hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zameer Uddin Shah
Lieutenant General Zameer Uddin Shah (born 15 August 1948, Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India), PVSM, SM, VSM  is a retired senior general of the Indian Army. He last served as the Deputy Chief of the Indian Army Staff (Personnel & Systems). After retirement, he served for some time as an administrative member on the bench of the Armed Forces Tribunal. He was the vice-chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University.

Vishisht Seva Medal
The Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM, lit. 'Distinguished Service Medal') is a decoration of the Indian Armed Forces. It is awarded to recognize "distinguished service of a high order" to all ranks of the Indian Armed Forces.

From 1980, the Yudh Seva Medal was introduced to recognize exceptional services in an operational environment. Since then the VSM has been restricted to non-operational service.
2024 in paleomammalogy
This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind described during the year 2024, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that occurred in 2024.

Molar (tooth)
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name molar derives from Latin, molaris dens, meaning "millstone tooth", from mola, millstone and dens, tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial.
The Heart of What Was Lost
The Heart of What Was Lost is the fourth novel in Tad Williams' Osten Ard saga, following To Green Angel Tower and preceding The Witchwood Crown. The novel was critically praised upon its release. The book is published by DAW Books in the United States, and Hodder Books in the UK.

Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn
Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn is a trilogy of epic fantasy novels by American writer Tad Williams, comprising The Dragonbone Chair (1988), Stone of Farewell (1990), and To Green Angel Tower (1993).

Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn takes place on the fictional continent of Osten Ard, comprising several united countries. Williams used several characters, both protagonist and antagonist, as point of view characters throughout the novels, presenting the reader with an assortment of disparate and subjective viewpoints.

A novelette set in the world of Osten Ard, The Burning Man, was released in 1998 and later published as a graphic novel. A sequel tetralogy, The Last King of Osten Ard, began publication in 2017, following 2017's The Heart of What Was Lost. A prequel to the entirety of Osten Ard, Brothers of the Wind was published in 2021.
Planar Riemann surface
In mathematics, a planar Riemann surface (or  schlichtartig Riemann surface) is a Riemann surface sharing the topological properties of a connected open subset of the Riemann sphere. They are characterized by the topological property that the complement of every closed Jordan curve in the Riemann surface has two connected components. An equivalent characterization is the differential geometric property that every closed differential 1-form of compact support is exact. Every simply connected Riemann surface is planar. The class of planar Riemann surfaces was studied by Koebe who proved in 1910, as a generalization of the uniformization theorem, that every such surface is conformally equivalent to either the Riemann sphere or the complex plane with slits parallel to the real axis removed.

Richard Courant
Richard Courant (January 8, 1888 – January 27, 1972) was a German-American mathematician. He is best known by the general public for the book What is Mathematics?, co-written with Herbert Robbins. His research focused on the areas of real analysis, mathematical physics, the calculus of variations and partial differential equations. He wrote textbooks widely used by generations of students of physics and mathematics. He is also known for founding the institute now bearing his name.
Southern Coastal Plain (ecoregion)
The North American Southern Coastal Plain is a Level III ecoregion designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in six U.S. states. The region stretches across the Gulf coast from eastern Louisiana to Florida, forms the majority of Florida, and forms the coastlines of Georgia and much of South Carolina. It has been divided into twelve Level IV ecoregions.

Altamaha River
The Altamaha River /ˈɑːltəməhɑː/ is a major river in the U.S. state of Georgia. It flows generally eastward for 137 miles (220 km) from its origin at the confluence of the Oconee River and Ocmulgee River towards the Atlantic Ocean, where it empties into the ocean near Brunswick, Georgia. No dams are directly on the Altamaha, though some are on the Oconee and the Ocmulgee. Including its tributaries, the Altamaha River's drainage basin is about 14,000 square miles (36,000 km2) in size, qualifying it among the larger river basins of the US Atlantic coast.
2018–19 Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 2018–19 Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the 18th season of this championship, with 11 teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina participating in it. Zrinjski was the defending champion. Široki won its tenth league title.

Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Basketball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the top–tier men's professional basketball league in Bosnia and Herzegovina for men and women, respectively. The league is operated by the Basketball Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Fiji. The first branch (small congregation) was formed in 1955 and membership has grown to the point there are now 52 congregations in Fiji. As of December 31, 2023, the Church reported there were 23,898 members in Fiji. making it the second largest body of LDS Church members in Melanesia behind Papua New Guinea.

Suva Fiji Temple
The Suva Fiji Temple is the 91st operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The intent to build the temple was announced on April 5, 1998, by church president Gordon B. Hinckley during the church's general conference. The temple is the first to be built in Fiji.

