hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zwicker tone
A Zwicker tone is a short-term auditory illusion which resembles tinnitus (ringing of the ears). It was discovered in 1964 by Eberhard Zwicker at Bell Labs.  The Zwicker tone can be described as follows: while listening to broadband noise ("white noise") with a spectral gap, if it is switched off, a faint tone lasting for several seconds can be heard. In the silence, most listeners hear a tone corresponding to the spectral gap. The pitch strength corresponds to the pitch strength of a pure tone of same pitch and sensation level.

Pure tone
In psychoacoustics and signal processing, a pure tone is a sound or other signal with a sinusoidal waveform; that is, a sine wave of constant frequency, phase-shift, and amplitude.
A pure tone has the property – unique among real-valued wave shapes – that its wave shape is unchanged by linear time-invariant systems; that is, only the phase and amplitude change between such a system's pure-tone input and its output.

Sine and cosine waves can be used as basic building blocks of more complex waves.  As additional sine waves having different frequencies are combined, the waveform transforms from a sinusoidal shape into a more complex shape.
When considered as part of a whole spectrum, a pure tone may also be called a spectral component.

In clinical audiology, pure tones are used for pure-tone audiometry to characterize hearing thresholds at different frequencies.
Sound localization is often more difficult with pure tones than with other sounds.
Huntington, Massachusetts
Huntington is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,094 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The main village of Huntington is in the south of the town, with the villages of Norwich and Norwich Bridge in the center. (The villages are unofficial neighborhoods representing clusters of buildings in an otherwise rural town.)

The villages of Knightville (or Knightsville) and Indian Hollow toward the north were removed by the construction of the Knightville Dam from 1939 to 1941.

Lee, Massachusetts
Lee is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, metropolitan statistical area. The population was 5,788 at the 2020 census. Lee, which includes the villages of South and East Lee and the census-designated place of Lee, is part of the Berkshires resort area.
Fluorine compounds
Fluorine forms a great variety of chemical compounds, within which it always adopts an oxidation state of −1. With other atoms, fluorine forms either polar covalent bonds or ionic bonds. Most frequently, covalent bonds involving fluorine atoms are single bonds, although at least two examples of a higher order bond exist. Fluoride may act as a bridging ligand between two metals in some complex molecules. Molecules containing fluorine may also exhibit hydrogen bonding (a weaker bridging link to certain nonmetals). Fluorine's chemistry includes inorganic compounds formed with hydrogen, metals, nonmetals, and even noble gases; as well as a diverse set of organic compounds.
For many elements (but not all) the highest known oxidation state can be achieved in a fluoride.  For some elements this is achieved exclusively in a fluoride, for others exclusively in an oxide; and for still others (elements in certain groups) the highest oxidation states of oxides and fluorides are always equal.

Bifluoride
The bifluoride ion is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula [HF2]−. The anion is colorless. Salts of bifluoride are commonly encountered in the reactions of fluoride salts with hydrofluoric acid. The commercial production of fluorine involves electrolysis of bifluoride salts.
Victorino Mapa High School
Victorino Mapa High School (Filipino: Mataas na Paaralang Victorino Mapa) (formerly Manila East High School), situated in San Miguel, Manila, is one of the oldest public high schools in the city. It has produced a list of successful graduates in various fields since its foundation in 1923.

Along with Manila Science High School, Ramon Magsaysay High School, Manuel Roxas High School, Arellano (Manila North) High School, and Araullo High School, Victorino Mapa offers rigorous Special Science courses to selected top students. The institution is considered one of the top schools in Manila in terms of its performance in achievement tests and competitions. In 2007, VMHS was named one of the cleanest schools in Manila.

