hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2015 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis
The 2015 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in São Paulo, Brazil between 27 April and 2 May 2015.

São Paulo Challenger de Tênis
The São Paulo Challenger de Tênis was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. The 2013 event was the first version of the tournament, which also featured a women's competition of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit. It was sponsored by Braskem.
Constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact
There is ongoing legal debate about the constitutionality of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact in the United States. At issue are interpretations of the Compact Clause of Article I, Section X, and states' plenary power under the Presidential Electors Clause of Article II, Section I.

Akhil Reed Amar
Akhil Reed Amar (born September 6, 1958) is an American legal scholar known for his expertise in U.S. constitutional law. He is a Sterling Professor of Law and Political Science at Yale University, where he is a leading scholar of originalism, the U.S. Bill of Rights, and criminal procedure.

Born in Michigan and raised in California, Amar was an undergraduate at Yale College before receiving his legal education at Yale Law School. After clerking for Judge (later Justice) Stephen Breyer, he became an assistant professor at Yale Law School.

Amar is an affiliate of the American Bar Association and the Federalist Society, with his work receiving awards from both organizations. His work has been cited in more than fifty U.S. Supreme Court cases by justices nominated by presidents of both parties. According to a 2021 study of lifetime scholarly citations by Fred R. Shapiro, Amar is the second most-cited American legal scholar still under age 70.
Bandar Gurdim
bandar Gurdim (Persian: بندر گورديم, also Romanized as Gūrdīm; also known as Gordīm, Gūdīm, and Kūrdīm) is a village in Kahir Rural District, in the Central District of Konarak County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 20 families.
fa:بندر گوردیم

Kahir Rural District
Kahir Rural District (Persian: دهستان كهير) is in Kahir District of Konarak County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Bursar Heydari. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Kahir.
Litoria eurynastes
Litoria eurynastes is a frog in the subfamily Pelodryadinae, endemic to Papua New Guinea.  It resembles Litoria bicolor, but it is larger.

Adult male frogs measure 25.7 to 31.5 mm in snout-vent length.  Adult female frogs measure 27.3 to 33.0 mm.  Some adult frogs have vomerine teeth in their upper jaws.  They have more webbing on the hind feet than on the forefeet.  There are five groups of Litoria eurynastes living in the wild, and they are not all the same color.  They can be bright green, yellow-green, or brownish-green.  Some of them have gold or light green stripes.  There is a disc on each finger.

The Greek name eurynastes means wide-dwelling.

Northern dwarf tree frog
The northern dwarf tree frog (Litoria bicolor) is a small species of tree frog native to northern Australia, from the Kimberly region of Western Australia to Bowen, Queensland, and Aru Islands of Indonesia.

These small frogs are also commonly called sedge frogs.

The population occurring in Indonesia may not be L. bicolor, and research on call structure or genetics is needed to confirm its taxonomic status.
Ndut initiation rite
The Ndut is a circumcision rite of passage as well as a religious education commanded by Serer religion that every Serer (an ethnoreligious group and nation found in present-day Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania) must go through once in their lifetime. The Serer people being an ethnoreligious group, the Ndut initiation rite is also linked to Serer culture. From the moment a Serer child is born, education plays a pivotal role throughout their life cycle. The ndut is one of these phases of their life cycle. In Serer society, education lasts a lifetime, from infancy to old age.

Ethnoreligious group
An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group) is a group of people with a common religious and ethnic background or, in some cases, a religious background exclusively. It can also be considered a sub-category of ethnicity, where members have a common religion, which they collectively believe to have.

In a narrower sense, they refer to groups whose religious and ethnic traditions are historically linked.
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia (Алексе́й Алекса́ндрович; 14 January [O.S. 2 January] 1850 in St. Petersburg – 14 November 1908 in Paris) was the fifth child and the fourth son of Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Chosen for a naval career, Alexei Alexandrovich started his military training at the age of seven. By the age of 20 he had been appointed lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Navy and had visited all Russia's European military ports. In 1871, he was sent as a goodwill ambassador to the United States and Japan.

