hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Umbilicus (plant)
Umbilicus is a genus of over ninety species of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae. Many of its species have been given synonyms under different genera such as Rosularia, Cotyledon, and Chiastophyllum. However, those that remain in Umbilicus are listed below:

Umbilicus chloranthus (called green Venus' navel)

Umbilicus chrysanthus (called Venus' navel)

Umbilicus erectus (called reniform Venus' navel)

Umbilicus horizontalis (called horizontal navelwort)

Umbilicus intermedius (called intermediate navelwort)

Umbilicus oppositifolius (called gold drop) (also as Chiastophyllum o.)

Umbilicus rupestris (called navelwort)

Cotyledon (genus)
Cotyledon is one of some 35 genera of succulent plants in the family Crassulaceae. Mostly from Southern Africa, they also occur throughout the drier parts of Africa as far north as the Arabian Peninsula. Ten of its species are mostly confined to South Africa, where unlike Tylecodon, they occur commonly in both the winter and summer rainfall regions. They may be found on coastal flats and rocky hillsides, or as cremnophytes on cliff faces. Their decussate, evergreen leaves are highly variable in shape, even within some species, but the flowers, apart from colour, are very similar.
Georgy Danilov
Georgy Konstantinovich Danilov (Russian: Георгий Костантинович Данилов; 10 January 1897 – 29 July 1937) was a Soviet linguist, Africanist and polyglot. He was executed during the Great Purge and rehabilitated during the Khrushchev Thaw.

Communist University of the Toilers of the East
The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (Russian: Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока, КУТВ, KUTV; also known as the Far East University) was a revolutionary training school for important communist political leaders. The school operated under the umbrella of the Communist International (Comintern) and was in existence from 1921 until the late 1930s. Part of the university was split into the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University.
Vectorization (mathematics)
In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a vector. Specifically, the vectorization of a m × n matrix A, denoted vec(A), is the mn × 1 column vector obtained by stacking the columns of the matrix A on top of one another:

Here,  represents the element in the i-th row and j-th column of A, and the superscript  denotes the transpose. In other words, vec(A) is a vector containing the entries of A in column-major order.

Vectorization expresses, through coordinates, the isomorphism  between these (i.e., of matrices and vectors) as vector spaces.

For example, for the 2×2 matrix , the vectorization is .

The connection between the vectorization of A and the vectorization of its transpose is given by the commutation matrix.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Slavic raid on Kungahälla
The Slavic raid on Kungahälla or the Battle of Kungahälla targeted the Norwegian port city of Kungahälla, conducted by the Pomeranians of the Duchy of Pomerania under Ratibor I against the Kingdom of Norway, on 10–12 August, 1135.

Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson (Old Norse: [ˈsnorːe ˈsturloˌson]; Icelandic: [ˈstnɔrːɪ ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌsɔːn]; 1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, knight, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the Prose Edda, which is a major source for what is today known about Norse mythology and alliterative verse, and Heimskringla, a history of the Norse kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil's Saga. He was assassinated in 1241 by men claiming to be agents of the King of Norway.
1964 Trampoline World Championships
The 1st Trampoline World Championships were held in Royal Albert Hall, London, England on 21 March 1964.  The competition was on knock out basis, with 10 jumps each in a routine and 5–7 judges involved in the judging.  The competition attracted twelve countries from around the globe.

Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships
The Trampoline Gymnastics World Championships are the world championships for trampoline gymnastics including double mini trampoline and tumbling. They were originally held annually from 1964–1968. The frequency was switched to biennially from 1970–1998. The admission of trampolining to the Olympic Games required a switch to holding the World Championship as a qualifier in the year before the Olympics from 1999. Since 2010, the World Championships are again held annually, except for Olympic years. This cycle was broken in 2021 when the COVID-19 pandemic forced the delay of the 2020 Summer Olympics by one year.
2017–18 Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey season
The 2017–18 Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's ice hockey team represented the University of Minnesota Duluth in intercollegiate college ice hockey during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season. The head coach was Scott Sandelin and the team captain was Karson Kuhlman.  The team won the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. The team's leading scorer was Scott Perunovich, who was only the fourth defencemen to lead a championship team in scoring (Bob Heathcott, 1952; Dan Lodboa, 1970; Craig Norwich, 1977).

