hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Eurasian hoopoe
The Eurasian hoopoe or common hoopoe (Upupa epops) is the most widespread species of the genus Upupa. It is a distinctive cinnamon coloured bird with black and white wings, a tall erectile crest, a broad white band across a black tail, and a long narrow downcurved bill. Its call is a soft "oop-oop-oop".

The Eurasian hoopoe is native to Europe, Asia and Africa. It is migratory in the northern part of its range. Some ornithologists consider the Madagascar hoopoes as a subspecies. The African hoopoe, subspecies U. e. africana, has sometimes been treated as a separate species.

Egg incubation
Egg incubation is the process by which an egg, of oviparous (egg-laying) animals, develops an embryo within the egg, after the egg's formation and ovipositional release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.

Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.
Zoroastrianism in Armenia
Zoroastrianism has been practiced in Armenia since the fifth century BC. It first reached the country during the Achaemenid and Parthian periods, when it spread to the Armenian Highlands. Prior to the Christianization of Armenia, it was a predominantly Zoroastrian land. The yazatas (deities) Mithra (Mihr) and Verethragna (Vahagn) particularly enjoyed a high degree of reverence in the country.

James R. Russell
James Robert Russell (born October 27, 1953) is a scholar and professor in Ancient Near Eastern, Iranian and Armenian Studies. He has published extensively in journals, and has written several books.

Russell served as Mashtots Professor  of Armenian Studies at Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, and sat on the executive committee of Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies.

In July 2016, Russell became semi-retired and moved his residence to Fresno, California.

As of 2023, Russell is Emeritus Mashtots Professor of Armenian Studies at Harvard University, Distinguished Visiting Professor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a part-time Lecturer in Jewish Studies and Biblical Hebrew at California State University, Fresno. In late March 2025 J.R. Russell returned to live in his native New York City neighborhood, Washington Heights in upper Manhattan.
2012 Dunlop World Challenge
The 2012 Dunlop World Challenge was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. The fifth edition of the Dunlop World Challenge tournament, it was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place on 19–25 November 2012 in Toyota, Japan.

2012 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2012 ITF Women's Circuit was the 2012 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. The ITF Women's Circuit is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The 2012 season consisted of 484 events in 63 countries with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Wuhe, Wuwei, Gansu
Wuhe (Chinese: 五和; pinyin: Wǔhé) is a town under the administration of Liangzhou District, Wuwei, Gansu, China. As of 2020, it administers Wuhe Residential Community and the following eight villages:

Wuhe Village

Shajin Village (沙金村)

Wu'ai Village (五爱村)

Xiazhai Village (下寨村)

Houji Village (候吉村)

Shengli Village (胜利村)

Zhizhai Village (支寨村)

Xingou Village (新沟村)

Wuwei, Gansu
Wuwei (Chinese: 武威; pinyin: Wǔwēi) is a prefecture-level city in northwest central Gansu province. In the north it borders Inner Mongolia, in the southwest, Qinghai. Its central location between three western capitals, Lanzhou, Xining, and Yinchuan makes it an important business and transportation hub for the area. Because of its position along the Hexi Corridor, historically the only route from central China to western China and the rest of Central Asia, many major railroads and national highways pass through Wuwei.
Wudian, Shandong
Wudian (simplified Chinese: 吴店; traditional Chinese: 吳店; pinyin: Wúdiàn) is a town in Mudan District, in the northwestern suburbs of Heze, Shandong, People's Republic of China, located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from downtown Heze. As of 2011, it has one residential community (社区) and 37 villages under its administration.

Heze
Heze (Chinese: 菏泽; Chinese: 菏澤; pinyin: Hézé), formerly known as Caozhou, is the westernmost prefecture-level city in Shandong province, China, bordering Jining to the east and the provinces of Henan and Anhui to the west and south respectively. The total area is 12238.62 square kilometers and the population is 10.58 million. It governs Mudan District and Dingtao District, 2 districts and 7 counties including Caoxian, Chengwu, Shanxian, Juye, Yuncheng, Juancheng and Dongming.

