hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Middle Mongol
Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of Northeastern Mongolia, it diversified into several Mongolic languages after the collapse of the empire. In comparison to Modern Mongolian, it is known to have had no long vowels, different vowel harmony and verbal systems and a slightly different case system.

Converb
In theoretical linguistics, a converb (abbreviated cvb) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination: notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'. Other terms that have been used to refer to converbs include adverbial participle, conjunctive participle, gerund, gerundive and verbal adverb (Ylikoski 2003).

Converbs are differentiated from coverbs, verbs in complex predicates in languages that have the serial verb construction.

Converbs can be observed in most Turkic languages, Mongolic languages, as well as in all language families of Siberia such as Tungusic.
2023 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament
The 2023 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 64 teams that determined the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women's volleyball national champion for the 2023 season. It was the 43rd edition of the tournament. It began on November 30, 2023, in various college campuses across the country, location determinations were chosen based on participating teams seedings. The tournament concluded with the championship game at Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida on December 17 when Texas defeated Nebraska 3–0. The win gave Texas its 5th national title and second consecutive national title.

Bob Devaney Sports Center
The Bob Devaney Sports Center (commonly shortened to Devaney Center) is a sports complex on the campus of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in Lincoln, Nebraska. The facility, opened in 1976 as the NU Sports Complex, was named for football coach and athletic director Bob Devaney in 1978, and its main arena was dedicated as John Cook Arena in 2025.

The facility was built to replace the smaller NU Coliseum as the university's primary indoor athletic venue. It hosted men's and women's basketball for thirty-seven years until both programs moved off campus in 2013. Volleyball and wrestling relocated to the vacated Devaney Center, which was extensively modernized and had its main arena shrunk to a capacity of approximately 8,000. Nebraska has led collegiate volleyball in attendance each year at the venue. The sprawling complex also hosts gymnastics, indoor track and field, and swimming and diving events.
NHK Nara Broadcasting Station
NHK Nara Broadcasting Station (NHK奈良放送局, NHK Nara Hōsō Kyoku) is a unit of the NHK that oversees terrestrial broadcasting in Nara Prefecture. Locally, it only broadcasts NHK FM and NHK General TV. NHK Radio 1, NHK Radio 2 and NHK Educational TV are all dependent on Osaka.

NHK FM
NHK-FM (NHK-FM, Enueichikei-Efuemu) is a Japanese radio station operated by the public broadcaster, NHK. Its programming output, which consists of classical music, jazz, rock, Japanese pop music, folk, seven times of news bulletins and talk is broadly similar to the BBC's Radio 1, Radio 2 and Radio 3 in the United Kingdom and KBS Happy FM, KBS Classic FM and KBS Cool FM in South Korea.
Fairfield High School (Fairfield, Ohio)
Fairfield High School is a public high school in Fairfield, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the Fairfield City School District, and serves grades 10–12. The Fairfield City School district serves students in the city of Fairfield and Fairfield Township.

Fairfield City School District
The Fairfield City School District is a public school district in Butler County, Ohio, United States.  It encompasses most of the city of Fairfield and most of Fairfield Township, as well as small parts of the city of Hamilton.  It has a student population of approximately 10,000.
Ágnes Keleti
Ágnes Keleti (née Klein; Hebrew: אגנס קלט; 9 January 1921 – 2 January 2025) was a Hungarian and Israeli artistic gymnast and coach, who won multiple Olympic medals. She was the oldest living Olympic champion and medallist, reaching her 100th birthday on 9 January 2021. While representing Hungary at the Summer Olympics, she won 10 Olympic medals including five gold medals, three silver medals, and two bronze medals, and is considered to be one of the most successful Jewish Olympic athletes of all time. Keleti earned more Olympic medals than any other individual with Israeli citizenship, and more Olympic medals than any other Jew, except Mark Spitz. She was the most successful athlete at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

In 1957, Keleti immigrated to Israel, where she worked as a coach, eventually returning to her native Hungary in 2015 at the age of 94. In 2017, she was awarded the Israel Prize in sports.

Mark Spitz
Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer and nine-time Olympic champion. He was the most successful athlete at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, winning seven gold medals, each in world-record time. This achievement set a record that lasted for 36 years, until it was surpassed by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Phelps, like Spitz, set seven world records.

