hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mark Newman
Mark Newman FRS is a British physicist and Anatol Rapoport Distinguished University Professor of Physics at the University of Michigan, as well as an external faculty member of the Santa Fe Institute.  He is known for his fundamental contributions to the fields of complex systems and complex networks, for which he was awarded the Lagrange Prize in 2014 and the APS Kadanoff Prize in 2024.

Percolation theory
In statistical physics and mathematics, percolation theory describes the behavior of a network when nodes or links are added. This is a geometric type of phase transition, since at a critical fraction of addition the network of small, disconnected clusters merge into significantly larger connected, so-called spanning clusters. The applications of percolation theory to materials science and in many other disciplines are discussed here and in the articles Network theory and Percolation (cognitive psychology).
Tarkeshwari Sinha
Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926 – 14 August 2007) was an Indian politician and independence activist from Bihar. Among the first female politicians of the country, she took active role in the Quit India Movement. At the age of 26, she was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Patna East constituency in 1952. Subsequently, she was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1957, 1962 and 1967 from Barh constituency. She was the first female Deputy Finance Minister in the union cabinet led by prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1958 to 1964. She had also led a delegation to the U.N. and Tokyo. Gulzar’s critically acclaimed movie, Aandhi was partly inspired by Tarkeshwari Sinha, apart from Indira Gandhi.

1st Lok Sabha
The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 after India's first general election. The 1st Lok Sabha lasted its full tenure of five years and was dissolved on 4 April 1957. The First Session of this Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May 1952.

Total Lok Sabha seats were 489 and total eligible voters were 17.3 crores. The Indian National Congress (INC) won 364 seats. They were followed by Independents, winning a total of 37 seats. The Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Socialist Party (India) followed with 16 and 12 seats respectively. Indian National Congress got 45% of the total votes in this election and won 76% of the 479 contested seats.
2021 Budapest Grand Prix
The 2021 Hungarian Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 19th edition of the Budapest Grand Prix, a 250-level tournament on the 2021 WTA Tour. It took place at Római Tennis Academy in Budapest, Hungary, from 12 July through 18 July 2021. First-seeded Yulia Putintseva won the singles title.

2021 WTA Tour
The 2021 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2021 tennis season. The 2021 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA 1000 tournaments, the WTA 500 tournaments, the WTA 250 tournaments, the Billie Jean King Cup (organized by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the WTA Finals and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2021 calendar are the Summer Olympic Games, which were rescheduled from 2020.
Écarté
Écarté (French: [ekaʁte]) is an old French casino game for two players that is still played today. It is a trick-taking game, similar to whist, but with a special and eponymous discarding phase; the word écarté means "discarded". Écarté was popular in the 19th century, but is now rarely played. It is described as "an elegant two-player derivative of Triomphe [that is] quite fun to play" and a "classic that should be known to all educated card players."

Bourré
Bourré (also commonly known as Bouré and Boo-Ray) is a trick-taking gambling card game in the rams family, primarily played in the Acadiana region of Louisiana in the United States of America. It is also played in the Greek island of Psara, with the name Boureki (Μπουρέκι in Greek). Like many regional games, Bourré sports many variant rules for both play and betting considerations.
Josefa Celsa Señaris
Josefa Celsa Señaris (born 2 November 1965) is a Venezuelan herpetologist. She has published information about frogs and she has identified new genera and species. Señaris is the director of the La Salle Foundation's Natural History Museum (Spanish: Museo de historia natural La Salle - MhnLS) in Caracas.

Tepuihyla rodriguezi
Tepuihyla rodriguezi, also known as the Rodriguez's Amazon treefrog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in southeastern Venezuela and Guyana.

Tepuihyla galani, assessed as "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. is now considered a junior synonym of Tepuihyla rodriguezi.
Overture (1965 film)
Overture (Hungarian: Nyitány) is a 1965 Hungarian short documentary film written by János Vadász. It won the Short Film Palme d'Or at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

Short Film Palme d'Or
The Short Film Palme d'Or (French: Palme d'Or du court métrage) is the highest prize given to a short film at the Cannes Film Festival. Since the creation of the Cinéfondation section in 1998, a common Official Jury awards  the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the prizes for the three best films of the Cinéfondation.

From 1952 to 1954 and from 1964 to 1974, the highest prize of the year for a short film was awarded as the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film, commonly referred to as Grand Prix. It was then in 1975 that the "Palme d'Or was reintroduced and became the enduring symbol of the Festival de Cannes."
Calcium signaling
Calcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes, often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for a wide variety of cellular signaling pathways. Once Ca2+ enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Ca2+ signaling can activate certain ion channels for short term changes (like changes to electrochemical gradients) in the cell. For longer-term changes (like changes in gene transcription), Ca2+ can act as a second messenger through indirect signal transduction pathways, such as in G protein-coupled receptor pathways.

Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called amount-of-substance concentration or molarity) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Specifically, it is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution. In chemistry, the most commonly used unit for molarity is the number of moles per liter, having the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 (1000 mol/m3) in SI units. Molar concentration is often depicted with square brackets around the substance of interest; for example, the molarity of the hydronium ion is denoted as [H3O+].
Mycobacterium monacense
Mycobacterium monacense is a yellow-pigmented, non-photochromogenic species of mycobacterium named after Monacum, the Latin name of the German city Munich where the first strain was isolated. It grows in less than a week on solid medium.

Phylogenetic analysis has shown that this strain is most closely related to Mycobacterium doricum.

Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species of  Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and leprosy (M. leprae) in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus's mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer containing high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrition. The genus is divided based on each species's pigment production and growth rate. While most Mycobacterium species are non-pathogenic, the genus's characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses.
Iryna Bilyk
Iryna Mykolayivna Bilyk (Ukrainian: Ірина Миколаївна Білик, born 6 April 1970 in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian singer-songwriter, holder of the Order of Princess Olga of the 3rd class, Merited (1996) and People's Artist of Ukraine (2008). With a repertoire of songs in Ukrainian, Russian and Polish, Bilyk practically reached the top of the Ukrainian show business in the 2000s. She is often called the "Ukrainian Madonna" due to many of her songs becoming hits in the 1990s, frequent style changes and influence on the Ukrainian musical media scene. YUNA considered Bilyk "the best singer of the two decades" in 2012.

Palace "Ukraine"
The National Palace of Arts Ukraina (Ukrainian: Національний палац мистецтв «Україна», romanized: Natsionalnyi palats mystetstv «Ukraina») or Palace Ukraina (Палац «Україна») is one of the main theatre venues for official events along with Palace of Sports in Kyiv, Ukraine. The venue is a state company administered by the State Directory of Affairs. The main concert hall has a capacity of 3,714 people.
Angélica Fuentes
Angélica Fuentes Téllez (El Paso, Texas – February 2, 1963) is a Mexican business executive and was the majority shareholder of Grupo Omnilife-Angelissima-Chivas, a multinational corporation based in Mexico composed of nutrition supplements company Omnilife, beauty and cosmetics brand Angelíssima, and the Mexican soccer team, C.D. Guadalajara, more commonly known as Chivas. She founded Angelíssima in 2010, followed by the Angélica Fuentes Foundation in 2014, dedicated to promoting women's empowerment and achievement of gender equality in Latin America.

Jorge Vergara
Jorge Carlos Vergara Madrigal (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxoɾxe βeɾˈɣaɾa]; 3 March 1955 – 15 November 2019) was a Mexican businessman and film producer. He was the founder of the multi-level marketing company Grupo Omnilife. In addition to its health products business, Grupo Omnilife owns the football club C.D. Guadalajara. Vergara was also owner of Costa Rican football team Saprissa (2003–2011) and Major League Soccer club Chivas USA (2004–2014).

Vergara produced internationally recognized films such as The Assassination of Richard Nixon and the Oscar-nominated Y Tu Mamá También through the production company, Producciones Anhelo.

He organized a cruise to Cuba for children affected by the terrorist attack at School No. 1 in Beslan in 2004.
IBM IntelliStation
The IntelliStation is a family of workstations developed by IBM and first released in March 1997 as the follow-on to the PC Series 360 and 365. Certain IntelliStation M Pro Series were near hardware identical to low end IBM Netfinity 1000 Series network servers (with variants in included video cards and SCSI options). In February 2002, POWER processor-based workstations, previously sold directly under the eServer pSeries brand, were also placed under the IntelliStation umbrella.

The last IntelliStation models were discontinued in January 2009, ending the product line.

Matrox G400
The G400 is a video card made by Matrox, released in September 1999. The graphics processor contains a 2D GUI, video, and Direct3D 6.0 3D accelerator. Codenamed "Toucan", it was a more powerful and refined version of its predecessor, the G200.
Broadcast of Jeopardy!
Jeopardy! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin, in which contestants are presented with clues in the form of answers and must phrase their responses in the form of a question. The show has experienced a long life in several incarnations over the course of over a half-century, spending more than 12 years as a daytime network program and having currently run in syndication for 41 seasons. It has also gained a worldwide following with a multitude of international adaptations.

