hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bobstay
A bobstay is a part of the rigging of a sailing boat or ship. Its purpose is to counteract the upward tension on the bowsprit from the jibs and forestay. A bobstay may run directly from the stem to the bowsprit, or it may run to a dolphin striker, a spar projecting downward, which is then held to the bowsprit or jibboom by a martingale stay.

Spar (sailing)
A spar is a pole of wood, metal or lightweight materials such as carbon fibre used in the rigging of a sailing vessel to carry or support its sail. These include yards, booms, and masts, which serve both to deploy sail and resist compressive and bending forces, as well as the bowsprit and spinnaker pole.

In larger vessels during the age of sail, spare spars could be roped together to provide a temporary surface known as a "spar deck". These served as jury-rigged repairs for permanent decks, or as an additional platform under which to shelter goods or crew. The term was also informally applied to areas of the forecastle or quarterdeck where spare spars were stored by laying them flat against the existing decking. In the modern era the term has been used to describe the uppermost deck on flush decked vessels.
Pair potential
In physics, a pair potential is a function that describes the potential energy of two interacting objects solely as a function of the distance between them.

Some interactions, like Coulomb's law in electrodynamics or Newton's law of universal gravitation in mechanics naturally have this form for simple spherical objects.
For other types of more complex interactions or objects it is useful and common to approximate the interaction by a pair potential, for example interatomic potentials in physics and computational chemistry that use approximations like the Lennard-Jones and Morse potentials.

Interatomic potential
Interatomic potentials are mathematical functions to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms with given positions in space. Interatomic potentials are widely used as the physical basis of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in computational chemistry, computational physics and computational materials science to explain and predict materials properties. Examples of quantitative properties and qualitative phenomena that are explored with interatomic potentials include lattice parameters, surface energies, interfacial energies, adsorption, cohesion, thermal expansion, and elastic and plastic material behavior, as well as chemical reactions.
Authentic Socialist Party (Argentina)
The Authentic Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Auténtico; Welsh: Plaid Sosialaidd Dilys; PSA) is a minor socialist political party in Argentina.

Formed in the 1960s as a division of the Popular Socialist Party as the Argentine Socialist Party, it was forced to change its name in 1983 after the prohibition for political parties to have the terms National or Argentine in their names.

In 2002, the party refused to join the Popular Socialist Party and the Democratic Socialist Party in the reborn Socialist Party. In 2007, film director Fernando 'Pino' Solanas stood for the Party to be President of Argentina. The Party gained one deputy in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, Claudio Lozano.

Socialist Party (Argentina)
The Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista, PS) is a  centre-left political party in Argentina. Founded in 1896, it is one of the oldest still-active parties in Argentina, alongside the Radical Civic Union.

The party has been an opponent of Kirchnerism and Mauricio Macri.
Mount Gephel
Mount Gephel (Tibetan: དགེ་འཕེལ།, Wylie: Dge-'phel; simplified Chinese: 更丕乌孜山, 根培乌孜山; traditional Chinese: 更丕烏孜山; pinyin: Gèngpīwūzī Shān) or Genpei Utse (Zengshang Peak), is a small Tibetan mountain located 8 kilometers west of Lhasa in Tibet. Drepung Monastery lies at its foot.

The highest point of Mount Gephel is 5400 meters. There is a site in the mountainside, whenever the June 4 as the "mountain turning festival" in Tibetan calendar, thousands of believers in Lhasa would come to Mount Gephel for pilgrimaging to Buddha.

Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China.

Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of 3,656 metres (11,990 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. According to the census, the total resident population of the city by the end of 2024 will be 876,400.
Storulvån Mountain Lodge
Storulvån Mountain Lodge (Swedish: Storulvåns fjällstation) is a mountain station in Undersåker parish, Åre Municipality in Jämtland County in western Sweden, belonging to the Swedish Tourist Association (STF). The first building was erected in 1900 as a rest station on the path from Handöl to Sylarna. The Storulvån Lodge has 148 beds and self-catering facilities near the main building, as well as a restaurant and a sauna. Accessible by road (about an hour's drive from Åre), the lodge is a starting point for numerous tours and day trips to nearby mountains including Storsnasen, Getryggen, Tväråklumparna, and Mettjeburretjakke.

