hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sunk cost
In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. In other words, a sunk cost is a sum paid in the past that should no longer be relevant to decisions about the future. Even though economists argue that sunk costs are no longer relevant to future rational decision-making, people in everyday life often take previous expenditures in situations, such as repairing a car or house, into their future decisions regarding those properties.

Cost
Cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production.

More generalized in the field of economics, cost is a metric that is totaling up as a result of a process or as a differential for the result of a decision.  Hence cost is the metric used in the standard modeling paradigm applied to economic processes.

Costs (pl.) are often further described based on their timing or their applicability.
R155 road (Ireland)
The R155 road is a regional road in Ireland, linking the R147 to the N2 in County Meath via the town of Ratoath, where it crosses the R125. It passes the main entrance to Fairyhouse Racecourse near the town.

The route is 14 km long.

N2 road (Ireland)
The N2 road is a national primary road in Ireland, running from Dublin to the border with Northern Ireland at Moy Bridge near Aughnacloy, County Tyrone to connect Dublin with Derry and Letterkenny via the A5. A section of the route near Dublin forms the M2 motorway.
Burnupia crassistriata
Burnupia crassistriata is a species of small freshwater snail or limpet, an aquatic gastropod mollusk which was formerly placed in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies. It is now classified in the family Burnupiidae.

It was previously listed as a vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2004).

Burnupia
Burnupia is a genus of small freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic gastropod mollusks. It was formerly placed in the family Planorbidae, but according to the molecular markers (COI, 18S rRNA), it is in a different clade than the genera of the family Planorbidae. It is now classified in the monotypic family Burnupiidae.
Knack Productions
ICHI Corporation (株式会社ICHI, Kabushikigaisha ICHI), formerly known as Knack Productions (株式会社KnacK, Kabushikigaisha KnacK) or simply Knack (ナック, Nakku) until August 2008, is a Japanese anime and film production company.

Don Chuck Monogatari
Don Chuck Monogatari (ドン・チャック物語, Don Chakku Monogatari; lit. Don Chuck Story) is a Japanese anime television series consisting of 26 episodes. It was followed by Shin Don Chuck Monogatari. It was directed by Kazuyuki Okaseko and Kouzo Takagaki and  first broadcast on Tokyo Channel 12 in April 1975.
Don Chuck is the name of the mascot character for Tokyo Dome City Attractions (formerly Korakuen Amusement Park and Korakuen Stadium).
The series contains profound lessons in courage, patience, loyalty, and other human values.
Holographic direct sound printing
Holographic direct sound printing (HDSP) is a method of 3D printing which use acoustic holograms, developed by  researchers at Concordia University.
Researchers claim that the printing process can be carried out 20 times faster and that it presents the advantages that an object can be created at once and several objects can be created at the same time. According to researchers, it can be used to print inside opaque surfaces, for example inside the human body, thus opening new opportunities in medicine.
It is based on Direct Sound Printing method, introduced in 2022.
A similar method, to print 3D objects using ultrasound holograms, based on acoustic trapping, was proposed by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research and Heidelberg University, in February 2023.

Acoustic holography
Acoustic holography is a technique that allows three-dimensional distributions of sound waves called sound fields to be stored and reconstructed. To do this, sound passing through a surface is recorded as a two-dimensional pattern called a hologram (a type of interferogram). The hologram contains information about the phase and amplitude of the sound waves passing through. This pattern can be used to reconstruct the entire three-dimensional sound field. Acoustic holography is similar in principle to optical holography.
Encyclopaediæ, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon
Latin: Encyclopaediæ, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon ("Encyclopaedia or Knowledge, Both Sacred
and Profane, of the World of Disciplines") is an early encyclopedia written in Latin by Zagreb born philosopher Paul Skalic. It was first published in Basel in 1559 and reprinted in Cologne, Germany in 1571. It is often considered to be the first encyclopedia to use the term encyclopedia in its title. This is not to be confused with the first appearance of the word which was disputed by Robert Collison who later reported that the work was poorly written, and that Joachim Sterck van Ringelbergh had used the word "cyclopaedia" to describe his work in 1541.

Joachim Sterck van Ringelbergh
Joachim Sterck van Ringelbergh (Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius) (Antwerp, c. 1499 – c. 1531) was a Flemish scholar, humanist, mathematician and astrologer.

His Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia (Basileae: Westhemer, 1588) was the first work to use a version of the word "cyclopaedia" in its title.

He is known also for his book on pedagogy, De Ratione Studii.
Athletics at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk
The Men's 20 km Race Walking event at the 2003 Pan American Games took place on Tuesday August 5, 2003. Ecuador's Jefferson Pérez regained the title he lost four years earlier to Bernardo Segura. The title defender from Mexico ended up in second place this time.

