and later won elections to the Lok Sabha.
Benchmark (crude oil)
A benchmark crude or marker crude is a crude oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil. There are three primary benchmarks, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Blend, and Dubai Crude. Other well-known blends include the OPEC Reference Basket used by OPEC, Tapis Crude which is traded in Singapore, Western Canadian Select used in Canada, Bonny Light used in Nigeria, Urals oil used in Russia  and Mexico's Isthmus. Energy Intelligence Group publishes a handbook which identified 195 major crude streams or blends in its 2011 edition.

Benchmarks are used because there are many different varieties and grades of crude oil. Using benchmarks makes referencing types of oil easier for sellers and buyers.

There is always a spread between WTI, Brent and other blends due to the relative volatility (high API gravity is more valuable), sweetness/sourness (low sulfur is more valuable) and transportation cost. This is the price that controls world oil market price.

Isthmus-34 Light
Isthmus-34 Light is a sour crude oil produced in Mexico mainly in the Campeche zone, in the Gulf of Mexico along with the extraction centers in Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz. The name derives from the nearby Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Before 2017, the oil was a component of the OPEC Reference Basket (despite Mexico's not being a part of OPEC).  It has the following characteristics:
A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language: Arranged According to the Wu-Fang Yuen Yin, with the Pronunciation of the Characters as Heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai or the Hàn-Yīng yùnfǔ 漢英韻府, compiled by the American sinologist and missionary Samuel Wells Williams in 1874, is a 1,150-page bilingual dictionary including 10,940 character headword entries, alphabetically collated under 522 syllables. Williams' dictionary includes, in addition to Mandarin, Chinese variants from Middle Chinese and four regional varieties of Chinese, according to the 17th-century Wufang yuanyin 五方元音 "Proto-sounds of Speech in All Directions".

Herbert Giles
Herbert Allen Giles (Chinese: 翟理斯, romanized: Zhái Lǐsī; 8 December 1845 – 13 February 1935) was a British diplomat and sinologist who held the Professorship of Chinese at the University of Cambridge for 35 years. Giles was educated at Charterhouse School before becoming a British diplomat in China. He modified a Mandarin Chinese romanization system established by Thomas Wade, resulting in the widely known Wade–Giles Chinese romanization system. Among his many works were translations of the Analects of Confucius, the Lao Tzu (Tao Te Ching), the Chuang Tzu, and, in 1892, the widely published A Chinese–English Dictionary.
2018 Sibiu Cycling Tour
The 2018 Sibiu Cycling Tour is a cycling stage race that took place between 5 and 8 July 2018 in and around Sibiu, Romania. Raced over 441 kilometres (274 miles), the race featured a traditional cobbled prologue along with mountain stages to Bâlea Lake and Păltiniș, and was held as part of the 2018 UCI Europe Tour.

In 2018 the race returned to the format last used in 2014 with four days of racing including two mountain top finishes. There were two stages on the final day including the return of the team time trial.

Points classification
The points classification is a secondary award category in road bicycle racing. Points are given for high finishes and, in some cases, for winning sprints at certain places along the route, most often called intermediate sprints. The points classification is the top prize for many cycling sprinters and is often known as the sprint classification; however, in some stage races these classifications are based on different criteria.

The points classification is arguably the second most important title and cycling jersey to win at a cycling stage race behind the general classification, which is the winner of the event by overall time.
Lansdowne, Cape Town
Lansdowne is a suburb in Cape Town, South Africa. situated 10 kilometres southeast of Cape Town City Centre, surrounded by the suburbs of Rondebosch East, Crawford, Wetton, Claremont, Kenwyn and Athlone. Lansdowne is served by a railway station of the same name, on the Cape Flats Line.

Athlone, Cape Town
Athlone is a suburb of Cape Town located to the east of the city centre on the Cape Flats, south of the N2 highway. Two of the suburb's main landmarks are Athlone Stadium and the decommissioned coal-burning Athlone Power Station. Athlone is mainly residential and is served by a railway station of the same name. It however includes industrial (Athlone Industria 1 & 2) and commercial zones (Athlone CBD and Gatesville). There are many "sub-areas" within Athlone, including Gatesville, Rylands, Belgravia Estate, Bridgetown and Hazendal. Colloquially other areas around Athlone are also often included in the greater Athlone area even though the City of Cape Town might classify them as separate neighborhoods such as Rondebosch East, Crawford, and Manenberg.
Quince (restaurant)
Quince is a restaurant in the Jackson Square neighborhood in San Francisco, California. Opened in 2003 by chef Michael Tusk and his wife, Lindsay, in Pacific Heights, the restaurant has been located in Jackson Square since 2009. A sister restaurant, Cotogna, opened next door in 2011. The couple opened a third establishment, Verjus, a wine bar and restaurant in the same neighborhood, in 2019.

In 2017, Quince became only the sixth restaurant in the San Francisco Bay Area to be awarded three Michelin stars by the Michelin Guide.

