hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Legal origins theory
The legal origins theory claims that the two main legal traditions or origins, civil law and common law, crucially shape lawmaking and dispute adjudication and have not been reformed after the initial exogenous transplantation by Europeans. Therefore, they affect economic outcomes to date. According to the evidence reported by the initial proponents of such a theory, countries that received civil law would display today less secure investor rights, stricter regulation, and more inefficient governments and courts than those that inherited common law. These differences would reflect both a stronger historical emphasis of common law on private ordering and the higher adaptability of judge-made law.

Legal origins theory became popular among economists in the late 20th century, at the same time that practitioners of comparative law were largely abandoning taxonomic classifications of legal systems.

Comparative law
Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law and legal systems of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal systems (or "families") in existence around the world, including common law, civil law, socialist law, Canon law, Jewish Law, Islamic law, Hindu law, and Chinese law. It includes the description and analysis of foreign legal systems, even where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously in the present age of internationalism and economic globalization.
Postage stamps and postal history of Colombia
Colombia is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered by Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the second largest population in South America, after Brazil. The capital is Bogotá.

Granadine Confederation
The Granadine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada. It consisted of the present-day nations of Colombia and Panama and parts of northwestern Brazil. In turn, the Granadine Confederation was replaced by the United States of Colombia after another constitutional change in 1863.
Samia al-Amoudi
Samia al-Amoudi (Arabic: ساميه العمودي) is a Saudi Arabian obstetrician and gynecologist, healthcare activist and professor. She is the head of the Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Al-Amoudi Center of Excellence in breast cancer. She is best known for her work in raising breast cancer awareness, after diagnosing herself with the disease. She is also the first woman from the Gulf Cooperation Council to sit on the Union for International Cancer Control board.

Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi
Mohammed Hussein Ali Al Amoudi (Arabic: محمد حسين علي العمودي; born 21 July 1946) is an Ethiopian-born Saudi billionaire businessman.

Born in Ethiopia to a Yemeni father from Hadhramaut and a mother from Wollo Province, he migrated to Saudi Arabia with his brother Mauricet and became a Saudi citizen.

In 2026, his net worth was estimated by Bloomberg Billionaires Index at approximately US$9.3 billion. He was also listed as Ethiopia's richest man, the second richest Saudi Arabian citizen in the world. Al Amoudi made his fortune in construction and real estate before branching out to buy oil refineries in Sweden and Morocco. He is the largest individual foreign investor in Ethiopia and a major investor in Sweden.
2009 CIS Women's Volleyball Championship
The 2009 CIS Women's Volleyball Championship was held February 26, 2009 to February 28, 2009, in Fredericton, New Brunswick, to determine a national champion for the 2008–09 CIS women's volleyball season. The tournament was played at the Aitken University Centre and was hosted by the University of New Brunswick. It was the second consecutive year that the University of New Brunswick had hosted the tournament following their first ever hosting duties in 2008.

The Canada West champion UBC Thunderbirds repeated as national champions following their five-set match victory over the fourth-seeded Calgary Dinos. The Thunderbirds became the first team to win consecutive championships since the Manitoba Bisons in 2001 and 2002.

U Sports women's volleyball
U Sports women's volleyball is the highest level of amateur play of indoor volleyball in Canada and operates under the auspices of U Sports (formerly Canadian Interuniversity Sport). 43 teams from Canadian universities are divided into four athletic conferences, drawing from the four regional associations of U Sports: Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CW), Ontario University Athletics (OUA), Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec (RSEQ), and Atlantic University Sport (AUS). Following intra-conference playoffs, eight teams are selected to play in a national tournament to compete for the U Sports women's volleyball championship.
2017 Skate Canada International
The 2017 Skate Canada International was the second event of the 2017–18 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series, held at the Brandt Centre in Regina, Saskatchewan from October 27–29, 2017. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2017–18 Grand Prix Final.

2017–18 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating
The 2017–18 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating was a series of senior international competitions organized by the International Skating Union that were held from October through December 2017. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. Skaters earned points based on their placements at each event and the top six in each discipline qualified to compete at the Grand Prix Final in Nagoya, Japan. The corresponding series for junior-level skaters was the 2017–18 ISU Junior Grand Prix.
Eavan Boland
Eavan Aisling Boland (/iːˈvæn ˈæʃlɪŋ ˈboʊlənd/ ee-VAN ASH-ling BOH-lənd; 24 September 1944 – 27 April 2020) was an Irish poet, author, and professor. She was a professor at Stanford University, where she had taught from 1996. Her work deals with the Irish national identity, and the role of women in Irish history. A number of poems from Boland's poetry career are studied by Irish students who take the Leaving Certificate. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry.