1951–52 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season
The 1951–52 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey team represented the University of Michigan in college ice hockey. In its eighth year under head coach Vic Heyliger, the team compiled a 22–4–0 record, outscored opponents 161 to 70, and won the 1952 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.  The season was the second consecutive in which the Michigan hockey team won the NCAA championship.
2022–23 Furman Paladins men's basketball team
The 2022–23 Furman Paladins men's basketball team represented Furman University in the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Paladins, led by sixth-year head coach Bob Richey, played their home games at Timmons Arena and Bon Secours Wellness Arena in Greenville, South Carolina as members of the Southern Conference (SoCon). They improved on their 12–6 SoCon record from last season and finished the regular season with a 15–3 record, to finish in first place. In the SoCon tournament, they defeated Mercer and Western Carolina to reach the championship game. In the championship game, they defeated defending SoCon tournament champion Chattanooga to make the NCAA tournament, the first time since 1980 they accomplished this. They went on to upset Virginia in the first round of the NCAA tournament, only to lose to the eventual national runner-up San Diego State in the second round.

Furman University
Furman University is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1826 and named after Baptist pastor Richard Furman, the liberal arts university is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina. It became a secular university in 1992, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae (For Christ and Learning) as its motto. As of Fall 2021, it enrolls approximately 2,300 undergraduate students and 150 graduate students on its 750-acre (304 ha) campus.
Naphthylmorpholine
Naphthylmorpholine (code name PAL-678), also known as 2-(2′-naphthyl)morpholine, is a monoamine releasing agent of the arylmorpholine and naphthylethylamine families. It is the derivative of 2-phenylmorpholine with a 2-naphthalene ring instead of a phenyl ring. Naphthylmorpholine is a close analogue of naphthylmetrazine (PAL-704; a naphthalene analogue of phenmetrazine), but lacks naphthylmetrazine's methyl group at the 3 position of the morpholine ring.

The drug is a potent monoamine releasing agent. Its EC50Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration values for induction of monoamine release have not been reported, but it released 92% of serotonin, 88% of norepinephrine, and 79% of dopamine at a concentration of 10,000 nM in rat brain synaptosomes. Hence, it appears to act preferentially as a releaser of serotonin and norepinephrine and to a lesser extent of dopamine.

Substituted phenylmorpholine
Substituted phenylmorpholines, or substituted phenmetrazines alternatively, are chemical derivatives of 2-phenylmorpholine or of the psychostimulant drug phenmetrazine.

Most such compounds act as releasers of monoamine neurotransmitters, and have stimulant effects. Some also act as agonists at serotonin receptors, and compounds with an N-propyl substitution act as dopamine receptor agonists.

A number of derivatives from this class have been investigated for medical applications, such as for use as anorectics or medications for the treatment of ADHD. Some compounds have also become subject to illicit use as designer drugs.
Breathing (Bryan Rice song)
"Breathing" is a pop song written by Peter Bjørnskov and recorded by Danish singer Bryan Rice. The song was included on his third studio album, Another Piece of Me.

On 12 January 2010, "Breathing" was announced as one of the ten songs to compete in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix to select the song to represent Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010.  On 6 February, the song made it to the super final, ultimately finishing second behind "In a Moment like This" by Chanée & N'evergreen.

In a Moment like This
"In a Moment Like This" is a song performed by Chanée and N'evergreen and written by Thomas G:son, Henrik Sethsson, and Erik Bernholm. It was the Danish entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010, held in Oslo, Norway on 29 May 2010.

The song was the winner of the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix contest, held on 6 February, which selected the Danish entry for Eurovision. With 149 points, they placed fourth at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 held in Oslo.

Later in 2010, the song was covered by South African artists Lianie May & Jay. Swedish band Scotts recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with Erica Sjöström from the Drifters, which in 2010 appeared on both on the Scotts album Vi gör det igen and the Drifters' album Stanna hos mig.
Board of Commerce case
Re Board of Commerce Act 1919 and the Combines and Fair Prices Act 1919, commonly known as the Board of Commerce case, is a Canadian constitutional decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in which the "emergency doctrine" under the federal power of peace, order and good government was first created.

Ultra vires
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase used in law to describe an act that requires legal authority but is done without it. Its opposite, an act done under proper authority, is intra vires. Acts that are intra vires may equivalently be termed "valid", and those that are ultra vires termed "invalid".

Legal issues relating to ultra vires can arise in a variety of contexts:

Companies and other legal persons sometimes have limited legal capacity to act, and attempts to engage in activities beyond their legal capacities may be ultra vires. Most countries have restricted the doctrine of ultra vires in relation to companies by statute.

Similarly, statutory and governmental bodies may have limits upon the acts and activities which they legally engage in.

Subordinate legislation which is purported passed without the proper legal authority may be invalid as beyond the powers of the authority which issued it.
2022 AFL Women's season 7 Grand Final
The 2022 AFL Women's season 7 Grand Final was an Australian football match held at the Brighton Homes Arena on 27 November 2022 to determine the premiers of the seventh season of the AFL Women's (AFLW) competition. The match was contested between the Brisbane Lions and the Melbourne Football Club. It was played in 30 °C (86 °F) heat. Melbourne emerged as winners by four points.

