hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Køge
The Battle of Køge was fought on 29 August 1807 between British troops besieging Copenhagen and Danish militia raised on Sjælland as part of the Gunboat War. It ended in British victory and is also known as 'Træskoslaget' or 'the Clogs Battle', since many of the Danish militiamen threw their heavy wooden clogs away when they were fleeing.

Gunboat War
The Gunboat War (Danish: Kanonbådskrigen, Norwegian: Kanonbåtskrigen, Swedish: Kanonbåtskriget; 1807–1814) was a naval conflict between Denmark–Norway and Great Britain supported by Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the materially superior Royal Navy. In Scandinavia it is seen as the later stage of the English Wars, whose commencement is accounted as the First Battle of Copenhagen in 1801.
Maritime Union of New Zealand
The Maritime Union of New Zealand is a trade union which represents waterfront workers, seafarers and related workers in New Zealand. It was formed in 2002 from the merger of the New Zealand Waterfront Workers' Union and the New Zealand Seafarers' Union.

The MUNZ is affiliated with the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, the New Zealand Labour Party and the International Transport Workers' Federation.

International Transport Workers' Federation
The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) is a democratic global union federation of transport workers' trade unions, founded in 1896. In 2017 the ITF had 677 member organizations in 149 countries, representing a combined membership of 19.7 million transport workers in all industrial transport sectors: civil aviation, dockers, inland navigation, seafarers, road transport, railways, fisheries, urban transport  and tourism. The ITF represents the interests of transport workers' unions in bodies that take decisions affecting jobs, employment conditions or safety in the transport industry.
Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok
The Tale of Ragnarr Loðbrók (Old Norse: Ragnars saga loðbrókar) is an Icelandic legendary saga of the 13th century about the Viking ruler Ragnarr loðbrók. It is first found in the same manuscript as Vǫlsunga saga, which it immediately follows. The tale covers the origin of Áslaug, Ragnarr's quest for the hand of Þóra borgarhjǫrtr, his later marriage to Áslaug, the deeds of their sons (and Áslaug) in battle, and Ragnarr's death at the hands of king Ælla of Northumbria.

Legendary saga
A legendary saga or fornaldarsaga (literally, "story/history of the ancient era") is a Norse saga that, unlike the Icelanders' sagas, takes place before the settlement of Iceland. There are some exceptions, such as Yngvars saga víðförla, which takes place in the 11th century. The sagas were probably all written in Iceland, from about the middle of the 13th century to about 1400, although it is possible that some may be of a later date, such as Hrólfs saga kraka.
Trade Disputes Act 1906
The Trade Disputes Act 1906 (6 Edw. 7. c. 47) was a UK act of parliament passed under the Campbell-Bannerman administration which provided that trade unions could not be sued for damages resulting from industrial action. Its key reform was to add to the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 the famous words, "An act done in pursuance of an agreement or combination by two or more persons shall, if done in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute, not be actionable unless the act, if done without any such agreement or combination, would be actionable." After repeal and replacement of the 1875 act, these words are now found in the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.

Liberal government, 1905–1915
The Liberal government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that began in 1905 and ended in 1915 consisted of four ministries: the first led by Henry Campbell-Bannerman (from 1905 to 1908) and the final three by H. H. Asquith (from 1908 onwards).
John Garstang
John Garstang (5 May 1876 – 12 September 1956) was a British archaeologist of the Ancient Near East, especially Egypt, Sudan, Anatolia and the southern Levant. He was the younger brother of Professor Walter Garstang, FRS, a marine biologist and zoologist. Garstang is considered a pioneer in the development of scientific practices in archaeology as he kept detailed records of his excavations with extensive photographic records, which was a comparatively rare practice in early 20th-century archaeology.

