hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2022–2023 Philippine onion crisis
By late 2022, the price of red and white onions in the Philippines increased significantly, reaching an all-time high in December at ₱700 per kilogram and leading people to smuggle the commodity into the country.

Department of Agriculture (Philippines)
The Department of Agriculture (DA; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Agrikultura) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth. It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.

The department is currently led by the secretary of agriculture, nominated by the president of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The current secretary is Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr., who assumed office on November 3, 2023.
Maliwan
Maliwan (Burmese: မလိဝမ်း; Thai: มะลิวัลย์; RTGS: Maliwan) is a village in Kawthaung Township in southern Myanmar near the border with Thailand. It was settled by Chinese and Thai people. The area is known for its hot springs and waterfall. In 1872 the mayor of the third Mergui district, Sir Ashly Din (1870-1875), appointed the first police officer to Maliwan. A parliamentary paper to the British House of Commons in 1890 noted failed efforts to mine tin in the area, part of Tenasserim Division. In 1891, the center of local government was transferred from Maliwan to Victoria Point (Kawthaung) to allow easier access for larger ships.

Myeik, Myanmar
Myeik (Burmese: မြိတ်; MLCTS: mrit, pronounced [mjeɪʔ] or [beɪʔ]; Mon: ဗိက်, [pòik]; Thai: มะริด, RTGS: Marit, [má(ʔ).rít]; formerly Mergui, /mɜːrˈɡwiː/) is a rural city in Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar, located in the extreme south of the country on the coast of the Andaman Sea. As of 2010, the estimated population was over 209,000. Myeik is the largest city in Tanintharyi Region, and serves as the  regional headquarters of the Myanmar Navy's Tanintharyi Regional Command. The area inland from the city is a major smuggling corridor into Thailand. The Singkhon Pass, also known as the Maw-daung Pass, has an international cross-border checkpoint.
Paul Le Guen
Paul Joseph Marie Le Guen (French: [pɔl lə ɡwɛn], Breton: [pawl lø ɡwɛnː]; born 1 March 1964) is a French professional football manager and former player. He was most recently the manager of French club Le Havre.

During his playing career, Le Guen played as a midfielder, and enjoyed a successful stay with Paris Saint-Germain between 1991 and 1998, and won 17 caps for the France national team. As a manager, his most notable achievement has been winning the Ligue 1 title in each of his three seasons in charge of Lyon between 2002 and 2005.

1995–96 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
The 1995–96 season of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was won by Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 in the final against Austrian entrants Rapid Wien in Brussels on 8 May 1996.

The 1995–96 season also saw the return of Yugoslav clubs on the international scene after a three-year ban due to a UN embargo. However, the finalist of Yugoslav national cup, FK Obilić, was eliminated in the qualifying round.
Wreath
A wreath (/riːθ/) is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a ring shape.

In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Christmas decoration. They are also used in ceremonial events in many cultures around the globe. They can be worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck.

Chaplet (headgear)
A chaplet is a headdress in the form of a wreath made of  leaves, flowers or twigs woven into a ring. It is typically worn on festive occasions and on holy days. In ancient times a chaplet also served as a crown representing victory or authority.
Angiopathy
Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). This also refers to the condition of damage or rupture of small blood vessels. The best known and most prevalent angiopathy is diabetic angiopathy, a common complication of chronic diabetes.

Stenosis
Stenosis (from Ancient Greek  στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, Prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis). The term coarctation is another synonym, but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
Judith of Babenberg
Judith (called Julitta in Latin, Giuditta in Italian; c. 1120 – 1191?) was a German noblewoman who was the marchioness of Montferrat by marriage from 1133 until her death. She was a member of the House of Babenberg through her father and related to the House of Hohenstaufen through her mother.

With her husband, Marquis William V, she had five sons and three daughters. Four of her sons played major roles in Mediterranean politics. In the later Middle Ages, she was remembered for her piety and beauty.

Baldwin V of Jerusalem
Baldwin V (born 1177 or 1178; died 1186) reigned as the king of Jerusalem together with his uncle Baldwin IV from 1183 until his uncle's death in 1185, after which he was sole king until his own death in 1186. Baldwin IV's leprosy meant that he could not have children, and so he spent his reign grooming various relatives to succeed him. Finally his nephew was chosen, and Baldwin IV had him crowned as co-king in order to sideline the child's unpopular stepfather, Guy of Lusignan. When Baldwin IV died, Count Raymond III of Tripoli assumed government on behalf of the child king. Baldwin V died of unknown causes and was succeeded by his mother, Sibylla, who then made Guy king.
Montes Recti
Montes Recti is a mountain range on the northern part of the Moon's near side. It was given the Latin name for "Straight Range". The name was approved in 1961 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

This is a small range of irregular ridges that is located in the northern part of the Mare Imbrium. Montes Recti is an unusually linear formation that forms a line from east to west. It is about 90 km in length, and only 20 km wide. The peaks rise to heights of up to 1.8 km.

