hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Steam frigate
Steam frigates (including screw frigates) and the smaller steam corvettes, steam sloops, steam gunboats and steam schooners were steam-powered warships that were not meant to stand in the line of battle. The first such ships were paddle steamers. Later on the invention of screw propulsion enabled construction of screw-powered versions of the traditional frigates, corvettes, sloops and gunboats.

Sail plan
A sail plan is a drawing of a sailing craft, viewed from the side, depicting its sails, the spars that carry them and some of the rigging that supports the rig. By extension, "sail plan" describes the arrangement of sails on a craft. A sailing craft may be waterborne (a ship or boat), an iceboat, or a sail-powered land vehicle.
Epsilon cell
Epsilon cells (ε-cells) are one of the five types of endocrine cells found in regions of the pancreas called Islets of Langerhans. Epsilon cells produce the hormone ghrelin that induces hunger. They were first discovered in mice. In humans, these cells compose less than 1% of all islet cells. They are connected by tight junctions that allow impermeability to water-soluble compounds.

NKX2-2
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-2 gene.

Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 contains a homeobox domain and may be involved in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system. This gene is found on chromosome 20 near NKX2-4, and these two genes appear to be duplicated on chromosome 14 in the form of TITF1 and NKX2-8. The encoded protein is likely to be a nuclear transcription factor.

The expression of Nkx2-2 is regulated by an antisense RNA called Nkx2-2as.

In the developing spinal cord, Nkx-2.2 regulates IRX3 thereby contributing to the proper differentiation of the ventral horn neurons.
2025 Hamburg Open – Women's doubles
Nadiia Kichenok and Makoto Ninomiya defeated defending champion Anna Bondár and her partner Arantxa Rus in the final, 6–4, 3–6, [11–9]. to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2025 Hamburg Open. It was Kichenok's tenth WTA Tour title, and Ninomiya's eighth.

Bondár and Kimberley Zimmermann were the reigning champions (where the tournament was a WTA 125 tournament the previous year), but Zimmermann chose to compete in Iași instead.

2025 Hamburg Open
The 2025 Hamburg Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 119th edition of the event for the men and the 23rd edition for the women. The event is classified as an ATP Tour 500 tournament on the 2025 ATP Tour and as a WTA 250 tournament on the 2025 WTA Tour (a WTA 125 tournament the previous year). It took place at Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany between 18 and 24 May 2025 for the men, and between 14 and 20 July 2025 for the women.
Dänew
Dänew, briefly known as Galkynyş, is a city and capital of Dänew District in Lebap Province, Turkmenistan. The city is located on the left bank of Amu Darya River, circa 35 km southeast of Seýdi and 35 km northwest of Türkmenabat. In 2022, it had a population of 15,409.

Türkmenabat
Türkmenabat (Turkmen pronunciation: [tʏɾkˌmønɑˈbɑːt]) is the second-largest city in Turkmenistan and the administrative centre of Lebap Province. As of 2022, it had a population of approximately 231,000 people (up from 161,000 in the 1989 census). From 1924 to 1927, it was given the name Leninsk in honour of Vladimir Lenin.
Smolenskaya Mountain
Smolenskaya Mountain (71°52′S 12°21′E﻿ / ﻿71.867°S 12.350°E﻿ / -71.867; 12.350) is a small mountain, 2,890 m, standing 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) east-southeast of Mount Neustruyev in Sudliche Petermann Range, Wohlthat Mountains. Discovered and plotted from air photos by German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. Mapped from air photos and surveys by Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60; remapped by Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 1960–61, and named after the city of Smolensk.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Smolenskaya Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Südliche Petermann Range
Südliche Petermann Range (German: Südliche Petermannkette, also known as Söre Petermannkjeda, and Gory Otto Grotevolya) is one of the Petermann Ranges, trending NE-SW for 35 km (22 mi) from Svarthausane Crags to Gneiskopf Peak, in the Wohlthat Mountains, Queen Maud Land. Mount Neustruyev (also known as Gora Neustruyeva) is a 2,900 meter peak standing 8 km (5.0 mi) NNE of Gneiskopf Peak.
Gavilán Rayna Russom
Gavilán Rayna Russom is an American electronic music producer, musician and DJ. Russom has released music under various names, including Black Leotard Front, Black Meteoric Star and The Crystal Ark, as well as collaborative work with Delia Gonzalez and the band LCD Soundsystem. In addition to her musical work, Russom is also a visual artist and a writer. Russom lives in New York City.

Central to Russom's aesthetic is the challenge of fixed ideas which surround gender and all of the social frameworks that accompany it. Known in the electronic community as "The Wizard" for her technical prowess, she has built instruments for the likes of James Murphy (LCD Soundsystem), Tim Goldsworthy (Unkle, The Loving Hand) and Bjorn Copeland (Black Dice).

