hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inverse photoemission spectroscopy
Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is a surface science technique used to study the unoccupied electronic structure of surfaces, thin films, and adsorbates. A well-collimated beam of electrons of a well defined energy (< 20 eV) is directed at the sample. These electrons couple to high-lying unoccupied electronic states and decay to low-lying unoccupied states, with a subset of these transitions being radiative. The photons emitted in the decay process are detected and an energy spectrum, photon counts vs. incident electron energy, is generated. Due to the low energy of the incident electrons, their penetration depth is only a few atomic layers, making inverse photoemission a particularly surface sensitive technique. As inverse photoemission probes the electronic states above the Fermi level of the system, it is a complementary technique to photoemission spectroscopy.

Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.
Benjamin F. Fifield
Benjamin F. Fifield (November 18, 1832 – July 23, 1918) was a Vermont attorney.  He served as United States Attorney for the District of Vermont (1869–1880) and chief counsel of the Central Vermont Railway, and was a prominent corporation attorney who represented clients throughout New England and New York.

Barre Montpelier Times Argus
The Barre Montpelier Times Argus is a daily newspaper serving the capital region of Vermont. The circulation area includes Washington, Orange, Lamoille, Addison, Caledonia, and parts of Chittenden, Franklin, Orleans and Windsor counties.
2020 NHL Stadium Series
The 2020 NHL Stadium Series was an outdoor regular season National Hockey League (NHL) game, part of the Stadium Series of games that took place on February 15, 2020. The game featured the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche at Falcon Stadium, located on the campus of the United States Air Force Academy in El Paso County, Colorado, north of Colorado Springs. The Kings defeated the Avalanche by a score of 3–1. This was the only game in the Stadium Series that was scheduled for the 2019–20 season.

The United States Air Force Academy's a cappella group and America's Got Talent Season 12 semi-finalist In The Stairwell performed the anthem prior to puck drop while country music artist Sam Hunt performed during the first intermission.

NHL Stadium Series
The Stadium Series is one of the series of regular season outdoor games played in the National Hockey League (NHL). This event is distinct from the NHL's other two series of outdoor games, the NHL Winter Classic, played in a different NHL city every year, and the NHL Heritage Classic (played occasionally at different Canadian stadiums). Games in the Stadium Series are usually played in February or early March, and are typically played in either NFL or college football stadiums in the United States when both leagues are in their offseason. In the past, MLB ballparks in the United States were also used, though it has been mainly utilized for the Winter Classic. The first Stadium Series was held in 2014 and consisted of seven teams participating in four games held in three venues; this was also the only Stadium Series to have taken place in January. Since 2015, only one Stadium Series game has been played each season, except in 2016 and in 2024, when two games were held.
Chandan Sinha
Chandan Sinha is a Bangladeshi playback singer. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer twice for his performance in the films Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini (2013) and Hridita (2022). He was the producer of the sequel Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini 2.

Sinha's grandfather was Nutan Chandra Singha. Sinha's father was Gaurang Sinha (d. 2015).

Chandan Sinha left home for Bollywood at a young age to pursue his dream of being a playback singer. He was unsuccessful there, so he returned home. He then came to the attention of Bangladesh Television (BTV) writer and director Abdullah al Mamun. Mamun used Sinha's voice in his television serial Shirsho Bindu.

Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer
Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Bengali: জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার) is the highest award for male film playback singers in Bangladesh. The award was first presented in 1975,
Jens A. Doe
Major General Jens Anderson Doe (20 June 1891 – 25 February 1971) was a senior United States Army officer who fought with distinction in both World War I and World War II. He is best known for his command of the 41st Infantry Division in the South West Pacific Area during World War II.

5th Infantry Division (United States)
The 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized)—nicknamed the "Red Diamond", or the "Red Devils" —was an infantry division of the United States Army that served in World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War, and with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the U.S. Army III Corps. It was deactivated on 24 November 1992 and reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division.
Gourette
Gourette (French: [ɡuʁɛt]; Béarnese: Goreta) is a winter sports resort in the French Pyrenees. It is located in the commune of Eaux-Bonnes in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques and the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine on the D 918 road which passes through the Col d'Aubisque mountain pass.  The closest air access is Pau Pyrénées Airport. The resort is at an altitude of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) with a ski area of 140 ha (350 acres) and 42 km (26 mi) of marked slopes. The ski area extends between 1,350 and 2,450 m (4,430 and 8,040 ft) above sea level. Gourette is part of the N'PY group of ski resorts.

