hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Character sum
In mathematics, a character sum is a sum  of values of a Dirichlet character χ modulo N, taken over a given range of values of n. Such sums are basic in a number of questions, for example in the distribution of quadratic residues, and in particular in the classical question of finding an upper bound for the least quadratic non-residue modulo N. Character sums are often closely linked to exponential sums by the Gauss sums (this is like a finite Mellin transform).

Assume χ is a non-principal Dirichlet character to the modulus N.

Ivan Vinogradov
Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov ForMemRS (Russian: Ива́н Матве́евич Виногра́дов, IPA: [ɪˈvan mɐtˈvʲejɪvʲɪtɕ vʲɪnɐˈɡradəf] ⓘ; 14 September 1891 – 20 March 1983) was a Soviet mathematician, who was one of the creators of modern analytic number theory, and also a dominant figure in mathematics in the USSR. He was born in the Velikiye Luki district, Pskov Oblast. He graduated from the University of St. Petersburg, where in 1920 he became a Professor. From 1934 he was a Director of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, a position he held for the rest of his life, except for the five-year period (1941–1946) when the institute was directed by Academician Sergei Sobolev. In 1941 he was awarded the Stalin Prize. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942. In 1951 he became a foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Letters in Kraków.
3000 meter steeplechase at the NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships
This is a list of NCAA outdoor champions in the 3000 meters steeplechase. Hand timing was used until 1973, while starting in 1974 fully automatic timing was used. The women's event was introduced in 2001.

3000 metres steeplechase
The 3000 metres steeplechase or 3000-meter steeplechase (usually abbreviated as 3000mSC) is the most common distance for the steeplechase in track and field. It is an obstacle race over the distance of the 3000 metres, which derives its name from the horse racing steeplechase.
John Cannon (politician)
John Cannon (c. 1783 – February 19, 1833) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.

He was born in St. John's in the Newfoundland Colony around 1783, the son of Edward Cannon (1739-1814), a master mason and Helena (Eleanor) Murphy, who had immigrated from Ireland around 1774. In 1795, he moved to the town of Quebec with his family; he apprenticed with his father beginning in 1800 and became a member of a company that included his father and brothers Ambrose and Laurence. John became head of the company as his father retired. After his brothers died, he became a master mason on his own. He served in the local militia. In 1824, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Hampshire County; his election was declared invalid in 1826 after it was found that he had supplied alcohol to voters. Cannon was reelected in 1827.

He died at Quebec in 1833.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Ladyhawke (film)
Ladyhawke is a 1985 medieval fantasy film directed and produced by Richard Donner and starring Matthew Broderick, Rutger Hauer, and Michelle Pfeiffer. The story is about a young thief who becomes unwillingly involved with a warrior and his lady who are hunted by the Bishop of Aquila. As he learns about the couple's past and secret, he chooses to help them overcome the Bishop's forces, and to lift an infernal curse.

Ladyhawke was released on April 12, 1985 by Warner Bros. in the United States, with 20th Century Fox releasing in other territories. The film received positive reviews from critics but underperformed at the box office, grossing $18.4 million against a $20 million budget. In the same year, Joan D. Vinge published a novelization of the film, also titled Ladyhawke.

L'Aquila
L'Aquila (/ˈlækwɪlə/ LAK-wil-ə; Italian: [ˈlaːkwila] ⓘ; Neapolitan: [ˈlaːkwiːlə]) is the capital city of the region of Abruzzo in central Italy. With 70,421 inhabitants as of 2025, it is also the second-largest city in the region. Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river, it is surrounded by the Apennine Mountains, with the Gran Sasso d'Italia to the north-east.

L'Aquila sits on a hillside in the middle of a narrow valley; the tall snow-capped mountains of the Gran Sasso massif flank the town. A maze of narrow streets, lined with Baroque and Renaissance buildings and churches, open onto elegant piazzas. Home to the University of L'Aquila, it is a lively college town and, as such, has many cultural institutions: a repertory theatre, a symphony orchestra, a fine art academy, a state conservatory and a film institute. There are several ski resorts in the surrounding province (Campo Imperatore, Ovindoli, Pescasseroli, Roccaraso, Scanno).
Prison register
In the UK prison registers were kept from 1805 to 1892 (in London records were first kept in 1791). They list the place of birth and given name of the inmate, along with his any evidence of identity (such as distinguishing marks) and place of residence, while some also include marital status, religion and number of children.

For repeat offenders and escapees a description was added, and with juveniles, who were also housed in adult prisons, the names and address of their parents were included in the records.

A 19th century prison register is on display in the lobby of the Hamilton County Justice Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the United States.