This temple was designed by Conway Beg of Architects Pacific, using a traditional temple design. A groundbreaking ceremony, to signify the beginning of construction, was held on May 8, 1999, with Earl M. Monson, a church general authority, presiding.
Cantiorix Inscription
The Cantiorix Inscription is a stone grave marker of the early post-Roman era found near Ffestiniog in north Wales and now at the church at Penmachno. It is notable both as the first known historical reference to the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and for its use of the Roman terms for 'citizen' and 'magistrate'.

It is considered by some to be evidence that a Roman-style administration existed beyond the Roman departure from Britain in some form in the early Kingdom of Gwynedd, while others either question or discount its significance in that regard.

Sub-Roman Britain
Sub-Roman Britain, also called post-Roman Britain or Dark Age Britain, is the period of late antiquity in Great Britain between the end of Roman rule and the founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The term was originally used to describe archaeological remains found in 5th- and 6th-century AD sites that hinted at the decay of locally made wares from a previous higher standard under the Roman Empire. It is now used to describe the period that began with the recall of Roman troops from Britannia to Gaul by Constantine III in 407 and ended with the Battle of Deorham in 577. This period has attracted a great deal of academic and popular debate, in part because of the lack of written records from the time.
Chinggis Fund
The Chinggis Fund is a sovereign wealth fund established by the Government of Mongolia in May 2024. It was created to manage and invest the country's resource revenues, with the goal of supporting long-term economic development, inter-generational equity, social welfare and creating opportunities for collaboration with international investment partners. The fund is administered under legislation passed by the Parliament of Mongolia and is integrated with Mongolia's national digital services platform, E-Mongolia.

The proposal to create a sovereign wealth fund in Mongolia was first introduced in 2021. The initiative aimed to provide a stable mechanism for investing the country's mineral and resource revenues, along with ongoing efforts to diversify the national economy and promote fiscal sustainability.

State Great Khural
The State Great Khural is the unicameral parliament of Mongolia, located in the Government Palace in the capital Ulaanbaatar. Elections to the State Great Khural are held every four years, the latest election was held in June 2024.

The State Great Khural currently consists of 126 seats, 78 of which were elected by multiple non-transferable vote in multi-member constituencies whilst the other 48 were elected by closed list proportional representation. Prior to the 2023 constitutional amendment, the State Great Khural was made up of 76 seats, all elected by plurality block voting.

After the ratification of the 1992 Constitution, which abolished the bicameral People's Great Khural and the State Baga Khural, a unicameral parliament was established and first convened on 20 July 1992.
HMS Jaseur (1857)
HMS Jaseur was an Algerine-class gunboat launched in 1857.  She served on the North America and West Indies station for less than two years before her loss by stranding on the Bajo Nuevo Bank in the Caribbean on 26 February 1859.

Algerine-class gunboat
The Algerine-class gunboats were a class of six 3-gun wooden gunboats (reclassified as gunvessels from 1859) built for the Royal Navy in 1857. A further pair were built in India for the Bombay Marine in 1859.

An enlarged version of the very numerous Albacore class, they reflected the change in use from coastal operations towards deep-water cruising, but were delivered too late to see action in the Crimean War. They were the first class of Royal Navy gunboat to incorporate a hoisting screw, which gave them improved performance under sail. The last man hung from the yardarm in the Royal Navy was a Royal Marine executed on 13 July 1860 in Leven.
Point Martin
Point Martin is a point on the east side of Mossman Peninsula, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north-west of Cape Murdoch, on the south coast of Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica.  It was charted in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under Bruce, who named it for J. Martin, an able seaman on the expedition ship Scotia.

Cape Murdoch
Cape Murdoch is a cape which forms the southeast tip of Mossman Peninsula on the south coast of Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands.

Charted in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition under Bruce, who named it after William Gordon Burn Murdoch, Scottish artist on the Balaena, one of the Dundee whaling ships in the Antarctic in 1892–93, and a supporter of Bruce's expedition.
Jānis Reirs
Jānis Reirs (born 23 September 1961 in Riga) is a Latvian politician who served as Minister of Finance in the first Kariņš cabinet from 2019 until 2022, as well as Minister for Welfare in the Kučinskis cabinet from 2016 until 2019 and Minister of Finance in the second Straujuma cabinet.

New Unity
The New Unity (Latvian: Jaunā Vienotība, JV) is a centre-right political alliance in Latvia. Its members are Unity and four other regional parties, and it is orientated towards liberal-conservatism and liberalism.
Set construction
Set construction is the process undertaken by a construction manager to build full-scale scenery, as specified by a  production designer or art director working in collaboration with the director of a production to create a set for a theatrical, film, or television production. The set designer produces a scale model, scale drawings, paint elevations (a scale painting supplied to the scenic painter of each element that requires painting), and research about props, textures, and so on. Scale drawings typically include a ground plan, elevation, and section of the complete set, as well as more detailed drawings of individual scenic elements which, in theatrical productions, may be static, flown, or built onto scenery wagons. Models and paint elevations are frequently hand-produced, though in recent years, many Production Designers and most commercial theatres have begun producing scale drawings with the aid of computer drafting programs such as AutoCAD or Vectorworks.

Scenery wagon
A scenery wagon, also known as a stage wagon, is a mobile platform that is used to support and transport movable, three-dimensional theatrical scenery on a theater stage. In most cases, the scenery is constructed on top of the wagon such that the wagon, and the scenery it supports, forms a single, integrated structure. Heavy duty casters are mounted to the underside of the platform so that the entire assembly can be quickly moved onstage or offstage, so as to facilitate rapid scenery changes during live productions. Scenery wagons are built in a wide range of sizes, ranging from less than one square foot up to the size of the playing area of the stage.

Scenery wagons comprise one of the four methods used to move scenery during the course of a theatre performance, the other three being "flying" (suspending) scenery from a fly system, elevating or lowering scenery on a stage lift, or "running" (manually carrying) the scenery.
Lucy spy ring
The Lucy spy ring (German: Lucy-Spionagering) was an anti-Nazi World War II espionage operation headquartered in Switzerland and run by Rudolf Roessler, a German refugee. Its story was only published in 1966, and very little is clear about the ring, Roessler, or the effort's sources or motives.

Harry Hinsley
Sir Francis Harry Hinsley, OBE, FBA (26 November 1918 – 16 February 1998) was an English intelligence officer and historian. He worked at Bletchley Park during the Second World War and wrote widely on the history of international relations and British Intelligence during the Second World War. He was known as Harry Hinsley.
Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)
This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia during the first half of 2021.

Murray Bridge, South Australia
Murray Bridge (formerly Mobilong and Edwards Crossing; Ngarrindjeri: Pomberuk) is a city in the Australian state of South Australia, located 78 kilometres (48 mi) east-southeast of the state's capital city, Adelaide, and 77 kilometres (48 mi) north of the town of Meningie.

The city is called Pomberuk by the traditional owners of the land, the Ngarrindjeri people. It was later known as Mobilong and later as Edwards Crossing, before being renamed as Murray Bridge in 1924, deriving its name from the then Murray River road/rail bridge crossing over the Murray River. The city is situated on the Princes Highway, the main road transport link between Adelaide and Melbourne.

The city services a farming area including dairy, pigs, chickens, cereal crops and vegetables.
Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)
Tanjore District was one of the districts in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of British India. It covered the area of the present-day districts of Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Mayiladuthurai and Aranthangi taluk, Karambakkudi taluk of Pudukkottai District in Tamil Nadu. Apart from being a bedrock of Hindu orthodoxy, Tanjore was a centre of Chola cultural heritage and one of the richest and most prosperous districts in Madras Presidency.

Tanjore district was constituted in 1799 when the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II ceded most of his kingdom to the British East India Company in return for his restitution on the throne. Tanjore district, which is situated on the Cauvery Delta, is one of the richest rice-growing regions in South India. It was scarcely affected by famines such as the Great Famine of 1876–78.

Mayiladuthurai taluk
11°06′07″N 79°34′47″E﻿ / ﻿11.1018845°N 79.5795889°E﻿ / 11.1018845; 79.5795889
Mayiladuthurai taluk is a taluk of Mayiladuthurai district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the district is the town of Mayiladuthurai and villages include Agarakkirangudi, Elanthangudi and Mozhaiyur.
I with bar
I with bar (majuscule: Ɨ, minuscule: ɨ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from I or i with the addition of a bar.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ɨ is used to represent a close central unrounded vowel. In American linguistic tradition (such as in Americanist phonetic notation), it is used to represent the weak vowel heard in the second syllable of roses when distinct from Rosa's. For related uses of the small capital barred i, see near-close central unrounded vowel.

The ISO 6438 (African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange) gives lowercase of Ɨ as ɪ, a small capital I, not ɨ.

Small capital I
Small capital I is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet similar in its dimensions to the Latin letter "I" but with a shape based on ⟨I⟩, its capital form. Although ⟨ɪ⟩ is usually an allograph of the Latin letter I i, it is considered as an additional letter in the African reference alphabet and has been used as such in some publications in the Kulango languages in Côte d'Ivoire in the 1990s. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase small capital I /ɪ/ is used as the symbol for the near-close near-front unrounded vowel, like the letter i in the word "fit".
Slovakia national futsal team
The Slovakia national futsal team is controlled by the Slovak Football Association, the governing body for futsal in Slovakia and represents the country in international futsal competitions, such as the World Cup and the European Championships.