Manila Science High School
Manila Science High School (Filipino: Mataás na Páaraláng Pang-aghám ng Maynilà), colloquially known as MaSci,
is a public science high school in the Philippines. It is located at the corner of Taft Avenue and Padre Faura Street in Ermita, Manila.  Established on October 1, 1963, it is the first science high school in the Philippines.
Cooper Motor Corporation
The Cooper Motor Corporation, also known as CMC Motors Group Limited, is the fifth-largest importer of vehicles and fifth-largest car-assembly company in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community.

Iveco
Iveco S.p.A., an acronym for Industrial Vehicles Corporation, is an Italian multinational transport vehicle manufacturing company with headquarters in Turin, Italy. It designs and builds light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles. The Iveco name first appeared in 1975 after a merger of Italian, French, and German brands.

Its production plants are in Europe, China, Australia and Latin America and it has about 5,000 sales and service outlets in over 160 countries. The worldwide output of the company amounts to around 150,000 commercial vehicles with a turnover of about €10 billion.

The company was spun off from CNH Industrial on 1 January 2022. It is a subsidiary of Iveco Group N.V., a holding company incorporated in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and is listed on Borsa Italiana.

On 30 July 2025, Iveco announced the sale of its commercial vehicle business to Indian company Tata Motors and its defence business to Leonardo.
Michael Gustavius Payne
Michael Gustavius Payne (born 1969) is a Welsh figurative painter. He paints primarily in oils and is influenced by mythological themes within a contemporary context. During his early exhibiting career he was known as Michael Payne, before he began using his full name. Since late 2012 he has dropped his first name and now uses the shorter Gustavius Payne.

MOMA, Wales
MOMA Machynlleth or Museum of Modern Art, Machynlleth (Formerly MOMA Wales(Welsh: MOMA Cymru)) is an arts centre and gallery adjacent to Y Tabernacl (The Tabernacle) in Machynlleth, Powys, Wales.

The Tabernacle was converted in the mid-1980s from a Wesleyan chapel into a centre for the performing arts. Since then the Museum of Modern Art has grown up alongside it, with six exhibition spaces.
Norman MacKenzie (academic)
Norman Archibald Macrae (N.A.M.) MacKenzie, CC CMG MM CD QC FRSC (January 5, 1894 – January 26, 1986) was President of the University of New Brunswick from 1940 to 1944, President of the University of British Columbia from 1944 to 1962, and a Senator from 1966 to 1969.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)
Viking expansion
Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries. To the west, Vikings under Leif Erikson (the heir to Erik the Red) reached North America and set up a short-lived settlement in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada. Longer lasting and more established Norse settlements were formed in Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Russia, Ukraine, Great Britain, Ireland, Normandy and Sicily.

Frisians
The Frisians (/ˈfriːʒənz/ FREEZH-ənz) are an ethnic group indigenous to Northwestern Europe on the coastal regions of northern Netherlands, north-western Germany and southwestern Denmark. They inhabit an area known as Frisia and are concentrated in the Dutch province of Friesland and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia (which was a part of Denmark until 1864).

The Frisian languages are spoken by more than 500,000 people; West Frisian is officially recognised in the Netherlands (in the Dutch province Friesland) while North Frisian and Saterland Frisian are recognised as regional languages in Germany.
72nd Grey Cup
The 72nd Grey Cup was the 1984 Canadian Football League championship game, played November 18, 1984 at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. The Blue Bombers dominated the Tiger-Cats in a 47–17 victory.

CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award
The George Reed Most Outstanding Player Award is an award given annually to the best player in the Canadian Football League. The two nominees for the award are the Terry Evanshen Trophy winner from the East Division, and the Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy winner from the West Division. The winner of the award is chosen by the Football Reporters of Canada.

