hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Macon Phillips
Macon Phillips (born June 29, 1978) is an American political strategist who served as the Coordinator of the United States Department of State Bureau of International Information Programs from 2013 to 2017. He reported to Rick Stengel, the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Phillips is the former White House Director of New Media, in which capacity he had oversight responsibility for WhiteHouse.gov.

Phillips' work on WhiteHouse.gov closely coordinated with internet operations at the Democratic National Committee, which has responsibility for administration of the BarackObama.com domain and website.  At precisely 12:00 p.m. ET during the inauguration of Barack Obama, Phillips oversaw the conversion of Whitehouse.gov, the official website of the President of the United States. At 12:01 p.m., he posted the site's first blog entry, titled: Change has come to WhiteHouse.gov.

Richard Stengel
Richard Allen "Rick" Stengel (born May 2, 1955) is an American editor, author, and former government official. He was Time magazine's 16th managing editor from 2006 to 2013. He was also chief executive of the National Constitution Center from 2004 to 2006, and served as President Obama's Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs from 2014 to 2016. Stengel has written a number of books, including a collaboration with Nelson Mandela on Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.

His 2019 book, Information Wars: How we Lost the Battle Against Disinformation and What to Do About It, recounts his time in the State Department countering Russian disinformation and ISIS propaganda. In December 2022, Audible released Stengel's 10-part podcast, Mandela: The Lost Tapes, which uses more than 60 hours of taped interviews Stengel did with Mandela for Long Walk to Freedom.
Spatial gradient
A spatial gradient is a gradient whose components are spatial derivatives, i.e., rate of change of a given scalar physical quantity with respect to the position coordinates in physical space. 
Homogeneous regions have spatial gradient vector norm equal to zero.
When evaluated over vertical position (altitude or depth), it is called vertical derivative or  vertical gradient; the remainder is called horizontal gradient component, the vector projection of the full gradient onto the horizontal plane.

Examples:

Biology

Concentration gradient, the ratio of solute concentration between two adjoining regions

Potential gradient, the difference in electric charge between two adjoining regions

Fluid dynamics and earth science

Density gradient

Pressure gradient

Temperature gradient
Geothermal gradient
Sound speed gradient

Wind gradient

Lapse rate

Potential gradient
In physics, chemistry and biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient. This quantity frequently occurs in equations of physical processes because it leads to some form of flux.
Pantsula
Pantsula is a tradition and also a highly energetic dance form that originated in the black townships of South Africa during the apartheid era. It developed into a form of social commentary for black South Africans and has undergone several transformations with the country's changing political tides.

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
Quercus × schuettei
Quercus × schuettei (or Quercus schuettei), known as Schuette's oak, is a hybrid species of white oak native to the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and the US states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Vermont, and Wisconsin. It is a naturally occurring hybrid of swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) and burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa), found where their ranges overlap. Its parents are both placed in Quercus sect. Quercus.

Quercus × schuettei is a tree reaching 50–70 ft (15–21 m) with a conical growth form, typically found in wet areas such as riverbanks. Available from commercial nurseries, it is planted as a landscaping or street tree, and is particularly suited for rain gardens. It tolerates clay soils and erosion and is relatively pest resistant. Schuette's oak produces abundant acorns which are relished by wildlife. The fall foliage turns yellowish-brown.

Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus macrocarpa, the bur oak or burr oak, is a species of oak tree native to central and eastern North America. It is in the white oak section, Quercus sect. Quercus, and is also called mossycup oak, mossycup white oak, or scrub oak. The acorns are the largest of any North American oak (thus the species name macrocarpa, from Ancient Greek μακρός makrós "large" and καρπός karpós "fruit"), and are important food for wildlife.
Yellow No. 5 (EP)
Yellow No. 5  is an EP by American alternative rock band Heatmiser, released in 1994 by record label Frontier between the albums Dead Air (1993) and Cop and Speeder (1994).

The EP was also released as a split cassette EP on Frontier Records, with Yellow No. 5 on side A and All Souls Alive by Australian rock band The Blackeyed Susans on side B (excluding the first four songs from All Souls Alive, which are also on side A).

The Dandy Warhols
The Dandy Warhols are an American psychedelic/alternative rock band, formed in Portland, Oregon, in 1994 by singer-guitarist Courtney Taylor-Taylor and guitarist Peter Holmström. They were later joined by keyboardist Zia McCabe and drummer Eric Hedford. Hedford left in 1998 and was replaced by Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer. The band's name is a play on the name of American pop artist Andy Warhol.