Bremetennacum
Bremetennacum, ([brɛmɛˈteːnːakʊm]), or Bremetennacum Veteranorum, was a Roman fort on the site of the present day village of Ribchester in Lancashire, England (grid reference SD650350). (Misspellings in ancient geographical texts include Bremetonnacum, Bremetenracum or Bresnetenacum.)  The site is a Scheduled Monument.

The site guarded a crossing-point of the River Ribble. The first known Roman activity was the building of a timber fort, believed to have been constructed during the campaigns of Petillius Cerialis around AD 72/3. This was replaced by a stone fort in the 2nd century. For most of its existence the fort was garrisoned by Sarmatian auxiliaries, first stationed in Britain by Marcus Aurelius in 175. Prior to that it is suggested that the fort was garrisoned by the Ala II Asturum from Spain, but there is some uncertainty about this. Pottery evidence indicates that the fort was occupied for most of the 4th century until the end of the Roman period.
Pétur Eyþórsson
Pétur Eyþórsson (born 22 July 1978 in Húsavík) is an Icelandic glima, a variation of Scandinavian folk wrestling, champion. He won the glima grettisbelt several times and was voted the best wrestler during the first IGA world championship.

Glíma
Glíma (anglicised as Glima / Icelandic Wrestling) is an Icelandic sport for combat and is categorised as Nordic folk wrestling. In the most common form of glima, players grip their opponent by the waist and attempt to throw them to the ground using technique rather than force. Other variants allow for more aggression.
Rafael Marques (footballer, born May 1983)
Rafael Marques Mariano (born 27 May 1983), known as Rafael Marques, is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a forward. He is the current head coach of Primavera.

Marques gained Turkish citizenship with the name Rafet El when playing for Manisaspor.

2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 60th season of the Série A, the top level of professional football in Brazil, and the 14th edition in a double round-robin since its establishment in 2003. The season began on 15 May 2016 and ended on 11 December 2016. Fixtures for the 2016 season were announced on 25 April 2016. Palmeiras won the title, their ninth overall.
Carter House (Versailles, Kentucky)
The Carter House, at 110 Morgan St. in Versailles, Kentucky, was built in 1792.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

It is a two-story brick L-shaped house built in the first year or so from when the town was platted.  Its front section was built before 1816.

The listing included one contributing buildings and one contributing structures.

Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles is a home rule-class city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States. It lies 13 miles (21 kilometers) by road west of Lexington and is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. Versailles has a population of 10,534 according to 2024 census estimates. It is the county seat of Woodford County. The city's name is pronounced /vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ, an anglicization different from the French pronunciation of the royal city of the same name near Paris.
Eurydice of Athens
Eurydice (Greek: Εὐρυδίκη ἡ Ἀθηναία) was an Athenian woman of a family descended from Miltiades.

She was first married to the Macedonian commander Ophellas, the conqueror and ruler of Cyrene, and after his death returned to Athens, where she married Demetrius I of Macedon, on occasion of his first visit to that city. She is said to have had by him a son called Corrhabus.

Miltiades
Miltiades (/mɪlˈtaɪəˌdiːz/; Ancient Greek: Μιλτιάδης Κίμωνος; c. 550 – 489 BC), also known as Miltiades the Younger, was a Greek Athenian statesman known mostly for his role in the Battle of Marathon, as well as for his downfall afterwards. He was the son of Cimon Coalemos, a renowned Olympic chariot-racer, and the father of Cimon, the noted Athenian statesman.
Huygens principle of double refraction
Huygens principle of double refraction, named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens, explains the phenomenon of double refraction observed in uniaxial anisotropic material such as calcite.  When unpolarized light propagates in such materials (along a direction different from the optical axis), it splits into two different rays, known as ordinary and extraordinary rays. The principle states that every point on the wavefront of birefringent material produces two types of wavefronts or wavelets: spherical wavefronts and ellipsoidal wavefronts. These secondary wavelets, originating from different points, interact and interfere with each other. As a result, the new wavefront is formed by the superposition of these wavelets.

