hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Einstein notation
In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the  Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity. As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus; however, it is often used in physics applications that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces. It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Lilia del Valle
Lilia del Valle (30 April 1928, in Mexico City – 7 January 2013, in Santo Domingo) was a Mexican actress, a star in the Golden Age of Mexican cinema. She appeared in films such as Las tres alegres comadres (1952) and Las interesadas (1952), together with Amalia Aguilar and Lilia Prado, Mis tres viudas alegres (1953) and Las cariñosas (1953) with Silvia Pinal, Nadie muere dos veces (1953), with Luis Aguilar and Abel Salazar, and Esposas infieles (1956).

Luis Aguilar (actor)
Luis Aguilar Manzo (29 January 1918 – 24 October 1997) was a Mexican actor and singer. He was also known as El Gallo Giro, and was noted for his performances in films as El 7 leguas (1955) and El látigo negro (1958).

Aguilar was born in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. He was given his first leading role in the film Sota, Caballo y Rey (1944). He had two daughters (Anna Luisa y Martha Fernanda Aguilar) from his first marriage, and one son (Luis Aguilar Doblado) from his second marriage with Rosario Gálvez. He died on 24 October 1997 in his sleep.
Hughes-Willis Site
The Hughes-Willis Site is a prehistoric Native American archaeological site in Kent County, Delaware.  It is located in Dover, Delaware on the banks of the Little River, and was identified in 1971.  The site contains evidence of occupation dating back 5,000 years, with its most significant occupational period being the Middle Woodland Period.  Finds at the site include projectile points, and tools for cutting and scraping made of stone.  The evidence suggests the site was occupied seasonally, probably sometime in the period between late fall and mid-winter.

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Kent County, Delaware
Kent County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2020 census, the population was 181,851, making it the least populous county in Delaware, but the most populous county in the United States to be the least populous in its state. The county seat is Dover, the state capital of Delaware. It is named for Kent, an English county.

Kent County comprises the Dover metropolitan area, which is included in the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area.
Song Yo-chan
Song Yo Chan (Korean: 송요찬; February 13, 1918 – October 18, 1980) was prime minister (Chief Cabinet Minister - Military Rule) of South Korea from 3 July 1961 to 16 June 1962. Previously, he had been the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade from 22 July 1961 – 10 October 1961 and was a lieutenant general. He ordered the arrest of corrupt officers in the army. He had studied politics and economics at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. During the final days of the First Republic of South Korea of president Syngman Rhee, he declared martial law and demanded the resignation of Rhee. Song Yo Chan refused to quell student-led protesters even though the police asked for bullets and troops. These protests are known as the April Revolution.

Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army
The chief of staff of the Republic of Korea Army (CSA; Korean: 대한민국 육군참모총장; Hanja: 大韓民國陸軍參謀總長), is the head of the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA). The position has existed since the founding of the ROKA in 1948, and was originally held by a lieutenant general, then by a general since 1968.

The appointment of the CSA, along with the chief of naval operations, chiefs of staff of the Air Force and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is referred to the State Council of South Korea for deliberation according to Article 89, Constitution of South Korea.
Ransart, Belgium
Ransart (French pronunciation: [ʁɑ̃saʁ]; Walloon: El Ronsåt) is a town of Wallonia and district of the municipality of Charleroi, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

It was a municipality of its own before the merger of the municipalities in 1977.

Charleroi
Charleroi (UK: /ˈʃɑːrlə.rwʌ/, US: /-rɔɪ, -rwɑː/, French: [ʃaʁləʁwa] ⓘ; Walloon: Tchålerwè [tʃɑːlɛʀwɛ]) is a city and a municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It is the largest city in both Hainaut and Wallonia. The city is situated in the valley of the Sambre, in the south-west of Belgium, not far from the border with France. By 1 January 2008, the total population of Charleroi was 201,593. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,462 square kilometres (564 sq mi) with a total population of 522,522 by 1 January 2008, ranking it as the 5th most populous in Belgium after Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, and Ghent. The inhabitants are called Carolorégiens or simply Carolos.
Khaled Lemmouchia
Khaled Lemmouchia (Arabic: خالد لموشية; born 6 December 1981) is a former professional footballer. He played primarily as a defensive midfielder. Born in France, he represented Algeria at international level.

