hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Imperial Earth
Imperial Earth is a science fiction novel by British writer Sir Arthur C. Clarke, published in 1975 by Gollancz Books. The plot follows the protagonist, Duncan Makenzie, on a trip to Earth from his home on Titan, in large part as a diplomatic visit to the U.S. for its quincentennial in 2276, but also to have a clone of himself produced. The book was published in time for the U.S. bicentennial in 1976.

Victor Gollancz Ltd
Victor Gollancz Ltd (/ɡəˈlænts/) was a major British book publishing house of the twentieth century and continues to publish science fiction and fantasy titles as an imprint of Orion Publishing Group.

Gollancz was founded in 1927 by Victor Gollancz, and specialised in the publication of high-quality literature, nonfiction, and popular fiction, including crime, detective, mystery, thriller, and science fiction. Upon Gollancz's death in 1967, ownership passed to his daughter, Livia, who in 1989 sold it to Houghton Mifflin. Three years later in October 1992, Houghton Mifflin sold Gollancz to the publishing house Cassell & Co. Cassell and its parent company Orion Publishing Group were acquired by Hachette in 1996, and in December 1998 the merged Orion/Cassell group turned Gollancz into its science fiction/fantasy imprint.
Jordan Stout
Jordan Connor Stout (born August 4, 1998) is an American professional football punter for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies and Penn State Nittany Lions.

Punter (gridiron football)
A punter in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts (kicks) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage. This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football. Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations, when they throw or run the football to get a first down instead of punting.
Trams in Surabaya
There was a tram system in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia from 1889 to 1978. The tramway was operated by a private company Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij (OJS, "East Java Steam Tram Company"), and later by Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI), and was the only OJS-owned rail system survived in post-independence Indonesia. The tramway linked Ujung (Port of Tanjung Perak) with Wonokromo and continued towards Krian in Sidoarjo. All land assets of the tramway is currently owned by Operational Area VII Surabaya of the KAI.

Port of Tanjung Perak
Port of Tanjung Perak (Indonesian: Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak) is the second busiest sea port in Indonesia, located at Surabaya, East Java. It is the main port for the eastern part of the island of Java. The port is accessed from the north through the Madura Strait, a 25-mile (40-kilometer) long, 100-meter (110-yard) wide, and 9.5-meter (31-foot) deep channel between East Java and Madura Island. Because of its strategic position and the existence of surrounding advantageous hinterlands, the port constitutes the center of inter island shipping for Eastern Indonesia. Container terminal of the port is known as Terminal Petikemas. The port loaded and unloaded 3.55 million and 3.8 million TEUs of cargo during 2017 and 2018 respectively.

In 2020, Tanjung Perak ranked 45th in the world by Lloyd's One Hundred Ports 2020, down from 43rd in 2019.
City Park Golf Courses (New Orleans)
The City Park Golf Courses consist of two 18-hole golf courses located in City Park, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The two courses, named the South Course and North Course, also include a driving range, an ancillary short-game facility, and two clubhouses.

Country club
A country club is a privately owned club, often with a membership quota and admittance by invitation or sponsorship, that generally offers both a variety of recreational sports and facilities for dining and entertaining.  Typical athletic offerings are golf, tennis, and swimming. Where golf is the principal or sole sporting activity, and especially outside of the United States and Canada, it is common for a country club to be referred to simply as a golf club. Many country clubs offer other new activities such as pickleball, and platform tennis.

Country clubs are most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, because of the need for substantial grounds for outdoor activities.  This factor distinguishes them from an urban athletic club.

Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be the precursor to gated community development.
Lewin Brzeski
Lewin Brzeski [ˈlɛvʲin ˈbʐɛskʲi] ⓘ (German: Löwen; Silesian: Lwy) is a historic town situated in Brzeg County, Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. The total population of Lewin Brzeski was estimated at 5,736 inhabitants in 2019.

Duchy of Brzeg
The Duchy of Brzeg (Polish: Księstwo Brzeskie) or Duchy of Brieg (German: Herzogtum Brieg; Czech: Knížectví břežské) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, created in 1311 during the fragmentation of the Duchy of Legnica. A Bohemian fief from 1329, it was ruled by the Silesian Piasts until their extinction in 1675. Its capital was Brzeg in Lower Silesia.
North Schell Peak
North Schell Peak is the highest mountain in the Schell Creek Range of White Pine County, Nevada, United States. It is the ninth-highest mountain in the state, and also ranks as the fifth-most topographically prominent peak in the state. The summit is 19 miles (31 km) northeast of the community of Ely within the High Schells Wilderness of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.

Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest
The Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest (HTNF) is the principal U.S. National Forest in the U.S. state of Nevada, and has a smaller portion further west in Eastern California in the state of California. With an area of 6,289,821 acres (25,454.00 km2), it is the largest U.S. National Forest reservation outside of Alaska, further northwest on the North American continent.
2006–07 Kent Football League
The 2006–07 Kent Football League season was the 41st in the history of Kent Football League a football competition in England.

The League structure comprised three divisions: a Premier Division together with Divisions One and Two – the latter two were known as the Reserves Section, comprising reserves teams which were not permitted in the Premier Division. Additionally there were two league cup competitions, the Challenge Cup for the Premier Division clubs and another for the teams in the two divisions of the Reserves Section.

Whitstable Town F.C.
Whitstable Town F.C. is a football club based in Whitstable, Kent, England.  The club was established in 1885 and joined the Kent League in 1950.  In the 2024–25 season, the team won the FA Vase. They were champions of the Kent League Premier Division in the 2006–07 season.  They are currently members of the Southern Counties East League Premier Division.
Tumhari Natasha
Tumhari Natasha (English:Your Natasha) is a 2015 Pakistani romantic drama serial aired on Hum TV. The series is directed by Fahim Burney and produced by Hammad Abbas. The show aired every Friday at 9:10 pm from 24 July to 11 December 2015.

Pakistani dramas
Pakistani dramas, or Pakistani serials, are televised serials produced in Pakistan. Although most of the serials are produced in Urdu, an increasing number are produced in other Pakistani languages such as Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi and Balochi. One of Pakistan's oldest television dramas is the Urdu serial Khuda Ki Basti, which aired in 1969. Pakistani dramas, like serials elsewhere, reflect the country's culture. According to critics, the decades of 1970s and 1980s are considered to be the golden age of Pakistani serials.

In 2016, a Dawn News report estimated that the five major entertainment channels combined produce around 80 dramas every year, with an average of 16 dramas per channel.

They have helped to attract viewers nationwide to television. The serials are widely popular in South Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
Nathaniel Freeman (Nova Scotia politician)
Nathaniel Freeman (March 5, 1740 – June 17, 1795) was a merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Queen's County in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia from 1780 to 1783.

He was born in Rochester, Massachusetts. He was elected to the assembly in a 1780 by-election held after the death of William Smith. Freeman's seat was declared vacant in 1783 for non-attendance. He died in Liverpool at the age of 55.

William Smith (Nova Scotia politician)
William Smith (died June 24, 1779) was a tea merchant, judge and political figure in Nova Scotia. He represented Queen's County in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia from 1765 to 1779. He was the only judge dismissed from Government service on the basis of joining the rebellion during the American Revolution (1775). He was re-instated in 1777.

He was an agent for Apthorp and Hancock of Boston. Smith served as an ensign in Captain John Gorham's Rangers. He was a justice of the peace and a judge in the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Halifax County. He died in office in Halifax.
Laingholm
Laingholm is a small community situated in the Waitākere Ranges of West Auckland, New Zealand.

The name is derived from George and John Laing, who farmed the area starting in 1854, before it was subdivided. Celebrations were held in 2003 for the 150th anniversary of European settlement.

Laingholm is located on the shores of the Manukau Harbour and within the Waitākere Ranges.

Manukau
Manukau (/ˈmɑːnʊˌkaʊ/), or Manukau Central, is a suburb of  South Auckland, New Zealand. Centred on the Manukau City Centre business district, it is located 23 kilometres south of the Auckland Central Business District. Manukau is situated south of Papatoetoe, south-west of Flat Bush, and north of Manurewa and Wiri.

Manukau's name originates from the Manukau Harbour and means "only birds" ("manu kau") in Māori. Prior to the suburb, the name Manukau was given to the much larger districts Manukau County (1876–1965) and Manukau City (1965–2010).

The headquarters of Manukau City Council were in Manukau Central until the council was merged into Auckland Council in November 2010. Manukau Central should not be confused with Manukau City, which was the entire area administered by the city council.
Iván Rakovszky
Iván Rakovszky de Nagyrákó et Kelemenfalva (5 February 1885 – 9 September 1960) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Interior Minister between 1922 and 1926. He reorganized the police services and reformed their orders. In the cabinet of Géza Lakatos, he was the Minister of Religion and Education (and de facto Deputy Prime Minister).

His wife was Jolán Sándor de Csíkszentmihály, daughter of Kálmán Sándor.

