hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Experimental beer
Experimental beer is beer that is produced in or as a new style, using a new recipe, or as a type of beer that does not fit within present beer style criteria or definitions. The term also encompasses minor beer styles that are not covered under any of the Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) categories, with the exception of Belgian beers. Such minor beer styles may serve "as an incubator" for new potential categories, and may attain an official category if the style becomes of interest to the general public at a sufficient level. The Great American Beer Festival has an experimental beer category as a part of its competition, for which awards are given, as does the World Beer Cup, which also provides awards for beers in this category. The Oregon State Fair has a home brew competition that includes a category for specialty and experimental beers.

Craft beer
Craft beer is beer manufactured by craft breweries, which typically produce smaller amounts of beer than larger "macro" breweries and are often independently owned. Such breweries are generally perceived and marketed as emphasising enthusiasm, new flavours, and varied brewing techniques.

The microbrewery movement began in both the United States and United Kingdom in the 1970s, although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew, and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.
Nagpuri culture
Nagpuri culture refers to the culture of the Nagpuria people, the native speakers of the Nagpuri language, which includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance. It is also referred to as the culture related to the Nagpuri language.

Khokhra Chieftaincy
The Khokhra chieftaincy, also known as the Nagvanshi dynasty, was a principality that ruled the parts of Chota Nagpur Plateau region (modern-day Jharkhand) during much of the medieval and early-modern period. The chieftaincy came to prominence while the region was part of Bihar Subah in the Mughal Empire.

Legendary accounts trace the founder of this dynasty to be Phani Mukut Rai who lived during the 1st century CE, however the definite history of the Khokhra chieftaincy begins from the 15th century onwards.
Charles F. Blair Jr.
Charles F. Blair Jr. (July 19, 1909 – September 2, 1978) was an American aviation pioneer who helped work out the routes and navigation techniques necessary for long-distance flights. He served as a reserve officer, early in his career for the United States Navy, reaching the rank of captain, and later for the United States Air Force, reaching the rank of brigadier general. He died in a transportation accident in the Caribbean while captaining a Grumman Goose seaplane for his airline, Antilles Air Boats.

Saint Croix
Saint Croix (/krɔɪ/ KROY; Spanish: Santa Cruz; Dutch: Sint-Kruis; French: Sainte-Croix; Danish and Norwegian: Sankt Croix; Taino: Ay Ay) is an island in the Caribbean, and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States.

St. Croix is the largest of the territory's islands. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 41,004. The island's highest point is Mount Eagle, at 355 meters (1,165 ft). St. Croix's nickname is "Twin City", for its two towns, Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island.
Superior cerebellar artery
The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is an artery of the head. It arises near the end of the basilar artery. It is a branch of the basilar artery. It supplies parts of the cerebellum, the midbrain, and other nearby structures. It is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia in some patients.

Posterior cerebral artery
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe, as well as the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal lobe of the human brain. The two arteries originate from the distal end of the basilar artery, where it bifurcates into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries. These anastomose with the middle cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries via the posterior communicating arteries.
2025 Montreux Nestlé Open
The 2025 Montreux Nestlé Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the eighth edition of the tournament and part of the 2025 WTA 125 tournaments. It took place in Montreux, Switzerland between 1 and 7 September 2025.

2025 WTA 125 tournaments
The WTA 125 tournaments were the secondary professional tennis circuit tournaments organised by the Women's Tennis Association. The 2025 calendar consisted of fifty three tournaments announced or confirmed through various sources.
Hidden sector
In particle physics, the hidden sector, also known as the dark sector, is a hypothetical collection of yet to be observed quantum fields and their corresponding hypothetical particles. The interactions between the hidden sector particles and the Standard Model particles are weak, indirect, and typically mediated through gravity or other new particles. Examples of new hypothetical mediating particles in this class of theories include the dark photon, sterile neutrino, and axion.

In many cases, hidden sectors include a new gauge group that is independent from the Standard Model gauge group. The hidden sectors are commonly predicted by the models from string theory. They may be relevant as a source of dark matter and supersymmetry breaking, solving the Muon g-2 anomaly and beryllium-8 decay anomaly.

Axion
An axion (/ˈæksiɒn/) is a hypothetical elementary particle originally theorized in 1978 independently by Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg as the Goldstone boson of Peccei–Quinn theory, which had been proposed in 1977 to solve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.
2006 1000 km of Istanbul
The 2006 1000 km of Istanbul was the opening race of the 2006 Le Mans Series season run by the ACO.  It was run on April 9, 2006.

Due to a mistake made by event organizers, not enough fuel was brought to Istanbul to be able to supply all the entrants for a distance of 1000 km.  Thus, the race was quickly shortened to a 4-hour timed race in order to ensure that there would be enough fuel for everyone.