Black Dice
Black Dice is an American experimental noise music band based in Brooklyn, New York and consisting of brothers Bjorn and Eric Copeland along with Aaron Warren. Formed in 1997, the group was initially inspired by hardcore and noise rock, but subsequently shifted toward the extensive use of signal processing, effects units, and electronic instrumentation. They released their debut album Beaches & Canyons in 2002. They have recorded for labels such as DFA, Fat Cat, and Animal Collective's Paw Tracks.
Dysdera castillonensis
Dysdera castillonensis is a species of spider in the genus Dysdera, family Dysderidae. The species, endemic to Spain, was first described by Miguel Ferrández in 1996.

No subspecies are listed by the World Spider Catalog.

Dysdera
Dysdera is a genus of woodlouse hunting spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. They originated from Central Asia to Central Europe.

The family has gained many common names from their individual species, including the "European garden spider", the "slater-eating spider", the "sow-bug killer", the "woodlouse hunter", and the "woodlouse spider".

A bite from one of these spiders can be painful due to their large fangs and wide jaw. It may leave an itchy, swollen, or red bump, but the venom from one of their bites is not harmful to humans.
Compagnie générale transsaharienne
The Compagnie générale transsaharienne (CGT) was a French company founded in 1923 that provided road and air transport in the French colonial territories that covered most of the Sahara. It was acquired by a rival in June 1950.

Adrar, Algeria
Adrar (Arabic: أدرار) is the administrative capital of Adrar Province, the second largest province in Algeria. The commune is sited around an oasis in the Touat region of the Sahara Desert. According to a 2008 census, it has a population of 64,781, up from 43,903 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 4.0%.

Adrar is mainly an agricultural town, characterized by its traditional irrigation system, the Foggara.
Pimenio
Pimenio, (Pymenius) was Bishop of Assidonia (Medina Sidonia). He participated in the Fourth Council of Toledo in AD 633 and sixth in the year 638, being represented by the priest Ubiliensio in the seventh council of Toledo 646. He devoted several churches, putting in them further relics of martyrs, what various inscriptions are preserved in the chapel of Saints in Medina Sidonia (year 630), in the Saint Ambrosio church Vejer de la Frontera (year 644), in Salpensa (near Utrera) of 648, and in Alcalá de los Gazules 662. He carried out substantial work of renewal in his diocese and his episcopate lasted at least 18 years from 629 until after 646.

He was buried in a monastery in the village of Aquis (Talavera de la Reina) where in the year 681 in honor of the Saint, the Visigoth king Wamba established the bishopric of aquense-eborense  dependent of the pontifical chair of Merida.

Medina-Sidonia
Medina Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, southern Spain. Considered by some to be the oldest city in Europe, it is used as a military defence location because of its elevation.

Medina-Sidonia, one of Spain's most important ducal seats in the 15th century, produced an admiral, Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, who led the Spanish Armada against England in 1588. The title of Duque de Medina Sidonia was bestowed upon the family of Guzmán El Bueno for his valiant role in taking the town. The line continues and was led until March 2008 by the controversial socialist Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia (born 1936).
1995 Food City 500
The 1995 Food City 500 was the sixth stock car race of the 1995 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 35th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, April 2, 1995, in Bristol, Tennessee at Bristol Motor Speedway, a 0.533 miles (0.858 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. At race's end, Hendrick Motorsports driver Jeff Gordon would manage to dominate the late stages of the race to take his fifth career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his third victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Penske Racing South driver Rusty Wallace and owner-driver Darrell Waltrip would finish second and third, respectively.

Food City 500
The Food City 500 is an annual 500-lap, 266.5-mile (428.9 km) NASCAR Cup Series race held at the Bristol Motor Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee. This is one of two NASCAR races held at Bristol, the other being the Bass Pro Shops Night Race. It became the first venue to host the Car of Tomorrow, a race won by Kyle Busch. For much of its history, from 1961 to 1992 the race was run on the original asphalt surface, then on concrete from 1993 to 2020 after Bristol changed surfaces, but was moved to a dirt layout beginning in 2021, under the name Food City Dirt Race. Since 2024, the race returned the concrete oval.

Kyle Larson is the defending race winner.
Body Bag Game
The Body Bag Game was a Monday Night Football game played on November 12, 1990, between the Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Redskins at Veterans Stadium. The Eagles defeated the Redskins, 28–14. Its nickname comes from a pre-game boast from Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan, who told reporters his team would inflict a beating on Washington so bad "they'll have to be carted off in body bags".  Then during the game, nine Washington Redskins players left with injuries, and an Eagles player reacted to one of those injured Redskins by yelling, "Do you guys need any more body bags?"