The band gained recognition after they were signed to Capitol Records and released their major label album debut, ...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, in 1997. In 2001, the band rose to new levels of fame after their song "Bohemian Like You" enjoyed extensive exposure due to being featured in a Vodafone advertisement. The Dandy Warhols were the subject of the 2004 documentary film Dig!, along with San Francisco psychedelic outfit The Brian Jonestown Massacre. They have released 12 studio albums, two compilation albums, six EPs, and 27 singles to date.
FBA Avion Canon
The FBA Avion Canon, also known as the FBA 1 Ca2, was a two-seat cannon-armed biplane fighter, designed and built in France from 1916 by  Franco-British Aviation. Due to unsatisfactory performance, development of the Avion Canon was abandoned.

Hispano-Suiza 8
The Hispano-Suiza 8 is a water-cooled V8 SOHC aero engine introduced by Hispano-Suiza in 1914 that went on to become the most commonly used liquid-cooled engine in the aircraft of the Entente Powers during the First World War. The original Hispano-Suiza 8A was rated at 140 hp (100 kW) and the later, larger displacement Hispano-Suiza 8F reached 330 hp (250 kW).

Hispano-Suiza 8 engines and variants produced by Hispano-Suiza and other companies under licence were built in twenty-one factories in Spain, France, Britain, Italy, and the U.S.  Derivatives of the engine were also used abroad to power numerous aircraft types and the engine can be considered as the ancestor of another successful engine by the same designer, the Hispano-Suiza 12Y (and Soviet Klimov V12 derivative aero-engines) which was in service during the Second World War.
Beckwourth Complex fires
The Beckwourth Complex was a wildfire complex that burned in the Plumas National Forest in Plumas and Lassen counties. The two major fires of the complex, the Dotta Fire and the Sugar Fire, started on June 30 and July 2 northeast of Beckwourth, California. Started by lightning strikes, the two fires collectively burned 105,670 acres (42,763 ha). The complex resulted in the evacuation of numerous residential areas and the closure of portions of Plumas National Forest. In the community of Doyle, California, 33 homes were destroyed.

Washoe County, Nevada
Washoe County (/ˈwɒʃoʊ/) is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 486,492, making it Nevada's second-most populous county. Its county seat is Reno. Washoe County is included in the Reno, NV Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The Washoe County landing ship tank was named after this county.
Burlington Catholic Central High School
Catholic Central High School in Burlington, Wisconsin, United States, is a private, Catholic, co-educational high school in the Archdiocese of Milwaukee.
Founded in 1920, it offers both college-prep and general studies for grades 9 through 12.

Archdiocese of Milwaukee
The Archdiocese of Milwaukee (Latin: Archidiœcesis Milvauchiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or archdiocese, of the Catholic Church in southeast Wisconsin in the United States. The Archdiocese of Milwaukee is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province of Milwaukee. It includes the suffragan dioceses of Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison, and Superior.

It was formed in 1843, with territory taken from the Diocese of Detroit. It was elevated from a diocese to an archdiocese in 1875. In 2011, the sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee resulted in its filing for bankruptcy.

Pope Francis named Jeffrey S. Grob as archbishop on November 4, 2024.
E. D. F. Prah
Colonel E. D. F. Prah is a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. This was after the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council overthrew the Supreme Military Council led by Lt. General Fred Akuffo in June 1979. He was replaced in July 1979 by Brigadier Joshua Nunoo-Mensah.

After retiring from the Ghana Armed Forces, he served as executive director of the Veterans Association of Ghana.

Joseph Nunoo-Mensah
Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah (born 14 February 1939) is a Ghanaian soldier and politician. He is a former Chief of Defence Staff of the Ghana Armed Forces. He was also a member of the Provisional National Defence Council government which overthrew the government of Dr. Hilla Limann in 1981.
Orion (satellite)
Orion, also known as Mentor or Advanced Orion, is a class of United States spy satellites that collect signals intelligence (SIGINT) from space. Operated by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and developed with input from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), eight have been launched from Cape Canaveral on Titan IV and Delta IV launch vehicles since 1995.

Thuraya
Thuraya (Arabic: الثريا, Gulf Arabic pron.: [ɐθ.θʊˈrɑj.jɐ]; from the Arabic name for the Pleiades, Thurayya) is a United Arab Emirates-based regional mobile-satellite service (MSS) provider. The company operates two geosynchronous satellites and provides telecommunications coverage in about  150 countries in Europe, the Middle East, North, Central and East Africa and  Asia Thuraya's L-band network delivers voice and data services.

Thuraya is the mobile satellite services subsidiary of Yahsat, a global satellite operator based in the United Arab Emirates, fully owned by Mubadala Investment Company.
The geostationary nature of the service implies high round-trip times from satellite to Earth, leading to a noticeable lag being present during voice calls.
Gabor Steingart
Gabor Steingart (born 1962 in West Berlin) is a German journalist and the author of several popular and influential books. He was the chief editor of Handelsblatt from 2010 to 2018. In 2018, he founded his own media company that issues news, commentaries, and interviews.

