hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Campora San Giovanni
Campora San Giovanni  (Italian: [ˈkampora san dʒoˈvanni] ⓘ; Camporese dialect: Càmpura San Giuvanni or Càmpura Santu Janni) is a frazione (borough) of the comune (municipality) of Amantea, in the province of Cosenza, Calabria, Italy, located close to the border with the province of Catanzaro.

Aeolian Islands
The Aeolian Islands (/iːˈoʊliən/ ee-OH-lee-ən; Italian: Isole Eolie [ˈiːzole eˈɔːlje]; Sicilian: Ìsuli Eoli), sometimes referred to as the Lipari Islands or Lipari group (/ˈlɪpəri/ LIP-ər-ee, Italian: [ˈliːpari]) after their largest island, are a volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, said to be named after Aeolus, the mythical ruler of the winds. The islands' inhabitants are known as Aeolians (Italian: Eoliani). The islands had a permanent population of 14,224 at the 2011 census; the latest official estimate is 15,419 as of 1 January 2019. The Aeolian Islands are a popular tourist destination in the summer and attract up to 600,000 visitors annually.

There are seven significant islands: Lipari, Vulcano, Salina, Stromboli, Filicudi, Alicudi and Panarea, and a set of minor islands and rocks.
Nonimaging optics
Nonimaging optics (also called anidolic optics) is a branch of optics that is concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optimal radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.

Imaging
Imaging is the process of creating visual representations of objects, scenes, or phenomena. The term encompasses both the formation of images through physical processes and the technologies used to capture, store, process, and display them. While traditional imaging relies on visible light, modern imaging systems can visualize information across the electromagnetic spectrum and through other physical phenomena such as sound waves, magnetic fields, and particle emissions, enabling the visualization of subjects invisible to the human eye.

Imaging science is the multidisciplinary field concerned with the theoretical foundations and practical applications of image creation and analysis. The field draws on physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, computer science, computer vision, and perceptual psychology to develop systems that generate, collect, duplicate, analyze, modify, and visualize images.
Prophage
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages. Prophages remain latent in the genome through multiple cell divisions until activation by an external factor, such as UV light, leading to production of new phage particles that will lyse the cell and spread. As ubiquitous mobile genetic elements, prophages play important roles in bacterial genetics and evolution, such as in the acquisition of virulence factors.

Virus latency
Virus latency (or viral latency) is the ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant (latent) within a cell, denoted as the lysogenic part of the viral life cycle.  A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not eradicated.  The virus can reactivate and begin producing large amounts of viral progeny (the lytic part of the viral life cycle) without the host becoming reinfected by new outside virus, and stays within the host indefinitely.

Virus latency is not to be confused with clinical latency during the incubation period when a virus is not dormant.
2011 Alamo Bowl
The 2011 Valero Alamo Bowl, the 19th edition of the game, was a post-season American college football bowl game, held on December 29, 2011 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas as part of the 2011–12 NCAA Bowl season.

The game, which was telecast at 8:00 p.m. CT on ESPN, featured the Washington Huskies from the Pac-12 Conference versus the Baylor Bears, led by Heisman Trophy winner Robert Griffin III, from the Big 12 Conference. With a total combined score of 123 points, the game is currently the highest-scoring regulation bowl game in college football history.

2011–12 NCAA football bowl games
The 2011–12 NCAA football bowl games were a series of college football bowl games.  They concluded the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season, and included 35 team-competitive games and five all-star games.  The games began on December 17, 2011, and, aside from the all-star games, concluded with the 2012 BCS National Championship Game in New Orleans, that was played on January 9, 2012.

The total of 35 team-competitive bowls was unchanged from the previous year. While bowl games had been the purview of only the very best teams for nearly a century, this was the sixth consecutive year that teams with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games. To fill the 70 available team-competitive bowl slots, a total of 14 teams (20% of all participants) with non-winning seasons participated in bowl games—13 had a .500 (6-6) season and, for the first time ever, a team with a sub-.500 (6-7) season was invited to a bowl game.
Diocese of Arsenyev
The Diocese of Arsenyev (Russian: Арсе́ньевская епа́рхия) is an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church based in Arsenyev. It covers parishes in the eastern part of Primorsky Krai, including the cities of Arsenyev and Dalnegorsk, as well as the districts of Anuchinsky, Kavalerovsky, Olginsky, Terneysky, Chuguyevsky and Yakovlevsky.

Arsenyev
Arsenyev (Russian: Арсе́ньев) is a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located about 160 kilometers (99 mi) northeast of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 56,750. It was known as Semyonovka until 1952.
Trófeu Raça Negra
The Trófeu Raça Negra (Black Race Trophy) is a Brazilian award which is handed out to individuals and groups who have contributed or exhibited advancements for Afro-Brazilians. Organized by the NGO Afrobras, it was first handed out in 2000 on the 500th anniversary of the European arrival in Brazil, and has been held annually since 2004. It is similar to the NAACP Image Award in the United States.

