hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dumnonia
Dumnonia (Ancient Greek: Δαμνόνιον, romanized: Damnónion, in the adjective form) is the Latinised name for a Brythonic kingdom that existed in Sub-Roman Britain between the 6th century CE and the 7th century CE in the more westerly parts of present-day South West England.

Its predecessor, the pre-Roman Dumnonii territory, was centred in the area of modern Devon, but also included modern Cornwall and part of Somerset; its eastern boundary was moved westward over time with the gradual expansion of the neighbouring Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. The spelling Damnonia is sometimes encountered, but that spelling is also used for the land of the Damnonii, later part of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, in present-day southern Scotland.
The form Domnonia also occurs. The name of the kingdom shares a linguistic relationship with the Breton region of Domnonée (Breton: Domnonea).

Barbara Yorke
Barbara Yorke FRHistS FSA (born 1951, Barbara Anne Elizabeth Troubridge) is a historian of Anglo-Saxon England, specialising in many subtopics, including 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism. She is currently emeritus professor of early Medieval history at the University of Winchester, and is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society. She is an honorary professor of the Institute of Archaeology at University College London.
K-frame
In linear algebra, a k-frame is an ordered set of k linearly independent vectors in a vector space; thus, k ≤ n, where n is the dimension of the space, and an n-frame is precisely an ordered basis.

If the vectors are orthogonal, or orthonormal, the frame is called an orthogonal frame, or orthonormal frame, respectively.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Zenzl Mühsam
Zenzl Mühsam (born Kreszentia Elfinger; 27 July 1884 – 10 March 1962) was a political activist who was involved, with her husband, Erich Mühsam, in the Munich Soviet ("workers' council") of 1919.

Fifteen years later, after her husband had been murdered in the Oranienburg concentration camp near Berlin, she made her way to Moscow, hoping to arrange for the publication of her husband's political writings.   Eight months after her arrival, identified as a "Trotskyist spy" she was caught up in the political purges of the late 1930s and first arrested in April 1936.   She was unable to leave the Soviet Union for another eighteen years, spending much (though not all) of that time in prisons or labour camps.   She survived.

Rote Hilfe
The Rote Hilfe ("Red Aid") was the German affiliate of the International Red Aid. The Rote Hilfe was affiliated with the Communist Party of Germany and existed between 1924 and 1936. Its purpose was to provide help to those Communists who had been jailed or were imprisoned.
Outline of Kuwait
Kuwait is a sovereign emirate located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in Southwest Asia and the Middle East.  Kuwait is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and west.  The name of Kuwait is a diminutive of an Arabic word meaning "fortress built near water." It has a population of 4.1 million and an area of 17,818 km2. Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government and Kuwait City serves as its political and economic capital.

Areas of Kuwait
Kuwait is divided into six governorates, and in each there are several areas (Arabic: مناطِق). They are much less commonly called by other names such as districts or towns. However, they are commonly known inside the English-speaking community in Kuwait and are officially translated to as areas. The Arabic word for area, Mintaqah, means both area and region. Areas are further sub-divided into blocks, each of which is referred by a number. All blocks are divided into streets (Arabic: شارع) šāriʿ. Then some areas may be further sub-divided into (Arabic: جادة) Jadda, which is translated to avenue or lane.

Each area in Kuwait has an official governmental facility called a co-op society or just society (Arabic: جمعية). They are mainly supermarkets that provide foods and products and they take part in maintaining some of the areas landmarks, but they're not legally obliged to. They have elected members who manage them. Only residents of the area can vote for their society's membership.
1990 Austrian Ladies Open
The 1990 Austrian Ladies Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Kitzbühel, Austria that was part of the Tier V category of the 1990 WTA Tour. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 September until 16 September 1990. Eighth-seeded Claudia Kohde-Kilsch won the singles title.

1990 WTA Tour
The 1990 WTA Tour (officially titled 1990 Kraft General Foods World Tour after its sponsor) was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 1990 tennis season. The 1990 WTA Tour calendar comprised the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III, Tier IV and Tier V events. ITF tournaments were not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Muskiki Formation
The Muskiki Formation is a stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

The formation is named after Muskiki Lake and Muskiki Creek, a tributary of the Cardinal River, and was first described in an outcrop along the Thistle Creek, north of Muskiki Lake, in the Bighorn Range, by D.F. Stott in 1963. The name is of Cree origin ("maskihkîy"), meaning medicine.

Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) underlies 1.4 million square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including southwestern Manitoba, southern Saskatchewan, Alberta, northeastern British Columbia and the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories. This vast sedimentary basin consists of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east. This wedge is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick under the Rocky Mountains, but thins to zero at its eastern margins. The WCSB contains one of the world's largest reserves of petroleum and natural gas and supplies much of the North American market, producing more than 450 million cubic metres (16 billion cubic feet) per day of gas in 2000. It also has huge reserves of coal. Of the provinces and territories within the WCSB, Alberta has most of the oil and gas reserves and almost all of the oil sands.
Military Engineering-Technical University
The Saint Petersburg Military Engineering-Technical University (Nikolaevsky) (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский Военный инженерно-технический университет, romanized: Sankt-Peterburgskiy Voennyy inzhenerno-tekhnicheskiy universitet, VITU), previously known as the Saint Petersburg Nikolaevsky Engineering Academy, was established in 1810 under Alexander I. The university is situated in the former barracks of the Cavalier-Guard Regiment where the university was founded.

Krasnaya Gorka fort
Krasnaya Gorka (Russian: Красная Горка; meaning "Red Hill") is a coastal artillery fortress in Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, opposite Kotlin Island and the Baltic Fleet's base at Kronstadt.
2018–19 South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team
The 2018–19 South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team represented the University of South Carolina during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Gamecocks, led by eleventh year head coach Dawn Staley, played their home games at the Colonial Life Arena and were members of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 23–10, 13–3 in SEC play to finish in second place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the SEC women's tournament to Arkansas. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA women's tournament where they defeated Belmont and Florida State in the first and second rounds before losing to Baylor in the Sweet Sixteen.

Colonial Life Arena
The Colonial Life Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Columbia, South Carolina, primarily home to the University of South Carolina men's and women's basketball teams. Opened as a replacement for the Carolina Coliseum with the name Carolina Center in 2002, the 18,000-seat arena is also host to various events, including conferences, concerts, and graduation ceremonies. It is the largest arena in the state of South Carolina and the eighth largest campus college arena.

The naming rights were acquired in 2003 by Unum, a Portland, Maine–based insurance company, and it was renamed to the Colonial Center after the Colonial Life & Accident Insurance Company, a Unum subsidiary headquartered in Columbia. On July 22, 2008, the USC board approved renaming the building to the Colonial Life Arena as part of the rebranding by Unum (which by then had moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee) of Colonial Life & Accident as Colonial Life.
Vatne Church
Vatne Church (Norwegian: Vatne kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in the village of Vatne in Haram Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is the church for the Vatne parish, which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1868 using plans drawn up by architect Fritz Meinhardt, with some input from architect Jacob Wilhelm Nordan. The church seats about 550 people.

Haram Municipality
Haram is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Sunnmøre region. The administrative center is Brattvåg, the industrial center of Sunnmøre. Other important villages in the municipality include Austnes, Eidsvik, Helle, Longva, Hildrestranda, Søvik, Tennfjord, and Vatne.

The 261-square-kilometre (101 sq mi) municipality is the 280th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Haram Municipality is the 120th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,357. The municipality's population density is 35.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (93/sq mi) and its population has increased by 3% over the previous 10-year period.

Brattvåg IL is a sports club based in the municipality. Tennfjord Mannskor is a male choir from the village of Tennfjord.
Synagelides
Synagelides is a genus of Asian jumping spiders that was first described by W. Bösenberg & Embrik Strand in 1906. This genus and Agorius (and perhaps Pseudosynagelides) are separated as a genus group, sometimes called subfamily Agoriinae, but more recently downranked to tribe Agoriini of the Salticoida clade in subfamily Salticinae.

Salticinae
Salticinae is a subfamily of jumping spiders (family Salticidae). It includes over 90% of the known species of jumping spiders. The subfamily is divided into two unranked clades: Amycoida and Salticoida.
Damaged Goods (song)
"Damaged Goods" is a song by English post-punk band Gang of Four. Acting as their debut single, it was released on 13 October 1978 through independent record label Fast Product. Produced by Fast Product owner Bob Last under the alias "Fast Product", the single received critical acclaim, prompting the band to sign to major label EMI. The title track and "Love Like Anthrax" were re-recorded for Gang of Four's debut album Entertainment! in 1979 and the whole EP was included in the Fast Product compilation Mutant Pop in 1980.

Simon Reynolds
Simon Reynolds (born 19 June 1963) is an English music journalist and author who began his career at Melody Maker in the mid-1980s. He subsequently worked as a freelancer and published a number of books on music and popular culture.

Reynolds has contributed to Spin, Rolling Stone, The New York Times, The Village Voice, The Guardian, The Wire, Pitchfork and others.
Connor Van Vuuren
Connor Van Vuuren (/ˈvjʊərən/) is an Australian stuntman, writer, actor, and director. He co-wrote and co-directed the TV mini-series Bondi Hipsters with his brother Christiaan Van Vuuren. He has created, written, directed and starred in two seasons of ABC's Soul Mates series in 2014 and 2016 as Phoenix with his brother and Nicholas Boshier, and as a stunt actor in Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014), and The Wolverine (2013).

Nicholas Boshier
Nicholas Boshier is an Australian actor. Boshier gained fame after he was revealed to be the actor portraying YouTube celebrity Trent from Punchy, a character whom the film's director Anthony MacFarlane had previously lied about and insisted was genuine. Boshier went on to develop the cartoon Beached Az along with Macfarlane and Jarod Green, with Boshier voicing the main character of the whale. In 2014 he starred alongside Christiaan Van Vuuren in the series Soul Mates; Boshier and Van Vuuren had previously collaborated on the web series Bondi Hipsters.
Provincial assemblies (Qing dynasty)
The Provincial assemblies (simplified Chinese: 咨议局; traditional Chinese: 諮議局) were provincial advisory institutions established in 1909 in each province during the Constitutional Movement of the late Qing dynasty.

According to the Regulation of the Consultative Bureau, the meetings of the Bureau were divided into two types: regular meetings and temporary meetings.

Preparative Constitutionalism
Preparative Constitutionalism or Preparatory Constitutionalism (traditional Chinese: 預備立憲; simplified Chinese: 预备立宪), also known as Preparation of Constitutionalism, refers to attempts by the imperial government of the Qing dynasty of China at implementing top-down constitutional reforms.

The Qing government issued an imperial edict, deciding to imitate the implementation of constitutionalism, but believed that the conditions were not available, so it was necessary to prepare in advance, so it was called "Preparative Constitutionalism".

On September 1, 1906, the Qing court formally declared the Preparative Constitutionalism, thus taking the first step in the history of Chinese constitutionalism and the first step in the reform of the Chinese state system. With the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in October 1911, the process of Preparative Constitutionalism was interrupted and failed completely with the demise of the Qing dynasty in February 1912.
2012 Rai Open
The 2012 Rai Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Italy between 16 and 22 April 2012.

Rai Open
The Rai Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It was held annually in Rome, Italy, from 2009 until 2013 and was subsequently held as the Garden Roma Open.
Auf de schwäbsche Eisebahne
Auf de schwäbsche Eisebahne ("On the Swabian Railway") is a German Volkslied from Württemberg. It contrasts the rural and frugal country folk travelling on the modern reality of railways.

Following rail stations are mentioned: Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, Ulm Hauptbahnhof, Biberach, Meckenbeuren and Durlesbach.

Worte und Weise: Volkslied aus Schwaben um 1853

Volkslied
Volkslied (literally: folk song) is a genre of popular songs in German which are traditionally sung. While many of them were first passed orally, several collections were published from the late 18th century. Later, some popular songs were also included in this classification.
Ghorghat Halt railway station
Ghorghat Halt railway station is a halt railway station on Sahibganj loop line under the Malda railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside National Highway 80 at Ghorghat, Karhariya in Munger district in the Indian state of Bihar.

Malda railway division
Malda railway division is one of the four railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed in 1975 and its headquarters is located at Malda in West Bengal, India.

Asansol railway division, Sealdah railway division and Howrah railway division are the other railway divisions under the ER Zone headquartered at Kolkata.
Safdar Ali Khan
Safdar Ali Khan (died 2 October 1742) was the son of Dost Ali Khan. After the death of his father on the battlefield at Ambur in 1740, he escaped to Vellore. In the same year, he was installed as the Nawab of Arcot by the Marathas.

There was total insecurity in the country during this period and Safdar Ali Khan took every possible measure to save his country and his family. He sent his son's wife to Madras for safety under the protection of the British, who securely lodged them in the Black Town.

Khan was murdered in 1742 by his brother-in-law Nawab Murtuza Ali Khan, who declared himself as the Nawab of Arcot.

Dost Ali Khan
Ali Dost Khan (died 20 May 1740), often referred to as Dost Ali Khan, was the Nawab of the Carnatic from 1732 to 1740. He was the son of Ghulam Ali Khan, brother of the Nawab Saadatullah Khan. His childless uncle adopted him as heir, and he succeeded his uncle in 1732, he successfully gained the investiture and an official Firman by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah.

