hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sarangchae
A sarangchae (Korean: 사랑채; Hanja: 舍廊채) is a section of a Korean traditional house (hanok) that is generally reserved for men and guests. It can be composed of a number of rooms and elements, including notably the sarangbang (사랑방). In smaller homes, the sarangchae may just consist of a single sarangbang, in which case they are one and the same.

The anchae and anbang are the female-oriented counterparts. They are more private sections of the house exclusive to women (and prohibited to especially male guests), from which they cook, store precious items away from guests, and manage the household.

These gendered spaces first emerged around the Joseon period, following a Confucian ideal of strict separation of genders. They became widespread during that period, even in the countryside. However, they are now uncommon.

Korean Confucianism
Korean Confucianism, or Korean Ruism, is the form of Confucianism that emerged and developed in Korea. One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural influence from China.

Today the legacy of Confucianism remains a fundamental part of Korean society, shaping the moral system, the way of life, social relations between old and young, high culture, and is the basis for much of the legal system. Confucianism in Korea is sometimes considered a pragmatic way of holding a nation together without the civil wars and internal dissent that were inherited from the Goryeo dynasty.
Koca Katran (Mersin)
Koca Katran (literally "big cedar") is a monumental old prickly cedar (Juniperus oxycedrus) in Mersin Province, southern Turkey. It is a registered natural monument of the country.

The tree is in Dümbelek Pass of Cocokdere Valley in Toros Mountains at an elevation of 1,875 m (6,152 ft). Nearest settlements are Arslanköy town and Tırtar village of Toroslar district in Mersin Province. Its distance to Mersin city center is about 60 km (37 mi). Entrance to the valley, where the tree is situated, is barred, and access is subject to permission from the forestry authority.

The tree is 40 m (130 ft) high and the circumference of its trunk is 7.50 m (24.6 ft) at 2.45 m (8.0 ft) diameter. The nameplate at site states the age of the cedar as 625 years old.

The old tree was registered a natural monument on September 27, 1994.

Mersin Province
Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili), formerly İçel Province (İçel ili), is a province and metropolitan municipality in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. Its area is 16,010 km2, and its population is 1,916,432 (2022). The provincial capital and the biggest city in the province is Mersin, which is composed of four municipalities and district governorates: Akdeniz, Mezitli, Toroslar and Yenişehir. Next largest is Tarsus, the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. The province is considered to be a part of the geographical, economical and cultural region of Çukurova, which covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
Geert Hofstede
Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede (2 October 1928 – 12 February 2020) was a Dutch social psychologist, IBM employee, and Professor Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology and International Management at Maastricht University in the Netherlands, well known for his pioneering research on cross-cultural groups and organizations.

He is best known for developing one of the earliest and most popular frameworks for measuring cultural dimensions in a global perspective. Here he described national cultures along six dimensions: power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long term orientation, and indulgence vs. restraint. He was known for his books Culture's Consequences and Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, co-authored with his son Gert Jan Hofstede. The latter book deals with organizational culture, which is a different structure from national culture, but also has measurable dimensions, and the same research methodology is used for both.

University of Groningen
The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen, Netherlands. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after Leiden).

The University of Groningen has eleven faculties, nine graduate schools, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include Johann Bernoulli, Aletta Jacobs, four Nobel Prize winners, nine Spinoza Prize winners, one Stevin Prize winner, various members of the Dutch royal family, several politicians, the first president of the European Central Bank, and a secretary general of NATO.
Little Eachaig River
The Little Eachaig River is a watercourse in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is sourced on the hills near Glen Lean and largely runs parallel to the B836 road as it leads east to join the A815 road at Dalinlongart, near which the A815 crosses the river. Here it loops briefly to the north, before emptying into the Holy Loch at its head, just south of the River Eachaig, from which this river takes its name.

Holy Loch
The Holy Loch (Scottish Gaelic: An Loch Sianta/Seunta) is a sea loch, part of the Firth of Clyde, in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.

The "Holy Loch" name is believed to date from the 6th century, when Saint Munn landed there after leaving Ireland. Kilmun Parish Church and Argyll Mausoleum is said to stand where Saint Munn's church was once located.

Robertson's Yard at Sandbank, a village on the loch, was a major wooden boat building company in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

During World War II, the loch was used as a British Royal Navy submarine base. From 1961 to 1992, it was used as a United States Navy ballistic missile submarine base. In 1992, the Holy Loch base was deemed unnecessary following the demise of the Soviet Union and subsequently closed.
Georges Perrot
Georges Perrot (12 November 1832 – 30 June 1914) was a French archaeologist.