Otávio Frias Filho
Octavio Frias de Oliveira Filho, known as Otávio Frias Filho (7 June 1957 – 21 August 2018), was a Brazilian newspaper editor. He was Folha de S.Paulo's editorial director since 1984, as well as Grupo Folha's editorial director.
Kin Platt
Kin Platt (December 8, 1911 – November 30, 2003) was an American writer, artist, painter, sculptor, caricaturist, and comics artist, best known for penning radio comedy and animated TV series, as well as children's mystery novels, one of which earned him the Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award.

He additionally wrote and drew comic books (creating an early talking animal superhero, Supermouse) and comic strips.

Edgar Awards
The Edgar Allan Poe Awards, popularly called the Edgars, are presented every year by the Mystery Writers of America which is based in New York City. Named after American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), a pioneer in the genre, the awards honor the best in mystery fiction, non-fiction, television, film, and theater published or produced in the previous year.
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978), was a landmark case in the area of federal Indian law involving issues of great importance to the meaning of tribal sovereignty in the contemporary United States. The Supreme Court sustained a law passed by the governing body of the Santa Clara Pueblo that explicitly discriminated on the basis of sex. In so doing, the Court advanced a theory of tribal sovereignty that weighed the interests of tribes sufficient to justify a law that, had it been passed by a state legislature or Congress, would have almost certainly been struck down as a violation of equal protection.

Along with the watershed cases, United States v. Wheeler and Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, Santa Clara completed the trilogy of seminal Indian law cases to come down in the 1978 term.

Cause of action
A cause of action or right of action, in law, is a set of facts sufficient to justify suing to obtain money or property, or to justify the enforcement of a legal right against another party. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings suit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called 'claim form' or 'particulars of claim' in English law (formerly known as a 'statement of claim'), or a 'complaint' in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. In Ireland, this document can be called a 'claim notice.' It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages, often expressed in the amount of money the receiving party should pay/reimburse.
Aquelarre (TV series)
Aquelarre (lit: Witches' Sabbath) is a Chilean television drama series created by Hugo Morales and directed by María Eugenia Rencoret, and Víctor Huertathat originally aired on Television Nacional de Chile (TVN) and TV Chile from August 4, to December 29, 1999.

Bastián Bodenhöfer
Bastián Lorenzo Bodenhöfer Alexander (Santiago, July 1, 1961) is a Chilean actor, theater director, musician and cultural manager. He served as cultural attaché of the Chile embassy in France between 2000 and 2002, during the government of president Ricardo Lagos. Bodenhöfer established himself as a renowned actor in the telenovela Ángel Malo in 1986. During the 1990s, due to his physical attractiveness, his solid presence and his talent, he became the highest paid male lead in Televisión Nacional de Chile.
Kasch ring
In ring theory, a subfield of abstract algebra, a right Kasch ring is a ring R for which every simple right R-module is isomorphic to a right ideal of R. Analogously the notion of a left Kasch ring is defined, and the two properties are independent of each other.

Kasch rings are named in honor of mathematician Friedrich Kasch. Kasch originally called Artinian rings whose proper ideals have nonzero annihilators S-rings. The characterizations below show that Kasch rings generalize S-rings.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
HMAS Hawk (M 1139)
HMAS Hawk (M 1139) (formerly HMS Somerleyton) was a Ton-class minesweeper operated by the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The minesweeper was built for the Royal Navy as HMS Gamston, but renamed HMS Somerleyton before entering service. She was sold to Australia in 1961, and commissioned as HMAS Hawk in 1962. The ship operated through the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, and was decommissioned in 1972.

Ton-class minesweeper
The Ton class were coastal minesweepers built in the 1950s for the Royal Navy, but also used by other navies such as the South African Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. They were intended to meet the threat of seabed mines laid in shallow coastal waters, rivers, ports and harbours, a task for which the existing ocean-going minesweepers of the Algerine class were not suited.
North Britain
North Britain is a term which has been used, particularly between the 17th and 19th centuries, for either the northern part of Great Britain or Scotland, which occupies the northernmost third of the island. "North Britains" could also refer to Britons from Scotland; with North Briton later the standard spelling. Its counterpart was South Britain, generally used to refer to England and Wales.

The North Briton
The North Briton was a radical newspaper published in 18th-century London. The North Briton also served as the pseudonym of the newspaper's author, used in advertisements, letters to other publications, and handbills.