Åre Municipality
Åre Municipality (Swedish: Åre kommun, Southern Sami: Ååren tjïelte) is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. Its seat is located in Järpen.

The present municipality was formed in 1974 through the amalgamation of "old" Åre Municipality with the surrounding municipalities Hallen, Kall, Mörsil and Undersåker. The largest village, Järpen, situated in Undersåker, was chosen as the seat of the new entity.
1999 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1999 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University as a member of the North Division of the Big 12 Conference during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by 11th-year head coach Bill Snyder, the Wildcats compiled an overall record of 11–1 with a mark of 7–1 in conference play, sharing Big 12's North Division title with Nebraska. Kansas State was invited to the Holiday Bowl, where the Wildcats defeated Washington.The team played home games at KSU Stadium in Manhattan, Kansas.

The Wildcats defense did not give up a score in the third quarter all season, and tied a program record for shutouts in a season with three. They shut out Temple, Utah State, and Missouri. Kansas State shutout Missouri three times in five games in Manhattan between 1991 and 1999. The Wildcats also shut out three opponents in 1991 and 2002.

Manhattan, Kansas
Manhattan is a city in and the county seat of Riley County, Kansas, United States, although the city extends into Pottawatomie County. It is located in northeastern Kansas at the junction of the Kansas River and Big Blue River. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 54,100.

The city was founded by settlers from the New England Emigrant Aid Company as a Free-State town in the 1850s, during the Bleeding Kansas era. Nicknamed "the Little Apple" as a play on New York City's moniker of the "Big Apple", the city is a college town with a significant student population, because it is home to Kansas State University (KSU).
Kairos Document
The Kairos Document (KD) is a theological statement issued in 1985 by a group of mainly black South African theologians based predominantly in the townships of Soweto, South Africa. The document challenged the churches' response to what the authors saw as the vicious policies of the apartheid regime under the state of emergency declared on 21 July 1985. The KD evoked strong reactions and furious debates not only in South Africa, but world-wide.

The KD is a prime example of contextual theology and liberation theology - or "theology from below" - in South Africa, and has served as an example for attempted, similarly critical writing at decisive moments in several other countries and contexts (Latin America, Europe, Zimbabwe, India, Palestine, etc.).

Liberation theology
Liberation theology is a Christian theological approach emphasizing the liberation of the oppressed. The term originated among Latin American Catholic theologians in the 1960s, and it has increasingly been used to describe similar approaches in other parts of the globe. It often engages in socio-economic analyses, and emphasizes social concern for those marginalized due to their social class, race, ethnicity, gender, etc.
English historical school of economics
The English historical school of economics sought a return of inductive methods in economics, following the triumph of the deductive approach of David Ricardo in the early 19th century. The school considered itself the intellectual heirs of past figures who had emphasised empiricism and induction, such as Francis Bacon and Adam Smith. Included in this school are William Whewell, Richard Jones, Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, Walter Bagehot, Thorold Rogers, Arnold Toynbee, William Cunningham, and William Ashley.

William Ashley (economic historian)
Sir William James Ashley (25 February 1860 – 23 July 1927) was an English economic historian.  His major intellectual influence was in organising economic history in Great Britain and introducing the ideas of the leading German economic historians, especially Gustav von Schmoller and the historical school of economic history. His chief work is The Economic Organisation of England, still a set text on many A-level and University syllabuses.
South African Journal of Philosophy
South African Journal of Philosophy (SAJP) is a quarterly peer-reviewed philosophy journal published by Taylor & Francis Online on behalf of the Philosophical Society of South Africa. It is indexed in the Thomson Reuters Arts and Humanities Index.

