hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
A Mathematician's Apology
A Mathematician's Apology is a 1940 essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy which defends the pursuit of mathematics for its own sake. Central to Hardy's "apology" – in the sense of a formal justification or defence (as in Plato's Apology of Socrates) – is an argument that mathematics has value independent of its applications. Hardy located this value in what he called the beauty of mathematics and gave some examples of and criteria for mathematical beauty. The book also includes a brief autobiography which gives insight into the mind of a working mathematician.

C. D. Broad
Charlie Dunbar Broad FBA (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited as C. D. Broad, was an English philosopher who worked on epistemology, history of philosophy, philosophy of science, and ethics, as well as the philosophical aspects of psychical research. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of arguments in such works as Scientific Thought (1923), The Mind and Its Place in Nature (1925), and Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy (2 vols., 1933–1938).

Broad's essay on "Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism" in Ethics and the History of Philosophy (1952) introduced the philosophical terms occurrent causation and non-occurrent causation, which became the basis for the contemporary distinction between "agent-causal" and "event-causal" in debates on libertarian free will.
Morgawr (folklore)
In Cornish folklore, the Morgawr (Cornish: Morgowr, meaning sea giant) is a sea serpent that purportedly inhabits the sea near Falmouth Bay, Cornwall, England, but an academic article in 2022 describes how the story began as a hoax.

Sea serpent
A sea serpent is a type of sea monster described in various mythologies and religious texts. Famous sea serpents includes: the Mesopotamian Tiamat, Ugaritic Yam and Tannin, Judaic Leviathan and Rahab, ancient Greek Cetus, Echidna, Hydra and Scylla, Vedic Vritra and Surasa, and the Norse Jörmungandr, etc.
Oxytelus nigriceps
Oxytelus nigriceps is a species of rove beetle widely spread in Asia. It is found in China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, New Guinea, Bismarck Islands, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.

Rove beetle
The rove beetles are a family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousands of genera, the group is one of the largest families in the beetle order, and one of the largest families of organisms. It is an ancient group that first appeared during the Middle Jurassic based on definitive records of fossilized rove beetles, with the Late Triassic taxon Leehermania more likely belonging to Myxophaga. They are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles, and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems.

One well-known species is the devil's coach-horse beetle (Ocypus olens). For some other species, see list of British rove beetles.

The family was first described in 1802 by Pierre André Latreille.
Ultracargo
Ultracargo is Brazil's largest bulk liquids storage company, primarily operating in the storage of chemicals, petrochemicals, biofuel, and vegetable oil. Ultracargo operates under the Ultra group along with Ipiranga, Ultragaz, Oxiteno and Extrafarma.

Ultracargo is the only operator in its sector with a presence in all major ports of Brazil. It has facilities in the Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá; Port of Aratu in Bahia; Porto do Itaqui in São Luís, Maranhão and Suape Port in Pernambuco. Additionally, they have terminals in Paulínia, state of São Paulo.

Oxiteno
Oxiteno is a Brazilian multinational manufacturer of surfactants and chemicals. The company develops and supplies raw materials to industries in over 30 sectors including cosmetics, personal care, household cleaning and industrial, agrochemicals, paints and varnishes.

Oxiteno operates in nine countries throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. It has three research and development centers, twelve industrial plants in Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as commercial offices in Argentina, Belgium, China, and Colombia.
According to research conducted by Info Exame magazine in partnership with ESPM, Oxiteno was appointed as the ninth most innovative company in Brazil in 2014.

On April 4, 2022, the company was acquired by Indorama Ventures.
2024 Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2024 PEI Scotties Tournament of Hearts Women's Championship, the women's provincial curling championship for Prince Edward Island, was held from January 25 to 28 at the Summerside Curling Club in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. The event was held in conjunction with the 2024 PEI Tankard, the provincial men's championship.

The winning Jane DiCarlo rink represented Prince Edward Island at the 2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Calgary, Alberta where they finished last in Pool A (and last overall) with an 0–8 record.

PEI Women's Curling Championship
The PEI Women's Curling Championship, formerly the Prince Edward Island Scotties Tournament of Hearts is the provincial women's curling championship in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. The tournament is run by Curl PEI, the provincial curling association. The winning team represents Prince Edward Island at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts.
Maha-kshtrapa
Maha-kshtrapa was a title meaning "Great Satrap" in early medieval Gujarat.  As satraps (kshtrapas) of the failing Scythian Empire, some leaders in western India elevated their titles to Great Satrap when they became increasingly independent of imperial rule.