He taught at the Sorbonne from 1875 and was director of the École Normale Supérieure from 1888 to 1902. In 1874 he was elected to the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, where he served as the permanent secretary from 1904 until his death.

After discovering a first fragment of the Gortyn code in 1857, his most famous archaeological discovery was made while on an expedition to Asia Minor in 1861, where he found a Greek translation of the document known as 'The Political Testament of the Emperor Augustus'. Perrot edited and contributed to the journal Revue archéologique. His works include the two accounts of his expedition to Asia Minor (published 1862 and 1864), and the ten-volume Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité, which he wrote with Charles Chipiez (1882–1914).

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (French pronunciation: [akademi dez‿ɛ̃skʁipsjɔ̃ e bɛl lɛtʁ]) is a French learned society devoted to history, founded in February 1663 as one of the five academies of the Institut de France. The academy's scope is the study of ancient inscriptions (epigraphy), historical literature (see Belles-lettres) and the cultures of the civilizations of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the classical period, as well as those of non-European civilizations.
Mitchell Dunshea
Mitchell Thomas William Dunshea (born 18 November 1995) is a New Zealand Rugby Union player who currently plays as a lock or loose forward for Canterbury in New Zealand's domestic Mitre 10 Cup and the Crusaders in the international Super Rugby competition.

2015 ITM Cup
The 2015 ITM Cup season was the tenth season of New Zealand's provincial rugby union competition since it turned professional in 2006. The regular season began on August 13, when Southland hosted Auckland. It involved the top fourteen rugby unions of New Zealand. For sponsorship reasons, the competition was known as the ITM Cup and it was the sixth season under the lead sponsor. The winner of the Championship, Hawke's Bay was promoted to the Premiership, the seventh placed Premiership team, Manawatu was relegated to the Championship.
Grand Duchy of Baden Gendarmerie Corps
From 1829 to 1918, the Grand Duchy of Baden's Gendarmerie Corps formed the gendarmerie of the Grand Duchy of Baden. Until the military agreement with the Kingdom of Prussia on 25 November 1870, it was part of the Baden Army; thereafter it was exclusively subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior in Karlsruhe, where the headquarters of the Corps was located. Its last commander was Major General August Anheuser (1846–1933) from 1905 to March 1919.

Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (German: Großherzogtum Oldenburg, also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire, that consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birkenfeld. It ranked tenth among the German states,  had one vote in the Bundesrat, and three members in the Reichstag. Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Russia and United Kingdom.
Official Competition
Official Competition (Spanish: Competencia oficial) is a 2021 Spanish-language black comedy-drama film directed by Gastón Duprat and Mariano Cohn, from a screenplay by Duprat, Cohn and Andrés Duprat. It stars Penélope Cruz, Antonio Banderas and Oscar Martínez.

Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American film distributor within the Disney Entertainment division of the Walt Disney Company. It handles theatrical and occasional digital distribution, marketing, and promotion for films produced and released by the Walt Disney Studios, including Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, though the latter unit operates its own autonomous theatrical distribution and marketing unit in the United States.

The company was originally established by Walt Disney in 1953 as Buena Vista Film Distribution Company Inc. (later renamed Buena Vista Distribution Inc. and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Inc.). It took on its current name in late 2007.
Dasiphora fruticosa var. veitchii
Dasiphora fruticosa var. veitchii is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to Sichuan and Yunnan in China. It was first described as the species Potentilla veitchii by Ernest Henry Wilson in 1911, after he had earlier introduced it into gardens in the United Kingdom. Its scientific name and status have varied, and remained "unresolved" according to the Royal Horticultural Society as of May 2022. In horticulture, it may also be found under the names Potentilla davurica var. veitchii and Potentilla fruticosa var. veitchii. It is cultivated as an ornamental flowering shrub.

Dasiphora glabrata
Dasiphora glabrata, with synonyms including Potentilla glabrata, Dasiphora davurica and Potentilla davurica, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to Siberia (Chita), the far east of Russia (Primorye) and north east China (Manchuria).
Drought refuge
A drought refuge is a site that provides permanent fresh water or moist conditions for plants and animals, acting as a refuge habitat when surrounding areas are affected by drought and allowing ecosystems and core species populations to survive until the drought breaks.  Drought refuges are important for conserving ecosystems in places where the effects of climatic variability are exacerbated by human activities.

Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions of organisms, individuals, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. While some behavior is produced in response to an organism's environment (extrinsic motivation), behavior can also be the product of intrinsic motivation, also referred to as "agency" or "free will".

Taking a behavior informatics perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior vector.
Jackson Place
Jackson Place is a Washington, D.C. street located across from the White House and forming the western border of Lafayette Square between Pennsylvania Avenue and H Street, NW, beginning just south of Connecticut Avenue.  Facing the street are mostly 19th century town homes which are now generally used for government offices or other official functions.

Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.
The streets and highways of Washington, D.C., form the core of the surface transportation infrastructure in Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States. Given that it is a planned city, the city's streets follow a distinctive layout and addressing scheme. There are 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of public roads in the city, of which 1,392 miles (2,240 km) are owned and maintained by city government.
Khelo India
Khelo India: National Programme for Development of Sports, branded as Khelo India (transl. Play India), aims at improving India's sports culture at the grass-root level through organized talent identification, structured sporting competitions and infrastructure development. It is a Government of India programme launched in 2017-18 under the tenure Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Sports Ministers Vijay Goel and Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore. There has also been an emphasis on including traditional Indian games in Khelo India events in order to revive their popularity.

Khelo India Youth Games
Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) are the annual national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India held in January or February for two categories, namely under-17 years school students and under-21 college students. Every year best 1,000 kids will be given an annual scholarship of ₹5 lakh (US$5,900) for 8 years to prepare them for the international sporting events.

The Training of Trainers Programme was held in December 2018–January 2019 in the first phase. A total of 160 young athletes were trained in 4 batches of 40 each in the December to January period. It will continue semi-annually or quarterly to include all the interested teachers, principals, vice-principals and physical education trainers.
2022 Morelos Open
The 2022 Morelos Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the eighth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Cuernavaca, Mexico between 25 April and 1 May 2022.

Morelos Open
The Morelos Open is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is held annually in Cuernavaca, Mexico since 2014. It was part of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) Women's Circuit in 2015 and in 2016.
1995–96 FA Cup
The 1995–96 FA Cup (known as The FA Cup sponsored by Littlewoods for sponsorship reasons) was the 115th staging of the FA Cup. The competition was won outright by Manchester United, who won the final through a goal from Eric Cantona five minutes from the end of the game. It gave Manchester United a league and cup double after they secured their third league title in four years. It was also United's third straight FA Cup Final.

The tournament began with teams from non-league football competing in preliminary and qualifying rounds in order to make it to the competition proper. Details of the qualifying tournament and all the rounds through to the final are available at FA Cup archives. Teams from Divisions 1 to 3 entered at the first round, while Premiership teams entered in the third round.

The topscorer in the competition was Dave Powell of Gravesend and Northfleet, who scored 9 goals.

1995–96 Isthmian League
The 1995–96 season was the 81st season of the Isthmian League, which is an English football competition featuring semi-professional and amateur clubs from London, East and South East England. The league consisted of four divisions.
GABA transporter type 2
GABA transporter 2 (GAT2; SLC6A13) also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2 is one of four GABA transporters, GAT1 (SLC6A1), GAT2 (SLC6A13), GAT3 (SLC6A11) and BGT1 (SLC6A12). Note that GAT2 is different from BGT1 despite the fact that the latter transporter is sometimes referred at as (mouse) GAT-2.

All these transporters are highly hydrophobic proteins with 12 transmembrane segments, extracellular glycosylation sites, and intracellular consensus sites for phosphorylation, and there is over 50% amino acid homology between each of them.  Each binds GABA with varying affinities with BGT1 having the lowest affinity and GAT3 the highest. GAT2 (SLC6A13) is predominantly expressed in hepatocytes in the liver, but is also found in proximal tubules in the kidney as well as in the leptomeninges and in some blood vessels in the brain.

Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter, also known as Na(+)/Cl(-) betaine/GABA transporter (BGT-1) or as the GABA transporter 4 (GAT-4), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A12 gene. BGT-1 is predominantly expressed in the liver (hepatocytes). It is also expressed in the kidney where it is regulated by NFAT5 during a response to osmotic stress. Further, BGT1 is also present in the leptomeninges surrounding the brain. Deletion of the BGT1 gene in mice did not appear to have any impact on the tendency to develop epilepsy. This is to be expected considering that BGT1 is expressed at far lower levels than GAT1 and also has lower affinity for GABA. This implies that it is not likely to contribute significantly to the inactivation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
Origin of speech
The origin of speech differs from the origin of language because language is not necessarily spoken; it could equally be written or signed. Speech is a fundamental aspect of human communication and plays a vital role in the everyday lives of humans. It allows them to convey thoughts, emotions, and ideas, and providing the ability to connect with others and shape collective reality.