The small crater Montes Recti B lies in the eastern part of the range. To the west are the Montes Jura and to the east are the Montes Teneriffe.

Montes Teneriffe
Montes Teneriffe is a range on the northern part of the Moon's near side. It was named after Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands.

This range is located in the northern part of the Mare Imbrium, to the southwest of the crater Plato. The Montes Teneriffe lie within a diameter of 112 kilometers, although the peaks only occupy a small part of that region. The formation consists of a few scattered ridges surrounded by the lunar mare. Individual peaks rise to heights of up to 2.4 km.

To the southeast of the range is the solitary Mons Pico.
10370 Hylonome
10370 Hylonome (/haɪˈlɒnəmiː/; provisional designation 1995 DW2) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome.

David C. Jewitt
David Clifford Jewitt (born 1958) is an astronomer who studies the Solar System, especially its minor bodies. He is based at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is a Member of the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics, the Director of the Institute for Planets and Exoplanets, Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and Professor of Astronomy in the Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. He is best known for being the first person (along with Jane Luu) to discover a body beyond Pluto and Charon in the Kuiper belt.
Sela, Osilnica
Sela (pronounced [ˈseːla]) is a settlement west of Osilnica in southern Slovenia, right on the border with Croatia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Osilnica
Osilnica (pronounced [ɔˈsiːu̯nitsa], in older sources also Osivnica, German: Ossiunitz) is a settlement in southern Slovenia. It is located on the left bank of the Kolpa River next to the border with Croatia. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It is the largest settlement and the seat of the Municipality of Osilnica.

The Čabranka, a small river on the border between Slovenia and Croatia and a left tributary of the Kupa River, joins the Kupa at Osilnica.
Luke Graham (footballer, born 2004)
Luke Graham (born 11 February 2004) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Scottish Premiership side Dundee. He has also had previous loan spells with Lochee United, Albion Rovers, Montrose and Falkirk.

2024–25 Scottish Championship
The 2024–25 Scottish Championship (known as the William Hill Championship for sponsorship reasons) was the twelfth season of the Scottish Championship, the second tier of Scottish football. The season began on 2 August 2024 and concluded on 2 May 2025.

Ten teams contested the league: Airdrieonians, Ayr United, Dunfermline Athletic, Falkirk, Greenock Morton, Hamilton Academical, Livingston, Partick Thistle, Queen's Park and Raith Rovers.
Metal oxide adhesion
The strength of metal oxide adhesion effectively determines the wetting of the metal-oxide interface. The strength of this adhesion is important, for instance, in production of light bulbs and fiber-matrix composites that depend on the optimization of wetting to create metal-ceramic interfaces. The strength of adhesion also determines the extent of dispersion on catalytically active metal.
Metal oxide adhesion is important for applications such as complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. These devices make possible the high packing densities of modern integrated circuits.

Crystallographic defect
A crystallographic defect is an interruption of the regular patterns of arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. The positions and orientations of particles, which are repeating at fixed distances determined by the unit cell parameters in crystals, exhibit a periodic crystal structure, but this is usually imperfect. Several types of defects are often characterized: point defects, line defects, planar defects, bulk defects. Topological homotopy establishes a mathematical method of characterization.
History of telecommunication
The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe. However, it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear. This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an important part of the larger history of communication.

Vladimir K. Zworykin
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1888/1889 – July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode-ray tubes. He played a role in the practical development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes and the electron microscope.
Tuluva Brahmin
Tulu Brahmins or Tuluva Brahmins are the  inhabitants of Tulu Nadu, also considered a part of Parashurama Kshetra which extends to Kerala.

They consist of following:

Kota Brahmins

Koteshwara Brahmins

Shivalli Brahmins

Sthanika Brahmins

Kota Brahmins
Kota Brahmins are a Hindu Brahmin sub-caste mainly from the Indian state of Karnataka. Kota Brahmins take their name from their native village Kota. They speak a Kannada dialect different from the other regional dialects and Tulu. Kota Brahmins are mainly concentrated in the villages of Kota of Udupi district. The Kotas follow Smarta tradition. The Guru Narasimha Temple, Saligrama is important to them.
Jan Gissberg
Jan Gissberg (born 13 August 1948) is a Swedish cartoonist, animator and film director. After studying at Konstfack in Stockholm he started working as an animator under Stig Lasseby, and later went on to direct by himself. As a cartoonist he is best known for drawing Rudolf Petersson's 91:an Karlsson,  and for his high production speed.