Carcanet Press
Carcanet Press is a publisher, primarily of poetry, based in the United Kingdom. Originally a student magazine devised by undergraduates collaborating between Oxford and Cambridge, it was refounded in 1969 by Michael Schmidt.

In 2000 it was named the Sunday Times millennium Small Publisher of the Year.
Al Rifa
Al Rifa (Arabic: الرفاعة), also spelled Al Raffa, is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Located in western Dubai, in Bur Dubai, Al Rifa borders Al Souk Al Kabir to the north, Al Hudaiba to the south, Port Rashid to the west and Al Mankhool to the east.

Al Rifa is largely a residential community; however several banks, restaurants and shopping centres (such as Al Khaleej Centre) are located in Al Rifa.

The Falcon roundabout was located here. Built it the early 1970s it was demolished later.

Al Hudaiba
Al Hudaiba (Arabic: الحضيبة) is a locality in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). A small community, Al Hudaiba is located near Port Rashid.

Important landmarks in Al Hudaiba include Chelsea Hotel and the consulate of Sri Lanka. The locality is bordered by Al Mina, Port Rashid, Al Jafiliya, and Al Bada.
Alberich
In German heroic legend, Alberich (German: [ˈalbəʁɪç]) is a dwarf. He features most prominently in the poems Nibelungenlied and Ortnit. He also features in the Old Norse collection of German legends called the Thidreksaga under the name Alfrikr. His name consists of the elements alb ("elf") and ric "power" or "ruler". It is equivalent to the Old French Alberon or Auberon, from which the English Oberon is derived, and is the source of the Norman French derivation Aubry.

The name was later used for a character in Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.

Continental Germanic mythology
Continental Germanic mythology formed an element within Germanic paganism as practiced in parts of Central Europe occupied by Germanic peoples up to and including the 6th to 8th centuries (the period of  Germanic Christianization). Traces of some of the myths lived on in legends and in the Middle High German epics of the Middle Ages. Echoes of the stories, with the sacred elements largely removed, may appear throughout European folklore and in European fairy tales.
Tetrataenite
Tetrataenite is a native metal alloy composed of chemically-ordered L10-type FeNi, recognized as a mineral in 1980. The mineral is named after its tetragonal crystal structure and its relation to the iron-nickel alloy, taenite, which is chemically disordered (A1) phase with an underlying fcc lattice. Tetrataenite is one of the mineral phases found in meteoric iron. Before its discovery in meteoritic samples, experimental synthesis of the L10 phase was first reported in 1962 by Louis Néel and co-workers, following neutron irradiation of a chemically disordered FeNi sample under an applied magnetic field. Compared to the magnetically soft, chemically disordered A1 phase (taenite), the tetragonal L10 structure of tetrataenite leads to good hard magnetic properties, including a large uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy. Consequently, it is under consideration for applications as a rare-earth-free permanent magnet.

Cubic crystal system
In crystallography, the cubic (or isometric) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals.

There are three main varieties of these crystals:

Primitive cubic (abbreviated cP and alternatively called simple cubic)

Body-centered cubic (abbreviated cI or bcc)

Face-centered cubic (abbreviated cF or fcc)

Note: the term fcc is often used synonymously for the cubic close-packed or ccp structure occurring in metals. However, fcc stands for a face-centered cubic Bravais lattice, which is not necessarily close-packed when a motif is set onto the lattice points. E.g. the diamond and the zincblende lattices are fcc but not close-packed.
Each is subdivided into other variants listed below. Although the unit cells in these crystals are conventionally taken to be cubes, the primitive unit cells often are not.
Ticks (song)
"Ticks" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Brad Paisley. It was released in March 2007 as the first single from his 2007 album 5th Gear. The song reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Paisley wrote this song with Kelley Lovelace and Tim Owens.

This song was featured as a downloadable track for the video game Guitar Hero: World Tour.