Snowshoe
Snowshoes are specialized outdoor gear for walking over snow. Their large footprint spreads the user's weight out and allows them to travel largely on top of rather than through snow. Adjustable bindings attach them to appropriate winter footwear.

Traditional snowshoes have a hardwood frame filled in with rawhide latticework. Modern snowshoes are made of lightweight metal, plastic, and other synthetic materials.

In the past, snowshoes were essential equipment for anyone dependent on travel in deep and frequent snowfall, such as  fur trappers. They retain that role in areas where motorized vehicles cannot reach or are inconvenient to use. However, their greatest contemporary use is for recreation.
Rastislav Káčer
Rastislav Káčer (born 9 July 1965) is a Slovak diplomat, former ambassador of Slovakia to US, Hungary and the Czech Republic. From September 2022 to May 2023, Káčer served as the Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia.

Minister of Foreign and European Affairs
The Minister of Foreign and European Affairs (Slovak: Minister zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí) is the head of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic and handles foreign policy of the Slovak Republic.
Enamel fracture
An enamel fracture is when the outermost layer of the tooth is cracked, without damaging the inner layers including the dentine or pulp. This can happen from trauma such as a fall where the teeth are impacted by a hard object causing a chip to occur.

The term “craze lines” and "enamel infraction" are also used to describe minute incomplete cracks exclusive to the enamel surface.

Dental restoration
Dental restoration, dental fillings, or simply fillings are treatments used to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of tooth structure lost due to decay (caries), trauma, or wear. Fillings may also be used to replace or seal tooth structure around dental implants or after more extensive procedures such as root-canal therapy. There are two broad categories of fillings: direct restorations, placed and shaped directly inside a cleaned cavity in a single dental visit, and indirect restorations (such as inlays or onlays), which are fabricated outside the mouth (often in a laboratory) and then cemented into the tooth. Materials for direct fillings commonly include amalgam (metal) or tooth-colored composite and glass-ionomer, while indirect restorations may use ceramics, metal alloys, or porcelain for greater durability and structural support.
Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni
Abu Zakariyya Yahya ibn Umar ibn Talagagin ibn Turgut ibn Wartasin, commonly suffixed al-Lamtuni al-Sanhaji, (d. near Azuggi, 1056; Arabic : يحيى إبن عمر) was a chieftain of the Lamtuna, a tribe in the Sanhaja confederation. Yahya ibn Umar was the second emir of the Almoravids in the mid-11th century, a movement his predecessor, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim, constructed in collaboration with the religious leader Abdallah ibn Yasin. Yahya led the Almoravid armies in their first campaigns, including captures of Sijilmassa and Awdaghost in 1054/55, but was himself killed in battle against a dissident Berber faction in the Adrar. Yahya was succeeded as Almoravid emir by his brother, Abu Bakr ibn Umar.

Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire (Arabic: غانا), also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, or Wagadu, was an ancient western-Sahelian empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali.

It is uncertain among historians when Ghana's ruling dynasty began. The first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830. Further information about the empire was provided by the accounts of Cordoban scholar al-Bakri when he wrote about the region in the 11th century.

After centuries of prosperity, the empire began its decline in the second millennium, and would finally become a vassal state of the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century. Despite its collapse, the empire's influence can be felt in the establishment of numerous urban centers throughout its former territory. In 1957, the Gold Coast, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah named itself Ghana upon independence.
Jeppe on the Hill
Jeppe on the Hill; Or, The Transformed Peasant (Danish: Jeppe på bjerget) is a Danish comedy by the Norwegian playwright Ludvig Holberg, written during the time of the Dano-Norwegian dual monarchy. The play premiered at the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in 1722, and was first published in print in 1723. The play has a special status in Danish theater, and playing the lead role, Jeppe, is seen as a great distinction. Because this, it was entered into the Danish Culture Canon in 2006. Despite its fame in Denmark, it is not well known in the English-speaking world.

In the play, Jeppe is a drunkard peasant who is abused by his wife, Nille. The Baron and his court find him in a drunken stupor and decide to play a joke on Jeppe. A well-known quotation from the work is from Jeppe's soliloquy early in the play, where he says, "Everybody says that Jeppe drinks, but nobody asks why Jeppe drinks", rationalizing his alcohol abuse as a sensible reaction to his miserable life.

