hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rila Literary School
The Rila Literary School is medieval and Renaissance at the same time, reflecting the transition from Middle Bulgarian to New Bulgarian in modern times.

A guardian of previous literary traditions, it reflects and combines, at the same time, the desire to preserve the literary wealth of medieval Bulgaria with the rule of time for accessible and mass literacy through the Damaskins.

The beginning is marked by the works of Vladislav Gramatik and Demetrius Kantakouzenos, and the end - by the life and work of Neofit Rilski.

Vladislav the Grammarian
Vladislav the Grammarian (Bulgarian and Serbian: Владислав Граматик; fl. 1456–79) was a Bulgarian Orthodox Christian monk, scribe, historian and theologian active in medieval Bulgaria and Serbia, regarded as part of both the Bulgarian and Serbian literary corpus. His collections of manuscripts constitute a compendium of translations and original Bulgarian and Serbian texts produced between the 13th and 15th centuries.

His texts have been ordered chronologically, starting with the 1465 Collection followed by the Zagreb Collection (1469), the Adrianti Collection (1473), the Rila Panegyric (1479) and two other collections of texts compiled in the 1470s and 1480s.
Anne Nuorgam
Anne Nuorgam (born 22 December 1964) is a Finnish Sami politician, member of the Sámi Parliament of Finland since 2000 and current Chair of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues since 22 April 2019 after being elected in the 18th session.

She has also chaired the Saami Council from 2001-2002.

Nuorgam was born in Utsjoki and has a master's degree in Law and is a public law researcher at the University of Lapland, particularly of Sami law. She has two daughters (born in 1987 and 2003).

Anne Nuorgam is a member of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Peoples since 10 June 2016 where she represents the Arctic indigenous: the Sami and Inuit.

Saami Council
The Saami Council is a voluntary, non-governmental organization of the Sámi people made up of nine Sámi member organizations from Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Since the founding of the Nordic Saami Council in 1956, among the first indigenous peoples' organizations, the Saami Council has actively dealt with Sámi public policy tasks. In 1992, when Russian Sámi groups joined the council, "Nordic" was removed from the council's name. The secretary was previously sited in both Helsinki and Utsjoki, Finland, but is now in Kárášjohka, Norway. The Saami Council is funded by a range of grants, and its engagements are based on decisions, statements, declarations, and political programs from the Saami Conference held every four years.
Good and evil
In philosophy, religion, and psychology, "good and evil" is a common dichotomy. In religions with Manichaean and Abrahamic influence, evil is perceived as the dualistic antagonistic opposite of good, in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated.

Evil is often used to denote profound immorality. Evil has also been described as a supernatural force. Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives. However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve unbalanced behavior involving expediency, selfishness, ignorance, or negligence.

The principal study of good and evil (or morality) is ethics, of which there are three major branches: normative ethics concerning how we ought to behave, applied ethics concerning particular moral issues, and metaethics concerning the nature of morality itself.

Immorality
Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong. Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art.
Needle Peak (British Columbia)
Needle Peak is a prominent 2,095-metre (6,873-foot) mountain summit located in the Coquihalla Summit Recreation Area, in the North Cascades of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is situated immediately southwest of Coquihalla Summit, and 4.2 km (3 mi) south-southwest of Yak Peak. Due to its close proximity to the Coquihalla Highway, the mountain is a popular hiking destination in summer, and skiing and snowshoeing in winter. Precipitation runoff from the peak drains into tributaries of the Coquihalla River. The mountain's descriptive name was officially adopted on October 6, 1936, by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

Yosemite Decimal System
The Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) is a five-part grading system used for rating the difficulty of rock climbing routes in the United States and Canada. It was first devised by members of the Sierra Club in Southern California in the 1950s as a refinement of earlier systems from the 1930s, and quickly spread throughout North America.
Deaths in October 2018
The following is a list of notable deaths in October 2018.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Florida Senate
The Florida Senate is the upper house of the Florida Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Florida, the Florida House of Representatives being the lower house. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of Florida, adopted in 1968, defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted. The Senate is composed of 40 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of approximately 540,000 residents. The Senate Chamber is located in the State Capitol building.

