hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Science of photography
The science of photography is the use of chemistry and physics in all aspects of photography. This applies to the camera, its lenses, physical operation of the camera, electronic camera internals, and the process of developing film in order to take and develop pictures properly.

Shutter speed
In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light (that is, when the camera's shutter is open) when taking a photograph.
The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250.
DRDO AEW&CS
The DRDO Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&CS) is a project of India's Defence Research and Development Organisation to develop an airborne early warning and control system for the Indian Air Force. It is also referred to as NETRA Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&CS).

Network-centric warfare
Network-centric warfare, also called network-centric operations or net-centric warfare, is a military doctrine or theory of war that aims to translate an information advantage, enabled partly by information technology, into a competitive advantage through the computer networking of dispersed forces. It was pioneered by the United States Department of Defense in the 1990s.
Maxton, Roxburghshire
Maxton is a hamlet and civil parish in Roxburghshire, Scotland, and part of the Scottish Borders region.

Maxton lies just off the A68, south of St. Boswells, north of Ancrum, and east of Newtown St. Boswells

Maxton is part of the St. Cuthbert's Way long distance footpath.

Newtown St Boswells
Newtown St Boswells (Scots: Newtoon; Scottish Gaelic: Baile Ùr Bhoisil [ˈpaləˈuːɾˈvɔʃɪl]) is a village in the Scottish Borders council area, in south-east Scotland. The village lies south of the Eildon Hills on the Sprouston and Newtown burns, approximately 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Edinburgh. It is the administrative centre of the Scottish Borders, and was historically in the county of Roxburghshire.
Itchy & Scratchy & Marge
"Itchy & Scratchy & Marge" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on December 20, 1990. In the episode, which is a satire of censorship issues, Maggie bullies Homer by attacking him with a mallet and Marge blames The Itchy & Scratchy Show for Maggie's actions. It was written by John Swartzwelder and was the first episode to be directed by Jim Reardon. Alex Rocco makes his first of three guest appearances as Roger Meyers Jr.

Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)
The Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68, also known as the Pastoral Symphony (German: Pastorale), is a symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven and completed in 1808. One of Beethoven's few works containing explicitly programmatic content, the symphony was first performed alongside his fifth symphony in the Theater an der Wien on 22 December 1808 in a four-hour concert.
2006 Coppa Italia final
The 2006 Coppa Italia final was the final of the 2005–06 Coppa Italia, the top cup competition in Italian football. The match was played over two legs between Roma and Internazionale. This was the second final between these two clubs, the match being the replay of previous season's final. The first leg was played in Rome on 3 May 2006, while the second leg on 11 May 2006. Inter won the trophy with an aggregate result of 4–2. With this victory, Internazionale manager Roberto Mancini won the Coppa Italia for the tenth time, six as a player, four as a coach.

2005–06 Coppa Italia
The 2005–06 Coppa Italia was the 59th edition of the national domestic tournament. For the second consecutive season, Roma and Internazionale were the finalists. Inter won the tournament by a score of 4–1 aggregate in the final. It began on August 7, 2005 and ended on May 11, 2006.
Kitchie Nadal
Anna Katrina "Kitchie" Dumilon Nadal-López (born September 16, 1980) is a Filipina singer-songwriter who was formerly the lead vocalist for the alternative rock band, Mojofly.  Her popularity in the female OPM niche grew after she released a self-titled solo album featuring her chart-topping single, "Huwag na Huwag Mong Sasabihin". Her debut self-titled album Kitchie Nadal debuted at number 4 on the Philippine Albums Chart, and after a year end the album climbed up at number 1 with growing sales the album was certified 7×Platinum by PARI with sales of 214,800 physical CD album copies in the Philippines.

Rivermaya
Rivermaya is a Filipino alternative rock band. Formed in 1994, it is one of the several bands that spearheaded the 1990s Philippine alternative rock explosion.

Rivermaya is currently composed of original members Mark Escueta and Nathan Azarcon. Notable former original members include chief songwriter/multi-instrumentalist Rico Blanco and vocalist Bamboo Mañalac, who later formed the band Bamboo and eventually went on his solo career.

The classic 1994–1998 quartet lineup of Mañalac, Blanco, Azarcon, and Escueta performed a major reunion concert, with the event held at the SMDC Festival Grounds in Parañaque on February 17, 2024 and produced by Live Nation Philippines. The event received positive reviews from fans and critics alike.

Rivermaya is among the top thirty best-selling artists in Philippine history.
Jordan Whitehead
Jordan Tyler Whitehead (born March 18, 1997) is an American professional football safety. He played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers. Whitehead was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 2018 NFL draft.