There are more than 100 cultural relics and historic sites in the territory, 6 national-level cultural relics protection units, and 52 provincial-level cultural relics protection units. Places of interest include Caozhou Peony Garden, Yuncheng Water Margin, Sunbin Tourist City, Dingtao Han Tomb, Shanxian Archway, Jinshan Mountain, Fangshan Mountain, Fulong Lake, the scenery of the old Yellow River route, etc.
Arthur Archer (rugby union)
Arthur Montfort Archer (16 September 1856 — 17 September 1930) was an Irish international rugby union player.

Born on County Kildare, Archer attended The Royal School, Armagh, was an active sportsman at Trinity College Dublin. He gained an Ireland cap against Scotland at Belfast in 1879 and the following year captained the Dublin University XI against the Australian cricket team, which they held to a draw in a rain-interrupted match.

Archer, a physician, was a Surgeon Lieutenant Colonel with the 1st Cheshire Royal Garrison Artillery and served during World War I on a ship transporting troops from India. He served on the Chester City Council while based in the northwest of England, but lived his later years in Ireland, and was the High Sheriff of Leitrim in 1910.

The Royal School, Armagh
The Royal School, Armagh is a co-educational voluntary grammar school, founded in the 17th century, in the city of Armagh in Northern Ireland.  It has a boarding department with an international intake. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
James Butson
The Ven.  James Strange Butson (10 February 1778 – 29 January 1845) was an Irish Anglican priest.

Butson was the son of Bishop Christopher Butson. He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford.  He was the  Prebendary of Kilconnell in Clonfert Cathedral from 1809 until 1812;  and Archdeacon of Clonfert from 1812 until his death.

His son was himself Archdeacon of Clonfert, then Dean of Kilmacduagh.

Christopher Butson
Christopher Butson was a Church of Ireland bishop in the first half of the 19th century.

Born in England in 1747, he was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford. He was nominated Dean of Waterford on 2 April and installed there on 12 May 1784. He also became Chancellor of Ferns and Leighlin on 12 March 1802.

He was nominated Bishop of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh on 5 May and consecrated on 29 July 1804. Under the Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 37), the sees of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh were united to those of Killaloe and Kilfenora on 29 January 1834, with Butson becoming Bishop of Killaloe and Clonfert of the new united diocese. He died in office on 22 March 1836.

Christianity portal
Toyota RV10 engine
The Toyota RV10 engine is a 72-degree, four-stroke, naturally-aspirated, V10 racing engine, designed, developed and produced by Toyota, for their Toyota TS010 Group C sports prototype race car, between 1991 and 1993.

V10 engine
A V10 engine is a ten-cylinder piston engine where two banks of five cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft.  V10 engines are much less common than V8 and V12 engines. Several V10 diesel engines have been produced since 1965, and V10 petrol engines for road cars were first produced in 1992 with the release of the Dodge Viper.
Tolkyn Zabirova
Tolkyn Zabirova (Kazakh: Толқын Қалиқызы Забирова, Tolqyn Qaliqyzy Zabirova; born 17 October 1970 in Ayagoz) is a singer from Ayagoz, Kazakhstan. Most of her songs are in Kazakh or Russian, though several exist in other languages.

Ayagoz
Ayagoz or Ayakoz (Kazakh: Аягөз, Aiagöz), formerly Sergiopol (Russian: Сергиополь), is a city of regional significance in Kazakhstan, the administrative centre of Ayagoz district of Abai Region.  Population: 37,537 (2009 census results);38,470 (1999 census results).
The RNAi Consortium
The RNAi Consortium, or TRC, is a public-private partnership whose mission is to create libraries of  small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for 15,000 human and 15,000 mouse genes. These libraries should help the scientific community to analyze gene function by RNAi. The consortium is based at the Broad Institute of the MIT and Harvard University, and includes 6 MIT- and Harvard-associated institutions and 5 international life sciences organizations. Verified RNAi clones and entire libraries are made available both by Sigma-Aldrich and Open Biosystems.