Géza Lakatos
Géza Lakatos de Csíkszentsimon (Hungarian title/name: "Vitéz lófő csíkszentsimoni Lakatos Géza"; in German: Geza Ritter Lakatos, Edler von Csikszentsimon) (30 April 1890 – 21 May 1967) was a colonel general in the Hungarian Army during World War II who served briefly as Prime Minister of Hungary, under regent Miklós Horthy from 29 August 1944, until 15 October 1944.
Windham-5 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
The Windham-5 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont.  It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 United States census.  The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010.  A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 United States census.

The Windham-5 District includes all of the Windham County towns of Dummerston and Putney, and the portion of the town of Westminster not included in Windham-4.

As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Windham-5 District had a population of 7,425 in that same census, 8.54% below the state average.

Dummerston, Vermont
Dummerston is a town in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,865 at the 2020 census. It is home to the longest covered bridge still in use in Vermont. Its borders include three main villages: Dummerston Center, West Dummerston, and East Dummerston.
Driver CPC
The Driver Certificate of Professional Competence (Driver CPC) is a qualification for professional bus, coach and lorry drivers. It has been introduced across Europe with the aim of improving road safety and maintaining high standards of driving.

Grandfather clause
A grandfather clause, also known as grandfather policy, grandfathering, or being grandfathered in, is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. Frequently, the exemption is limited, as it may extend for a set time, or it may be lost under certain circumstances; for example, a grandfathered power plant might be exempt from new, more restrictive pollution laws, but the exception may be revoked and the new rules would apply if the plant were expanded. Often, such a provision is used as a compromise or out of practicality, to allow new rules to be enacted without upsetting a well-established logistical or political situation. This extends the idea of a rule not being retroactively applied.

A gender-neutral version of the term would be a legacy clause or legacied.
Act of Seclusion
The Act of Seclusion was an Act of the States of Holland, required by a secret annex in the Treaty of Westminster (1654) between the United Provinces and the Commonwealth of England in which William III, Prince of Orange, was excluded from the office of Stadtholder.

Dutch States Party
The Dutch States Party (Dutch: Staatsgezinde partij, lit. 'Pro-States Party') was a republican political faction, and one of the two main factions of the Dutch Republic from the early 1600s to the mid-1700s.: 8–12  They favored the power of the regenten and opposed the Orangist "pro-prince" (prinsgezindheid) faction, who supported the monarchical aspirations of the stadtholders and the House of Orange-Nassau.  The States Party was in the ascendancy during the First Stadtholderless Period (1650–1672) and the Second Stadtholderless Period (1702–1747).

They were supplanted as the leading republican faction by the more democratic Patriots (Patriotten) after the Orangist revolution of 1747.
Vice President of the Mongolian People's Republic
The vice president of the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улсын Дэд ерөнхийлөгч, romanized: Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Ulsyn Ded yurönkhiilögch) was the second-highest executive position in the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) from September 1990 to July 1992. The vice president was the first in the Mongolian presidential line of succession, becoming the new President upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. Furthermore, according to the constitution, the vice president was the presiding officer of the State Little Khural, the standing legislative body, from 1990 to 1992.

The position was filled by a vote in the State Little Khural at the same time as the President of the Mongolian People's Republic. Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj was the only person to occupy this office. Along with the Little Khural, the position was abolished after the ratification of the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia.

1990 Mongolian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Mongolia in 1990. The State Great Khural was elected on 22 July 1990, with a second round on 29 July, at which time the Little Khural, the new second chamber, was also elected.

Held in the aftermath of the peaceful 1990 revolution, they were the first democratic elections in Mongolia's history.
Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 5, covering parts of Sealdah (Baithakkhana) and Rajabazar neighbourhoods in north-central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Amherst Street (Kolkata)
Amherst Street is a north–south street in Central Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. The street was named after William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst. It has been renamed as Raja Rammohan Roy Sarani after Raja Rammohan Roy, one of the most famous social-reformers of India. The road starts from Vivekananda Road crossing (Chaltabagan, Maniktala) and extends up to Bepin Behari Ganguly Street crossing (Lebutala, Bowbazar) via MG Road crossing and Surya Sen Street crossing. On the extreme north lies Raja Rammohan Roy Memorial Museum and on the extreme south lies the Bank of India (Bowbazar).
Ferny Crofts Scout Activity Centre
Ferny Crofts Scout Activity Centre is a 31 acre outdoor camping and activity centre near Beaulieu in the New Forest National Park in the United Kingdom. It is owned and managed by Hampshire Scouts and between 2009 and 2016 it formed part of the Scout Association's national network of Scout Activity Centres. It is primarily open to scouts, guides, youth groups and schools.

