hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spheroidal weathering
Spheroidal weathering is a form of chemical weathering that affects jointed bedrock and results in the formation of concentric or spherical layers of highly decayed rock within weathered bedrock that is known as saprolite. When saprolite is exposed by physical erosion, these concentric layers peel (spall) off as concentric shells much like the layers of a peeled onion. Within saprolite, spheroidal weathering often creates rounded boulders, known as corestones or woolsack, of relatively unweathered rock. Spheroidal weathering is also called onion skin weathering, concentric weathering, spherical weathering, or woolsack weathering.

Saprolite
Saprolite is a chemically weathered rock. Saprolites form in the lower zones of soil profiles and represent deep weathering of the bedrock surface. In most outcrops, its color comes from ferric compounds. Deeply weathered profiles are widespread on the continental landmasses between latitudes 35°N and 35°S.

Conditions for the formation of deeply weathered regolith include a topographically moderate relief flat enough to prevent erosion and to allow leaching of the products of chemical weathering. A second condition is long periods of tectonic stability; tectonic activity and climate change can cause erosion. The third condition is humid tropical to temperate climate.

Poorly weathered saprolite grit aquifers are capable of producing groundwater, often suitable for livestock. Deep weathering causes the formation of many secondary and supergene ores: bauxite, iron ores, saprolitic gold, supergene copper, uranium, and heavy minerals in residual accumulations.
1991 Ipswich Borough Council election
The 1991 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.

It took place as part of the 1991 United Kingdom local elections.

There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus one bye-election for Town Ward. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.

Ipswich Borough Council
Ipswich Borough Council is the local authority for Ipswich, a non-metropolitan district with borough status in Suffolk, England. It is the second tier of a two-tier system, fulfilling functions such as refuse collection, housing and planning, with Suffolk County Council providing county council services such as transport, education and social services.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2011. It meets at Ipswich Town Hall and has its main offices at Grafton House.
Caribbean360
Caribbean360 was a large online news aggregator for the Caribbean. It launched in 2005 and ran through May 2020. It was based in Bridgetown, Barbados. Specializing in news sources from the nations of the Caribbean Community, it competed with websites like One Caribbean Media and the Caribbean Net News. As of 2009, it drew from 35 print and electronic publishers in 28 countries. Its content was free to access.

Iain Dale called Caribbean360 "the most comprehensive pan-Caribbean blog", while the Keele Guide listed it as one of only five "Media and News" sources for the "Caribbean and Central America Generally".

One Caribbean Media
One Caribbean Media Ltd (OCM) is a vertically integrated holding company based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The new company was founded in December 2005, following the merger of the Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Nation Corporation of Barbados. The merger of the respective conglomerates was pursued after both companies held a sizable financial stake in each other for a number of years.

The company still currently holds a large financial stake in both the Jamaica Observer, Jamaica's daily newspaper, as well as Guyana's Stabroek News.

The current chairman is Faarees Hosein, with the chief executive officer being Dawn Thomas, and the Chief Financial Officer & Company Secretary being Karlene Ng Tang. The Trinidad Guardian reported that OCM's revenue for 2024 was TT$301.17 million and total assets as TT$794.16 million . The National Investment Fund (NIF), a government own company, owns 23% shares in OCM.
Laser beam profiler
A laser beam profiler captures, displays, and records the spatial intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular plane transverse to the beam propagation path. Since there are many types of lasers—ultraviolet, visible, infrared, continuous wave, pulsed, high-power, low-power—there is an assortment of instrumentation for measuring laser beam profiles. No single laser beam profiler can handle every power level, pulse duration, repetition rate, wavelength, and beam size.

Shot noise
Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process.

In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete nature of electric charge. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of light.
Sports in Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Thunder is the city's second "permanent" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NBA seasons.

Other notable professional sports clubs in Oklahoma City include the Oklahoma City Comets, which is the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Crusaders of Oklahoma Rugby Football Club USA Rugby.

Devon Park (stadium)
Devon Park, originally known as the  Don E. Porter ASA Hall of Fame Stadium from 1987 to 2017 and USA Softball Hall of Fame Stadium, until 2024, is softball-specific ballpark located inside the USA Softball Hall of Fame Complex in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It seats 13,000 and is the site of the annual Women's College World Series. From 2023 to 2024, Hall of Fame Stadium was home to the Oklahoma City Spark, the city's professional softball team.
Livno Airfield
Livno Airfield is a recreational aerodrome situated in the municipality of Livno in Bosnia and Herzegovina, at the south-east side of Livanjsko field, about 10 kilometers away from the town of Livno. It is a small airfield for aircraft up to 5700 kg Maximum Takeoff Weight. It has four grass runways which are 850, 750, 1100 and 600 meters in length. It served as a Partisan airfield during World War II.