Philosophical Society of South Africa
The Philosophical Society of Southern Africa (PSSA) is a community of academic philosophers drawn from Philosophy departments across Southern Africa. It aims to promote dialogue and interaction between philosophers in the region, encompassing postgraduate participation and development and the facilitation of philosophical research and teaching of the highest standard.

The PSSA’s flagship event is its annual conference, which is hosted on a rotational basis by its member departments.
The Way Home (Russ Taff album)
The Way Home is the fourth studio album by Christian singer-songwriter Russ Taff, released in 1989 on Myrrh Records. Music videos were made for "Winds of Change" and "I Cry" to promote the album. The Way Home was ranked at number 11 on CCM Magazine's 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music. The album includes a one-minute version of the traditional gospel song "Ain't No Grave" – Taff later recorded a longer version on his 1991 album Under Their Influence. In 1990, The Way Home won Rock Album of the Year and the song "The River Unbroken" won Rock Recorded Song of the Year at the 21st GMA Dove Awards. Taff was also nominated for Best Gospel Performance, Male for the song "Farther On" at the 32nd Grammy Awards. The album topped the Billboard Inspirational Albums chart.

First Call
First Call was an American contemporary Christian music (CCM) group, consisting of Mel Tunney, Marty McCall, and Bonnie Keen. During their career spanning more than 30 years, the group worked with many noted producers and arrangers including David Maddux, Steven V. Taylor, Dan Keen, Greg Nelson, Keith Thomas, Neal Joseph, Wayne Kirkpatrick, Phil Naish and Darrell Brown.
Pseudotribos
Pseudotribos ("false chewing") is an extinct genus of mammaliaform that lived in Northern China during the Middle Jurassic some 165 million years ago, possibly more closely related to monotremes than to theria (placental and marsupial mammals), although other studies indicate that these shuotheres are closer to therians than to monotremes.  The only known specimen was found in the Daohugou Bed in Inner Mongolia (41°18′N 119°12′E﻿ / ﻿41.3°N 119.2°E﻿ / 41.3; 119.2: paleocoordinates 42°36′N 122°24′E﻿ / ﻿42.6°N 122.4°E﻿ / 42.6; 122.4).

Shuotheriidae
Shuotheriidae is a small family of Jurassic mammaliaforms whose remains are found in China, Great Britain and possibly Russia. They have been proposed to be close relatives of Australosphenida (which often controversially includes monotremes), together forming the clade Yinotheria. However, some studies suggest shuotheres are closer to therians than to monotremes, or that australosphenidans and therians are more closely related to each other than either are to shuotheres, with a 2024 study suggesting that shuotheriids were closely related to Docodonta outside of the Mammalia crown group.
2017 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
The 2017 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 58th conference playoff in league history and 63rd season where a WCHA champion was crowned. The 2017 tournament was played between March 3 and March 18, 2017, at four conference arenas, with the championship game being hosted by Michigan Tech at their home rink, MacInnes Student Ice Arena. By winning the tournament, Michigan Tech was awarded the Broadmoor Trophy and received the WCHA's automatic bid to the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
The WCHA Men's Tournament was the conference tournament for the men's division of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA), an NCAA Division I men's ice hockey conference that originally operated from 1951 to 2021. The tournament was also referred to as the WCHA Final Five, the moniker for the tournament's closing rounds. The winner of the tournament received an automatic berth into the NCAA Tournament.  From 1985 to 2018, the winner of the tournament received the Broadmoor Trophy, before that trophy was retired in favor of the Jeff Sauer WCHA Championship Trophy.
Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland
Nitassinan: The Innu Struggle to Reclaim Their Homeland is a non-fiction book, written by Canadian writer Marie Wadden, first published in December 1991 by Douglas & McIntyre. In the book, the author chronicles the plight of the Innu people, indigenous inhabitants of an area they affectionately call "Nitassinan" which means "our land" in the Innu language.

