hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trinità
Trinità is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Turin and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Cuneo.

Trinità borders the following municipalities: Bene Vagienna, Fossano, Magliano Alpi, and Sant'Albano Stura.

Cuneo
Cuneo (Italian: [ˈkuːneo] ⓘ; Piedmontese: Coni [ˈkʊni]; Occitan: Coni [ˈkuni]; French: Coni [kɔni]) is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, the capital of the province of Cuneo, the fourth largest of Italy's provinces by area.

It is located at an elevation of 550 metres (1,800 ft) in the south-west of Piedmont, at the confluence of the rivers Stura and Gesso.

Cuneo is bounded by the municipalities of Beinette, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Boves, Busca, Caraglio, Castelletto Stura, Centallo, Cervasca, Morozzo, Peveragno, Tarantasca and Vignolo.

It is located near six mountain passes:

Colle della Maddalena at 1,996 metres (6,549 ft)

Colle di Tenda at 1,871 metres (6,138 ft) – Tunnel of Tenda at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft), 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long

Colle del Melogno at 1,027 metres (3,369 ft)

Colle San Bernardo at 957 metres (3,140 ft)

Colle di Nava at 934 metres (3,064 ft)

Colle di Cadibona at 459 metres (1,506 ft).
Centre Pawn Opening
The Centre Pawn Opening (or the MacLeod Attack) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

1. e4 e5

2. c3

The opening was analyzed by Ruy López in his 1561 book, but has never been popular. It was played 17 times in the New York 1889 tournament by the Canadian master Nicholas MacLeod but has otherwise arisen rarely in tournament play.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Aprobarbital
Aprobarbital (or aprobarbitone), sold under the brand names Oramon, Somnifaine, and Allonal, is a barbiturate derivative invented in the 1920s by Ernst Preiswerk. It has sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily for the treatment of insomnia.  Aprobarbital was never as widely used as more common barbiturate derivatives such as phenobarbital and is now rarely prescribed. It has been largely replaced by newer drugs with a better safety margin.

Barbiturate
Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid. They are effective when used medically as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible adverse effects. They have been used recreationally for their anti-anxiety and sedative effects, and are thus controlled in most countries due to the risks associated with such use.

Barbiturates have largely been replaced by benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines ("Z-drugs") in routine medical practice, particularly in the treatment of anxiety disorders and insomnia, because of the significantly lower risk of overdose, and the lack of an antidote for barbiturate overdose. Despite this, barbiturates are still in use for various purposes: in general anesthesia, epilepsy, treatment of acute migraines or cluster headaches, acute tension headaches, euthanasia, capital punishment, and assisted suicide.
Iris nelsonii
Iris nelsonii  is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Limniris and in the series hexagonae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from northern America. It has long drooping, grass-like leaves, tall stems, 10 red-purple flowers.

Iris (plant)
Iris is a flowering plant genus of 310 accepted species with showy flowers. As well as being the scientific name, iris is also widely used as a common name for all Iris species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is flags, while the plants of the subgenus Scorpiris are widely known as junos, particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

The often-segregated, monotypic genera Belamcanda (blackberry lily, I. domestica), Hermodactylus (snake's head iris, I. tuberosa), and Pardanthopsis (vesper iris, I. dichotoma) are currently included in Iris.

Three Iris varieties are used in the Iris flower data set outlined by Ronald Fisher in his 1936 paper The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems as an example of linear discriminant analysis.
Synchronous context-free grammar
Synchronous context-free grammars (SynCFG or SCFG; not to be confused with stochastic CFGs) are a type of formal grammar designed for use in transfer-based machine translation. Rules in these grammars apply to two languages at the same time, capturing grammatical structures that are each other's translations.

The theory of SynCFGs borrows from syntax-directed transduction and syntax-based machine translation, modeling the reordering of clauses that occurs when translating a sentence by correspondences between phrase-structure rules in the source and target languages. Performance of SCFG-based MT systems has been found comparable with, or even better than, state-of-the-art phrase-based machine translation systems.
Several algorithms exist to perform translation using SynCFGs.

Transfer-based machine translation
Transfer-based machine translation is a type of machine translation (MT). It is currently one of the most widely used methods of machine translation. In contrast to the simpler direct model of MT, transfer MT breaks translation into three steps: analysis of the source language text to determine its grammatical structure, transfer of the resulting structure to a structure suitable for generating text in the target language, and finally generation of this text. Transfer-based MT systems are thus capable of using knowledge of the source and target languages.
Talla Gnananandam
T. Gnananandam was a Pastor of the Protestant Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars and was Principal of the Baptist Theological Seminary, Kakinada during 1968-1969, the shortest ever in the history of the seminary.

