hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Michael V. Hayden Center
The Michael V. Hayden Center for Intelligence, Policy, and International Security (Hayden Center) is a think tank in Arlington County, Virginia focused on the intelligence community including topics related to intelligence studies education, intelligence analysis techniques, the operations of intelligence agencies, and public policy and international relations related to national security, international security, and foreign policy through shared experiences of senior intelligence service leaders, military officers, elected officials, journalists, academics, and other civilian scholars.

The center is housed in the Schar School of Policy and Government but also cooperates with the Antonin Scalia Law School’s National Security Institute (another think tank) in conducting research around legal issues pertaining to national security; both of which are affiliated with George Mason University.

Director of Central Intelligence
The director of central intelligence (DCI) was the head of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1946 to 2004, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various United States intelligence agencies (collectively known as the United States Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards).

The office existed from January 1946 to December 17, 2004. After the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act it was replaced by the director of national intelligence (DNI) as head of the Intelligence Community and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) as head of the CIA.
Directed percolation
In statistical physics, directed percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction, due to the effect of gravity. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percolating) to an impermeable (non-percolating) state. Directed percolation is also used as a simple model for epidemic spreading with a transition between survival and extinction of the disease depending on the infection rate.

More generally, the term directed percolation stands for a universality class of continuous phase transitions which are characterized by the same type of collective behavior on large scales. Directed percolation is probably the simplest universality class of transitions out of thermal equilibrium.

Percolation
In physics, chemistry, and materials science, percolation (from Latin  percolare 'to filter, trickle through', first coined in the 1840s by Edward Loysel) refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials. It is not described by Darcy's law. Broader applications have since been developed that cover connectivity of many systems modeled as lattices or graphs, analogous to connectivity of lattice components in the filtration problem that modulates capacity for percolation.
2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round
The 2011 FIA GT1 Zolder round is an auto racing event held at the Circuit Zolder in Heusden-Zolder, Belgium.  Taking place over 8–10 April 2011, the Zolder event will be the second round of the 2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season.  It is the first time the series has visited Zolder, replacing the previous Belgian round at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, although the FIA GT Championship previously utilized Zolder in 2009.  The race weekend is shared with rounds of the Belcar Endurance Championship and the Belgian Touring Car Series.

2011 FIA GT1 World Championship
The 2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season was the second season of the SRO Group's FIA GT1 World Championship, an auto racing series for grand tourer cars complying with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) GT1 regulations. The championship comprised two titles: GT1 World Champion for Drivers and GT1 World Champion for Teams. Five of the six manufacturers represented in the 2010 championship returned for the second season, however Maserati was not represented and 2010 Teams World Champions Vitaphone Racing Team did not defend their title.

The season commenced at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi on 25–26 March and ended at the Potrero de los Funes Circuit in Argentina on 4–6 November.  The ten event season included an inaugural race at the Ordos International Circuit in China.  Germans Lucas Luhr and Michael Krumm of the JR Motorsports team won the World Drivers' Championship after earning four race victories, while Hexis AMR won the Teams' Championship.
Fort de Boncelles
50°34′39.6″N 5°31′43.2″E﻿ / ﻿50.577667°N 5.528667°E﻿ / 50.577667; 5.528667

The Fort de Boncelles (French pronunciation: [fɔʁ də bɔ̃sɛl]) is one of twelve forts built around Liège, Belgium, in the late 19th century. The overall Fortified Position of Liège was a constituent part of the country's National Redoubt. Fort de Boncelles was built between 1881 and 1884 according to the plans of General Henri Alexis Brialmont. Contrasting with the French forts built in the same era by Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières, the fort was built exclusively of unreinforced concrete, a new material, rather than masonry.

The fort was heavily bombarded by German artillery in the Battle of Liège. Boncelles was upgraded in the 1930s in an attempt to forestall or slow an attack from Germany. It saw action in 1940 during the Battle of Belgium, and was captured by German forces. It is abandoned and partly buried, surrounded by housing.

5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt
The 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt "Canon de caponnière" was a fortress gun and infantry gun developed during the 1880s in Britain which was sold to Belgium and later produced under license by the Cockerill company.  It saw action during World War I in both Belgian and German hands.
Saint Patrick Parish, Dominica
Saint Patrick is one of Dominica's 10 administrative parishes. It is bordered by St. George, St. Luke and St. Mark to the west, and St. David to the north. It has an area of 84.4 km² (32.59 mi²), and has a population of 8,383.