Gissberg started drawing already as a child. After high school, he trained in the advertising/illustration line at Konstfack but interrupted his studies to devote himself to animation and cartooning. He also contributed to the Lilla Fridolf series and was one of the artists behind Aron Rapp from the 1970s, together with Magnus Knutsson.

In 1992, Jan Gissberg won a Guldbagge Award in Sweden for his artistic career.

Rudolf Petersson
Rudolf Petersson (17 June 1896 – 17 April 1970) was a Swedish comic creator and the father of one of the most popular Swedish comics of all time: 91:an.

Petersson performed national service at the I 16 regiment in Halmstad, Halland, between 1916 and 1918. Mandel Karlsson, the protagonist of 91:an, is based on two people Petersson met during his national service at I 16 — a blond and ill-tempered Smålandian who was turned soft by accordion music, and a friendly, short haired person. Some of the attributes were switched and the result was 91:an and another character, 87:an Axelsson. Several of the officers in 91:an are also based on real people Petersson met during his service.
Turkman Valley
Turkman Valley or Dare-e Turkman (Persian: دره ترکمن; Hazaragi: دره ترکمون) is a valley in Afghanistan, located in Surkhi Parsa District, Parwan Province in Hazaristan region, which is inhabited by the Hazaras.

Hazarajat
Hazarajat (Dari: هزاره‌جات), also known as Hazaristan (Dari: هزارستان), is a mostly mountainous region in the central highlands of Afghanistan, among the Kuh-e Baba mountains in the western extremities of the Hindu Kush. It is the homeland of the Hazara people, who make up the majority of its population. Hazarajat denotes an ethnic and religious zone.

Hazarajat is primarily made up of the provinces of Bamyan, Daikundi, Ghazni, large parts of Ghor, and Maidan Wardak, and small parts of Sar-e-Pol, Balkh, Samangan, Uruzgan, and Parwan. The most populous towns in Hazarajat are Bamyan, Yakawlang (Bamyan), Nili (Daikundi), Lal wa Sarjangal (Ghor), Sang-e-Masha (Ghazni), Gizab (Daikundi) and Behsud (Maidan Wardak). The Kabul, Arghandab, Helmand, Farah, Hari, Murghab, Balkh, and Kunduz rivers originate from Hazarajat.
1903 Campeonato de Madrid
The 1903 Campeonato de Madrid (English: 1903 Madrid Championship) was the 1st staging of the Regional Championship of Madrid, formed to designate the champion of the region. It was organized by the recently established Madrid Football Federation, and the different football teams that made up the downtown area were invited to participate in what was the first official football competition in the capital. The competition was held at the Hipódromo de la Castellana between 15 November and its last match was played on 27 December, although there were two further matches scheduled for January which never were held. The tournament was won by Moderno FC, narrowly beating Madrid FC (currently Real Madrid) by just one point.

Campeonato Regional Centro
The Campeonato Regional Centro (Spanish for Central Regional Championship) was an annual association football competition for clubs based primarily in the Castile region of Spain, including the Community of Madrid, during the first half of the 20th century. The competition was organised by the  Madrid Football Federation and first held in 1903 as the Campeonato de Madrid (Madrid Championship) and renamed as the Campeonato Regional de Madrid (Madrid Regional Championship) for the 1906–1913 seasons. The Royal Spanish Football Federation, founded on 29 September 1913, began organising the competition from 1913. It was called the Campeonato Regional Centro between 1913 and 1931, the Campeonato Regional Mancomunado (Joint Championship) from 1932 to 1936, and the Campeonato Regional del Centro (Regional Championship of the Centre) during its final season in 1939–40.
La Nuestra Tierra
La Nuestra Tierra (Our land) was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about the Leonese territory and 30% of it was written in the Leonese language, from opinion articles to information on Leonese. A total of 162 issues was published. The journal was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.

Leonese language
Leonese (llionés, ḷḷionés, lionés) is a set of vernacular Romance language varieties spoken in northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (the modern provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca), the village of Riudenore (in both Spain and Portugal) and Guadramil in Portugal, sometimes considered another language.  In the past, it was spoken in a wider area, including most of the historical region of Leon. The current number of Leonese speakers is estimated at 20,000 to 50,000. Spanish is now the predominant language in the area.

