hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Buddhism in Kashmir
Buddhism was an important part of the classical Kashmiri culture, as is reflected in the Nilamata Purana and Kalhana's Rajatarangini. Buddhism is generally believed to have become dominant in Kashmir in the time of Emperor Ashoka, although it was widespread there long before his time, enjoying the patronage not only of Buddhist rulers but of Hindu rulers too. From Kashmir, it spread to the neighbouring Ladakh, Tibet and China proper. Accounts of patronage of Buddhism by the rulers of Kashmir are found in the Rajatarangini and also in the accounts of three Chinese visitors to Kashmir during 630-760 AD.

Buddhist councils
Since the death of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhist monastic communities, the "sangha", have periodically convened for doctrinal and disciplinary reasons and to revise and correct the contents of the Buddhist canons. Referred to as Buddhist "councils" (Pāli and Sanskrit: saṅgīti, literally meaning "reciting together" or "joint rehearsal"), the famous First Buddhist Council is recorded in Buddhist texts as being held one year after the Buddha's passing, when Ananda recited all of the spoken sutras, which were recorded in Rajagriha. The two next major Councils were held more than 100 years later.

The details of the later councils are debated by modern Buddhist studies. Various sources belonging to different Buddhist schools may contain different accounts of these events. For this reason, modern scholars have questioned the historicity of some of these councils or at least their preserved descriptions in literature.
Monolepta
Monolepta is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. It is the most diverse and widely distributed genus in the Galerucinae sensu stricto, with more than 700 described species occurring almost worldwide. It is missing from the Nearctic realm.

The genus was first established by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat in 1836 to include species of Galerucinae with an elongated basi-metatarsus (the first tarsomere of the hind leg). The generic name Monolepta is derived from the Greek μόνος (monos, meaning 'one') and λεπτός (leptos, meaning 'thin, slender'). In 1875, Félicien Chapuis established the supra-generic group "Monoleptites", which included other Galerucinae with an elongated basi-metatarsus. Other genera traditionally placed in this group include, for example, Luperodes, Candezea and Barombiella. The group "Monoleptites" was later found to be polyphyletic, as an elongated basi-metatarsus has evolved multiple times in the Galerucinae.

Galerucinae
The Galerucinae are a large subfamily of the leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), containing about 15,000 species in more than 1,000 genera, of which about 500 genera and about 8,000 species make up the flea beetle tribe Alticini.

The division into tribes is more a matter of tradition than based on modern research. Some genera, for example Yingaresca, are better considered incertae sedis due to a general lack of knowledge. And while a good case can be made for some tribes – namely the Alticini and Galerucini – being all but monophyletic even in their traditional delimitation, others, such as Luperini, appear to be just paraphyletic assemblages of primitive and more basal genera.

Some classifications of Galerucinae include just two tribes, Alticini and Galerucini, and treat all of the tribes of Galerucinae sensu stricto (Decarthrocerini, Galerucini, Hylaspini, Luperini, Metacyclini and Oidini) as subtribes of Galerucini.
Le'auva'a
Le'auva'a ('the people from the boat') is a village on the island of Upolu in Samoa. The population is 3274.

Although the village, with an area of 5.558 km2, is geographically located on Upolu, the village is politically (and historically) part of the political district of Gaga'emauga on the island of Savai'i, as is the neighbouring village of Saleimoa. The village was founded by people relocated to Upolu during the 1905—1911 eruption of Mt Matavanu, with Le'auva'a being founded by villagers from Mauga and Samalaeʻulu.

Salamumu is another settlement on Upolu island which was also relocated from Savai'i following the volcanic eruptions.

Le'auva'a is part of the electoral constituency (faipule district) of Sagaga 3.

Samalaeʻulu
Samalaeʻulu is a village on the northeast side of Savaiʻi island in Samoa. The village is situated on the main island highway about a 40-minutes drive north west from Salelologa ferry terminal and township and is part of the electoral constituency (Faipule District) of Gaga'emauga 1. The population is 1,054, making it one of the more populous villages in Savai'i.

