hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
El Warraq
Al Warraq (Arabic: الوراق) is a municipal district of the Giza city in Egypt, consisting of both mainland and Warraq Island in the River Nile.

The district is located on the site of an ancient city Kerkasoros (Ancient Greek: Κερκασωρος, Latin: Cercasorum), which hosted the observatory Eudoxus of Cnidus worked at. In 2023 it had a population of 800,000.

Tanash
Tanash W Nazlat al-Zomor (Arabic: طناش ونزلة الزمر), also known as the village of Tannash, is a village located in the Awsim district in Giza Governorate, Egypt. It is bordered to the south by Geziret Mohamed, to the north by Saqil, to the east by the Nile River, and to the west by El-Kom El-Ahmar.
Italian Liberal Right
The Italian Liberal Right (Italian: Destra Liberale Italiana, DLI) or, simply, Liberal Right alternatively called sometimes Liberals for Italy, is a minor moderate self-proclaimed conservative-liberal political party in Italy.

Anna Cinzia Bonfrisco
Anna Cinzia Bonfrisco (born 12 October 1962 in Riva del Garda) is an Italian politician.

In the 2006 general election she was elected senator on the Forza Italia list. She was re-elected in the 2008 and 2013 general elections.

On 3 June 2015 she left Forza Italia to join the Conservatives and Reformists party, of which she became the group leader in the Senate. In December 2016 she abandoned CoR and officially enrolled in the Italian Liberal Party. In 2018 she was elected Senator for the fourth time, on the League list.

In 2019 she was elected as a member of the European Parliament in 2019.
Stromal cell-derived factor 1
The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL12 gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha and 1-beta are small cytokines that belong to the chemokine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL1. The chemokines are characterized by the presence of 4 conserved cysteines that form 2 disulfide bonds. They can be classified into 2 subfamilies. In the CC subfamily, the cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. In the CXC subfamily, they are separated by an intervening amino acid. The SDF1 proteins belong to the latter group. CXCL12 signaling has been observed in several cancers. The CXCL12 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Tumor necrosis factor superfamily
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine. These proteins are expressed predominantly by immune cells and they regulate diverse cell functions, including immune response and inflammation, but also proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and embryogenesis.

The superfamily contains 19 members that bind to 29 members of TNF receptor superfamily. An occurrence of orthologs in invertebrates hints at ancient origin of this superfamily in evolution.

The PROSITE pattern of this superfamily is located in a beta sheet in the central section of the protein that is conserved across all members.
USS Opponent
USS Opponent (AM-269) was an Admirable-class minesweeper built for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She was built to clear minefields in offshore waters, and served the Navy in the Atlantic Ocean and then was transferred to the North Pacific Ocean before war’s end.

Opponent was laid down 21 September 1942 by the Gulf Shipbuilding Co., Chickasaw, Alabama, launched 12 June 1943; sponsored by Mrs. H. Key, Jr.; and, commissioned 18 February 1944.

Admirable-class minesweeper
The Admirable class was one of the largest and most successful classes of minesweepers ordered by the United States Navy during World War II.  Typically, minesweepers detected and removed naval mines before the rest of the fleet arrived, thereby ensuring safe passage for the larger ships. They were also charged with anti-submarine warfare (ASW) duties with rear-mounted depth charge racks and a forward-firing Hedgehog antisubmarine mortar.  Their job was essential to the safety and success of U.S. naval operations during World War II and the Korean War. These minesweepers were also employed as patrol vessel and convoy escorts. The only remaining ship of this class is located at Freedom Park, Omaha, NE.

The PCE-842-class of patrol craft escorts was based on the Admirable-class design.
1976 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament
The 1976 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was the fourth edition of the CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, the quadrennial, international football tournament organised by the CONCACAF to determine which national teams from the North, Central America and Caribbean region qualify for the Olympic football tournament.

Mexico successfully defended their title, and qualified for the 1976 Summer Olympics together with runners-up Guatemala and the host nation, Canada, as representatives of CONCACAF. Cuba was invited after the withdrawal of Uruguay, the refusal of Argentina and Colombia to replace them.

1972 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament
The 1972 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was the third edition of the CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, the quadrennial, international football tournament organised by the CONCACAF to determine which national teams from the North, Central America and Caribbean region qualify for the Olympic football tournament.

Mexico, won their second title, and qualified for the 1972 Summer Olympics together with runners-up United States as CONCACAF representatives.
Ubwiiru
Ubwiiru (Kinyarwanda: Mystery) is the traditional name for the sacred code of the Monarchy of Rwanda. Encompassing songs, proverbs, laws, customs and a secret language that was used to convey all of the preceding, its custodians were the Abiru, hereditary privy counsellors to the Mwamis and their court.