Livno
Livno (pronounced [lǐːʋno]) is a town and the administrative center of the Township of Livno and Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the river Bistrica at the southeastern edge of the Livno Field at the foot of Kruzi plateau which is located beneath the Cincar mountain and rocky hill Crvenice. Livno is the centre of the Canton 10 which mainly covers an area of the historical and geographical region of Tropolje. As of 2013, it has a population of 37,487 inhabitants.
The town, with its historic ruins and old city from the 9th century, was first mentioned in 892, developing at the crossroads between the Adriatic coast and inland, i.e., regions of Bosnia, Dalmatia, Herzegovina, and Krajina.
Bernard DeVoto
Bernard Augustine DeVoto (January 11, 1897 – November 13, 1955) was an American historian, conservationist, essayist, columnist, teacher, editor, and reviewer. He was the author of a series of Pulitzer-Prize-winning popular histories of the American West and for many years wrote The Easy Chair, an influential column in Harper's Magazine. DeVoto also wrote several well-regarded novels and during the 1950s served as a speech-writer for Adlai Stevenson. His friend and biographer, Wallace Stegner described DeVoto as "flawed, brilliant, provocative, outrageous, ... often wrong, often spectacularly right, always stimulating, sometimes infuriating, and never, never dull."

House Un-American Activities Committee
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives created in 1938. Their goal was to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties. It became a standing (permanent) committee in 1946. Then, from 1969 and onward, it was known as the House Committee on Internal Security. When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

The committee's anti-communist investigations are often associated with McCarthyism, although Joseph McCarthy himself (as a U.S. senator) had no direct involvement with the House committee. McCarthy was the chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate, not the House.
Capsella (plant)
Capsella is a genus of herbaceous annual and biennial plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is a close relative of Arabidopsis, Neslia, and Halimolobos.

Some authors circumscribe Capsella to contain only three species: Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsella rubella and Capsella grandiflora. As of 2025, Kew's Plants of the World Online list eight species.

Capsella rubella is a self-fertilizing species that became self-compatible 50,000 to 100,000 years ago.  Its outcrossing progenitor was Capsella grandiflora.  In general, the shift from outcrossing to self-fertilization is among the most common transitions in flowering plants.  Capsella rubella is studied as a model for understanding the evolution of self-fertilization.

The name is said to derive from Latin capsa, a box or case, alluding to fruit resembling a medieval wallet or purse; the suffix -ella denotes "lesser".

Halimolobos
Halimolobos is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae known generally as fissureworts. It includes eight species of biennial and perennial herbs which native to North America, from the southwestern and south-central United States to northeastern Mexico.
Ramón López de Osornio
Ramón López de Osornio (31 August 1685 – 1757) was a Spanish landowner and military man who served as commander of provincial militias during the colonial period of Argentina. He owned farms in the towns of La Matanza and Magdalena, where he dedicated himself to raising cattle.

He was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Francisco López Osornio and Tomasa Merlo, belonging to an illustrious family of landowners. He was married to Margarita Sosa, belonging to old Creole families of Portuguese roots. His son Juan Basilio López de Osornio was married to Petrona Josefa González de Melo, a distinguished Creole lady, belonging to the families of Melo-Coutinho and Gómez de Saravia-Dominguez de Palermo.

He was the uncle of Clemente López de Osornio, a known military man and landowner killed during an indigenous raid on his ranch, and relative to Casimiro Alegre. a distinguished commander of militias in the towns of Magdalena and San Vicente.

Francisco López Osornio
Francisco López de Osornio (c. 1645 – c. 1700) was a Spanish landowner and military man, who had an active work in the beginnings of the cattle ranch of the Province of Buenos Aires. He was the founder of the López de Osornio family in Argentina, and the maternal ancestor of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

He was born in Andalucia, Spain, the son of Francisco de Osornio and Catalina López Moreno. He carried out his elementary studies possibly in Madrid, and arrived at the Río de la Plata from Spain in the year 1674. He married July 21, 1679 in Buenos Aires to Tomasa Merlo de la Mota, daughter of Alejandro de Merlo and Teresa de la Mota, belonging to distinguished Creole families of Córdoba.
Speicher, Germany
Speicher (German pronunciation: [ˈʃpaɪçɐ] ⓘ) is a town in the county of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel, on the river Kyll, approximately 10 km south-east of Bitburg and 29 km north of Trier. It has 3,624 inhabitants (Dec. 2020) and is next to the Spangdahlem Air Base which is home of the 52d Fighter Wing. There is a small monument to the men who died in the First and Second World Wars at the western end of the town. East of the monument is an open area for shopping and other events. Directly to the south is the parish church of St. Philip and St. James.