Baptist Theological Seminary (India)
Baptist Theological Seminary is a Baptist seminary located in Jagannaickpur, Church Square, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is affiliated with the Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars.
Space Weather Modeling Framework
The Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) is a modular, high-performance software system for physics-based simulations of the Sun–Earth space environment. It couples domain models of the solar corona, heliosphere, magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and radiation belts to enable comprehensive Sun-to-Earth modeling runs.

The framework was developed at the University of Michigan's Center for Space Environment Modeling and first described as a "plug-and-play type framework" in 2005. The framework's algorithms and adaptive numerical methods were detailed in 2012, demonstrating that SWMF enables "even short-term forecasting" when driven by observational data.

For operational forecasting, NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center adopted the University of Michigan Geospace configuration of SWMF in 2017 and upgraded it to Version 2.0 on February 3, 2021. NOAA characterizes the Geospace model as a "first-principles physics-based model."

Space Weather Prediction Center
The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), named the Space Environment Center (SEC) until 2007, is a laboratory and service center of the US National Weather Service (NWS), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), located in Boulder, Colorado. SWPC continually monitors and forecasts Earth's space environment, providing solar-terrestrial information. SWPC is the official source of space weather alerts and warnings for the United States.
Zabaykalsky National Park
Zaybaykalsky National Park (Russian: Забайкальский национальный парк) (in English, "Trans-Baikal") covers the middle section of the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, the west slope of the Barguzin mountains to the east, the Ushkany Islands, and the only large peninsula on the lake, Svyatoy Nos ("Holy Nose"). Of the 2,690 km2 (1,040 sq mi) of the park, 38.8 km2 are protected water areas of the lake itself.

Baikal seal
The Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica), also known as Lake Baikal seal or Baikal nerpa (нерпа), is a species of earless seal endemic to Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia. The Baikal seal is one of the smallest earless/true seals, and one of the few exclusively freshwater pinniped species. The related Caspian seal inhabits another lake, albeit being saltwater, the Caspian Sea. Both species are closely related to the ringed seal, which inhabits the Arctic Ocean.

A subpopulation of inland harbour seals living in the Hudson Bay region of Quebec, Canada (the Lacs des Loups Marins harbour seals), as well as the Saimaa ringed seal and the Ladoga seal (both ringed seal subspecies), are also found in fresh water, but these seals are part of species that also have marine populations, instead of being distinct species.

The most recent population estimates are 80,000 to 100,000 animals, roughly equaling the expected carrying capacity of the lake. At present, the species is not considered threatened.
Romansleigh
Romansleigh is a village and civil parish in the North Devon district of Devon, England. It is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Mariansleigh, Meshaw, Chulmleigh, and King's Nympton. In 2001 its population was 98, compared with 155 in 1901.
The parish church, dedicated to Saint Rumon, was completely rebuilt in 1868.

North Devon
North Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. Its council is based just outside Barnstaple, the district's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Ilfracombe, Lynton and Lynmouth and South Molton along with numerous villages, seaside resorts and surrounding rural areas.

The east of the district includes part of the Exmoor National Park, and the district's coast is also recognised for its natural beauty, forming part of the North Devon Coast, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The district borders Torridge to the south-west, Mid Devon to the south-east, and the neighbouring county of Somerset to the east.

The term "North Devon" can also be used to describe a wider geographic area than the local government district, often including neighbouring Torridge District, based in Bideford.
Daulatsagarsuri
Daulatsagarsuri (1920 – 17 February 2024) was a Jain ascetic, philosopher, and a revered saint belonging to the Śvetāmbara sect. He was the head of the monastic order (Gacchadhipati) of the "Sagar Samudaay" of the Tapa Gaccha. While he was alive, he was the preceptor of 900 monks and nuns. He was awarded the rarest of the rare and ancient title of "Shri Sangh Sthavir" based on his austerity, knowledge of the canonical scriptures of Jainism, and spiritual leadership, becoming the only second of the modern Jain ascetics to have achieved this feat.

Jain rituals
Jain rituals play an everyday part in Jainism. Rituals take place daily or more often. Rituals include obligations followed by Jains and various forms of idol worship.

Jains rituals can be separated broadly in two parts: Karyn (obligations which are followed) and Kriya (worships which are performed).
Marconi Electronic Systems
Marconi Electronic Systems Limited (MES), or GEC-Marconi as it was until 1998, was the defence arm of General Electric Company (GEC). It was split off from GEC and bought by British Aerospace (BAe) on 30 November 1999 to form BAE Systems. GEC then renamed itself Marconi plc.

MES exists today as BAE Systems Electronics Limited, a subsidiary of BAE Systems, but the assets were rearranged elsewhere within that company. MES-related businesses include BAE Systems Submarine Solutions, BAE Systems Surface Ships, BAE Systems Insyte and Selex ES (now a part of Leonardo).

