hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hassan ibn al-Nu'man
Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani (Arabic: حسان بن النعمان الغساني, romanized: Hassān ibn al-Nuʿmān al-Ghassānī) was an Arab general of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the final Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya, firmly establishing Islamic rule in the region. Appointed by Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705), Hassan launched a series of campaigns during the closing years of the 7th century, during which he defeated the Byzantines and the Berbers led by al-Kahina. The Byzantine capital of Carthage was destroyed in 698 and the nearby city of Tunis was founded in the following year. In Kairouan, Hassan set up a Muslim administration for the province to collect taxes from its Christian inhabitants and pay the troops. He enrolled thousands of Berbers into the army, which proved critical to later Muslim military successes in the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula. He was ultimately ousted from his post by the governor of Egypt, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, due to a power struggle for influence over Ifriqiya.

Hugh N. Kennedy
Hugh Nigel Kennedy (born 22 October 1947) is a British medievalist and academic. He specialises in the history of the early Islamic Middle East, Muslim Iberia and the Crusades. From 1997 to 2007, he was Professor of Middle Eastern History at the University of St Andrews. Since 2007, he has been Professor of Arabic at SOAS, University of London.
European route E35
European route E35 is a European route that runs between Amsterdam, Netherlands, in northwestern Europe, and Rome, Italy in the south of the continent. The road heads through Germany and Switzerland before reaching Italy.

International E-road network
The International E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe, Central Asia and Asia Minor, developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The network is numbered from E1 up and signposted on a green background. Its roads cross national borders, consisting of three types of roads: highways, limited access roads, and ordinary roads (as defined by ECE/TRANS/SC.1/2016/3/Rev.1).

The display of European roads on signs depend on jurisdiction. In most countries, the roads carry the European route designation alongside national designations. However, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and Sweden have integrated them as their sole route designations (examples: E18 and E6) in most cases. Some places, such as the United Kingdom and Albania do not show the European designations at all.

Other continents have similar international road networks, e.g., the Pan-American Highway in the Americas, the Trans-African Highway network, and the Asian Highway Network.
Rheinwaldhorn
The Rheinwaldhorn (Italian: Adula) is the highest point in the Swiss canton of Ticino at 3,402 metres above sea level. It lies on the border between the cantons of Graubünden and Ticino, in the Adula massif, part of the St. Gotthard massif of the Adula Alps in southern Switzerland.

The mountain is known by different names, in German as Rheinwaldhorn or Adulahorn, in Italian as l'Adula or Piz Valrhein, in Romansh as Piz Valragn. The group of the snowy peaks lying between the two principal branches of the Rhine were known in the Middle Ages by the names Mons Aquila or Mons Avium. From the Romansh form of the first comes the name Adula, which is used to designate the north-eastern portion of the Lepontine Alps. The German name "Rheinwaldhorn" comes from the Rheinwald region.

Saint-Gotthard Massif
The Gotthard Massif or Saint-Gotthard Massif (German: Gotthardmassiv or Sankt-Gotthard-Massiv; Italian: Massiccio del San Gottardo; Romansh: Massiv dal Gottard) is a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of four cantons: Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The eponymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is the main route from north to south (excluding tunnels).

The region of the Gotthard lies at the heart of the Swiss Alps, often referred to as the "water tower of Europe". Three major rivers take their source in the Gotthard Massif: the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino. A fourth river, the Rhône, takes its source in very close proximity of the massif, just north of the Furka Pass. A trekking itinerary, the Vier-Quellen-Weg ("four springs trail"), crosses the Gotthard Massif.
OJ 287
OJ 287 is a BL Lacertae object 4 billion light-years from Earth that has produced quasi-periodic optical outbursts going back approximately 120 years, as  first apparent on photographic plates from 1891. Seen on photographic plates since at least 1887, it was first detected at radio wavelengths during the course of the Ohio Sky Survey. It is a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB). The intrinsic brightness of the flashes corresponds to over a trillion times the Sun's luminosity, greater than the entire Milky Way galaxy's light output.

Accretion disk
An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body. The central body is most frequently a star. Friction, uneven irradiance, magnetohydrodynamic effects, and other forces induce instabilities causing orbiting material in the disk to spiral inward toward the central body. Gravitational and frictional forces compress and raise the temperature of the material, causing the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object's mass. Accretion disks of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared; those around neutron stars and black holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum. The study of oscillation modes in accretion disks is referred to as diskoseismology.
Tading Gewog
Tading Gewog (Dzongkha: རྟ་སྡིང་) is a gewog (village block) of Samtse District, Bhutan.

Tading gewog ( Dzongkha: རྟ་ལྡིང་ རྒེད་འོག) is located to the east of Samtse Dzongkhag and lies near to Phuentsholing Dungkhag covering about 108.27 square kilometers of area. It is bordered by Dophuchen and Denchukha gewog to the north and chukha Dzongkhag to the east.