In 1883 he was appointed general-admiral. He had a significant contribution in the equipment of the Russian navy with new ships and in modernizing the naval ports. However, after the Russian defeat in the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, he was relieved of his command. He was viewed at the time as an incompetent and corrupt dilettante.  He died in Paris in 1908.

Liepāja
Liepāja (pronounced [liepaːja] ⓘ) (formerly: Libau) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in the Courland region and the third-largest in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-free port.

In the 19th and early 20th century, it was a favourite place for sea-bathers and travellers, with the town boasting a fine park, many pretty gardens and a theatre. Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as the "City where the wind is born", likely because of the constant sea breeze. A song of the same name (Latvian: "Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš") was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city. Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation (33 Enercon wind turbines) nearby.

Liepāja is chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2027.
Football at the 1957 Arab Games
The 1957 Arab Games football tournament was the 2nd edition of the Arab Games men's football tournament. The football tournament was held in Beirut, Lebanon between 19–27 October 1957 as part of the 1957 Arab Games.

Football at the Arab Games
The Arab Games are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. A men's football tournament has been held at every session of the Games since 1953, except for 2004. Since the 2023 edition, the tournament has been limited to under-23 teams, plus up to three overage players for each squad.
Black Hole/Blank Canvas
Black Hole/Blank Canvas is the eleventh full-length studio album by the Norwegian band Motorpsycho. It is the first after long-time drummer Håkon Gebhardt left the band in spring 2005. The other two members, Hans Magnus Ryan and Bent Sæther decided to carry on as a duo. They recorded their new album in The Void studio in Eindhoven together with producer/engineer and long-time live sound technician Pieter Kloos and produced their third double album. It was released on March 17, 2006, (March 20 in Norway) and was followed by a European tour in spring. The band was joined by drummer Jacco van Rooij and vibraphonist Øyvind Brandtsegg, who also played on the 1994 album Timothy's Monster.

The second song from the album, "In our Tree", was premiered as a short clip on Norwegian TV station NRK during the program Lydverket, and later in full on the radio station P3.

Timothy's Monster
Timothy's Monster is the fourth full-length studio album by Motorpsycho. It was released through EMI in Norway, marking their first album on a major label, and through the independent label Stickman Records in the rest of the world. The album was issued as a double-CD or triple-LP.

A 4-CD version was released by Rune Grammofon and Stickman Records to tie in with Motorpsycho's appearance at the 2010 Øyafestivalen on August 14, 2010, where the band played the album in its entirety (albeit in a different running order).
Berkel (crater)
Berkel is a crater on the planet Mercury. Its name was approved by the IAU on July 9, 2009. It was named after the modernist painter Sabri Berkel.

The crater contains dark material in its center and in a ring immediately surrounding it.  Moreover, Berkel is surrounded by a blanket of bright ejecta and a system of bright rays. Other craters on Mercury's surface, such as Bashō, also exhibit both bright rays and dark halos. In contrast, two neighboring craters have bright rays but lack dark halos.

The floor of Berkel is a dark spot of low reflectance material (LRM), closely associated with hollows.

Berkel lies within the much larger and older crater Ellington, which is to the southeast of Derain. Both Derain and Ellington lie within a much older, 730-km-diameter, unnamed crater (referred to as b36).

Map-projected image

Oblique close-up

Bashō (crater)
Bashō is a crater on Mercury named after Matsuo Bashō, a 17th-century Japanese writer. Bashō crater is only 74.62 kilometers (46.37 mi) in diameter, but is a prominent feature on Mercury's surface, due to its bright rays. Photographs from NASA's Mariner 10 and MESSENGER spacecraft show a curious halo of dark material around the crater.  The dark material is typically referred to as low-reflectance material (LRM) and there is evidence that it is caused by graphite.

Bashō is one of the largest craters of the Kuiperian system on Mercury. The largest is Bartók crater.