Glossary of Australian rules football
This list is an alphabetical glossary of Australian rules football terms, jargon and slang. While some of these entries are shared with other sports, Australian rules football has developed a unique and rich terminology.

Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics.
EPAS1
Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1, also known as hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2α)) is a protein that is encoded by the EPAS1 gene in mammals. It is a type of hypoxia-inducible factor, a group of transcription factors involved in the physiological response to oxygen concentration. The gene is active under hypoxic conditions. It is also important in the development of the heart, and for maintaining the catecholamine balance required for protection of the heart. Mutation often leads to neuroendocrine tumors.

However, several characterized alleles of EPAS1 contribute to high-altitude adaptation in humans. One such allele, which has been inherited from Denisovan archaic hominins, is known to confer increased athletic performance in some people, and has therefore been referred to as the "super athlete gene".

Hypoxia-inducible factor
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia. They also respond to instances of pseudohypoxia, such as thiamine deficiency. Both hypoxia and pseudohypoxia leads to impairment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by the mitochondria.
Danica, Hereditary Princess of Serbia
Princess Danica, Hereditary Princess of Serbia (née Marinković, Serbian Cyrillic: Даница Карађорђевић, née Маринковић; born 18 August 1986), also known as Princess Danica Karađorđević, is a Serbian–French graphic designer and is the wife of Prince Philip, heir to Crown Prince Alexander of Serbia, and so she is a member of the House of Karađorđević, the deposed royal family of Yugoslavia and Serbia.

St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade
The Cathedral Church of St. Michael the Archangel (Serbian Cyrillic: Саборна Црква Св. Архангела Михаила, romanized: Saborna Crkva Sv. Arhangela Mihaila) is a Serbian Orthodox cathedral church in the centre of Belgrade, Serbia, situated in the old part of the city, at the intersection of Kralja Petra and Kneza Sime Markovića streets. It was built between 1837 and 1840, on the location of an older church also dedicated to Archangel Michael. It is one of the most important places of worship in the country. It is commonly known as just Saborna crkva (The Cathedral) among the city residents. It was proclaimed as a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in 1979.

The cathedral church is one of the few preserved monuments of Belgrade from the first half of the 19th century. During the times when new social and political structures were slowly emerging, the cathedral church became a central support in the independence fight from Turkish centralism to the final freedom from Ottoman rule.
Qingguang
Qingguang Town (simplified Chinese: 青光镇; traditional Chinese: 青光鎮; pinyin: Qīngguāng Zhèn) is a town located on the southwestern part of Beichen District, Tianjin, China. It shares border with Shuangkou Town to the north and west, Beicang Town to the north, Qingyuan and Guangyuan Subdistricts to the northeast, Ruijing and Jiarongli Subdistricts to the east, Tianmu Town and Xiyingmen Subdistrict to the southeast, and Yangliuqing Town to the south. In the year 2010, the town has  a total population of 43,280.

Its name Qingguang (Chinese: 青光; lit. 'Blue Light') refers to Qingguang Village, the administrative center of the town.

Jiarongli Subdistrict
Jiarongli Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 佳荣里街道; traditional Chinese: 佳榮里街道; pinyin: Jiārónglǐ Jiēdào) is a subdistrict located in the southern portion of Beichen District, Tianjin, China. It borders Ruijing Subdistrict in its north, Shuanghuancun Subdistrict and Tianmu Town in its east, an exclave of Tianmu Town in its south, and Qingguang Town in its west.

The subdistrict was created in 2012. Its name Jiarongli can be translated as "Good and Glory Village".
Los heraldos negros
Los heraldos negros is the title of a collection of poems written by the Peruvian poet César Vallejo between the years 1915 and 1918 and published in July 1919. It was the first book of Vallejo's to be published. Los heraldos negros is also the name of the first poem in the collection.

Peruvian literature
The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru, but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the country's colonial period, and to oral artistic forms created by diverse ethnic groups that existed in the area during the prehispanic period, such as the Quechua, the Aymara and the Chanka South American native groups.
Operation Uttaran
Operation Uttaran (Bengali: অপারেশন উত্তরণ, lit. 'Operation Upliftment') is a counterinsurgency military operation in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, the operation has been ongoing since September 2001. It replaced Operation Dabanal.