Leonese forms part of the Asturleonese linguistic group along with dialects of Asturian. The division between Asturian and Leonese is extra-linguistic, as the main divisions within the Asturleonese complex are between eastern and western varieties, rather than between varieties spoken in Asturias and Leon.
Outline of Switzerland
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Switzerland:

Switzerland – alpine country in Central Europe, located mostly in the Alps.  Switzerland is the oldest neutral country in the world; it has not fought a foreign war since its neutrality was established by the Treaty of Paris in 1815. It is not a member of the European Union. Swiss cultural icons include Switzerland's quality of life, its neutrality, the Swiss Alps, watches, yodeling, cheese and chocolate.

Demographics of Switzerland
Switzerland has 9 million inhabitants, as of June 2024. Its population quadrupled over the period 1800 to 1990 (average doubling time 95 years). Population growth was steepest in the period after World War II (1.4% per annum during 1950–1970, doubling time 50 years), it slowed during the 1970s and 1980s but has since increased to 1% during the 2000s (doubling time 70 years).

More than 75% of the population live in the central plain, which stretches between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and from Geneva in the southwest to the High Rhine and Lake Constance in the northeast.

As of 2023, 40% of the population has a migrant background and 31% are foreign residents.
Trzaski, Gryfino County
Trzaski [ˈtʂaski] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Banie, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Banie, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Gryfino, and 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Banie
Banie [ˈbaɲɛ] (German: Bahn) is a village in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Banie. It lies approximately 21 km (13 mi) south-east of Gryfino and 36 km (22 mi) south of the regional capital Szczecin.

There are four lakes within the city district, with the largest being Jezioro Dłużec with two public access beaches and number of fishing spots.
Miss Brazil World 2008
Miss Brazil World 2008 was the 19th edition of the Miss Brazil World pageant and 3rd under MMB Productions & Events. The contest took place on July 26, 2008. Ten contestants, that competed in both 2006 and 2007 editions were selected to compete in this years contest. Regiane Andrade of Santa Catarina crowned Tamara Almeida of Minas Gerais at the end of the contest. Almeida represented Brazil at Miss World 2008. The contest was held at the Eco Resort in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Miss Brazil World 2007
Miss Brazil World 2007 was the 18th edition of the Miss Brazil World pageant and 2nd under MMB Productions & Events. The contest took place on September 22, 2007. Each state, the Federal District and Fernando de Noronha competed for the title. Jane Borges of Goiânia, Goiás crowned Regiane Andrade of Santa Catarina at the end of the contest. Andrade represented Brazil at Miss World 2007. The contest was held at the Barueri Municipal Theatre in Barueri, São Paulo, Brazil.
Iguratimod
Iguratimod is an anti-inflammatory small molecule drug used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, together with methotrexate in Japan and China. As of 2015, the biological target was not known, but it prevents NF-κB activation and subsequently selectively inhibits COX-2 and several inflammatory cytokines.

Adverse effects include elevated transaminases, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, rashes, and itchiness.

It is a derivative of 7-methanesulfonylamino-6-phenoxychromone and is a chromone with two amide groups; it was first reported in 2000. It was submitted for regulatory approval in Japan in 2003; the application was withdrawn in 2009, and it was resubmitted with additional data in 2011 and approved for marketing in Japan in 2012. Eisai and Toyama Chemical market it in Japan. Approval was obtained in China in 2011 by Simcere, independently of the Japanese originators.

During discovery and development it was called T-614 and it is marketed under the names Careram and Kolbet.

Chromone
Chromone (or 1,4-benzopyrone) is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring. It is an isomer of coumarin.

Derivatives of chromone are collectively known as chromones.  Most, though not all, chromones are also phenylpropanoids.
Francis Pegahmagabow
Francis Pegahmagabow (/ˌpɛɡəˈmæɡəboʊ/ peg-ə-MAG-ə-boh; March 9, 1891 – August 5, 1952) was an Ojibwe soldier, politician and activist in Canada. He was the most highly decorated Indigenous soldier in Canadian military history and the most effective sniper of the First World War. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded, he was an expert marksman and scout. Credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more, he is considered as one of the deadliest snipers in history. Later in life, he served as chief and a councillor for the Wasauksing First Nation, and as an activist and leader in several First Nations organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including Fred Loft, Jules Sioui, Andrew Paull and John Tootoosis.

Fred Loft
Frederick Ogilvie Loft (February 3, 1861 – 1934; Mohawk name Onondeyoh, also known as F. O. Loft or Fred O. Loft) was a Mohawk nation activist who founded the League of Indians of Canada. He has been counted among "the great Indian activists of the first half of the twentieth century" according to Peter Kulchyski.

He was also a World War I veteran and was active in encouraging recruitment. He stood nearly 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 170 pounds (77 kg).