Although written anonymously, The North Briton is closely associated with the name of John Wilkes. The newspaper is chiefly famous for issue number 45, the forty or so court cases spawned by that issue, and for the genesis of "45" as a popular slogan of liberty in the latter part of the 18th century. The paper was also known for its virulently anti-Scottish sentiment.
Brooklyn Visual Heritage
Brooklyn Visual Heritage is an online digital history website resource produced by Project CHART, presenting historical 19th and 20th century photographs of Brooklyn, New York City, held by several cultural institutions.

Project CHART was a collaboration between the Pratt Institute School of Information and Library Science (SILS), Brooklyn Historical Society, Brooklyn Public Library, and Brooklyn Museum. The three-year project was funded by the US Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) through a grant submitted by Tula Giannini and the Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian Program. It made use of Pratt Institute SILS masters students. The website was launched publicly in 2013.

Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute is a private university with its main campus in Brooklyn, New York. It has an additional campus in Manhattan and an extension campus in Utica, New York at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute. The institute was founded in 1887 with programs primarily in engineering, architecture, and fine arts. Comprising six schools, the institute is primarily known for its programs in architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and fine arts.
Misha (Mandaeism)
In Mandaeism, misha (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡉࡔࡀ, romanized: miša) is anointing sesame oil used during rituals such as the masbuta (baptism) and masiqta (death mass), both of which are performed by Mandaean priests.

Masiqta
The masiqta (Classical Mandaic: ࡌࡀࡎࡉࡒࡕࡀ, lit. 'ascent') is a mass or ritual practiced in the Mandaean religion in order to help guide the soul (nišimta) towards the World of Light in Mandaean cosmology. They are typically performed as funerary rites for Mandaeans who have just died. Although usually translated as "death mass", a few types of masiqta are also performed for living people, such as when priests are ordained. Masiqtas are also used to consecrate houses of worship (bit manda).
Don May (politician)
Donald George May (15 February 1924 – 23 September 2001) was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1962 to 1965 and again from 1968 to 1977. He was a minister in the government of John Tonkin.

Minister for Energy (Western Australia)
Minister for Energy is a position in the government of Western Australia, currently held by Bill Johnston of the Labor Party. The position was first created after the 1959 state election, for the government of David Brand, and has existed in almost every government since then. The minister is responsible for Energy Policy WA (a standalone sub-department of the state's Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety), which oversees Western Australia's energy sector.
Bruno Telushi
Bruno Telushi (born 14 November 1990) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for AF Elbasani.

Telushi began his career with his local club Flamurtari, making his debut in 2011 after spending four years in Italy at Virtus Entella. From 2014 to 2017 he served as the captain of Flamurtari, replacing Franc Veliu. In 2017, he moved aboard for the first time, joining Croatia's Slaven Belupo. After a short spell, he returned in Albanian by joining Partizani Tirana, whom he won the Albanian Superliga title in the 2018–19 season. In August 2020, he joined Kukësi as a free agent.

A former youth international, Telushi first represented the under-17 squad and then the under-21, and is yet to make his senior debut, despite receiving a call-up in November 2012.

2018–19 Kategoria Superiore
The 2018–19 Kategoria Superiore was the 80th official season, or 83rd season of top-tier football in Albania (including three unofficial championships during World War II) and the 19th season under the name Kategoria Superiore. The season began on 17 August 2018 and ended on 30 May 2019. Partizani, won the league title on 12 May 2019 with 3 matches to spare.

The winners of this season's Superiore earned a place in the first qualifying round of the 2019−20 Champions League, with the second and third placed clubs earning a place in the first qualifying round of the 2019−20 Europa League.
Yuen Long District Council
The Yuen Long District Council (Chinese: 元朗區議會; noted as YL) is the district council for the Yuen Long District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Yuen Long District currently consists of 46 members, of which the district is divided into four constituencies, electing a total of 8 members, 16 district committee members, 16 appointed members, and 6 ex officio members who are the Shap Pat Heung, San Tin, Ha Tsuen, Kam Tin, Ping Shan and Pat Heung rural committee chairmen. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.

Ping Shan
Ping Shan (Chinese: 屏山; lit. 'Screen Peak') is an area in the New Territories, Hong Kong. It is located west of Yuen Long Town and Shui Pin Wai, and south of Tin Shui Wai. Administratively, it is part of the Yuen Long District.
Tadasana
Tadasana (Sanskrit: ताड़ासन, romanized: Tāḍāsana), Mountain pose or Samasthiti (Sanskrit: समस्थिति; IAST: samasthitiḥ) is a standing asana in modern yoga as exercise; it is not described in medieval hatha yoga texts. It is the basis for several other standing asanas.

B. K. S. Iyengar
Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja Iyengar (14 December 1918 – 20 August 2014) was an Indian teacher of yoga and author. He is the founder of the style of yoga as exercise called "Iyengar Yoga", and was considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world. He was the author of many books on yoga practice and philosophy including Light on Yoga, Light on Pranayama, Light on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, and Light on Life. Iyengar was one of the earliest students of Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who is often called "the father of modern yoga". He has been credited with popularizing yoga, first in India and then around the world.