Athletics at the 2003 Pan American Games
The athletics competition at the 2003 Pan American Games was held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from Tuesday, August 5, to Saturday, August 9, 2003. The competition comprised track and field events plus marathon races and three racewalking events, with a total of 46 contests taking place.
Per Edvin Sköld
Per Edvin Sköld (25 May 1891 – 13 September 1972) was a Swedish statesman who served as Minister for Defence from 1938 to 1945 during World War II. An influential figure of the Social Democratic Party (SAP), Sköld represented Malmö in the Riksdag for 46 years from 1918 to 1964. From 1932 to 1936 and 1945 to 1948, he served as Minister for Agriculture, as well as Minister for Finance from 1949 to 1955.

Sköld is the father of Margareta Biörnstad, Nils Sköld, and Per Sköld.

Minister for Finance (Sweden)
The Minister for Finance (Swedish: Finansminister) of Sweden, officially Cabinet Minister and Head of the Ministry of Finance (Swedish: statsråd och chef för finansdepartementet), is a member of the Government of Sweden and is the head of the Ministry of Finance.

It is often considered to be the most influential political office in Sweden, following the Prime Minister.
Guthrie (company)
Guthrie Group Limited (Malay: Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad) was a Singaporean-Malaysian company that primarily dealt with plantations. It merged with three other plantation groups to form the world's largest plantation company with the name of Sime Darby Berhad.

Guthrie was founded in Singapore in 1821 by Alexander Guthrie as the first British trading company in Southeast Asia. Guthrie introduced rubber and oil palm in Malaysia in 1896 and 1924, respectively.

Permodalan Nasional Berhad
Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB) is a state-owned Malaysian investment management company. One of the largest fund management companies in Malaysia, it was established on 17 March 1978 as one of the instruments of the government's New Economic Policy.

PNB's two notable projects are located in Kuala Lumpur. They are the megatall skyscraper Merdeka 118 on Jalan Hang Jebat, and the PNB 1194 Hotel (formerly MAS Building) on Jalan Sultan Ismail.

In June 2023, PNB announced that it planned to move its corporate headquarters from PNB Tower, Jalan Tun Razak, where it had operated since 1985, to Merdeka 118 by the year-end.
Peter Johnsen Rooming House
The Peter Johnsen Rooming House is an historic building near downtown Sycamore, Illinois. The red brick structure stands in the 100 block of South Main Street and is considered a contributing structure to the overall historic integrity of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978.

Sycamore Historic District
The Sycamore Historic District is a meandering area encompassing 99 acres (400,000 m2) of the land in and around the downtown of the DeKalb County, Illinois county seat, Sycamore. The area includes historic buildings and a number of historical and Victorian homes. Some significant structures are among those located within the Historic District including the DeKalb County Courthouse and the Sycamore Public Library. The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 2, 1978.

There are over 200 properties within the irregular boundaries of the Sycamore Historic District. Of those, 187 are considered contributing properties to the historic district, and 22 are non-contributing. Of all of the district's homes and buildings 75% fit within the historic district concept. Some of the major structures include several prominent Queen Anne style mansions, the Sycamore library, the DeKalb County Courthouse, and dozens of mid- to late 19th-century houses.
2023 Emilia-Romagna Open – Women's doubles
Dalila Jakupović and Irina Khromacheva won the title, defeating Anna Bondár and Kimberley Zimmermann in the final, 6–2, 6–3.

Anastasia Dețiuc and Miriam Kolodziejová were the reigning champions, but both players chose to participate elsewhere; Dețiuc in Guangzhou and Kolodziejová in Guadalajara.

2023 Guadalajara Open Akron – Doubles
Defending champion Storm Hunter and her partner Elise Mertens defeated Gabriela Dabrowski and Erin Routliffe in the final, 3–6, 6–2, [10–4] to win the doubles title at the 2023 Guadalajara Open Akron. Mertens reclaimed the WTA No. 1 doubles ranking by reaching the semifinals.

Hunter and Luisa Stefani were the reigning champions, but played separately this year. Stefani partnered Giuliana Olmos, but lost in the first round to Veronika Kudermetova and Anastasia Potapova.
Galatea, New Zealand
Galatea (Māori: Kuhawaea) is a settlement in the Whakatāne District in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand.

The forested hills and mountains of the Ikawhenua Range and in particular Mount Tāwhiuau stand guard on the eastern flank of the Galatea Plains or Basin, an area surrounding the village. To the west, and over the Rangitaiki River stretch the 120,000 acres (490 km2) of the Kaingaroa Forest.