The award was created in 1953 as the Schenley Award, named after Schenley Distillers Corporation, to honour the most outstanding player in Canadian Rugby Union, one of the forerunner leagues of the CFL; Schenley ended its sponsorship of the awards in 1988, and the awards have been unsponsored since. Broadcasters Ernie Calcutt, John Badham and Pierre Dufault were regular presenters of the Schenley Award.
EnteroMix
EnteroMix (Russian: ЭнтероМикс) is an experimental cancer immunotherapy under development in Russia. According to its developers, EnteroMix is a mixture of four oncolytic viruses—replication-competent human enteroviruses including Coxsackievirus A21, Echovirus 7, Enterovirus B75, and a modified derivative of a Sabin poliovirus vaccine strain—and is administered intravenously.

As of late 2025, it is in Phase I clinical trials, which primarily assess safety, dosage, and preliminary tolerability, rather than effectiveness. EnteroMix gained widespread international media attention in late 2025 despite having no public registrations in major international clinical trial databases, or publications in peer-reviewed journals internationally. Social media claims of high efficacy, imminent availability, and even ‘cure’ status have been shown to be exaggerated and misleading by independent fact-checking organisations.

Picornavirus
Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family of small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a 30 nm icosahedral capsid. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including the common cold, poliomyelitis,  meningitis, hepatitis, and paralysis.

Picornaviruses constitute the family Picornaviridae, order Picornavirales, and realm Riboviria. There are 159 species in this family, assigned to 68 genera, most of which belong to 5 subfamilies. Notable examples are genera Enterovirus (including Rhinovirus and Poliovirus), Aphthovirus, Cardiovirus, and Hepatovirus.
History of the PTE bus operations
The passenger transport executive (PTE) bus operations were the bus operating divisions of the passenger transport executives in the United Kingdom. In 1986 they underwent a process of deregulation and privatisation, forming some of the largest private bus companies in the UK outside London, with all being sold to their employees or management. Despite their relative size and lucrative operating areas, none of the companies survived beyond the late 1990s, with all falling into the hands of the major bus groups, who had their origins in privatised regional subsidiaries of the former National Bus Company and the Scottish Bus Group.

MTL (transport company)
MTL Trust Holdings was an English bus, coach and train operator based in Liverpool, Merseyside. MTL was originally part of the MPTE. To comply with the Transport Act 1985, the bus operations were divested into a new independent company, Merseyside Transport Limited (MTL). Merseyside PTA retained shareholding, but the company was purchased by its management and staff in a £5.9 million Employee Share Ownership Plan in 1993. On 17 February 2000, MTL was purchased by Arriva for £85 million, with MTL's shareholding workers each receiving £13,500 in windfall gains from the sale.
Cuprosklodowskite
Cuprosklodowskite is a secondary uranium mineral formed by alteration of earlier uranium minerals. Its empirical formula is Cu(UO2)2(HSiO4)2·6(H2O).  Cuprosklodowskite is a nesosilicate mineral, It is grass green to dark green in color, and its crystal habit is typically acicular, flat bladed crystals. It is a strongly radioactive mineral.

Cuprosklodowskite was discovered in 1933 at the Kalongwe deposit in (then) Katanga province, Belgian Congo, the type locality. It was named in the mistaken belief that the mineral was the copper analogue of sklodowskite, which in turn was named for Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934).

It occurs in association with becquerelite, brochantite, uranophane, kasolite, vandenbrandeite, liebigite 
and compreignacite.

Becquerelite
Becquerelite is a uranium mineral with the chemical formula: Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6·8(H2O). It is a secondary mineral which contains calcium and is a bright yellow colour. It has a Mohs hardness of about 2.

It was named after the French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852–1908), who discovered radioactivity in 1896. Becquerelite contains about 70% uranium by weight.

It is mainly mined in Kasolo of the former Zaire, in the present day Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Yitzchak Huberman
Rabbi Yitzchak HaCohen Huberman (6 Sivan 5656, May 18, 1896 – 13 Tevet 5737, January 3, 1977) was a Hasidic kabbalist who served as head of the rabbinical court (av beit din) and rabbi of the Wetzlar displaced persons camp. He became known as "the Tzaddik of Ra'anana."