Ropes course
A ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high elements, low elements, or some combination of the two. Low elements take place on the ground or above the ground.  High elements are usually constructed in trees or made of utility poles and require a belay for safety.
Niwiska, Łódź Voivodeship
Niwiska [niˈviska] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Galewice, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south of Galewice, 8 km (5 mi) north-east of Wieruszów, and 99 km (62 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Galewice
Galewice [ɡalɛˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in central Poland in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, established in the 15th century. It was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles. The origin of the name Galewice is ambiguous. It either comes from a word Gal, which means 'to serve' or it belonged to the first owners of the village, an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Galewice. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Wieruszów and 97 km (60 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Black Book of the Exchequer
The Black Book of the Exchequer (Latin: Liber Niger Scaccarii) or Little Black Book (Liber Niger Parvus) is a collection of documents compiled for the English Exchequer early in the reign of King John (1199–1216) and now preserved in manuscript in the Public Record Office. It is usually attributed to Alexander of Swerford, who later compiled the Red Book of the Exchequer, including much of the same material.

The Black Book contains the will of Henry I, several treaties, papal bulls, the Cartae Baronum, an account of the royal household in Henry II's reign and a few other matters. The book illustrates the feudal arrangement of England, the distribution of knights' fees and serjeanties, the obligation of military service and the like topics. It was first printed in 1728 by Thomas Hearne.

The Black Book of the Exchequer should not be confused with the Black Book of the Treasury of Receipt, which contains the Dialogus de Scaccario.

Dialogus de Scaccario
The Dialogus de Scaccario, or Dialogue concerning the Exchequer, is a mediaeval treatise on the practice of the English Exchequer written in the late 12th century by Richard FitzNeal. The treatise, written in Latin, and known from four manuscripts from the 13th century  is set up as a series of questions and answers, covering the jurisdiction, constitution and practice of the Exchequer. One academic said that "The value of this essay for early English history cannot be over-estimated; in every direction it throws light upon the existing state of affairs."  It has been repeatedly republished and translated, most recently in 2007.
Batillus-class supertanker
The Batillus-class supertankers were a class of supertanker ships built in France in the late 1970s, with four ships of this class  built between 1976 and 1979.  Three of the ships were scrapped after less than ten years of oil transport service each, with the fourth one scrapped in 2003.

All four tankers were built in the Bassin C dock of the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyards at Saint Nazaire, France.

Deadweight tonnage
Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight; abbreviated to DWT, D.W.T., d.w.t., or dwt) or tons deadweight (DWT) is a measure of how much weight a ship can carry. It is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew.

DWT is often used to specify a ship's maximum permissible deadweight (i.e. when it is fully loaded so that its Plimsoll line is at water level), although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity.
Agency Valley Dam
Agency Valley Dam (National ID # OR00589) is a dam in Oregon, United States, built on the North Fork Malheur River in the eastern part of the state, immediately north of the small town of Beulah in Malheur County.  The dam impounds the river to create Beulah Reservoir.

The dam is an earthen facility, 110 foot high, with a reservoir capacity of 59,200 acre-feet (73,000,000 m3).  This was an irrigation and water-control project of the United States Bureau of Reclamation completed in 1935; no hydroelectric power is generated here.

When full the Beulah Reservoir surface covers about 2,000 acres (810 ha).  Compared to the other two reservoirs in the area's Vale Project, Warm Springs Reservoir and Bully Creek Reservoir, Beulah provides the best opportunities for recreation:  camping, fishing, powerboating and water-skiing.

Bully Creek Reservoir
Bully Creek Reservoir is a reservoir in Malheur County of the U.S. state of Oregon.  It is an impoundment of Bully Creek, a tributary of the Malheur River.

It is a crescent-shaped reservoir located 9 miles (14 km) west of Vale and a 45-minute drive from I-84. The reservoir and its dam have paved road access by Bully Creek Road from Vale W Highway. The reservoir was constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1963 and has 985 acres (399 ha) with 7 miles (11 km) of shoreline and a total capacity of 31,650 acre-feet (39,040,000 m3). The dam is a zoned embankment dam with a crest length of 3,070 feet (940 m), total height of 121 feet (37 m) and sits at 2,500 feet (760 m) elevation. The Bully Creek park is open April through October, has 33 campsites, a day use area with two covered shelters, a swimming beach and a two-lane boat ramp with dock.
Outline of Earth
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth:

Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

Internal structure of Earth
The internal structure of Earth is the spatial variation of chemical and physical properties in the solid earth. The primary structure is a series of layers: an outer silicate crust, a mechanically weak asthenosphere, a solid mantle, a liquid outer core whose flow generates the Earth's magnetic field, and a solid inner core.

Scientific understanding of the internal structure of Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior.