hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deformation (volcanology)
In volcanology, deformation refers to the change in the shape of a volcano or the surrounding landscape due to the movement of magma. This can be in the form of inflation, which is a response to pressurization, or deflation, which is a response to depressurization. Inflation is represented by swelling of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma accumulation, exsolution of volatiles, geothermal processes, heating, and tectonic compression. Deflation is represented by shrinking of the ground surface, a volcanic edifice, or a subsurface magma body. It can be caused by magma withdrawal (related to intrusion or eruption), volatile escape, thermal contraction, phase changes during crystallization, and tectonic extension. Deformation is a key indicator of pre-eruptive unrest at many active volcanoes, but deformation signals must be used in combination with other eruption indicators for forecasting reliability.

Volcanology
Volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena (volcanism).   The term volcanology is derived from the Latin word vulcan.  Vulcan was the ancient Roman god of fire.

A volcanologist is a geologist who studies the eruptive activity and formation of volcanoes and their current and historic eruptions. Volcanologists frequently visit volcanoes, especially active ones, to observe volcanic eruptions, collect eruptive products including tephra (such as ash or pumice), rock and lava samples. One major focus of enquiry is the prediction of eruptions; there is currently no accurate way to do this, but predicting or forecasting eruptions, like predicting earthquakes, could save many lives.
Colfax Avenue
Colfax Avenue is the main street that runs east–west through the Denver metropolitan area in Colorado. As U.S. Highway 40, it was one of two principal highways serving Denver before the Interstate Highway System was constructed. In the local street system, Colfax lies 15 blocks north of the zero meridian street of Ellsworth Avenue, and would thus it otherwise be known as 15th Avenue (Avenues north of Ellsworth are generally numbered numerically.) The street was named for former Vice President Schuyler Colfax. At just under 50 miles (80 kilometers) in length, it is known as the "longest continuous commercial street in the United States".

Ogden Theatre
The Ogden Theatre is a music venue and former movie theater in Denver, Colorado, United States. Located at 935 E. Colfax Avenue in the neighborhood of Capitol Hill, it was built in 1917 and has a maximum capacity of 1,600 for concerts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Kwekwe United F.C.
Kwekwe United is a professional football club from Kwekwe that competes in the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League.

The club gained promotion to the top tier under manager Prince Matore by winning the Central Region in 2024, becoming the first team from Kwekwe in the top tier since Lancashire Steel in 2008.

In their first season back in the PSL, the club experienced financial difficulties, failing to meet a fixture against Herentals after the players went on strike due to unpaid salaries. The club forfeited the game 3-0 and was fined US$3500. As of May 2025, owner Phil Makekera admitted that the club still owed signing on fees for many of the thirty new players signed for the new season.

Kwekwe eventually finished in last position, 25 points behind the second-last team.

Lancashire Steel F.C.
Lancashire Steel F.C. were a Zimbabwean football club which was based in Kwekwe. They were set to play in the second tier of Zimbabwean football after their relegation at the end of the 2008 football season before folding up. Their home stadium is Baghdad Stadium. Lancashire Steel sold their franchise to Mateta (Gokwe) in 2009. The club reformed in 2010 and played in the Midlands Region Division
Two 2B were they finish Runners-up in the league. In 2011 Lancashire Steel are in the Zifa
Central Region Division One.
Heldenplatz
48°12′24″N 16°21′46″E﻿ / ﻿48.206629°N 16.362913°E﻿ / 48.206629; 16.362913

Heldenplatz (German: Heroes' Square) is a public space in front of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. Located in the Innere Stadt borough, the President of Austria resides in the adjoining Hofburg wing, while the Federal Chancellery is on adjacent Ballhausplatz.

Many important actions and events took place here, most notably Adolf Hitler's ceremonial announcement of the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany on 15 March 1938.

Innere Stadt
The Innere Stadt (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnərə ˈʃtad] ⓘ; Viennese: Innare Stod; "Inner City") is the 1st municipal district of Vienna (German: 1. Bezirk) located in the center of the Austrian capital. The Innere Stadt is the old town of Vienna. Until the city boundaries were expanded in 1850, the Innere Stadt was congruent with the city of Vienna. Traditionally it was divided into four quarters, which were designated after important town gates: Stubenviertel (northeast), Kärntner Viertel (southeast), Widmerviertel (southwest), Schottenviertel (northwest).

The Ringstraße circles the Innere Stadt along the route of the former city walls.

The first district is, with a workforce of 100,745, the largest employment locale in Vienna. This is partially due to tourism, as well as the presence of many corporate headquarters due to the district's central location.
Coli, Emilia-Romagna
Coli (Ligurian: Cor; Piacentino: Cor) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Piacenza in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Bologna and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Piacenza. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,030 and an area of 72.2 square kilometres (27.9 sq mi).

The municipality of Coli contains the frazione (subdivision) Aglio.

Coli borders the following municipalities: Bettola, Bobbio, Corte Brugnatella, Farini, Ferriere, Travo.

Corte Brugnatella
Corte Brugnatella (Bobbiese: Curt) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Piacenza in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Bologna and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southwest of Piacenza.
Eric Doeringer
Eric Doeringer (born July 1, 1974) is an artist currently living and working in Los Angeles, California. He graduated from Brown University in 1996 with a B.A. and received an MFA from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1999.

Edward Ruscha
Edward Joseph Ruscha IV (/ruːˈʃeɪ/, roo-SHAY; born December 16, 1937) is an American artist associated with the pop art movement. He has worked in the media of painting, printmaking, drawing, photography, and film. He is also noted for creating several artist's books. Ruscha lives and works in Culver City, California.
Tesse
Tesse is a lake that lies in Lom Municipality and Vågå Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 12.78-square-kilometre (4.93 sq mi) lake lies about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of the mountain Kvitingskjølen and about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the river Otta. The lake is mostly located in Lom Municipality, but some very small parts of the lake cross over into Vågå Municipality.

Vågå Municipality
Vågå (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈvôːɡoː]) is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vågåmo. Other village areas in the municipality include Bessheim, Besstrond, Lalm, Maurvangen, and Tessand.

The 1,330-square-kilometre (510 sq mi) municipality is the 73rd largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vågå Municipality is the 217th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,529. The municipality's population density is 2.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.0/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 4.2% over the previous 10-year period.
Holme-Olstrup
Holme-Olstrup is a small railway town between Næstved and Haslev, on the south central part of the Danish island of Zealand, at the railroad Lille Syd. It is situated in Næstved Municipality, Region Zealand and has a population of 1,278 (1 January 2025).

Holme-Olstrup Church, located in the southwestern part of the town, originally belonged to Holmegaard Manor.

The amusement park BonBon-Land is located on the eastern outskirts of Holme-Olstrup.

Haslev
Haslev is a railway town in the southern part of the island of Zealand, Denmark, located about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Copenhagen. It has a population of 12,634 (1 January 2025), and is the largest town and municipal seat of Faxe Municipality in Region Zealand.

Haslev has six public schools: two boarding schools, a folk high school, a technical school, a college of education, and a sixth-form college.

The estates and castles of Gisselfeld and Bregentved are close to Haslev.
Something About You (Angela Bofill album)
Something About You is the third studio album by American singer Angela Bofill, released in 1981 on Arista Records.

After the release of Angel of the Night, Bofill left GRP Records and joined its distributor Arista in hopes of expanding her crossover success. In spite of the controversies surrounding Bofill and GRP, the album managed to sell, but with less success than her first two albums.

In 2002, Something About You was digitally remastered and re-released on Arista Records with extra tracks.

Angel of the Night
Angel of the Night is the second studio album by American R&B singer Angela Bofill. It was produced by GRP Records label heads Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen.

The album was digitally remastered and re-released on 2001 by Buddah Records.
Dihedral group
In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections. Dihedral groups are among the simplest examples of finite groups, and they play an important role in group theory, geometry, and chemistry.

The notation for the dihedral group differs in geometry and abstract algebra. In geometry, Dn or Dihn refers to the symmetries of the n-gon, a group of order 2n. In abstract algebra, D2n refers to this same dihedral group. This article uses the geometric convention, Dn.

Commutative property
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. "3 + 4 = 4 + 3" or "2 × 5 = 5 × 2", the property can also be used in more advanced settings. The name is needed because there are operations, such as division and subtraction, that do not have it (for example, "3 − 5 ≠ 5 − 3"); such operations are not commutative, and so are referred to as noncommutative operations.

The idea that simple operations, such as the multiplication and addition of numbers, are commutative was for many centuries implicitly assumed. Thus, this property was not named until the 19th century, when new algebraic structures started to be studied.
Bill Gardner (politician)
Bill Gardner (born October 26, 1948) is an American politician who was the New Hampshire Secretary of State from 1976 to 2022. In that role, he was in charge of the department that oversees all general elections, primary elections, voter registration and recounts within the state, including the New Hampshire primary. His tenure is the longest of any secretary of state in U.S. history. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

New Hampshire Secretary of State
The secretary of state of New Hampshire is a constitutional officer in the U.S. state of New Hampshire and serves as the exclusive head of the New Hampshire Department of State. The secretary is third in line for succession as acting governor of New Hampshire, following the state's president of the Senate and speaker of the House. The secretary oversees all state elections, including certifying the results, and keeps the official records of the state. The secretary is, by statute, the only person who can authorize use of the State Seal.

The secretary is elected biennially by the New Hampshire General Court (state legislature), as prescribed in the Constitution of New Hampshire as adopted in 1784. The position itself dates to 1680, when the Province of New Hampshire was under British rule.
Magnesium acetate
Anhydrous magnesium acetate has the chemical formula Mg(CH3COO)2  and in its hydrated form, magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, it has the chemical formula Mg(CH3COO)2·4H2O. In this compound magnesium has an oxidation state of +2. Magnesium acetate is the magnesium salt of acetic acid. It is deliquescent and upon heating, it decomposes to form magnesium oxide.  Magnesium acetate is commonly used as a source of magnesium in biological reactions.

Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide). It has an empirical formula of MgO and consists of a lattice of Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held together by ionic bonding. Magnesium hydroxide forms in the presence of water (MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2), but it can be reversed by heating it to remove moisture.

Magnesium oxide was historically known as magnesia alba (literally, the white mineral from Magnesia), to differentiate it from magnesia nigra, a black mineral containing what is now known as manganese.
Crawford Hill
Crawford Hill, sometimes known in the past as Crawford's Hill, is  located in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, United States. It is Monmouth County's highest point, as well as the highest point in New Jersey's coastal plain, standing 391 feet (119 m) above sea level. The hill is best known as the site of a Bell Telephone Laboratories facility that was an annex to the Bell Labs Holmdel Complex located three miles away. The 43-acre (17 ha) annex property comprises a main research building and a number of other structures and scientific instruments, among them the historic Holmdel Horn Antenna.

Gerard J. Foschini
Gerard Joseph Foschini (February 28, 1940 - September 17, 2023), was an American telecommunications engineer who worked for Bell Laboratories from 1961 until his retirement. His research has covered many kinds of data communications, particularly wireless communications and optical communications. Foschini has also worked on point-to-point systems and networks.
Chromium(III) chloride
Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula CrCl3. This crystalline salt forms several hydrates with the formula CrCl3·nH2O, among which are hydrates where n can be 5 (chromium(III) chloride pentahydrate CrCl3·5H2O) or 6 (chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate CrCl3·6H2O). The anhydrous compound with the formula CrCl3 are violet crystals, while the most common form of the chromium(III) chloride are the dark green crystals of hexahydrate, CrCl3·6H2O. Chromium chlorides find use as catalysts and as precursors to dyes for wool.

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
India–Sudan relations
India–Sudan relations (Hindi: भारत-सूडान संबंध; Arabic: العلاقات الهندية السودانية), also called Indian-Sudanese relations or Indo-Sudanese relations, refers to the international relations that exists between India and Sudan.

Suakin
Suakin or Sawakin (Arabic: سواكن, romanized: Sawākin, Beja: Oosook) is a port city in northeastern Sudan, on the west coast of the Red Sea. It was formerly the region's chief port, but is now secondary to Port Sudan, about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north.

Suakin used to be considered the height of medieval luxury on the Red Sea, but the old city built of coral is now in ruins. In 1983, the adjacent historic mainland town, known as the Geyf, had a population of 18,030 and the 2009 population was estimated at 43,337. Ferries run daily from Suakin to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia.
College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital
College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital (CMSDH), also known as Sagar Dutta Medical College, is a tertiary referral government hospital, medical college and research institute in the state of West Bengal, India. It is situated at Kamarhati, in the suburbs of Kolkata. It has been set up by the Government of West Bengal in 2010 and started M.B.B.S. courses from 2011 to reduce the shortfall of doctors in the state.Nursing and other Paramedical courses (under State Medical Faculty of West Bengal) are also offered. It is affiliated to the West Bengal University of Health Sciences and recognised by National Medical Commission.

West Bengal University of Health Sciences
West Bengal University of Health Sciences (WBUHS) is a Public medical university in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 2003 by an Act of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly for better management of the health and medical education-related courses. The main objective behind the establishment of the university was to raise the level of medical education across the state of West Bengal. Universities main mission was to affiliate, teach, and ensure systematic instruction, training, and research in various health sciences, including Modern Medicine, Homoeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental, and Paramedical courses. It oversees undergraduate, postgraduate, and post-doctoral programs across these disciplines in West Bengal.
Oxidation with chromium(VI) complexes
Oxidation with chromium(VI) complexes involves the conversion of alcohols to carbonyl compounds or more highly oxidized products through the action of molecular chromium(VI) oxides and salts. The principal reagents are Collins reagent, PDC, and PCC. These reagents represent improvements over inorganic chromium(VI) reagents such as Jones reagent.

Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), or oxolane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4O. The compound is classified as heterocyclic compound, specifically a cyclic ether.  It is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity.  It is mainly used as a precursor to polymers.  Being polar and having a wide liquid range, THF is a versatile solvent. It is an isomer of another solvent, butanone.
Ikarus 415T
The Ikarus 415T (sometimes by astra bus, many called as Astra Ikarus 415T) is a type of trolleybus produced by the Ikarus bus manufacturer (build on Ikarus 415 chassis) in Hungary in 1992 and between 1997 and 2002.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram (in the 1910s and 1920s), road tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.

Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
Lammersville Joint Unified School District
Lammersville Unified School district (LUSD) (formerly known as Lammersville Elementary School District) is a pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade unified school district in Mountain House, California, which serves the area west of Tracy and parts of Alameda County. The district was created when majority of voters in the Lammersville and Mountain House area passed a measure to separate from Tracy Unified School District in a special election on June 8, 2010. It became an independent school district on July 1, 2011.

Tracy Unified School District
Tracy Unified School District is a public school district that serves most of the city of Tracy, the unincorporated community of Holt, and the Stockton neighborhood of Gillis in San Joaquin County, California, United States. As of 2024-2025 school year, there were 22 schools in the district. The district serves approximately 16,000 students in the area.
Adirondack Stakes
The Adirondack Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race first run in 1901. Held in the middle of August at Saratoga Race Course in Saratoga Springs, New York, the Adirondack Stakes is open to two-year-old fillies willing to race six and a half furlongs on the dirt.  It is a Grade III event with a current purse of $200,000 (raised from $150,000 in 2012.)

Named for the Adirondack Mountains of northeastern New York State, the race was first run in 1901 as a handicap for two-year-olds of either sex. Beginning in 1930 the race was restricted to fillies. Since inception, the Adirondack has been contested at various distances:

5.5 furlongs : 1952–1955

6 furlongs : 1901–1910, 1913–1945, 1962–1993, 2005

6.5 furlongs : 1994–2003, 2006–present

This race was at Belmont Park in 1943, 1944, and 1945; and at Jamaica Race Course in 1953 and 1954.  It was not run in 1911 and 1912; from 1946 to 1952, from 1956 to 1961 and in 2004.

Saratoga Race Course
Saratoga Race Course is a Thoroughbred horse racing track located on Union Avenue in Saratoga Springs, New York, United States. Opened in 1863, it is often considered to be the oldest major sporting venue of any kind in the U.S. It is the fourth oldest racetrack after Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack (1858), Freehold Raceway (1854) and Fair Grounds Race Course (1852).

The racetrack is operated by the New York Racing Association.

The Saratoga meet originally lasted only four days. The meet has been lengthened gradually since that time. From 1962 to 1990, the meet lasted four weeks and began in late July or early August. In 2010, the meet expanded to 40 racing days, with races held five days per week. It lasts from mid-July through Labor Day in early September.
Send (album)
Send is the tenth studio album by the English rock group Wire, released in May 2003 through their own Pinkflag label. It was their first recording as a four-piece since Manscape (1990) and the first full-length release by any incarnation of the group since 1991. The album contains seven songs previously released in 2002 on the EPs Read & Burn 01 and Read & Burn 02, and four songs exclusive to this release.

Manscape
Manscape is the seventh studio album by the British post-punk group Wire, released in May 1990 by Mute Records. It was produced by David M. Allen, mostly recorded and mixed at RAK Studios, engineered by Roy Spong, and published by Dying Art Ltd.
Rake (software)
Rake is a software task management and a build automation tool created by Jim Weirich. It allows the user to specify tasks and to describe dependencies as well as to group tasks into namespaces. It is similar to SCons and Make. Rake was written in Ruby and has been part of the standard library of Ruby since version 1.9.

Build automation
Build automation is the practice of building software systems in a relatively unattended fashion. The build is configured to run with minimized or no software developer interaction and without using a developer's personal computer. Build automation encompasses the act of configuring the build system as well as the resulting system itself.

Build automation encompasses both sequencing build operations via non-interactive interface tools and running builds on a shared server.