Chip Lohmiller
John McLeod "Chip" Lohmiller (born July 16, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins, New Orleans Saints, and St. Louis Rams. He played college football for the University of Minnesota and high school football at Woodbury Senior High School in Woodbury, Minnesota, a suburb east of Saint Paul.
Katharina Konradi
Katharina Konradi is a Kyrgyzstani/German operatic soprano based in Germany. She has performed at major opera houses, especially Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier), Gilda (Rigoletto) and Susanna (Le Nozze di Figaro). She is also known as a lieder singer with a broad repertoire including contemporary music, performed at Wigmore Hall in London among others, and has released multiple recordings.

Semperoper
The Semperoper (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛmpɐˌʔoːpɐ] ⓘ) is the opera house of the Sächsische Staatsoper Dresden (Saxon State Opera) and the concert hall of the Staatskapelle Dresden (Saxon State Orchestra). It is also home to the Semperoper Ballett. The building is located on the Theaterplatz near the Elbe River in the historic centre of Dresden, Germany.

The opera house was originally built by the architect Gottfried Semper in 1841. After a devastating fire in 1869, the opera house was rebuilt, partly again by Semper, and completed in 1878. The opera house has a long history of premieres, including major works by Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.
Basic Points Unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
The Basic Points Unifying the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna is an important Buddhist ecumenical statement created in 1967 during the First Congress of the World Buddhist Sangha Council (WBSC), where its founder Secretary-General, the late Venerable Pandita Pimbure Sorata Thera, requested the Ven. Walpola Rahula Thera to present a concise formula for the unification of all the different Buddhist traditions. This text was then unanimously approved by the council.

Pratyekabuddhayāna
Pratyekabuddhayāna (Sanskrit: प्रत्येकबुद्धयान; traditional Chinese: 緣覺乘; ; pinyin: Yuánjué Chéng) is a Buddhist term for the mode or vehicle of enlightenment of a pratyekabuddha or paccekabuddha (Sanskrit and Pali respectively), a term which literally means "solitary buddha" or "a buddha on their own" (prati- each, eka-one). The pratyekabuddha is an individual who independently achieves liberation without the aid of teachers or guides and who does not teach others. Pratyekabuddhas may give moral teachings but do not bring others to enlightenment. They leave no sangha (i.e. community) as a legacy to carry on the Dhamma (e.g. Buddha's teachings).
Lambda-connectedness
In applied mathematics, lambda-connectedness  (or λ-connectedness) deals with partial connectivity for a discrete space.

Assume that a function on a discrete space (usually a graph) is given. A degree of connectivity (connectedness) will be defined to measure the connectedness of the space with respect to the function. It was invented to create a new method for image segmentation. The method has expanded to handle other problems related to uncertainty for incomplete information analysis.

For a digital image and a certain value of , two pixels are called -connected if there is a path linking those two pixels and the connectedness of this path is at least .  -connectedness is an equivalence relation.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Lungotevere Salvo D'Acquisto
Lungotevere Salvo D'Acquisto is the stretch of Lungotevere that connects Piazzale Cardinal Consalvi to the lungotevere dell'Acqua Acetosa, in Rome, in the Parioli district.

The lungotevere is dedicated to Salvo D'Acquisto, corporal of the Carabinieri, murdered by the Nazis in 1943; it was established by the municipal council on 26 July 1948.

This Lungotevere is located between Ponte Milvio and Ponte Flaminio.

Parioli
Parioli (Italian pronunciation: [paˈrjɔːli]) is the 2nd quartiere of Rome, identified by the initials Q. II.

The toponym is also used to indicate the urbanistic area 2B of the Municipio Roma II.

The name comes from Monti Parioli, a series of tufa hills, and was given to the area before its incorporation into the city proper at the beginning of the 20th century. Some suggest that the name stems from peraioli ("pear harvesters"), as it was once the site of pear orchards.
German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945. At first, the Germans were welcomed as liberators from the repressive Soviet regime which had occupied Lithuania. In hopes of re-establishing independence or regaining some autonomy, Lithuanians organized a Provisional Government that lasted six weeks.