UEFA Futsal Euro 2022
The 2022 UEFA Futsal Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Futsal Euro 2022, was the 12th edition of the UEFA Futsal Championship, the international futsal championship organised by UEFA for the men's national teams of Europe. It was hosted for the first time in the Netherlands.

This is the first tournament to be held on a four-year basis and featuring 16 teams, as the competition was previously played every two years and included 12 teams since 2010. It took place between 19 January and 6 February 2022, in the cities of Amsterdam and Groningen. The teams practiced for the competition in Wildervank and Rotterdam.

Portugal won their second title in a row after defeating Russia in the final 4–2, thus becoming the second national team, after Spain, to successfully defend the title.
2015 Texas Revolution season
The 2015 Texas Revolution season was the team's sixteenth season as a professional indoor football franchise, third as the "Texas Revolution", and first as a member of Champions Indoor Football (CIF). One of nine teams in the CIF for the 2015 season, the Revolution played their home games at the Allen Event Center in Allen, Texas.

The Revolution played under the direction of head coach Devin Wyman. The team was led by first-year coach Wendell Davis from the start of the season until he was let go after four regular season games on March 30, 2014.

Wendell Davis (cornerback)
Wendell Davis (born June 27, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He served as the head coach of the San Angelo Bandits and the Texas Revolution of the Champions Indoor Football (CIF). He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.
Rainbow (sternwheeler)
Rainbow was a sternwheel steamboat that was operated in the Coos Bay region of Oregon from 1912 to 1923. Rainbow is sometimes referred to as a "launch", meaning a small steamboat. This vessel's name is sometimes seen as Rain-Bow.

Drain, Oregon
Drain is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2020 census, Drain had a population of 1,172. Drain is named after town founder and politician Charles J. Drain, who donated 60 acres (24 ha) of nearby land to the Oregon and California Railroad in 1871.
Alberto Bremauntz
Alberto Bremauntz Monge (16 January 1936 – 16 December 2006) was a Mexican wrestler who competed in the Greco-Roman style. He participated in the 1972 Olympics in Munich in 1972, where he was eliminated in the second round in the 68 kg class. He lost to Antal Steer of Hungary and Djan-Aka Djan of Afghanistan. Professionally, he was a chemist.

Djan-Aka Djan
Djan-Aka Djan (born 1942) is a retired Afghanistan wrestler who was a national champion. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games,  the 1968 Summer Olympics, the 1972 Summer Olympic Games in the lightweight events.
Michel I Government
The Michel I Government was the Federal Government of Belgium formed following the 2014 Belgian government formation and sworn in on 11 October 2014. The administration was a centre-right coalition of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V), the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) and the Reformist Movement (MR). The prime minister was Charles Michel. The government had an agenda of socio-economic reforms, especially through austerity measures, with its priorities being improving Belgium's economic competitiveness and reducing unemployment. It fell in December 2018 over the Global Compact for Migration.

2018 Belgian local elections
The Belgian provincial, municipal and district elections of 2018 took place on Sunday 14 October 2018. They are organised by the respective regions:

Brussels with 19 municipalities

Flanders with 5 provinces and 300 (down from 308) municipalities
In the city of Antwerp, elections will also be held for its nine districts

Wallonia with 5 provinces and 262 municipalities
In the German-speaking Community, the elections are organised by that community rather than the Walloon Region

In the municipalities with language facilities of Voeren, Comines-Warneton and the 6 of the Brussels Periphery, the aldermen and members of the OCMW/CPAS council are directly elected.
Modulation error ratio
The modulation error ratio (MER) is a measure used to quantify the performance of a digital radio (or digital TV) transmitter or receiver in a communications system using digital modulation (such as QAM). A signal sent by an ideal transmitter or received by a receiver would have all constellation points precisely at the ideal locations, however various imperfections in the implementation (such as noise, low image rejection ratio, phase noise, carrier suppression, distortion, etc.) or signal path cause the actual constellation points to deviate from the ideal locations.

Transmitter MER can be measured by specialized equipment, which demodulates the received signal in a similar way to how a real radio demodulator does it. Demodulated and detected signal can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the ideal transmitted signal in MER calculation.

Digital radio
Digital radio is the use of digital technology to transmit or receive across the radio spectrum. Digital transmission by radio waves includes digital broadcasting, and especially digital audio radio services. Common examples include Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and HD Radio. This should not be confused with Internet radio which also is digital but not transmitted by radio waves in the radio spectrum. It is the newer counterpart to older, analog communications or broadcasting, which include the use of FM and AM.