The villages name sa malae ulu means "this place used to be dominated by breadfruit trees". During the volcanic eruption of Mt Matavanu (1905 - 1911), lava flowed between Samalae'ulu and Saleaula to the west, forcing villagers to move from the coast to its present inland location.
Ati people
The Ati are a Negrito ethnic group and indigenous peoples in the Visayan Islands of the Philippines. Their small numbers are principally concentrated on the islands of Boracay, Panay and Negros. They are genetically related to other Negrito ethnic groups in the Philippines such as the Aeta of Luzon, the Batak of Palawan, the Agta of the Sierra Madres, and the Mamanwa of Mindanao.

Philippine Negrito languages
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other, and are listed here merely as an aid to identification.
Mediatization (media)
Mediatization (or medialization) is a method whereby the mass media influence other sectors of society, including politics, business, culture, entertainment, sport, religion, or education.  Mediatization is a process of change or a trend, similar to globalization and modernization, where the mass media integrates into other sectors of the society. Political actors, opinion makers, business organizations, civil society organizations, and others have to adapt their communication methods to a form that suits the needs and preferences of the mass media. Any person or organization wanting to spread messages to a larger audience have to adapt their messages and communication style to make it attractive for the mass media.

Horse race journalism
Horse race journalism is political journalism during elections that resembles horse race coverage due to its focus on polling data and public perception instead of candidate policy. The reporting almost exclusively reports the differences rather than similarities between the candidates.  "For journalists, the horse-race metaphor provides a framework for analysis.  A horse is judged not by its own absolute speed or skill, but rather by its comparison to the speed of other horses, and especially by its wins and losses." Horse race journalism dominates media coverage during elections in the United States.

A 2018 meta-analysis found that horse-race coverage reduces citizens' substantive knowledge of politics (such as policies or candidates' issue positions) and fosters political cynicism and alienation. More recent versions of horserace coverage that produce forecasts has been shown to reduce voting in multiple studies.
Lou Rae
Lou Rae is a Tasmanian author and historian of the West Coast of Tasmania.

His publications have included articles about Rosebery, Tasmania, the Emu Bay Railway Queenstown, Tasmania and the Mount Lyell Railway otherwise known as the Abt Railway, as well as the Sandfly Colliery Tramway.

His publications about railways on the west coast of Tasmania have gone into multiple editions, as well as modifying for the changes in the fate of the railways.

He also has been a postgraduate student at the University of Tasmania, culminating in his 2005 PhD thesis about the Mount Lyell area.

His session at The Unconformity event in Queenstown in October 2016 addresses the issues of sources and historiography of the Western Tasmanian region.

West Coast, Tasmania
The West Coast of Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. It is mainly isolated rough country and is associated with wilderness, mining and tourism. It served as the location of a convict settlement in the early history of Van Diemen's Land, and contrasts sharply with the more developed and populous northern and eastern parts of the island state.
Walter Crane
Walter Crane (15 August 1845 – 14 March 1915) was an English artist and book illustrator. He is considered to be the most influential, and among the most prolific, children's book creators of his generation and, along with Randolph Caldecott and Kate Greenaway, one of the strongest contributors to the child's nursery motif that the genre of English children's illustrated literature would exhibit in its developmental stages in the later 19th century.

Crane's work featured some of the more colourful and detailed beginnings of the child-in-the-garden motifs that would characterize many nursery rhymes and children's stories for decades to come. He was part of the Arts and Crafts movement and produced an array of paintings, illustrations, children's books, ceramic tiles, wallpapers and other decorative arts. Crane is also remembered for his creation of a number of iconic images associated with the international socialist movement.

Wallpaper
Wallpaper is used in interior decoration to cover the interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper" to help cover uneven surfaces and minor wall defects, "textured", plain with a regular repeating pattern design, or with a single non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.