Samtse District
Samtse District (Dzongkha: བསམ་རྩེ་རྫོང་ཁག།; Wylie: Bsam-rtse rdzong-khag; older spelling "Samchi") is one of the 20 dzongkhags (districts) comprising Bhutan. It comprises two subdistricts (dungkhags): Tashicholing and Dophuchen. They are further subdivided into 15 gewogs (village blocks). The Samtse district covers a total area of 1304 km2. With a population of 62,590 individuals and a population density of 48 people per sq.km, Samtse is the third most populous and second most densely populated district in Bhutan.
Kristine Beate Walhovd
Kristine Beate Walhovd (born 1976) is a Norwegian psychologist, neuroscientist and Professor of Neuropsychology at the University of Oslo. Together with fellow neuroscientist Anders Fjell, she established the Centre of Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition at the University of Oslo, which was given the status of "world leading research environment" by the Government of Norway in 2015. She and Anders Fjell shared the Fridtjof Nansen Prize in 2007. She was elected as a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 2011. In 2017 she received a European Research Council consolidator grant. According to Google Scholar, she has been cited over 14,000 times in scientific literature and has an h-index of 67.

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway.
Jimmy Smyth (hurler)
James Smyth (1 January 1931 – 9 February 2013) was an Irish hurler who played as a full-forward for the Clare senior team.

Smyth made his first appearance for the team during the 1948–49 National Hurling League and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until his retirement after the 1967 championship. During that time he won one Oireachtas medal and one Thomond Feis medal, and was a Munster final runner-up on two occasions.

At club level, Smyth was a five-time county club championship medallist with Ruan.

After retirement from play Smyth, in 1984 he was named on a special Hurling Team of the Century made up of players never to have won an All-Ireland medal. In 2000 he was named on the Munster Hurling Team of the Millennium.

Dr Croke Cup
The All-Ireland Post-Primary Schools Croke Cup, is an annual inter-schools hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association. It is the highest inter-schools hurling competition in Ireland, and has been contested every year, except on two occasions, since 1944.

The All-Ireland final, usually held in March, serves as the culmination of a knockout series of games played in February and March. Currently, qualification for the All-Ireland series is limited to teams competing in Connacht, Leinster and Munster. Eligible players must be under the age of 19.

The title has been won at least once by 17 different schools, nine of which have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are St Kieran's College, who have won the competition 24 times.

St Kieran's College are the current champions, having beaten St. Raphael's College by 0-26 to 1-18 in the 2024 All-Ireland final.
Poultney Main Street Historic District
The Poultney Main Street Historic District encompasses the commercial and residential historic core of the village of Poultney, Vermont.  Centered on Main Street and East Main Street, between College Avenue and St. Raphael's Catholic Church, the district includes a diversity of architectural styles, as well as civic, religious, and commercial functions spanning a period of more than 100 years.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Poultney (town), Vermont
Poultney is a town in Rutland County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Vermont. New York state is on its western border. Castleton, Vermont, is on its northern border. Poultney was home to Green Mountain College, a private liberal arts college that closed in 2019. The Village of Poultney is entirely within the town. The town population was 3,020 at the 2020 census.

Poultney was charted on September 21, 1761, named for William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, a British politician and orator. Bath was the founder of the political faction known as the Patriot Whigs, in opposition to the government of Robert Walpole.
Bailey Voisin
Bailey Voisin (born 20 February 2003) is a British-Swiss racing driver currently competing in the European Le Mans Series with United Autosports. He is a champion of the GT4 European Series, having won the title alongside Charlie Fagg in 2021.

Circuit Paul Ricard
The Circuit Paul Ricard (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi pɔl ʁikaʁ]) is a French motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, Var, near Marseille, with finance from pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a racetrack. The circuit has hosted the FIA Formula One French Grand Prix intermittently from 1971 to 2022.
Arnaud Massy
Arnaud George Watson Massy (French pronunciation: [aʁno masi]; 6 July 1877 – 16 April 1950) was one of France's most successful professional golfers, most notable for winning the 1907 Open Championship. He was the first player from outside Scotland and England to win a major golf championship.

Harry Vardon
Henry William Vardon (9 May 1870 – 20 March 1937) was a professional golfer from Jersey. He was a member of the Great Triumvirate with John Henry Taylor and James Braid. Vardon won The Open Championship a record six times, and also won the 1900 U.S. Open. Known as "the Stylist," Vardon's success, as well as his contributions to technique and the sport's fashion, made him golf's first international star and significantly elevated the prestige of the professional golfer. With his total of seven, Vardon holds the most major championships of any golfer from the British Isles.
Salò
Salò (Italian: [saˈlɔ]; Latin: Salodium) is a town and comune in the Province of Brescia in the region of Lombardy (northern Italy) on the banks of Lake Garda, on which it has the longest promenade. The city was the seat of government of the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, a state often referred to as the "Salò Republic" (Repubblica di Salò in Italian).