Grand Bay (also known as Berekua) and La Plaine are the largest settlements in the parish. Other villages include:

Bagatelle

Bellevue Chopin (also in St. George)

Boetica

Bordeaux

Delices

Dubuc

Fond St. Jean

Geneva

Hagley

Montine

Petite Savanne

Pichelin

Pointe Caribe

Ravine Banane

Stowe

Tete Morne

La Plaine

Delices
Delices is a small village in Dominica. It is located in the south-east of the island, between La Plaine and Petite Savanne.

The village's name derives from the French words délices, translated as "delights", or délice meaning "a delightful thing". Though not as developed as other parts of the island, its natural environment and views attract eco-tourists. It is home to the White River and Victoria Falls.

The village was home to the Jungle Bay Resort and Spa.
Papuamide
Papuamides A and B are depsipeptides which appear to protect T cells from HIV. They were isolated from the sponge Theonella, and are part of a larger group of structurally similar depsipeptides—also isolated from sponges—including neamphamide A, callipeltin A, and mirabamides A-D.

Mirabamide
Mirabamides are sea sponge isolates that inhibit HIV-1 fusion. Variants A to D are known from Siliquariaspongia mirabilis and E through H are derived from Stelletta clavosa. Mirabamides have a macrocyclic region closed through an ester bond between the C-terminus and a 𝛽-hydroxyl group, and terminated with a polyketide moiety or a more simple branched aliphatic acid.

Mirabamide G is a fusion of several amino acids: 2,3 diamino butanoic acid, 3-hydroxyleucine, N-methylthreonine, 2,3-dihydroxy-2,6,8-trimethyldeca-(4Z,6E)-dienoic acid, 3-methoxy alanine, β-methoxytyrosine, 3,4-dimethylglutamine.
History of the Nelson Region, New Zealand
The history of the Nelson Region of New Zealand dates back to settlement by the Māori people in about the 12th century.
The Nelson and Marlborough Region were known to the Māori as Te Tau Ihu o Te Waka a Maui which means "The Prow of the Canoe of Maui".

Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville (French pronunciation: [ʒyl dymɔ̃ dyʁvil]; 23 May 1790 – 8 May 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica. As a botanist and cartographer, he gave his name to several seaweeds, plants and shrubs and to places such as d'Urville Island in New Zealand.
Bicipitoradial bursa
The bicipitoradial bursa is a bursa located between the distal tendon of the biceps brachii muscle and the anterior part of the tuberosity of the radius. It partially or completely wraps around the biceps tendon. It ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the forearm. With pronation, the tuberosity of the radius rotates posteriorly, causing compression of the bursa between the biceps tendon and the radial tuberosity.

The bicipitoradial bursa is one of the two bursae in the cubital fossa, the other being the interosseous bursa.

Inflammation of the bicipitoradial bursa or bicipitoradial bursitis is a rare condition and only few reports can be found in literature.  In severe cases, the bursa is distended by synovial debris and can cause compression of the posterior interosseous nerve.

Cubital fossa
The cubital fossa, antecubital fossa, chelidon, inside of elbow, or, humorously, wagina, is the area on the anterior side of the upper part between the arm and forearm of a human or other hominid animals. It lies anteriorly to the elbow (antecubital) (Latin cubitus) when in standard anatomical position. The cubital fossa is a triangular area having three borders.
Semowane River
The Semowane River is a major natural watercourse in Southern Africa. Within Botswana the Semowane River forms a boundary between several governmental jurisdictions. This river is a vital source of water to the ephemeral wetlands of the Makgadikgadi, where a number of species of limited distribution thrive. Specifically the Semowane River discharges to the Sua Pan.

Makgadikgadi Pan
The Makgadikgadi Pan /məˈkædiˈkædi/ (Tswana pronunciation [makχʰadiˈkχʰaːdi]), a salt pan situated in the middle of the dry savanna of north-eastern Botswana, is one of the largest salt flats in the world. The pan is all that remains of the formerly enormous Lake Makgadikgadi, which once covered an area larger than Switzerland, but dried up tens of thousands of years ago. Recent studies of human mitochondrial DNA suggest that modern Homo sapiens first began to evolve in this region some 200,000 years ago, when it was a vast, exceptionally fertile area of lakes, rivers, marshes, woodlands and grasslands especially favorable for habitation by evolving hominins and other mammals.
Candelaria, Quezon
Candelaria, officially the Municipality of Candelaria (Tagalog: Bayan ng Candelaria),  is a municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 137,933 people.