Rangitaiki River
The Rangitaiki River, also known as the Rangitāiki River, is the longest river in the Bay of Plenty region in New Zealand's North Island. It is 155 kilometres (96 mi) long, and rises inland to the east of the Kaingaroa Forest in the Taupō District. The Rangitaiki catchment covers an area of 3,005 km2 (1,160 sq mi). It flows in a generally northeastward direction, passing through the town of Murupara and skirting close to the western edge of Te Urewera National Park before turning northwards, flowing past Edgecumbe and into the Bay of Plenty close to Thornton.

There are two man-made lakes on the Rangitaiki formed by hydro-electric dams, Lake Āniwaniwa (formerly Lake Aniwhenua). and Lake Matahina.
1799 English cricket season
Surrey defeated England three times in the 1799 English cricket season. As in the previous year, the number of matches may have declined due to the impact of the Napoleonic War. Fewer were reported, but there was loose censorship in place. Details of ten matches are known, but few were important.

The earliest known mention of cricket in Devon has been found. A cricket club was formed at Seringapatam in south India after the successful British siege.

Surrey county cricket team (pre-1846)
Until 1845, the Surrey county cricket team, always known as Surrey, was organised by individual patrons and other groups, particularly Chertsey Cricket Club in the 18th century, and by Montpelier Cricket Club in the 19th. The team played important matches from the early 18th century until the formation of Surrey County Cricket Club on 22 August 1845.
Suratgarh Junction railway station
Suratgarh railway station is a main railway station in Sri Ganganagar district, Rajasthan. Its code is SOG. It serves Suratgarh city. The station consists of four platforms, none of which is well sheltered. It lacks many facilities, including water and sanitation. The station lies on the Jodhpur–Bathinda line and is well connected to the rest of India. Ranked Top Ten in country in Station Cleanliness Survey 2019.

Jodhpur–Bathinda line
The Jodhpur–Bathinda line connects Jodhpur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan to Bathinda in the Punjab, via Dabwali Railway in Haryana. During the British Raj, Bathinda was on the Delhi–Karachi line and after independence and partition of India in 1947, it is on the Delhi–Fazilka line. This line operates under the jurisdiction of North Western Railway.
Google Attribution
Google Attribution is a monitoring program developed by Internet advertising company Alphabet Inc. launched in 2017. It has to link with a Google Analytics view that is associated with a registered AdWords or DoubleClick Search account. An attribution model is set of rules, that shows how credit for sales and conversions are allocated to touchpoints in conversion paths. For example, the Last Interaction model in Analytics assigns 100% credit to final touchpoints (i.e., clicks), that immediately precede sales or conversion. In contrast, the First Interaction model assigns 100% credit to touchpoints, that initiate conversion paths.

Google Ads
Google Ads, formerly known as Google AdWords, is an online advertising platform developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display brief digital advertisements, service offerings, product listings, and videos to web users. It can place ads in the results of search engines like Google Search (the Google Search Network), mobile apps, videos, and on non-search websites. Services are offered under a pay-per-click (PPC) pricing model, and a cost-per-view (CPV) pricing model.
Allelochaeta
Allelochaeta is a genus of plant pathogens in the family Sporocadaceae.

It was published by Franz Petrak in Sydowia vol.9 (1–6) on page 464 in 1955.

Allelochaeta was considered as a synonym of Diploceras, one of the five groups of fungi into which the Seimatosporium complex was split by Nag Raj (in 1993). Based on a multi-gene phylogenetic study using the type species, Crous et al. (2018a), resurrected the genus Allelochaeta. Members of this genus are characterized by mostly 3-septate, hyaline or pigmented, concolorous or versicolorous conidia, having branched or solitary, cellular or continuous appendages (Crous et al. 2018a). Crous et al. (2018a) discussed the conidial septation, appendage types and pigmentation loss and gain during the evolution of Allelochaeta species.

Seimatosporium
Seimatosporium is a fungus genus within the family Sporocadaceae.

They are saprobic or pathogenic on plants, and are called 'pestalotioid fungi'. Seimatosporium physocarpi was found in Russia on the dead branches of Physocarpus opulifolius and Seimatosporium rosae was found on Rosa kalmiussica Chrshan. & Lasebna.

Due to morphological and DNA sequence data several species within the genus has been transferred to other genera within the family.
47 Aquarii
47 Aquarii, abbreviated 47 Aqr, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 47 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye in good seeing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.135. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.0 mas, it is located 181 light years away. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction of 0.088 due to interstellar dust. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +48 km/s.

This is an evolved giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of K0 III. The star has 1.35 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 7.86 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 30 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,750 K.