Isotropy
In physics and geometry, isotropy (from Ancient Greek  ἴσος (ísos) 'equal' and  τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way') is uniformity in all orientations. Precise definitions depend on the subject area. Exceptions, or inequalities, are frequently indicated by the prefix a- or an-, hence anisotropy. Anisotropy is also used to describe situations where properties vary systematically, dependent on direction. Isotropic radiation has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, and an isotropic field exerts the same action regardless of how the test particle is oriented.
Jackson Railroaders
The Jackson Railroaders were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Class D Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League in 1903. They were located in Jackson, Tennessee, and were named for the city's association with the railroad industry, which was an important part of the city's economy; Jackson was also the home of locomotive engineer Casey Jones. The Railroaders played their home games at Lakeview Ball Park.

Playing on the road, Jackson lost their season opener on May 21 against the Cairo Egyptians, 9–8. They ended the season on the road with an 11–2 loss to the Hopkinsville Hoppers on September 16. The Railroaders compiled a win–loss record of 53–52 (.505), placing third, in their only season of competition.

The next professional baseball team to hail from Jackson was the Jackson Climbers in 1911.

Cairo Egyptians
The Cairo Egyptians were a minor league baseball team from Cairo, Illinois, that played in the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League (KITTY League) on and off from 1903 to 1948 and in the Central League in 1897.
Scottie Thompson (basketball)
Earl Scottie Carreon Thompson (born July 12, 1993) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He is also the team manager for the Perpetual Altas of the Philippines' NCAA.

Alaska Aces (PBA)
The Alaska Aces were a professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association since 1986 under the ownership of Alaska Milk Corporation (AMC) and the owner of 14 PBA championships, tied with the Magnolia Hotshots for the third-most titles overall. They were one of the most popular teams in the league and the Philippines.

The Aces won nine PBA championships in the 1990s, including a rare grand slam (winning three championships in one season) during the 1996 season, joining the Crispa Redmanizers (1976, 1983), San Miguel Beermen (1989), and the San Mig Super Coffee Mixers (2013–14) as one of only four franchises to achieve the feat.

The Aces last tournament was the 2021 PBA Governors' Cup where they were eliminated by the NLEX Road Warriors in the quarterfinal round in March 2022. The franchise was bought by Converge ICT on March 23, 2022, to become the Converge FiberXers.

The team, like the company which owns it, has no connection to the US state of Alaska.
Thorndale station (CTA)
Thorndale is an 'L' station on the CTA's Red Line. It is located at 1118 West Thorndale Avenue in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The adjacent stations are Granville, located about one quarter mile to the north, and Bryn Mawr, about one half mile to the south. Four tracks pass through the station, but there is only a single island platform in the center of the tracks; Purple Line weekday rush hour express service use the outside tracks but do not stop at this station.

Granville station (CTA)
Granville is a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's Red Line, part of the Chicago 'L' rapid transit system.  It is located at 1119 West Granville Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. It is in the Edgewater neighborhood, close to the Rogers Park border. From Granville, trains take 36 minutes to reach the Chicago Loop. Purple Line weekday rush hour express service use the outside tracks and do not stop at this station.
Wotton-under-Edge
Wotton-under-Edge /ˈwʊtən/ is a market town and civil parish in the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England. Near the southern fringe of the Cotswolds, the Cotswold Way long-distance footpath passes through the town.

West of England Combined Authority
The West of England Combined Authority (WECA), branded as the West of England Mayoral Combined Authority, is a combined authority within the West of England area, consisting of the local authority areas of Bristol, South Gloucestershire, and Bath and North East Somerset.

The combined authority has its headquarters in the Redcliffe area of Bristol, and is led by the mayor of the West of England. The most recent mayoral election took place on 1 May 2025, when the Labour candidate Helen Godwin was elected on a turnout of 30%.

