hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Derek Hardwick
Derek Hardwick CBE (30 January 1921 – 28 May 1987) was a tennis player, tennis administrator, and the president of the International Tennis Federation from 1975 to 1977.

Hardwick was a former British doubles champion who played in the 1946 Wimbledon mixed doubles with Doris Hart and later became Chairman of the Lawn Tennis Association. 
Along with Herman David, then chairman of the All England Club, Derek Hardwick was a leading advocate for open tennis, involving both amateurs and professionals. The first open tournament in the Open Era was the British Hard Court Championships was played at Mr. Hardwick's home club, the West Hampshire Club, Bournemouth, in 1968. Hardwick also served as chairman of the Men's International Professional Tennis Council between 1974 and 1977 which was the governing body of men's tennis prior to the advent of the ATP Tour. Hardwick was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2010.

Doris Hart
Doris Hart (June 20, 1925 – May 29, 2015) was an American tennis player who was active in the 1940s and first half of the 1950s. She was ranked world No. 1 in 1951. She was the fourth player, and second woman, to win a Career Grand Slam in singles. She was the first of only three players (all women) to complete the career "Boxed Set" of Grand Slam titles, which is winning at least one title in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events. Only she and Margaret Court achieved this during the amateur era of the sport.

Hart played collegiate tennis for the Miami Hurricanes at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.
1770 Naval Air Squadron
1770 Naval Air Squadron (1770 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. It formed at RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron), on 10 September 1943, as a two-seat Fighter Squadron and embarked on HMS Indefatigable in May 1944. It took part in several attacks on the German Battleship Tirpitzand other operations in Norwegian waters before sailing for the Far East. In 1945, as part of the British Pacific Fleet, the squadron took part in attacks on Sumatra, Sakishima Gunto and Formosa. It disembarked to Australia in June 1945 and then disbanded on 30 September 1945 at RNAS Maryborough (HMS Nabstock), Queensland, Australia.

Mainland, Orkney
The Mainland, also known as Pomona, is the main island of Orkney, Scotland. Both of Orkney's burghs, Kirkwall and Stromness, lie on the island, which is also the heart of Orkney's ferry and air connections.

Seventy-five per cent of Orkney's population live on the island, which is more densely populated than the other islands of the archipelago. The lengthy history of the island's occupation has provided numerous important archaeological sites and the sandstone bedrock provides a platform for fertile farmland. There is an abundance of wildlife, especially seabirds.
2010–11 Hamburger SV season
The 2010–11 season of Hamburger SV began on 28 June with their first training session. Hamburg played its matches at Imtech Arena.

Hamburg hired Armin Veh as their new head coach after sacking Bruno Labbadia near the end of last season and appointed Bastian Reinhardt as their new sports director. Hamburg were interested in a number of big name players, including Rafinha of Schalke 04, Michael Ballack, who Chelsea deemed surplus, Serdar Tasci of VfB Stuttgart and Jaroslav Drobný. Out of all of those, only Drobný decided to sign with Hamburg. Jérôme Boateng was the only major player sold, leaving for Manchester City.

The signings continued during pre-season. Hamburg signed Dennis Diekmeier from 1. FC Nürnberg and Heiko Westermann from Schalke 04.

Armin Veh
Armin Veh (German pronunciation: [ˈaʁmiːn ˈfeː]; born 1 February 1961) is a German football manager and former player who last managed Eintracht Frankfurt. He won the German championship with Bundesliga team VfB Stuttgart in 2007. Veh and his team also had the chance to win "the double" by winning the DFB-Pokal on 26 May 2007 in Berlin, but lost 3–2 in extra time against 1. FC Nürnberg. From 11 December 2017 to 8 December 2019, Veh was the sports director of 1. FC Köln. During his playing career, he played as a midfielder.
A¹ homotopy theory
In algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, branches of mathematics, A1 homotopy theory or motivic homotopy theory is a way to apply the techniques of algebraic topology, specifically homotopy, to algebraic varieties and, more generally, to schemes.  The theory is due to Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky.  The underlying idea is that it should be possible to develop a purely algebraic approach to homotopy theory by replacing the unit interval [0, 1], which is not an algebraic variety, with the affine line A1, which is.  The theory has seen spectacular applications such as Voevodsky's construction of the derived category of mixed motives and the proof of the Milnor and Bloch-Kato conjectures. It has also recently revolutionized the theory of enumerative geometry problems.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
2023 Knoxville Challenger
The 2023 Knoxville Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 19th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Knoxville, United States between 6 and 12 November 2023.

