hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oscillation theory
In mathematics, in the field of ordinary differential equations, a nontrivial solution to an ordinary differential equation

is called oscillating if it has an infinite number of roots; otherwise it is called non-oscillating. The differential equation is called oscillating if it has an oscillating solution.
The number of roots carries also information on the spectrum of associated boundary value problems.

Gerald Teschl
Gerald Teschl (born 12 May 1970 in Graz) is an Austrian mathematical physicist and professor of mathematics.
He works in the area of mathematical physics; in particular direct and inverse spectral theory with application to completely integrable partial differential equations (soliton equations).
Hovhannisyan
Hovhannisyan or Hovannisyan (Armenian: Հովհաննիսյան [hɔvhɑnnisˈjɑn]) is an Armenian surname meaning "son of Hovhannes", the Armenian equivalent of John, thus making it equivalent to Johnson. It is the most common surname in Armenia.

Variants of the name in Armenian and Western Armenian include Hovhannesian, Hovannesian, Hovannisian, Hovhannisian, Ovanesyan, and Oganessian.

Notable people with the surname include:

Ashot Hovhannisian
Ashot Garegini Hovhannisian (Armenian: Աշոտ Գարգինի Հովհաննիսյան; Russian: Ашот Гарегинович Иоаннисян, Ashot Gareginovich Ioannisyan; June 17, 1887 – June 30, 1972) was an Armenian Marxist historian, theorist and Communist official.
Šum (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign šum is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts).

Linguistically, it has a syllabic usage for šum, as well as for tag, tak, and taq. It can also be used alphabetically for š, m, t, g, k, or q, and also as a replacement for the four vowels, of a, or e, or i, or u.

Hal (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign hal, is a common-use sign in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts, for example Hittite texts. Its common usage is syllabic for hal, but could also be use for alphabetic h or l, or the a, and for the other three vowels of e, i, or u.
Mangleticornia
Mangleticornia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. The only species is Mangleticornia ecuadorensis.

It is a shrub native to southwestern Ecuador and northern Peru (Tumbes Region).

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre breaststroke
The men's 100 metre breaststroke competition at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 22–23 at the Sydney International Aquatic Centre.  The last champion was Kurt Grote of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in breaststroke.

1997 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre breaststroke
The men's 100 metre breaststroke competition at the 1997 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 11 at the NISHI Civic Pool.  The last champion was Eric Wunderlich of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in breaststroke.
Abolition of slavery in Spain
The abolition of slavery in Spain began in 1820 with the abolition of the slave trade under pressure from Great Britain, although illegal clandestine trade continued with the support of governments and the crown. The definitive abolition of slavery in the Spanish colonial empire came sixty years later. Although the First Spanish Republic approved the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, it was not until 1886 that the Liberal government of Práxedes Mateo Sagasta ended the "patronato" system for freed slaves in Cuba, implementing a law passed in 1880 under the Conservative government of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. As Eduardo Galván Rodríguez has noted, "Spain was the last Western power to abolish slavery."

Francisco de Arango y Parreño
Francisco de Arango y Parreño (1765–1837) was a Cuban planter and intellectual. He helped to oversee colonial Cuba's transformation into a major sugar and coffee producer in the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century.
Mohammad Akram Khpalwāk
Mohammad Akram Khpalwāk (Pashto: محمد اکرم خپلواک) is a politician in Afghanistan who was Governor of Farah province from 3 April 2012 to 1 December 2014.  Between March 2006 and April 2010, he served as Governor of Paktika province.

Khpalwak attended the Kabul University Medical School. He became a leader of the Afghanistan Youth Society. He was appointed a representative of the Loya Jirga, the appointed body that drafted the new constitution prior to the first elections to the new Wolesi Jirga. He ran for a seat in the Wolesi Jirga, but earned only a small fraction of the popular vote. In April 2017, Khpalwak succeeded the recently deceased Ahmed Gailani as chairman of the Afghan High Peace Council.

Ahmed Gailani
Pir Sayyid Ahmed Gailani (Persian: پیر سید احمد گیلانی‎ 1932– 21 January 2017), was the leader (Pir) of the Qadiriyyah Sufi order in Afghanistan, and the founder of the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan (Mahaz-i-Milli Islami ye Afghanistan), a party that was associated with the Mujahideen who led the war against the Soviet Union in the 1980s.
Ampère's force law
In magnetostatics, Ampère's force law describes the force of attraction or repulsion between two current-carrying wires. The physical origin of this force is that each wire generates a magnetic field, following the Biot–Savart law, and the other wire experiences a magnetic force as a consequence, following the Lorentz force law.