Mariner 10 image

Image from MESSENGER's first flyby in January 2008

MESSENGER image

Exaggerated color image by MESSENGER, with Tolstoj at top and Bashō in lower left

Similar image centered on Bashō

Oblique view from MESSENGER
Mangatāwhiri
Mangatāwhiri is a locality about 10 km north-east of Pōkeno and 7 km west of Mangatangi in the Waikato District in the North Island of New Zealand.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "tāwhiri tree stream" for Mangatāwhiri.

The Castle is a prominent building on Mangatawhiri Road which once housed the Castle Cafe.

Mangatāwhiri River flows south from the Hunua Ranges through Mangatāwhiri, and joins the Waikato River near Mercer.

Waikato District
Waikato District is a territorial authority of New Zealand, in the northern part of Waikato region, North Island.  Waikato District is administered by the Waikato District Council, with headquarters in Ngāruawāhia.

The district is centred to the north and west of the city of Hamilton, and takes in much of the northern Waikato Plains and also the Hakarimata Range. The north of the district contains swampy floodplain of the Waikato River and several small lakes, of which the largest is Lake Waikare.

Other than Ngāruawāhia, the main population centres are Huntly, Raglan, and Te Kauwhata. The main industries in the district are dairy farming, forestry, and coal mining. There is a major coal-fired power station at Huntly. Te Kauwhata is at the centre of a major wine region.
Kievsky Yogan
The Kievsky Yogan (Russian: Киевский Ёган; Selkup: Ки́евскэл кыге́) is a river in Tomsk Oblast, Russia. The river is 339 kilometres (211 mi) long and has a catchment area of 4,140 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi).

The Kievsky Yogan flows across the Central Siberian Plateau. Its basin is located in the Alexandrovsky District. There are no permanent settlements along the course of the river.

Central Siberian Plateau
The Central Siberian Plateau (Russian: Среднесибирское плоскогорье, romanized: Srednesibirskoye ploskogorye; Yakut: Орто Сибиир хаптал хайалаах сирэ, romanized: Orto Sibîr xaptal xayalâx sire) is a vast mountainous area in Siberia, one of the Great Russian Regions.
Gunsmoke season 13
Gunsmoke is an American Western television series developed by Charles Marquis Warren and based on the radio program of the same name. The series ran for 20 seasons, making it the longest-running Western in television history.

The first episode of season 13 aired in the United States on September 11, 1967, and the final episode aired on March 4, 1968.  All episodes were broadcast in the U.S. by CBS.

Season 13 of Gunsmoke was the second season of color episodes.  Previous seasons were filmed in black-and-white.

McFarland & Company
McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.

Its president is Rhonda Herman. Its current Editor-in-Chief is Steve Wilson. Its former president and current President Emeritus is Robert Franklin, who founded the company in 1979.

McFarland employs a staff of about 50, and as of 2019 had published 7,800 titles. McFarland's initial print runs average 600 copies per book.
Despenser War
The Despenser War (1321–22) was a baronial revolt against Edward II of England led by the Marcher Lords Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun. The rebellion was fuelled by opposition to Hugh Despenser the Younger, the royal favourite. After the rebels' summer campaign of 1321, Edward was able to take advantage of a temporary peace to rally more support and a successful winter campaign in southern Wales, culminating in royal victory at the Battle of Boroughbridge in the north of England in March 1322. Edward's response to victory was his increasingly harsh rule until his fall from power in 1326.

Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (c. 1278 – 22 March 1322) was an English nobleman of the first House of Lancaster, a cadet branch of the royal Plantagenet dynasty. He held the titles of Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby from 1296 until his death in 1322, and also those of Earl of Lincoln and Salisbury jure uxoris from 1311 to 1322. As one of the most powerful barons in England, Thomas became a leading figure in the baronial opposition to his first cousin, King Edward II.
1988 World Rowing Championships
The 1988 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held on 6 August 1988 at Milan in Italy. Since 1988 was an Olympic year for rowing, the World Championships did not include Olympic events scheduled for the 1988 Summer Olympics, but instead the lightweight events were held in conjunction with the World Junior Championships, which ran from 3 to 7 August.

Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Rowing at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul featured 14 events in total, for men and women, held on the Han River Regatta Course.

The women's quadruple sculls event was held without coxswain for the first time at this Olympics (from its debut in 1976 through 1984 it was coxed for women and coxless for men).
Sikh state
A Sikh state is a political entity that is ruled by Sikhs. There were various Sikh states, empires, and dynasties, beginning with the first Sikh state established by Banda Singh Bahadur to the Sikh-ruled princely states of British India. Sikhism turned toward militancy by the end of the 17th century and by the 18th century, the Sikhs had established themselves as a dominant player in regional affairs, becoming the political elite of the Punjab. This transformation has been described as being one of rebels turning into rulers. During British-rule, the idea of Sikhs being a unique nation developed further and was aided by the colonial administrative policies. However, territoriality has not played a major part in the self-identity of the Sikhs.

Phulkian dynasty
The Phulkian dynasty (or Phoolkian) of Maharajas or sardars were Sikh Jat royals and aristocrats in the Punjab region of India. Members of the dynasty ruled the Phulkian states of Badrukhan, Bhadaur, Faridkot, Jind, Malaudh, Nabha, and Patiala, allying themselves with the British Empire according to the terms of the Cis-Sutlej treaty of 1809. The dynasty is named after Phul Sidhu-Brar, the 17th-century common ancestor of the Phulkian states and the founder of the Phulkian Misl. After India's independence in 1947, the Phulkian states had all acceded to India by 1948. Members of the various royal families of the Phulkian dynasty retained their titles until 1971, when the Government of India abolished their titles with the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.
Seewald
Seewald (German pronunciation: [ˈzeːvalt]) is a municipality in the Freudenstadt district in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It lies in the Black Forest. The source of the river Nagold is situated in the municipality. There is a dam in the river near the village Erzgrube, forming the artificial lake Nagoldsee. Erzgrube lies 550 m (1,804 ft) above sea level. Other subdivisions lie between 750 and 850 m (2,461 and 2,789 ft) above sea level in the midst of the forests. 90% of the area is covered with forests.

Freudenstadt (district)
Freudenstadt is a Landkreis (district) in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Rastatt, Calw, Tübingen, Zollernalbkreis, Rottweil and the Ortenaukreis.
New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania
Bloomfield, commonly known as New Bloomfield, is a borough in, and the county seat of, Perry County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area. The population was 1,244 at the 2020 census.

Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan area
The Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area, officially the Harrisburg–Carlisle, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and also referred to as the Susquehanna Valley, is defined by the Office of Management and Budget as an area consisting of three counties in South Central Pennsylvania, anchored by the cities of Harrisburg and Carlisle.

As of the 2020 census, the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a population of 591,712, making it the fourth-most-populous metropolitan area in Pennsylvania, after the Delaware Valley, Greater Pittsburgh, and the Lehigh Valley.

Since 2012, it has been defined as part of the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area, which also includes York, Lebanon, and Adams counties.
2022 North Dakota House of Representatives election
The 2022 North Dakota House of Representatives elections were held on November 8, 2022, as part of the biennial 2022 United States elections. 66 of the seats in the North Dakota House of Representatives were up for election. Primary elections were held on June 14, 2022. The elections coincided with elections for other offices in North Dakota, including the US Senate, US House, North Dakota Secretary of State, North Dakota Attorney General, and the North Dakota Senate.

Following the 2022 elections, Republicans expanded their supermajority by two seats, giving them an 82-to-12 member advantage over Democrats.

2022 North Dakota Secretary of State election
The 2022 North Dakota Secretary of State election was held on November 8, 2022, to elect the next secretary of state of North Dakota.  Incumbent Republican Alvin Jaeger did not seek reelection to an eighth term.
Hithergreen, Western Australia
Hithergreen is a rural locality of the City of Busselton in the South West region of Western Australia, located on the Vasse Highway.

