hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kevin Kiernan (geomorphologist)
Kevin Kiernan is an Australian writer, geomorphologist, and conservationist.

He has written about the West Coast Range and Mount Field National Park of Tasmania.

His honours thesis at the University of Tasmania was about glaciation in Western Tasmania.  His subsequent 1985 Phd thesis was concerned with glaciation in Central Tasmania.

In the 1980s he was involved in researching indigenous sites in caves in the South West of Tasmania, including Kutikina Cave

He was involved in various overviews of karst - cave environments of Tasmania, and other states of Australia.
He was an academic geomorphologist at the University of Tasmania.
He has written and co-authored about conservation of glacial landforms.

He was one of the individuals present at the change of the focus of the former South West Tasmania Action Committee that led to the founding of the Tasmanian Wilderness Society in 1976, and was the first director.

Tasmanian Wilderness Society
The Tasmanian Wilderness Society was a Tasmanian environmental group that started in 1976 in response to a proposal by the state's Hydro Electric Commission to construct a dam on the Gordon River, downstream from the Franklin River, that led to the Franklin Dam controversy. The group evolved from membership of the South West Tasmania Action Committee and members of the United Tasmania Group. It was active in public protest about the issues of Wilderness, the Franklin River and South West Tasmania.

After the Franklin Dam campaign the group changed its name in 1983 to The Wilderness Society (Australia).
Algebra representation
In abstract algebra, a representation of an associative algebra is a module for that algebra. Here an associative algebra is a (not necessarily unital) ring. If the algebra is not unital, it may be made so in a standard way (see the adjoint functors page); there is no essential difference between modules for the resulting unital ring, in which the identity acts by the identity mapping, and representations of the algebra.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are religious persecution, racism, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. The inflicting of suffering, harassment, imprisonment, internment, fear or pain are all factors that may establish persecution, but not all suffering will necessarily establish persecution. The threshold of severity has been a topic of much debate.

Fire temple
A fire temple (Persian: آتشکده, romanized: ātashkade; Gujarati: અગિયારી, romanized: agiyārī) is a place of worship for Zoroastrians. In Zoroastrian doctrine, atar and aban (fire and water) are agents of ritual purity.

Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies [is] regarded as the basis of ritual life", which "are essentially the rites proper to the tending of a domestic fire, for the temple [fire] is that of the hearth fire raised to a new solemnity". For, one "who sacrifices unto fire with fuel in his hand ..., is given happiness".

As of 2021, there were 167 fire temples in the world, of which 45 were in Mumbai, 105 in the rest of India, and 17 in other countries. Of these, only nine (one in Iran and eight in India) are the main temples known as Atash Behrams; the remainder are the smaller temples known as agiaries.
Callosa de Segura
Callosa de Segura (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈʎosa ðe seˈɣuɾa]) is a municipality in the comarca of Vega Baja del Segura in the Valencian Community, Spain.  It contains the historic monument of the Church of St Martin.

Callosa de Segura is a traditional Spanish-speaking town located north-east of Orihuela. It can be reached via the A-7 (E15) motorway, junction 79, or from the AP-7 motorway, junction 733 and is situated just 30 minutes from Alicante and Murcia airports and 30 minutes from Guardamar beach.

The town is dominated by the Sierra de Callosa mountains standing behind it, and some of the houses of the town creep up the side of the mountain together with various crops high up on terraced slopes.

Vega Baja del Segura
Vega Baja del Segura (Spanish: [ˈbeɣa ˈβaxa ðel seˈɣuɾa]; Valencian: Baix Segura [ˈbajʃ seˈɣuɾa]), simply known locally and regionally as Vega Baja (in Spanish), is a comarca in the province of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain. The region is only Spanish-speaking, except Guardamar del Segura where Valencian is the traditional local language.

To the north its neighbouring comarcas are the Baix Vinalopó and Vinalopó Mitjà. Its southern limits are also those of the Valencian Community as it meets a different autonomous community, the Region of Murcia.
Knabstrupper
The Knabstrupper or Knabstrup is a Danish breed of warmblood horse. It is principally a riding horse, but is also used as a harness horse and as a circus animal.: 64  It is broadly similar to the Frederiksborger, but often has a spotted coat. In the past, injudicious breeding for this characteristic alone compromised its constitution and conformation. In the years after the Second World War the mechanisation of agriculture led to a sharp fall in numbers, and by the 1960s no more than 100 of the horses remained. In the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, with a world-wide population estimated at little over 2000.

