hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Defocus aberration
In optics, defocus is the aberration in which an image is simply out of focus. This aberration is familiar to anyone who has used a camera, videocamera, microscope, telescope, or binoculars. Optically, defocus refers to a translation of the focus along the optical axis away from the detection surface. In general, defocus reduces the sharpness and contrast of the image. What should be sharp, high-contrast edges in a scene become gradual transitions. Fine detail in the scene is blurred or even becomes invisible. Nearly all image-forming optical devices incorporate some form of focus adjustment to minimize defocus and maximize image quality.

Optical axis
An optical axis is an imaginary line that passes through the geometrical center of an optical system such as a camera lens, microscope or telescopic sight. Lens elements often have  rotational symmetry about the axis.

The optical axis defines the path along which light propagates through the system, up to first approximation. For a system composed of simple lenses and mirrors, the axis passes through the center of curvature of each surface, and coincides with the axis of rotational symmetry. The optical axis is often coincident with the system's mechanical axis, but not always, as in the case of off-axis optical systems.

For an optical fiber, the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core, and is also known as the fiber axis.
St Bartholomew's Church, Chipping
St Bartholomew's Church is in the village of Chipping, Lancashire, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Whalley, the archdeaconry of Blackburn, and the diocese of Blackburn.  Its benefice is united with that of St Michael, Whitewell.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.

Diocese of Blackburn
The diocese of Blackburn is diocese of the Church of England in North West England. Its boundaries correspond to northern Lancashire. The diocese contains 211 parishes and 280 churches. Blackburn Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Blackburn, currently Philip North, and the diocesan offices are also located in Blackburn.

What is now the diocese of Blackburn was historically part of the diocese of York. It became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541, and part of the diocese of Manchester when it was created in 1847. The diocese of Blackburn was in turn established on 12 November 1926 from the northern part of Manchester.
Corrinoid
Corrinoids are a group of compounds based on the skeleton of corrin, a cyclic system containing four pyrrole rings similar to porphyrins. These include compounds based on octadehydrocorrin, which has the trivial name corrole.

The cobalamins (vitamin B12) are the best known members of the group.  Other prominent examples include cobyrinic acid and its hexaamide cobyric acid; cobinic acid and its hexaamide cobinamide; cobamic acid and cobamide.

Compounds containing the "Cob-" prefix (not corrin) are cobalt derivatives, and may include an oxidation state, as in "Cob(II)alamin".  When cobalt is replaced by another metal or hydrogen, the name changes accordingly, as in ferrobamic acid or hydrogenobamic acid.

Corrole
A corrole is an aromatic tetrapyrrole.  The corrin ring is also present in cobalamin (vitamin B12). The ring consists of nineteen carbon atoms, with four nitrogen atoms in the core of the molecule.  In this sense, corrole is very similar to porphyrin.
Jankenman
Jankenman (ジャンケンマン) is a children's anime series that ran from April 4, 1991, to March 26, 1992. 51 episodes have been aired. The anime series uses the well-known game of Rock paper scissors as its theme. The concept of planning and production was "an anime series that mothers and children can watch with peace of mind".

Shinya Ōtaki
Shin'ya Ōtaki (大滝 進矢, Ōtaki Shin'ya, born July 29, 1953 in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan), previously known as Susumu Kotaki (小滝 進, Kotaki Susumu), is a Japanese voice actor.
Currently working as a freelancer.
The Carniolan Bee
The Carniolan Bee (Slovene: Krajnska čbelica) was the first almanac of poetry in Slovene. The first volume was published on 30 April 1830, with subsequent volumes published in 1831, 1832, 1834 and 1848. Its editor was Miha Kastelic, whereas the prominent authors were France Prešeren, Matija Čop and Andrej Smole. The almanac was intended for educated readers and aimed at spreading Slovene among them.

Almanac
An almanac (also spelled almanack and almanach) is a regularly published listing of a set of current information about one or multiple subjects. It includes information like weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and other tabular data often arranged according to the calendar. Celestial figures and various statistics are found in almanacs, such as the rising and setting times of the Sun and Moon, dates of eclipses, hours of high and low tides, and religious festivals. The set of events noted in an almanac may be tailored for a specific group of readers, such as farmers, sailors, or astronomers.
Werner Hagedorn
Werner August Hagedorn (2 July 1831, in Westhausen – 20 June 1894, in Magdeburg) was a German surgeon.