Broad Institute
The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (IPA: /broʊd/, pronunciation respelling: BROHD), or the Broad Institute, is a biomedical and genomic research center located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The institute is independently governed and supported as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research organization under the name Broad Institute Inc., and it partners with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and the five Harvard teaching hospitals.
Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Mosque
The Tengku Ampuan Jemaah Mosque (Malay: Masjid Tengku Ampuan Jemaah) or Bukit Jelutong Mosque is a Selangor's royal mosque located in Bukit Jelutong (Section U8) near Shah Alam, Malaysia. It is the second state mosque of Selangor after Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque in Section 14. This royal mosque was named after the consort of the late Almarhum Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah, late Almarhumah Tengku Ampuan Jemaah of Selangor. She was also the second Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen) of Malaysia.

Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque
The Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque (Malay: Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz) is the state mosque of Selangor, Malaysia. It is located in Shah Alam and is the country's largest mosque and also the second largest mosque in Southeast Asia by capacity. Its most distinguishing feature is its large blue and silver dome. The mosque has four minarets, one erected at each of the corners.
Postumus the Younger
In the Historia Augusta, Postumus the Younger (Latin: Postumus Iūnior) figures as one of the so-called Thirty Tyrants who usurped power against the Roman Emperor Gallienus. 
According to the pseudo-historical list of 'Thirty Tyrants', the Emperor of the Gallic Empire Postumus had a son, also called Postumus, whom he nominated to be first caesar, and later even augustus and co-ruler. Postumus the Younger would have been killed together with his father in 268, during the rebellion of Laelianus (called Lollianus in the Historia).

The historian J. F. Drinkwater dismisses the Historia Augusta's reference to Postumus the Younger as a "fiction". There are no references to any son of Postumus on coins or inscriptions from the period.

The author(s) of the Historia asserts that Postumus the Younger was a skilled rhetor, and that his Controversiae were included among Quintilian's Declamationes.

Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
The Thirty Tyrants (Latin: Tyranni Triginta) were a series of thirty rulers who appear in the Historia Augusta, as having ostensibly been pretenders to the throne of the Roman Empire during the reign of the emperor Gallienus.

Given the notorious unreliability of the Historia Augusta, the veracity of this list is debatable. There is a scholarly consensus that the author deliberately inflated the number of pretenders in order to parallel the Thirty Tyrants of Athens. Edward Gibbon identified nineteen.

The Historia actually gives 32 names. The author, who wrote under the name of Trebellius Pollio, places the last two during the reigns of Maximinus Thrax and Claudius II respectively, leaving thirty alleged pretenders during the reign of Gallienus.

The following list gives the Thirty Tyrants as depicted by the Historia Augusta, along with notes contrasting the Historia Augusta's claims with their actual historical positions:
Michael Douglas (politician)
Michael Douglas (1940 – 30 April 1992) was a politician from Dominica. He served as Member of Parliament for the Portsmouth constituency since 1975 and as well as a cabinet minister for a number of years, including as Minister of Finance from 1979 to 1980 and also Deputy Prime Minister.

Douglas was elected to the House of Assembly in the 1980 elections under the banner of Dominica Democratic Labour Party. Douglas formed United Dominica Labour Party in 1981. His party merged back with Dominica Labour Party in 1985. Douglas was then elected as the political leader of the Dominica Labour Party, and Leader of the Opposition from 1985 to 1990. He resigned from party leadership position in early 1992 due to an inoperable cancer. He was temporarily succeeded as party leader by the deputy leader Pierre Charles, until November 1992, when his brother Roosevelt Douglas was elected as the party chairman.

Deputy Prime Minister of Dominica
Deputy Prime Minister of Dominica is an informal cabinet-level position in Dominica. The position is not outlined in the Constitution of Dominica.

The deputy prime minister is appointed by the prime minister. The tasks have been outlined as ... who shall not only act as Prime Minister in my absence from the country, but who shall also be tasked with several administrative functions in the harnessing and coordination of the various ministries.
2017 Lory Meagher Cup
The 2017 Lory Meagher Cup was the ninth edition of the Lory Meagher Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2009 and is the fourth-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It is contested by six GAA county teams ranked 30–35 in the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Louth, the 2016 champions, play in the Nicky Rackard Cup having won promotion. Cavan returned to senior inter-county hurling in 2017 by entering The Lory Meagher Cup. They had disbanded midway through the 2011 season.

