hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coat of arms of the Central African Republic
The coat of arms of the Central African Republic consists of a shield in the center, with two flags on its edges, and with a sun rising over the shield. Below and above the shield are banners, and there is the badge of the Order of Central African Merit located below the shield as well.

Flag of the Central African Republic
The flag of the Republic of Central Africa (French: Drapeau de la République centrafricaine; Sango: Bendêre tî Bêafrîka) was officially adopted in 1958. It has been retained since that time with the same design, four horizontal stripes of blue, white, green and yellow, and a single vertical band of red, with a yellow five-pointed star in the upper left corner.
Hadwiger conjecture (combinatorial geometry)
In combinatorial geometry, the Hadwiger conjecture states that any convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space can be covered by 2n or fewer smaller bodies homothetic with the original body, and that furthermore, the upper bound of 2n is necessary if and only if the body is a parallelepiped. There also exists an equivalent formulation in terms of the number of floodlights needed to illuminate the body.

The Hadwiger conjecture is named after Hugo Hadwiger, who included it on a list of unsolved problems in 1957; it was, however, previously studied by Levi (1955) and independently, Gohberg & Markus (1960). Additionally, there is a different Hadwiger conjecture concerning graph coloring, and in some sources the geometric Hadwiger conjecture is also called the Levi–Hadwiger conjecture or the Hadwiger–Levi covering problem.

The conjecture remains unsolved even in three dimensions, though the two-dimensional case was resolved by Levi (1955).

Hadwiger conjecture (graph theory)
In graph theory, the Hadwiger conjecture states that if  is loopless and has no  minor then its chromatic number satisfies . It is known to be true for . The conjecture is a generalization of the four color theorem and is considered to be one of the most important and challenging open problems in the field.

Reversing the implication, the conjecture can equivalently be stated in the following form. According to it, if all proper colorings of an undirected graph  use  or more colors, then one can find  disjoint connected subgraphs of  such that each subgraph is connected by an edge to each other subgraph. Contracting the edges within each of these subgraphs so that each subgraph collapses to a single vertex produces a complete graph  on  vertices as a minor of .

The conjecture was made by Hugo Hadwiger in 1943. Bollobás, Catlin & Erdős (1980) call it "one of the deepest unsolved problems in graph theory".
Thirupadiripuliyur railway station
11°44′53″N 79°45′14″E﻿ / ﻿11.74806°N 79.75389°E﻿ / 11.74806; 79.75389

Thirupadiripuliyur railway station (code: TDPR) is one of the two railway stations serving the town of Cuddalore, headquarters of the Cuddalore district in Tamil Nadu, India, the other one being Cuddalore Port Junction. It is located on the main line between Chennai Egmore and Tiruchirappalli Junction. It comes under the Tiruchirappalli railway division of the Southern Railway zone. This railway station was mentioned in Jayakanthan's novel.

Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line
The Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line (via Villupuram, Cuddalore & kumbakonam) connects Chennai Egmore and Thanjavur Junction both in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line is part of Chennai–Viluppuram–Chidambaram-Mayiladuthurai–Kumbakonam–Thanjavur–Tiruchirappalli line. There are several branch lines (included here): Chengalpattu–Arakkonam links to Chennai Central–Bengaluru City line, Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section, Viluppuram–Puducherry, Cuddalore–Virudhachalam, Mayiladuthurai–Thiruvarur, and Peralam–Nagapattinam sectors. The line connects the Kaveri delta to Chennai.
Shuixiu Township
Shuixiu Township (simplified Chinese: 水秀乡; traditional Chinese: 水秀鄉; pinyin: Shuǐxiù Xiāng) is a township of Taigu District, Jinzhong in central Shanxi province, China. As of 2020, it has 13 villages under its administration.

