hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1973 Munich WCT
The 1973 Munich WCT, also known as the German Professional Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was part of Group A of the 1973 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the event and was held from 2 April until 8 April 1973. First-seeded Stan Smith won the singles title.

1973 World Championship Tennis circuit
The 1973 World Championship Tennis circuit was one of the two rival professional male tennis circuits of 1973. It was organized by World Championship Tennis (WCT). In April 1972 WCT signed an agreement with the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) as a result of which the 1973 men's tennis season was divided in a WCT section, which ran from January until May, and a Grand Prix circuit which was held from May onward. The WCT Circuit divided the players into two groups of 32 players, with each group playing 11 tournaments of the 22 tournaments. The four highest ranked players from each group qualified for the season finals in Dallas. The total available prize money was almost $1,250,000.
SahysMod
SahysMod is a computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different hydrogeologic and aquifer conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several crop rotation schedules, whereby the spatial variations are accounted for through a network of polygons.

Hydraulic conductivity
In science and  engineering, hydraulic conductivity (K, in SI units of meters per second), is a property of porous materials, soils and rocks, that describes the ease with which a fluid (usually water) can move through the pore space, or fracture network. It depends on the intrinsic permeability (k, unit: m2) of the material, the degree of saturation, and on the density and viscosity of the fluid. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, describes water movement through saturated media.
By definition, hydraulic conductivity is the ratio of volume flux to hydraulic gradient yielding a quantitative measure of a  saturated soil's ability to transmit water when subjected to a hydraulic gradient.
LGBTQ history in Singapore
There is a long history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender activity in Singapore. Male homosexuality was outlawed under British rule (1819–1942; 1946–1959), despite being acknowledged among the local population. Following Japanese occupation during World War II and the country gaining independence, homosexuality and transvestism were visible as a street scene, and from the 1970s were catered for in some nightclubs. In that decade also, Singapore became a centre of gender-reassignment surgery.

Concerns over HIV arose after cases were reported in the 1980s. During the 1990s, police clamped down on manifestations of homosexuality due to the stigma of HIV, leading to the growth of a gay movement.

The Straits Times
The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust. Established on 15 July 1845, it is the most-widely circulated newspaper in the country and has a significant regional audience. The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online, the latter of which was launched in 1994. It is regarded as the newspaper of record for Singapore.

The newspaper has been generally perceived as having a close relationship with the government and toeing the party line of the governing People's Action Party (PAP).
AS Panazol
Association Sportive de Club Cuervos FC  (French pronunciation: [asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv də panazɔl]) is a football club based in Panazol, France. As of the 2025–26 season, it competes in the Championnat National 3, the fifth tier of French football. The club's colours are yellow and blue.

In the 2021–22 Coupe de France, Panazol qualified for the round of 64 for the first time in the club's history following a win on penalties over Angoulême. They were eliminated in the following round following a loss to Vitré on penalties.

Angoulême Charente FC
Angoulême Charente Football Club, commonly known as Angoulême, is a French football club from the city of Angoulême, currently playing in Championnat National 2. Founded in 1920 as SC Angoulême, the club is well known as AS Angoulême, a name the club bore from 1948 to 1992. It was renamed AS Angoulême Charente 92 in 1992. In 2005, they rebranded as Angoulême Charente FC.
Sabarmati Riverfront
Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, the construction began in 2005. Since 2012, under Phase 1, the waterfront has been gradually opened to public as facilities are constructed; various facilities are under construction. The major objectives of project are environment improvement, social infrastructure and sustainable development. Phase 2 was approved in 2020.

River engineering
River engineering is a discipline of civil engineering which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of a river with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and behaviour of rivers since before recorded history—to manage the water resources, to protect against flooding, or to make passage along or across rivers easier. Since the Yuan Dynasty and Ancient Roman times, rivers have been used as a source of hydropower.

From the late 20th century onward, the practice of river engineering has responded to environmental concerns broader than immediate human benefit. Some river engineering projects have focused exclusively on the restoration or protection of natural characteristics and habitats.
Sultanpur Aima
Sultanpur Aima is a village in Rahi block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 5 km from Rae Bareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, it has a population of 448 people, in 78 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities. Sultanpur Aima’s legacy is deeply tied to the Pandey family, who have historically been the major landowners, shaping the village’s development and traditions for generations.