The Republicans hold a supermajority in the chamber with 27 seats; Democrats are in the minority with 11 seats. One seat is held by an independent, and one seat is vacant.
LMHOSTS
The LMHOSTS (LAN Manager Hosts) file is used to enable Domain Name Resolution under Windows when other methods, such as WINS, fail. It is used in conjunction with workgroups and domains. If you are looking for a simple, general mechanism for the local specification of IP addresses for specific hostnames (server names), use the HOSTS file, not the LMHOSTS file.

The file, if it exists, is read as the LMHOSTS setting file. A sample file (lmhosts.sam) is provided. It contains documentation for manually configuring the file.

Windows Internet Name Service
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is a Microsoft name resolution service, introduced in 1994 with Windows NT 3.5, for translating NetBIOS names to IP addresses. NetBIOS names are an older naming convention used for local name resolution before DNS became ubiquitous. WINS is mostly unnecessary for modern networks unless legacy systems require it. The rise of DNS, especially through Microsoft's Active Directory service's DNS support, made WINS effectively obsolete by the mid-2000s. Microsoft documentation advises not to use WINS on networks not requiring it.
Castlereagh Street
Castlereagh Street is a 1.6-kilometre-long (1 mi) major street located in the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. The street runs north-to-south, in a one way direction only.

Australian non-residential architectural styles
Australian non-residential architectural styles are a set of Australian architectural styles that apply to buildings used for purposes other than residence and have been around only since the first colonial government buildings of early European settlement of Australia in 1788.

Their distribution follows closely the establishment and growth of the different colonies of Australia, in that the earliest colonial buildings can be found in New South Wales and Tasmania.

The classifications set out below are derived from a leading Australian text.
Are You Ok Baby?
Are You Ok Baby? is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Lakshmy Ramakrishnan and produced by Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan. The film stars Samuthirakani, Abhirami, Mullai Arasi and Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan in the lead roles, with Mysskin, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan, Anupama Kumar, Aadukalam Naren, Pavel Navageethan, Vinodhini Vaidyanathan, Kalairani, Kavithalaya Krishnan, Uday Mahesh, and Robo Shankar in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Ilaiyaraaja, while the cinematography is handled by Krishna Sekhar and editing is by CS Prem Kumar.

Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
Lakshmy Ramakrishnan (born 29 December 1965) is an Indian actress and director who predominantly works in Tamil and Malayalam films. She made her debut in the Malayalam film Chakkara Muthu (2006), and has since appeared primarily in supporting roles in Tamil films.
Arsenide iodide
Arsenide iodides or iodide arsenides are compounds containing anions composed of iodide (I−) and arsenide (As3−). They can be considered as mixed anion compounds. They are in the category of pnictidehalides. Related compounds include the arsenide chlorides, arsenide bromides, phosphide iodides, and antimonide iodides.

Iodide
An iodide ion is I−. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state −1 are called iodides. In everyday life, iodide is most commonly encountered as a component of iodized salt, which many governments mandate. Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability.
Delta Hospital
Delta Hospital (originally known as 'Delta Centennial Hospital') is a community hospital, and Level V trauma centre owned and operated by the Fraser Health Authority in the city of Delta, British Columbia.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Llanthony Priory
Llanthony Priory (Welsh: Priordy Llanddewi Nant Hodni) is a partly ruined former Augustinian priory in the secluded Vale of Ewyas, a steep-sided once-glaciated valley within the Black Mountains area of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. It lies seven miles north of Abergavenny on an old road to Hay-on-Wye at Llanthony. The priory ruins lie to the west of the prominent Hatterrall Ridge, a limb of the Black mountains. The main ruins are under the care of Cadw and entrance is free.

The priory is a Grade I listed building as of 1 September 1956. Within the precincts of the Priory are three other buildings with Grade I listed status: the Abbey Hotel, listed on 1 September 1956; St David's Church, listed on the same date, and Court Farm Barn, listed on 9 January in the same year.

Gerald of Wales
Gerald of Wales (Latin: Giraldus Cambrensis; Welsh: Gerallt Cymro; French: Gerald de Barri; c. 1146 – c. 1223) was a Cambro-Norman priest and historian. As a royal clerk to the king and two archbishops, he travelled widely and wrote extensively. He studied and taught in France and visited Rome several times, meeting the Pope. He was nominated for several bishoprics but turned them down in the hope of becoming Bishop of St Davids, but was unsuccessful despite considerable support. His final post was as Archdeacon of Brecon, from which he retired to academic study for the remainder of his life.