Lemmouchia is a former Algerian youth international having played briefly for the under-20 team during the qualification process for the 2001 African Youth Championship. In February 2008, Lemmouchia was called up to the senior team for the first time  for a training camp held in Paris. and would go on to make his debut on 31 May 2008 in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Senegal. He featured for Algeria at the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2011 African Championship of Nations. As of August 2012, he has won 22 international caps.

Olympique Lyonnais Reserves and Academy
The Olympique Lyonnais Reserves & Academy are the reserve team and academy of French club Olympique Lyonnais. The reserves squad play in the Championnat National 3, the fifth division of French football and the second highest division the team is allowed to participate in. Lyon have won the reserves title of the Championnat de France Amateur six times. They have won in 1998, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2009, and 2010.
Lake Nisramont
Lake Nisramont (French: lac de Nisramont) is located in Wallonia in the south-east of Belgium on the river Ourthe in the municipality of La Roche-en-Ardenne, province of Luxembourg.

It is named after Nisramont, a village near the lake. The dam has a length of 116 m and is 16 m high. The volume of water is 3,000,000 m3 and the area of the lake is 0.47 km2. The dam has fish ladders and a hydro-electric power station. The dam was erected at the point where the Western Ourthe (Ourthe Occidentale) and Eastern Ourthe (Ourthe Orientale) merge to form the Ourthe. The lake is a tourist attraction, with water sports, including canoeing and fishing.

La Roche-en-Ardenne
La Roche-en-Ardenne (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔʃ ɑ̃.n‿aʁdɛn] ⓘ; Walloon: Li Rotche) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg and the arrondissement of Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium. Lying beside a bend in the River Ourthe, the small town of La Roche-en-Ardenne is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Ardennes. Its name is derived from its position on a rock commanding the river.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 147.52 km2, had 4,348 inhabitants, giving a population density of 29.5 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Beausaint, Halleux, Hives, La Roche-en-Ardenne, Ortho, and Samrée. Other population centres include Bérismenil, Buisson, Cielle, Floumont, Herlinval, Hubermont, Lavaux, Maboge, Mierchamps, Mousny, Nisramont, Ronchampays, Ronchamps, Roupage, Thimont, Vecmont, and Warempage.
Nutritional anthropology
Nutritional anthropology is the study of the interplay between human biology, economic systems, nutritional status and food security. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional Western models) for any given group of people.

Subsistence economy
A subsistence economy is an economy directed to basic subsistence (the provision of  sufficient food, clothing and shelter to sustain life) rather than oriented to sustaining a market in essential and desirable assets.
Transylvanian Memorandum
The Transylvanian Memorandum (Romanian: Memorandumul Transilvaniei) was a petition sent in 1892 by the leaders of the Romanians of Transylvania to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King Franz Joseph, asking for equal ethnic rights with the Hungarians, and demanding an end to persecutions and Magyarization attempts.

Petition
A petition is a request to do something, most commonly addressed to a government official or public entity.  Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer called supplication.

In the colloquial sense, a petition is a document addressed to an official and signed by numerous individuals. A petition may be oral rather than written, or may be transmitted via the Internet.
PedidosYa
PedidosYa is a Uruguayan multinational company for online food ordering and quick commerce, headquartered in Montevideo. Founded in 2009 and merged with Delivery Hero, as of 2025 the company operates in fifteen Latin American countries.

Online food ordering
Online food ordering is the process of ordering food, for delivery or pickup, from a website or other application. The product can be either ready-to-eat food (e.g., direct from a home-kitchen, restaurant, or a virtual restaurant) or food that has not been specially prepared for direct consumption (e.g., vegetables direct from a farm/garden, fruits, frozen meats. etc).

Ordering food through third-party delivery companies has emerged as a global industry, leading to a "delivery revolution." From 2018 to 2021, global revenues for the online food delivery sector rose from $90 billion to $294 billion.
The King's Choice
The King's Choice (Norwegian: Kongens nei, meaning "The King's No") is a 2016 biographical war film directed by Erik Poppe. It is a co-production of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Ireland, and was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. The film made the shortlist of nine films to be considered for a nomination at the 89th Academy Awards.

SS Rio de Janeiro (1914)
SS Rio de Janeiro was a German cargo steamship owned by the Hamburg Südamerikanische shipping company and registered in Hamburg. She was built as Santa Ines in 1914 and renamed Rio de Janeiro in 1921. Until World War II she carried passengers and freight between Germany and South America.