Charles Borromeo
Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; Latin: Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584. He was made a cardinal in 1560.

Borromeo founded the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine and was a leading figure of the Counter-Reformation together with Ignatius of Loyola and Philip Neri. In that role, he was responsible for significant reforms in the Catholic Church, including the founding of seminaries for the education of priests. He was canonized in 1610 and his feast day is 4 November.
Daniel Batista Lima
Daniel Batista Lima (Greek: Ντανιέλ Μπατίστα Λίμα; born 9 September 1964) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in Cape Verde, he represented Greece internationally. He is the technical director of Ethnikos Piraeus.

Greek League Cup
Greek League Cup (Greek: Λίγκ Καπ Ελλάδος), officially known as the EPAE Cup (Greek: Κύπελλο ΕΠΑΕ) was a Greek association football competition, which took place only once, in the 1989–90 season. On 2 June 1990 AEK Athens became the only winner of the competition after beating Olympiacos 3–2 in the final at the Athens Olympic Stadium.
Thorpe Lubenham
Thorpe Lubenham is a deserted settlement and former civil parish, now in the parish of Marston Trussell, in the West Northamptonshire district, in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 33.

Thorpe Lubenham lies to the south of the Leicestershire village of Lubenham and south of the River Welland which forms the county boundary.

Thorpe Lubenham was formerly an extra-parochial tract, from 1858 Thorpe Lubenham was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1935, and merged with Marston Trussell.

West Northamptonshire
West Northamptonshire is one of two unitary authority areas in the ceremonial county of Northamptonshire, England. It contains the county town of Northampton, as well as the towns of Daventry, Brackley and Towcester, and the large villages of Brixworth and Long Buckby; the rest of the area is predominantly agricultural villages though it has many lakes and small woodlands.

West Northamptonshire was created in 2021 as part of local government restructuring from the previous non-metropolitan districts of Northampton, Daventry and South Northamptonshire.

The West Coast Main Line and the M1 and M40 motorways pass through the district, and it includes the site of the Roman town of Bannaventa and the grade I listed Althorp House and its estate.
Treklyano Island
Treklyano Island (Bulgarian: остров Трекляно, romanized: ostrov Treklyano, IPA: [ˈɔstrof ˈtrɛkʎɐno]) is an island off the northeast coast of Robert Island, South Shetland Islands Extending 330 by 250 m (360 by 270 yd), with a low rocky formation projecting 300 m (330 yd) northeastwards, the island emerged as a distinct geographical entity following the retreat of Robert Island's ice cap in the late 20th century.  Named after the settlement of Treklyano in western Bulgaria.

Robert Island
Robert Island or Mitchells Island or Polotsk Island or Roberts Island is an island 11 miles (18 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide, situated between Nelson Island and Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Robert Island is located at 62°24′S 59°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.400°S 59.500°W﻿ / -62.400; -59.500. Its surface area is 132 km2 (51 sq mi). The name "Robert Island" dates back to around 1821 and is now established in international usage.

Much of the Coppermine Peninsula in the west of the island is made up by a perched strandflat surface that was at sea level in the past.

Captain Richard Fildes may have named Robert Island for his brig Robert. Fildes was sealing in the South Shetlands in 1821–1822 until ice destroyed his vessel in March 1822. Fildes Strait is named for him.
Caritas Benin
Caritas Benin  (French: Caritas Bénin) is a not-for-profit social welfare, development and humanitarian relief organisation of the Catholic Church in Benin. It is a member of both Caritas Africa and Caritas Internationalis.

Caritas Internationalis
Caritas Internationalis (Latin pronunciation: [kaː.ri.t̪as in̪.t̪er.nat̪.t̪͡s̪iˈɔː.na.lis]; lit. 'Charity International') is a confederation of 162 national Catholic relief, development, and social service organisations operating in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. The name Caritas Internationalis refers to both the global network of Caritas organisations and to its general secretariat based in Vatican City.

Collectively and individually, their missions are "to serve the poor and to promote charity and justice throughout the world". Caritas Internationalis is the second-largest international humanitarian aid network in the world after the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Mačkin Hrib
Mačkin Hrib (pronounced [ˈmaːtʃkin ˈhɾiːp], in older sources also Mačkni Hrib, Mačji Hrib, or Mačkov Hrib; German: Katzenberg, all meaning 'cat hill') is a formerly independent settlement east of Žužemberk in southeast Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Trebča Vas. It belongs to the Municipality of Žužemberk. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Žužemberk
Žužemberk (pronounced [ˈʒuːʒɛmbɛɾk]; German: Seisenberg), is a town located southeast of the Slovenian capital of Ljubljana. It is the seat of the Municipality of Žužemberk. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. Žužemberk lies in the southern part of Carniola on the left bank of the Krka River and is dominated by a medieval castle. The parish church was completely destroyed in World War II and was rebuilt in recent years.
Borodinia missouriensis
Borodinia missouriensis, commonly called Missouri rockcress, is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It is native to the eastern United States, where it has a highly fragmented range localized in the Northeast, the Upper Midwest, the Interior Highlands, and the Southeast. Its natural habitat is typically on rocky or sandy woodlands and bluffs, in areas of acidic soil. It is generally uncommon throughout most of its range, with exception for the Interior Highlands region.