Ger (Hasidic dynasty)
Ger (Yiddish: גער, also Gur, adj. Gerrer) is a Polish Hasidic dynasty originating from the town of Góra Kalwaria, Poland, where it was founded by Yitzchak Meir Alter (1798–1866), known as the "Chiddushei HaRim". Ger is a branch of Peshischa Hasidism, as Yitzchak Meir Alter was a leading disciple of Simcha Bunim of Peshischa (1765–1827). Before the Holocaust, followers of Ger were estimated to number in excess of 100,000, making it the largest and most influential Hasidic group in Poland. Today, the movement is based in Jerusalem, and its membership is estimated at 15,000 families, as of 2024, most of whom live in Israel, making Ger the largest Hasidic dynasty in Israel. However, there are also well-established Ger communities in the United States and in Europe. In 2019, some 300 families of followers led by Shaul Alter, split off from the dynasty led by his cousin Yaakov Aryeh Alter.
2010 WNBA draft
The 2010 WNBA draft is the league's annual process for determining which teams receive the rights to negotiate with players entering the league. The draft was held on April 8, 2010. The first round was shown on ESPN2 (HD), while the second and third rounds were shown on NBA TV and ESPNU.

A lottery was held on November 5, 2009. The Minnesota Lynx received the first overall selection of the draft. The Sacramento Monarchs received the number two selection. The Connecticut Sun came up with the third overall selection, followed by the Minnesota Lynx again at four, and the Chicago Sky at number five.

Additionally, on December 14, 2009, the WNBA held a dispersal draft to re-assign players from the Sacramento Monarchs who folded at the end of 2009 WNBA season. Since the Monarchs folded after the draft lottery took place, their pick was simply eliminated.

WNBA draft
The WNBA draft is an annual draft held by the WNBA through which WNBA teams can select new players from a talent pool of college and professional women's basketball players. The first WNBA draft was held in 1997.
Saint-Romain-sous-Gourdon
Saint-Romain-sous-Gourdon (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʁɔmɛ̃ su ɡuʁdɔ̃], literally Saint-Romain under Gourdon) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

It is 45 km south west of Chalon-sur-Saône, 25 km due south of Le Creusot and 6 km south east of Montceau-les-Mines.

The commune is situated in a region with a diverse heritage, characterized by rolling hills and agricultural fields, which contribute to its scenic appeal. The local architecture and historic buildings reflect the traditional style of the region, adding to the village's quaint character.

Le Creusot
Le Creusot (pronounced [lə kʁøzo]) is a commune and industrial town in the Saône-et-Loire department, region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, eastern France.

The inhabitants are known as Creusotins. Formerly a mining town, its economy is now dominated by metallurgical companies such as ArcelorMittal, Schneider Electric, and Alstom.

Since the 1990s, the town has been developing its tourism credentials. Its main attraction is the Parc des Combes. The Creusot steam hammer is exposed as a tourist attraction in a square at the entrance to the town from the south.

Le Creusot is also the second educational centre of the Bourgogne (after Dijon), with its IUT and the Condorcet university centre.
Medway Estuary and Marshes
Medway Estuary and Marshes is a 4,748.8-hectare (11,735-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which stretches along the banks of the River Medway between Gillingham and Sheerness in Kent, England. It is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, a Ramsar internationally important wetland site, and a Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Part of the land area designated as Medway Estuary and Marshes SSSI is owned by the Church Commissioners.

This site is internationally important for its wintering birds, and nationally important for its breeding birds. It is also has an outstanding flora, such as the nationally rare oak-leaved goosefoot and the nationally scarce slender hare's-ear.

River Medway
The River Medway is a river in South East England. It rises in the High Weald, West Sussex and flows through Tonbridge, Maidstone and the Medway conurbation in Kent, before emptying into the Thames Estuary near Sheerness, a total distance of 70 miles (113 km). About 13 miles (21 km) of the river lies in East Sussex, with the remainder being in Kent.