WLS-TV
WLS-TV (channel 7) is a television station in Chicago, Illinois, United States, serving as the market's ABC network outlet. It has been owned and operated by the network's ABC Owned Television Stations division since the station's inception. WLS-TV's studios are located on North State Street in the Chicago Loop, and its transmitter is located atop the Willis Tower.
Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State (Italian: Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Corpus Gendarmeriae Urbis Vaticanae) is the gendarmerie, or military police and security force, of Vatican City, Holy See and its extraterritorial properties. It was founded in 1816 as Corps of Gendarmes by Pope Pius VII, renamed the Central Security Office in 1970, the Security Corps in 1991, and was restored to its original name in 2002.

Law enforcement in Italy
Law enforcement in Italy is centralized on a national level, with multiple national forces, assisted by some local law enforcement agencies.  The two main police forces are the Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie, and the Polizia di Stato, the civil national police. The Guardia di Finanza is a militarized police force responsible for dealing with financial crime, smuggling, and illegal drug trade. Border and maritime patrolling are undertaken by the Polizia di Frontiera, a division of the Polizia di Stato, and the Guardia Costiera (coast guard).
The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Police) is the national prison police agency, controlling penitentiaries and inmate transfers. The Corpo Forestale dello Stato (State Forestry Corps) formerly existed as a separate national park ranger agency, but was merged into the Carabinieri in 2016.  Alongside national police forces,Polizia Locale are also concerned with policing at a local level.
1949 AAA Championships
The 1949 AAA Championships was the 1949 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 15 to 16 July 1949 at White City Stadium in London, England.

White City Stadium
White City Stadium in London, England, was built for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It hosted the finish of the first modern marathon and swimming, speedway, boxing, show jumping, athletics, stock car racing, concerts and a match at the 1966 World Cup.

From 1927, it was a venue for greyhound racing, hosting the English Greyhound Derby until its closure in 1984. The stadium was demolished in 1985 and the site is now occupied by White City Place.

White City was also used for stock car racing in the early seventies when Spedeworth promoted racing on Friday nights usually alternate Fridays to their Walthamstow promotions.
William D. Coleman (pastor)
William D. Coleman (November 26, 1915 - October 22, 2001) was the first Principal of the Andhra Christian Theological College, Hyderabad.  Coleman was born in India in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh.

When four theological colleges came together to start Andhra Christian Theological College in Rajahmundry, William D. Coleman was installed as the Principal of the College in 1964.

The Andhra Christian Theological College comprised faculty from four previous entities:

Andhra Union Theological Seminary, Dornakal

Baptist Theological Seminary, Kakinada

Lutheran Theological College, Rajahmundry

Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological Seminary, Ramayapatnam

W. D. Coleman worked in an ecumenical environment together with Baptists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Wesleyans.  It was Coleman who supervised the relocation of the College from Rajahmundry to Hyderabad as well as establishing the new campus in Hyderabad, especially during the Licence Raj.

Bachelor of Divinity
In Western universities, a Bachelor of Divinity or Baccalaureate in Divinity (BD, DB, or BDiv; Latin: Baccalaureus Divinitatis) is an academic degree awarded for a course taken in the study of divinity or related disciplines, such as theology or, rarely, religious studies.

At the University of Cambridge, the Bachelor of Divinity degree is considered senior to the university's PhD degree.

In the Catholic universities the Bachelor of Sacred Theology (STB) is often called the Baccalaureate in Divinity (BD) and is treated as a postgraduate qualification.

In America, the BD was largely replaced by the Master of Divinity.
22nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment
The 22nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War (1862–1865). This regiment was originally organized as the 17th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, reorganized after the battle of Pea Ridge as 1st Regiment, Northwest Division, Trans-Mississippi Department, or Rector's War Regiment, redesignated  as the 35th Arkansas in the summer of 1862, and reorganized and redesignated as the 22nd Arkansas following the Battle of Prairie Grove.  The unit was also sometimes referred to as, King's Arkansas Infantry or McCord's Arkansas Infantry. This was the second regiment to be officially designated as the 22nd Arkansas. The first was mustered in at DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, on April 9, 1862, and later reorganized as the 20th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry
The Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, also known as the Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry,  was fought on April 30, 1864, in Hot Spring and Saline counties (present-day Grant County), Arkansas, during the American Civil War. Ending in a tactical Union victory, the Confederacy saw it as a strategic success as they prevented Frederick Steele from holding southwest Arkansas. Due to the chaotic nature of the battle, casualty figures vary.

Jenkins' Ferry was the decisive engagement of Steele's Camden Expedition (a part of the Red River Campaign) and E. Kirby Smith's last. As a result of the battle, Federal forces could complete a retreat from a precarious position at Camden to their defenses at Little Rock.