2006 Le Mans Series
The 2006 Le Mans Series was the third season of ACO Le Mans Series. It is a series for Le Mans prototype and Grand Touring style cars broken into 4 classes: LMP1, LMP2, GT1, and GT2. It began on 9 April and ended on 24 September after 5 rounds.
Surface-wave-sustained discharge
A surface-wave-sustained discharge is a plasma that is excited by propagation of electromagnetic surface waves. Surface wave plasma sources can be divided into two groups depending upon whether the plasma generates part of its own waveguide by ionisation or not. The former is called a self-guided plasma.  The surface wave mode allows the generation of uniform high-frequency-excited plasmas in volumes whose lateral dimensions extend over several wavelengths of the electromagnetic wave, e.g. for microwaves of  2.45 GHz in vacuum the wavelength amounts to 12.2 cm.

Electromagnetic electron wave
In plasma physics, an electromagnetic electron wave is a wave in a plasma which has a magnetic field component and in which primarily the electrons oscillate.

In an unmagnetized plasma, an electromagnetic electron wave is simply a light wave modified by the plasma. In a magnetized plasma, there are two modes perpendicular to the field, the O and X modes, and two modes parallel to the field, the R and L waves.
Torellbreen
Torellbreen is a glacier in Wedel Jarlsberg Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It forms a front below the mountain Raudfjellet, with a length of about twenty kilometers, and is a merge of the two glaciers Austre Torellbreen and Vestre Torellbreen.  The glacier is named after Swedish scientist Otto Martin Torell.

Vestre Torellbreen
Vestre Torellbreen is a glacier in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It lies to the southwest of Wedel Jarlsberg Land, and runs southward to Isfjellbukta. There was previously a 20 km wide glacier here together with Austre Torellbreen, but after the glacier split, there are now two glaciers each of around one km wide in the area known as Torellmorenen.

The glacier is named after the Swedish geologist and glaciologist Professor Otto Torell (1828-1900)
Oregon's 21st Senate district
Oregon's 21st Senate district comprises parts of Clackamas and Multnomah counties, including Milwaukie and Oak Grove as well as parts of southeast Portland in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is composed of Oregon House districts 41 and 42. The district is currently represented by Democrat Kathleen Taylor of Portland.

Multnomah County, Oregon
Multnomah County /mʌltˈnoʊmə/ ⓘ is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 815,428. Multnomah County is part of the Portland metropolitan area. The state's smallest and most populous county, its county seat, Portland, is the state's most populous city.
2011–12 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team
The 2011–12 The Citadel Bulldogs basketball team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs were led by second-year head coach Chuck Driesell and played their home games at McAlister Field House. They were a member of the South Division of the Southern Conference (SoCon). They finished the season 6–24, 3–15 in SoCon play, to finish in last place in the South Division. They lost in the first round of the SoCon Basketball tournament to Western Carolina.

2011–12 Wofford Terriers men's basketball team
The 2011–12 Wofford Terriers men's basketball team represented Wofford College during the 2011–12 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Terriers, led by 10th year head coach Mike Young, played their home games at Benjamin Johnson Arena and are members of the South Division of the Southern Conference. The Terriers finished the season 19–14, 12–6 in SoCon play. They were invited to the 2012 College Basketball Invitational where they lost in the first round.
Outline of electronics
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to electronics:

Electronics – branch of  physics,  engineering and technology dealing with  electrical circuits that involve active semiconductor components and associated passive interconnection technologies.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.
Laser power scaling
Power scaling of a laser is increasing its output power without changing the geometry, shape, or principle of operation. Power scalability is considered an important advantage in a laser design. This means it can increase power without changing outside features.

Usually, power scaling requires a more powerful pump source, stronger cooling, and an increase in size. It may also require reduction of the background loss in the laser resonator and, in particular, in the gain medium.

Laser pumping
Laser pumping is the act of energy transfer from an external source into the gain medium of a laser. The energy is absorbed in the medium, producing excited states in its atoms. When for a period of time the number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or a less-excited state, population inversion is achieved. In this condition, the mechanism of stimulated emission can take place and the medium can act as a laser or an optical amplifier. The pump power must be higher than the lasing threshold of the laser.

The pump energy is usually provided in the form of light or electric current, but more exotic sources have been used, such as chemical or nuclear reactions.
Furanolactone
A furanolactone is a heterocyclic chemical compound that contains both lactone and furan rings in its chemical structure.

Examples include:

The salvinorins, including the hallucinogenic compound salvinorin A

Columbin, a bitter diterpenoid from Calumbae Radix

Limonoids such as limonin, nomilin, and nomilinic acid

Tinosporide, a diterpenoid originally isolated from Tinospora cordifolia

Lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters. They are derived from the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids by esterification. They can be saturated or unsaturated.