Recidivism
Recidivism (/rɪˈsɪdɪvɪzəm/; from Latin: recidivus 'recurring', derived from re- 'again' and cadere 'to fall') is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish it. Recidivism is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.

The term is frequently used in conjunction with criminal behavior and substance abuse. Recidivism is a synonym of relapse, which is more commonly used in medicine and in the disease model of addiction.
Diocese of Arras
The Diocese of Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer) (Latin: Dioecesis Atrebatensis (–Bononiena–Audomarensis); French: Diocèse d'Arras (–Boulogne–Saint-Omer)) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The episcopal see is the Arras Cathedral, in the city of Arras. The diocese encompasses all of the Department of Pas-de-Calais, in the Region of Hauts-de-France.

The most significant jurisdictional changes all occurred during the Napoleonic wars. From 1802 to 1841, the diocese was suffragan of the Archdiocese of Paris, shifting away from the Archdiocese of Cambrai, after Napoleon dissolved the massive Archdiocese. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Napoleonic Concordat united the diocese of Arras, diocese of Saint-Omer and diocese of Boulogne together in one much larger diocese. Unlike most of the other dioceses immediately restored, it was not until 1841 that the diocese returned as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Cambrai.

Archdiocese of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens.
Neodymium(III) chloride
Neodymium(III) chloride or neodymium trichloride is a chemical compound of neodymium and chlorine with the formula NdCl3.  This anhydrous compound is a mauve-colored solid that rapidly absorbs water on exposure to air to form a purple-colored hexahydrate, NdCl3·6H2O. Neodymium(III) chloride is produced from minerals monazite and bastnäsite using a complex multistage extraction process. The chloride has several important applications as an intermediate chemical for production of neodymium metal and neodymium-based lasers and optical fibers. Other applications include a catalyst in organic synthesis and in decomposition of waste water contamination, corrosion protection of aluminium and its alloys, and fluorescent labeling of organic molecules (DNA).

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Loch Restil
Loch Restil is a freshwater loch that lies in the pass between Glen Croe and Glen Kinglas on the Cowal Peninsula, in Argyll and Bute, West of Scotland.  One of the main roads to the west of Scotland coast, the A83, passes Loch Restil.  The burn that flows from Loch Restil is one of the feeds of Kinglas Water, in Glen Kinglas, which flows under the Butter Bridge.

Loch Restil lies within the Argyll Forest Park which is itself a part of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

Loch Restil

Loch Restil

Butter Bridge

A83 road
The A83 is a major road in the south of Argyll and Bute, Scotland, running from Tarbet, on the western shore of Loch Lomond, where it splits from the A82, to Campbeltown at the southern end of the Kintyre peninsula. The road is best known for its section across the Rest and be Thankful pass through the Arrochar Alps between the heads of Loch Long and Loch Fyne.
Extreme set
In mathematics, most commonly in convex geometry, an extreme set or face of a set  in a vector space  is a subset  with the property that if for any two points  some in-between point  lies in , then we must have had .

An extreme point of  is a point  for which  is a face.

An exposed face of  is the subset of points of  where a linear functional achieves its minimum on . Thus, if  is a linear functional on  and , then  is an exposed face of .

An exposed point of  is a point   such that  is an exposed face. That is,  for all .

An exposed face is a face, but the converse is not true (see the figure). An exposed face of  is convex if  is convex.
If  is a face of , then  is a face of  if and only if  is a face of .

Convex geometry
In mathematics, convex geometry is the branch of geometry studying convex sets, mainly in Euclidean space. Convex sets occur naturally in many areas: computational geometry, convex analysis, discrete geometry, functional analysis, geometry of numbers, integral geometry, linear programming, probability theory, game theory, etc.
Gabbiella stanleyi
Gabbiella stanleyi is a species of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Bithyniidae.

The specific name stanleyi is in honor of explorer Henry Morton Stanley.

This species is endemic to Lake Malawi.

Bithyniidae
Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the [[[Order (biology)|order]] Littorinimorpha.

Their shells are very small and often colored. They are characterized by a calcareous operculum, a lobe on the upper surface of the neck. The ctenidium, the respiratory gill-comb, is very broad. They have a ciliary feeding habit. The kidney has a large extension towards the mantle.
2025 Stonehill Skyhawks football team
The 2025 Stonehill Skyhawks football team represented Stonehill College as a member of the Northeast Conference (NEC) during the 2025 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Skyhawks were led by ninth-year head coach Eli Gardner and played their home games at W.B. Mason Stadium. Stonehill was eligible for the NEC title and FCS postseason play for the 1st time this season due to completing their transition from NCAA Division II.