He studied medicine at the University of Berlin, where his instructors included Johannes Peter Müller and Bernhard von Langenbeck. In 1854 he received his doctorate with the thesis De forcipe Schoelleriana obstetricia. From 1855 he worked as an assistant at the hospital in Magdeburg-Altstadt, where in 1863 he was appointed head of the surgical department.

He is credited for introducing Listerian antiseptic methods at the Magdeburg-Altstadt hospital. His name is associated with the "Hagedorn needle", which is a curved surgical needle flattened on the sides. He was the author of Frisches getrocknetes Moos (Sphagnum), ein gutes Verbandmaterial ("Fresh dried sphagnum, a good dressing material"; 1883), an article published in Langenbeck's Archiv.

Johannes Peter Müller
Johannes Peter Müller (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858) was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist, known not only for his discoveries but also for his ability to synthesize knowledge. The paramesonephric duct (Müllerian duct) was named in his honor.
2022 La Flèche Wallonne
The 2022 La Flèche Wallonne was a road cycling one-day race that took place on 20 April 2022 from the Belgian city of Blegny to the municipality of Huy. It was the 86th edition of La Flèche Wallonne and the 16th event of the 2022 UCI World Tour. It was won for the first time by Dylan Teuns.

La Flèche Wallonne
La Flèche Wallonne (pronounced [la flɛʃ walɔn], French for "The Walloon Arrow") is a men's professional cycle road race held in April each year in Wallonia, Belgium. It is part of the UCI World Tour.

The first of two Belgian Ardennes classics, La Flèche Wallonne is today normally held mid-week    between the Amstel Gold Race and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. At one time, La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège were run on successive days as "Le Weekend Ardennais" (both races are organised by Amaury Sport Organisation). Only eight riders have achieved the "Ardennes double" by winning both races in the same year: Alejandro Valverde three times (in 2006, 2015 and 2017), Ferdi Kübler twice (in 1951 and 1952), Stan Ockers (1955), Eddy Merckx (1972), Moreno Argentin (1991), Davide Rebellin (2004), Philippe Gilbert (2011), and Tadej Pogačar (2023).

Since 1998, a women's event has been held on the same day, part of the UCI Women's World Tour.
Inarticulata
Inarticulata was historically defined as one of the two classes of the phylum Brachiopoda and referred to those having no hinge. The other class was Articulata, meaning articulated — having a hinge between the dorsal and ventral valves. These classifications have now been superseded, see brachiopod classification.

Rhynchonelliformea
Rhynchonelliformea is a major subphylum and clade of brachiopods. It is roughly equivalent to the former class Articulata, which was used previously in brachiopod taxonomy up until the 1990s. These so-called articulated brachiopods have many anatomical differences relative to "inarticulate" brachiopods of the subphyla Linguliformea and Craniformea. Articulates have hard calcium carbonate shells with tongue-and-groove hinge articulations (hence the name) and separate sets of simple opening and closing muscles.

The Rhynchonelliformea (as described in the Treatise Part H, revised 1997–2007) is divided into five classes: Obolellata, Kutorginata, Chileata, Strophomenata, and Rhynchonellata. The Rhynchonellata are found living today, as the major constituent of modern brachiopod faunas. The other classes are all extinct: the Obolellata and Kutorginata are restricted to the Cambrian, while the Chileata and Strophomenata range through most of the Paleozoic.
Pilot Presentation
"Pilot Presentation"  (also known as  "Theo's Economic Lesson") is the pilot and first episode of the first season of the American sitcom The Cosby Show. "Pilot Presentation" originally aired in the United States on NBC on Thursday, September 20, 1984, at 8:00 PM ET.  This episode debuted the week before the official start of the 1984–85 United States network television season. They only have 4 children in this episode: Denise, Theo, Vanessa & Rudy. Sondra, the first born, is introduced later in that season, episode 4; she however, is not in the featured/mentioned in the intro. The confrontation with Theo in this episode is seen again in a flashback in the series finale "And So We Commence".  The episode was directed by Jay Sandrich and written by Ed. Weinberger and Michael J. Leeson. The episode was a critical and commercial success, achieving both high ratings and positive critical feedback.