The 1961 census recorded Sultanpur Aima as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 270 people (140 male and 130 female), in 50 households and 43 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 140 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Sultanpur Aima as having a population of 376 people, in 66 households, and having an area of 21.04 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.

Rahi, Raebareli
Rahi is a village and corresponding community development block in Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 7 km from Rae Bareli, the district headquarters, which according to one folk etymology is named after the village. Rahi was formerly the seat of a pargana before Rae Bareli replaced it in that capacity. As of 2011, Rahi has a population of 7,536 people, in 1,373 households. It has one primary school and one medical clinic.

The 1961 census recorded Rahi as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,950 people (1,664 male and 1,286 female), in 617 households and 576 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,708 acres and it had a post office at that point. It had one grain mill and 3 makers of jewellery and/or precious metal items.

The 1981 census recorded Rahi as having a population of 4,611 people, in 951 households, and having an area of 363.30 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.
Object–subject word order
In linguistic typology, object–subject (OS) word order, also called O-before-S or patient–agent word order, is a word order in which the object appears before the subject. OS is notable for its statistical rarity as a default or predominant word order among natural languages. Languages with predominant OS word order display properties that distinguish them from languages with subject–object (SO) word order.

The three OS word orders are VOS, OVS, and OSV. Collectively, these three orders comprise only around 2.9% of the world's languages. SO word orders (SOV, SVO, VSO) are significantly more common, comprising approximately 83.3% of the world's languages (the remaining 13.7% have free word order).

Despite their low relative frequency, languages that use OS order by default can be found across a wide variety of families, including Nilotic, Austronesian, Mayan, Oto-Manguean, Chumashan, Arawakan, Cariban, Tupi–Guarani, Jê, Nadahup, and Chonan.

Verb–subject–object word order
In linguistic typology, a verb–subject–object (VSO) language has its most typical sentences arrange their elements in that order, as in Ate Sam apples (Sam ate apples). VSO is the third-most common word order among the world's languages, after SOV (as in Hindi and Japanese) and SVO (as in English and Mandarin Chinese).
Caradiophyodus
Caradiophyodus is an extinct genus of minute wasps in the superfamily Platygastroidea within the order Hymenoptera. The genus was described in 2023 by George Poinar Jr. and Fernando E. Vega and placed in the monotypic family Caradiophyodidae and is represented by a single species, Caradiophyodus saradae. The fossil was found in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber from northern Myanmar and represents one of the earliest known records of platygastroid wasps.

Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The amber is of significant palaeontological interest due to the diversity of flora and fauna contained as inclusions, particularly arthropods including insects and arachnids but also birds, lizards, snakes, frogs and fragmentary dinosaur remains. The amber has been known and commercially exploited since the first century AD, and has been known to science since the mid-nineteenth century. Research on the deposit has attracted controversy due to the potential role of the amber trade in funding internal conflict in Myanmar and hazardous working conditions in the mines where it is collected.
Betterwird
Betterwird or Betterwurd is a hamlet in the municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân in Friesland, the Netherlands. Before 2019, the village was part of the Dongeradeel municipality.

Betterwird is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Bornwird. The name Betterwird is nowadays also used for an industrial zone of Dokkum. It has no place name signs. In 1840, it was home to 203 people. Nowadays, it consists of about 7 houses.

Noardeast-Fryslân
Noardeast-Fryslân (West Frisian pronunciation: [noəˈtɪəst ˈfrislɔ̃ːn]; lit. 'Northeast Friesland') is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2019  and consists of the former municipalities of Dongeradeel, Ferwerderadiel and Kollumerland en Nieuwkruisland, all three of which dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland on the Wadden Sea coast, in the north of the Netherlands. Noardeast-Fryslân is bordered by the municipalities of Waadhoeke, Ameland, Schiermonnikoog, Leeuwarden, Dantumadiel and the province of Groningen. The population in January 2019 was 45,181. It is Friesland's seventh-most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,576) is Dokkum. The residents speak West Frisian, a Dutch Low Saxon dialect or Dutch.

Part of the municipality are the Engelsmanplaat sandbank and most of the Rif sandbank (which is shared with Schiermonnikoog for a small part).
Sorbitan tristearate
Sorbitan tristearate is a nonionic surfactant. It is variously used as a dispersing agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer, in food and in aerosol sprays.  As a food additive, it has the E number E492. Brand names for polysorbates include Alkest, Canarcel, and Span. The consistency of sorbitan tristearate is waxy; its color is light cream to tan.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.
Symphony No. 81 (Haydn)
Symphony No. 81 in G major (Hoboken I/81) is a symphony by Joseph Haydn composed in 1784 as part of a trio of symphonies that also included symphonies 79 and 80. These three symphonies were specially written for performance in March 1785.