Kingdom of Rwanda
The Kingdom of Rwanda (also known as the Nyiginya Kingdom or Nyginya Dynasty) was a Bantu kingdom in modern-day Rwanda, which grew to be ruled by a Tutsi monarchy. It was one of the most centralized kingdoms in Central and East Africa. It was later annexed under German and Belgian colonial rule while retaining some of its autonomy. The Tutsi monarchy was abolished in 1961 after ethnic violence erupted between the Hutu and the Tutsi during the Rwandan Revolution which started in 1959. After a 1961 referendum, Rwanda became a Hutu-dominated republic and received its independence from Belgium in 1962.

After the revolution and abolition of the monarchy, the deposed Kigeli V eventually settled in the United States, and since then monarchists have maintained a court-in-exile outside of Rwanda. The current pretender to the Rwandan throne is Yuhi VI.
Theodore Shapiro
Theodore Michael Shapiro (/ʃəˈpaɪroʊ/ shə-PY-roh; born September 29, 1971) is an American composer known for his film scores.

He is a frequent collaborator of directors Ben Stiller, Paul Feig, Jay Roach, Karyn Kusama, and Rawson Marshall Thurber, and won the 2022 and 2025 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on Stiller’s series Severance.

Jay Roach
Mathew Jay Roach (born June 14, 1957) is an American filmmaker. He is best known for directing the Austin Powers film series, Meet the Parents, Dinner for Schmucks, The Campaign, Trumbo, and Bombshell as well as producing films including Borat and Meet the Parents.

Roach also earned critical acclaim for directing and producing the political television drama films Recount, Game Change, and All the Way. He produced the films under his Everyman Pictures banner. For his work, he has received four Primetime Emmy Awards from six nominations.
Ruelliopsis
Ruelliopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It only contains one known species, Ruelliopsis setosa.

It is native to Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia, and to the Cape Provinces, Free State, and Northern Provinces of South Africa.

The genus name of Ruelliopsis is in honour of Jean Ruel (1474–1537), a French herbalist and physician to Francis I of France and translator of several works of Dioscorides. The Latin specific epithet of setosa means bristly derived from setose.

Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae (/ækænˈθeɪsiːˌaɪ, -siˌi/) is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. Representatives of the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and valleys, sea coast and marine areas, swamps, and mangrove forests.
Desktop Window Manager
Desktop Window Manager (DWM, previously Desktop Compositing Engine or DCE in builds of pre-reset Windows Longhorn) is the compositing window manager in Microsoft Windows since Windows Vista that enables the use of hardware acceleration to render the graphical user interface of Windows.

It was originally created to enable portions of the new "Windows Aero" user experience, which allowed for effects such as transparency, 3D window switching and more. It is also included with Windows Server 2008, but requires the "Desktop Experience" feature and compatible graphics drivers to be installed.

Shader
In computer graphics, a shader is a programmable operation which is applied to data as it moves through the rendering pipeline. Shaders can act on data such as vertices and primitives—to generate or morph geometry—and fragments –to calculate the values in a rendered image.

Shaders can execute a wide variety of operations and can run on different types of hardware. In modern real-time computer graphics, shaders are run on graphics processing units (GPUs) –dedicated hardware which provides highly parallel execution of programs. As rendering an image is embarrassingly parallel, fragment and pixel shaders scale well on SIMD hardware. Historically, the drive for faster rendering has produced highly-parallel processors which can in turn be used for other SIMD amenable algorithms. Such shaders executing in a compute pipeline are commonly called compute shaders.
Bruce Pittman
Ronald Bruce Pittman (born February 4, 1950) is a Canadian television and film director best known for directing the 1987 slasher Hello Mary Lou: Prom Night II. He also directed the 1989 film Where the Spirit Lives, which won the Gemini Award for Best TV movie and numerous international awards.

He is a member of the Directors Guild of Canada and the Directors Guild of America.

Curse and mark of Cain
The curse of Cain and the mark of Cain are phrases that originated in the story of Cain and Abel in the Book of Genesis. In the stories, if someone harmed Cain, the damage would come back sevenfold. Some interpretations view this as a physical mark, whereas other interpretations see the "mark" as a sign, and not as a physical mark on Cain himself. The King James Version of the Bible reads "set a mark upon Cain".
Léo Baptistão
Leonardo "Leo" Carrilho Baptistão (born 26 August 1992) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Segunda División club Almería. Mainly a forward, he can also play as a right winger.