Between 1968 and 1972, Spitz won nine Olympic golds, a silver, and a bronze, in addition to five Pan American golds, 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles, and eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) titles. During those years he set 35 world records, two of which were in trials and unofficial. Swimming World Magazine named him World Swimmer of the Year in 1969, 1971, and 1972. He was the third athlete to win nine Olympic gold medals.
2018 United States attorney general elections
The 2018 United States attorney general elections were held on November 6, 2018, in 30 states, 2 territories, and the District of Columbia. The previous attorney general elections for this group of states took place in 2014, except in Vermont where attorneys general serve only two-year terms and elected their current attorney general in 2016.

The elections took place concurrently with elections to the House of Representatives and Senate, and numerous state and local elections including governorships.

Democrats gained four elected attorney general offices, while Republicans gained zero offices. This caused Democratic attorneys general to constitute a majority of elected attorneys general in U.S. states, the last time this has happened as of 2025.

Idaho Attorney General
The attorney general of Idaho is an elected office that assists local law enforcement agencies in the state of Idaho. They provide legal representation for state agencies, state corporations and any persons holding ownership of property, as well as enforcing consumer protection laws. They advise state officials and entities in relation to the law. The incumbent attorney general is Raúl Labrador, who was first elected in 2022. Although the attorney general has a four-year term, there are no limits on how many attempts that an incumbent can run for office.

Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890. The Office of Attorney General of the State of Idaho was created by the Constitution of Idaho, 1889, Art. IV, Sec. 1.
Imperial Yeomanry
The Imperial Yeomanry was a mounted infantry formation of the British Army which served in the Second Boer War. Raised on 2 January 1900, the formation was initially recruited from the British middle class, but subsequent contingents were significantly more working class in their composition. The British Army's existing yeomanry regiments contributed only a small proportion of the total Imperial Yeomanry establishment. The formation was officially disbanded in 1908, with individual Yeomanry regiments incorporated into the new Territorial Force.

Volunteer Force
The Volunteer Force was a citizen army of part-time rifle, artillery and engineer corps, created as a popular movement throughout the British Empire in 1859. Originally highly autonomous, the units of volunteers became increasingly integrated with the British Army after the Childers Reforms in 1881, before forming part of the Territorial Force in 1908. Most of the regiments of the present Army Reserves  Infantry, Artillery, Engineers and Signals units are directly descended from Volunteer Force units.
Brown Island (Washington)
Brown Island is a small, private island in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island, San Juan County, Washington, United States. It lies just offshore to the east-northeast of the town of Friday Harbor, Washington. The island has a land area of approximately 70 acres (28 ha) and on January 1, 2008, it had a resident full-time population of 10 people.

Brown Island was named by the Wilkes Expedition in 1841 for the party's navigational instrument repairman, John G. Brown.

San Juan Island
San Juan Island is the second-largest and most populous of the San Juan Islands in northwestern Washington, United States. It has a land area of 142.59 km2 (55.053 sq mi) and a population of 8,632 as of the 2020 census.

Washington State Ferries serves Friday Harbor, which is San Juan Island's major population center, the San Juan County seat, and the only incorporated town in the islands.
Speak & Spell (toy)
The Speak & Spell line is a series of electronic hand-held child computers by Texas Instruments that consisted of a TMC0280 linear predictive coding speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and a receptor slot to receive one of a collection of ROM game library modules. The first Speak & Spell was introduced at the summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978 (1978-06), making it one of the earliest handheld electronic devices with a visual display to use interchangeable game cartridges. The company, Basic Fun, brought back a variant of the second-gen classic Speak & Spell in 2019 with a newly recorded voice and other minor changes.

The Speak & Spell was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009.

Circuit bending
Circuit bending is the modification of circuits in electronic devices such as children's toys and digital synthesizers to change or control their sound output, usually by dismantling the machine and adding components such as switches and potentiometers.

Circuit bending has commonly been associated with noise music, though many other contemporary musicians have experimented with it.
USS Suncook (AN-80)
USS Suncook (YN-99/AN-80) was a Cohoes-class net laying ship which was assigned to protect United States Navy ships and harbors during World War II with her anti-submarine nets. Her World War II career was short lived; however, after decommissioning, she was reactivated in 1962 for use as a research ship for the U.S. Bureau of Mines, where she served as Grass Valley.