Obstetrics and gynaecology
Obstetrics and gynaecology (also spelled as obstetrics and gynecology; abbreviated as Obst and Gynae, O&G, OB-GYN and OB/GYN) is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics (covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period) and gynaecology (covering the health of the female reproductive system  – vagina, uterus, ovaries, and breasts). The specialization is an important part of care for women's health.

Postgraduate training programs for both fields are usually combined, preparing the practising obstetrician-gynecologist to be adept both at the care of female reproductive organs' health and at the management of pregnancy, although many doctors go on to develop subspecialty interests in one field or the other.
The Fruit Tree Foundation
The Fruit Tree Foundation was a Scottish musical project founded by Idlewild guitarist Rod Jones and former Delgados vocalist and guitarist Emma Pollock in 2010. Created in conjunction with the Mental Health Foundation, the project's overall aim is to "raise awareness of mental health and challenge perceptions of mental health problems by creating great art."

To date, the project has organised a number of live concerts, and released one studio album, First Edition (2011), featuring contributions from a number of notable Scottish musicians including members of Frightened Rabbit, The Twilight Sad, Sparrow and the Workshop and Take a Worm for a Walk Week, alongside Karine Polwart, Alasdair Roberts and James Yorkston.

Sparrow and the Workshop
Sparrow and the Workshop were an indie three-piece based in Glasgow, consisting of the Belfast-born, Chicago-raised Jill O'Sullivan (vocals, acoustic guitar), Welshman Nick Packer (guitar, bass) and Scotsman Gregor Donaldson (drums, vocals). The band's debut album Crystals Fall was released by Distiller Records in 2010 to critical acclaim, with the likes of Drowned in Sound and Clash Magazine awarding the album 9/10. The band was notable for their use of harmonies and bastardized instruments/FX pedals and they have been compared to bands as varied as Jefferson Airplane, Talking Heads and Black Sabbath.
Descendants of the Sikh gurus
Descendants of the Sikh gurus, known as Guru-ansh, Guru-vans, or Ansi Sikhs, claim descent from the specific lineages of the Bedi, Trehan, Bhalla, and Sodhi clans of the Khatris that propagated from the Sikh gurus and their offspring. Most descendants are through the Sodhis, as seven out of the ten Sikh gurus were Sodhis. They were accorded elevated-levels of respect and veneration in the pre-colonial period beginning in the 18th century during Sikh-rule but this was challenged during the Singh Sabha movement, with them losing much power and influence in the period thereafter. Descendants of the Sikh gurus can be found residing at Una, Dera Baba Nanak, Khadur, Pinjore, Jalandhar, Guru Harsahai, Kartarpur, and Anandpur amid others.

Sikh gurus
The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469. The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Nine other human gurus succeeded him until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith. The guruship was also passed onto the Guru Panth, consisting of the Khalsa; however, this form of guruship went into decline following to rise of Ranjit Singh.
Kayanian dynasty
The Kayanians, also rendered Kiani, were an ancient dynasty in the Iranian national history. Originating from the ancient Avestan term for "warrior poet", the Kiani are the union of wisdom and power, and represent Iranian identity at its most militant and self-conscious.

The founding dynasty that preceded them, the Pishdadians, represented a Primordial Age where mankind itself was first emerging. By contrast, the Kiani mark the beginning of the Iranian Heroic Cycle--mythopoetic in nature, but believed by scholars to represent a genuine collective memory of real, living ancient Iranians.

The Kiani are the heroes both of the Avesta (the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism) and of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Greater Iran. The Kiani Crown is a physical manifestation of that belief.

Kay Lohrasp
Kay Lohrasp (Persian: لهراسپ) was a legendary Iranian king who ruled Iran after Kay Khosrow. He had two brave sons Vishtaspa (also known as Gushtasp) and the younger Zarir. Vishtaspa ruled Iran after his father. One of Kay Lohrasp most notable works is the construction of a Fire temple.
Bianca Atzei
Veronica Atzei (born March 8, 1987), better known by her stage name Bianca Atzei (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbjaŋka atˈtsɛi], Sardinian: [aˈtse.i]), is an Italian singer and television personality.

After the release of a few singles with Ultrasuoni between 2012 and 2014, she rose to prominence in February 2015 with her participation in the Sanremo Music Festival 2015, performing the song "Il solo al mondo". The single came before her first album, Bianco e nero, released in the same year by Baraonda Edizioni Musicali.

Ron (singer)
Rosalino Cellamare (born 13 August 1953), better known as Ron, is an Italian singer-songwriter and musician.

Born in Dorno, province of Pavia, he debuted under his true name at the 1970 edition of the Sanremo Festival, together with Nada. In the following years he distinguished as songwriter for Lucio Dalla and others.

After a period as actor, he returned collaborating with Dalla and De Gregori in their Banana Republic tour of 1979, and issuing the LPs Una città per cantare (1980) and Anima (1982). These were followed by Joe Temerario (1984) and Il mondo avrà una grande anima (1988). The song "Una città per cantare" is an Italian cover of "The Road", song Danny O'Keefe, with Italian lyrics are written by Lucio Dalla.

In 1996, he won the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Vorrei incontrarti fra cent'anni", sung alongside Tosca, and in 2018 he won the Mia Martini critics award with "Almeno pensami", written by Dalla.
Listing's law
Listing's law, named after German mathematician Johann Benedict Listing (1808–1882), describes the three-dimensional orientation of the eye and its axes of rotation. Listing's law has been shown to hold when the head is stationary and upright and gaze is directed toward far targets, i.e., when the eyes are either fixating, making saccades, or pursuing moving visual targets.

Listing's law (often abbreviated L1) has been generalized to the binocular extension of Listing's law (often abbreviated L2) which also covers vergence.

Listing proposed Listing's law based on its geometric beauty, although he never published it. It was first published by Christian Georg Theodor Ruete in a 1855 textbook. Hermann von Helmholtz first found empirical justification based on measurements of afterimages.

Listing's law has also been reported for the head, the arm, and the wrist, although for the head, the control is more nuanced.

Scleral lens
A scleral lens, also known as a scleral contact lens,  is a large contact lens that rests on the sclera and creates a tear-filled vault over the cornea. Scleral lenses are designed to treat a variety of eye conditions, many of which do not respond to other forms of treatment.
Volmerange-les-Mines railway station
49°27′23″N 06°04′44″E﻿ / ﻿49.45639°N 6.07889°E﻿ / 49.45639; 6.07889

Volmerange-les-Mines railway station (French: Gare de Volmerange-les-Mines) is a railway station serving Volmerange-les-Mines, in the north of the Moselle department in France. The station was opened on 15 December 2003, after the existing line from Bettembourg to Dudelange was extended. It is operated by Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois, the state-owned railway company, despite the fact that it is located in France. That is due to the fact that it is only connected to the Luxembourg rail network and is not directly connected to the French one.

The station is the terminus of CFL Line 60A, which connects Volmerange-les-Mines with Dudelange and Bettembourg, where connections towards Luxembourg City and Esch-sur-Alzette exist. A bus service (line S10 of Citéline) connects the station with Hettange-Grande, Thionville and Yutz.

Thionville station
The Gare de Thionville is a railway station serving the town of Thionville in the Moselle department, Lorraine, north-eastern France. It is situated on four railways including the Metz–Luxembourg railway and the Thionville–Trier railway.
NOR logic
A NOR gate or a NOT OR gate is a logic gate which gives a positive output only when both inputs are negative.

Like NAND gates, NOR gates are so-called "universal gates" that can be combined to form any other kind of logic gate. For example, the first embedded system, the Apollo Guidance Computer, was built exclusively from NOR gates, about 5,600 in total for the later versions. Today, integrated circuits are not constructed exclusively from a single type of gate. Instead, EDA tools are used to convert the description of a logical circuit to a netlist of complex gates (standard cells) or transistors (full custom approach).