Borodinia missouriensis is an erect biennial. It produces racemes of small creamy-white flowers in the spring. It bears a resemblance to more widespread Borodinia laevigata, from which it can be distinguished by the following characters: Stem leaves dense, erect, and overlapping, basal leaves persistent and pinnately lobed, petals about twice as long as sepals, and stems often red-tinged.

Borodinia laevigata
Borodinia laevigata is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name smooth rockcress. It is native to many areas of the eastern United States and Canada, where it grows in calcareous rocky woods and bluffs. It is moderately common throughout its range, although it is absent from the southeastern coastal plain and the far north.

This species is a biennial herb growing from a single stem. It flowers in early spring and has persistent fruit. It is differentiated from  other species by its auriculate-clasping leaves, short white petals, and glaucous stem.

This species was moved to the genus Borodinia in 2013 following a genetic analysis.
2000 Chinese Football Super Cup
The 2000 LG Chinese Football Super Cup (Chinese: LG杯2000年度中国足球超霸杯赛) was the sixth Chinese Football Super Cup, contested by Chinese Jia-A League 2000 winners Dalian Shide and 2000 Chinese FA Cup winners Chongqing Lifan. Dalian Shide won their second title after winning 4–1.

2000 Chinese Jia-A League
The 2000 Chinese Jia-A League season, also known as Pepsi Chinese Jia-A League for sponsorship reasons, was the seventh season of professional association football and the 39th top-tier overall league season in China. The league started on March 19 and ended on October 1, and saw Dalian Shide win the championship.
Hownam
Hownam or Hounam is a small village and parish situated 8 miles east of Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, near the Anglo-Scottish border, in the former Roxburghshire.

Hownam lies south of Morebattle on the Kale Water. The parish borders England and has, within its boundaries, the Roman road of Dere Street and the Pennymuir Roman camps. Hownam first appears in the written charters in the 12th century. The origin of the name is uncertain, but may indicate a tribal name, "the Hunas". The village itself is a small group of houses in a row on one side of the road. The village church is at the north end of the village. The church was reshaped in the 1750s and further modernised in the 1840s, and again following a fire in 1907.

Local nurseryman George Taylor was born at Hounam Grange in 1803. He emigrated to Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1855, and became known as George "Celery" Taylor because he introduced commercial celery growing to the United States.

Jedburgh
Jedburgh (/ˈdʒɛdbərə/ JED-bər-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Deadard; Scots: Jeddart or Jethart) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and the traditional county town of the historic county of Roxburghshire.
Chim Chim Cher-ee
"Chim Chim Cher-ee" is a song from Mary Poppins, the 1964 musical film, and is also featured in the 2004 Mary Poppins musical.

It won Best Original Song at the 37th Academy Awards. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.

Chimney sweep
A chimney sweep is a person who inspects then clears soot and creosote from chimneys. The chimney uses the pressure difference caused by a hot column of gas to create a draught and draw air over the hot coals or wood enabling continued combustion. Chimneys may be straight or contain many changes of direction. During normal operation, a layer of creosote builds up on the inside of the chimney, restricting the flow. The creosote can also catch fire, setting the chimney alight (and potentially the entire building). The chimney must be swept to remove the soot.

In Great Britain, master sweeps took apprentices, typically workhouse or orphan boys, and trained them to climb chimneys. In the German States, master sweeps belonged to trade guilds and did not use climbing boys. In Italy, Belgium, and France, climbing boys were used.

The occupation requires some dexterity and carries health risks.
East Pennard
East Pennard is a village and civil parish 4 miles (6.4 km) north west of Castle Cary, and 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Shepton Mallet, in the county of Somerset, England. It has a population of 348. The parish includes the hamlets of Stone, Parbrook and Huxham.

It is very close to the site of the Glastonbury Festival. Residents receive free tickets to the Festival.

Castle Cary
Castle Cary (/ˌkɑːsəl ˈkɛəri/) is a market town and civil parish in south Somerset, England, 5 miles (8 km) north west of Wincanton and 8 miles (12.9 km) south of Shepton Mallet, at the foot of Lodge Hill and on the River Cary, a tributary of the Parrett.