Shuixiu Village

Beiguo Village (北郭村)

Donghuaiyuan Village (东怀远村)

Taipingzhuang Village (太平庄村)

Bai Village (白村)

Nanguo Village (南郭村)

Zhangjiazhuang Village (张家庄村)

Fengjiapu Village (冯家堡村)

Xiaowangpu Village (小王堡村)

Beiliumen Village (北六门村)

Huojiapu Village (霍家堡村)

Tuanchang Village (团场村)

Guojiapu Village (郭家堡村)

Jinzhong
Jinzhong, formerly Yuci, is a prefecture-level city in east central Shanxi province of the People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the east. As of the 2020 census, its total population was 3,379,498 inhabitants of whom 1,226,617 lived in the Yuci and Taigu urban districts. However, 5,433,659 lived in the built-up (or metro) area of Taiyuan - Jinzhong made of Yuci district plus the 6 Taiyuan urban/built-up districts, largely conurbated.
Implicit differentiation
In calculus, implicit differentiation is a method of finding the derivative of an implicit function using the chain rule.
To differentiate an implicit function y(x), defined by an equation R(x, y) = 0, it is not generally possible to solve it explicitly for y and then differentiate it. Instead, one can totally differentiate R(x, y) = 0 with respect to x and y and then solve the resulting linear equation for ⁠dy/dx⁠, to get the derivative explicitly in terms of x and y. Even when it is possible to explicitly solve the original equation, the formula resulting from total differentiation is, in general, much simpler and easier to use.

Implicit function
In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form  where R is a function of several variables (often a polynomial). For example, the implicit equation of the unit circle is

An implicit function is a function that is defined by an implicit equation, that relates one of the variables, considered as the value of the function, with the others considered as the arguments.: 204–206  For example, the equation  of the unit circle defines y as an implicit function of x, , assuming −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and y is restricted to nonnegative values. 
Some equations do not admit an explicit solution.

The implicit function theorem provides conditions under which some kinds of implicit equations define implicit functions, namely those that are obtained by equating to zero multivariable functions that are continuously differentiable.
Dave Nehring
Dave Nehring is an American politician. He served as a Republican member for the 8th district of the North Dakota House of Representatives.

In 2020, Nehring won the election for the 8th district of the North Dakota House of Representatives. He succeeded Vernon R. Laning. Nehring assumed his office on December 1, 2020. He served as a candidate for the 8th district of the North Dakota Senate. In 2022, Nehring was defeated by Jeffery Magrum in the Republican primary election for the 8th district of the North Dakota Senate.

North Dakota Senate
The North Dakota State Senate is the upper house of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly, smaller than the North Dakota House of Representatives.

Per the state constitution, North Dakota is divided into between 40 and 54 legislative districts apportioned by population as determined by the decennial census.  The 2000 redistricting plan provided for 47 districts, with one senator elected from each district.

Senators serve four-year terms. Elections are staggered such that half the senate districts have elections every two years. In the 2022 North Dakota elections, a ballot measure passed with 63.4% of the vote creating term limits of eight years in the North Dakota Senate, which was put into effect starting January 2023.

The Senate Chamber is located in the North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck, North Dakota.
Judith Berrisford
Judith Mary Berrisford (1921–2008) was a British writer of children's pony stories which are very similar to those of the Pullein-Thompson sisters, as well as other animal story and books on gardening.

Berrisford was born in Fenton, Staffordshire in 1921. She also wrote under the name Amanda Hope.

Berrisford married Clifford Lewis in 1945, with whom she wrote under the name Judith M. Berrisford. As of 1974, Berrisford was living in Deganwy, Wales, but moved to Ramsey, Isle of Man in 1976. She died there in 2008, at the age of 87.

Pony book
Pony books, pony stories or pony fiction form a genre in children's literature of stories featuring children, teenagers, ponies and horses, and the learning of equestrian skills, especially at a pony club or riding school.
Cefaclor
Cefaclor, sold under the trade name Ceclor among others, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat certain bacterial infections such as pneumonia and infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, and urinary tract. It is also available from other manufacturers as a generic.