Flamsteed designation
A Flamsteed designation is a combination of a number and constellation name that uniquely identifies most naked eye stars in the modern constellations visible from southern England. They are named after John Flamsteed, author of the Historia Coelestis Britannica, the first major star catalogue compiled with the aid of a telescope. Flamsteed’s own catalogue did not include what are now known as Flamsteed numbers, but its listing of stars in each constellation provided the basis for later astronomers to add them.
Laser beam profiler
A laser beam profiler captures, displays, and records the spatial intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular plane transverse to the beam propagation path. Since there are many types of lasers—ultraviolet, visible, infrared, continuous wave, pulsed, high-power, low-power—there is an assortment of instrumentation for measuring laser beam profiles. No single laser beam profiler can handle every power level, pulse duration, repetition rate, wavelength, and beam size.

Lens
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses.

Lenses are used in various imaging devices such as telescopes, binoculars, and cameras. They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
Aathabis
Aathabis (Nepali: आठबीस) is an urban municipality located in Dailekh District of Karnali Province of Nepal.

The total area of the municipality is 168 square kilometres (65 sq mi) and the total population of the municipality as of 2021 Nepal census is 31,092 individuals. The municipality is divided into total 9 wards.

The municipality was established on 10 March 2017, when Government of Nepal restricted all old administrative structure and announced 744 local level units as per the new constitution of Nepal 2015.

Sattalla, Sigaudi, Rakam Karnali, Pipalkot, Singasain and Tilepata Village development committees were Incorporated to form this new municipality. The headquarters of the municipality is situated at Rakam Karnali

Tilepata
Tilepata is a village development committee in Dailekh District in the Bheri Zone of western-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4305 people living in 797 individual households.
El Salto, Jalisco
El Salto is a city, and the surrounding municipality of the same name, in the central region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.

The municipality covers a surface area of 92.75 km2 (35.81 sq mi) with a population of 232,852. It is surrounded, in a clockwise direction from the north, by the municipalities of Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, Juanacatlán, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga.
It was created on 22 December 1943, with its excision from the municipality of Juanacatlán.

Río Grande de Santiago
The Río Grande de Santiago, or Santiago River, is a river in western Mexico. It flows westwards from Lake Chapala via Ocotlán through the states of Jalisco and Nayarit to empty into the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the longest rivers in Mexico, measuring up 433 km (269 mi) long.
Stillwater Marathon
The Stillwater Marathon was a race run in Stillwater, Minnesota, from 2009 to 2011. The race was put on by St. Croix Events.

The race featured a scenic, hilly course near the St. Croix River and took place in late May. The race had more than 500 people sign up in 2009, but faced strong competition in the area with other marathons. Although the marathon ceased, several a half-marathons still take place in Stillwater.

Stillwater, Minnesota
Stillwater is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Washington County. It is in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, on the west bank of the St. Croix River, across from Houlton, Wisconsin. Stillwater's population was 19,394 at the 2020 census. Stillwater is often called "the birthplace of Minnesota" due to its role in the establishment of the state.
2015 ACB Finals
The 2015 ACB Finals was the championship series of the 2014–15 season of the Liga ACB and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. Real Madrid defeated FC Barcelona in three games (3–0) for the Madrid' seventeenth ACB title and their thirty-second league in team history. Madrid's Sergio Llull was named the Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP).

The Finals was played in the 2–2–1 format (Games 1, 2, and 5 at Madrid, Games 3, and 4, at Barcelona). The series began on June 19, 2015 and ended on June 24, 2015, and was televised in Spain on La 1 and in Catalonia on TV3.

2015 ACB Playoffs
The 2015 ACB Playoffs was the final phase of the 2014–15 ACB season. They started on May 28 and ended on June. FC Barcelona is the defending champions.

All times are CEST (UTC+02:00), except the game played in the Canary Islands (WEST, UTC+01:00).
Silicon Valley season 3
The third season of the American comedy television series Silicon Valley premiered in the United States on HBO on April 24, 2016. The season contained 10 episodes, and concluded on June 26, 2016.

In the season, Richard once again becomes CEO of Pied Piper, after the excessive spending and questionable practices of Jack Barker, who briefly held the job. After leaving Pied Piper, Barker goes to work for Gavin Belson at Hooli. Erlich teams up with Big Head to create a new incubator, but the pairing quickly fails. Dinesh creates a video chat application within the Pied Piper platforms, which unexpectedly becomes popular.

Silicon Valley (TV series)
Silicon Valley is an American comedy television series created by Mike Judge, John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. It premiered on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on December 8, 2019, running for six seasons for a total of 53 episodes. Parodying the culture of the technology industry in Silicon Valley, the series focuses on Richard Hendricks (Thomas Middleditch), a programmer who founds a startup company called Pied Piper, and chronicles his struggles to maintain his company while facing competition from larger entities. Co-stars include T.J. Miller, Josh Brener, Martin Starr, Kumail Nanjiani, Zach Woods, Amanda Crew, Matt Ross, and Jimmy O. Yang.

The series received critical acclaim, with praise for its writing and humor. It was nominated for numerous accolades, including five consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series.