2023 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2023 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2023 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 196 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 46th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 15th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Johanna Beyer
Johanna Magdalena Beyer (July 11, 1888 – January 9, 1944) was a German-American composer and pianist. Among her best known compositions is IV for Percussion Ensemble (1935), the only work published during her lifetime.

Charles Seeger
Charles Louis Seeger Jr. (December 14, 1886 – February 7, 1979) was an American musicologist, composer, teacher, and folklorist. He was the husband of the composer Ruth Crawford Seeger, father of the American folk singers Pete Seeger, Peggy Seeger, and Mike Seeger; and brother of the World War I poet Alan Seeger and children's author and educator Elizabeth Seeger.
Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Buenos Aires
The Faculty of Economic Sciences (Spanish: Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; FCE), also simply known as Económicas, is a faculty of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), the largest university in Argentina. Established in 1913 as the Instituto de Altos Estudios Comerciales, it is now the largest faculty within UBA, with over 36,000 grad students. The Faculty of Economic Sciences has the highest rate of international postgraduate students at 30 percent, in line with its reputation as a "top business school with significant international influence."

The faculty has its seat on a Neoclassical building on Avenida Córdoba, one of the main thoroughfares of Buenos Aires. The building was designed by Francisco Tamburini in 1908, and originally also housed the Faculty of Medicine. The building faces Plaza Bernardo Houssay, opposite of which is the new seat of the Faculty of Medicine, the Teaching Hospital José de San Martín, and a number of other UBA dependencies and facilities.

Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín"
The Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín" is a teaching hospital located in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It belongs to the University of Buenos Aires (UBA) Faculty of Medical Sciences, currently the best ranked university in that country.
New Liberal
New Liberal was a party description used by Alan Ernest Lomas (14 June 1918 – 25 January 2016) and his supporters, who were based in the London Borough of Islington in the 1960s. Despite the name, this was a racist and far right organisation.

London Borough of Islington
The London Borough of Islington (/ˈɪzlɪŋtən/ ⓘ IZ-ling-tən) is a borough in North London, England. Forming part of Inner London, Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, by the amalgamation of the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury.

The new entity remains the second smallest borough in London and the third-smallest district in England. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies; Islington North, represented by former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn, and Islington South & Finsbury represented by Labour MP Emily Thornberry. The local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the Premier League clubs in England, and its home Emirates Stadium.
Synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride
Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D h-BN) is a material of comparable structure to graphene with potential applications in e.g. photonics., fuel cells  and as a substrate for two-dimensional heterostructures. 2D h-BN is isostructural to graphene, but where graphene is conductive, 2D h-BN is a wide-gap insulator.

The properties of 2D h-BN films depends greatly on the quality of the films. It has been challenging to synthesize high-quality 2D h-BN over large areas.
In particular, the small grain size of polycrystalline h-BN results in many grain boundaries, which create charge traps and higher surface roughness.

The production of 2D h-BN can be divided into top-down and bottom-up approaches. In bottom-up methods, a film is grown or deposited on a surface; in top-down methods, a larger structure is reduced until the desired state or structure is achieved.

Boron nitride nanosheet
Boron nitride nanosheet is a crystalline form of the hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), which has a thickness of one atom. Similar in geometry as well as physical and thermal properties to its carbon analog graphene, but has very different chemical and electronic properties – contrary to the black and highly conducting graphene, BN nanosheets are electrical insulators with a band gap of ~5.9 eV, and therefore appear white in color.

Uniform monoatomic BN nanosheets can be deposited by catalytic decomposition of borazine at a temperature ~1100 °C in a chemical vapor deposition setup, over substrate areas up to about 10 cm2. Owing to their hexagonal atomic structure, small lattice mismatch with graphene (~2%), and high uniformity they are used as substrates for graphene-based devices.
Manufacturing in Wales
The manufacturing sector in Wales was historically centred on the mining industry, with slate, coal, tinplate and steel being important industries. Today, while traditional industries remain in smaller quantities, manufacturing in Wales is increasingly specialised and diverse, including parts of the automotive, aerospace, medical and technological industries.