Innu language
Innu-aimun or Montagnais is an Algonquian language spoken by over 10,000 Innu in Labrador and Quebec in Eastern Canada. It is a member of the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum and is spoken in various dialects, depending on the community.
Joe Etzel Field
Joe Etzel Field is a 1,300 seat baseball stadium in Portland, Oregon that is home to the University of Portland Pilots baseball team. Previously named Pilot Field (Stadium), it was renamed after former coach and long-time school athletic director Joe Etzel. The stadium is located next to the university's other main athletic facilities, Merlo Field and the  Chiles Center.

Merlo Field
Harry A. Merlo Field at the Clive Charles Soccer Complex is a 4,892-capacity soccer-specific stadium in Portland, Oregon on the campus of the University of Portland where it serves as home to the school's men's and women's soccer teams.

From March 29, 2015, until the end of 2016, the stadium played host to the Portland Timbers' USL side Portland Timbers 2.
Mr. Lobo
Erik Lobo (born November 27, 1970), better known by his stage name Mr. Lobo, is an American artist and comedic actor best known as the horror host of the nationally syndicated American television series Cinema Insomnia. In 2022, he was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards' Monster Kid Hall of Fame.

Apprehensive Films
Apprehensive Films was an independent American film production and distribution company in operation from 1997–2016. Its main focus was low-budget exploitation-inspired films shot in Super 8 mm film and 16 mm film. In 2006, Apprehensive Films became a DVD distributor specializing in cult, horror and exploitation film. Apprehensive Films took over the television distribution of the horror hosted television series Cinema Insomnia which led to their re-licensing the show to AMGTV.
Holme, North Lincolnshire
Holme is a linear settlement and former civil parish, now in the parish of Messingham, in the North Lincolnshire district, in the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 113.

Holme is situated approximately 5 miles (8 km)  south-east from the town of Scunthorpe. Just to the south-east is Grade II listed Twigmoor Hall. This house was the home of John Wright before he was executed for his part in the Gunpowder Plot. The authorities described Twigmoor Hall as ".. one of the worst in her Majesty’s dominions and is used like a Popish college for traitors in the northern parts".

Messingham
Messingham is a village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England.

The village is situated on the A159, 4 miles (6 km) south of the centre of Scunthorpe and 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the M180.  West Lindsey is 1 mile to the south, as is Scotter.

Messingham has a population of over 4,000 people.
History of architecture and art in Milan
The architectural and artistic presence in Milan represents one of the attractions of the Lombard capital. Milan has been among the most important Italian centers in the history of architecture, has made important contributions to the development of art history, and has been the cradle of a number of modern art movements.

History of architecture
The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The beginnings of all these traditions is thought to be humans satisfying the very basic need of shelter and protection. The term "architecture" generally refers to buildings, but in its essence is much broader, including fields we now consider specialized forms of practice, such as urbanism, civil engineering, naval, military, and landscape architecture.

Trends in architecture were influenced, among other factors, by technological innovations, particularly in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The improvement and/or use of steel, cast iron, tile, reinforced concrete, and glass helped for example Art Nouveau appear and made Beaux Arts more grandiose.
Ibrahim Haji al-Cherkessi
Ibrahim Haji al-Cherkessi (Adyghe: Ибрэхьим Хьаджэ) was a Circassian Islamic scholar, a close companion of Imam Shamil, and a key figure in the resistance during the Caucasian War. Originally from Abadzekh (Western Circassia), he was known for his knowledge of Islamic law and his unwavering commitment to the Caucasian Imamate.

Battle of Ghunib
The Siege and Storming of Ghunib was a decisive encounter at the mountain stronghold of Ghunib, conducted by Russian forces in August 1859. After 25 years of leading fierce resistance against Russian expansion, Imam Shamil, the leader of the Caucasian Imamate, was captured and forced to surrender, marking the effective end of the Murid War.
UGC 6697
UGC 6697 is a large irregular spiral galaxy with a bar located in the Leo constellation. It is located 378 million light-years from the Solar System and has an estimated diameter of 205,000 light-years. UGC 6697 is considered a starburst galaxy which produces high rates of star formation. The first known reference to this galaxy comes from volume II of the Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies compiled by Fritz Zwicky in 1968, where it was listed as CGCG 097-087, and its coordinates listed as 1141.2 + 2015 (epoch B1950).

