hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fluctuation theorem
The fluctuation theorem (FT), which originated from statistical mechanics, deals with the relative probability that the entropy of a system which is currently away from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e., maximum entropy) will increase or decrease over a given amount of time. While the second law of thermodynamics predicts that the entropy of an isolated system should tend to increase until it reaches equilibrium, it became apparent after the discovery of statistical mechanics that the second law is only a statistical one, suggesting that there should always be some nonzero probability that the entropy of an isolated system might spontaneously decrease; the fluctuation theorem precisely quantifies this probability.

T-symmetry
T-symmetry or time reversal symmetry is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal,

Since the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases as time flows toward the future, in general, the macroscopic universe does not show symmetry under time reversal. In other words, time is said to be non-symmetric, or asymmetric, except for special equilibrium states when the second law of thermodynamics predicts the time symmetry to hold. However, quantum noninvasive measurements are predicted to violate time symmetry even in equilibrium, contrary to their classical counterparts, although this has not yet been experimentally confirmed.

Time asymmetries (see Arrow of time) generally are caused by one of three categories:

intrinsic to the dynamic physical law (e.g., for the weak force)

due to the initial conditions of the universe (e.g., for the second law of thermodynamics)

due to measurements (e.g., for the noninvasive measurements)
Embu people
The Embu or Aembu (sometimes called Waembu) are a Bantu ethnic group indigenous to Embu county . The region is situated on the southern slopes of Mount Kenya in the former Eastern province. To the West, Embu neighbours the Kikuyu, The Meru people border the Embu to the North and the Kamba border the Embu to the East and South.

The Embu comprise two subgroups: The Embu and Mbeere. The Mbeere live in the semi-arid part of the larger Embu County.

Embu language
Embu, also known as Kîembu, is a Bantu language of Kenya. It is spoken by the Embu people, also known as the Aembu (sg. Muembu). Speakers of the Embu language can also be found in neighboring districts/counties and in the diaspora.

The language is closely related to the Kikuyu, Kimeru and Kamba languages.
2017 ZS-Sports China International Challenger
The 2017 ZS-Sports China International Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Qingdao, China between 17 and 23 April 2017.

ZS-Sports China International Challenger
The ZS-Sports China International Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It was held annually in Qingdao, China from 2016 to 2017.
Michael J. Galvin
Michael J. Galvin (1907−1963) was an American military United States Army Reserve Major general who served as commanding general of the 94th Infantry Reserve Division and was a member of the 6th Armored Division during World War II. After the war, Galvin served as United States Under Secretary of Labor and was a member of the Massachusetts Senate.

United States Deputy Secretary of Labor
The United States deputy secretary of labor is the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Labor. In the United States federal government, the deputy secretary oversees the day-to-day operation of the Department of Labor, and may act as secretary of labor during the absence of the secretary. The deputy secretary is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate and the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee.
Keith Sonderling was confirmed on March 13, 2025 to the position.
Obelisk Beach
Obelisk Beach (part of Obelisk Bay) is a nude beach in Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.

The beach is on the southern side of Middle Head in Sydney Harbour and is part of Sydney Harbour National Park.

Coordinates: 33°49′47″S 151°15′39″E﻿ / ﻿33.82972°S 151.26083°E﻿ / -33.82972; 151.26083

Sydney Harbour National Park
The Sydney Harbour National Park is an Australian national park comprising parts of Port Jackson, Sydney and its foreshores and various islands. The 392-hectare (970-acre) national park lies in New South Wales and was created progressively, from 1975.

The national park protects the landforms of Bradleys Head, Clark Island, Dobroyd Head, Fort Denison, Georges Head, Goat Island, Middle Head, Nielsen Park, Rodd Island, Shark Island, Sydney Heads including the Quarantine Station at North Head and The Gap bluff at South Head. The national park also protects the waterway between North Head and Dobroyd Head, defined as the North Sydney Harbour Aquatic Reserve. Parts of the national park lie outside the harbour and face the Tasman Sea.

The national park is managed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.
56th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The 56th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival took place from July 1 to 9, 2022, in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic.

A total of 170 films were presented at the festival, including twenty-seven world premieres, three international and three European premieres. Canadian-Iranian co-produced film Summer with Hope won the Crystal Globe. The festival paid tributes to Czech actors Eva Zaoralová, Bolek Polívka and composer Zdeněk Liška.

Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (Czech: Mezinárodní filmový festival Karlovy Vary, KVIFF) is an annual film festival held in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. The Karlovy Vary Festival is one of the oldest in the world and has become the leading film event in Central Europe.
Tone Sverdrup
Tone Sverdrup (born 15 January 1951) is a Norwegian jurist.