The smallest wallpaper rectangle that can be tiled to form the whole pattern is known as the pattern repeat. Wallpaper printing techniques include surface printing, rotogravure, screen-printing, rotary printing press, and digital printing.
Ping Shek Estate
Ping Shek Estate (Chinese: 坪石邨) is a public housing estate in Ping Shan, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Choi Hung Estate is situated to its west, Ngau Chi Wan Municipal Services Building to its north, Richland Gardens to its south. A section of Lung Cheung Road between Choi Hung Estate and Ping Shek Estate is the boundary between Wong Tai Sin District and Kwun Tong District and belongs to Kwun Tong District. The area covers the Ping Shek constituency for the Kwun Tong District Council.

Choi Hung Estate
Choi Hung Estate (Chinese: 彩虹邨; lit. 'rainbow estate') is a public housing estate in Ngau Chi Wan, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was built by the former Hong Kong Housing Authority (屋宇建設委員會) and is now managed by the current Hong Kong Housing Authority. It received a Silver Medal at the 1965 Hong Kong Institute of Architects Annual Awards.
Burg, Bernkastel-Wittlich
Burg (Mosel) (German pronunciation: [bʊʁk] ⓘ) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is purely a winegrowing and tourism centre.

Bernkastel-Wittlich
Bernkastel-Wittlich (German: Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Vulkaneifel, Cochem-Zell, Rhein-Hunsrück, Birkenfeld, Trier-Saarburg and Bitburg-Prüm.
Athlone Town A.F.C. Ladies
Athlone Town Association Football Club Ladies is an Irish association football club based in Athlone. In February 2020, the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) announced the formation of the club as an expansion team for the upcoming 2020 Women's National League season. The senior team plays in the Women's National League, while a junior team competes at Women's Under 17 National League level.

FAI Women's Cup
The Football Association of Ireland Women's Cup is the senior cup competition for women's association football in Ireland. It is commonly known as the Women's FAI Cup, the WFAI Cup, or prior to 2001, the Ladies FAI Cup or the LFAI Cup. Organised by the Women's Football Association of Ireland, like the Women's National League, the Cup is currently sponsored by Sports Direct and is known as the Sports Direct Women's FAI Cup. Previous sponsors include EVOKE.ie, Continental Tyres, Umbro and Brother International.
Alexander M. Zaleski
Alexander Mieceslaus Zaleski (June 24, 1906 – May 16, 1975) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Lansing in Michigan from 1965 until his death in 1975. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit in Michigan from 1950 to 1965.

SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary
SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary was a four-year private Polish seminary in Orchard Lake, Michigan, United States. The seminary, taking its name from Saints Cyril and Methodius, was founded in 1885 in Detroit, Michigan, to prepare candidates for the Roman Catholic priesthood primarily to serve Polish American immigrant communities. It closed in 2022.
2019 South and Central American Men's Youth Handball Championship
The 2019 South and Central American Men's Youth Handball Championship was the first edition of the tournament, took place in Taubaté, Brazil at the Ginásio EMECAL, from 8 to 12 May 2019. It acted as the South and Central American qualifying tournament for the 2019 Men's Youth World Handball Championship.

2019 Men's Youth World Handball Championship
The 2019 IHF Men's Youth World Championship (under-19) was the eighth edition of the tournament, held from 6 to 18 August 2019 in Skopje, North Macedonia.

Egypt won their first title by defeating Germany in the final.
George Willard Martin
George Willard Martin (October 27, 1886 – September 11, 1971) was an American mycologist. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He received a bachelor of literature degree in 1912, and a Master of Science degree in 1915, both from Rutgers University. He received a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1922, under the direction of  Thurlow Christian Nelson and Henry Chandler Cowles, and he published the results of his research in the Botanical Gazette in 1923 under the title "Food of the Oysters". Afterward, he began work at the University of Iowa, where he became a professor, and he was head of the Department of Botany from 1953 to 1955. He became an emeritus professor and was still an active researcher until after he turned 80. Martin was the associate editor for mycology for the journal The American Midland Naturalist.