The battlefield has largely been preserved as a unit within the Arkansas State Park System.
Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna
Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna Sadowska (died 1600) was a Polish magnate, reformer and writer.

She was the daughter of Jan Radziwiłł and Anna Kostewiczówna and married to Stanisław Kiszka (d. 1554) in 1552 and Kristopher Sadowski in 1574. She was a Calvinist who introduced the Protestant Reformation in her lands. In, 1563, she became a follower and supporter of the Polish Brethren. She wrote several religious works.

Jan Radziwiłł
Jan Radziwiłł (1492 – January 1542) was the Deputy Cup-Bearer of Lithuania and the Elder of Samogitia since 1535 until death. He was a grandson of Mikalojus Radvila the Old and the only son of Mikołaj II Radziwiłł. He had no male heirs therefore he was the last from the Goniądz-Meteliai Radziwiłł family line.
Shefki Kuqi
Shefki Kuqi[a] (Albanian pronunciation: [ˈʃɛfki ˈkuci]; born 10 November 1976) is a Kosovan-born Finnish  professional football manager and former player who played predominantly as a striker.

He spent most of his career in the English football league system, for clubs including Newcastle United, Sheffield Wednesday, Ipswich Town, Blackburn Rovers, Crystal Palace, Fulham, Swansea City and Oldham Athletic. He made over 500 career league appearances, scoring over 150 goals.

Despite being born in Yugoslavia to Kosovan Albanian parents, Kuqi grew up in Finland and holds Finnish citizenship which allowed him to represent the Finland national team at international level, for which he scored eight goals in 62 appearances between 1999 and 2010. His trademark goal celebration of swallow-diving onto the ground has led to his nickname of the "Flying Finn".

Albanians in the Nordic countries
The Albanians in the Nordic countries (Albanian: Shqiptarët në vendet nordike) refers to the Albanian migrants in Nordic countries such as Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Norway and Sweden and their descendants.

The Albanians mostly trace their origins to Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia and to a lesser extent to other Albanian-speaking territories in the Balkan Peninsula. Their exact number is difficult to determine as some ethnic Albanians hold other citizenship than Albanian or Kosovan.

Albania and Kosovo maintain close and friendly diplomatic and political ties with the Nordic countries. Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have been among the first countries to officially recognise the self-proclaimed Independence of Kosovo and its sovereignty.
Pathadumbara Electoral District
Pathadumbara electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between July 1977 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Pathadumbara in Kandy District, Central Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Pathadumbara electoral district was replaced by the multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system.

Kandy Electoral District
Kandy (Mahanuwara) electoral district is one of the 22 multi-member electoral districts of Sri Lanka created by the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka. The district is conterminous with the administrative district of Kandy in the Central province. The district currently elects 12 of the 225 members of the Sri Lankan Parliament and had 970,456 registered electors in 2010. It is Sri Lanka's Electorate Number 04.
Espace Mittelland
Espace Mittelland, as defined by the Federal Statistical Office for statistical purposes, is a region of Switzerland, encompassing the cantons of Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn. It is one of the NUTS-2 regions of Switzerland.

The name includes a word from each of the two official languages spoken in this region: espace (French) here means "area", and Mittelland is the German name of the Swiss Central Plateau. This same mixed name is used in both official French- and German-language texts.

Swiss Plateau
The Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau is one of the three major landscapes in Switzerland, lying between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps. It covers about 30% of the Swiss surface area, and is partly flat but mostly hilly. The average height is between 400 metres (1,300 ft) and 700 metres (2,300 ft) AMSL. It is by far the most densely populated region of Switzerland, the center of economy and important transportation.
Execute Channel Program
In IBM mainframe operating systems, Execute Channel Program (EXCP) is a macro generating a system call, implemented as a Supervisor Call instruction, for low-level device access, where the programmer is responsible for providing a channel program—a list of device-specific commands (CCWs)—to be executed by I/O channels, control units and devices. EXCP for OS/360 and successors is more specifically described in the OS System Programmer's Guide.; EXCP for DOS/360 and successors is more specifically described in DOS Supervisor and I/O Macros.
This article mostly reflects OS/360 through z/OS; some details are different for TOS/360 and DOS/360 through z/VSE.

DOS/360 and successors
Disk Operating System/360, also DOS/360, or simply DOS, is the discontinued first member of a sequence of operating systems for IBM System/360, System/370 and later mainframes. It was announced by IBM on the last day of 1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966.  In its time, DOS/360 was the most widely used operating system in the world.