She was born in Oslo. She took the siv.øk. degree, and also graduated as cand.jur. in 1977. She was a secretary in the Ministry of Local Government and Labour from 1974 to 1975 and as a consultant in the Ministry of Justice and the Police from 1977 to 1978. At the University of Oslo, she was a research assistant from 1975 to 1976, and also worked there from 1979 to 1980. From 1984 to 1986 she had a NAVF scholarship. She became an associate professor at the University of Oslo in 1988, and was promoted to professor in 2000. She took the dr.juris degree in 1997. Her field is private law. She has also been an acting Supreme Court Justice. She is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway.
Russ Lorenson
Russ Lorenson (born July 5, 1963, birth name Russ Gangloff) is an American singer and actor, often called "San Francisco's Favorite Crooner". Though a stage actor since childhood, Lorenson established a reputation in the mid-2000s as an interpreter of jazz standards. With a retro crooner style, his sound and approach have been described as an amalgam of Broadway, jazz, and pop. His recordings include the albums A Little Travelin' Music, What I Want for Christmas, In The Holiday Spirit, and Standard Time: Live In New York. He has performed alongside artists such as Eartha Kitt, Karen Mason, Andrea Marcovicci, Teri Ralston, Dale Kristien, and Wesla Whitfield. Lorenson's work has received praise from publications such as DownBeat* magazine, TalkinBroadway.com, and the Los Angeles Times.

Wesla Whitfield
Wesla Whitfield (born Weslia Marie Edwards, September 15, 1947 – February 9, 2018) was an American singer who recorded more than a score of albums and performed at Carnegie Hall and the White House, among other sites. She used a wheelchair for the last four decades of her life, after surviving a gunshot injury. She specialized in the American standards genre of music.
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl bromide is an acyl bromide compound. As is expected, it may be prepared by reaction between phosphorus tribromide and acetic acid:

3 CH3COOH + PBr3 → 3 CH3COBr + H3PO3

As usual for an acid halide, acetyl bromide hydrolyzes rapidly in water, forming acetic acid and hydrobromic acid. It also reacts with alcohols and amines to produce acetate esters and acetamides, respectively.

Acyl halide
An acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group (−OH) with a halide group (−X, where X is a halogen).

In organic chemistry, the term typically refers to acyl halides of carboxylic acids (−C(=O)OH), which contain a −C(=O)X functional group consisting of a carbonyl group (C=O) singly bonded to a halogen atom. The general formula for such an acyl halide can be written RCOX, where R may be, for example, an alkyl group, CO is the carbonyl group, and X represents the halide, such as chloride. Acyl chlorides are the most commonly encountered acyl halides, but acetyl iodide is the one produced (transiently) on the largest scale.  Billions of kilograms are generated annually in the production of acetic acid.
Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
The Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns (French: Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes) was a debate about literary and artistic merit that expanded from the original debaters to the members of the Académie Française and the French literary community in the 17th century.

Standing on the shoulders of giants
The phrase "standing on the shoulders of giants" is a metaphor which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress".

It is a metaphor of a person who wants to reach higher, standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nani gigantum humeris insidentes) and expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". This concept has been dated to the 12th century and, according to John of Salisbury, is attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar and popular expression occurs in a 1675 letter by Isaac Newton: "if I have seen further [than others], it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
New Gods (vol. 5)
New Gods (vol. 5) is an epic science fantasy comic book series written by Ram V and primarily illustrated by Evan Cagle. It began as a part of DC Comics' All In initiative following the "Absolute Power" event. It features the titular New Gods following the supposed death of Darkseid, and a prophecy regarding a child that could either bring salvation or destruction.

The comic has received critical and commercial praise for its art, characterization, and evolution of the concepts of the original Fourth World series.

Absolute Power (comics)
"Absolute Power" is a 2024 American comic book crossover storyline published by DC Comics. Serving as the conclusion to the Dawn of DC initiative, the main limited series was written by Mark Waid, with art by Dan Mora. The storyline ran between July 3 and October 2, 2024. The event takes place in the aftermath of "House of Brainiac". The main event received positive reviews, with critics praising Mark Waid's writing, the art, the action, and the satisfying conclusion.
Marc Anthony Collection
The Marc Anthony Collection is an American lifestyle brand created by American recording artist Marc Anthony that is sold exclusively at Kohl's department stores and on Kohls website: Kohls.com. In November 2010, Kohl's announced a partnership with Anthony and his then-wife Jennifer Lopez. Originally marketed as "the first celebrity couple to simultaneously design collections for one retailer", following Anthony and Lopez's divorce, the lines were marked as two separate brands. The Marc Anthony Collection consists of sportswear, dress shirts, neckwear, accessories, suit separates, sport coats, and shoes, while the Jennifer Lopez Collection includes contemporary sportswear, dresses, handbags, jewelry, shoes, and sleepwear along with a home collection of bedding and towels.