Chris Conte
Christopher Michael Conte (born February 23, 1989) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the third round of the 2011 NFL draft. He played college football for the California Golden Bears.
Basket Cartagena
Basket Cartagena, also known as ODILO FC Cartagena CB for sponsorship reasons, is a basketball club based in Cartagena, Spain. The team plays in the Primera FEB. It home arena is the Palacio de Deportes de Cartagena.

Segunda FEB
The Segunda FEB, formerly known as LEB 2 and LEB Plata, is the third basketball division of the Spanish basketball league system and the second basketball division organized by the Spanish Basketball Federation. Since 2019, three teams are promoted to Primera FEB and six teams are relegated to Tercera FEB.

From the 2024–25 season, it is named Segunda FEB.
TT Technologies
TT Technologies is a construction equipment manufacturer producing microtunneling and trenchless products.

TTT was founded in 1991, and is based in Aurora, Illinois.

The company received an innovative product award from the North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) in December 2015 for a mini directional drill called the Grundopit K-keyhole.

The company has been noted for several innovations in low environmental impact tunneling techniques and technology.  In 2015, TTT received the 2015 NASTT innovative product award for their minimally-invasive trenchless steerable microtunnel boring technology.
In 2018, TT Technology equipment was used to set a North American record for pipe bursting technology when a 0.38-meter (15 in)-diameter sewer pipe was replaced in an environmentally sensitive area of Maple Ridge, British Columbia with a much larger 0.86-meter (34 in)-diameter pipe, without disturbing the ground surface.

Microtunneling
Microtunneling or microtunnelling is a tunnel construction technique used to construct utility tunnels from approximately 0.35–4 m (1 ft 2 in – 13 ft 1 in) in diameter. Because of their small diameter, it is not possible to have an operator driving the tunneling machine, so they have to be remotely operated.

Microtunnel boring machines (MTBM) are similar to larger tunnel boring machines (TBMs). The MTBM and jacking frame are set up in a shaft at the required depth. The operator monitors the MTBM's location, orientation and hydraulic devices via a computer console, a CCTV camera or Gyro unit. Some systems use video cameras in the jacking shaft and at the separation plant. Gyro Control have generally replaced cameras for location and digital feedback.
Linus B. Kauffman House
The Linus B. Kauffman House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built in 1870 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Linus B. Kauffman House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time. The building is also part of the 18th & E. Broad Historic District on the Columbus Register of Historic Properties, added to the register in 1988.

The house was home to Linus B. Kauffman, vice president of the Kauffman-Lattimer Company, from 1907 to 1931. His widow outlived him, residing there until 1936.

Columbus Register of Historic Properties
The Columbus Register of Historic Properties is a register for historic buildings and other sites in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The register is maintained by the City of Columbus Historic Resources Commission and Historic Preservation Office, and was established in 1980. Many of these landmarks are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, providing federal tax support for preservation, and some are further designated National Historic Landmarks, providing additional federal oversight.

The Columbus Register includes 82 entries, including 54 on the National Register. Two of the city's three National Historic Landmarks are on the register: the Ohio Statehouse and Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker House, but not the Ohio Theatre. The city also maintains four historic districts not listed on its register: German Village, Italian Village, Victorian Village, and the Brewery District.
Singapore Association of the Visually Handicapped
The Singapore Association of the Visually Handicapped (SAVH) is a charitable organisation for the blind in Singapore. It was founded in 1951 and was known as the Singapore Association for the Blind. The SAVH is a registered charity and is affiliated with the National Council of Social Service (NCSS) and is an approved Institute of Public Character.

Fundraising
Fundraising or fund-raising is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions by engaging individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies. Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit organizations, it is sometimes used to refer to the identification and solicitation of investors or other sources of capital for for-profit enterprises.

Traditionally, fundraising has consisted mostly of asking for donations through face-to-face fundraising, such as door-knocking. In recent years, though, new forms such as online fundraising or grassroots fundraising have emerged.
Hansa-Brandenburg W.11
The Hansa-Brandenburg W.11 was a prototype floatplane fighter designed by the Hansa-Brandenburg Aircraft Company (Hansa Brandenburgische Flugzeugwerke) for the Imperial German Navy's (Kaiserliche Marine) Naval Air Service (Marine-Fliegerabteilung) during World War I. It was a slightly enlarged version of the KDW fitted with a more powerful engine. Only three examples were built during 1916 and no production order followed. Their activities are not known with any detail, but one survived to the end of the war and was probably scrapped afterward.