Henry Chandler Cowles
Henry Chandler Cowles (February 27, 1869 – September 12, 1939) was an American botanist and ecological pioneer. A professor at the University of Chicago, he studied ecological succession in the Indiana Dunes of Northwest Indiana.  This led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes.  One of Cowles' students, O. D. Frank continued his research.
The Barchans
The Barchans is a group of small snow-capped islands marking the west end of the Argentine Islands, in the Wilhelm Archipelago. Charted by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE), by Rymill between 1934 and 1937. It was so named by him because the snow caps resemble barchans (also barkhans), migrating, crescent-shaped sand dunes found in several very dry regions of the world.

This article incorporates public domain material from "The Barchans". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Argentine Islands
The Argentine Islands are a group of islands in the Wilhelm Archipelago of Antarctica, situated 9 km (5 nmi) southwest of Petermann Island, and 7 km (4 nmi) northwest of Cape Tuxen on Kyiv Peninsula in Graham Land. They were discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named by him for the Argentine Republic, in appreciation of that government's support of his expedition.
Sukharevskaya (Moscow Metro)
Sukharevskaya (Russian: Сухаревскаяpronunciationⓘ) is a station on the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line of the Moscow Metro. It opened on 5 January 1972. The station's underground vestibule is located under Sretenka Street just south of the Garden Ring. From its opening until November 1990, the station was called Kolkhoznaya, as a nod to the collective farming of the Soviet Union and the similarly named square. As Soviet names lost favor, the square was renamed into the Large and Small Sukharev Squares, both of which are named for the Sukharev Tower, which stood nearby until 1934. The station was renamed Sukharevskaya, accordingly.

Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line
The Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line (Russian: Калу́жско-Ри́жская ли́ния, IPA: [kɐˈɫuʂskə ˈrʲiʂskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə]) (Line 6; Orange Line) is a line of the Moscow Metro, that originally existed as two separate radial lines, Rizhskaya and Kaluzhskaya opened in 1958 and 1962, respectively. Only in 1971 were they united into a single line as the central section connecting the stations Oktyabrskaya to Prospekt Mira was completed. It was also the first line in Moscow to have a cross-platform transfer. The Rizhsky radius is roughly aligned with a northern avenue Prospekt Mira, while the Kaluzhskiy radius generally follows a southwestern street Profsoyuznaya Ulitsa. Presently, the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line is the third busiest in the Moscow Metro system with a passenger traffic rate of 1.015 million per day. It has a bi-directional length of 37.8 kilometres (23.5 mi), and a travel time of 56 minutes, typically it is coloured orange on Metro maps and numbered 6.
Dave Pear
David Louis Pear (born June 1, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was the first Tampa Bay Buccaneers player to be selected to a Pro Bowl and played in Super Bowl XV for the winning Oakland Raiders.

Pear played college football for the Washington Huskies football in Seattle under longtime head coach Jim Owens. He was selected in the third round of the 1975 NFL draft by the Baltimore Colts with the 56th overall pick.

Through his football career, Pear suffered a number of injuries which required spinal surgery and hip replacement and have resulted in vertigo, memory loss, and speech impairment.

He has also been quoted saying, "Don't let your kids play football. Never."

Jim Owens
James Donald Owens (March 6, 1927 – June 6, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach. He played one year in the National Football League (NFL) as an end for the Baltimore Colts. His career in coaching was longer-lived, as he held the position of head coach at the University of Washington from 1957 to 1974, compiling a record of 99–82–6 (.545) in 18 seasons.
2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl
The 2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl was the second edition of the college football bowl game (renamed the Houston Bowl the following year), and was played at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The game pitted the Texas A&M Aggies from the Big 12 Conference and the TCU Horned Frogs from Conference USA (C-USA). The game was the final competition of the 2001 football season for each team and resulted in a 28–9 Texas A&M victory. The teams were rivals in the Southwest Conference for many years.