Standard cell
In semiconductor design, standard-cell methodology is a method of designing application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) with mostly digital-logic features. Standard-cell methodology is an example of design abstraction, whereby a low-level very-large-scale integration (VLSI) layout is encapsulated into an abstract logic representation (such as a NAND gate).

Cell-based methodology – the general class to which standard cells belong – makes it possible for one designer to focus on the high-level (logical function) aspect of digital design, while another designer focuses on the implementation (physical) aspect.  Along with semiconductor manufacturing advances, standard-cell methodology has helped designers scale ASICs from comparatively simple single-function ICs (of several thousand gates), to complex multi-million gate system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices.
Fontana History of European War and Society
The Fontana History of European War and Society is a five-volume history of war and society in Europe from 1450 to 1970. It was published by Fontana in association with the University of Leicester. The series editor was Geoffrey Best, who also wrote the first volume in the series.

University of Leicester
The University of Leicester (/ˈlɛstər/ ⓘ LEST-ər) is a public research university based in Leicester, England. The main campus is south of the city centre, adjacent to Victoria Park. The university's predecessor, University College, Leicester, gained university status in 1957.

The university had an income of £395.0 million in 2024/25, of which £84.9 million was from research grants, with an expenditure of £407.3 million.

The university is known for the invention of genetic fingerprinting, and for partially funding the discovery and the DNA identification of the remains of King Richard III in Leicester.
Rawand Kassab
Rawand Hashem Abd-Alrazq Kassab (Arabic: روند هاشم عبد الرزاق كساب; born 6 November 2003), is a Jordanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Saudi Women's Premier League club Al-Ahli and the Jordan national team.

2019 WAFF U-18 Girls Championship
The 2019 WAFF U-18 Girls Championship was the 2nd edition of the WAFF U-18 Girls Championship, the international women's football youth championship of Western Asia organised by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF). It was held in Bahrain from 29 December 2019 to 6 January 2020. Lebanon won their first title, after beating hosts Bahrain 3–0 in the final.
Muskeg
Muskeg (Ojibwe: mashkiig; Cree: maskīk; French: fondrière de mousse, lit. moss bog) is a peat-forming ecosystem found in several northern climates, most commonly in Arctic and boreal areas. Muskeg is approximately synonymous with bog or peatland, and is a standard term in Canada and Alaska. The term became common in these areas because it is of Cree origin, maskek (ᒪᐢᑫᐠ) meaning "low-lying marsh".

Muskeg consists of non-living organic material in various states of decomposition (as peat), ranging from fairly intact sphagnum moss, to sedge peat, to highly decomposed humus. Pieces of wood can make up five to fifteen percent of the peat soil. The water table tends to be near the surface. The sphagnum moss forming it can hold fifteen to thirty times its own weight in water, which allows the spongy wet muskeg to also form on sloping ground.

Muskeg patches are ideal habitats for beavers, pitcher plants, agaric mushrooms and a variety of other organisms.

Cree language
Cree (/kriː/ KREE; also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 86,475 people across Canada in 2021, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If considered one language, it is the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. The only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories, alongside eight other aboriginal languages. There, Cree is spoken mainly in Fort Smith and Hay River.
Reed C. Durham
Reed Connell Durham, Jr. (born 1930) is a historian of the Latter Day Saint movement and former director of the Institute of Religion in Salt Lake City, Utah for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).  Durham is remembered for a controversial speech given in 1974 about Freemasonry and the Latter Day Saint movement.

Church Educational System
The Church Educational System (CES) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) consists of several institutions that provide religious and secular education for both Latter-day Saint and non–Latter-day Saint elementary, secondary, and post-secondary students and adult learners. Over 1 million individuals were enrolled in CES programs in over 180 countries with over 150,000 higher education students worldwide in 2023. CES has grown significantly since 2011, when it had approximately 700,000 students, largely through increased international participation and expansion of BYU–Pathway Worldwide (BYU–PW) and Seminaries and Institutes of Religion programs. CES courses of study are separate and distinct from religious instruction provided through wards (local congregations). Clark G. Gilbert, a general authority, has been the CES commissioner since August 1, 2021.