Magnetostatics
Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary. The magnetization need not be static; the equations of magnetostatics can be used to predict fast magnetic switching events that occur on time scales of nanoseconds or less. Magnetostatics is even a good approximation when the currents are not static – as long as the currents do not alternate rapidly. Magnetostatics is widely used in applications of micromagnetics such as models of magnetic storage devices as in computer memory.
Bart Got a Room
Bart Got a Room is a 2008 comedy film written and directed by Brian Hecker, and stars Steven Kaplan, Alia Shawkat, William H. Macy, and Cheryl Hines. Also appearing in the film are Ashley Benson, Brandon Hardesty, Kate Micucci, Jennifer Tilly, Dinah Manoff (in her last film role as of 2022) and Chad Jamian Williams as Bart. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 25, 2008. It had a limited US release in select theaters on April 3, 2009, and was released on DVD on July 28, 2009.

Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb in the Miami metropolitan area. The population of Hollywood was 153,067 as of 2020, making it the third-largest city in Broward County.
1981 Big Ten baseball tournament
The 1981 Big Ten Conference baseball tournament was held at Ray Fisher Stadium on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, from May 15 through 17. The top two teams from the regular season in each division participated in the double-elimination tournament, the first such event sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion. Michigan won the first tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference's automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Division I baseball tournament

Big Ten baseball tournament
The Big Ten baseball tournament is the conference championship tournament in baseball for the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference.  The winner of the tournament receives the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
1997 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1997 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University as a member of the Big East Conference during the 1997 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by 18th-year head coach Don Nehlen, the Mountaineers compiled an overall record of 7–5 with a mark of 4–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the Big East. West Virginia was invited to the Carquest Bowl, where the Mountaineers lost to Georgia Tech. The team played home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia.

Milan Puskar Stadium
Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium is an American football stadium in Morgantown, West Virginia, on the campus of West Virginia University. It opened in 1980 and serves as the home field for the West Virginia Mountaineers football team. On the day the stadium opened, at an opening ceremony, John Denver touched down on the field in a helicopter, performed the song "Take Me Home, Country Roads," and then immediately departed by helicopter. The facility is named for Milan Puskar, a Morgantown resident and founder of Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. who donated $20 million to the university in 2004. The playing surface retains the stadium's original name of Mountaineer Field, which was also the name of WVU's previous football stadium. The stadium’s design was inspired by Jack Trice Stadium, which opened a few years earlier at Iowa State University.
Violet Duca
Violet Kostanda Duca (born 26 January 1958 in Istanbul) is a Turkish former volleyball player and current Fenerbahçe Acıbadem manager. She is of Greek descent. Her father Hristo Kostanda is a former footballer who played for Beşiktaş JK. She played 120 times for national team.

She played for Eczacıbaşı S.K. and also managed Beşiktaş JK between 2005 and 2008.

Sultans League
Sultanlar Ligi (Sultans League), known for sponsorship reasons as Vodafone Sultanlar Ligi, is the highest professional women's volleyball league in Turkey. It is run by the Turkish Volleyball Federation and began with the 1984–85 season. 14 clubs are currently participating in the league. It is often regarded as the best professional women's volleyball league in the world. Its clubs have obtained significant successes in European and other international competitions. Eczacıbaşı are the most successful club, having won 16 championships so far.

It succeeded the former Turkish Women's Volleyball Championship (1956–1984).
Robins Island
Robins Island is a 435-acre (1.76 km2) island in Peconic Bay by the eastern end of Long Island off the coast of New Suffolk, New York.  The island is privately owned and  not accessible to the public and is within the jurisdiction of  the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York in the United States.

New Suffolk, New York
New Suffolk is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet by the same name in the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 403 as of the 2020 census.
5th Operations Group
The 5th Operations Group (5 OG) is an operational component of the United States Air Force 5th Bomb Wing, stationed at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. Its mission is to manage and operate B-52H Stratofortress bombers serve as part of the Air Force's conventional and strategic combat force.

The group is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, being a successor organization of the 5th Group (Composite), one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the Army before World War II.

69th Bomb Squadron
The 69th Bomb Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit. After being inactivated on 31 December 1993, it was reactivated on 3 September 2009 at Minot Air Force Base, and assigned to the 5th Bomb Wing. The squadron operates Boeing B-52H Stratofortress aircraft.
2023 European Athletics Team Championships Third Division
Below are the full startlists and, when confirmed, results of the 2023 European Athletics Team Championships Third Division on 20–22 June 2023 in Kraków, Poland. This edition marks the first time all divisions of the Championships had been held at a single venue. European Athletics released the full and final startlists on 16 June 2023, one week before the event.

