hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Trapping region
In applied mathematics, a trapping region of a dynamical system is a region such that every trajectory that starts within the trapping region will move to the region's interior and remain there as the system evolves.

More precisely, given a dynamical system with flow  defined on the phase space , a subset of the phase space  is a trapping region if it is compact and  for all .

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
2025 Crete Challenger II
The 2025 Crete Challenger II was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Hersonissos, Greece between 10 and 16 March 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Moema, Minas Gerais
Moema is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 7,554 people living in a total area of 203 km2 (78 sq mi). The city belongs to the meso-region of Central Mineira and to the micro-region of Bom Despacho.  It became a municipality in 1953.

Poços de Caldas
Poços de Caldas is a municipality in the south of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in the microregion of the same name. Its estimated population in 2020 was 168,641 inhabitants. The city is known for its hot springs.
Garuda Indonesia Flight 421
Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 was a scheduled domestic flight operated by Indonesian flag carrier Garuda Indonesia travelling about 625 km (388 mi; 337 nmi) from Ampenan to Yogyakarta. On 16 January 2002, the flight encountered severe thunderstorm activity during approach to its destination, suffered flameout in both engines, and ditched in a shallow river, resulting in one fatality and several injuries.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's Asian Qualifiers
The Asian Football Confederation's Pre-Olympic Tournament was the qualifying tournament for the 2012 Summer Olympics Football tournament in London. Thirty-five teams entered the qualification, where AFC have three spots for automatic qualifiers and a spot for inter-continental play-off against the fourth representative of the Pre-Olympic Tournament in African zone. The competition commenced in February 2011 and was completed in March 2012.

2011 African U-23 Championship
The 2011 African U-23 Championship was the first edition of the football tournament for players under 23 years. It was originally scheduled to be hosted by Egypt from 26 November to 10 December 2011. However, less than two months prior to the start of the tournament, Egyptian authorities decided against hosting the competition because of security concerns. On 13 October 2011, Morocco was chosen as the replacement to host the tournament.

The tournament also doubles up as the qualifiers for the 2012 Summer Olympics. The top 3 placed teams qualified automatically for the 2012 Summer Olympics football tournament, while the 4th best placed team qualify for a play-off with an AFC counterpart.
High Frequency Internet Protocol
High Frequency Internet Protocol (HFIP or HF-IP) is usually associated with Automatic Link Establishment and HF radio data communications. HFIP provides protocol layers enabling internet file transfer, chat, web and email. HFIP commonly uses ionospheric propagation of radio waves to form a wide area network that can span thousands of kilometers. HF transceivers in HFIP service typically run 20 to 150 watts for portable or mobile units, up to approximately 2000 watts transmitter output for high power base stations with HFIP servers.

STANAG 5066 is a common HFIP standard.

An amateur radio HFIP network called HFLINK uses Automatic Link Establishment for initiating data communications, with ARQ 8FSK frequency-shift keying and PSK phase-shift keying signals.

Frequency-shift keying
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is encoded on a carrier signal by periodically shifting the frequency of the carrier between several discrete frequencies.  The technology is used for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage door openers,  and low frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands.  The simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK, which is also commonly referred to as 2FSK or 2-FSK), in which the carrier is shifted between two discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.
Scymnol
Scymnol, more specifically 5β-scymnol, is a synthetic INCI-listed skin conditioning ingredient. The molecule is a steroid derivative that behaves as a hydroxyl radical scavenger and is used for the treatment of skin blemishes such as blocked pores and acne.

Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and as signaling molecules. Examples include the lipid cholesterol, sex hormones estradiol and testosterone,: 10–19  anabolic steroids, and the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug dexamethasone. Hundreds of steroids are found in fungi, plants, and animals. All steroids are manufactured in cells from a sterol: cholesterol (animals), lanosterol (opisthokonts), or cycloartenol (plants). All three of these molecules are produced via cyclization of the triterpene squalene.
Li Xiao (writer)
Li Xiao (born Li Xiaotang on 28 July 1950) is a Chinese writer based in Shanghai. He is the son of writer Ba Jin.

Born in Shanghai, Li worked in the countryside of Anhui during the Cultural Revolution for 8 years as a sent-down youth. After the Cultural Revolution, Li attended Fudan University.

Li Xiao's 1994 novel Rules of a Clan (门规) was adapted into a 1995 film Shanghai Triad directed by Zhang Yimou.

Sent-down youth
Sent-down, rusticated, or educated youth (Chinese: 下乡青年), also known as the zhiqing, were young people who left the urban districts of the People's Republic of China (willingly or under coercion) to live and work in rural areas as part of the Down to the Countryside Movement from the 1950s to the end of the Cultural Revolution.
Most young people who went to the rural communities had received a primary- or secondary-school education, and only a small minority had reached the post-secondary (or university) level.
2014–15 Cal Poly Mustangs men's basketball team
The 2014–15 Cal Poly Mustangs men's basketball team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Mustangs were led by sixth year head coach Joe Callero and played their home games at Mott Gym. They finished the season 13–16, 6–10 in Big West play to finish in seventh place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Big West tournament to UC Santa Barbara.

2015 Big West Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2015 Big West Conference men's basketball tournament took place March 12–14, 2015 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. The top eight teams qualified for the tournament. In the semifinals, the highest seed played the lowest seed, with two remaining seeds playing each other. The champion received the conference's automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA tournament.
1988–89 Ronchetti Cup
The 1988–89 Ronchetti Cup was the 18th edition of FIBA Europe's second-tier competition for women's basketball clubs, running from 12 October 1988 to 22 March 1989. CSKA Moscow defeated Deborah Milan in the final to win its second title. It was the last of five editions in a row won by Soviet clubs.

Ronchetti Cup
The Ronchetti Cup (called till 1996 European Cup Liliana Ronchetti and European Cup Winners' Cup till 1974) was an annual women's basketball European club competition held by FIBA between 1972 and 2002. It was the second competition in European basketball, after the European Cup For Women's Champions Clubs (later renamed EuroLeague Women).

It was replaced in 2002 by the EuroCup Women which is the absolute equivalent.
2009 Pohang Steelers season
The 2009 season is the Pohang Steelers' 27th season in the K-League in South Korea. Pohang Steelers competed in the K-League, League Cup, Korean FA Cup, AFC Champions League and FIFA Club World Cup as winners of the 2009 AFC Champions League.

2009 Korean FA Cup
The 2009 Korean FA Cup, known as the  2009 Hana Bank FA Cup, was the 14th edition of the Korean FA Cup. It began on 1 March 2009, and ended on 8 November 2009. Suwon Samsung Bluewings won their second title, and qualified for the 2010 AFC Champions League.
Buvik IL
Buvik Idrettslag is a multi-sports team from Buvika in Skaun Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. In 2012, the club's first football team played in the Second Division, having won their Third Division conference in 2011. The team was, however, relegated after only one season in the Second Division. They play their home games at Buvik Stadion.

Buvika
Buvika is a village in Skaun Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located at the end of the Gaulosen, an arm of the Trondheimsfjord, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) southwest of the mouth of the Gaula River. Buvika lies along the European route E39, about halfway between the villages of Børsa and Nypan/Klett. Buvik Church is located in the village.

The western part of the village of Buvika is called Ilhaugen. Together, the 1.48-square-kilometre (370-acre) village area has a population (2024) of 3,193 and a population density of 2,157 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,590/sq mi).
Proplifting
Proplifting (sometimes written prop-lifting) is the practice of taking discarded plant material and propagating new plants from them. Some proplifters engage with the hobby as a form of self-administered horticultural therapy.

Plant propagation
Plant propagation is the process by which new plants grow from various sources, including seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can refer to both man-made and natural processes.

Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall cycle of plant growth. For seeds, it happens after ripening and dispersal; for vegetative parts, it happens after detachment or pruning; for asexually-reproducing plants, such as strawberry, it happens as the new plant develops from existing parts.

Countless plants are propagated each day in horticulture and agriculture.

Plant propagation is vital to agriculture and horticulture, not just for human food production but also for forest and fibre crops,  as well as traditional and herbal medicine. It is also important for plant breeding.
R490 road (Ireland)
The R490 is a regional road in Ireland linking the N52 at Borrisokane, County Tipperary via Cloughjordan to the R445 at Moneygall, County Offaly. The road is approximately 20 km (12 mi) long and crosses the Ballyfinboy River six times.

Borrisokane
Borrisokane (Irish: Buiríos Uí Chéin, meaning 'the burgage of the Cianacht') is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is 15 km north of Nenagh, at the junction of the N52 and N65 roads. At the 2022 census, it had a population of 1,117. The Ballyfinboy River flows through the town on its way to Lough Derg, 12 km (7 mi) to the west. It is also a civil parish in the historical barony of Ormond Lower and an Ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe.
Swimming at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Women's 200 metre individual medley
The Women's 200 metre individual medley swimming events for the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place at the Tokyo Aquatics Centre from 26 August to 3 September 2021. A total of nine events were contested over this distance.

Swimming at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Swimming at the 2020 Summer Paralympics was held at the Tokyo Aquatics Centre. There were 146 events (76 male, 67 female, 3 mixed relay events) - six fewer events than the 2016 Summer Paralympics. Swimming is the second largest sport: behind athletics and ahead of table tennis.

The 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They kept the 2020 name and were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021.
Jasper Palisade
The Jasper Palisade is a geologic formation of Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada. It is so named because it has a sheer cliff face and vertical markings, reminiscent of palisade walls used as a protective enclosure around forts. The Palisade can be seen along Alberta Highway 16 (the Yellowhead Highway) in the west as the highway first crosses the Athabasca River approximately 19 km (12 mi) east of Jasper townsite.

The Palisade was once home to a forest fire lookout station, as it afforded a clear view of much of the Athabasca River Valley. The fire lookout has since been abandoned as more modern techniques of fire detection have become available. However, the clear view of the Athabasca River Valley remains, and one can hike to the crest of the Palisade from Pyramid Lake. This hike is approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) from the lake to the crest and the elevation gain is approximately 800 m (2,600 ft).

Athabasca River
The Athabasca River (French: Rivière Athabasca) in Alberta, Canada, originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and flows more than 1,231 km (765 mi) before emptying into Lake Athabasca. Much of the land along its banks is protected in national and provincial parks, and the river is designated a Canadian heritage river for its historical and cultural importance. The scenic Athabasca Falls is located about 30 km (19 mi) upstream from Jasper.
Oleksii Shliakotin
Oleksii Ihorovych Shliakotin (Ukrainian: Олексій Ігорович Шлякотін; Chinese: 奧利斯; born 2 September 1989) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Hong Kong Premier League club HKFC. Born in Ukraine, he acquired his HKSAR passport in May 2025.

Hong Kong national football team
The Hong Kong representation football team (Chinese: 香港足球代表隊; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jūkkàuh doihbíu deuih; recognised as Hong Kong, China by FIFA) represents Hong Kong in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Hong Kong, China, the governing body for football in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong hosted the first AFC Asian Cup in 1956 and won third place, also reaching the semifinals in 1964. Hong Kong did not qualify for another AFC tournament until 2023. They had never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but have qualified for the EAFF E-1 Football Championship five times, in 2003, 2010, 2019, 2022 and 2025.
2006–2007 Brazilian aviation crisis
Between 2006 and 2007, Brazil's civil aviation sector suffered a crisis characterized by significant flight delays and cancellations, air traffic controller strikes and safety concerns about the country's airport and air traffic infrastructure. It ostensibly started after the crash of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 in September 2006, and extended to January 2008. While the government announced a series of measures aimed at mitigating its effects, no clear solution has been found. In Brazil the crisis has been dubbed "Apagão Aéreo" ("Aerial Blackout"), an allusion to an energy crisis which Brazil experienced between 2001 and 2002.

Department of Airspace Control
Brazil's Department of Airspace Control (Portuguese: Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo, DECEA) is a governmental military organization of the Aeronautics Command, which in turn is subordinated to the Ministry of Defense. Its mission is to manage air traffic services within Brazilian sovereign airspace, as well as to coordinate its defense along with the Brazilian Command of Airspace Defense (Portuguese: Comando de Defesa Aeroespacial Brasileiro, COMDABRA).
Heath, Shropshire
Heath is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Abdon and Heath, in the Clee Hills area of Shropshire, England.

The settlement and wider rural area historically had a larger population than now, especially in medieval times. Heath Chapel is a Norman Grade I Listed building. Heath was formerly a township in the parish of Stoke-St. Milborough, in 1866 Heath became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 2017 the parish was abolished and merged with Abdon to form "Abdon and Heath". In 1971 the parish had a population of 26. From 1974 to 2009 it was in South Shropshire district.

Nearby are the larger settlements of Bouldon and Clee St. Margaret. Heath lies at approximately 240 metres (790 ft) above sea level.

Clee St. Margaret
Clee St. Margaret is a small village and civil parish in the Clee Hills area of Shropshire, England. It is seven miles north east (about a fifteen-minute drive) from the market town of Ludlow.

It lies at approximately 205 metres (673 ft) above sea level. The Clee Brook passes through the settlement, as a 50-metre long, shallow ford. Local land use includes two small vineyards and extensive sheep grazing.