Baptistão spent most of his career in Spain from the age of 16, making 238 appearances and scoring 43 goals in La Liga. He represented Rayo Vallecano, Atlético Madrid, Betis, Villarreal, Espanyol and Almería in the competition, and played a part in Atlético's league win in 2013–14. He also featured briefly for Santos in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

2013–14 UEFA Champions League
The 2013–14 UEFA Champions League was the 59th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 22nd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

The final was played between Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, marking it the fifth final to feature two teams from the same association (after the finals of 2000, 2003, 2008, and 2013) and the first time in tournament history that both finalists were from the same city. Real Madrid, who eliminated the title holders, Bayern Munich, in the semi-finals, won in extra time, giving them a record-extending 10th title in the competition. Real equalized late in the second half through Sergio Ramos and then pulled away during extra time to win 4–1.

For the first time, the clubs who qualified for the group stage also qualified for the newly formed 2013–14 UEFA Youth League, a competition available to players aged 19 or under.
Why You Runnin'
Why You Runnin' is the debut EP by American singer-songwriter Lissie, released in November 2009 on Fat Possum. It was produced by Bill Reynolds of Band of Horses. One of the songs, "Oh Mississippi" was co-written with Ed Harcourt, whom she met through a mutual friend. The EP was listed amongst Paste magazine's "Eight Most Auspicious Musical Debuts of 2009".

Three of the five tracks were later reissued in her debut full-length album Catching a Tiger.

Catching a Tiger
Catching a Tiger is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Lissie, released in the United Kingdom on 21 June 2010 on Columbia Records. It was released in the United States on 17 August 2010 on Fat Possum Records. The album has sold over 750,000 copies worldwide and has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom and Norway.
Arthur W. Thomas
Arthur Waldorf Thomas (February 18, 1891 - March 22, 1982)  was a professor and chemist who specialized in colloid chemistry. He studied and taught at Columbia University for 50 years. He died in New York, N. Y.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research  is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society covering all aspects of chemical engineering. The editor-in-chief is Michael Baldea (University of Texas at Austin).
The Poetics of Reverie
The Poetics of Reverie: Childhood, Language, and the Cosmos (French: La poétique de la rêverie) is a 1960 book by the French writer Gaston Bachelard. It is about the relationship between the imagination of the consciousness and the world, approached from a phenomenological viewpoint. Bachelard highlights the dynamic nature of the reverie and draws from philosophy and natural science to meditate on imagination's influences from language, the subject, sexuality, childhood and the environment. He argues that the interconnection between memory, imagination and poetry is at the centre of all good writing and reading.

The Poetics of Reverie was one of Bachelard's last works and thematically followed The Poetics of Space, which is about the relationship between space and poetic imagery. Presses Universitaires de France published the original French edition. It was published in English translation through Beacon Press in 1969.

Daydreaming
Daydreaming is a stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when one's attention becomes focused on a more personal and internal direction.

Various names of this phenomenon exist, including mind-wandering, fantasies, and spontaneous thoughts. There are many types of daydreams – however, the most common characteristic to all forms of daydreaming meets the criteria for mild dissociation. In addition, the impacts of the various types of daydreams are not identical. While some are disruptive and deleterious, others may be beneficial to some degree.

The term daydreaming is derived from clinical psychologist Jerome L. Singer, whose research created the foundation for nearly all subsequent modern research. The terminologies assigned by modern researchers brings about challenges centering on identifying the common features of daydreaming and building collective work among researchers.
Espiritu Santo languages
The Espiritu Santo languages (alternatively Santo languages) are a group of North Vanuatu languages spoken on Espiritu Santo Island in northern Vanuatu. Tryon (2010) considers the Espiritu Santo languages to be a coherent group.

Alexandre François
Alexandre François is a French linguist specialising in the description and study of the indigenous languages of Melanesia. He belongs to Lattice, a research centre of the CNRS and École Normale Supérieure dedicated to linguistics.
Go West (song)
"Go West" is a song by American disco group Village People, released in June 1979 by Casablanca Records as the second single from their fourth studio album of the same name (1979). The song was written by Jacques Morali, Henri Belolo and lead singer Victor Willis, while Morali produced it. It was successful in the disco scene during the late 1970s and a top-20 hit in Belgium, Ireland and the UK.

"Go West" found further success when it was covered in 1993 by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, with their version reaching No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 1 in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria. It has since become a successful sport chant, especially in European football.

State Anthem of the Soviet Union
The State Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was the national anthem of the Soviet Union and the regional anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, replacing "The Internationale". Its original lyrics were written by Sergey Mikhalkov (1913–2009) in collaboration with El-Registan (1899–1945), and its music was composed by Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov (1883–1946), initially as the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party. For a two-decade interval following de-Stalinization, the anthem was performed without lyrics. The second set of lyrics, also written by Mikhalkov and in which Joseph Stalin's name was omitted, was adopted in 1977.