Steingart indicates that "freedom of expression is not a gift, it is an obligation. The problem is not the critical journalists, the problem is the harmless ones."

Die Zeit
Die Zeit (German pronunciation: [diː ˈtsaɪt], lit. 'The Time') is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany. The newspaper is generally considered to be among the German newspapers of record and is known for its long and extensive articles.
December 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
December 20 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - December 22

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on January 3 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For December 21st, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 8.

Peter of Moscow
Peter of Moscow (Russian: Пётр Московский, Peter of Kiev, Peter of Rata, Russian: Пётр Ратенский, Ukrainian: Петро Ратенський; c. 1260 – 20 December 1326) was an Eastern Orthodox bishop of Kiev, who moved his see from Vladimir to Moscow in 1325. Later he was proclaimed a patron saint of Moscow. In spite of the move, the office remained officially entitled "Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'" until the autocephalous election of Jonah in 1448.
Mungurrawuy Yunupingu
Mungurrawuy Yunupingu (1907–1979), known mononymously among his people as Mungurrawuy,  was a Aboriginal Australian artist and leader of the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu people of northeastern Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. He was known for his bark paintings and for his involvement in the Yirrkala church panels and the Yirrkala bark petitions of 1963.

Berndt Museum of Anthropology
The Berndt Museum is an anthropological museum in Perth, Western Australia, founded in 1976 by Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt. It is currently, as of 2025, located with the Lawrence Wilson Art Gallery on the western side of the University of Western Australia (UWA) Crawley campus.

Housing 12,000 objects and 35,000 photographs, the museum contains one of the finest collections of Indigenous Australian art and cultural artifacts in the world, according to the Collections Australia Network. The collection consists of contemporary and historical Aboriginal Australian material culture from regions such as Arnhem Land, the Kimberley, Pilbara, the South West and the Western Desert. The museum also houses substantial Asian and Papua New Guinean collections.
Solnhofen
Solnhofen is a municipality in the district of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in the region of Middle Franconia in the Land of Bavaria in Germany.  It is in the Altmühl valley.

The local area is famous in geology and palaeontology for Solnhofen limestone.  This is a very fine-grained limestone from the Jurassic period Lagerstätte that preserves detailed fossil specimens.  Alois Senefelder used specially prepared blocks of the fine Solnhofen limestone for the process of lithography which he invented in 1798. The quarrying of this lithographic limestone subsequently yielded spectacular finds, including Archaeopteryx, commemorated in the bird's full name Archaeopteryx lithographica. All 14 known specimens have come from the Solnhofen area.

Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen (German pronunciation: [ˈvaɪsn̩ˌbʊʁk ɡʊntsn̩ˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in the west of Bavaria, Germany with a population of 95,000. Neighbouring districts are (from the north clockwise) Ansbach, Roth, Eichstätt and Donau-Ries. It is located in the south of Middle Franconia, 50 kilometres south of Nuremberg. Largest city and the administrative center is Weißenburg in Bayern.
2015 Three Days of De Panne
The 2015 Three Days of De Panne (Dutch: Driedaagse De Panne–Koksijde) was the 39th edition of the Three Days of De Panne cycling stage race. It took place around De Panne in West Flanders in the week between Gent–Wevelgem and the Tour of Flanders, beginning on 31 March and ending on 2 April. The race included four stages, two of which took place on the final day. It was rated as a 2.1 event in the 2015 UCI Europe Tour. The defending champion was Guillaume Van Keirsbulck (Etixx–Quick-Step), who won the 2014 edition by seven seconds.

The 2015 edition was won by Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha), who won the first three stages and came third in the final time trial. He also won the points classification. In second place was Stijn Devolder (Trek Factory Racing). Third was Bradley Wiggins (Team Sky), who won the individual time trial on the final day.

2015 UCI Europe Tour
The 2015 UCI Europe Tour was the eleventh season of the UCI Europe Tour. The 2015 season began on 29 January 2015 with the Trofeo Santanyí-Ses Salines-Campos and ended on 25 October 2015 with the Tour of Aegean.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Europe Tour cycling jersey. Tom Van Asbroeck of Belgium is the defending champion of the 2014 UCI Europe Tour.

Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded.

The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:

Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2

One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2
Hypostatic abstraction
Hypostatic abstraction in philosophy and mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness". The relation is created between the original subject and a new term that represents the property expressed by the original predicate.

Formal calculation
In mathematical logic, a formal calculation, or formal operation, is a type of mathematical calculation, often involving power series, that is carried out purely algebraically while disregarding questions of convergence. The expressions are manipulated according to algebraic rules, without requiring that the underlying series or operations necessarily converge in the analytical sense. This approach is useful when the structure of the calculation is more important than its analytical properties.
Fulde (Böhme)
The Fulde (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊldə]) is a river of Lower Saxony, Germany.