The Medway has a catchment area of 930 square miles (2,409 km2), the second largest in southern England after the Thames. The map opposite shows only the major tributaries: a more detailed map shows the extensive network of smaller streams feeding into the main river. Those tributaries rise from points along the North Downs, the Weald and Ashdown Forest.
Canton of Pleumartin
The Canton of Pleumartin is a former canton situated in the Vienne département of France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had a total of 6,744 inhabitants (2012, without double counting).

Communes of the Vienne department
The following is a list of the 265 communes of the Vienne department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2025):

Communauté urbaine Grand Poitiers

Communauté d'agglomération Grand Châtellerault

Communauté de communes du Civraisien en Poitou

Communauté de communes du Haut-Poitou

Communauté de communes du Pays Loudunais

Communauté de communes des Vallées du Clain

Communauté de communes Vienne et Gartempe
Dynamical simulation
Dynamical simulation, in computational physics, is the simulation of systems of objects that are free to move, usually in three dimensions according to Newton's laws of classical dynamics, or approximations thereof. Dynamical simulation is used in computer animation to assist animators to produce realistic motion, in industrial design (for example to simulate crashes as an early step in crash testing), and in video games. Body movement is calculated using time integration methods.

Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)
In classical mechanics, Euler's rotation equations are a vectorial quasilinear first-order ordinary differential equation describing the rotation of a rigid body, using a rotating reference frame with angular velocity ω whose axes are fixed to the body. They are named in honour of Leonhard Euler.

In the absence of applied torques, one obtains the Euler top. When the torques are due to gravity, there are special cases when the motion of the top is integrable.
St Malachy's Church, Belfast
Saint Malachy's Church is a Catholic church in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is located in Alfred Street, a short distance from Belfast City Hall, although it precedes that building by over 60 years. The church is the focal point of the local parish community, also Saint Malachy's, one of the 88 parishes in the Diocese of Down and Connor. It is second oldest Catholic church in the city of Belfast continuously in use.  St Mary's is the oldest: both St Mary's Church, Belfast and St Patrick's Church, Belfast  having been substantially or totally rebuilt.

In the beginning Saint Malachy's was served by priests from St Mary's Church, Belfast, until the Parish of Saint Malachy was created in 1866 and Fr Geoffrey Brennan, a native of Kilkenny, was appointed administrator. The first parish priest of Saint Malachy's, a post created in 1909, was Fr Daniel McCashin.

Belfast City Hall
Belfast City Hall is the civic building of Belfast City Council located in Donegall Square, Belfast, Northern Ireland. It faces North and effectively divides the commercial and business areas of the city centre. It is a Grade A listed building.
Press-Register
The Press-Register (known from 1997 to 2006 as the Mobile Register) was a newspaper serving the southwest Alabama counties of Mobile and Baldwin.  The newspaper is a descendant of one founded in 1813, making the Press-Register Alabama's oldest newspaper. It is owned by Advance Publications, which also owns the primary newspapers in Birmingham, Alabama and Huntsville, Alabama. The Press-Register had a daily publication schedule since the inception of its predecessors in the early 1800s until September 30, 2012, when it and its sister papers reduced printing editions to only Wednesday, Fridays and Sundays.

The Press Register also published an edition for the Mississippi Gulf Coast, The Mississippi Press.

The Mobile Press-Register is no longer in circulation. In 2022, Alabama Media Group announced it would shut down and cease all printing in 2023. The last printed edition of the Press-Register published February 26, 2023.

Advance Publications
Advance Publications, Inc. is a privately held American media company owned by the families of Donald Newhouse and Samuel Irving Newhouse Jr., the sons of company founder Samuel Irving Newhouse Sr. It owns publishing-related companies including American City Business Journals, MLive Media Group, and Condé Nast, and is a major shareholder in Charter Communications (13% ownership), Reddit (30% ownership), and Warner Bros. Discovery (3.97% ownership).