Cohoes-class net laying ship
The Cohoes-class net laying ships consisted of fifteen steel hull ships built near the end of World War II for the United States Navy, the last being commissioned shortly after war's end. They were similar in appearance and construction to the predecessor Aloe class, with slight differences in dimensions and displacement. Unlike previous net-laying classes, names were taken from a variety of place names, rather than from plants. All but two were decommissioned and put into reserve by the end of 1947, but most were reactivated at various times in the early 1950s and remained active until the early 1960s, when seven were transferred through lease or sale to several foreign navies. Two were transferred to other federal agencies; two were reactivated in the late 1960s and these served into the 1970s. Some of those transferred abroad were still active as late as 2007; none were lost in action.
Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red
Mikołaj Radziwiłł, nicknamed the Red (Polish Rudy, Lithuanian: Radvila Rudasis; 1512 – 28 April 1584), was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman who served as the voivode of Vilnius, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (since 1566), and Grand Lithuanian Hetman (1553–1566 and since 1576) in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with his cousin Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł and the Radziwiłł family, they were granted title and position as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
The Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos didysis kancleris) was one of the highest offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The office functioned from the middle of the 15th century until the end of the real union with the Kingdom of Poland in 1795 and its subsequent partition among Prussia, Russia and Austria. The chancellor possessed the Great Seal of Lithuania and had the Lithuanian Metrica at his disposal.
Winkelhaid
Winkelhaid (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪŋkl̩haɪt]) is a municipality in the district of Nürnberger Land in Bavaria in Germany. It is situated 18 km southeast of Nuremberg in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Winkelhaid is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the municipalities of Altdorf bei Nürnberg, Schwarzenbruck and Feucht.

Nürnberger Land
Nürnberger Land is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Forchheim, Bayreuth, Amberg-Sulzbach, Neumarkt, Roth and Erlangen-Höchstadt, and by the city of Nuremberg.
Littleborough railway station
Littleborough railway station serves the town of Littleborough in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England.

It lies on the Calder Valley line 13¾ miles (22 km) north of Manchester Victoria towards Halifax, Bradford Interchange and Leeds.

This is the last station on the Caldervale Line in the Greater Manchester area.  It was one of the original Manchester and Leeds Railway station sites and for the first year of operation following its opening in July 1839, it was the temporary terminus of the line from Manchester (the section on through the Summit Tunnel towards Mirfield not being completed until 1841).  It did so again for some eight months after the December 1984 Summit Tunnel fire - passengers transferring between the trains to/from Manchester and a rail-replacement bus service onwards to Todmorden until repairs to the tunnel could be completed and the line reopened.

Bradford Interchange
Bradford Interchange is a transport interchange in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, which consists of a railway station and bus station adjacent. The Interchange, which was designed in 1962, was hailed as a showpiece of European design and was opened on 14 January 1973. It is served by the majority of bus services in the city centre, while the railway station, which is one of two in the city centre (along with  Bradford Forster Square), is served by Northern and is also the terminus for Grand Central services from London King's Cross.
Methanoperedens nitroreducens
Methanoperedens nitroreducens (from Latin: methano, meaning "methane", peredens, meaning "consuming", nitro, meaning "nitrate", and reducens, meaning "leading back") is a candidate species of methanotrophic archaea that oxidizes methane by coupling to nitrate reduction.

Electron acceptor
An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents.

The electron accepting power of an electron acceptor is measured by its redox potential.

In the simplest case, electron acceptors are reduced by one electron.  The process can alter the structure of the acceptor substantially. When the added electron is highly delocalized, the structural consequences of the reduction can be subtle. The central C-C distance in the electron acceptor tetracyanoethylene elongates from 135 to 143 pm upon acceptance of an electron.  In the formation of some donor-acceptor complexes, less than one electron is transferred.  TTF-TCNQ is a charge transfer complex.
Böckenförde dilemma
The Böckenförde Dilemma (German: Böckenförde-Diktum) refers to how secular governments derive their authority from citizen support, but lack the uniformity of purpose found in absolutist states that can more reliably create social capital—due to the varied and fluctuating dispositions within pluralistic societies.

The dilemma is named after German constitutional judge Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde.

Social capital
Social capital is a concept used in sociology and economics to define networks of relationships which are productive towards advancing the goals of individuals and groups.
It involves the effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity. Some have described it as a form of capital that produces public goods for a common purpose, although this does not align with how it has been measured.

Social capital has been used to explain the improved performance of diverse groups, the growth of entrepreneurial firms, superior managerial performance, enhanced supply chain relations, the value derived from strategic alliances, and the evolution of communities.
2002 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 2002 UCI Road World Championships was the 69th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 13 October 2002 based around the Circuit Zolder, Belgium. The race was won by Mario Cipollini of Italy.

UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The UCI Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race is a one-day event for professional cyclists that takes place annually. The winner is considered the World Cycling Champion (or World Road Cycling Champion) and earns the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in road race or stage events. The event is a single mass start road race with the winner being the first across the line at the completion of the full race distance. The road race is contested by riders organized by national cycling teams as opposed to commercially sponsored trade teams, which is the standard in professional cycling.
2012 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships
The 2012 NCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving Championships were contested from March 22–24, 2012 at the Weyerhaeuser Aquatic Center in Federal Way, Washington at the 89th annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.

California again topped the team standings, finishing 44.5 points ahead of Texas. It was the Golden Bears' fourth team national title.

NCAA Division I men's swimming and diving championships
The NCAA Division I men's swimming and diving championships (formerly the NCAA University Division swimming and diving championships) are contested at an annual swim meet hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the individual and team champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every year since 1924, except 2020.

The meets take place in a 25-yard pool, except for the Division I meets in 2000 and 2004 which were swum in a 25-meter competition course.

Texas have been the most successful program, with 16 national titles.
Durrani dynasty
The Durrani dynasty, also called the Sadozai dynasty, was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. He united all Pashtun tribes and created the Durrani Empire. which at its peak included the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, as well as some parts of northeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India, including the Kashmir Valley. The Durranis were replaced by the Barakzai dynasty in 1823.

Ahmad Shah and his descendants were from the Sadozai subclan of Popalzai line of the Durranis (formerly known as Abdalis), making them the second Pashtun rulers of Kandahar after the Hotak dynasty. The Durranis were notable in the second half of the 18th century mainly due to the leadership of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

Durrani
The Durrānī (Pashto: دراني, pronounced [durɑˈni]1), formerly known as Abdālī (ابدالي), are one of the largest tribal confederation of Pashtuns. Their traditional homeland is in southern Afghanistan (Loy Kandahar region), straddling into Toba Achakzai in Balochistan, Pakistan, but they are also settled in other parts of Afghanistan and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747 after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar, he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself.
1997–98 Iona Gaels men's basketball team
The 1997–98 Iona Gaels men's basketball team represented Iona College during the 1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Gaels, led second-year by head coach Tim Welsh, played their home games at the John A. Mulcahy Campus Events Center and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The Gaels finished second in the MAAC regular season standings, and would go on to win the MAAC Basketball tournament to receive an automatic bid to the 1998 NCAA tournament – the program's first appearance in the "Big Dance" since 1985. As the No. 12 seed in the Southeast region, the Gaels lost to No. 5 seed Syracuse in the opening round.

1997–98 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team
The 1997–98 Syracuse Orangemen basketball team represented Syracuse University as a member of the Big East Conference during the 1997–98 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The head coach was Jim Boeheim, serving for his 22nd year. The team played its home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York.  The team finished with a 26–9 (12–6) record, while making it to the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA tournament.

The team was led by senior Todd Burgan and sophomores Ryan Blackwell, Etan Thomas and Jason Hart.
The American Metaphysical Circus
The American Metaphysical Circus is a 1969 album by Joseph "Joe" Byrd. It was recorded after his departure from the band The United States of America, and featured some of the earliest recorded work in rock music extensively utilizing synthesizers and vocoder, along with an extended group of West Coast studio musicians Byrd named "The Field Hippies".

Ernie Anderson
Ernest Earle Anderson (November 12, 1923 – February 6, 1997) was an American radio and television personality, horror host, and announcer.

Known for his portrayal of "Ghoulardi", the host of late night horror films on WJW Channel 8 on Cleveland television from 1963 to 1966, he worked as an announcer for the ABC television network from the late 1970s until the mid-1990s.

He is the father of filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson, who named his production company the Ghoulardi Film Company.
Street art influence in politics
Street art influence in politics refers to the intersection of public visual expressions and political discourse. Street art, including graffiti, murals, stencil art, and other forms of unsanctioned public art, has been an instrumental tool in political expression and activism, embodying resistance, social commentary, and a challenge to power structures worldwide.

Street art
Street art is visual art created in public locations for public visibility. It has been associated with the terms "independent art", "post-graffiti", "neo-graffiti" and guerrilla art.

Street art has evolved from the early forms of defiant graffiti into a more commercial form of art, as one of the main differences now lies with the messaging. Street art is often meant to provoke thought rather than rejection among the general audience through making its purpose more evident than that of graffiti. The issue of permission has also come at the heart of street art, as graffiti is usually done illegally, whereas street art can nowadays be the product of an agreement or even sometimes a commission. However, it remains different from traditional art exposed in public spaces by its explicit use of said space in the conception phase.