Lactones are formed by lactonization, the intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids.
Arrigo Colombo
Arrigo Colombo (1916–1998) was an Italian film producer.

He founded Jolly Film with Giorgio Papi, which produced Gunfight at Red Sands (1963).

Arrigo Colombo and Giorgio Papi hired Sergio Leone to direct A Fistful of Dollars (1964) with a budget of 200.000 dollars. He was the only one who accepted the project by Giuliano Montaldo Sacco & Vanzetti (1971).

Sergio Leone
Sergio Leone (/liˈoʊni/ lee-OH-nee; Italian: [ˈsɛrdʒo leˈoːne]; 3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian filmmaker, credited as the pioneer of the spaghetti Western genre. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest directors in the history of cinema.

Leone's film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. His films include the Dollars Trilogy of Westerns featuring Clint Eastwood: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966); and the Once Upon a Time films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), Duck, You Sucker! (1971), and Once Upon a Time in America (1984).
Cuisine of Odesa
The cuisine of Odesa in Ukraine is influenced by cultures of various regions, including Ukrainian, Russian, Jewish, Crimean Tatar, Armenian, Bulgarian, Moldovan, Greek, Georgian, French, German, Italian, and Uzbek cultures. However, many recipes are indigenous to Odesa, with fusion cuisine being common.

Black Sea sprat
The Black Sea sprat or Pontic sprat, Clupeonella cultriventris, is a small fish of the herring family, Clupeidae. It is found in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and rivers of its basins: Danube, Dnister, Dnipro (Ukraine), Southern Bug, Don, Kuban. It has white-grey flesh and silver-grey scales. A typical size is 10 cm (3.9 in), maximum 15 cm (5.9 in). The life span is up to 5 years. The peak of its spawning is in April and it can be found in enormous shoals in sea-shores, filled all-round coastal shallows, moving quickly back into the sea at a depth of 6–30 metres (20–98 ft). Used for food; it has around 12% fat in flesh.

It is one of the most abundant fishes in the Sea of Azov. It is important prey for other fishes, particularly the pikeperch.

The Caspian tyulka Clupeonella caspia has been long considered a subspecies of C. cultriventris, C. cultriventris caspia, and a common name "Black and Caspian Sea sprat" was then applied to the whole.
Balandin (crater)
Balandin is a small crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies within the large walled plain Gagarin, close to the eastern rim.

Balandin is circular with a somewhat unusual hummocky interior floor, similar to the nearby Kosberg, to Barbier F within Barbier, or to Van den Bos.  It is adjacent to slightly smaller (unnamed) craters to the east and west.

Van den Bos (crater)
Van den Bos is a small lunar impact crater that is joined to the south-southwestern outer rim of the slightly larger crater Tamm. About one crater diameter to the west is Vil'ev. Farther away to the east is the prominent Chaplygin, and to the south-southwest lies Marconi. van den Bos is located on the far side of the Moon and cannot be viewed directly from the Earth.

This is a shallow crater formation with some wear along its rim. It has nearly merged with the neighboring Tamm, and the length of the common rim is almost two-thirds the diameter of van den Bos. The interior floor has a series of rilles across the surface. These are usually formed by cooling sheets of basaltic lava, although it has been hypothesized that the fissured, viscous-appearing material within both Tamm and van den Bos was emplaced as impact melt from the Mendeleev basin 225 km to the northwest.
2014 Skyrunning World Championships
The 2014 Skyrunning World Championships was the 2nd edition of the global skyrunning competition, Skyrunning World Championships, organised by the International Skyrunning Federation and was held in French side of Mont Blanc from 27 to 29 July 2014.

Skyrunning World Championships
The Skyrunning World Championships are skyrunning competitions held for the first time in 2010 and organised by the International Skyrunning Federation. The second edition was held in 2014 and thereafter the championships have taken place on a biennial basis.
Amr Zaki
Amr Hassan Zaki (Arabic: عَمْرو حَسَن زَكِيّ; born 1 April 1983) is an Egyptian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He has played for numerous different clubs in Egypt, Russia, England, Turkey and Kuwait. Zaki has made 63 appearances and scored 30 goals for the Egyptian national team. In his career, Zaki has been nicknamed "The Bulldozer" and has been likened to former England striker Alan Shearer.

However, his career has not been without controversy. He was labelled "highly unprofessional" by former Wigan manager Steve Bruce. Also, his decision not to join English club Portsmouth due to the nationality of some of the players garnered much criticism in the English press.