Marc Anthony
Marco Antonio Muñiz (born September 16, 1968), known by the stage name Marc Anthony, is an American singer and actor. He is the top selling salsa artist of all time. A four-time Grammy Award, eight-time Latin Grammy Award and twenty-nine-time Lo Nuestro Awards winner (the most of any male). As of 2014, he had sold more than 12 million albums worldwide.

Known for his Latin salsa numbers and ballads, Anthony's achievements have been honored through various recognitions. He was the recipient of the 2009 Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received the 2009 CHCI Chair's Lifetime Achievement Award on September 16, 2009. He holds the Guinness World Record for best-selling tropical/salsa artist and the most number-one albums on the Billboard Tropical Albums year-end charts. He is also the artist with the most number one songs on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart with 32 songs.
Myśliwczów
Myśliwczów [mɨˈɕlift͡ʂuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wielgomłyny, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south of Wielgomłyny, 23 km (14 mi) east of Radomsko, and 90 km (56 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Wielgomłyny
Wielgomłyny [vjɛlɡɔmˈwɨnɨ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wielgomłyny. It lies approximately 23 km (14 mi) east of Radomsko and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
Smokin Beats
Smokin Beats are a house and garage duo consisting of Paul Landon and Neil Rumney. The duo founded their own record label Smokin Beats and released a string of singles throughout the 1990s and 2000s, and one album Ready to Fly in 1997. They are best known for the 1997 hit single "Dreams" featuring singer Lyn Eden which reached No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the UK Dance Chart. Redbull.com included the song in their list of "10 underground UK garage classics that still sound fresh today".

Their 1999 single "Dr Love", which samples "Doctor Love" by First Choice, reached No. 97 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 36 on the UK Dance Chart.

The duo have remixed songs by notable artists such as Kristine W ("Feel What You Want"), Backstreet Boys ("Get Down") and Jamelia ("Money").

In the early 2000s under the alias Zoom & DBX, the duo released UK garage tracks including the popular "Comin Again", as well as remixing songs by artists such as Chocolate Puma, TJ Davis and Ed Case.

TJ Davis
Teresa Jane Davis is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. She started as a backing vocalist for Gary Numan, D:Ream and Blur, and quickly developed a career of her own. She is known for her work with composer Richard Jacques on video game music for the soundtracks of Sonic R and Metropolis Street Racer. She was a member of ABBA tribute group Björn Again, performing as "Frida Longstockin" from 1997 to 2004.

Her track "Brilliant Feeling", billed as "Full Monty Allstars featuring TJ Davis", peaked at No. 72 on the UK Singles Chart in July 1996. She also released the trance single "Wonderful Life" – a cover of the song by Black – in December 2001. It was a collaboration with trance outfit Ian van Dahl, and reached No. 42 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2002, Davis recorded the vocals on the Sash! song "I Believe".

On 28 September 2024, Davis made her public appearance at the Sonic Symphony World Tour concert in London, England, performing alongside Richard Jacques.
Tonge, Middleton
Tonge is a residential and industrial area of Middleton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, Greater Manchester. It lies on the east side of Middleton between the town centre and its border with Chadderton in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham.

Tonge was formerly a township in its own right, until the area was incorporated into the Municipal Borough of Middleton as part of local government reforms in the late 19th century. Its area includes localities such as Moorclose and part of the districts of Mills Hill and Middleton Junction.

Tonge Hall was the manor house for the township. The place-name of Tonge, although no longer widely used in the area, stills survives in the district in the names of several streets and a long standing sports club, Tonge Social & Bowling club, established in 1923.

Mills Hill railway station is located in this district.

Middleton Technology School lies within this district.

Middleton Technology School
Middleton Technology School is a coeducational secondary school in the Middleton area of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale in Greater Manchester, England. Since 1995 the school has specialised in technology, vocational
education and Raising Achievement Transforming Learning (RATL). During a 2006 Ofsted inspection the school was described as "Outstanding".
Craig interpolation
In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories. Roughly stated, the theorem says that if a formula φ implies a formula ψ, and the two have at least one atomic variable symbol in common, then there is a formula ρ, called an interpolant, such that every non-logical symbol in ρ occurs both in φ and ψ, φ implies ρ, and ρ implies ψ. The theorem was first proved for first-order logic by William Craig in 1957. Variants of the theorem hold for other logics, such as propositional logic. A stronger form of Craig's interpolation theorem for first-order logic was proved by Roger Lyndon in 1959; the overall result is sometimes called the Craig–Lyndon theorem.