On 7 March 1940 Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine requisitioned her to carry troops and equipment before Operation Weserübung, the invasion of Norway and Denmark, began on 9 April 1940.
Symbol rate
In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling events across the transmission medium per unit of time. The symbol rate is a kind of aperiodic frequency, measured in baud (Bd) or symbols per second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses per second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data. The symbol rate is related to the gross bit rate, expressed in bits per second.

Significant instant
In telecommunications, a significant instant is the instant of change from one significant condition to another within a discretely-timed signal

A signal in which the time interval between two successive significant instants is constant is called an isochronous signal. This time interval is called the unit interval.
2022 Men's Junior South American Volleyball Championship
The 2022 Men's U21 Volleyball South American Championship was the 25th edition of the Men's Junior South American Volleyball Championship, organised by South America's governing volleyball body, the CSV. The tournament was held in Tacna, Peru from 14 to 18 September 2022. The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the 2023 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship as the CSV representatives.

Players must be born on or after 1 January 2003.

Men's Junior South American Volleyball Championship
The Men's Junior South American Volleyball Championship is a sport competition for national volleyball teams with players under 21 years, currently held biannually and organized by the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV), the South American volleyball federation.
Discovery and development of TRPV1 antagonists
Relief from chronic pain remains a recognized unmet medical need. Consequently, the search for new analgesic agents is being intensively studied by the pharmaceutical industry. The TRPV1 receptor is a ligand gated ion channel  that has been implicated in mediation of many types of pain and therefore studied most extensively. The first competitive antagonist, capsazepine, was first described in 1990; since then, several TRPV1 antagonists have entered clinical trials as analgesic agents. Should these new chemical entities relieve symptoms of chronic pain, then this class of compounds may offer one of the first novel mechanisms for the treatment of pain in many years.

Tetramer
A tetramer (/ˈtɛtrəmər/) (tetra-, "four" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer formed from four monomers or subunits. The associated property is called tetramery. An  example from inorganic chemistry is titanium methoxide with the empirical formula Ti(OCH3)4, which is tetrameric in solid state and has the molecular formula Ti4(OCH3)16.  An example from organic chemistry is kobophenol A, a substance that is formed by combining four molecules of resveratrol.

In biochemistry, it similarly refers to a biomolecule formed of four units, that are the same (homotetramer), i.e. as in Concanavalin A or different (heterotetramer), i.e. as in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin has 4 similar sub-units  while immunoglobulins have 2 very different sub-units. The different sub-units may have each their own activity, such as binding biotin in avidin tetramers, or have a common biological property, such as the allosteric binding of oxygen in hemoglobin.
Commemoration of Tadeusz Kościuszko
Tadeusz Kościuszko is one of the most honored people in Polish history, in terms of places and events named in his honor.

As a national hero of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States, Kościuszko has given his name to many places and monuments around the world.

General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces
The General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki) is a Polish Land Forces military university, in Wrocław, Poland, which trains officers to serve in Polish Land Forces units.

Established in 2002, its antecedents date back to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
William Eleroy Curtis
William Eleroy Curtis (November 5, 1850 – October 5, 1911) was an American journalist, author, diplomat, political activist, and exhibitor. He was a prominent proponent of Pan-Americanism. Curtis' partisan reporting earned him patronage appointments and advanced his ideological goals. His career reflected the influence of bias, cronyism, and imperialism on journalism during the Gilded Age. Curtis held a series of leadership roles in the State Department, as well as the supranational organizations which anticipated the Organization of American States.

Pan-Americanism
Pan-Americanism is a pan-nationalist movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means. The term Pan-Americanism was first used by the New York Evening Post in 1882 when referring to James G. Blaine’s proposal for a conference of American states in Washington D.C., gaining more popularity after the first conference in 1889. Through international conferences, Pan-Americanism embodies the spirit of cooperation to create and ratify treaties for the betterment in the Americas. Since 1826, the Americas have evolved the international conferences from an idea of revolutionary Simon Bolivar to the creation of an inter-America organization with the founding of the Organization of American States.
Bocanovice
Bocanovice (Polish: Boconowiceⓘ) is a municipality and village in Frýdek-Místek District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. The municipality has a significant Polish minority.