It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1979.

Serum sickness-like reaction
Serum sickness–like reactions (SSLRs) are adverse reactions that have symptoms similar to those of serum sickness (type III immune complex hypersensitivity) but in which immune complexes are not found.: 127
Armando Costa (soccer)
Armando (Rilhas) Costa (July 20, 1949 – December 7, 2012) was a Portuguese Canadian singer, soccer coach and retired player. He was the head coach and Director of Soccer Operations for Brampton City United FC of the Canadian Soccer League until a 2-year battle with lymphoma took his life at the age of 63.

Canadian National Soccer League
The National Soccer League was a soccer league in Canada that existed from 1926 to 1997. Teams were primarily based in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The league was renamed to Canadian National Soccer League in 1993 following the folding of the Canadian Soccer League, and the accepting of the Winnipeg Fury, making the league more national. In the 1960s, the National Soccer League was one of four major leagues in Canadian soccer alongside the Pacific Coast League, the Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League and the Western Canada Soccer League.

It was replaced by the Canadian Professional Soccer League in 1998, after an agreement between the CNSL and the Ontario Soccer Association.
Mixtón War
The Mixtón War (1540–1542) was an uprising by Caxcan people aimed at pushing the Spanish conquistadors out of northwestern Mexico and bringing the area back under indigenous control. The war was named after Mixtón, a hill in Zacatecas which served as an Indigenous stronghold.

Zacateco
The Zacatecos (or Zacatecas) are an indigenous group, one of the peoples called Chichimecas by the Aztecs. They lived in most of what is now the state of Zacatecas and the northeastern part of Durango. They have many direct descendants, but most of their culture and traditions have disappeared with time. Large concentrations of modern-day descendants may reside in Zacatecas and Durango, as well as other large cities of Mexico.
Fraserburgh United F.C.
Fraserburgh United Football Club is a Scottish football club from the town of Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, it currently plays in the North of Scotland Football League. Founded in 1976, United is the smaller of the local teams after Fraserburgh F.C. of the Highland League. Based at College Park, the Club colours are tangerine and black.

North of Scotland Football League
The North of Scotland Football League (NoSFL) is a football league based in the north east of Scotland. The league sits at levels 6–7 on the Scottish football league system, acting as a feeder to the Highland Football League. It is split into two separate leagues, the Premier League and the Championship which contain 16 teams and 15 teams respectively. Geographically, the league covers Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Highland and Moray. The league is the direct successor to the North Region Junior Football League which had been run by the North Region of the Scottish Junior Football Association from 2001 until 2025.

Subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria for the Highland League, the winners of the NoSFL take part in an end of season promotion play-off with the North Caledonian Football League champions, with the winner being promoted to the Highland League. As of the 2025–26 season, no team in the NoSFL meets the required licensing criteria.
Tsentralny, Volodarsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Tsentralny (Russian: Центра́льный) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Volodarsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Population:  2,957 (2010 Census); 3,870 (2002 Census); 2,428 (1989 Soviet census).

Volodarsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Volodarsky District (Russian: Волода́рский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Volodarsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,045.6 square kilometers (403.7 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Volodarsk. Population: 58,807 (2010 Census); 59,498 (2002 Census). The population of Volodarsk accounts for 16.9% of the district's total population.
Plagiolepidini
Plagiolepidini are an ant tribe from the subfamily Formicinae.

The following genera belong to this tribe:

Acropyga Roger, 1862

Agraulomyrmex Prins, 1983

Anoplolepis Santschi, 1914

Aphomomyrmex Emery, 1899

Bregmatomyrma Wheeler, 1929

Lepisiota Santschi, 1926

Petalomyrmex Snelling, 1979

Plagiolepis Mayr, 1861

Tapinolepis Emery, 1925

Anoplolepis
Anoplolepis, also known as the "pugnacious ants", is a genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae and tribe Lasiini. The genus is mainly found in the Afrotropics, with a few native species known from the Malagasy and Oriental regions (and some introduced in other places).
Waldenburg Highlands
The Waldenburg Highlands (Polish: Pogórze Wałbrzyskie; German: Waldenburger Bergland), also translated as the Wałbrzyskie Foothills, is a region in south-western Poland, in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is treated as the northernmost part of the Central Sudetes.