Danish Culture Canon
The Danish Culture Canon (Danish: Kulturkanonen) consists of 108 works of cultural excellence in eight categories: architecture, visual arts, design and crafts, film, literature, music, performing arts, and children's culture. An initiative of Brian Mikkelsen in 2004, it was developed by a series of committees under the auspices of the Danish Ministry of Culture in 2006–2007 as "a collection and presentation of the greatest, most important works of Denmark's cultural heritage." Each category contains 12 works, although music contains 12 works of score music, and 12 of popular music. The literature section's 12th item is an anthology of 24 works.
ELOM-080
ELOM-080 (previous designation Myrtol, registered trade mark) is the active ingredient of the herbal medicine named GeloMyrtol forte. The acronym ELOM stands for the oils from Eucalyptus, Lemon, (Sweet) Orange and Myrtle that it contains.

The active ingredient is a special distillate of rectified eucalyptus, sweet orange, myrtle and lemon oil in the ratio 66:32:1:1. It has mucolytic and expectorant actions and is therefore used for acute and chronic bronchitis as well as sinusitis (inflammations of the nasal sinuses).

ELOM-080 is a phytotherapeutic extract (distillate) consisting mainly of three monoterpenes: (+)-α-pinene, d-limonene, and eucalyptol (not be confused with Eucalyptus oil).

The active ingredient is produced by the German manufacturer G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH & Co. KG with registered offices in Hohenlockstedt.

Orange oil
Orange oil is an essential oil produced by cells within the rind of an orange fruit (Citrus sinensis fruit). In contrast to most essential oils, it is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation, producing a cold-pressed oil. It is composed of mostly (greater than 90%) d-limonene, and is often used in place of pure d-limonene. D-limonene can be extracted from the oil by distillation.
Permutation code
Permutation codes are a family of error correction codes that were introduced first by Slepian in 1965. and have been widely studied both in Combinatorics and Information theory due to their applications related to Flash memory and Power-line communication.

Error correction model
An error correction model (ECM) is a type of time series model commonly applied when the underlying variables share a long-run stochastic trend, a property known as cointegration. ECMs provide a theoretically grounded framework for estimating both short-run dynamics and long-run relationships among variables.

The term error correction refers to the idea that deviations from the long-run equilibrium (the error) affect short-run adjustments. In this framework, the model directly estimates the speed at which a dependent variable returns to equilibrium following changes in other explanatory variables.
George Brenton Laurie
George Brenton Laurie (1867 – 1915) was a Nova Scotian army officer and author who distinguished himself in the Boer War and in the First World War, in which he was killed in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle. General John Keir said he had "sterling qualities... His name remains one held in honour for all time."

Oakfield, Nova Scotia
Oakfield is a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.  The community was founded and named by John Wimburn Laurie. He built St. Margaret's of Scotland Church and is the namesake of Laurie Park. He arrived in Canada in 1861. In 1865 he purchased 800 acres in Oakfield. He brought twenty families from England.
Nikkei Business Publications
Nikkei Business Publications, Inc. (株式会社日経BP, Kabushiki-gaisha Nikkei Bī Pī), commonly known as Nikkei BP (日経BP社, Nikkei Bī Pī sha), is a book and magazine publisher based in Tokyo, Japan. The company was established as "Nikkei McGraw-Hill, Inc." (日経マグロウヒル株式会社), a joint venture of Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei) and McGraw-Hill in 1969, and it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Nikkei in 1988.

Nikkei BP is known well for its various magazines on segmentalized business and technology fields, and a direct-sales system of the magazines.

The Nikkei
The Nikkei, also known as The Nihon Keizai Shimbun (日本経済新聞; lit. "Japan Economics Newspaper"), is the flagship publication of Nikkei, Inc. (based in Tokyo) and the world's largest financial newspaper, with a daily circulation exceeding 1.73 million copies. The Nikkei 225, a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, has been calculated by the newspaper since 1950.