Since December 2024, the combined authority has branded itself as the West of England Mayoral Combined Authority. Its statutory name remains the West of England Combined Authority.
Prahran Football Club
The Prahran Football Club (IPA: /prəˈræn/), nicknamed the Two Blues, is an Australian rules football club based in the Melbourne suburb of Armadale. It has played at Toorak Park since 1899.

As of 2025, the club competes Premier C division of the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA).

J. J. Liston Trophy
The J. J. Liston Trophy is awarded annually to the best and fairest senior player in the Victorian Football League (VFL), which was formerly known as the Victorian Football Association (VFA). It is named after J. J. Liston, a businessman, civic leader and sports administrator who was fundamental in advancing sport in Australia, particularly Australian Rules Football and Soccer.
2008 12 Hours of Hungary
The 2008 12 Hours of Hungary was an endurance sports car race held on September 27, 2008, at the Hungaroring. The race was organized by Creventic and open to GT, touring cars and 24H-Specials, like silhouette cars. This was the second and final event of the 2008 24H Series. This was the first running of the event.

12 Hours of Hungary
The 12 Hours of Hungary was both a sports car and touring car automobile endurance race held at the Hungaroring. In 2008, Dutch organizer Creventic, who also organizes the Dubai 24 Hour, added this event to their schedule of races.
1995 Goodwrench 500
The 1995 Goodwrench 500 was the second stock car race of the 1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 30th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, February 26, 1995, in Rockingham, North Carolina, at North Carolina Motor Speedway, a 1.017 miles (1.637 km) permanent high-banked racetrack. The race took the scheduled 492 laps to complete. At race's end, Hendrick Motorsports driver Jeff Gordon would manage to dominate a majority of the race to take his third career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Joe Gibbs Racing driver Bobby Labonte and Richard Childress Racing driver Dale Earnhardt would finish second and third, respectively.

1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
The 1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 47th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 24th modern-era Cup series season. The season began on February 12 in Daytona Beach and concluded on November 12 at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won his first career championship.
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships – Men's singles SL3
The men's singles SL3 badminton tournament at the 2023 European Para Championships was played from 15 to 20 August 2023 in Rotterdam Ahoy, Rotterdam. A total of 13 players competed at the tournament, four of whom was seeded.

Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships
Badminton at the 2023 European Para Championships in Rotterdam, Netherlands, were held between 15 and 20 August 2023.

There were ten men's events, nine women's events, and three mixed doubles events. Badminton offers qualification ranking points for the men's and women's singles events players for the 2024 Summer Paralympics.
Modernization theory (nationalism)
Modernization theory is the predominant explanation for the emergence of nationalism among scholars of nationalism. Prominent modernization scholars, such as Benedict Anderson, Ernest Gellner and Eric Hobsbawm, say nationalism arose with modernization during the late 18th century. Processes that lead to the emergence of nationalism include industrialization and democratic revolutions.

Modernization theory stands in contrast to primordialism, which hold that nations are biological, innate phenomena, and ethnosymbolism, which emphasizes their pre-modern roots.

Anthony D. Smith
Anthony David Stephen Smith (23 September 1939 – 19 July 2016) was a British historical sociologist who, at the time of his death, was Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicity at the London School of Economics. He is considered one of the founders of the interdisciplinary field of nationalism studies.
1978 Galway Senior Hurling Championship
The 1978 Galway Senior Hurling Championship was the 81st completed staging of the Galway Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Galway County Board in 1887.

Kiltormer entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final, a replay, was played on 19 November 1978 at Duggan Park in Ballinasloe, between Ardrahan and Ballinderreen, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Ardrahan won the match by 2–18 to 2–14 to claim their 11th championship title overall and a first title in three years.

1977 Galway Senior Hurling Championship
The 1977 Galway Senior Hurling Championship was the 80th completed staging of the Galway Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Galway County Board in 1887.