The Indian government awarded Iyengar the Padma Shri in 1991, the Padma Bhushan in 2002, and the Padma Vibhushan in 2014. In 2004, Iyengar was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine.
Cináed Ciarrge mac Cathussaig
Cináed Ciarrge mac Cathussaig (died 776) was a Dál nAraidi king of Ulaid, an over-kingdom in medieval Ireland. He was the son of Cathussach mac Ailello (died 749), a previous king and possible over-king of Ulaid. He belonged to the Eilne branch of the family, and ruled from 774 to 776.

The Dál nAraidi became involved in civil war during his reign and in 776 they fought a battle amongst themselves at the battle of Sliabh Mis (Slemish mountain). That same year they engaged in another battle, the battle of Drong, where the opposing sides sought the assistance of their neighbours. Cináed and his ally, Dúngal king of the Uí Tuirtri, were slain by Tommaltach mac Indrechtaig (died 790) and his ally Eochaid mac Fiachnai (died 810) of the Dál Fiatach.

Dál Fiatach
Dál Fiatach was a Gaelic dynastic-grouping and the name of their territory in the north-east of Ireland, which lasted throughout the Middle Ages until their demise in the 13th century at the hands of Normans. It was part of the over-kingdom of Ulaid, and they were its main ruling dynasty for most of Ulaid's history. Their territory lay in eastern County Down. Their capital was Dún Lethglaise (Downpatrick) and from the 9th century their main religious site was Bangor Abbey.
Czechoslovak armies in exile
Czechoslovak armies in exile were the military formations loyal to the Czechoslovak government-in-exile during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and included:

Poland

Czechoslovak Legion (1939), unit operating in Poland in 1939

United Kingdom

Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion, unit operating under British command from 1940 to 1942

1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade, unit operating under British command from 1943 to 1945

Czechoslovak RAF squadrons (310, 311, 312, and 313 Squadrons)

Soviet Union

1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the USSR

1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division

1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union
The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps (Czech: První československý armádní sbor, Slovak: Prvý československý armádny zbor), also known as Svoboda's Army (Czech: Svobodova armáda, after its commander Ludvík Svoboda), was a military formation of the Czechoslovak Army in exile fighting on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviet Red Army in World War II.

The corps was the largest of the Czechoslovak units that fought on the Soviet side on the Eastern Front.
Hurmudar-e Bala
Hurmudar-e Bala (Persian: هورمودربالا, also Romanized as Hūrmūdār-e Bālā and Hūrmūdar Bāla; also known as Hormūdar, Hormūdar-e Bālā, and Hūrmūdār) is a village in Fin Rural District, Fin District, Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 7 families.

Fin Rural District
Fin Rural District (Persian: دهستان فین) is in Fin District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Fin. The rural district is home to the centuries-old Fin Castle.
PR-104
PR-104 is a drug from the class of hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs), which is being researched as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic agent. It is a phosphate ester "pre-prodrug" that is rapidly converted to the HAP PR-104A in the body. PR-104A is in turn metabolised to reactive nitrogen mustard DNA crosslinking agents in hypoxic tissues such as found in solid tumours. Following initial clinical studies, it was discovered that PR-104A is also activated by the enzyme AKR1C3, independently of hypoxia. Hypoxia in the bone marrow of patients with leukaemia, and high activity of AKR1C3 in some leukaemia subtypes  has led to interest in clinical trials of PR-104 in relapsed refractory acute leukaemias.

Nitrogen mustard
Nitrogen mustards (NMs) are cytotoxic organic compounds with the bis(2-chloroethyl)amino ((ClC2H4)2NR) functional group. Although originally produced as chemical warfare agents, they were the first chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of cancer. Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents.
Almost Like Being in Love (novel)
Almost Like Being in Love is a 2004 gay-fiction romance novel by author Steve Kluger.  Like his previous novel Last Days of Summer, Almost Like Being in Love is an epistolary novel; the story is told primarily through diary entries, newspaper clippings, office documents, letters, e-mails, menus, post-it notes and checklists, with only minor reliance on narrative. Kluger uses experiences and people from his life as inspiration for his novels.

The book won the Lambda Literary Award in 2005.

Last Days of Summer (novel)
Last Days of Summer is a 1998 novel written by Steve Kluger. It is an epistolary novel told completely through forms of correspondence; letters, postcards, interviews with a psychiatrist, progress reports, and newspaper clippings.

Taking place in 1940s Brooklyn, the bulk of the novel consists of letters written between fictional New York Giants third baseman Charlie Banks and Jewish twelve-year-old Joey Margolis.