Gerald wrote on a variety of topics; his works on Ireland and Wales, which contain details on the culture, contemporary life, and history of those countries, are generally considered the most distinguished. Much of his writing survives.
Luka Jović
Luka Jović (Serbian Cyrillic: Лука Јовић; born 23 December 1997) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Super League Greece club AEK Athens and the Serbia national team.

He began his youth career at Red Star Belgrade before making his senior debut in May 2014. He then had stints at Benfica, Eintracht Frankfurt, Real Madrid, Fiorentina, and AC Milan, before signing for AEK Athens in 2025. Internationally, Jović has represented Serbia since 2018, earning over 45 caps and scoring 11 goals, and has played in major tournaments including the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2024.

2020 Supercopa de España
The 2020 Supercopa de España was the 36th edition of the Supercopa de España, an annual football competition for clubs in the Spanish football league system that were successful in its major competitions in the preceding season.

In February 2019, it was announced that the competition would be changed from a two-team format to four teams, which would include a semi-final round. The semi-final round was played on 8 and 9 January 2020, and the final was held on 12 January; there was no third-place game.

The final was contested between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid, and was won by Real Madrid 4–1 on penalties, following a 0–0 draw after extra time, to win their eleventh Supercopa title.

It was played in Saudi Arabia after the Saudi government offered to pay 40 million euros for each of the next three seasons.
Neridronic acid
Neridronic acid (INN; the anion is called neridronate) is a bisphosphonate. In Italy it is used to treat osteogenesis imperfecta and Paget's disease of bone.

A 2013 clinical trial suggests complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS) responds to treatment with intravenous neridronate.

Bisphosphonate
Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density. They are the most commonly prescribed to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases.

Specifically, there is evidence that shows they may reduce the risk of fracture in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis.

Bone tissue undergoes constant remodeling and is kept in balance (homeostasis) by osteoblasts creating bone and osteoclasts destroying bone. Bisphosphonates inhibit the digestion of bone by encouraging osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis, or cell death, thereby slowing bone loss.

The uses of bisphosphonates include the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, bone metastasis (with or without hypercalcemia), multiple myeloma, primary hyperparathyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia, and other conditions that exhibit bone fragility.
First National Bank of Mankato
The First National Bank of Mankato, also known as the Old First National Bank of Mankato and located at 229 South Front Street in Mankato, Minnesota, United States, is a fine example of Prairie School architecture in a commercial building, relating rural life to the development of downtown Mankato as a regional center of commerce and finance. The recently restored exterior is now part of the Mankato Civic Center, the Mayo Clinic Health System Event Center.

Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture." The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him; it encapsulated earlier theories of architecture and he applied them to the modern age of the skyscraper. In 1944, Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.
Dendropsophus ebraccatus
Dendropsophus ebraccatus, also known as the hourglass treefrog, referring to the golden-brown hourglass shape seen surrounded by skin yellow on its back. Their underbellies are yellow. Their arms and lower legs usually display bold patterns while their upper legs or thighs are light yellow giving them the appearance of wearing no pants. The species name "ebraccata" translates to "without trousers" in Latin.

The hourglass treefrog is throughout Mexico from southern Veracruz and northern Oaxaca, slightly more southern in Chiapas, Tabasco, and the Yucatán Peninsula. The hourglass treefrog also presides south of Mexico in the northern Guatemala and Belize areas. The range of the hourglass treefrog becomes more scarce in Honduras and a few more known locations in Nicaragua, but then has been commonly reported again in Central America spanning from Costa Rica to Panama even venturing into Colombia and northwestern Ecuador.

Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. The word desiccation comes from Latin  de- 'thoroughly' and  siccare 'to dry'.
Iron snow
Iron snow is crystallized particles of iron which are believed to precipitate through the outer core of some terrestrial planets and moons as that core slowly cools, much like snowflakes do on Earth. These iron crystals are more dense than the surrounding liquid, and fall towards the planet's inner core where they remelt under pressure and combine with other elements. Here, the melting point of the iron is reduced by the presence of sulfur, and the newly mixed sulfur and iron compounds begin to float back up towards the outer core.

Iron and sulfur, which do not precipitate out, will tend to be lighter than the surrounding material and are believed to collect into a solid layer at the core/mantle boundary, sometimes referred to as an anticrust.