G major
G major is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯. Its key signature has one sharp.  Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor.

The G major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The G harmonic major and melodic major scales are:
This Transient Life
This Transient Life (無常, Mujō) is a 1970 Japanese erotic drama film directed by Akio Jissoji, in his feature directorial debut. It is the first film in Jissoji's Buddhist Trilogy. Starring Ryō Tamura and Michiko Tsukasa, it follows a young man who falls in love with his sister and gets her pregnant. After a monk from a nearby Buddhist Monastery finds out, the young man becomes an assistant to a master sculptor, only to proceed to complicate matters with his affairs. The film won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival.

Golden Leopard
The Golden Leopard (Italian: Pardo d'oro) is the top prize at the Locarno Film Festival, an international film festival held annually in Locarno, Switzerland since 1946. Directors in the process of getting an international reputation are allowed to be entered in the competitive selection. The winning films are chosen by a jury. The award went under many names until it was named the Golden Leopard in 1968. The festival was not held in 1951 and the prize was not awarded in 1956 and 1982. As of 2024 René Clair is the only director to have won the award twice, winning in the first two years of the festival.
Alan Shulman
Alan Shulman (4 June 1915 – 10 July 2002) was an American composer and cellist. He wrote a considerable amount of symphonic music, chamber music, and jazz music. Trumpeter Eddie Bailey said, "Alan had the greatest ear of any musician I ever came across. He had better than perfect pitch. I've simply never met anyone like him." Some of his more well known works include his 1940 Neo-Classical Theme and Variations for Viola and Piano and his A Laurentian Overture, which was premiered by the New York Philharmonic in 1952 under the baton of Guido Cantelli. Also of note is his 1948 Concerto for Cello and Orchestra which was also premiered by the New York Philharmonic with cellist Leonard Rose and conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos. Many of Shulman's works have been recorded, and the violinist Jascha Heifetz and jazz clarinetist Artie Shaw have been particular exponents of his work both in performance and on recordings.

Jascha Heifetz
Jascha Heifetz (/ˈhaɪfɪts/; February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1901 – December 10, 1987) was a Russian-American violinist, widely regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time. Born in Vilnius, he was soon recognized as a child prodigy and was trained in the Russian violin school in St. Petersburg. Accompanying his parents to escape the violence of the Russian Revolution, he moved to the United States as a teenager, where his Carnegie Hall debut was rapturously received. Fritz Kreisler, another leading violinist of the twentieth century, said after hearing Heifetz's debut, "We might as well take our fiddles and break them across our knees."

By the age of 18, Heifetz was the highest-paid violinist in the world. He had a long and successful concert career, including wartime service with the United Service Organizations (USO). After an injury to his right (bowing) arm in 1972, he switched his focus to teaching.
Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ3
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ3 was a compact 'Travel Zoom' camera announced on January 31, 2007. It was the successor to the 2006 TZ1 announced in 2006, and was released in parallel with the TZ2. It has a 10× optical zoom with the focal range equivalent to 28–280 mm (35 mm film equivalent) coupled with Mega O.I.S. image stabiliser. It is a fully automatic compact camera, without manual control of aperture and shutter time. The TZ3 was awarded both the TIPA "Best Superzoom Digital Camera" award and the EISA "European Compact Camera" award in 2007.
The TZ4, TZ5 (known as TZ15 in Asia, Australia and New Zealand), and TZ50 succeeded the TZ2 and TZ3.

Lumix
Lumix is Panasonic's brand of digital cameras, ranging from pocket point-and-shoot models to digital SLRs and mirrorless cameras.

Compact digital cameras DMC-LC5 and DMC-F7 were the first products of the Lumix series, released in 2001. Most Lumix cameras use differing releases of the Panasonic Venus Engine for digital image processing; the original version (2002) was followed by II (2004), Plus (2005), III (2006), IV (2008), HD, V (2009) VI, HD II, VII FHD (2010, 2012, 2013), IX (2014), X (2017), and XI (2019).

Some Lumix models are branded with Leica lenses (e.g. Nocticron or Elmarit lenses), although Leica does not manufacture the lenses. Others are rebranded as Leica cameras with different cosmetic stylings.