The Maha-kshtrapa Rudradaman I oversaw extensive canal repairs in Gujarat which led to double cropping.  He also led battles against his neighbors which increased his property.  In his propaganda, Rudradaman was praised as an upholder of dharma, a fine swordsman and boxer, an excellent horseman and elephant rider, a charioteer, a famous scholar of grammar and music, a logical thinker, and a generous king.  The memorial praising Rudradaman is the earliest known classical Sanskrit inscription of any extent.

Satrap
A satrap (/ˈsætrəp/) was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. A satrapy is the territory governed by a satrap.

A satrap served as a viceroy to the king, though with considerable autonomy. The word came to suggest tyranny or ostentatious splendour, and its modern usage is a pejorative and refers to any subordinate or local ruler, usually with unfavourable connotations of corruption.
José Sulantay
José Manuel Sulantay Silva (3 April 1940 – 20 July 2023) was a Chilean football player and manager. He notably managed the Chile U20 and Chile U17 national team, leading the Chile U20 to a third-place finish at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada. At a FIFA level, Sulantay is Chile's second most successful coach after Fernando Riera.

1992 Campeonato Nacional Primera División
The 1992 Campeonato Nacional, known as Campeonato Nacional Copa Banco del Estado 1992 for sponsorship purposes, was the 60th season of top-flight football in Chile. Cobreloa won fifth title following a 3–2 home win against Fernández Vial on 13 December. Universidad Católica also qualified for the next Copa Libertadores as Liguilla winners.
Kalateh-ye Azim
Kalateh-ye Azim (Persian: كلاته عظيم, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye ‘Az̧īm; also known as Kalāteh-ye Nowbahār) is a village in Dughayi Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 7 families.

Dughayi Rural District
Dughayi Rural District (Persian: دهستان دوغائي) is in Abkuh District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Dughayi. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Almajeq, now a city.
Yerecoin, Western Australia
Yerecoin is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, in the Shire of Victoria Plains,156 kilometres (97 mi) north-northeast of the state capital, Perth.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for the CBH Group.

CBH grain receival points
CBH grain receival points (also known as the bins or wheat bins in local popular usage) are grain silos spread around Western Australia, operated by CBH Group. They are primarily in the wheatbelt region, and historically they have been linked with the wheatbelt railway lines, and the transport of grain to ports for export.
Catholic Church in Thailand
The Catholic Church in Thailand is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

According to Catholic Social Communications of Thailand, as of 2019 there are 388,468 Catholics in Thailand, a figure that represents about 0.58% of the Thai population of 69 million. There are 11 dioceses with 526 parishes and 662 priests.

Martyrs of Songkhon
The Martyrs of Songkhon (Thai: มรณสักขีแห่งสองคอน) (also called Seven Blessed Martyrs of Songkhon) are seven Christian Thais executed in the village Songkhon in Pong Kham subdistrict, Wan Yai District, Mukdahan Province, northeastern Thailand, in December 1940 by local police forces. The killings occurred during the Franco-Thai War and police falsely believed they were spying for the French. The victims were beatified by Pope John Paul II in Rome on October 22, 1989.
Saturnino Canaveri
Saturnino Canaveri (1855 – 1939) was an Argentine military man and politician, who served as officer of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment. He took part in the main military actions that occurred during the Conquest of the Desert, including the actions prior to the Battle of Aluminé, against the Chilean Army.

He took active part in several clashes between the Argentine army and the Pampas tribes, highlighting his actions in the Combat of the Sierra de Currumalán (Coronel Suárez). His services  also include his participation in the confrontations between the National Government troops and the Revolutionaries of the Civic Union, event occurred during the Revolution of the Park.

Julio Argentino Roca
Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was an Argentine army general and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 and from 1898 to 1904. Roca is the most important representative of the Generation of '80 and is known for directing the Conquest of the Desert, a series of military campaigns against the indigenous peoples of Patagonia sometimes considered a genocide.

During his two terms as president, many important changes occurred, particularly major infrastructure projects of railroads and port facilities; increased foreign investment, along with immigration from Europe and particular large-scale immigration from southern Europe; expansion of the agricultural and pastoral sectors of the economy; and laicizing legislation strengthening state power.

Roca's main foreign policy concern was to set border limits with Chile, which had never been determined with precision. In 1881 Argentina gained territory by treaty with Chile.
Simon Van Duyne House
The Simon Van Duyne House is a historic house located at 58 Maple Avenue in the Pine Brook section of the township of Montville in Morris County, New Jersey. The oldest section was built c. 1750. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936. The house was later added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 1992, for its significance in architecture. The house was also listed as part of the Dutch Stone Houses in Montville, New Jersey Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

Pine Brook, Morris County, New Jersey
Pine Brook, sometimes spelled Pinebrook, is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Montville Township, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the CDP had a population of 5,675.