Kiltormer entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 18 September 1977 at Duggan Park in Ballinasloe, between Kiltormer and Athenry, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Kiltormer won the match by 3–10 to 3–08 to claim their second consecutive championship title.
King George station
King George is an elevated station on the Expo Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located in the south end of the Surrey City Centre district of Surrey, British Columbia, Canada, and is one of the outbound termini of the Expo Line, the other being Production Way–University station. The station is located on King George Boulevard at Holland Commons, just north of Fraser Highway.

The station is within walking distance to Holland Park and Surrey Memorial Hospital. A number of mixed-use developments continue to be built near the station, such as the King George Hub development, which displaced the park and ride facility that had once served the station.

Production Way–University station
Production Way–University is an elevated station on the Expo and Millennium Lines of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located at the intersection of Lougheed Highway and Production Way in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Initially a Millennium Line station, a reorganization of SkyTrain service patterns in 2016 made Production Way–University a terminus for a branch of the Expo Line.
Members Only (hip-hop collective)
Members Only was an American hip hop collective from Broward County, Florida, formed in 2014. It was originally only a duo consisting of XXXTentacion and Ski Mask the Slump God after the two met in a juvenile detention center. It is closely associated with another collective named Very Rare, and members of both collectives also refer to themselves as VR All-Stars. Following the release of their fourth project, Members Only, Vol. 4, the collective has gone on an indefinite hiatus, with some of its most prominent members such as Craig Xen and Wifisfuneral exiting the group.

Three main members of the group have died: founding member XXXTentacion died on June 18, 2018 at the age of 20, due to an apparent robbery which resulted in his murder. On May 16, 2019, Khaed, a producer for the group, died from ongoing heart complications at the age of 26. On April 24, 2022, former member Dylan "Tablez" Turner died from an accidental drug overdose.

East Coast hip-hop
East Coast hip-hop is a regional subgenre of hip-hop music that originated in New York City during the 1970s. Hip-hop is recognized to have originated and evolved first in the Bronx borough of New York City.

In contrast to other styles, East Coast hip-hop music prioritizes complex lyrics for attentive listening rather than beats for dancing. The term "East Coast hip-hop" more specifically denotes hip-hop originating from the Northeastern United States. Southeastern states such as Georgia or Florida instead produce Southern hip-hop rather than East Coast hip-hop, although the District of Columbia, Virginia, and Maryland produce East Coast hip-hop.
Olenti (Tuzdy)
The Olenti (Kazakh: Өлеңті; Russian: Оленти) is a river in the West Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan. It is 211 kilometres (131 mi) long and has a catchment area of 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi).

The Olenti belongs to the Ural basin. The name of the river originated in the Kazakh word for sedge.

West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. As of 1 August 2025, it had a population of 695,900. Its administrative centre is Oral (also known as Uralsk), a city of about 250,000 inhabitants.

The region was created as West Kazakhstan Oblast in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet-era. Between 1962 and 1992, it was named Uralsk Oblast. It was renamed in 1993 following the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union.
31 Arietis
31 Arietis (abbreviated 31 Ari) is a binary star in the northern constellation of Aries. 31 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The two members of this system orbit each other with a period of 3.80 years and an eccentricity of 0.017. Both components of the system are F-type main sequence stars with a stellar classification of F7 V. The pair have an apparent visual magnitude of 5.75, which is just bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.79 mas, the distance to this system is approximately 113 light-years (35 parsecs). The system is located near the ecliptic, so it is subject to occultation by the Moon. The dynamical mass of the system is 3.36 ± 0.04 M☉.

Flamsteed designation
A Flamsteed designation is a combination of a number and constellation name that uniquely identifies most naked eye stars in the modern constellations visible from southern England. They are named after John Flamsteed, author of the Historia Coelestis Britannica, the first major star catalogue compiled with the aid of a telescope. Flamsteed’s own catalogue did not include what are now known as Flamsteed numbers, but its listing of stars in each constellation provided the basis for later astronomers to add them.