Baritone guitar
The baritone guitar is a guitar with a longer scale length, typically a larger body, and heavier internal bracing. Due to this, it can be tuned to a lower pitch. Gretsch, Fender, Gibson, Ibanez, ESP Guitars, PRS Guitars, Music Man, Danelectro, Schecter, Burns London and many other companies have produced electric baritone guitars since the 1960s, although always in small numbers due to low popularity. Tacoma, Santa Cruz, Taylor, Martin, Alvarez Guitars, Ovation Guitar Company and others have made acoustic baritone guitars.
Elythranthera
Elythranthera, commonly known as enamel orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains two species and a named hybrid, all endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. The genus was first formally described in 1963 by the Australian botanist Alex George who published his description in Western Australian Naturalist.

Two species are recognised:

Elythranthera brunonis (Endl.) A.S.George - purple enamel orchid;

Elythranthera emarginata (Lindl.) A.S.George  - pink enamel orchid.

A hybrid between the two species was known as Elythranthera x intermedia.  (Fitzg.) M.A.Clem

In 2015, as a result of studies of molecular phylogenetics, Mark Clements transferred the two Elythranthera species to Caladenia but the change is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census, nor by the Western Australian Herbarium.

Plants of the World Online lists Elythranthera as a synonym of Caladenia.

Elythranthera brunonis
Elythranthera brunonis, commonly known as the purple enamel orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single flattened, hairy leaf and up to three glossy purple flowers.
Bisley-with-Lypiatt
Bisley-with-Lypiatt is a civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England.  It had a population of 2350 in 2019.  It includes Bisley, Lypiatt, Eastcombe and Oakridge.

Parishes adjoining Bisley-with-Lypiatt are: Miserden to the north; Edgeworth to the north-east; Duntisbourne Rouse to the east; Sapperton to the south-east; Chalford to the south; Thrupp to the south-west; Stroud to the west; and Painswick to the north-west. Of these, Edgeworth, Duntisbourne Rouse and Sapperton are in the Cotswold district, the remainder in Stroud.

Eastcombe, Gloucestershire
Eastcombe is a village in Stroud District in Gloucestershire, England.

The Parish Church is called Eastcombe: St Augustine and served the parish of Bussage with Eastcombe and the benefice of Bisley, Chalford, France Lynch and Oakridge and Bussage with Eastcombe and belongs to the diocese of Gloucester. It was announced in November 2021 that the church would be closed and the building sold.

Eastcombe is situated in the South West (England) region of the UK and is governed by Stroud District Council.

The village of Eastcombe is in the Gloucestershire region of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bath/Bristol area within South West (England).

Thomas Keble School is a secondary school located in the village.
Tonny Vilhena
Tonny Emílio Trindade de Vilhena (Dutch: [ˈtɔni viˈleːnaː], Portuguese: [viˈʎẽnɐ]; born 3 January 1995) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Super League Greece club Panathinaikos. He has represented the Netherlands national team.

2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship was the eleventh edition of UEFA's European Under-17 Football Championship under its current age grouping. Slovenia hosted the tournament between 4 and 16 May. An appeal by the Hungarian Football Federation to have Hungary replace Belgium over an ineligible player in the Belgium V Russia elite round match was unsuccessful.

Players born after 1 January 1995 were eligible to participate in this competition.
Rameshwar Patidar
Rameshwar Pattidar (10 November 1938 – 27 April 2021) was an Indian politician and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was imprisoned under MISA during 
the emergency in 1975. He was elected to the 6th Lok Sabha from Khargone in Madhya Pradesh state in 1977. He was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1989, 1991, 1996 and 1998 from the same constituency.

6th Lok Sabha
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. The 6th Lok Sabha, which ran from 23 March 1977 to 22 August 1979 was elected in February and March 1977. 11 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 6th Lok Sabha after the 1971 Indian general election.

Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister on 24 March 1977 after Janata alliance won 295 seats, 242 more than the previous 5th Lok Sabha.

Charan Singh became the Prime Minister on 28 July 1979 with the support of Indira Gandhi (Congress (I)); but resigned on 20 August 1979 since he was not ready to remove charges against Indira Gandhi and her family from the Emergency days and advised the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha.  The Sixth Lok Sabha was dissolved on 22 August 1979 by the President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy and Charan Singh remained as the caretaker Prime Minister till 14 January 1980, the formation of the next 7th Lok Sabha following the 1980 Indian general election.
2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship was the 12th edition of the UEFA European Under-19 Championship, since its reclassification from an under-18 tournament in 2002, and the 62nd since the tournament was created in 1948. It was hosted in Lithuania from 20 July to 1 August 2013, in three cities. Only players born after 1 January 1994 were eligible to participate.