Straight-six engine
A straight-six engine (also referred to as an inline-six engine; abbreviated I6 or L6) is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balance, resulting in fewer vibrations than other designs of six or fewer cylinders.

Until the mid-20th century, the straight-six layout was the most common design for engines with six cylinders. However, V6 engines gradually became more common in the 1970s and by the 2000s, V6 engines had replaced straight-six engines in most light automotive applications.

Due to their high and smooth torque, simplicity and reliability, weight and space, and balanced power delivery, straight-six engines are a common power source for trucks and buses.
Joko Widodo 2014 presidential campaign
Joko Widodo's presidential campaign in 2014 was announced on 14 March 2014, when his political party PDI-P declared him as the party's candidate for the upcoming election in 2014. He was then the Governor of Jakarta, and previously the Mayor of Surakarta. With former vice president Jusuf Kalla as his running mate, he was elected as President of Indonesia following election on 9 July and official KPU announcement on 22 July.

Being supported by four political parties, Widodo officially launched his campaign in May, followed by two months of social media and in-person outreach. After a series of debates and challenges, the vote on July 9 resulted in his victory, with him securing over 53% of the ballots. Following a failed lawsuit from his opponent, Prabowo Subianto, and Hatta Rajasa, he was officially inaugurated on October 20, 2014, becoming the seventh President of Indonesia.

Megawati Sukarnoputri
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (Indonesian: [meɡawati sukarnɔputri] ⓘ; born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004 and the eighth vice president under President Abdurrahman Wahid from 1999 to 2001. She is Indonesia's first and only female president to date.

Megawati Sukarnoputri became president in 2001 when Abdurrahman Wahid was impeached and removed from office. She ran for re-election in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. She ran again against Yudhoyono in the 2009 presidential election, and was defeated a second time. She is the first and current leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), one of Indonesia's largest political parties. She is the eldest daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.
Apterachalcus
Apterachalcus is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It has only one described species, Apterachalcus borboroides, known from New Zealand. It was originally described by Harold Oldroyd in 1955, who placed the species in Acropsilus. However, Daniel J. Bickel determined that the species did not belong to Acropsilus, and created a new genus for it in 1991.

It is wingless and somewhat laterally compressed, giving it a somewhat flea-like appearance. It has been found in the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island in the New Zealand subantarctic. This or closely related undescribed species have also been found at high altitude above the Paparoa Range and Stewart Island.

The generic name is derived from the stem apter- of apteros (Greek for "wingless") and  Achalcus, the name of a closely related genus.

Acropsilus
Acropsilus is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It is unplaced in the family, having been placed variously in subfamilies such as Sympycninae or Peloropeodinae. It is superficially similar to the Medeterinae.
Erilaz
Erilaz or Erilaʀ is a Migration period Proto-Norse word attested on various Elder Futhark inscriptions, which has often been interpreted to mean "magician" or "rune master", i.e., one who is capable of writing runes to magical effect. However, as Mees has shown, the word is an ablaut variant of earl, and is also thought to be linguistically related to the name of the tribe of the Heruli, so it is probably merely an old Germanic military title (see etymology below).

Proto-Norse language
Proto-Norse, or Ancient Nordic, was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic in the first centuries CE. It is the earliest stage of a characteristically North Germanic language, and the language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions, spoken from around the 2nd to the 8th centuries CE (corresponding to the late Roman Iron Age and the Germanic Iron Age). It evolved into the dialects of Old Norse at the beginning of the Viking Age around 800 CE, which later themselves evolved into the modern North Germanic languages (Faroese, Icelandic, the Continental Scandinavian languages, and their dialects).
Nova Sela, Kostel
Nova Sela (pronounced [ˈnɔːʋa ˈseːla]; Slovene: Nova sela) is a settlement southeast of Banja Loka in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Banja Loka
Banja Loka  (pronounced [ˈbaːnja ˈloːka]; formerly also Banjaloka) is a small village in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia statistical region.
Harris–Todaro model
The Harris–Todaro model, named after John R. Harris and Michael Todaro, is an economic model developed in 1970 and used in development economics and welfare economics to explain some of the issues concerning rural-urban migration. The main assumption of the model is that the migration decision is based on expected income differentials between rural and urban areas rather than just wage differentials. This implies that rural-urban migration in a context of high urban unemployment can be economically rational if expected urban income exceeds expected rural income.

Economic model
An economic model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include investigation, theorizing, and fitting theories to the world.
Eastern Syria insurgency
The Eastern Syria insurgency is an armed insurgency being waged by remnants of the Islamic State and both pro and anti-Ba'athist Syria Arab nationalist insurgents, against the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), its military (the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)), and their allies in the US-led Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) coalition.