2009 Lory Meagher Cup
The 2009 Lory Meagher Cup was the inaugural edition of the Lory Meagher Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association as the fourth-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It was contested by eight GAA county teams ranked 29–36 in the 2009 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.

Seven county teams and one regional team took part in the competition. The teams were Warwickshire, Longford, Fermanagh, Leitrim, Cavan, South Down, Tyrone and Donegal.

On 11 July, Tyrone won the inaugural Lory Meagher Cup, with a 5–11 to 3–16 win over Donegal at Croke Park. As the winners of the 2009 Lory Meagher Cup, Tyrone were promoted to the 2010 Nicky Rackard Cup.
2023–24 Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey season
The 2023–24 Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey season was the 75th season of play for the program and 23rd in the Big Ten. The Badgers represented the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season, played their home games at Kohl Center and were coached by Mike Hastings in his 1st season.

Kohl Center
The Kohl Center is a multi-purpose arena located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States. The arena opened in 1998 and is the home of the university's men's basketball and ice hockey teams, and the women's basketball team.

The Kohl Center has the fourth largest seating capacity in the Big Ten Conference with 17,287 for basketball and 15,539 for hockey. It is the second largest indoor venue in Wisconsin after Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee and is located at the intersection of West Dayton and North Frances Streets.

The arena is named after former United States Senator, former Milwaukee Bucks owner, and alumnus Herb Kohl, who donated $25 million of his Kohl's fortune to the project.
Golden Fleece Historical Adventure
Golden Fleece Historical Adventure was an American adventure pulp magazine which published nine issues between 1938 and 1939.  Golden Fleece specialised in publishing historical fiction - one of the few pulp magazines to do so. It published two stories by Robert E. Howard, the creator of Conan the Barbarian: "Black Vulmea's Vengeance" and "Gates of Empire".  Other writers included Talbot Mundy, H. Bedford-Jones, Ralph Milne Farley, Anthony M. Rud and Murray Leinster.  Contributing artists included Jay Jackson, Harold Delay, Harold McCauley, and Margaret Brundage, who painted two covers for Golden Fleece.

Science fiction historian Mike Ashley describes it as a "rousing and unpretentious" magazine, and suggests that it may have failed because of distribution problems; the publisher, Sun Publications, was a small Chicago-based firm.  Ashley also suggests that it would have been difficult for the magazine to compete with Adventure, one of the leading pulp magazines of its day.

Adventure (magazine)
Adventure was an American pulp magazine that was first published in November 1910 by the Ridgway company, a subsidiary of the Butterick Publishing Company. Adventure went on to become one of the most profitable and critically acclaimed of all the American pulp magazines.  The magazine had 881 issues. Its first editor was Trumbull White. He was succeeded in 1912 by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman (1876–1966), who edited the magazine until 1927.
Fort Sanders (Wyoming)
Fort Sanders was a wooden fort constructed in 1866 on the Laramie Plains in southern Wyoming, near the city of Laramie.  Originally named Fort John Buford, it was renamed Fort Sanders after General William P. Sanders, who died at the Siege of Knoxville during the American Civil War.  This was the second fort to be named after Sanders, the first being in Knoxville, Tennessee.  The fort was originally intended to protect travelers on the nearby Overland Trail from Indian attacks, but later the garrison was tasked with protecting the workers of the Union Pacific railroad when it arrived in the spring of 1868. In 1869 the town of Laramie (originally called "Laramie City") was created about 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the fort.  Fort Sanders became less important following the construction of Fort D. A. Russell in Cheyenne in 1868, but the War Department maintained it until 1882 when the buildings were sold.