Jablunkov
Jablunkov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjabluŋkof] ⓘ; Polish: Jabłonkówⓘ, German: Jablunkau) is a town in Frýdek-Místek District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,300 inhabitants. The town has a significant Polish minority. It is inhabited by a large number of Silesian Gorals.
Dasymutilla eminentia
Dasymutilla eminentia is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Mutillidae. Members of this family of wasps are often mistaken for true ants, especially since females are wingless. Unlike ants, however, their bodies are covered by a dense pile of velvet-like hair, and they lack petiole nodes.

The species is found in desert or arid regions of Southwestern United States and Mexico.

Velvet ant
Velvet ants (Mutillidae) are a family of more than 7,000 species of wasps whose wingless females resemble large, hairy ants. Their common name velvet ant refers to their resemblance to an ant, and their dense pile of hair, which most often is bright scarlet or orange, but may also be black, white, silver, or gold. Their bright colors serve as aposematic signals. They are known for their extremely painful stings, (the sting of the species Dasymutilla klugii rated a 3 on the Schmidt pain index and lasts up to 30 minutes), and has resulted in the common name "cow killer" or "cow ant" being applied to the species Dasymutilla occidentalis. However, mutillids are not aggressive and sting only in defense. In addition, the actual toxicity of their venom is much lower than that of honey bees or harvester ants. Unlike true ants, they are solitary, and lack complex social systems.
Bismite
Bismite is a bismuth oxide mineral, bismuth trioxide or Bi2O3. It is a monoclinic mineral, but the typical form of occurrence is massive and clay-like with no macroscopic crystals. The color varies from green to yellow. It has a Mohs hardness of 4 to 5 and a specific gravity of 8.5 to 9.5, quite high for a nonmetallic mineral.

Bismite is a secondary oxidation zone mineral which forms from primary bismuth minerals.

It was first described from Goldfield, Nevada in 1868, and later from the Schneeberg District, Ore Mountains, Saxony, Germany.

Goldfield, Nevada
Goldfield is an unincorporated town and census-designated place and the county seat of Esmeralda County, Nevada.

It had a population of 225 at the 2020 census, down from 440 in 2000. Goldfield is located 247 miles (398 km) southeast of Carson City, along U.S. Route 95.

Goldfield was a boomtown in the first decade of the 20th century due to the discovery of gold – between 1903 and 1940, Goldfield's mines produced more than $86 million at then-current prices. Much of the town was destroyed by a fire in 1923, although several buildings survived and remain today, notably the Goldfield Hotel, the Consolidated Mines Building (the communications center of the town until 1963), and the schoolhouse. Gold exploration continues in and around the town today.
Nintendo Network
The Nintendo Network was an online service run by Nintendo that provided free online functionalities for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U systems and their compatible games. Launched in 2012, it was Nintendo's second online service after Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection; the Nintendo Network was not a component of the Nintendo Switch, which uses the subscription based Nintendo Switch Online, although Nintendo Network IDs were able to be linked to the Switch via Nintendo Accounts.

The service was shut down by Nintendo on April 8, 2024, leading to functions such as online play, global leaderboards, SpotPass, and most other online features of both the Wii U and 3DS no longer being accessible; the only services which remain online are Pokémon Bank and Poké Transporter, system software and game updates, the limited Nintendo 3DS theme shop, friend lists, and re-downloading previously purchased software from the Nintendo eShop for their respective systems.

Nintendo Direct
Nintendo Direct is a series of online presentations or live shows produced by Nintendo, where information regarding the company's upcoming content or franchises is presented, such as information about games and consoles. The presentations began in Japan and North America with the first edition on October 21, 2011, before expanding to Europe, Australia, and South Korea.
HMS Leonidas (1913)
HMS Leonidas  was a Laforey-class destroyer of the Royal Navy. She was launched on 30 October 1913. She served in World War I with the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla and as a convoy escort and was broken up in 1922. The ship was originally named Rob Roy but the name was changed after a new naming scheme was introduced to give all ships of the same class names beginning with the same letter. Overall cost of the ship was £100,000

Laforey-class destroyer (1913)
The Laforey class (redesignated in October 1913 as the L class) was a class of 22 torpedo boat destroyers of the Royal Navy, twenty of which were built under the Naval Programme of 1912–13 and a further two under the 2nd War Emergency Programme of 1914. As such they were the penultimate pre-war British destroyer design (the M class built under the Naval Programme of 1913–14 being the last design). All served during World War I during which three were lost; the survivors were all scrapped in 1921-23.