Central Sudetes
The Central Sudetes (Czech: Orlická oblast or Střední Sudety, Polish: Sudety Środkowe, German: Mittelsudeten) are the central part of the Sudetes mountain range on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland. They stretch from the Nysa Kłodzka River and the Kłodzko Valley in the east to the upper Bóbr in the west.

The Central Sudetes comprise a number of mountain ranges, including:

Orlické Mountains

Bystrzyckie Mountains

Bardzkie Mountains

Owl Mountains

Krucze Mountains

Stone Mountains

Stołowe Mountains

Waldenburg Mountains

The largest city in the Central Sudetes is Wałbrzych in Poland, where there are extensive hard coal deposits under the Wałbrzyskie and partly Owl Mountains.
HD 217107
HD 217107 (6 G. Piscium) is a yellow subgiant star approximately 65 light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Pisces (the Fish).  Its mass is very similar to the Sun's, although it is considerably older.  Two planets have been discovered orbiting the star: one is extremely close and completes an orbit every seven days, while the other is much more distant, taking fourteen years to complete an orbit.

Astrometry
Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and this galaxy, the Milky Way.
Gordon Guyatt
Gordon Henry Guyatt (born November 11, 1953) is a Canadian physician who is a professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. He is known for his leadership in evidence-based medicine, a term that first appeared in a single-author paper he published in 1991. Subsequently, a 1992 JAMA article led by Guyatt proved instrumental in bringing the concept of evidence-based medicine to the world's attention. Guyatt's concerns with the role of the medical system, social justice, and medical reform remain central issues that he promoted in tandem with his medical work. He was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2015.

GRADE approach
The GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) is a method of assessing the certainty in evidence (also known as quality of evidence or confidence in effect estimates) and the strength of recommendations in health care. It provides a structured and transparent evaluation of the importance of outcomes of alternative management strategies, acknowledgment of patients and the public values and preferences, and comprehensive criteria for downgrading and upgrading certainty in evidence. It has important implications for those summarizing evidence for systematic reviews, health technology assessments, and health guidelines as well as other decision makers.
Player auction
Player auction is a significant aspect of modern sports leagues, prominently observed in cricket and baseball, where teams bid to acquire players for a specific tournament or season. The process involves a blend of strategy, finance, and talent assessment.

A cricket player auction is an event where cricketers are auctioned off by teams for money.  Cricket player auctions are held by cricket leagues from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Australia. The first cricket player auction was held in 2008 by the Indian Premier League. In India, player auctions are popular and broadcast on television.

Auction theory
Auction theory is a branch of applied economics that deals with how bidders act in auctions and researches how the features of auctions incentivise predictable outcomes. Auction theory is a tool used to inform the design of real-world auctions. Sellers use auction theory to raise higher revenues while allowing buyers to procure at a lower cost. The confluence of the price between the buyer and seller is an economic equilibrium. Auction theorists design rules for auctions to address issues that can lead to market failure. The design of these rulesets encourages optimal bidding strategies in a variety of informational settings. The 2020 Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats."
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1863
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1863, adopted unanimously on January 16, 2009, after recalling resolutions 733 (1992), 751 (1992), 1356 (2001), 1425 (2002), 1519 (2003), 1725 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1814 (2008), 1831 (2008) and 1844 (2008) on the situation in Somalia, the Council its intention to establish a peace-keeping force in war-torn Somalia and called on Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to develop, by April 15, 2009, a mandate for the proposed mission, which would replace the existing African Union force in the country (AMISOM).