Houston Bowl
The Houston Bowl was an NCAA-sanctioned Division I-A college football bowl game that was played annually in Houston, Texas, from 2000 to 2005.  For its first two years, the game was known as the galleryfurniture.com Bowl, named for the website of the sponsor, a Houston furniture chain operated by Jim McIngvale, better known as "Mattress Mack". In 2002, the Houston Bowl was born and later named the EV1.net Houston Bowl, after sponsor EV1.net, for the remainder of the game's existence.
Rawda, Kuwait
Rawda (Arabic: الروضة Gulf Arabic pronunciation: /ɪrːoːðˤə/) is an area located within the Capital Governorate of Kuwait and is considered a suburb of Kuwait's capital city, Kuwait City. It comprises five residential blocks. The area is served by the Rawda and Hawally Cooperative Society. It neighbors five other areas. Going clockwise, they are Adailiya, Nuzha, Hawally, and Surra. The area falls between, and is served by, Kuwait's 3rd Ring Road and 4th Ring Road from east to west. Kuwait's Route 40 is located to the east of the area, and serves it from the north to the south.

Hawally, Kuwait
Hawally (Arabic: حولي) is an area in, and the namesake of, the Hawalli Governorate, located in the State of Kuwait.

Hawally is a large settlement and the commercial center for most computer-related goods in Kuwait. Prior to the first Gulf War, it housed many Palestinians, but many left during and after the War. Currently, Hawally is home to many of the Arab populations in Kuwait including Egyptians, Syrians, Iraqis and Lebanese. It is also home to many Asians including Filipinos, Indians, Nepalis, Bengalis and Pakistanis. It's adjacent to the Nugra area (Arabic: النقرة).
Cocksfoot mottle virus
Cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) is a pathogenic plant virus belonging to the genus Sobemovirus. The virus appears in southern and central England. It is transmitted by beetles Lema melanopa and Lema lichenis  and is common in crops of cocksfoot and cocksfoot/legume mixtures.

Sobemovirus
Sobemovirus is a genus of non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect plants. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 26 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaics and mottles.
1937 AAA Championships
The 1937 AAA Championships was the 1937 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 16 to 17 July 1937 at White City Stadium in London, England.

The Championships consisted of 25 events and covered two days of competition. The decathlon was held at Loughborough on 21–22 August.

AAA Championships
The AAA Championships was an annual track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association of England. It was the foremost domestic athletics event in the United Kingdom during its lifetime, despite the existence of the official UK Athletics Championships organised by the then governing body for British athletics, the British Athletics Federation between 1977 and 1993, and again in 1997. It was succeeded by the British Athletics Championships, organised by the BEF's replacement (successor), UK Athletics under its brand name British Athletics.
2019–20 FA Women's National League Plate
The 2019–20 FA Women's National League Plate is the sixth running of the competition, which began in 2014. It is the secondary League Cup competition run by the FA Women's National League (FA WNL), and is run in parallel with the league's primary League Cup competition, the National League Cup.

The teams that take part in the WNL plate are decided after the determining round of the WNL Cup. The winners of determining round matches continue in the WNL Cup, while the losers move into the WNL Plate. Seventy of the 71 National League clubs were included in the determining round draw, with Larkhall Athletic being granted a bye due to there being an odd number of teams in the competition. Hounslow withdrew from the competition after the draw, meaning 34 teams were entered into this season's WNL plate.

West Bromwich Albion are the reigning champions, having defeated Liverpool Feds 5–1 in the 2018–19 final.

FA Women's National League Plate
The FA Women's National League Plate is an association football tournament organised by the FA Women's National League (WNL). It is the WNL's second league cup competition, played alongside the National League Cup, and is a single-elimination knock-out tournament.
José Luis Pavoni
José Luis Pavoni (born 23 May 1954) is an Argentine football coach and former player. As a defender, he won honours with all four of his club teams (Newell's Old Boys, River Plate, Pumas UNAM, and Argentinos Juniors) and also represented the Argentina national football team internationally at the 1975 Copa América.

1985 Copa Libertadores
The 1985 edition of Copa Libertadores was the 26th edition of the Copa Libertadores. It was won by Argentinos Juniors, of Argentina for the first time, after defeating América of Colombia in a penalty shootout, following a playoff game after the two-legged final finished level.