Warmblood
Warmbloods are a group of middle-weight horse types and breeds primarily originating in Europe and registered with organizations that are characterized by open studbook policy, studbook selection, and the aim of breeding for equestrian sport.
Vichy Catalán
Vichy Catalán is a Spanish brand of carbonated mineral water bottled from its homonymous thermal spring in Caldes de Malavella, Girona. It is the leading carbonated mineral water in Spain, with 40% market share. The brand is owned by Grup Vichy Catalan («Premium Mix Group S.L.») a Catalan company dedicated to the bottling and distribution of water. The Vichy Catalán brand was created in 1890 (according to some sources, he registered the brand on 1 May 1890 and inaugurated the plant on 22 December 1889) by the physician and surgeon Modest Furest i Roca after buying the lands of the water spring in Caldes de Malavella, and discovering the mineral-medicinal properties of its thermal waters. In 2022, the global revenue of the beverage subsidiary amounted to 133.5 million euros, with a profit of 1.58 million euros and a workforce of 410 people.

Caldes de Malavella
Caldes de Malavella (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkaldəz ðə mələˈβeʎə]) is a municipality of the comarca of Selva in Catalonia, Spain. In 2014, its population was 7,130.

The place was formerly very famous for its thermal baths.
IListen
iListen, developed by MacSpeech, is a speech recognition program for the Apple Macintosh. In 2006, iListen was the only third-party software that allowed inputting text using one's voice that works on newer Macintosh models. Its competitors were Apple's own speech recognition software (built into Mac OS X); Dragon Naturally Speaking by Nuance, running under Windows virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop for Mac or VMware Fusion; and the discontinued speech recognition program ViaVoice by Nuance/IBM.

In January 2008, iListen was discontinued by MacSpeech, and was replaced by its new speech recognition program, "Dictate" (released February 15, 2008). "Dictate" uses the same speech-recognition engine as Dragon NaturallySpeaking, having licensed it from Nuance. iListen's speech recognition engine was based on software developed by Philips.

Dragon NaturallySpeaking
Dragon NaturallySpeaking (also known as Dragon for PC, or DNS) is a speech recognition software package developed by Dragon Systems of Newton, Massachusetts, which was acquired in turn by Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products, Nuance Communications, and Microsoft. It runs on Windows personal computers. Version 15 (Professional Individual and Legal Individual), which supports 32-bit and 64-bit editions of Windows 7, 8 and 10, was released in August 2016.
Lenzie and Kirkintilloch South (ward)
Lenzie and Kirkintilloch South is one of the seven wards used to elect members of the East Dunbartonshire Council. It elects three Councillors. Its territory (which has not altered since its creation in 2007) consists of the village of Lenzie including the modern development at Woodilee, plus the contiguous southern parts of Kirkintilloch (neighbourhoods south of the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Luggie Water including Gallowhill, Oxgang and Townhead). In 2020, the ward had a population of 13,475.

Kirkintilloch
Kirkintilloch (/ˌkɜːrkɪnˈtɪləx/; Scots: Kirkintulloch; Scottish Gaelic: Cair Cheann Tulaich) is a town and a Burgh of Barony (The Baron of Kirkintilloch) in East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It lies on the Forth and Clyde Canal and on the south side of Strathkelvin, about 8 miles (13 km) northeast of central Glasgow. Historically part of Dunbartonshire, the town is the administrative home of East Dunbartonshire council area, its population in 2009 was estimated at 19,700 and its population in 2011 was 19,689.
SS Manhattan (1961)
SS Manhattan was an oil tanker constructed at the Fore River Shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts, that became the first commercial ship to cross the Northwest Passage in 1969. Having been built as an ordinary tanker in 1962, she was refitted for ice navigation during this voyage with an icebreaker bow in 1968–69.

Registered in the United States at the time, she was the largest US merchant vessel.

In 1965, she was taken to Portland, Oregon via the Columbia River, to be cleaned and used to transport 50,000 tons of grain.  The size and draught of the ship required careful preparations for her transit on the river.

Manhattan remained in service until 1987. After an accident in East Asia she was scrapped in China.

Arctic Archipelago
The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of the Danish Realm, which is, by itself, much larger than the combined area of the archipelago), and Iceland (an independent country).

Situated in the northern extremity of North America and covering about 1,424,500 km2 (550,000 sq mi), this group of 36,563 islands, surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, comprises much of Northern Canada, predominately Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. The archipelago is showing some effects of climate change, with some computer estimates determining that melting there will contribute 3.5 cm (1.4 in) to the rise in sea levels by 2100.
1942–43 Serie A
The 1942–43 Serie A was the forty-third edition of the Italian Football Championship and its fourteenth since 1929 rebranding to create Serie A. It was the twentieth season from which the Italian Football Champions adorned their team jerseys in the subsequent season with a Scudetto. Torino F.C. were champions for the second time in their history. This was their second scudetto since the scudetto started being awarded in 1924 and their first win contested as Serie A. This was their first of five consecutive Italian Football Championship wins, punctuated by a two-year break due to World War II. It was the last Serie A for three years due to the regional format used in the first season of the Italian championship immediately post-war in 1945–46.

1923–24 Prima Divisione
The 1923-24 Prima Divisione was the twenty-fourth edition of the Italian Football Championship and the third branded Prima Divisione. The 1923–24 Prima Divisione was the ninth Italian Football Championship won by Genoa. Genoa's win that season was the first in which the Italian Football Champions celebrated by adorning the team jerseys the following season with a Scudetto.
Friis-Baastad Peak
Friis-Baastad Peak (72°53′S 3°18′W﻿ / ﻿72.883°S 3.300°W﻿ / -72.883; -3.300) is one of the ice-free peaks at the south side of Frostlendet Valley, situated 1 nautical mile (2 km) southeast of the Mana Mountain in the Borg Massif of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) (1949–52) and named for Captain Kare Friis-Baastad, a member of the Norwegian air unit with the NBSAE.

Borg Massif
Borg Massif is a mountain massif, about 50 km (30 mi) long and with summits above 2,700 metres (8,900 ft), situated along the northwest side of the Penck Trough in Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica. The tallest peak, at 2,727 metres (8,947 ft), is Hogsaetet Mountain. The parallel, ice-filled Raudberg Valley and Frostlendet Valley trend northeastward through the massif, dividing its summits into three rough groups:
Loch of Hundland
The Loch of Hundland is a shallow freshwater loch in the parish of Birsay in the north west of the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. The loch lies between the larger lochs of Swannay and Boardhouse and acts as the main water catchment for Loch of Boardhouse. It has a great variety of aquatic plants including species that are unusual locally and nationally, and many types of birds including waders, gulls, larks and ducks that nest or use the loch. It is also popular for trout fishing.

The loch was surveyed in 1906 by James Murray and later charted as part of the Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.

Mainland, Orkney
The Mainland, also known as Pomona, is the main island of Orkney, Scotland. Both of Orkney's burghs, Kirkwall and Stromness, lie on the island, which is also the heart of Orkney's ferry and air connections.

Seventy-five per cent of Orkney's population live on the island, which is more densely populated than the other islands of the archipelago. The lengthy history of the island's occupation has provided numerous important archaeological sites and the sandstone bedrock provides a platform for fertile farmland. There is an abundance of wildlife, especially seabirds.
Debt moratorium
A debt moratorium is a delay in the payment of debts or obligations. The term is generally used to refer to acts by national governments. Moratory laws are usually passed at times of special political or commercial stress: for instance, on several occasions during the Franco-Prussian War, the French government passed moratory laws.

Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor. Debt may be owed by a sovereign state or country, local government, company, or an individual. Commercial debt is generally subject to contractual terms regarding the amount and timing of repayments of principal and interest. Loans, bonds, notes, and mortgages are all types of debt. In financial accounting, debt is a type of financial transaction, as distinct from equity.

The term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on a monetary value. For example, in Western cultures, a person who has been helped by a second person is sometimes said to owe a "debt of gratitude" to the second person.
Ferrari F10
The Ferrari F10 is a Formula One motor racing car used by Ferrari to compete in the 2010 Formula One season. The chassis was designed by Aldo Costa, Nikolas Tombazis and Marco de Luca with Luca Marmorini leading the engine and electronics design.

The car was unveiled in Maranello, Italy on 28 January 2010.

2010 Spanish Grand Prix
The 2010 Spanish Grand Prix (officially the Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Telefónica 2010) was the fifth round of the 2010 Formula One season. It was held on 9 May 2010 at the Circuit de Catalunya. It was the first European race of the 2010 season, and was ultimately won by Red Bull's Mark Webber after the Australian qualified on pole and led every lap of the race.
Łask Air Base
51°33′06″N 19°10′45″E﻿ / ﻿51.5516°N 19.1791°E﻿ / 51.5516; 19.1791

32nd Air Base  (Polish: 32. Baza Lotnicza) (ICAO: EPLK) is a Polish Air Force base, located in Łask, about 30 km south-west of Łódź.  It is one of the two  bases where Poland's F-16 fighters are stationed, the other being 31st Air Base.  9 of them were first moved there in October 2008.  The goal is to have 16 fighters, operated by the 10th Tactical Squadron.

A detachment of the  US Air Force has been permanently based at Łask since November, 2012.  Additional units rotate to the base periodically to conduct training exercises. The force is thought to be nuclear-capable and has joined nuclear exercises with NATO.

The base airfield was built in 1957. The current base unit, combining infrastructure and ground personnel, was formed in 2001.

In the past there were plans to use this airfield for civilian airliners, but with the expansion of nearby Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport these have been shelved.