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1744
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1744, adopted unanimously on 20 February 2007, authorizing the African Union mission replacing and subsuming the IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia or IGASOM, which was a proposed Intergovernmental Authority on Development protection and training mission to Somalia approved by the African Union on 14 September 2006. IGASOM was also approved by the United Nations Security Council on 6 December 2006.
Mount Dione
Mount Dione is a 2,589-metre (8,494-foot) summit located in the Tantalus Range, in Tantalus Provincial Park, in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is situated 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Squamish, and 0.24 km (0 mi) north of Mount Tantalus, which is its nearest higher peak and the highest peak in the Tantalus Range. The Dione Glacier lies on the southern slope, and the Rumbling Glacier lies to the northeast. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains east into tributaries of the Squamish River, or west into tributaries of the Clowhom River. The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1916 by Tom Fyles and his brother, John Fyles, via the southeast ridge. The mountain names in the Tantalus Range have a Greek mythology theme, and Mount Dione was named for Dione, the wife of Tantalus. The mountain's name was submitted by Neal Carter of the British Columbia Mountaineering Club, and was officially adopted on June 6, 1957, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

Tantalus Provincial Park
Tantalus Provincial Park is a provincial park located in the Tantalus Range overlooking Squamish Valley in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on December 19, 1998 to protect a large area of pristine alpine wilderness.
Louis Blessing
Louis W. Blessing III (born November 11, 1980) is a Republican member of the Ohio Senate for the 8th district, and a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives for the 29th District. He is the son of Lou Blessing, who previously served in the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives, before he was forced to step down due to term limits.

Ohio Senate
The Ohio Senate is the upper house of the Ohio General Assembly, the lower house being the Ohio House of Representatives. The State Senate, which meets in the Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, first convened in 1803. Senators are elected for four year terms, staggered every two years such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even numbered seats and odd numbered seats are contested in separate election years. The president of the Ohio Senate presides over the body when in session, and is currently Rob McColley.

Currently, the Senate consists of 24 Republicans and 9 Democrats, with the Republicans controlling two more seats than the 22 required for a supermajority vote. Senators are limited to two consecutive terms. Each senator represents approximately 349,000 Ohioans, and each Senate district encompasses three corresponding Ohio House of Representatives districts.
Tattoos & Tequila
Tattoos & Tequila is the third and most recent solo studio album by Mötley Crüe frontman Vince Neil. It is his first solo release in 7 years since the live album Live at the Whisky: One Night Only in 2003 and first solo studio album in 15 years since 1995's Carved in Stone. It is  his first release on Eleven Seven Music.

Carved in Stone (Vince Neil album)
Carved in Stone is the second solo album by Mötley Crüe frontman Vince Neil and his most recent one to feature entirely new material. It was released in 1995 on Warner Bros. Records. It is his final release on the label.
Glossary of sake terms
This glossary of sake terms lists some of terms and definitions involved in making sake, and some terms which also apply to other beverages such as beer. Sake, also referred to as a Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Unlike wine, in which alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit,   sake is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars which ferment into alcohol.

Cryptomeria
Cryptomeria (literally "hidden parts") is a monotypic genus of conifer in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It includes only one species, Cryptomeria japonica (syn. Cupressus japonica L.f.). It is considered to be endemic to Japan, where it is known as Sugi (杉).  The tree is also called Japanese cedar or Japanese redwood in English. It has been extensively introduced, and cultivated for wood production on the Azores and elsewhere.
Bring your own encryption
Bring your own encryption (BYOE), also known as bring your own key (BYOK), is a cloud computing security model that allows cloud service customers to use their own encryption software and manage their own encryption keys.

Key (cryptography)
A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of the encryption relies on the security of the key being maintained. A key's security strength is dependent on its algorithm, the size of the key, the generation of the key, and the process of key exchange.