Despite shifting focus to full frame cameras, Panasonic continues to release and support micro four thirds (MFT) cameras. As of 2023, the Lumix G9II is the flagship MFT camera of the range.
Virtual Woman
Virtual Woman is a software program that has elements of a chatbot, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, a video game, and a virtual human. It claims to be the oldest form of virtual life in existence, as it has been distributed since the late 1980s. Recent releases of the program can update their intelligence by connecting online and downloading newer personalities and histories.

Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that simulates conversation through text or speech. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Chatbots have gained popularity with the release of ChatGPT in 2022, followed by competitors such as Gemini, Claude, and Grok, in what is labelled an AI boom. AI chatbots typically use fine-tuned large language models to generate text.

A major area where chatbots have long been used is customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.
Sacituzumab govitecan
Sacituzumab govitecan, sold under the brand name Trodelvy by Gilead Sciences, is a Trop-2-directed antibody and topoisomerase inhibitor drug conjugate used for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, previously treated metastatic hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and metastatic urothelial cancer.

The most common side effects include nausea, neutropenia, diarrhea, fatigue, anemia, vomiting, alopecia (hair loss), constipation, decreased appetite, rash and abdominal pain. Sacituzumab govitecan has a boxed warning about the risk of severe neutropenia (abnormally low levels of white blood cells) and severe diarrhea. Sacituzumab govitecan may cause harm to a developing fetus or newborn baby.

Sacituzumab govitecan was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2020, and in the European Union in November 2021. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) consider it to be a first-in-class medication.

Antibody–drug conjugate
Antibody–drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of bioconjugates and immunoconjugates. ADCs are composed of an antibody linked to a cytotoxic (anticancer) "payload" or drug.

Among treatment options for cancer, chemotherapy is most widely used. Its main limitation is low target specificity. Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs target tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were developing ADCs.

ADCs combine the targeting properties of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing capabilities of cytotoxic drugs, designed to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue.
Plethysm
In algebra, plethysm is an operation on symmetric functions introduced by Dudley E. Littlewood, who denoted it by {λ} ⊗ {μ}. The word "plethysm" for this operation (after the Greek word πληθυσμός meaning "multiplication") was introduced later by Littlewood (1950, p. 289, 1950b, p.274), who said that the name was suggested by M. L. Clark.

If symmetric functions are identified with operations in lambda rings, then plethysm corresponds to composition of operations.

Ring of symmetric functions
In algebra and in particular in algebraic combinatorics, the ring of symmetric functions is a specific limit of the rings of symmetric polynomials in n indeterminates, as n goes to infinity. This ring serves as universal structure in which relations between symmetric polynomials can be expressed in a way independent of the number n of indeterminates (but its elements are neither polynomials nor functions). Among other things, this ring plays an important role in the representation theory of the symmetric group.

The ring of symmetric functions can be given a coproduct and a bilinear form making it into a positive selfadjoint graded Hopf algebra that is both commutative and cocommutative.
5-inch gun
A 5-inch gun is a gun with a 5-inch bore. Examples include these naval weapons:

BL 5 inch gun Mk I – V British naval and coast defence guns of 1880s-1890s

5-inch gun M1897 and M1900 - US Army coast artillery weapons 1900-1920

5"/25 caliber US anti-aircraft gun

5"/40 caliber gun - USN gun

5"/50 caliber gun - USN gun

5"/51 caliber US anti-ship gun

5"/38 caliber US dual-purpose gun

5"/54 caliber Mark 42 gun US dual-purpose gun

5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun US (and 5"/62 caliber Mark 45 Model 4 gun)

Oto Melara 127/54C dual-purpose gun Italian naval gun

Oto Melara 127/64 dual-purpose gun Italian naval gun

Otobreda 127/54 Compact
The Otobreda 127mm/54 Compact (127/54C) gun is a dual purpose naval artillery piece built by the Italian company Oto Melara. It uses the 127mm round which is also used in the 5 inch/ 54 gun, albeit that this gun calibre is measured in United States customary units rather than metric. The gun uses an automatic loading system where 66 127mm rounds of various kinds can be stored ready-to-fire in three loader drums (each holding 22 rounds). The barrel is water-cooled. Currently the gun is still in use by navies around the world but it is slowly being replaced by the Otobreda 127/64 for new vessels, such as the German Navy's F125-class frigate and Italian Navy's FREMM.