For the first time, medals were also awarded for individual performances across all three divisions, as part of the 2023 European Games. Despite being the lowest of the three divisions in competition, three overall 2023 European Games medals, including one gold medal, were won by third Division athletes; gold for Luiza Gega of Albania in 3000 metre steeplechase, to add to her European Athletics Championships gold of 2022, and bronze for Sarah Lavin of Ireland in 100 metres hurdles, and Victoria Hudson of Austria in Javelin.

2023 European Games
The 3rd European Games (Polish: III Igrzyska Europejskie, Igrzyska Europejskie 2023), also known as the 2023 European Games or Kraków-Małopolska 2023, was an international multi-sport event held from 21 June to 2 July 2023 in Kraków and Małopolska, Poland. It was the first time that Poland hosted the European Games. All Olympic sports held at the European Games provided qualification opportunities for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.
Dimitrie Ghica
Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika  (Albanian: Gjika) (Romanian pronunciation: [diˈmitri.e ˈɡika]; 31 May 1816 – 15 February 1897) was a Romanian politician. A prominent member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister between 1868 and 1870.

Dimitrie Ghica was born in Bucharest into the Albanian Ghica family, as the son of the Wallachian Prince Grigore IV Ghica by his first wife, Maria Hangerly. He married Charlotte Duport, and they had two daughters, Maria and Iza. Ghica was a member of the Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society.

He died in Bucharest at the age of 80 and was buried in the city's Bellu Cemetery; his tomb was designed by architect Ion Mincu. A park in Sinaia and a street in Dorobanțu bear his name.

Prime Minister of Romania
The prime minister of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul României), officially the prime minister of the Government of Romania (Romanian: Prim-ministrul Guvernului României), is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Președintele Consiliului de Miniștri), when the term "Government" included more than the Cabinet, and the Cabinet was called the Council of Ministers (Romanian: Consiliul de Miniștri). The title was officially changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 Constitution of Romania during the communist regime.
Brick tax
The brick tax was a property tax introduced in Great Britain in 1784, during the reign of King George III, to help pay for the wars in the American Colonies. Bricks were initially taxed at 2s 6d per thousand. The brick tax was eventually abolished in 1850.

Property tax
A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called millage) is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.

The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or other geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property.

Often a property tax is levied on real estate. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a real estate transaction, such as in real estate transfer tax. This tax can be contrasted with a rent tax, which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements.

Under a property tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value.
Arthur H
Arthur Higelin (born 27 March 1966), better known under his stage name Arthur H (IPA: [aʁtyʁ ɑʃ]), is a French singer-songwriter and pianist. He is best known in France for his live performances—four of his albums were recorded live.

Matthieu Chedid
Matthieu Chedid (born 21 December 1971) is a French multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter.

Chedid began his career as a session musician playing both acoustic and electric guitar. In the late 1990s, he rose to fame as a singer-songwriter and musician under the alias M (often stylized as -M-), blending Nouvelle Chanson, electronic and rock music. In studio, he experiments with various instruments and electronic music, while on tour as -M- he mostly plays the guitar, and is known for his eccentric outfits and dramatic live performances, sometimes including special effects.

Chedid has also performed in the 2005 stage musical Le soldat rose and is part of French-Malian band Lamomali. Since 2018, he has been the most awarded artist at the Victoires de la Musique Awards with 13 awards, tied with Alain Bashung.
Ampney St Peter
Ampney St Peter is a small village and civil parish in the Cotswolds and part of the Cotswold local government district in Gloucestershire, England. According to the 2014 mid year estimate, the parish had a population of 75. Locally, the town was known as Easington.

The Ampney Brook flows near the village, which is near to Ampney Crucis and Ampney St Mary, and is about four miles east of Cirencester.

Cirencester
Cirencester (/ˈsaɪ(ə)rənˌsɛstə/ ⓘ SY-rən-SEST-ə, occasionally /ˈsɪsɪtə/ ⓘ SIS-it-ə) is a market town and civil parish in the Cotswold District of Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the Thames. Cirencester is the eighth largest settlement in Gloucestershire and the largest town within the Cotswolds. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural University, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world, founded in 1840. The town had a population of 20,229 in 2021. The town is 18 miles (29 km) north-west of Swindon, 18 miles (29 km) south-east of Gloucester, 37 miles (60 km) west of Oxford and 39 miles (63 km) north-east of Bristol.