The Tusks partner with Fresh Run Farms of Bolinas in sourcing exclusive produce. The restaurant also features a global selection of caviar. Until 2023, a prepaid ten-course tasting menu was the only dining option. In 2023, Quince closed for 11 months, reopening in spring 2024 with a four-course dinner and à la carte dining available as alternatives in the salon and bar, while the tasting menu continues to be served in the dining room for $390 per person.

Jackson Square, San Francisco
Jackson Square Historic District is an area in downtown San Francisco, California. It dates back to the city's earliest years and the 1849 gold rush, and is known for its historic commercial buildings in the classical revival and Italianate styles.

The Jackson Square Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 18, 1971, with periods of significance spanning from 1850 to 1924.
6025 Naotosato
6025 Naotosato, provisional designation 1992 YA3, is an Eoan asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 30 December 1992, by Japanese astronomer Takeshi Urata at the Nihondaira Observatory in Oohira, Japan. The asteroid was named after Japanese amateur astronomer Naoto Satō.

Takeshi Urata
Takeshi Urata (浦田 武, Urata Takeshi; 1947 – December 15, 2012) was a Japanese astronomer. He was a prolific discoverer of asteroids, observing at Nihondaira Observatory.

In 1978 he became the first amateur to discover a minor planet (2090 Mizuho) in over fifty years, which he named after his daughter, Mizuho. His pioneering feat led to an upsurge in such discoveries. In the ten years that followed, amateurs from Japan discovered 160 minor planets. Urata shared his observation data with peer astronomers in Japan on a periodical called "Tenkai" (the Heavens), as well as contributed to academic journals such as Advances in Space Research and participated in poster presentations at astronomical conferences.

Urata co-discovered the periodic comet 112P/Urata-Niijima in 1986. One of the most active amateur astronomers in Japan, he was also an editor of the Japanese Ephemerides of Minor Planets. The 1927-discovered asteroid 3722 Urata is named after him.
Bernard Udoh
Bernard Ambrose Udoh (born October 16, 1962) is a Nigerian politician from Akwa Ibom State. He served as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the Ikot Abasi/Mkpat-Enin/Eastern Obolo Federal Constituency from 1999 to 2003 under the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).  He was succeeded by Akpan Micah Umoh.

Akpan Micah Umoh
Akpan Micah Umoh is a Nigerian politician and environmentalist from Akwa Ibom State. He has served as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the Ikot Abasi/Mkpat Enin/Eastern Obolo Federal Constituency.
Joint Service Small Arms Program
The Joint Service Small Arms Program, abbreviated JSSAP, is an office that was created in 1978 to coordinate weapon standardization between the various United States military service branches, including the Army, Navy, Marine Corps and later the USCG and SOCOM.

Carl Walther GmbH
Carl Walther GmbH  (German: [ˈvaltɐ]), or simply known as Walther, is a German firearm manufacturer, and a subsidiary of the PW Group. Founded by Carl Walther in 1886, the company has manufactured firearms and air guns at its facility in Germany for more than 100 years. Walther Arms, Inc. is the United States Walther business unit and is based in Fort Smith, Arkansas.
Haint blue
Haint blue is a collection of pale shades of blue-green that are traditionally used to paint porch ceilings in the Southern United States.

The tradition originated with the Gullah in Georgia and South Carolina. The ceiling of the slave quarters at the Owens–Thomas House in Savannah, Georgia, built in the early 19th century, was painted haint blue. The pigment was derived from crushed indigo plants. Indigo was a common source for haint blue prior to the American Revolution, when indigo was a common crop for plantations in the American South, but the tradition survived well after the decline in indigo dye cultivation.

Shades of cyan
The color cyan, a color between green and blue, has notable tints and shades. It is one of the subtractive primary colors along with magenta, and yellow.

The first recorded use of cyan blue as a color name was in 1879 ("cyan blue" being the name used for "cyan" in the 19th century).
Danny Burawa
Daniel James Burawa (born December 30, 1988) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher who played for the New York Yankees and Atlanta Braves in 2015, and also played internationally for the Israel national baseball team.

Major League Baseball transactions
Major League Baseball transactions are changes made to the roster of a Major League Baseball team during or after the season. They may include waiving, releasing, and trading players, as well as assigning players to minor league teams.
18. Oktober 1977
18. Oktober 1977 is the title of a series of paintings by Gerhard Richter. It is based on photographs that document the deaths of three leading activists  of the Baader-Meinhof Group in the Stammheim Prison after the release of the hostages in the hijacking by four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine of Lufthansa Flight 181. The series shows events from a period of several years, from the capture of the terrorists to their burial. A youth portrait of Ulrike Meinhof occupies a special position.