Bitburg
Bitburg (German pronunciation: [ˈbɪtbʊʁk] ⓘ; French: Bitbourg; Luxembourgish: Béibreg [ˈbɜɪ̯bʀəɕ]) is a city in Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate approximately 25 km (16 mi.) northwest of Trier and 50 km (31 mi.) northeast of Luxembourg city. The American Spangdahlem Air Base is nearby.
Sidney Colwyn Foulkes
Sidney Colwyn Foulkes OBE FRIBA FILA AMTPI  (1884-1971) was a Welsh architect, especially known for his architectural designs in Colwyn Bay, cinemas and council estates in North Wales. He was one of the first industrial landscape architects in Britain.

Clough Williams-Ellis
Sir Bertram Clough Williams-Ellis, CBE, MC (28 May 1883 – 9 April 1978) was a Welsh architect known chiefly as the creator of the Italianate village of Portmeirion in North Wales. He became a major figure in the development of Welsh architecture in the first half of the 20th century, as well as working on commissions across the UK and Ireland, in a variety of styles and building types. He also campaigned widely for the preservation of rural England and Wales, for which he was knighted.
Lampeter Castle
Lampeter Castle (Welsh: Castell Llanbedr), sometimes known as Stephen's Castle, was built during the Norman expansion into Wales at the end of the eleventh century. The motte is in the grounds of Lampeter University but the precise whereabouts of the bailey is unknown. It was captured by Cadell ap Gruffydd in 1146.

Motte-and-bailey castle
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Low Countries it controlled, in the 11th century, when these castles were popularized in the area that became the Netherlands. The Normans introduced the design into England and Wales. Motte-and-bailey castles were adopted in Scotland, Ireland, and Denmark in the 12th and 13th centuries. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries.
Macrotyloma
Macrotyloma is a genus of plants in the legume family which include several species of edible beans. Some species are also used as fodder for livestock.

Species include:

Macrotyloma africanum (Brenan ex R. Wilczek) Verdc.

Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verdc. - perennial horse gram

Macrotyloma biflorum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hepper

Macrotyloma daltonii

Macrotyloma densiflorum

Macrotyloma ellipticum

Macrotyloma geocarpum - Kersting's groundnut, ground bean

Macrotyloma maranguense

Macrotyloma oliganthum

Macrotyloma rupestre

Macrotyloma stenophyllum (Harms) Verdc.

Macrotyloma stipulosum

Macrotyloma tenuiflorum

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. - horse gram, kulthi
M. uniflorum var. benadirianum (Chiov.) Verdc.

Macrotyloma uniflorum
Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram, also known as horse gram, kulthi bean, gahat, hurali, or Madras gram) is a legume native to tropical southern Asia. Known for its distinct taste and texture, its rich nutrients and reputed medicinal properties, it is widely used in many cuisines. It is also commonly grown for horse feed, hence the name "horse gram". Horse gram is grown in parts of India, Nepal, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the West Indies. Consumed whole, sprouted, or ground, it is also allowed to be eaten on some Hindu fasting days. Medical uses of these legumes are described in the Ayurveda.
South Coast Flame FC
South Coast Flame FC are a soccer team based in the Illawarra, New South Wales. They compete in the NSW State League or the fourth tier of men's soccer within Football NSW. The club was founded in 2017 and is run by the Football South Coast.

Football South Coast
Football South Coast is a governing body and soccer competition based in the Illawarra and South Coast regions of New South Wales. All competitions and soccer activity of Football South Coast is under control of Football New South Wales.

There are 3 Premier Leagues at the senior levels, followed by community leagues ranging from divisions 1-4.
Big Bend Rancheria
The Big Bend Rancheria is a settlement of the Pit River Tribe (Achomawi) north of Big Bend, in Shasta County, California. It is about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Redding. This area lies in the traditional land of the Madesi Tribe.

41°01′35″N 121°55′08″W﻿ / ﻿41.02639°N 121.91889°W﻿ / 41.02639; -121.91889

Big Bend, California
Big Bend of the Madesi Valley is the indigenous homeland of the Madesi tribe, located in Shasta County, northeastern California. It is named for a major change in course of the Pit River.

Its population is 79 as of the 2020 census, down from 102 from the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Big Bend as a census-designated place (CDP).
Overcompleteness
Overcompleteness is a concept from linear algebra that is widely used in mathematics, computer science, engineering, and statistics (usually in the form of overcomplete  frames). It was introduced by R. J. Duffin and A. C. Schaeffer in 1952.