The City of Busselton and the locality of Hithergreen are located on the traditional land of the Wardandi (also spelled Wadandi) people, of the Noongar nation.

Hithergreen was established as a Group Settlement with the group number 15 in May 1922.

City of Busselton
The City of Busselton is a local government area in the South West region of Western Australia, approximately 230 km (140 mi) south of Perth, the state capital. The city covers an area of 1,455 km2 (562 sq mi) and had a population of 40,640 as at the 2021 Census. It contains two large towns, Busselton and Dunsborough, and a number of smaller towns. The city office is located on Southern Drive, Busselton.
Albert of Brandenburg as Saint Jerome
Albert of Brandenburg as Saint Jerome is a 1527 oil on panel painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, who was a Protestant but also worked for Catholic patrons. It shows Albert of Brandenburg. It and the Solly Madonna were bought by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1821 as part of Edward Solly's collection and are both now in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin.

Solly Madonna
The Solly Madonna by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael was painted sometime between 1500 and 1504.

An early work, it clearly shows the influence of Raphael's teacher Perugino. Two motifs in this work would recur in later Madonnas by Raphael. The virgin Mary is reading a book, as in the Madonna and Child in the Norton Simon Museum, the Conestabile Madonna, the Madonna Colonna and the Madonna del cardellino. As in that last painting a small bird, a goldfinch, is part of the scene.

The painting is located in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. It is called the Solly Madonna because it was owned by the British banker and art collector Edward Solly (1776–1848).
Margin of exposure
In toxicology, the margin of exposure (or MOE) of a substance is the ratio of its no-observed-adverse-effect level to its theoretical, predicted, or estimated dose or concentration of human intake. It is used in risk assessment to determine the dangerousness of substances that are both genotoxic and carcinogenic. This approach is preferred by both the World Health Organization and the European Food Safety Authority for the evaluation of the risk of carcinogens.

No-observed-adverse-effect level
The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) denotes the level of exposure of an organism, found by experiment or observation, at which there is no biologically or statistically significant increase in the frequency or severity of any adverse effects of the tested protocol. In drug development, the NOAEL of a new drug is assessed in laboratory animals, such as mice, prior to initiation of human trials in order to establish a safe clinical starting dose in humans. The OECD publishes guidelines for Preclinical Safety Assessments, in order to help scientists discover the NOAEL.
New Hampshire Highway System
The New Hampshire Highway System is the public roads system of the U.S. state of New Hampshire containing approximately 17,029 miles (27,406 km) maintained by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT). All public roads in the state are called "highways", thus there is no technical distinction between a "road" or a "highway" in New Hampshire.

New Hampshire Route 11
New Hampshire Route 11 is a 108.223-mile-long (174.168 km) east–west state highway in New Hampshire, running completely across the central part of the state. Its western terminus is at the Vermont state line in Charlestown, where it continues west as Vermont Route 11. The eastern terminus is at the Maine state line in Rochester, where it crosses the border with U.S. Route 202 and continues as Maine State Route 11.

Its number is derived from its original 1925 designation as New England Interstate Route 11.

The highway follows a generally southwest to northeast alignment from the Vermont state line until reaching Lake Winnipesaukee, then turns southeast for the remainder of its routing to the Maine state line.

There are 3 auxiliary routes, labeled 11A through 11C, all located along the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee, and an additional former auxiliary route, 11D, which is still known by that name.
Jugs Jugueta
Eric Rommel Jugueta (born January 21, 1979) is a Filipino musician, songwriter, and television presenter. He is the co-lead vocalist and founding member of the rock band the Itchyworms. He is also a regular host and judge on ABS-CBN's noontime variety show It's Showtime.

Teddy Corpuz
Teddy Corpuz (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈkɔɾpus]) is a Filipino singer, television presenter, actor and comedian. He is the lead vocalist of the rock band Rocksteddy. He is a regular host and judge on ABS-CBN's noontime variety show It's Showtime.