A decade after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the same melody was used for its successor state, as the State Anthem of the Russian Federation.
The Flip Squad
In 1995, The Flip Squad was formed as a group of the New York City hip-hop DJs. Curated by Funkmaster Flex, the group was originally a duo consisting of producers Big Kap and Bootleg. An extended roster was introduced in 1998 and billed as the Flip Squad Allstars, which included Funkmaster Flex, Biz Markie, DJ Enuff, Mister Cee, Cipha Sounds, Frankie Cutlass, DJ Riz, "Da BounceMasta" DJ Doo Wop and Mark Ronson. The group released an album titled The Flip Squad All-Star DJs  on MCA in November 1998.

DJ Enuff
Ephrem Louis Lopez Sr. (born January 25, 1969), known professionally as DJ Enuff, is an American DJ and radio personality. Born in Harlem and raised in Brooklyn, he joined New York City's hip-hop radio station Hot 97 in 1998, where he has since hosted DJ mixes. He is known for being the Notorious B.I.G.'s road DJ during his lifetime, and reprised this role for the 2009 biographical drama film based on the rapper, Notorious. Lopez worked as an A&R staffer for Def Jam Recordings from 1999 to 2001, and founded the Heavy Hitter DJs collective in 2001.
2024 Melbourne Storm season
The 2024 Melbourne Storm season was the 27th in the club's history, competing in the 2024 NRL season. The team was coached by Craig Bellamy, coaching the club for a 22nd consecutive season. Melbourne Storm appointed a new captain for the season, as Harry Grant replaced Christian Welch.

Melbourne qualified for an 11th NRL Grand Final, after ending the regular season as minor premiers to claim the J. J. Giltinan Shield.

In the decider, reigning champions Penrith defeated Melbourne 14–6 to claim their fourth consecutive premiership title.

Harry Grant (rugby league)
Harry Grant (born 17 February 1998) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who captains and plays as a hooker for the Melbourne Storm in the National Rugby League, represents Queensland in State of Origin and vice-captains Australia at international level.

Grant played for the Wests Tigers on loan for the 2020 NRL season. The arrangement between Wests and the Storm to trade Grant with Paul Momirovski was the first loan arrangement in NRL history.

Grant captained the Storm to the 2024 NRL Grand Final.
Fekrabad
Fekrabad (Persian: فكراباد, also Romanized as Fekrābād) is a village in Gevar Rural District, Sarduiyeh District, Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 112, in 27 families.

Gevar Rural District
Gevar Rural District (Persian: دهستان گور) is in Sarduiyeh District of Jiroft County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sahebabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qalatuiyeh.
Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology
The Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology are two posthumously published volumes of remarks pertaining to the philosophy of psychology written by Ludwig Wittgenstein.

The two volumes were first published in 1980, the first volume was edited by G.E.M. Anscombe and Georg Henrik von Wright and the second by von Wright and Heikki Nyman. The translations were made by Anscombe (vol.1), and C. G. Luckhardt and M. A. E. Aue (vol 2.). Not all of the material was new however, most of Zettel (1967) was material taken from Volume 1 of the Remarks and some of the remarks from the volumes had also been added to Part II of Philosophical Investigations (1953) which deals with many of the same themes.

The Remarks deal with topics such as volition, intention, and so on.

Philosophy of psychology
Philosophy of psychology is concerned with the history and foundations of psychology. It deals with both epistemological and ontological issues and shares interests with other fields, including philosophy of mind and theoretical psychology. Philosophical and theoretical psychology are intimately tied and are therefore sometimes used interchangeably or used together. However, philosophy of psychology relies more on debates general to philosophy and on philosophical methods, whereas theoretical psychology draws on multiple areas.
Picture-framing glass
Picture-framing glass usually refers to a variety of types flat glass or acrylic ("plexi") used for framing artwork and for presenting art objects in a display box (also, "conservation framing").  The different types include the loosely defined "conservation glass", "anti-reflective glass", and "museum glass". These aim to reduce one or both of distracting reflections from light sources, and damaging ultra-violet radiation, above all from sunlight.

Typically, the types of art displayed and often stored framed under glass are watercolours, drawings and other works on paper.  Oil paintings are most often not framed under glass.

Float glass
Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal of a low melting point, typically tin, although lead was used for the process in the past. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and a very flat surface. The float glass process is also known as the Pilkington process, named after the British glass manufacturer Pilkington, which pioneered the technique in the 1950s at their production site in St Helens, Merseyside.

Modern windows are usually made from float glass, though Corning Incorporated uses the overflow downdraw method.

Most float glass is soda–lime glass, although relatively minor quantities of specialty borosilicate and flat panel display glass are also produced using the float glass process.