Mining in Wales
Mining in Wales provided a significant source of income to the economy of Wales throughout the nineteenth century and early to mid twentieth century. It was key to the Industrial Revolution in Wales, and to the whole of Great Britain.

Wales was famous for its coal mining, in the Rhondda Valley, the South Wales Valleys and throughout the South Wales coalfield and by 1913 Barry had become the largest coal exporting port in the world, with Cardiff as second, as coal was transported down by rail. Northeast Wales also had its own coalfield and Tower Colliery (closed January 2008) near Hirwaun is regarded by many as the oldest open coal mine and one of the largest in the world. Welsh coal was regarded as some of the best burning and highest quality material for power generation, railroading, shipping, and was sold for higher prices. Wales has also had a significant history of mining for slate, gold and various metal ores, making it one of the most materially rich plains in the world.
Rel homology domain
The Rel homology domain (RHD) is a protein domain found in a family of eukaryotic transcription factors, including both NF-κB and NFAT, among others. Some of these transcription factors appear to form multi-protein DNA-bound complexes. Phosphorylation of the RHD appears to play a role in the regulation of some of these transcription factors, acting to modulate the expression of their target genes.

The RHD is composed of two immunoglobulin-like beta barrel subdomains that grip the DNA in the major groove. The N-terminal specificity domain resembles the core domain of the p53 transcription factor, and contains a recognition loop that interacts with DNA bases. In the case of NF-κB, the C-terminal dimerization subdomain determines dimerization propensity with other proteins in the NF-κB/Rel protein family.  The dimerization subdomain is immediately followed by a nuclear localization sequence that also comprises the site for inhibitory interactions with IκB.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Electoral district of North-East Coolgardie
North-East Coolgardie was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1897 to 1901.

The district was located in the Eastern Goldfields. Its only  member was Frederick Vosper, who died towards the end of the parliamentary term. No by-election was held due to the imminence of the 1901 state election.

At 31 December 1898, the district bordered North Coolgardie to the north, Dundas to the west and south, and Coolgardie and East Coolgardie to the east. It included the settlements of Bulong, Kanowna, Broad Arrow, Black Flag, Paddington, Bardoc, Mulgarrie, and Kurnalpie.

Electoral district of North Coolgardie
North Coolgardie was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1897 to 1901.

The district was located in the Western Australian outback. In 1898, it included the settlements of Menzies and Goongarrie along the Menzies–Kalgoorlie railway line, as well as the more remote settlements of Mount Ida, Mount Leonora, Mulline, Niagara, and Yerilla, and the Mount Margaret goldfields. It existed for one term of parliament, and was represented in that time by Henry Gregory. When the district was abolished at the 1901 state election, Gregory transferred to the new seat of Menzies.
Josef Pekař
Josef Pekař (April 12, 1870 Malý Rohozec at Turnov – January 23, 1937 Prague) was a prominent Czech historian of the turn of 19th and 20th century, professor and rector of Charles University in Prague.

John of Nepomuk
John of Nepomuk (or John Nepomucene) (Czech: Jan Nepomucký; German: Johannes Nepomuk; Latin: Ioannes Nepomucenus) (c. 1345 – 20 March 1393)
was a saint of Bohemia. He was executed by King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia for disobedience. John was thrown into the Vltava river.

A legend grew that John was executed for refusing to divulge the secrets of the Queen's confession to Wenceslaus. This fiction made John of Nepomuk the martyr of the Seal of the Confessional. He is also a patron against calumnies and a protector from floods and drowning.
Causes of schizophrenia
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly understood. A number of hypotheses including the dopamine hypothesis, and the glutamate hypothesis have been put forward in an attempt to explain the link between altered brain function and the symptoms and development of schizophrenia.

Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.: 21 
Temporal refers to the head's temples.
Markus Münch (footballer)
Markus Münch (born 7 September 1972) is a German former footballer who played as a left-back or left midfielder. His professional career was mainly associated with Bayern Munich, Bayer Leverkusen, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Besiktas Istanbul and Panathinaikos. He is currently a racehorse trainer, owner and breeder based in Chantilly, France.