W. B. Mason Stadium
W. B. Mason Stadium is a 2,400-seat multi-purpose stadium in Easton, Massachusetts.  It is the home of the Stonehill Skyhawks field hockey, football, lacrosse, and track & field programs.  The stadium has a FieldTurf surface and a 400-meter eight-lane track.
Ducati 450 Scrambler
The Ducati 450 Scrambler, also known in the US as the Ducati Jupiter and in Europe as the Ducati 450 SCR is an on/off-road 436 cc (26.6 cu in) single cylinder bevel drive SOHC motorcycle produced by the Italian manufacturer Ducati from 1969 to 1974. Total production was around 11,000 machines.

The model was also produced under licence in Spain by MotoTrans.

Dual-sport motorcycle
A dual-sport motorcycle  is a type of motorcycle that is designed for varying degrees of off-road use while still being street-legal.  Dual-sports are equipped with lights, a speedometer, mirrors, a horn, registration plates, turn signals, and a muffler with spark arrestor and decibel noise output to comply with government regulations. They vary considerably in engine size and weight, though they are typically 510cc or smaller. They are often versions of off-road bikes that have been made legal for street driving.

Other names such as all-road, on/off-road, dual-purpose, and adventure bike may be chosen by the manufacturer based upon the size, weight, and intended application of the motorcycle. Typically the dual sport category weighs less than 400 pounds/180 kilos to make them more comfortable and capable off-road, while adventure bikes are more than 400 pounds/180 kilos to make them more comfortable and capable on the pavement.
Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola
In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (J39). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrobicupola (J31) by inserting a decagonal prism between its congruent halves. Rotating one of the pentagonal cupolae (J5) through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal orthobicupola  (J38).

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

Pentagonal gyrobicupola
The pentagonal gyrobicupola is a polyhedron that is constructed by attaching two pentagonal cupolas base-to-base, each of its cupolas is twisted at 36°. It is an example of a Johnson solid and a composite polyhedron.
2025 Meeting de Paris
The 2025 Meeting de Paris was the 30th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Paris, France. Held on 20 June at the Stade Sébastien Charléty, it was the eighth leg of the 2025 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.

Meeting de Paris
Meeting de Paris (formerly known as the Meeting Areva and Meeting Gaz de France) is an annual track and field meeting at the Stade Sébastien Charléty in Paris, France. Previously one of the IAAF Golden League events, it is now part of the Diamond League. It was first organized in 1999. The record attendance was set on 1 July 2005, with a total of 70,253 spectators.
Bosniakisation
Bosniakisation designates the process of ethnic and cultural assimilation of non-Bosniak individuals or groups into the Bosniak ethnocultural corpus. Historically, bosniakisation was directed mainly towards some other South Slavic groups, like ethnic Muslims (Muslimani) in former Yugoslavia. Since Bosniaks are Sunni Muslims, Bosniakisation was also manifested towards some distinctive ethnoreligious minorities within Serbian and Croatian national corpus, mainly towards Serbian Muslims and Croatian Muslims. The process had its peak in 1993, when the Bosnian Muslim political leadership adopted the Bosniak name.

Pešter
The Pešter Plateau (Serbian: Пештерска висораван, romanized: Pešterska visoravan), or simply Pešter (Serbian Cyrillic: Пештер, pronounced [pɛ̌ʃtɛr]) is a karst plateau in southwestern Serbia, in the Sandžak region.

It lies at an altitude of 1,150–1,492 metres (3,773–4,895 ft), with the highest point (Kuljarski vrh) at 1,492 meters. The territory of the plateau is mostly located in the municipality of Sjenica, with parts belonging to Novi Pazar and Tutin.
Lake Manchester Dam
Lake Manchester Dam is a concrete gravity dam with an un-gated spillway across Cabbage Tree Creek. It is also known as Cabbage Tree Creek Dam. It is in the locality of Lake Manchester, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The main purpose of the dam is for potable water supply of Brisbane. The impounded reservoir is called Lake Manchester.

Gravity dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. (In contrast, sections of an arch dam are not independently stable, and instead rely on transmitting force through neighboring sections to the abutments, often anchored into canyon walls.)
Wedding Videography
"Wedding Videography" is the twelfth and penultimate episode of the sixth season of the American comedy television series Community and the 109th episode overall. It was written by Briggs Hatton and directed by Adam Davidson. The episode was released on Yahoo Screen in the United States on May 26, 2015.

In the episode, Abed films a documentary as the group attends a wedding for two of their classmates. Their self-centered actions draw negative attention from the other guests, and when Jeff volunteers to give a toast to make up for their indiscretions, he accidentally discovers the newlyweds are related to each other. The episode received mixed reviews from critics.

Community season 6
The sixth and final season of the television comedy series Community premiered on Yahoo Screen on March 17, 2015, with a two-episode premiere, and concluded on June 2, 2015. The season consists of 13 episodes released weekly via Yahoo Screen on Tuesdays. Yahoo! announced in June 2014 that it had picked up the series for a sixth season after NBC had canceled the series in May 2014. The season features the exit of Yvette Nicole Brown in a starring role. It also features Paget Brewster and Keith David, who previously made guest appearances in seasons 5 and 3 respectively, returning to the show in new recurring roles, Brewster playing Frankie Dart and David playing Elroy Patashnik.
Tetrachela
Tetrachela raiblana is an extinct species of polychelid crustacean from the Late Triassic. It is the only species in the family Tetrachelidae. It is distinguished from most other polychelids, including all the extant Polychelidae, by the retention of the diaeresis (divisions) of the uropodal exopods.

Polychelidae
The family Polychelidae contains thirty-eight extant species of blind, benthic lobster-like crustaceans. They are found throughout the world's tropical, sub-tropical and temperate oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Irish Sea.
Callichthys fabricioi
Callichthys fabricioi is a species of fershwater ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Callichthyinae of the family Callichthyidae, the armoured catfishes. This fish has a maximum standard length of 12.5 cm (4.9 in). C. fabricioi is found in the trans-Andean upper Cauca River in the Magdalena River basin of Colombia. Although described in 1999, two other cogener fish have since been discovered.

Cauca River
The Cauca River (Spanish: Río Cauca) is a river in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central cordilleras. From its headwaters in southwestern Colombia near the city of Popayán, it joins the Magdalena River near Magangué in Bolívar Department, and the combined river eventually flows out into the Caribbean Sea. It has a length of 965 km (600 mi) to its junction with the Magdalena, for a total length of 1,350 km (840 mi). The river is under the supervision of the Cauca Regional Corporation and the Cauca Valley Regional Autonomous Corporation, and is navigable for 640 km (400 mi) above its junction with the Magdalena.

Cauca River
Zimmerman House (Horseheads, New York)
Zimmerman House, also known as Zim House, is a historical structure located in Horseheads, New York. It was the home of cartoonist Eugene Zimmerman, also known as "Zim". The architectural and historic significance of the house led to its listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Zimmerman designed the house in 1890 in a Queen Anne style. It was built by his father-in-law, Alvah Beard. Zimmerman also designed the Zim Bandstand in nearby Teal Park. Both are in Horseheads's1855 Extension Historic District.

The house is open for tour by appointment with the Horseheads Historical Society and features some of Zimmerman's works on display.

Horseheads 1855 Extension Historic District
Horseheads 1855 Extension Historic District is a national historic district located at Horseheads in Chemung County, New York.  The residential district includes a rich variety of exceptionally well preserved examples of the vernacular architectural styles once popular in such communities. The included structures reflect the diversity of architectural styles popular between 1860 and 1920.

It is adjacent to Hanover Square and Horseheads High School.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Ida Hoff
Ida Hoff (8 January 1880 - 5 August 1952) was a pioneering medical doctor in Switzerland.   As a woman in a man's world she achieved a number of "firsts". She was the first woman to be employed as a school doctor in Bern. She was a feminist activist, although it was as much her lifestyle choices as her conscious activism that are remembered. In a traditionalist city in the conservative heart of Switzerland, Ida Hoff was one of Bern's first regular female motorists.

Amthausgasse
The Amthausgasse is one of the streets in the Old City of Bern, the medieval city center of Bern, Switzerland.  It is part of the Innere Neustadt which was built during the expansion of 1255 to 1260.

One building, a Burgher house at Amthausgasse 5 is listed on the Swiss inventory of heritage site of national significance and it is part of the UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site that encompasses the Old City.
Salmon House Falls
Salmon House Falls is a waterfall at the confluence of the Takia and Dean Rivers at the western edge of the Interior Plateau, northwest of Tsitsutl Peak.

Asklhta was a Nuxalk village was located at this spot, which was known also as Salmon House.

Dean River
The Dean River is one of the major rivers of the Kitimat Ranges subrange of the southern Coast Mountains in British Columbia.  It begins at Aktaklin Lake on the Chilcotin Plateau and winds north around the Rainbow Range to enter Dean Channel at the now-uninhabited, remote community of Kimsquit.  It is one of the few rivers to fully penetrate the wall of the Coast Mountains between the Fraser's mouth (near Vancouver) and the mouth of the Skeena River (near Prince Rupert).

The Dean River is known as one of the best fisheries for steelhead in the world.