BAE Systems Submarines
54°06′36″N 3°14′11″W﻿ / ﻿54.11000°N 3.23639°W﻿ / 54.11000; -3.23639

BAE Systems Submarines, is a wholly owned subsidiary of BAE Systems, based in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England, and is responsible for the development and production of submarines.

BAE Systems Submarines operates one of the few shipyards in the world capable of designing and building nuclear submarines, which has constructed all but three of the Royal Navy's nuclear-powered submarines since the commissioning of HMS Dreadnought in 1963. The exceptions were HMS Conqueror, HMS Renown and HMS Revenge, which were built by Cammell Laird.
Hongreline
The hongreline was a mid-thigh-length surtout or overcoat of the frock style, usually trimmed and/or lined with fur developed and popularized during the mid-17th century. Brought from Germany, the hongreline was popular in France during the reign of Louis XIII.  The hongreline was worn both by military and civilians. At the end of the reign, a variation on the hongreline developed in the military; a sort of front-buttoned coat with a split in the rear near the hips.

Overcoat
An overcoat is a type of long, thick coat intended to be worn as the outermost garment for warmth. It usually extends below the knee. Overcoats are most often used in winter when warmth is more important.

They are sometimes confused with or referred to as topcoats, which are shorter and end at or above the knees. Topcoats and overcoats together are known as outercoats. Unlike overcoats, topcoats are usually made from lighter weight cloth such as gabardine or covert, while overcoats are made from heavier cloth or fur.
Ostmann's pad of fat
Ostmann's pad of fat (Ostmann fatty bodies) is a thin triangular layer of fatty tissue found in the Eustachian tube of the ear. It is seen on the lateral side of the cartilaginous part of Eustachian tube. Its function is to keep the tube closed and thereby protect it from reflux of nasopharyngeal secretions. The pad of fat is named after the German otologist Paul Ostmann. In patulous tube syndrome, the Ostmann's pad of fat cannot be visualized using radiological methods.

Patulous Eustachian tube
Patulous Eustachian tube is the name of a physical disorder where the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, instead stays intermittently open.  When this occurs, the person experiences autophony, the hearing of self-generated sounds. These sounds, such as one's own breathing, voice, and heartbeat, vibrate directly onto the ear drum and can create a "bucket on the head" effect, making it difficult for the patient to attend to environmental sounds. Patulous Eustachian tube is a form of Eustachian tube dysfunction, which is said to be present in about 1 percent of the general population.
Barei
Barei is an arrondissement in the Donga department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Djougou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 9,259.

Djougou
Djougou [dʒu.gu] is the largest city in northwestern Benin. It is an important market town. The commune covers an area of 3,966 square kilometres and as of 2002 had a population of 237.040 people.

Djougou is home to a constituent monarchy.
Deaths in November 2021
The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2021.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)
The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Министерство здравоохранения СССР), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union. It was formerly (until 1946) known as the People's Commissariat for Health (Народный комиссариат здравоохранения). The Ministry, at the all-Union level, was established on 6 July 1923, after the signing of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, and was, in turn, based upon the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR formed in 1917. The Ministry was led by the Minister of Health, prior to 1946 a People's Commissar, who was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and was a member of the Council of Ministers.
Panton Hill
Panton Hill is a town in Victoria, Australia, 32 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Nillumbik local government area. Panton Hill recorded a population of 1,063 at the 2021 census.

Shire of Nillumbik
The Shire of Nillumbik (/ˈnɪləmbɪk/ NILL-əm-bik) is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It contains Melbourne's outer north-eastern suburbs, including the major centres of Eltham and Diamond Creek, as well as numerous rural localities beyond the urban area. It has an area of 432 square kilometres and at the 2021 census, the Shire had a population of 62,895.  The Shire uses the tag-line The Green Wedge Shire. The Nillumbik Council offices are located in Civic Drive, Greensborough.

The shire's name is derived from the Parish of Nillumbik, which was named in the 1830s, the term nyilum bik meaning "bad earth" or "red earth" in the local Aboriginal language Woiwurrung.

Nillumbik was rated third of 590 Australian local government areas in the Bankwest Quality of Life Index 2008.
Winterborne Herringston
Winterborne Herringston, also Winterbourne Herringston, is a small civil parish and hamlet containing about 600 acres in Dorset, England, 1.4 miles south of Dorchester. The only significant structure is Herringston House, a Grade II* listed 14th-century manor house which has been the home of the Williams family since 1513.

The name is derived from the small river Winterborne or Winterbourne and from the family of Herring, the mediaeval owners.

It was originally part of the parish of the abandoned village of Winterborne Farringdon, and from the 17th to the 19th century of Winterborne Came. Ecclesiastically it is now included in the parish of Winterborne Monkton.

Winterborne Came
Winterborne Came is a small dispersed settlement and civil parish in the county of Dorset in England, situated in the west of the county, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of the county town Dorchester. Dorset County Council's 2013 mid-year estimate of the parish population was 40.