Many attempts have been made to explain scientifically how speech emerged in humans, although to date no theory has generated agreement.

Non-human primates, like many other animals, have evolved specialized mechanisms for producing sounds for purposes of social communication. On the other hand, no monkey or ape uses its tongue for such purposes. The human species' unprecedented use of the tongue, lips and other moveable parts seems to place speech in a quite separate category, making its evolutionary emergence an intriguing theoretical challenge in the eyes of many scholars.

Soft palate
The soft palate (also known as the velum, palatal velum, or muscular palate) is, in mammals, the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth.  The soft palate is part of the palate of the mouth; the other part is the hard palate. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone.
Gstadt am Chiemsee
Gstadt am Chiemsee (German pronunciation: [ˈkʃtat ʔam ˈkiːmzeː], lit. 'Gstadt on the Chiemsee') is a municipality and a village in the district of Rosenheim, Bavaria, Germany. It is located on Lake Chiemsee.

Rosenheim (district)
Rosenheim is a Landkreis (district) in the south of Bavaria, Germany.
Neighboring districts are, clockwise from the west, Miesbach, Munich, Ebersberg, Mühldorf, and Traunstein, with the Austrian province Tirol  across the southern border.
The district entirely surrounds the city of Rosenheim, which is independently administered but hosts the district's administration; both the city and the district share the "RO" designation for their license plates.
2008–09 All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship
The 2008–09 All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship was the fourth staging of the All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Killeedy GAA Club in 2005.

The All-Ireland final was played on 29 March 2009 at Páirc Íde Naofa between Athenry and Bruree, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Athenry won the match by 2–08 to 0–13 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.

2005–06 All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship
The 2005–06 All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship was the inaugural staging of the All-Ireland Junior B Club Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Killeedy GAA Club. The championship ran from 12 February to 2 April 2006.

The All-Ireland final was played on 2 April 2006 at Páirc Íde Naofa, between St. Lachtain's and St. James', in what was their first ever meeting in the final. St. Lachtain's won the match by 2–18 to 3–08 to claim their first ever All-Ireland title.
Hadronyche meridiana
Hadronyche meridiana, also known as the Central Victorian funnel-web spider, is a species of funnel-web spider in the Atracidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1902 by British arachnologist Henry Roughton Hogg.

Australian funnel-web spider
Atracidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders, commonly known as Australian funnel-web spiders or atracids. It has been included as a subfamily of the Hexathelidae, but is now recognised as a separate family. All members of the family are native to Australia. Atracidae consists of three genera: Atrax, Hadronyche, and Illawarra, comprising 35 species. Some members of the family produce venom that is dangerous to humans, and bites by spiders of six of the species have caused severe injuries to victims. The bites of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) and northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (Hadronyche formidabilis) are potentially deadly, but no fatalities have occurred since the introduction of modern first-aid techniques and antivenom.
Quiçama
Quiçama (Portuguese spelling), Quissama or Kisama (Bantu spelling) is a municipality in the province of Icolo e Bengo in Angola. Prior to the creation of Icolo e Bengo in 2024, it had been one of the nine municipalities that made up the province of Luanda.
It covers an area of 13,900 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi) and its population as of 2014 is 26,546. The municipal seat is the village of Muxima.

Quiçama is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Viana and Icolo e Bengo, to the east by the municipalities of Cambambe, Libolo and Quibala, to the south by the municipalities of Quilenda and Porto Amboim, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean.

Part of the municipality is occupied by the Quiçama National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional da Quiçama).

Quiçama National Park
Quiçama National Park, also known as Kissama National Park (Portuguese: Parque Nacional do Quiçama or Parque Nacional da Quissama), is a national park in northwestern Angola.

It is the only functioning national park in all of Angola, with the others being in disrepair due to the Angolan Civil War.

The park is approximately 70 km from Luanda, the Angolan capital. The park covers 3 million acres (12,000 km²), more than twice the size of the U.S. state of Rhode Island.

The Portuguese name Quiçama is spelled in English and other languages as Kissama, Kisama or Quicama. The spelling Kissama in English is the closest to the Portuguese phonetic.