It belongs to the Weser river system. It is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) long and flows entirely within the territory of the borough of Walsrode (Heidekreis district. It rises in a valley between two parallel end moraines formed in the Saalian Ice Age. By far the largest source drains the Grundloses Moor ("bottomless moor"), 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Fulde and emerges from the Kleiner See ("Little Lake") there. Another source appears 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) northwest of the village of Fulde, which gave the stream its name. From there the Fulde runs through, at times, picturesque scenery between steep, grass-covered, clay banks and fish ponds south of the Walsrode town forest of Eckernworth, where the Rischmannshof Heath Museum is located, crosses the centre of the town through the Fulde Park with its town hall and joins the River Böhme south of the Walsrode Abbey lake.

Walsrode
Walsrode (German pronunciation: [valsˈʁoːdə] ⓘ; Low German: Wasra) is a town in the district of Heidekreis, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The former municipality Bomlitz was merged into Walsrode in January 2020.
Niantic (whaling vessel)
Niantic was a whaleship that brought fortune-seekers to Yerba Buena (later renamed San Francisco) during the California Gold Rush of 1849. Run aground and converted into a storeship and hotel, she was a prominent landmark in the booming city for several years. The site of Niantic beside the Transamerica Pyramid is now a California Historical Landmark. Artifacts excavated in 1978 and the ship's log from her last voyage are on display in the San Francisco Maritime Museum.

Yerba Buena, California
Yerba Buena was an anchorage spot and later a settlement that grew into the city of San Francisco, California. The settlement, built in an area known earlier as El Paraje de Yerba Buena and named for an herb that grew abundantly there, was founded in 1834 and was located near the northeastern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, on the shores of Yerba Buena Cove. Yerba Buena was the first Spanish colonial or Mexican civilian settlement in San Francisco, which had previously only had indigenous, missionary, and military settlements, and was originally intended as a trading post for ships visiting San Francisco Bay. The settlement was arranged in the Spanish style around a plaza that remains as the present day Portsmouth Square. The area that was the Yerba Buena settlement is now in the Financial District and Chinatown neighborhoods of San Francisco.
Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre
The men's sabre was a fencing event held as part of the fencing programme at the 1904 Summer Olympics. It was the third time the event was held at the Olympics. 5 fencers from 2 nations competed. The competition was held on Thursday, September 8, 1904. The event was won by Manuel Díaz of Cuba. American William Grebe took second. Albertson Van Zo Post, an American erroneously listed the IOC database as Cuban until 2021, earned bronze.

Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics
At the 1904 Summer Olympics, five fencing events were contested. The third edition of the Olympic fencing program included a team event (in men's foil) for the first time, as well as the only Olympic singlestick competition. Events for fencing professionals were eliminated. The competitions were held on September 7, 1904 and September 8, 1904.
Kálmán Darányi
Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen (22 March 1886 – 1 November 1939) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. He also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Hungary from 5 December 1938 to 12 June 1939 and from 15 June 1939 to 1 November 1939.  Darányi was associated with the radical rights in the Hungarian politics, and although not sympathetic to the Hungarian fascists, pursued an increasingly authoritarian policy at home, and an alliance with the fascist powers Germany and Italy abroad.

Arrow Cross Party
The Arrow Cross Party was a far-right Hungarian ultranationalist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which formed a government in Hungary they named the Government of National Unity. They were in power from 15 October 1944 to 28 March 1945. During its short rule, ten to fifteen thousand civilians were murdered, including many Jews and Romani, and 80,000 people were deported from Hungary to concentration camps in Austria. After the war, the Arrow Cross leaders were tried and found guilty as war criminals by Hungarian courts.  In March 1946, Szálasi and three of his key henchmen were hanged.
Peitho
In Greek mythology, Peitho (Ancient Greek: Πειθώ, romanized: Peithō, lit. 'Persuasion' or 'winning eloquence') is the personification of persuasion. She is a goddess of charming speech. She is typically presented as an important companion of Aphrodite. Her opposite is Bia, the personification of force. As a personification, she was sometimes imagined as a goddess and sometimes an abstract power with her name used both as a common and proper noun. There is evidence that Peitho was referred to as a goddess before she was referred to as an abstract concept, which is rare for a personification. Peitho represents both sexual and political persuasion. She is associated with the art of rhetoric.

Harmonia
In Greek mythology, Harmonia (/hɑːrˈmoʊniə/; Ancient Greek: Ἁρμονία /harmoˈnia/, "harmony", "agreement") is the goddess of harmony and concord. Her Greek opposite is Eris and her Roman counterpart is Concordia. Harmonia is most well-known for her marriage to Cadmus and the many misfortunes that haunted her descendants, particularly those related to the fabled Necklace of Harmonia.