Winterborne Came derives its name from the seasonal stream ('winterborne') by which it is sited, and from the town of Caen in France, as it was once owned by the Abbey of St. Stephen there. The parish consists of Came House, built in 1754 in the Palladian style, the nearby Perpendicular St. Peter's Church, a couple of farms, and an old rectory on the Dorchester to Wareham road, where for 25 years the Dorset dialect poet William Barnes lived when he was the incumbent rector. Barnes died in the rectory and is buried in the churchyard. About 100 metres west of the church is the site of the deserted village of Winterborne Farringdon, which has been depopulated since at least the 18th century.
Ndoto Za Elibidi
Ndoto Za Elibidi, is a 2010 Kenyan film. This is a story about two brothers who travel to Nairobi to find work. Against the backdrop of the crowded city, the play tracks their fortunes and those of their children as they struggle with questions of love, loyalty, ignorance, and forgiveness, interspersed with songs and lots of humour.  With the help of a Keep A Child Alive grant, S.A.F.E. created Dreams, their first feature film, in 2009.

Zanzibar International Film Festival
Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF), also known as Festival of the Dhow Countries, is an annual film festival held in Zanzibar, Tanzania and one of the largest cultural events in East Africa. ZIFF is a non-governmental organization established in 1997 to develop and promote film and other cultural industries as catalyst for the regional social and economic growth.
Juan José Chang
Juan José Chang Urrea (born 17 November 1987) is a football manager who manages the Samoa women's national football team. Born in Germany, he was a Guatemala youth international, and in 2024 he became the first ever head coach to lead Samoa — men or women — to a FIFA World Cup.

2019 Kate Sheppard Cup
The 2019 Kate Sheppard Cup is New Zealand's women's 25th annual knockout football competition. This is the second year that the competition is known by the Kate Sheppard Cup, or New Zealand Football Foundation Kate Sheppard Cup for sponsorship purposes, after previously been known as the Women's Knockout Cup since its establishment.

The 2019 competition has three rounds before quarter-finals, semi-finals, and a final. Competition will run in three regions (northern, central/capital, southern) until the quarter-finals, from which stage the draw will be open. In all, 40 teams entered the competition.
Simanga Shiba
Simanga Shiba (born 5 December 1987) is an amateur boxer from Swaziland. He won a Bronze at the Commonwealth Games 2006 at junior flyweight.

Shiba beat Cassius Chiyanika of Zambia and Patrick Barnes of Northern Ireland but lost to eventual winner Japhet Uutoni of Namibia in the 2006 Commonwealth Games semifinal.

At the 2007 World Championships, he missed his opening bout against Luis Yanez who won by walkover.

At the first Olympic qualifier for 2008, he lost to Suleiman Bilali but received a wildcard by the AIBA. However, Shiba did not compete in Beijing.

Cassius Chiyanika
Cassius Chiyanika (born March 1, 1984, in Maamba, Sinazongwe District) is a Zambian amateur boxer who competed at the 2008 Olympics at flyweight.

He competed in the Commonwealth 2006 Games at junior fly but lost his first bout.

He went up to flyweight when Kennedy Kanyanta turned pro and won the 2nd AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament beating fighters like Jackson Chauke thus qualifying for Beijing.

He lost his Olympic debut to Italian favorite Vincenzo Picardi 3:10.
Goolwa, South Australia
Goolwa (/ˈɡʊlə/ GUUL-ə), known as The Elbow to early settlers, is a historic river port on the Murray River near the Murray Mouth in South Australia. Goolwa is approximately 85 km (53 mi) south of Adelaide, and is joined by a bridge to Hindmarsh Island.

Goolwa Barrages
The Goolwa Barrages comprise five barrage structures in the channels separating Lake Alexandrina from the sea at the mouth of the River Murray and the Coorong in South Australia. They were constructed principally to reduce salinity levels in the lower reaches of the River Murray, Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert, but also to stabilise the river level, for both upstream irrigation and pumping.
2021 split in the People's Socialist Party, Nepal
The 2021 split in the People's Socialist Party, Nepal (PSP-N) was a factional dispute amongst the leadership over party control beginning in May and culminating in July, with the faction led by former Deputy Prime Minister Upendra Yadav succeeding over the faction of former First Chairman Mahantha Thakur. The dispute was settled as a result of a decision of the Election Commission, which handed control to Yadav's faction, forcing the departure of the Thakur faction from the PSP-N and requiring the formation of a new party.

Resham Lal Chaudhary
Resham Lal Chaudhary, also Resham Chaudhary, is a Nepali former member of Parliament who was sentenced to life in prison for his role in orchestrating and carrying out the 2015 Tikapur massacre. He was later freed on the occasion of Republic day in Nepal.

Chaudhary, a founder of Nagrik Unmukti Party, Nepal which he founded on 30 October 2025.