The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British tribe of the Dobunni, having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150. The town's Corinium Museum has an extensive Roman collection.
Columbia XJL
The Columbia XJL is a large single-engined amphibious aircraft designed by Grumman Aircraft but built by the Columbia Aircraft Corp. It was intended to replace the Grumman J2F Duck but the type did not reach production status.

Amphibious aircraft
An amphibious aircraft, or amphibian, is an aircraft that can take off and land on both solid ground and water. These aircraft are typically fixed-wing, though amphibious helicopters do exist as well. Fixed-wing amphibious aircraft are seaplanes (flying boats and floatplanes) which are equipped with retractable wheels, at the expense of extra weight and complexity, plus diminished range and fuel economy compared with planes designed specifically for land-only or water-only operation.
Indira Rasoi
The Indira Rasoi scheme provides subisidized food to anyone who wants it at Rs. 8 per meal in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The state began the program in August 2020 during the pandemic lockdown. The scheme began in 213 Urban Local Bodies and was expanded. Rasoi means kitchen in Hindi. The program is subsidized by the state government. The canteens get Rs. 17 from the state government per meal.

Anna Canteen
Anna Canteen is a subsidised food service initiative launched by the Government of Andhra Pradesh on 11 September 2018, under Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu. The program was named in honor of N. T. Rama Rao, popularly known as "Anna," who introduced subsidised rice at ₹2 per kilogram in 1983. Anna Canteen was designed to offer meals at a subsidised rate of ₹5 which would be ₹15 per day including breakfast, lunch and dinner. The Akshaya Patra Foundation initially managed the canteens.

The initiative was discontinued by the YSR Congress Party government in 2019 was re-opened on 15 August 2024 with 100 canteens in phase 1, following the National Democratic Alliance's success in the 2024 polls. The revival aims to continue providing affordable and nutritious meals to all individuals.

As of 2025, there are a total of 205 canteens in the state.
Challwa Q'asa
Challwa Q'asa (Quechua challwa fish, q'asa mountain pass, "fish pass", also spelled Chayhuajasa) is a mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. It is located in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province, Puyca District. It lies northwest of Chhijmuni and Wayta Urqu.

Chhijmuni
Chhijmuni (Aymara chhijmucode: aym promoted to code: ay  edible part of the clover plant, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the chhijmucode: aym promoted to code: ay ", Hispanicized spelling Chicmune) is a 5,080-metre-high (16,667 ft) mountain in the Wansu mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Arequipa Region, La Unión Province,  Puyca District. Chhijmuni lies south of Wayta Urqu.
Naldo (footballer, born 1982)
Ronaldo Aparecido Rodrigues (born 10 September 1982), commonly known as Naldo, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He spent most of his professional career in Germany, playing in the Bundesliga for Werder Bremen, VfL Wolfsburg and Schalke 04. From 2007 to 2009, he made four appearances for the Brazil national team.

After his playing career, he briefly held a coaching role at former club Schalke.

2007 Copa América
The 2007 Campeonato Sudamericano Copa América, known simply as the 2007 Copa América or 2007 Copa América Venezuela, was the 42nd edition of the Copa América, the South-American championship for international association football teams. The competition was organized by CONMEBOL, South America's football governing body, and was held between 26 June and 15 July in Venezuela, which hosted the tournament for the first time.

The competition was won by Brazil (they were also the defending champions), who beat Argentina 3–0 in the final.
Mexico took third place by beating Uruguay 3–1 in the third-place match. Brazil thus won the right to represent CONMEBOL at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup.
Japanese Buddhist pantheon
The Japanese Buddhist pantheon designates the multitude (the pantheon) of various Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and lesser deities and eminent religious masters in Buddhism. A Buddhist Pantheon exists to a certain extent in Mahāyāna. Still it is especially characteristic of Vajrayana Esoteric Buddhism, including Tibetan Buddhism and especially Japanese Shingon Buddhism, which formalized it to a great extent. In the ancient Japanese Buddhist pantheon, more than 3,000 Buddhas or deities have been counted, although now most temples focus on one Buddha and a few Bodhisattvas.

Gongen
A gongen (権現), literally "incarnation", was believed to be the manifestation of a buddha in the form of an indigenous kami, an entity who had come to guide the people to salvation, during the era of shinbutsu-shūgō in premodern Japan. The words gonge (権化) and kegen (化現) are synonyms for gongen. Gongen shinkō (権現信仰) is the term for belief in the existence of gongen.

The gongen concept is the cornerstone of the honji suijaku theory, according to which Buddhist deities choose to appear to the Japanese as native kami in order to save them, which is based on the Mahayana Buddhist notion of upaya, "expedient means".