Lufthansa Flight 181
Lufthansa Flight 181, a Boeing 737-230C jet airliner (reg. D-ABCE) named Landshut, was hijacked on 13 October 1977 by four militants of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine while en route from Palma de Mallorca, Spain, to Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. The hijacking aimed to secure the release of eleven notorious Red Army Faction leaders held in West German prisons and two Palestinians held in Turkey. This event was part of the so-called German Autumn, intended to increase pressure on the West German government. The hijackers diverted the flight to several locations before ending in Mogadishu, Somalia, where the crisis concluded in the early morning hours of 18 October 1977 under the cover of darkness. The West German counter-terrorism unit GSG 9, with ground support from the Somali Armed Forces, stormed the aircraft, rescuing all 87 passengers and four crew members. The captain of the flight was killed by the hijackers earlier in the ordeal.
François Fournier (Lower Canada politician)
François Fournier (1776 – October 18, 1836) was a land surveyor and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Devon in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1814 to 1824.

He was born in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, the son of Louis Fournier and Madeleine Jean, probably on June 2, 1776. He studied as a land surveyor and received his commission in 1799. Fournier was also a captain and later major in the militia and served as a justice of the peace. In 1804, he married Catherine Miville-Deschênes. He did not run for reelection in 1824. Fournier died in Saint-Jean-Port-Joli at the age of 60.

His son Charles-François served in the assembly for the Province of Canada.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Levent (Istanbul Metro)
Levent is an underground station on the M2 line of the Istanbul Metro. It is located under Büyükdere Avenue in Levent, the main financial district of Istanbul. Opened on 16 September 2000, Levent is one of the M2 line's six original stations. The station offers connections to İETT city bus service along Büyükdere Avenue, one of the busiest urban roadways in Turkey. Many important financial centers are in the immediate vicinity of the station such as the İşbank Tower 1, Yapı Kredi Headquarters and the Kanyon Shopping Mall which has an underground connection to the station.

Levent is also the western terminus of the M6 line. The M6 line runs east from Levent to Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, and opened on 19 April 2015.

It is in both Beşiktaş and Şişli.

Isbank Tower 1
The 52-floor Isbank (İş Bankası) Tower 1 is the tallest of the three skyscrapers of the Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters in Levent, Istanbul. It was formerly the tallest skyscraper in Turkey and the Balkans (southeastern Europe). It entered service with the ceremonies between August 23 and 26, 2000.
Green Party Taiwan
Green Party Taiwan is a political party in Taiwan established on 25 January 1996. Although the party is sympathetic to Taiwanese nationalism and shares a number of centre-left positions with the Pan-Green Coalition, the party emphasizes campaigning primarily on social and environmental issues. The party is not a member of, and should not be confused with, the Pan-Green Coalition. Green Party Taiwan is a member of the Asia Pacific Greens Federation and participates in the Global Greens.

Much of the 400-strong membership are affiliated with the non-governmental organisation sector of Taiwanese society, as well as from academia and the youth community.

2016 Taiwanese general election
General elections were held in Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, on Saturday, 16 January 2016 to elect the 14th President and Vice President of the Republic of China, and all 113 members of the ninth Legislative Yuan:
Camp Wallace
Camp Wallace was a facility of the United States Army located near the unincorporated town of Grove in southeastern James City County in the Virginia Peninsula portion of the Hampton Roads region of Virginia in the United States.

Camp Wallace served from 1918 to 1971 as satellite facility of the army base which became Fort Eustis. It was the first site of the Army's aerial tramway.

Kingsmill, Virginia
Kingsmill is a geographic area in James City County, Virginia, that includes a large planned residential community, a resort complex, a theme park, a brewery, and a commercial park.

The Kingsmill area is between the north bank of the James River just east (downstream) of the site where the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown was established in 1607 and Interstate Highway 64. Highway access to most of the area's businesses and attractions is from U.S. Route 60 between the eastern city limits of Williamsburg and the adjacent community of Grove, or from Virginia State Route 199, which forms a semi-circular beltway of sorts around Williamsburg's southern side.
C. Hugh Holman
Clarence Hugh Holman (February 24, 1914 – October 14, 1981) was an American literary scholar, academic administrator and detective novelist. He was a Professor of English at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and its Provost from 1966 to 1968. He was the vice president of the National Humanities Center. He was the author of many books about Southern literature, and the founding co-editor of the Southern Literary Journal. He was the recipient of several awards.

Campus novel
A campus novel, also known as an academic novel, is a novel whose main action is set in and around the campus of a university. Academic novels typically center on professors or students (novels that focus on students may be termed varsity novels). Part of mainstream American fiction for decades, the genre in its current form dates back to the early 1950s.
Enrique Cárdenas González
Enrique Cárdenas González (February 4, 1927 – March 1, 2018) was a Mexican politician and a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as Governor of Tamaulipas from 1975 to 1981 and Municipal President of Ciudad Victoria from 1968 until 1971. Nationally, Cárdenas served in the Senate of the Republic for two terms, as well as Undersecretary of Finance during the administration of President Luis Echeverría during the 1970s.

Governor of Tamaulipas
This is a list of governors of Tamaulipas since it became a state of Mexico in 1822, it includes the list of governors of Nuevo Santander (New Santander) the name of the Spanish province in northeast New Spain before the Mexican War of Independence, which included present-day Tamaulipas and South Texas.