Formally, a subset of the vectors  of a Banach space , sometimes called a "system", is complete if every element in  can be approximated arbitrarily well in norm by finite linear combinations of elements in . A system is called overcomplete if it contains more vectors than necessary to be complete, i.e., there exist  that can be removed from the system such that  remains complete. In research areas such as signal processing and function approximation, overcompleteness can help researchers to achieve a more stable, more robust, or more compact decomposition than using a basis.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Crawford Hall (Irvine)
Crawford Hall is the basketball and volleyball practice facility for UC Irvine Athletics. Crawford Court located in Crawford Hall is an 800-seat arena that houses the UC Irvine intercollegiate athletics offices, men's basketball, women's basketball, men's volleyball and women's volleyball teams practice facilities.

UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball
The UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team is the basketball team that represents the University of California, Irvine.  The team currently competes in the Big West Conference, NCAA Division I.

UC Irvine basketball is in its thirteenth year under current head coach Russell Turner. The Anteaters' main rivals are the Beach of Long Beach State. Program alumni include Portland Trail Blazers associate head coach Scott Brooks and professional football tight end Darren Fells. UC Irvine has appeared two times in the NCAA tournament, most recently in 2019.
Ruhr–Sieg railway
The Ruhr–Sieg railway is a 106 km long double-track, electrified main line from Hagen to Siegen via Iserlohn-Letmathe, Finnentrop and Kreuztal in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The line, which has many tunnels, runs primarily through the valley of the Lenne. South of Altenhundem it crosses the watershed between the Lenne and the Sieg. The line was opened between 1859 and 1861 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

Iserlohn
Iserlohn (German: [iːzɐˈloːn] ⓘ; Westphalian: Iserlaun) is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, in west-central Germany. It is the largest city by population and area within the district and the Sauerland region.
Potapovka culture
Potapovka culture (Russian: Потаповская культура, romanized: Potapovskaya kul'tura) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the middle Volga in 2100–1800 BC.

The Potapovka culture emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture. It had close relations with the Sintashta culture in the east, with whom it shares many similarities. Like the Sintashta culture, its people are believed to have spoken a form of Proto-Indo-Iranian. It was directly ancestral to the Srubnaya culture, and probably influenced the emergence of the Andronovo culture.

Haplogroup R1a
Haplogroup R1a (R-M420), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, Siberia and South Asia.

The R1a (R-M420) subclade diverged from R1 (R-M173) 15-25,000 years ago, its subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified c. 3,400-5,800 years ago. The place of origin of the subclade plays a role in the debate about the origins of Proto-Indo-Europeans.

The SNP mutation R-M420 was discovered after R-M17 (R1a1a), which resulted in a reorganization of the lineage in particular establishing a new paragroup (designated R-M420*) for the relatively rare lineages which are not in the R-SRY10831.2 (R1a1) branch leading to R-M17.
Plateosauridae
Plateosauridae is a family of plateosaurian sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of Europe, Greenland, Africa and Asia. Although several dinosaurs have been classified as plateosaurids over the years, the family Plateosauridae is now restricted to Plateosaurus, Yimenosaurus, Euskelosaurus, and Issi. In another study, Yates (2003) sunk Sellosaurus into Plateosaurus (as P. gracilis). Gresslyosaurus is alternatively considered its own genus or a synonym of Plateosaurus.

Gresslyosaurus
Gresslyosaurus (meaning "Amanz Gressly's lizard") is a genus of plateosaurian sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period, around 214 to 204 million years ago, in France, Germany, Norway, Greenland and Switzerland.
Taber D. Bailey
Taber Davis Bailey (April 5, 1874 – January 17, 1938) was an American lawyer and politician from Maine. Bailey, a Republican from Bangor, Maine, represented Penobscot County in the Maine Senate for three non-consecutive terms between 1912 and 1924.

Bailey was born on April 5, 1874, in Old Town, Maine. His father, Charles Bailey was a prominent attorney in Penobscot County and was elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 1870. Taber Bailey grew up in Bangor and graduated from Bangor High School in 1892. He then attended Bowdoin College, from which he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1896. After graduating from Bowdoin, Bailey began studying law in the Bangor law firm of Daniel F. Davis and his father, Charles A. Bailey. Two years later he was admitted to practice law in Maine courts.

Daniel F. Davis
Daniel Franklin Davis (September 12, 1843 – January 9, 1897) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 37th governor of Maine. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. A Republican, he served in the Maine House of Representatives and Maine Senate.