Fort D. A. Russell (Wyoming)
Fort D. A. Russell, also known as Fort Francis E. Warren, Francis E. Warren Air Force Base and Fort David A. Russell, was a post and base of operations for the United States Army, and later the Air Force, located in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The fort had been established in 1867 to protect workers for the Union Pacific Railroad. It was named in honor of David Allen Russell, a Civil War general killed at the Battle of Opequon.  In 1930, the fort's name was changed to Fort Francis E. Warren.  In 1949, it became Francis E. Warren Air Force Base.

Over the years, the base served as home for numerous influential American military leaders such as Carl Spaatz, Black Jack Pershing, Billy Mitchell, Walter Reed, and Mark Clark.  A portion of the base was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1975, for distinctively preserving many of the stages of its evolution from a frontier cavalry base to an Air Force base.
Shelania
Shelania is an extinct genus of frogs that lived in South America during the Eocene. Its type species is Shelania pascuali. Fossils of Shelania have been found in the Mustersan Vaca Mahuida and Laguna del Hunco Formations of Argentina. Shelania is the type taxon of the Shelaniinae, which was erected for an unranked clade (defined in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature, although not in conformity with the PhyloCode, which was implemented later) that also includes the early anurans Saltenia, Kuruleufenia, and Patagopipa. A more recent phylogenetic analysis further suggested that Shelania is more closely related to Pipidae than to Palaeobatrachus, and that the second species previously attributed to Shelania (S. laurenti) is not sufficiently closely related to the type-species to be retained in Shelania.

Saltenia
Saltenia is an extinct genus of frogs. It was assigned to the family Pipidae by R. L. Carroll in 1988 and again in 2005 by A. M. Báez and T. Harrison. The single described species, Saltenia ibanezi, is thought to have lived in South America in the Late Cretaceous.

Its closest living relative are the frogs in the genus Silurana. Fossils of Saltenia have been found in the Campanian Las Curtiembres Formation of Argentina.
John Ward (RAF officer)
John Ward, MC, (15 December 1918 – 29 August 1995) was a Royal Air Force Flight Lieutenant who was twice decorated for bravery. In World War II he was a member of the crew of a bomber that was shot down. He was taken POW, but escaped, and joined up with the Polish Armia Krajowa ("Home Army").

Ward became a clandestine journalist in occupied Poland. He founded and edited a Polish underground newspaper, was a war correspondent for The Times, translated transcripts of BBC broadcasts into Polish for the Home Army, built radio transceivers, and trained Home Army radio operators. In 1944 he served with the Home Army in the Warsaw Uprising, in which he was wounded in combat against German forces.

At the end of the War, the Red Army captured Ward, but he escaped and was repatriated to Britain. He resumed his RAF career, and was commissioned as an officer.

Cross of Valour (Poland)
The Cross of Valour (Polish: Krzyż Walecznych) is a Polish military decoration. It was introduced by the Council of National Defense on 11 August 1920. It is awarded to an individual who "has demonstrated deeds of valour and courage on the field of battle." It may be awarded to the same person up to four times. The medal is given only in wartime or shortly after.
Amanda Ilestedt
Amanda Ilestedt (Swedish: [aˈmânːda ˈîːlɛˌstɛt]; born 17 January 1993) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Frauen-Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt and the Sweden national team.

2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga
The 2020–21 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga was the 31st season of Germany's premier women's football league. It ran from 4 September 2020 to 6 June 2021.

Seven time champion 1. FFC Frankfurt joined forces with Eintracht Frankfurt and competes under their name.

Bayern Munich won their third title.

The fixtures were announced on 27 July 2020.
Anti-Jewish laws
Anti-Jewish laws have been a common occurrence throughout the history of antisemitism and Jewish history. Examples of such laws include special Jewish quotas, Jewish taxes and Jewish "disabilities".

During the 1930s and early 1940s, some laws were adopted in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. During World War II, they were exported to European Axis powers and puppet states. Such legislation generally defined Jews, deprived them of a variety of civil, political, and economic rights, and laid the groundwork for expropriation, deportation, and ultimately, they laid the groundwork for the Holocaust.

Jewish quota
A Jewish quota was a discriminatory racial quota designed to limit or deny access for Jews to various institutions. Such quotas were widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries in developed countries and frequently present in higher education, often at prestigious universities.