The qualification matches began in September 2012 and concluded in June 2013, with seven teams joining the Lithuanian hosts in the final tournament. Spain were the two-time defending champions, after defeating Greece in the final of the previous edition, but were eliminated by France in the semi-finals. In the final, France were beaten 1–0 by Serbia.

2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship was the 61st edition of UEFA's European Under-19 Championship (the eleventh since the age competition change to an Under-19 level) and took place in Estonia from 3 to 15 July. Spain were the defending champions. This competition also acted as a qualifying competition for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup, as six sides from Europe qualify.

Players born after 1 January 1993 were eligible to participate in this competition.
Revett Sheppard
The Reverend Revett Sheppard (1778, in Campsey Ash – 1830, in Wrabness) was an English malacologist. He was a Fellow of the Linnean Society. He described several new non-marine species of mollusks.

Sheppard was a friend of the entomologist William Kirby.

William Kirby (entomologist)
William Kirby (19 September 1759 – 4 July 1850) was an English entomologist, an original member of the Linnean Society and a Fellow of the Royal Society, as well as a country rector, so that he was an eminent example of the "parson-naturalist". The four-volume Introduction to Entomology, co-written with William Spence, was widely influential.
Hand pump
Hand pumps are manually operated pumps; they use human power and mechanical advantage to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are widely used in every country in the world for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many different types of hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary vane principle with a check valve on the entry and exit ports to the chamber operating in opposing directions. Most hand pumps are either piston pumps or plunger pumps, and are positive displacement.

Hand pumps are commonly used in developing countries for both community supply and self-supply of water and can be installed on boreholes or hand-dug wells.

Plunger pump
A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal. This makes them different from piston pumps and allows them to be used at higher pressures. This type of pump is often used to transfer municipal and industrial sewage.
1939 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1939 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 49th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Thurles Sarsfields were the defending champions.

Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 5–03 to 4–02 defeat of Cashel King Cormacs in the final. It was their 12th championship title overall and their second title in succession.

1938 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1938 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 48th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.

Moycarkey-Borris were the defending champions.

Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 7–07 to 2–02 defeat of Kildangan in the final. It was their 11th championship title overall and their first title since 1936.
Germantown Special Services District of Philadelphia
Germantown Special Services District of Philadelphia is a municipal authority established to provide business improvement district services in the Germantown neighborhood of Northwest Philadelphia, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It was created by Bill 1027 (18 April 1995) for an initial term of five years.  However, Bill No. 000397 revised that termination date and set the District's date of expiration as 31 December 2025.

Municipal authority (Pennsylvania)
A municipal authority is a form of special-purpose governmental unit in Pennsylvania. The municipal authority is an alternate vehicle for accomplishing public purposes without the direct action of counties, municipalities and school districts. These purposes commonly include the acquisition, financing, construction and operation of projects such as water supply and sewer systems, airports, transit systems, parking garages, flood control systems, parks, and similar entities. An authority may fix and collect rentals or other charges and may issue revenue bonds. A board appointed by the establishing government or governments governs each authority.

A municipal authority may be said to be an independent corporate agent of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, exercising governmental, as well as private corporate power, in assisting the Commonwealth in meeting the needs of its citizens. Most, but not all, municipal authorities operate under Pennsylvania's Municipality Authorities Act.
Don't Look Back (The Temptations song)
"Don't Look Back" is a 1965 song recorded by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label. The flip side to their Top 20 hit "My Baby", "Don't Look Back" broke out and became a hit among the R&B audience on its own, reaching #14 on the R&B charts.

Considered one of original lead singer Paul Williams' showcases, "Don't Look Back" was regularly employed as the closing number for Temptations live performances. Although the original flip side, "My Baby", was initially more popular with pop audiences at the time, "Don't Look Back" became the more popular and enduring song over subsequent decades. It was also performed by the group on The Ed Sullivan Show.

Smokey Robinson
William "Smokey" Robinson Jr. (born February 19, 1940) is an American R&B and soul singer, songwriter, and record producer. He was the founder and frontman of the pioneering Motown vocal group the Miracles, for which he was also chief songwriter and producer. He led the group from its 1955 origins, when they were called the Five Chimes, until 1972, when he retired from the group to focus on his role as Motown Records vice president. Robinson returned to the music industry as a solo artist the following year. He left Motown in 1999.

Robinson was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and awarded the 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for his lifetime contributions to popular music. He is a double Hollywood Walk of Fame Inductee, as a solo artist (1983) and as a member of the Miracles (2009). In 2022, he was inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.