It is the third most populous settlement of Quezon after Lucena and Sariaya. Among the municipalities in Quezon Province, Candelaria has the most desiccated coconut factories and oil refineries, such as Peter Paul Philippine Corporation, Primex Coco Products Inc., Pacific Royal Basic Foods, SuperStar Corporation, Tongsan Industrial Development Corporation, and others, which employ thousands of people.

Lipa, Batangas
Lipa ([lɪˈpa]), officially the City of Lipa (Filipino: Lungsod ng Lipa), is a  component city in the province of Batangas, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 387,392 people.

It is the first city with a charter in the province and one of five cities in Batangas alongside Batangas City, Calaca, Santo Tomas, and Tanauan. It is located 78 kilometres (48 mi) south of Manila and is the most populous city of Batangas.

The Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) provide access to Batangas City and Metro Manila.
State Tourism Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The State Tourism Agency of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a governmental body established by a decree of the President of Azerbaijan with the purpose of improving public administration in the domains of culture and tourism.

Shaki, Azerbaijan
Shaki (Azerbaijani: Şəki, Azerbaijani pronunciation: [ʃæ'ki]) is a city in northwestern Azerbaijan, surrounded by the district of the same name. It is located in the southern part of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, 240 km (150 mi) from Baku. As of 2020, it has a population of 68,400. The center of the city and the Palace of Shaki Khans were inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 because of their unique architecture and history as an important trading center along the Silk Road.
2024 Bad Waltersdorf Trophy
The 2024 Bad Waltersdorf Trophy was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Bad Waltersdorf, Austria between 16 and 22 September 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Robert Abernethy (swimmer)
Robert James Abernethy (born 1971) was an Australian swimmer specialising in freestyle sprint events. He is best known for winning the bronze medal at the inaugural 1993 FINA Short Course World Championships in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. He also competed for his native country at the 1995 Summer Universiade in Fukuoka, Japan.

On 23 June 2000, he was awarded the Australian Sports Medal.

Australian Sports Medal
The Australian Sports Medal is an award given to recognise achievements in Australian sport to commemorate Australian participation in major sporting events. Original recipients of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintained sporting facilities and services. During the original period of its award in 2000–2001, over 18,000 medals were awarded. The award was permanently reactivated in 2020 to commemorate Australian contributions and participation in major multi-sport events.
2006 FIBA Asia Under-20 Championship for Women
FIBA Asia Under-20 Championship for Women 2006 is FIBA Asia's basketball championship for females under 20 years old. The games were held at Singapore.

The championship is divided into two levels: Level I and Level II. The two lowest finishers of Level I meets the top two finishers to determine which teams qualify for Level for next championship. The losers are relegated to Level II.

FIBA Asia Under-20 Championship for Women
The FIBA Asia Under-20 Championship for Women refers to the women's under-20 championship for basketball in the International Basketball Federation's FIBA Asia zone. It was also formerly known as the Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Young Women. The winners compete in the FIBA Under-21 World Championship for Women. FIBA no longer hold world championships for this age group.
Governor of Guangdong
The governor of Guangdong, officially the Governor of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government, is the head of Guangdong Province and leader of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.

The governor is elected by the Guangdong Provincial People's Congress, and responsible to it and its Standing Committee. The governor is a provincial level official and is responsible for the overall decision-making of the provincial government. The governor is assisted by an executive vice governor as well as several vice governors. The governor generally serves as the deputy secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and as a member of the CCP Central Committee. The governor is the second highest-ranking official in the province after the secretary of the CCP Guangdong Committee. The current governor is Wang Weizhong, who took office on 27 December 2021.

Guangdong Provincial People's Congress
The Guangdong Provincial People's Congress is the people's congress of Guangdong, a province of China. The Congress is elected for a term of five years. The Guangdong Provincial People's Congress meetings are held at least once a year. After a proposal by more than one-fifth of the deputies, a meeting of the people's congress at the corresponding level may be convened temporarily.
Communist Student Association
The Communist Student Association (German: Kommunistischer Studierendenverband, KSV; also KSV-KJÖ) is a communist student organization at Austrian universities and a political faction within the Austrian Students' Association (ÖH). The KSV maintains a close relationship with the Communist Youth of Austria (KJÖ).