31st Air Base
The 31st Air Base (Polish: 31. Baza Lotnicza), commonly known as Poznań-Krzesiny Airport is a Polish Air Force base and military airport, located in Krzesiny, part of the Nowe Miasto district of Poznań.

The base was officially constituted on 31 December 2000, and since then has been the home base for the 3rd Tactical Squadron. It was the first base to host Polish F-16 fighters.
Theta Circini
Theta Circini (θ Cir), is a binary star located in the southern constellation of Circinus, to the northwest of Alpha Circini. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.110. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.82 mas, it is located at a distance of about 276 light years from the Sun.

This is an astrometric binary star system with an orbital period of about 39.6 years, an eccentricity of 0.3, and a semimajor axis of 85.64 mas. The pair show a combined stellar classification of B3 Ve, which matches a B-type main sequence star. The 'e' suffix on the class indicates this is a Be star. Alternate classifications include B4 Vnp and B4npe, with the 'n' indicating broad ("nebulous") absorption lines due to rotation and the 'p' meaning a chemically peculiar star. The two components appear to have similar visual magnitude, mass, and classification. The system behaves as a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable showing occasional outbursts of up to 0.27 in magnitude.

B-type main-sequence star
A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class is given as V. These stars have from 2 to 18 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 10,000 and 30,000 K.

B-type stars are luminous and blue-white. Their spectra have strong neutral helium absorption lines, which are most prominent at the B2 subclass, and moderately strong hydrogen lines. Examples include Regulus, Algol A and Acrux.
CRRC Ziyang
CRRC Ziyang Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车资阳机车有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Ziyang Locomotive Co.', 'Ltd.') is a Chinese locomotive manufacturer, one of the subsidiaries of CRRC. The plant was located in Ziyang, Sichuan Province.

CRRC
CRRC Corporation Limited (known as CRRC, China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation) is a Chinese state-owned and publicly traded rolling stock manufacturer. It is the world's largest rolling stock manufacturer in terms of revenue, eclipsing its major competitors of Alstom and Siemens.

It was formed on 1 June 2015 through the merger of CNR and CSR. As of 2016 it had 183,061 employees. The parent company is CRRC Group, a state-owned enterprise supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. The State Council also owned additional shares via China Securities Finance and Central Huijin Investment.
India's Got Talent season 7
The seventh season of India's Got Talent premiered on 30 April 2016. Bharti Singh and Sidharth Shukla returned to present the show. Malaika Arora Khan and Karan Johar returned for their fourth season, while Kirron Kher returned for her seventh season.

The seventh season was won by the flautist Suleiman being declared as the season's winner winning ₹50,00,000 (50 lakhs) along with a trophy and a Maruti Suzuki Celerio car from the title sponsor.

India's Got Talent
India's Got Talent is a televised Indian Hindi language talent show series and is part of the Got Talent franchise. The program is produced and distributed by Fremantle and Syco Entertainment. The show aired on Colors TV until season 8. Since season 9 the show is airing on Sony Entertainment Television.
Stephen, Count of Tréguier
Stephen of Penthièvre, Count of Tréguier, 3rd Lord of Richmond (1058/62 – 21 April 1136) was a Breton noble and a younger son of Odo, Count of Penthièvre and Agnes of Cornouaille, sister of Hoël II, Duke of Brittany. In 1093, he succeeded to the title of Count of Tréguier; in 1098, he succeeded his brother Alain as Lord of Richmond in Yorkshire, England.

Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
Conan IV (c. 1138 – 18/20 February 1171), called the Young, was the Duke of Brittany from 1156 to 1166. He was the son of Bertha, Duchess of Brittany, and her first husband, Alan, Earl of Richmond. Conan IV was his father's heir as Earl of Richmond and his mother's heir as Duke of Brittany. Conan and his daughter Constance would be the only representatives of the House of Penthièvre to rule Brittany.
Bronislav Grombchevsky
Bronislav Ludwigovich Grombchevsky (Russian: Бронислав Людвигович Громбчевский, Polish: Bronisław Grąbczewski; 1855–1926) was an ethnic Polish officer in the Imperial Russian Army and an explorer and spy, famed for his participation in "The Great Game", the rivalry between the British Empire and the Russian Empire in Asia.

Grombchevsky traveled extensively in the Far East and Central Asia during the period from 1888 to 1892. He is regarded as the Russian counterpart to the British military-explorer Francis Younghusband. The two Great Game rivals famously met in 1889 when they were exploring the Raskam Valley for their respective governments.

His name also appears in English as "Gromtchevsky" and "Gromchevsky".

Russian Geographical Society
The Russian Geographical Society (Russian: Ру́сское географи́ческое о́бщество (РГО)), or RGO, is a learned society based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It promotes geography, exploration and nature protection with research programs in fields including oceanography, ethnography, ecology and statistics.