Egypt Cup
The Egypt Cup (also known as the Egyptian FA Cup and formerly as the King Farouk Cup) is the main knockout football cup competition in Egypt. It is the oldest club competition in Africa. The first team to win the trophy was Zamalek in 1922. Al Ahly hold the record of total number of titles with a total of 39 titles, Zamalek also holds the record of being the only club to win the title for 4 consecutive years twice; from 1957 to 1960 and 2013 up to 2016.
Saint-Roch (Somme) station
Saint-Roch (Somme) is a station in the Northern French city of Amiens. The station was opened in 1847 when the line from Amiens to Abbeville opened. The station was heavily bombarded during the nights of 18 and 20 May 1940, but the building escaped relatively unscathed. It did not escape the allied bombardments of 1942 and 1944 and was rebuilt by Pierre Dufau in 1945.

Abbeville station
Abbeville is a railway station serving the town of Abbeville, Somme department, in Hauts-de-France, northern France. It is on the Longueau–Boulogne railway and is the terminus of the Abbeville–Eu railway. It is served principally by TER Hauts-de-France trains.
Prince Alfred of Liechtenstein (1842–1907)
Prince Alfred Louis of Liechtenstein (Alfred Aloys Eduard; 11 July 1842 in Prague – 8 October 1907 in Frauenthal castle) was the son of Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein (1802–1887) and Countess Julia Eudoxia Potocka-Piława (1818–1895), older brother of Prince Louis of Liechtenstein, and cousin and brother-in-law of Franz I of Liechtenstein.

He was the 1,143rd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria in 1903.

Deutschlandsberg
Deutschlandsberg (German: [dɔʏtʃˈlantsbɛʁk] ⓘ; Slovene: Lonč) is a town in Deutschlandsberg district of Styria, Austria. It is located in southern Austria, near the border with Slovenia. It is approximately 35 km from Graz. Popular tourist attractions include the Deutschlandsberg Castle.
Bristol Bolingbroke
The Bristol Fairchild Bolingbroke is a maritime patrol aircraft and trainer used by the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War. Produced by Fairchild-Canada, it was a license-built version of the Bristol Blenheim Mk IV bomber.

Bristol Mercury
The Bristol Mercury is a British nine-cylinder, air-cooled, single-row, piston radial engine. Designed by Roy Fedden of the Bristol Aeroplane Company it was used to power both civil and military aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s. Developed from the earlier Jupiter engine, later variants could produce 800 horsepower (600 kW) from its capacity of 1,500 cubic inches (25 L) by use of a geared supercharger.

Almost 21,000 engines were produced, with a number also being built under license elsewhere in Europe. Several examples remain airworthy, with other preserved examples on public display in aviation museums.
Amatheia (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Amatheia (Ancient Greek: Ἀμάθεια means 'rears, nurses' or 'she is sparkling water') was the "fair-tressed" Nereid and was described to have "azure locks luxuriant" or as some translations put it "long, heavy hair". As one of these 50 sea-nymphs, she was the daughter of the "Old Man of the Sea" Nereus and the Oceanid Doris. Variations of her names were Æmathia, Amathea and Amathia which means  "queen of voice".

Nereids
In Greek mythology, the Nereids or Nereides (/ˈnɪəriɪdz/ NEER-ee-idz; Ancient Greek: Νηρηΐδες, romanized: Nērēḯdes; sg. Νηρηΐς, Nērēḯs, also Νημερτές) are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris, sisters to their brother Nerites. They often accompany Poseidon, the god of the sea, and can be friendly and helpful to sailors (such as the Argonauts in their search for the Golden Fleece).
Yagoona, New South Wales
Yagoona is a suburb in South Western Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the local government area in City of Canterbury-Bankstown and is located 20 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district,  Yagoona is an Aboriginal word meaning 'now' or 'today'.

City of Canterbury Bankstown
The City of Canterbury Bankstown, legally named Canterbury-Bankstown, is a local government area (LGA) in metropolitan Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is governed by Canterbury-Bankstown Council, branded as CBCity. The LGA was formed on 12 May 2016 from a merger of the City of Canterbury and the City of Bankstown, after a statewide review of local government by the NSW Government.

The City of Canterbury Bankstown comprises an area of 110.8 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) and as per the 2021 census, had a population of 371,006 making it the second most populous local government area in New South Wales.

The current mayor is Bilal El-Hayek, a member of the Labor Party, who was elected on 11 May 2023.
Yaapeet
Yaapeet is a town in the Wimmera region of western Victoria, Australia. The town is located in the Shire of Yarriambiack local government area, 417 kilometres (259 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne.

Facilities in the town include a primary school and a recreation reserve. Wyperfeld National Park and Lake Albacutya are nearby landmarks. It is the terminus for the reopened Yaapeet railway line.

In the 2016 census the population of Yaapeet was 84. It had reduced to 75 in the 2021 census.

Lake Albacutya
Lake Albacutya (Wergaia: Ngelbakutya) is an ephemeral lake located in Albacutya within the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. It is one of a series of terminal lakes on the Wimmera River, which form the largest land-locked drainage system in Victoria. Lake Albacutya is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.