Asayish (Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria)
The Internal Security Forces, also known as the Asayish is the internal security and police force in the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, including Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, and previously Afrin Regions. Formed in the early stages of the Syrian Civil War, it had initially been established to police areas controlled by the Kurdish Supreme Committee. In October 2013, the Asayish claimed to have 4,000 members; by 2017, the number had reportedly risen to over 15,000.
Dahaneh-ye Heydari
Dahaneh-ye Heydari (Persian: دهنه حيدري, also Romanized as Dahaneh-ye Ḩeydarī) is a village in Binalud Rural District, in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 51, in 15 families.

Binalud Rural District
Binalud Rural District (Persian: دهستان بینالود) is in the Central District of Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kalateh-ye Mohammad Jan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Marusk.
Pärnu JK
Pärnu Jalgpalliklubi, commonly known as PJK, or simply as Pärnu, was a women's football team based in Pärnu, Estonia. Having won a record 13 Naiste Meistriliiga titles, 6 Estonian Women's Cups and 7 Estonian Women's Supercups, the team stepped down from women's football in 2019. The club's home ground was Pärnu Rannastaadion.

The club announced their dissolvement at the end of December 2019 and played their last game on 12 January 2020.

The club's men's team currently plays in the third division Esiliiga B.

Pärnu Rannastaadion
Pärnu Rannastaadion (English: Pärnu Beach Stadium) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pärnu, Estonia, and the home ground of Pärnu JK Vaprus. The stadium was opened after reconstruction in 2016 and seats 1,501. It is located next to the Pärnu Beach and approximately 200 metres from the sea.

First opened in 1929, the stadium has had four different grandstands throughout its history and was completely reconstructed in 2015–2016. The address of the stadium is Ranna pst. 2, 80012 Pärnu.
Protopannaria campbellensis
Protopannaria campbellensis is a rare species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It is found in the southern New Zealand shelf islands. It is unique due to its specific structure and lack of lichen products, which are typically found in related species. The lichen is found in wet grasslands and upland peat bogs.

Pannariaceae
The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales (suborder Collematineae). Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.
William Douglas (priest)
Christianity portal

Rev. William Douglas FRS  (25 December 1768 – 19 March 1819) was a Scottish Anglican cleric who was the Archdeacon of Wilts from 1799 until 1804.

He was the only son of Scottish parents, John Douglas, Lord Bishop of Salisbury, and his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Brudenell Rooke. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was Precentor of Salisbury Cathedral from 1804 and Prebendary of Westminster from 1807.

In Utrecht in 1794, he married Ann, daughter of Baron Frédéric Casimir de Brackel (Baron Von Brakel of Courland), of Yverdon-les-Bains in Switzerland, and his Scottish wife, Louise Kinloch, daughter of Sir James Kinloch of Gilmerton, 4th Baronet. Douglas was also an antiquarian who collected a library of nearly 3,000 books, which were sold at auction by Sotheby's on 10 December 1819.

He died in March 1819 at Dean's yard, Westminster, aged 50.

Archdeacon of Wilts
The Archdeacon of Wilts (or Wiltshire) is a senior cleric in the Diocese of Salisbury, England. The archdeacon is responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy in five deaneries: Marlborough, Pewsey, Calne, Bradford and Devizes.

Louise Ellis has been the Archdeacon of Wilts since 24 May 2025.
Chwale
Chwale is a village on the Zanzibari island of Pemba. It is located in the northeast of the island, eight kilometres southeast of Wete. This village is locally famous for its annual bullfights in October.

Pemba Island
Pemba Island (Arabic: الجزيرة الخضراء, al-Jazīra al-khadrāʔ; Swahili: Kisiwa cha Pemba) is a Tanzanian island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying within the Swahili Coast in the Indian Ocean.
Far'un
Far'un (Arabic: فرعون) is a Palestinian town in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northwestern West Bank, located four kilometers south of Tulkarm near the border with Israel. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Far'un had a population of 3,100 inhabitants in 2007 and 4,131 by 2017.

Tulkarm Governorate
32°19′11.5″N 35°5′38.5″E﻿ / ﻿32.319861°N 35.094028°E﻿ / 32.319861; 35.094028

The Tulkarm Governorate (Arabic: محافظة طولكرم, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ṭūlkarm) is an administrative district and one of the 16 Governorates of Palestine, located in the north-western West Bank. The governorate's land area is 268 square kilometres. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the governorate had a population of 172,800 inhabitants. The muhafaza or district capital is the city of Tulkarm.