The area is served by U.S. Postal Service ZIP Code 07058.
1994 Baseball World Cup
The 1994 Baseball World Cup (BWC) was the 32nd international Men's amateur baseball tournament. The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation, which titled it the Amateur World Series from the 1938 tournament through the 1986 AWS. The tournament was held, for the fourth time, in Nicaragua, from August 3 to 14.

Cuba defeated South Korea in the final to win its 21st title.

There were 16 participating countries, split into two groups, with the first four of each group qualifying for the finals.

The next seven competitions were also held as the BWC tournament, which was replaced in 2015 by the quadrennial WBSC Premier12.

1986 Amateur World Series
The 1986 Amateur World Series  was the 29th Amateur World Series (AWS), an international men's amateur baseball tournament. The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation (IBAF). The tournament took place for the first time in the Netherlands, from July 19 to August 2, and was won by Cuba – its 18th AWS victory.

There were 12 participating countries.

This was the last time the IBAF titled it as the AWS; the next ten competitions were held under the name Baseball World Cup, then was replaced in 2015 by the quadrennial WBSC Premier12.
Sophie Schmidt
Sophie Diana Schmidt (born 28 June 1988) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for National Women's Soccer League club Houston Dash. From 2005 until retiring from international football in 2023, she was a member of the Canadian national team, with whom she won an Olympic gold medal in 2020 and bronze in both 2012 and 2016. She previously played her club soccer for German club FFC Frankfurt and Sky Blue FC in the NWSL.

Canadian Soccer Association
The Canadian Soccer Association (French: Association canadienne de soccer; branded as Canada Soccer) is the governing body for soccer in Canada. Headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, the federation is a full member of FIFA and governs Canadian soccer at the international, professional, and amateur levels, including: the men's and women's national teams, youth organizations, beach soccer, futsal, Paralympic and deaf national teams. The Canadian Soccer Association also administers and operates the Canadian Premier League, the Canadian Championship, and the Futsal Canadian Championship.
Tate–Shafarevich group
In arithmetic geometry, the  Tate–Shafarevich group Ш(A/K) of an abelian variety A (or more generally a group scheme) defined over a number field K consists of the elements of the Weil–Châtelet group , where  is the absolute Galois group of K, that become trivial in all of the completions of K (i.e., the real and complex completions as well as the p-adic fields obtained from K by completing with respect to all its Archimedean and non Archimedean valuations v). Thus, in terms of Galois cohomology, Ш(A/K) can be defined as

This group was introduced by Serge Lang and John Tate and Igor Shafarevich. Cassels introduced the notation Ш(A/K), where Ш is the Cyrillic letter "Sha", for Shafarevich, replacing the older notation TS or TŠ.

Valuation (algebra)
In algebra (in particular in algebraic geometry or algebraic number theory), a valuation is a function on a field that provides a measure of the size or multiplicity of elements of the field. It generalizes to commutative algebra the notion of size inherent in consideration of the degree of a pole or multiplicity of a zero in complex analysis, the degree of divisibility of a number by a prime number in number theory, and the geometrical concept of contact between two algebraic or analytic varieties in algebraic geometry. A field with a valuation on it is called a valued field.
John M. Burke
John Michael Burke (born July 1, 2001) is an American chess player who holds the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM). A chess prodigy, Burke reached an Elo rating of 2603 in September 2015. At the time, this made him the youngest-ever player to reach a rating of 2600 or above, a record since broken by Turkish GM Yağız Kaan Erdoğmuş.

Yağız Kaan Erdoğmuş
Yağız Kaan Erdoğmuş (born 3 June 2011) is a Turkish chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, he was awarded the International Master title prior to turning 12, becoming the youngest individual from Turkey to achieve that title. In 2024, he became the fourth-youngest grandmaster in history, and, later that year, the youngest player ever to reach a rating of 2600 Elo points. As of 2025, Erdoğmuş is the youngest grandmaster in the world.
Hooks (grappling)
Hooks is a term in grappling martial arts that generally refers to the use of careful positioning of a practitioner’s feet and legs to control and manipulate the movement or position of their opponent.  One of the most common uses of hooks is in the back control position to prevent escape. However, a practitioner may alternatively use hooks to defend, sweep, or attack their opponent.