Ali Dost Khan was killed on 20 May 1740 in the Battle of Damalcherry with Raghoji I Bhonsle of the Maratha Empire.
Social jetlag
Social jetlag, similar to jet lag, is a circadian misalignment. The term "social jetlag" was first coined in 2006 by German scientist Till Roennenberg and colleagues, and they define it as "the discrepancy of work and free days, between social and biological time." This means that one's biological clock does not align with their social obligations, whether it be work or otherwise. Since the term's initial coinage, the term has become widely used and understood. According to PubMed, at least 26 articles have been published on social jetlag as of April 2025. Additionally, many papers have since been published exploring how social jetlag specifically affects health outcomes.

Entrainment (chronobiology)
In the study of chronobiology, entrainment refers to the synchronization of a biological clock to an environmental cycle. An example is the interaction between circadian rhythms and environmental cues, such as light and temperature. Entrainment helps organisms adapt their bodily processes according to the timing of a changing environment. For example, entrainment is manifested during travel between time zones, hence why humans experience jet lag.

Biological rhythms are endogenous; they persist even in the absence of environmental cues as they are driven by an internal mechanism, most notably the circadian clock. Of the several possible cues (known as zeitgebers, German for 'time-givers') that can contribute to entrainment of the circadian clock, light has the greatest impact. Units of circadian time (CT) are used to describe entrainment to refer to the relationship between the rhythm and the light signal/pulse.
2021–22 Supercopa de España Femenina
The 2021–22 Supercopa de España Femenina was the third edition of the current Supercopa de España Femenina, an annual women's football competition for clubs in the Spanish football league system that were successful in its major competitions in the preceding season.

Barcelona won the tournament for their second Supercopa title.

Supercopa de España Femenina
The Supercopa de España Femenina or the Spanish Women's Super Cup is a super cup tournament in Spanish football, contested by the winners and runners up of the Copa de la Reina and the remaining highest ranked teams from the Primera División that had not already qualified through the cup final.
Harrow-on-the-Hill station
Harrow-on-the-Hill is an interchange railway station in Harrow, served by suburban London Underground services on the Metropolitan line and commuter National Rail services on the London–Aylesbury line. It is 9 miles 18 chains (9.23 mi; 14.85 km) down the line from London Marylebone. Harrow-on-the-Hill is the final Metropolitan line station from Central London before the line splits with the main branch towards Watford, Chesham or Amersham and the diverged Uxbridge branch towards Uxbridge. It is in London fare zone 5.

Uxbridge tube station
Uxbridge is a London Underground station, located in Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon. It is the terminus of its branches of both the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines. The next station towards Central London is Hillingdon. The station is situated 15.5 miles (24.9 km) west of Charing Cross, and is in London fare zone 6.

The closest station on the Chiltern Line and Central line is West Ruislip. The closest station on the Elizabeth line is West Drayton, Uxbridge was formerly the terminus of a branch of the District line which ran from Ealing Common; the Piccadilly line took over in 1933.
2001 Challenge Cup
The 2001 Challenge Cup (officially known as the 2001 Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a rugby league football tournament which began its preliminary stages in December 2000 and ended with the final on 28 April 2001. Bradford Bulls were the reigning champions, following their 24–18 victory over Leeds Rhinos in the 2000 Challenge Cup at Murrayfield Stadium.

2000 Challenge Cup
The 2000 Challenge Cup (officially known as the 2000 Silk Cut Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a rugby league football tournament which began its preliminary stages in December 1999 and ended with the final on 29 April 2000.

The final was held on Saturday, 29 April 2000, at Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, UK. The game was won by Bradford Bulls who defeated Leeds Rhinos 24–18.
NGC 1347
NGC 1347 is a barred spiral galaxy situated in the constellation of Eridanus. It is at a distance of 81 million light years and is a member of the Eridanus Cluster, a cluster of about 200 galaxies.

NGC 1347 has a Hubble classification of SBc, which indicates it is a barred spiral galaxy. It is moving away from the Milky Way at a rate of 1,760 km/s. Its size on the night sky is 1.5' x 1.3' which is proportional to its real size of 35 000 ly.

NGC 1347 forms a pair, named Arp 39, with the galaxy PGC 816443.

Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus is a constellation which stretches along the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.  The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.
Neopaxillus
Neopaxillus is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the family contains five species found in Central and South America; a sixth, N. dominicanus, was reported in 2011. It was formerly considered to belong in the family Serpulaceae in the order Boletales, but molecular analysis showed that Neopaxillus is better placed in the Agaricales as a sister group to Crepidotus (of the family Crepidotaceae).

Crepidotus
Crepidotus is a genus of fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. Species of Crepidotus all have small, convex to fan-shaped sessile caps and grow on wood or plant debris. The genus has been studied extensively, and monographs of the North American, European, and Neotropical species have been published.