Starburst galaxy
A starburst galaxy is one undergoing an exceptionally high rate of star formation, as compared to the long-term average rate of star formation in the galaxy, or the star formation rate observed in most other galaxies.

For example, the star formation rate of the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 3 M☉/yr, while starburst galaxies can experience star formation rates of 100 M☉/yr or more. While many main-sequence galaxies use up their molecular gas reservoir in 1-2 Gyr, the high rate of star formation in starbursts can deplete all of their star-forming material in scales of 0.1 Gyr - much shorter than the age of the galaxy. As such, the starburst nature of a galaxy is a phase, and one that typically occupies a brief period of a galaxy's evolution. The majority of starburst galaxies are in the midst of a merger or close encounter with another galaxy. Starburst galaxies include M82, NGC 4038/NGC 4039 (the Antennae Galaxies), and IC 10.
2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election
The 2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor and lieutenant governor of New Mexico. The election coincided with various other federal and state elections. Primary elections were held on June 7.

Incumbent Democratic Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham won a second term by a margin of 6.38%. She was first elected in 2018 with 57.2% of the vote. Her opponent was Republican Mark Ronchetti, who was also his party's nominee in New Mexico's 2020 U.S. Senate election.

Despite losing, Ronchetti managed to carry a congressional district that elected Democrat Gabe Vasquez in the concurrent U.S. House elections. This was the first gubernatorial election in New Mexico since 1986 in which the winner was from the same party as the incumbent president, and the first time since 1978 that it was a Democrat.

1978 New Mexico gubernatorial election
The 1978 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 1978, in order to elect the Governor of New Mexico. Due to term limits, incumbent Democrat Jerry Apodaca was ineligible to seek a second term as governor. Bruce King, a member of the Democratic Party who had previously served as governor from 1971 to 1975, won the open seat. With a margin of victory of just 1.09%, this was the second closest contest of the 1978 cycle, behind only the election in Texas.
Bobby Hoffman
Bobby "The Truth" Hoffman (born October 28, 1966) is a retired American mixed martial artist who competed in the heavyweight division. He is the former King of the Cage super heavyweight champion as well as the former King of the Cage heavyweight champion. Having made his professional debut in 1998, Hoffman has also formerly competed for the UFC, RINGS, and Jungle Fight. During his career, Hoffman defeated world champions Alistair Overeem and Ricco Rodriguez.

2000 in Fighting Network Rings
The year 2000 is the sixth year in the history of Fighting Network Rings, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan. In 2000 Fighting Network Rings held 18 events beginning with, Rings Holland: There Can Only Be One Champion.
George C. Hatch
George C. Hatch (December 16, 1919, in Erie, Pennsylvania – August 30, 2009, in Salt Lake City, Utah) was an American businessman who owned several communications businesses and helped pioneer cable television.  He was a founder of Western Microwave Inc., a precursor of Tele-Communications Inc., which spun off media conglomerate Liberty Media, and itself was purchased in 1999 by AT&T, and in turn sold to Charter Communications and then Comcast Corporation. He also championed the preservation of outdoor wilderness areas in the western United States, working with other Utah leaders to establish Capitol Reef and Arches National Parks, expand Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, and create Antelope Island State Park.

KMES
KMES (1430 AM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Ogden, Utah, and serving the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station is owned by El Sembrador Ministries and carries Spanish-language Catholic radio programming from its ESNE Radio network.

KMES operates at 25,000 watts by day and 5,000 watts at night, using a four-tower array directional antenna. KMES's transmitter is near the Great Salt Lake in Layton, Utah. All four of KMES's towers are different heights, which is unusual.