Rollkommando Hamann
Rollkommando Hamann (Lithuanian: skrajojantis būrys) was a small mobile unit that committed mass murders of Lithuanian Jews in the countryside in July–October 1941, with an estimated death toll of at least 60,000 Jews. The unit was also responsible for many murders in Latvia from July through August 1941. At the end of 1941 the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry was effectively accomplished by Hamann's unit in the countryside, by the Ypatingasis būrys in the Ponary massacre, and by the Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA) in the Ninth Fort in Kaunas. In about six months an estimated 80% of all Lithuanian Jews were killed. The remaining few were spared for use as a labor force and concentrated in urban ghettos, mainly the Vilna and Kaunas Ghettos.
Ankur Garg
Ankur Garg (born 6 April 1982, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh) is an Indian film Producer, Entrepreneur and a Partner at Luv Films, a prominent production company in the Hindi film industry. With a professional background spanning technology, business, and cinema, Garg has built a reputation for combining creative insight with strategic business leadership. Ankur is currently serving as Vice President of the Producers Guild of India and is also a part of the Regional Council 2023–2025 (West) as the Advisory Council Member of  NASSCOM. His contributions span a range of commercially successful and critically acclaimed films, alongside ventures in cloud technology and global cinematic collaboration.

Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
The Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad or IIM-A) is a premier  business school located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It is one of the Indian Institutes of Management and was accorded the status of an Institute of National Importance by the Ministry of Human Resources, Government of India in 2017. It is regarded as the best business school in India and is often referred to as the Harvard Business School of India.

Established in 1961, the institute offers master's degree programs in management and agri-business management, a fellowship program and a number of executive training programs. The institute was founded by Vikram Sarabhai and Kasturbhai Lalbhai, with Ravi J. Matthai.  serving as its first director. Other notable contributors included Kamla Chowdhary.
Ernst Angel
Ernst Angel (11 August 1894 in Vienna, Austria – 10 January 1986 in Newark, New Jersey) was an Austrian-born poet, theatre and film critic, screen play author, film director and publisher who later became a psychologist. He was Jewish.

For a period of time, he worked with Rollo May, co-authoring a book.

He died in Newark Airport.

Rollo May
Rollo Reece May (April 21, 1909 – October 22, 1994) was an American existential psychologist and author of the influential book Love and Will (1969). He is often associated with humanistic psychology and existentialist philosophy, and alongside Viktor Frankl, was a major proponent of existential psychotherapy. The philosopher and theologian Paul Tillich was a close friend who had a significant influence on his work.

May's other works include The Meaning of Anxiety (1950, revised 1977) and The Courage to Create (1975), named after Tillich's The Courage to Be.
Polynucleobacter difficilis
Polynucleobacter difficilis is an aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, chemo-organotrophic, nonmotile, freshwater bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from the Lake Sevan from a depth of 60 m in Armenia.

Polynucleobacter
Polynucleobacter is a genus of bacteria, originally established by Heckmann and Schmidt (1987) to exclusively harbor obligate endosymbionts of ciliates belonging to the genus Euplotes.

Recently, several new Polynucleobacter species were described, which all represent free-living (i.e. not host-associated) planktonic freshwater bacteria. Thus, the genus Polynucleobacter currently includes one species containing obligate endosymbionts of ciliates and nine species representing free-living planktonic strains. The type strains of the planktonic species were isolated from freshwater systems located in Antarctica, Armenia, Austria, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Spain, Uganda, and the United States. Currently, the genus harbors 31 species.

Free-living Poynucleobacter bacteria represent important members of bacterioplankton in freshwater systems such as lakes, ponds, and streams.
Acerronia gens
The gens Acerronia or Aceronia was a minor plebeian family at Rome during the late Republic and early Empire.  The most distinguished member of the gens was Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus, consul in AD 37.  A number of Acerronii are known from inscriptions.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Salvador Escudero
Salvador "Sonny" Hatoc Escudero III (December 18, 1942 – August 13, 2012) was a Filipino politician. He was Minister of Food and Agriculture from 1984 to 1986; and Secretary of Agriculture from 1996 to 1998. He was a Member of the House of Representatives from 1987 to 1998; and from 2007 up until his death in 2012.

An education advocate, Escudero is credited as the author of the laws that established the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). He is the father of Senate President Francis Escudero.

Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)
The secretary of agriculture (Filipino: Kalihim ng Pagsasaka) is the member of the Cabinet of the Philippines in charge of the Department of Agriculture.

The current secretary is Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr., who assumed office on November 3, 2023.
Chaba Peak
Chaba Peak is located in the Chaba Icefield south of Fortress Lake in Hamber Provincial Park on the Continental Divide marking the Alberta-British Columbia border. It was named in 1920 after the Chaba River by the Interprovincial Boundary Survey. Chaba is the Stoney Indian word for beaver.

Chaba Icefield
The Chaba Icefield is an ice field located at the southern end of Hamber Provincial Park, extending into Jasper National Park and straddles the Continental Divide marking the Alberta–British Columbia border.