Greek football PSAP awards
The Greek football PSAPP awards are a number of awards given annually by the Panhellenic Association of Professional Football Players (PSAPP) (Greek: Πανελλήνιος Σύνδεσμος Αμειβομένων Ποδοσφαιριστών Ποδοσφαιριστριών). These awards are given annually to players playing in the Super League Greece, Super League Greece 2 and in the Greek A Division. Until 2021, they were also given to players from the Greek third division. Managers and referees are also awarded by PSAPP on an annual basis.
Calvin Coolidge State Forest
Calvin Coolidge State Forest, also known as Coolidge State Forest, covers 22,564 acres (91.31 km2) in two parts in Rutland and Windsor counties in Vermont. The West portion cover 17,259 acres (69.84 km2) in Killington, Mendon, Plymouth and Shrewsbury in both counties. The East portion cover 5,305 acres (21.47 km2) in Bridgewater, Plymouth, Reading, and Woodstock in Windsor County.

The forest is managed by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation for timber resources, wildlife habitat, and recreational activities.

Activities in the forest include camping, hiking, picnicking, fishing, hunting, trapping, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling.

Shrewsbury, Vermont
Shrewsbury is a town in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The town was named for the Earl of Shrewsbury. The population was 1,096 at the 2020 census.

Shrewsbury was the home of the late U.S. Senator Jim Jeffords. In 1986/87, the town received worldwide attention from the media, when a moose spent 76 days unsuccessfully courting a local farmer's cow. A book, A Moose for Jessica was written about the story.
Posterior cortical atrophy
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Benson's syndrome, is a rare form of dementia which is considered a visual variant or an atypical variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The disease causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. PCA was first described by D. Frank Benson in 1988.

PCA usually affects people at an earlier age than typical cases of Alzheimer's disease, with initial symptoms often experienced in people in their mid-fifties or early sixties.  This was the case with writer Terry Pratchett (1948–2015), who went public in 2007 about being diagnosed with PCA. In rare cases, PCA can be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

Grey matter
Grey matter (gray matter in American English) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axons. The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.
Zerich Capital Management
Zerich Capital Management (Russian: Церих Кэпитал Менеджмент) was a Russian investment and financial service company. It was one of the oldest and largest financial companies in Russia. It was acquired by Freedom Finance in June 2021. In 2023 Freedom Finance Russian business changed its name to Tsifra or Cifra Broker.

Prior to its acquisition the Moscow Exchange in 2018 said the company was one of the five largest stock brokers in its derivatives market in Russia. The core divisions were: securities sales and trading, investment banking, and asset management.

Moscow Exchange
The Moscow Exchange (MOEX; Russian: Московская биржа, romanized: Moskovskaya birzha, IPA: [mɐˈskofskəjə ˈbʲirʐə]) is the largest exchange in Russia, operating trading markets in equities, bonds, derivatives, the foreign exchange market, money markets, and precious metals. The Moscow Exchange also operates Russia's central securities depository, the National Settlement Depository (NSD), and the country's largest clearing service provider, the National Clearing Centre. The exchange was formed in 2011 in a merger of the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange and the Russian Trading System.

At the end of 2023, the total trading volume on MOEX platforms reached 1.3 quadrillion rubles (about $14 trillion).
2023 Tour des Alpes-Maritimes et du Var
The 2023 Tour des Alpes-Maritimes et du Var was a road cycling stage race that took place between 17 and 19 February 2023 in the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Var in southeastern France. The race is rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2023 UCI Europe Tour calendar, and is the 55th edition of the Tour des Alpes-Maritimes et du Var.

Tour des Alpes-Maritimes
The Tour des Alpes-Maritimes, formerly known as the Tour du Haut Var, (English: Tour of the Haut Var) is an early-season two-day road bicycle race in the Var department region in the south of France. Until 2008 it was run as a one-day race, part of the UCI Europe Tour. In 2009, the race transformed to a 2.1 event, raced over two days. Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk and France's Arthur Vichot hold the record with three wins.

The Tour des Alpes-Maritimes is one of several stage races held in the hilly Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in February, alongside the Étoile de Bessèges, La Méditerranéenne and the Tour La Provence. These early-season races are competed mainly by French teams and are considered preparations for Paris–Nice, the first European World Tour event in March.