This movement of iron may account for the magnetic fields present on the planet Mercury and the moon Ganymede.|

Planetary core
A planetary core consists of the innermost layers of a planet. Cores may be entirely liquid, or a mixture of solid and liquid layers as is the case in the Earth. In the Solar System, core sizes range from about 20% (the Moon) to 85% of a planet's radius (Mercury).

Gas giants also have cores, though the composition of these are still a matter of debate and range in possible composition from traditional stony/iron, to ice or to fluid metallic hydrogen. Gas giant cores are proportionally much smaller than those of terrestrial planets, though they can be considerably larger than the Earth's nevertheless; Jupiter's is 10–30 times heavier than Earth, and exoplanet HD149026 b may have a core 100 times the mass of the Earth.

Planetary cores are challenging to study because they are impossible to reach by drill and there are almost no samples that are definitively from the core. Thus, they are studied via indirect techniques such as seismology, mineral physics, and planetary dynamics.
Index of politics articles
Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions on behalf of governing a specific society. The term usually refers to actions pertaining to  civil governments, but the word has also been applied to other areas of human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Politics consists of social relations involving authority or power.  Topics related to this area include political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and answers regarding the best form of society, and public administration, which examines the practices of governance.

Nolan Chart
The Nolan Chart is a political spectrum diagram created by American libertarian activist David Nolan in 1969, charting  political views along two axes, representing economic freedom and personal freedom. It expands political view analysis beyond the traditional one-dimensional left–right/progressive-conservative divide, positioning libertarianism outside the traditional spectrum.
Infiniti J30
The Infiniti J30, marketed as the Nissan Leopard J Ferie in Japan, is an executive car. The J30 went into production on April 7, 1992 as a 1993 model to replace the M30 (which was a coupe), and was launched in the United States after its competitors, the Lexus GS and Acura Legend. The car was sold in the mid-size sedan segment between the smaller G20 and the larger Q45, both by size and price. The small interior resulted from its rounded styling uncharacteristic of the crowded executive car class, which is now considered an early variant of a four-door coupé.

Acura Legend
The Acura Legend is a mid-size luxury car manufactured by Honda from Japan. It was sold in the U.S. and Canada under Honda's luxury brand, Acura, from 1985 until 1995. It was the first flagship sedan sold under the Acura nameplate, until being renamed in 1996 as the Acura 3.5RL. The 3.5RL was the North American version of the KA9 series Honda Legend.

The opportunity for Japanese manufacturers to export more expensive models had arisen with the 1980s voluntary export restraints, negotiated by the Japanese government and U.S. trade representatives, restricting mainstream car sales. The initial success of the Legend and Honda's Acura division in competing against established European and American luxury manufacturers would lead to Toyota and Nissan creating the Lexus and Infiniti brands, respectively, to compete in the luxury car market.
Zoltán Takács (musician)
Takács Zoltán (born December 17, 1979) is a Hungarian musician and record producer, best known internationally as the keyboardist of the Hungarian alternative rock band Heaven Street Seven and the producer of Ivan & The Parazol's Mama Don't You Recognize Ivan & The Parazol.

Rock music in Hungary
Hungarian rock has been a part of the popular music of Hungary since the early 1960s. The first major bands were Illés, Metró and Omega.  At the time, rock was not approved of by the Hungarian Communist authorities.  In the 1970s, the Communists cracked down on rock, and Illés was banned from recording.  Some members of the other bands formed a supergroup called Locomotiv GT, while the band Omega became very popular in Germany.
Time Vindicated to Himself and to His Honours
Time Vindicated to Himself and to his Honours was a late Jacobean era masque, written by Ben Jonson and with costumes, sets, and stage effects designed by Inigo Jones. James's son and heir Prince Charles led the dances of the principal masquers, as he had in several previous masques at the Stuart Court.

Originally scheduled for Twelfth Night in 1623, its performance was delayed by an illness of the King, James I; the masque was staged on Sunday 19 January, in the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace. (Coincidentally, Jonson's play The Alchemist had been staged at Court on 1 January.)

The Alchemist (play)
The Alchemist is a comedy by English playwright Ben Jonson. First performed in 1610 by the King's Men, it is generally considered Jonson's best and most characteristic comedy; Samuel Taylor Coleridge believed that it had one of the three most perfect plots in literature. The play cleverly fulfills the classical unities and vividly depicts human folly, making it one of the handful of Renaissance plays that sees continued life on the modern stage.