Austrian Students' Association
The Austrian Students' Union by statutory body (German: Österreichische Hochschülerinnen- und Hochschülerschaft, ÖH) is the general students' representative body in Austria and serves as the students' government by federal law. The ÖH is a member of the European Students' Union. Membership in the ÖH is compulsory for every university student in Austria, including PhD candidates, thus representing more people then living in the smaller Austrian states.

In Austrian politics, its national parliament, formally called the Federal Representation, is very often just referred to as essentially pars pro toto the entire statutory body itself.

It is often viewed as the most promising political training ground for future lawmakers. Many former active elected members end up in parliament or government later on.
8th century
The 8th century is the period from 701 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCI) through 800 (DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar.

In the historiography of Europe the phrase the long 8th century is sometimes used to refer to the period of circa AD 660–820.

The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.

In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms.

In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal.  The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong.  The Nara period begins in Japan.

Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda or Big Wild Goose Pagoda (Chinese: 大雁塔, Dàyàn tǎ) is a monumental Buddhist pagoda located in southern Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It was built c. AD 652 during the Tang dynasty, when Xi'an (then known as Chang'an) was the imperial capital. The pagoda originally had five stories. It was rebuilt in 704 during the reign of the empress Wu Zetian. Its current exterior brick façade was added during the Ming dynasty.

One of the pagoda's many functions was to hold sutras and figurines of Gautama Buddha that were brought to China from India by the 7th-century Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator Xuanzang. Today, the interior walls of the pagoda feature engraved statues of Buddha by the renowned 7th-century artist Yan Liben.

This pagoda was added to the World Heritage List, along with many other sites along the Silk Road, as part of the "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor" site in 2014.
Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.

Fick's first law: Movement of particles from high to low concentration (diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particle's concentration gradient.

Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion.

A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion.

Heat equation
In mathematics and physics (more specifically thermodynamics), the heat equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. The theory of the heat equation was first developed by Joseph Fourier in 1822 for the purpose of modeling how a quantity such as heat diffuses through a given region. Since then, the heat equation and its variants have been found to be fundamental in many parts of both pure and applied mathematics.
Jalen Brooks
Jalen Allen Brooks (born May 7, 2000) is an American professional football wide receiver for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the South Carolina Gamecocks.

2023 NFL draft
The 2023 NFL draft was the 88th annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible players for the 2023 season. The draft was held outside of Union Station in Kansas City, Missouri, from April 27–29, 2023.

The Chicago Bears originally owned the first pick for the first time since 1947 before trading it prior to the draft to the Carolina Panthers for multiple draft picks and wide receiver D. J. Moore. The Panthers selected Alabama quarterback Bryce Young first overall and the Los Angeles Rams selected Desjuan Johnson with the final pick.
Mogok
Mogok (Burmese: မိုးကုတ်မြို့, MLCTS: mui: kut mrui., [móɡoʊʔ]; Shan: မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ, Möng Kut [mɤ́ŋ kut]) is a Mandalay Region major city of around 90,000 people in the Thabeikkyin District of Mandalay Region of Myanmar, located 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Mandalay and 148 kilometres (92 mi) north-east of Shwebo.

Shwebo
Shwebo (Burmese: ရွှေဘိုမြို့ [ʃwèbò mjo̰]), also called Ratanāsiṅga or Ratanāsikhā ("Center of Treasure") in pali, is a city in Sagaing Region, Burma, 110 km north-west of Mandalay between the Irrawaddy and the Mu rivers. The city was the origin of the Konbaung Dynasty, established by King Alaungpaya in 1752, that was the dominant political force in Burma after the mid-18th century. It served as Alaungpaya's capital from 1752 to 1760. As of 2021, it has a population of 88,914.

It is the site of Shwebo University and Shwebo Palace.
Stratford Army Engine Plant
The Stratford Army Engine Plant (SAEP) was a U.S. Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command installation and manufacturing facility located in Stratford, Connecticut, where it was sited along the Housatonic River and Main Street, opposite Sikorsky Memorial Airport.

Sikorsky Memorial Airport
Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Airport (IATA: BDR, ICAO: KBDR, FAA LID: BDR) is a public airport in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, owned by the city of Bridgeport. It is three miles (6 km) southeast of downtown, in the town of Stratford. It was formerly Bridgeport Municipal Airport.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a general aviation facility. It has three fixed-base operators (FBOs) and several private hangars.

In 2016 Tailwind Air Service started seaplane flights between Sikorsky and the New York Skyports Seaplane Base in central Manhattan.