Well-formed formula
In mathematical logic, propositional logic, and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet, constructed following the defined grammar of a formal language.

The abbreviation wff is pronounced "woof", or sometimes "wiff", "weff", or "whiff".

A formal language can be identified with the set of formulas in the language. A formula is a syntactic object that can be given a semantic meaning by means of an interpretation. Two key uses of formulas are in propositional logic and predicate logic.
Hesperus
In Greek mythology, Hesperus (/ˈhɛspərəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἕσπερος, lit. 'evening') is the Evening Star, the planet Venus in the evening. A son of the dawn goddess Eos (Roman Aurora), he is the half-brother of her other son, Phosphorus (also called Eosphorus; the "Morning Star"). Hesperus' Roman equivalent is Vesper (cf. "evening", "supper", "evening star", "west").  By one account, Hesperus' father was Cephalus, a mortal, while Phosphorus' was the star god Astraeus. Other sources, however, state that Hesperus was the brother of Atlas, and thus the son of Iapetus.

Iapetus
In Greek mythology, Iapetus or Iapetos (/aɪˈæpɪtəs/; eye-AP-ih-təs; Ancient Greek: Ἰαπετός, romanized: Iapetós), also Japetus or Japetos, was one of the Titans, the son of Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth) and father of Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. He was also called the father of Buphagus and Anchiale in other sources.

Iapetus was linked to Japheth (Hebrew: יֶפֶת), one of the sons of Noah and a progenitor of mankind in biblical accounts. The practice by early historians and biblical scholars of identifying various historical nations and ethnic groups as descendants of Japheth, together with the similarity of their names, led to a fusion of their identities, from the early modern period to the present.
A101 (company)
A101 Yeni Mağazacılık A.Ş. or often shortened as A101 is a Turkish retail company founded in 2008, with their headquarters being located at Üsküdar, İstanbul. 79.21% of A101 is owned by Turgut Aydın Holding.

It is one of the 3 discount grocery store chains that have locations in all 81 provinces of Turkey, alongside Bim and Şok.

Şok
ŞOK Marketler Ticaret A.Ş. is a discount market chain based in Turkey. It was founded by Migros in 1995 and was acquired by a consortium led by Gözde Girişim, one of Yıldız Holding companies, in August 2011. It is headquartered in Üsküdar district of Istanbul.

As of 2025, the company operates 11,057 stores in Turkey.
Luke McCormack (boxer)
Luke McCormack (born 8 June 1995) is an English professional boxer who won a silver medal in the 2017 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

In May 2019, McCormack was selected to compete at the 2019 European Games in Minsk, Belarus. He also competed at the 2019 World Championships in Yekaterinburg, Russia, where he lost by split decision (3:2) to Leonel de los Santos in the third round. He represented Great Britain at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics, losing in the round-of-16 to eventual gold medalist Andy Cruz from Cuba.

He is the twin brother of fellow boxer Pat McCormack.

Leonel de los Santos
Leonel de los Santos Nunez (born December 14, 1994) is a boxer from the Dominican Republic. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's flyweight event, where he was eliminated in the round of 32.

He also represented the Dominican Republic at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Electoral district of Darling Downs (Queensland)
Darling Downs was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was named for the Darling Downs region.

The district covered rural areas in southern Queensland to the immediate west and north of Toowoomba, not including the city itself. Darling Downs included the towns of Dalby, Oakey and Crows Nest. The electorate was first created for the 2001 election.

In 2008, Darling Downs was abolished – with effect at the 2009 election – following a redistribution undertaken by the Electoral Commission of Queensland. Its former territory and voters were divided between the districts of Warrego, Nanango, Toowoomba North and a new seat called Condamine.

An earlier district based in the same region was also called Darling Downs. It existed as a single member electorate from 1873 to 1878 and as a dual member electorate from 1878 to 1888.

Electoral district of Toowoomba North
Toowoomba North is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. It was created with the 1972 redistribution. It replaced the abolished electorate of Toowoomba West. Toowoomba North is largely based around the upper half of the city of Toowoomba.

It covers the suburbs north of James Street, including Newtown, Wilsonton, Mount Lofty, etc. It also includes the urban fringe area of Blue Mountain Heights, the satellite town of Highfields and Spring Bluff. It excludes certain western localities of Toowoomba, which are in the Electoral district of Condamine.

The electorate is currently represented by Trevor Watts of the Liberal National Party of Queensland.