Mount (grappling)
The mount, or mounted position, is a dominant ground grappling position, where one combatant sits on the other combatants torso (usually lower) with the face pointing towards the opponent's head. This is a favorable position for the top combatant in several ways. The top combatant can generate considerable momentum for strikes (such as punches or elbows) to the head of the opponent, while the bottom combatant is restricted by the ground and by the combatant on top. Other advantages include various chokeholds and joint locks that can be applied from the top. The bottom combatant will usually look to sweep the opponent or transition into a better position such as the guard.
John Gowans
John Gowans (13 November 1934 – 8 December 2012) was a Scottish clergyman, who was the 16th General of The Salvation Army from 1999 to 2002, succeeding General Paul Rader. He is also notable for pairing with General John Larsson in the composition of many songs and musicals.

General of The Salvation Army
General is the title of the international leader and chief executive officer of The Salvation Army, a Christian denomination with extensive charitable social services that gives quasi-military rank to its ministers (who are therefore known as officers). The General is elected by the High Council of The Salvation Army and serves a term of five years, which may be extended to seven years. According to the organization, the General is purported to be chosen by God, and the council identifies that person. The position is roughly equivalent to the position of Archbishop in many other Christian denominations. Lyndon Buckingham is the current General, who assumed office on 3 August 2023 upon the retirement of Brian Peddle. The organization's founder, William Booth, was the first and longest-serving General. There have been 22 Generals as of 2023.
Dual electrification
Dual electrification is a system whereby a railway line is supplied power both via overhead catenary and a third rail.  This is done to enable trains that use either system of power to share the same railway line, for example in the case of mainline and suburban trains (as used at Hamburg S-Bahn between 1940 and 1955).

Overhead line
An overhead line or overhead wire is an electrical cable that is used to transmit electrical energy to electric locomotives, electric multiple units, trolleybuses or trams. The generic term used by the International Union of Railways for the technology is overhead line. It is known variously as overhead catenary, overhead contact line (OCL), overhead contact system (OCS), overhead equipment (OHE), overhead line equipment (OLE or OHLE), overhead lines (OHL), overhead wiring (OHW), traction wire, and trolley wire.

An overhead line consists of one or more wires (or rails, particularly in tunnels) situated over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical potential by connection to feeder stations at regularly spaced intervals along the track. The feeder stations are usually fed from a high-voltage electrical grid.
Old Irish grammar
This article describes the grammar of the Old Irish language. The grammar of the language has been described with exhaustive detail by various authors, including Thurneysen, Binchy and Bergin, McCone, O'Connell, Stifter, among many others.

Indo-European ablaut
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (/ˈæblaʊt/ AB-lowt, from German Ablaut pronounced [ˈaplaʊt]) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).

An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb sing, sang, sung and its related noun song, a paradigm inherited directly from the Proto-Indo-European stage of the language. Traces of ablaut are found in all modern Indo-European languages, though its prevalence varies greatly.
Tavla Gençlikspor
Tavla Gençlikspor (Turkish: Defne Belediyesi Spor Kulübü 2019 Tavla Gençlikspor) is a women's football club located in the Defne district of Hatay Province, southern Turkey. The team was promoted to the Turkish Women's Second Football League for the 2020–21 season.

Defne
Defne is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 155 km2, and its population is 165,494 (2022). The district Defne was created in 2013 from parts of the former central district of Hatay and the district of Samandağ. It covers the southwestern part of the agglomeration of Antakya and the adjacent countryside.

Defne was heavily damaged by powerful earthquakes in February 2023 and subsequent aftershocks.

The municipality of Defne was named after the Greek mythological figure of Daphne. Tourist sites in Defne include the Harbiye Hydro Park and Harbiye Waterfall, as well as the historic site of St Simeon's Monastery.
Arnaud Jacomet
Arnaud Marie Pierre André Jacomet (20 October 1946, Paris – 14 October 2011, Brussels) was a French historian and the final Secretary-General of the Western European Union (WEU).

Jacomet studied history and worked at the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense. He was diplomatic adviser on the WEU staff from the Alfred Cahen administration (1985–1989) onwards. On 25 November 2009 he succeeded Javier Solana as Secretary-General of the Western European Union. Jacomet completed the task of finishing the transfer of the remaining WEU functions to the EU Commission and the closure of the organisation. The WEU dissolved on 30 June 2011. Jacomet died of cancer a few months later.

Javier Solana
Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga KCMG CYC (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xaˈβjeɾ soˈlana ðe maðaˈɾjaɣa]; born 14 July 1942) is a Spanish physicist and PSOE politician. After serving in the Spanish government as Foreign Affairs Minister under Felipe González (1992–1995) and as the Secretary General of NATO (1995–1999), leading the alliance during Operation Allied Force, he was appointed the European Union's High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, Secretary General of the Council of the European Union and Secretary-General of the Western European Union and held these posts from October 1999 until December 2009.