Bangladesh Police
The Bangladesh Police (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ পুলিশ, romanized: Baṅladeś Puliś) is the national law enforcement service of Bangladesh, operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is responsible for maintaining peace, enforcing law and order, and ensuring the safety and security of citizens across the country. While primarily concerned with law enforcement and protection of individuals and property, the Bangladesh Police also play a significant role in the criminal justice system. Established before the 1971 Liberation War, the force contributed actively during the war and has since evolved into the country’s principal policing institution. The Bangladesh Police also participate in United Nations peacekeeping missions, providing personnel for international law enforcement and security operations.
Lionel Fulcher
Lionel William Fulcher B.Sc. (3 January 1866 – 11 May 1945) was a British philatelist who co-edited, with Stanley Phillips, Gibbons Stamp Monthly, was Vice President of the International Philatelic Union and was a key figure in the Fiscal Philatelic Society. He was an expert on the early stamps of Japan and also studied Venezuela, Peru, Nicaragua, Papal States and Norway.

He was for a time the editor of Morley's Philatelic Journal, A Monthly Paper For Collectors of Postage, Revenue, Telegraph and Railway stamps and also of The Philatelic Record.

Fulcher was a member of the Royal Philatelic Society London from 1901 where he also became the Honorary Librarian and was a frequent exhibitor at meetings.

In 1921, Fulcher was entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists.

Stanley Phillips
Frederick Stanley Phillips (31 December 1891 – 29 March 1954) was a British philatelist and prolific philatelic author who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists at Folkestone in 1937.

Stanley Phillips was the son of William Henry Phillips (assistant managing director of Stanley Gibbons), and the nephew of Charles James Phillips.
Liksom en Herdinna, högtids klädd
Liksom en Herdinna, högtids klädd ("Like a Shepherdess, festively dressed"), is a song by the Swedish poet and performer Carl Michael Bellman from his 1790 collection, Fredman's Epistles, where it is No. 80. The Epistle is subtitled "Angående Ulla Winblads Lustresa til Första Torpet, utom Kattrumps Tullen" (Concerning Ulla Winblad's pleasure-trip to Första Torpet, outside Kattrump Tollgate). It is a pastorale, starting with a near-paraphrase of Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux's French guide to the construction of pastoral verse. That doesn't prevent the supposed shepherd and shepherdess from falling into bed drunk at the end of the song. It has been described as lovelier in Swedish than in Boileau's original French. The epistle's humorous depiction of the human condition has been praised by critics.

Bellman. Biografin
Bellman. Biografin ("Bellman. The Biography") is a 2019 biography of the Swedish 18th-century songwriter and performer Carl Michael Bellman by the novelist and biographer Carina Burman. Bellman is a leading figure in Swedish song, known especially for his song collections Fredman's Epistles and Fredman's Songs.

Burman's book has been described as ambitious by its many reviewers, who have admired its lively style and the detailed academic research on which it is based. Some have found its definitive-sounding title provocative, as it is not the first biography of Bellman; others, that it says little about his music, although he was at once a poet and a musician.
Afrob
Robert Zemichiel (born 1 August 1977), known professionally as Afrob, is a German rapper and actor. He was born in Venice, Italy but grew up in Stuttgart, Germany. He began rapping in 1994, and has released nine albums since: Rolle mit Hip Hop (1999), Made in Germany (2001), Wer hätte das gedacht? (2003), Hammer (2005), Der Letzte seiner Art (2009), Push (2014), Blockbasta (2015), Mutterschiff (2016), and most recently Abschied von Gestern (2019).

In addition to rapping, Afrob has also appeared in two movies as part of the cast: namely Leroy (2007) and Kopf oder Zahl (2009).

Kolchose
The Kolchose is a group of Hip hop artists in the southern German city of Stuttgart. The group was founded in 1993 and includes the artists Freundeskreis, Massive Töne, Afrob, Breite Seite and Skillz en Masse, to name a few.
WGTR
WGTR (107.9 FM) is a country music radio station owned by iHeartMedia. Licensed to Bucksport, South Carolina, it serves the Myrtle Beach area. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 20,000 watts. WGTR goes by the name The Gator and its current slogan is "#1 For New Country, Gator 107.9". Its studios are located on the U.S. 17 Bypass in Myrtle Beach, and its transmitter is in Murrells Inlet.

Florence, South Carolina
Florence /ˈflɒrəns/ is a city in and the county seat of Florence County, South Carolina, United States. It lies at the intersection of Interstates 20 and 95 and is the eastern terminus of the former. It is the primary city within the Florence metropolitan area. The area forms the core of the historical Pee Dee region of South Carolina, which includes the eight counties of northeastern South Carolina, along with sections of southeastern North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 39,899, making it the 10th-most populous city in the state.

Florence is one of the major cities in South Carolina. In 1965, Florence was named an All-American City, presented by the National Civic League. The city was founded as a railroad hub and became the junction of three major railroad systems, including the Wilmington and Manchester, the Northeastern, and the Cheraw and Darlington.