There is a 900-year-old parish church and a village hall, but no pub. Clee St. Margaret had five pubs earlier during the height of the quarrying on nearby Brown Clee Hill. Historically the settlement also had a shop, a Methodist Chapel, a school and a post office.
Alliance for Freedom and Democracy
The Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AFD) is an Ethiopian political alliance formed 22 May 2006 from the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), the Sidama National Liberation Front (SNLF), the Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD), and the Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front (EPPF, also known as Arbegnoch Gimbar or Patriot's Front).

Ethiopian People's Patriotic Front
The Ethiopian People Patriotic Front (abbreviated EPPF; Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝብ አርበኞች ግንባር ye’ītiyop’iya ḥizibi āribenyochi ginibari) is a rebel group in Ethiopia, founded on 15 June 1998, in the Eritrean-Ethiopian border town of Awegaro. It was originally established as the Ethiopian Democratic Forces.
Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit
Anti-Terrorist Unit Lučko (ATU Lučko) (Croatian: Antiteroristička jedinica Lučko; ATJ Lučko), also known as the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit (Croatian: Lučko Antiteroristička jedinica; Lučko ATJ) is the police tactical unit of the Croatian Police stationed in Lučko near Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. Initially distinguishing itself in the Croatian War of Independence, it has gone on to become Croatia's leading police tactical unit. Like all police units in the country, it is under the command of the Ministry of the Interior. It is a member of the ATLAS Network, an association of European police tactical units.

Several of its operators have gone on to achieve notability, including Croatian mixed martial arts fighter Mirko "Cro Cop" Filipović.

Police tactical unit
A police tactical unit (PTU) is a specialized police unit trained and equipped to handle situations that are beyond the capabilities of ordinary law enforcement units because of the level of violence (or risk of violence) involved. The tasks of a police tactical unit may include executing dangerous search warrants and arrest warrants for dangerous persons; arresting or neutralizing dangerous or mentally ill armed persons; and intervening in high-risk situations such as shootouts, standoffs, hostage-takings, and terrorist incidents.
Richarlyson
Richarlyson Barbosa Felisbino, simply Richarlyson (born 27 December 1982), is a Brazilian former professional footballer. Mainly a defensive midfielder, he could also play as a left back or central defender. He currently works as a pundit for SporTV.

2013 Copa Libertadores
The 2013 Copa Libertadores de América (officially the 2013 Copa Bridgestone Libertadores for sponsorship reasons) was the 54th edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, South America's premier international club football tournament organized by CONMEBOL. Corinthians were the defending champions but were knocked out of the tournament by Boca Juniors in the round of 16.

For the fourth year in a row, the title was won by a Brazilian club, with Atlético Mineiro beating Paraguayan club Olimpia on penalties in the finals to win their first title. By winning the competition, Atlético Mineiro won the right to play in the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup and the 2014 Recopa Sudamericana.
Aurora Research Institute
Aurora Research Institute, formerly Science Institute of the NWT, is a research centre in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is part of Aurora College, with offices in Inuvik, Yellowknife and Fort Smith.

Aurora Research Institute offers licensing and research assistance in the Northwest Territories. The institute provides logistical support in the form of laboratory facilities, office space, storage, accommodation and equipment rentals for visiting researchers and promotes science in northern schools. Licensing under the Northwest Territories Scientists Act is handled by the Aurora Research Institute.

Inuvik
Inuvik is the only town in the Inuvik Region, and the third largest community in Canada's Northwest Territories. Located in the Beaufort Delta Region, it serves as the region's administrative and service centre. Inuvik is home to federal, territorial, and Indigenous government offices, along with a regional hospital and airport.

Inuvik is located on the northern edge of a boreal forest just before it begins to transition to tundra. It is on the east side of the enormous Mackenzie River delta. The town lies within the Gwich'in Settlement Region and the Inuvialuit Settlement Region.
Kit Cope
Kristopher Lee "Kit" Cope (born March 17, 1977) is an American Muay Thai kickboxer and mixed martial artist who competes in the Featherweight, Lightweight, and Welterweight divisions. A four-time professional Muay Thai World Champion, Cope also fought in the K-1, Ultimate Fighting Championship and World Extreme Cagefighting promotions.

Welterweight (MMA)
The welterweight division in mixed martial arts contains different weight classes:

The UFC's welterweight division, which groups competitors within 156 to 170 lb (71 to 77 kg)

The ONE Championship's welterweight division, with upper limit at 83.9 kg (185.0 lb)