It is one of the four national newspapers in Japan; the other three are The Asahi Shimbun, the Yomiuri Shimbun and the Mainichi Shimbun.
Ángeles González-Sinde
Ángeles González-Sinde Reig (born 7 April 1965) is a Spanish scriptwriter, film director and politician. She served as Minister of Culture of the Government of Spain from April 2009 until December 2011. Her appointment was received with anger and rejection by the Spanish Internet Community, due to González-Sinde's opposition to P2P file sharing and the alleged conflict of interest due to her ties to the film industry. A strict anti-piracy law enacted in Spain in December 2011 has become known colloquially as Ley Sinde, or the Sinde Law, as she was seen as the primary backer of the measure.

Ministry of Culture (Spain)
The Ministry of Culture (MC) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for the promotion, protection and dissemination of the Spanish historical heritage, national museums, art, books, reading and literary creation, of cinematographic and audiovisual activities and of national archives and libraries.

It is also responsible for the promotion and dissemination of culture in Spanish, as well as the promotion of cultural cooperation and, in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation, of international relations in the field of culture.

The MCD is headed by the Culture Minister, a Cabinet member who is appointed by the Monarch on advice of the Prime Minister. The minister is assisted by a Secretary of State and an Under-Secretary. The current minister of Culture is, since 21 November 2023, Ernest Urtasun.
2009 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships
The 2009 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 17th edition of the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships, and was part of the International Series of the 2009 ATP Tour. It took place at the Delray Beach Tennis Center in Delray Beach, Florida, United States, from February 23 through March 1, 2009.

The field was headlined by ATP No. 21 and San Jose finalist Mardy Fish, Auckland finalist Sam Querrey, and 2008 Moscow titlist Igor Kunitsyn. Other top seeds competing were Ernests Gulbis, Steve Darcis, Florent Serra, Jérémy Chardy and Lu Yen-hsun.

First-seeded Mardy Fish won the singles title.

2009 Heineken Open
The 2009 Heineken Open is a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It is the 34th edition of the Heineken Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP Tour. It took place at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 12 January through 17 January 2009. First-seeded Juan Martín del Potro won the singles title.

The announced singles field is headlined by Juan Martín del Potro, David Ferrer, and Robin Söderling. Also announced are defending champion Philipp Kohlschreiber, Nicolás Almagro, Sam Querrey, Albert Montañés and Juan Mónaco.
Manually coded language
Manually coded languages are a family of gestural communication methods which include gestural spelling as well as constructed languages which directly interpolate the grammar and syntax of oral languages in a gestural-visual form—that is, signed versions of oral languages. Unlike the sign languages that have evolved naturally in deaf communities, these manual codes are the conscious invention of deaf and hearing educators, and as such lack the distinct spatial structures present in native deaf sign languages. MCLs mostly follow the grammar of the oral language—or, more precisely, of the written form of the oral language that they interpolate. They have been mainly used in deaf education in an effort to "represent English on the hands" and by sign language interpreters in K-12 schools, although they have had some influence on deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread.

Contact sign
A contact sign language, or contact sign, is a variety or style of language that arises from contact between deaf individuals using a sign language and hearing individuals using an oral language (or the written or manually coded form of the oral language). Contact languages also arise between different sign languages, although the term pidgin rather than contact sign is used to describe such phenomena.

Contact sign has been characterized as "a sign language that has elements of both [a] natural sign language and the surrounding [oral] language".
Oxalate phosphate
The oxalate phosphates are chemical compounds containing oxalate and phosphate anions.  They are also called oxalatophosphates or phosphate oxalates. Some oxalate-phosphate minerals found in bat guano deposits are known. Oxalate phosphates can form metal organic framework compounds.

Related compounds include the arsenate oxalates, and phosphite oxalates, oxalatomethylphosphonate, and potentially other oxalate phosphonates.

Oxalate
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula C2O2−4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate ((CH3)2C2O4). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate.
City Technology College
In England, a City Technology College (CTC) is an urban all-ability specialist school for students aged 11 to 18 specialising in science, technology and mathematics. They charge no fees and are independent of local authority control, being overseen directly by the Department for Education. One fifth of the capital costs are met by private business sponsors, who also own or lease the buildings. The rest of the capital costs, and all running costs, are met by the Department.

Secretary of State for Education
The secretary of state for education, also referred to as the education secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for the work of the Department for Education, mainly overseeing education in England. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. As education is fully devolved to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, the post holder has no jurisdiction or influence in education policy or direction in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.

The office holder works alongside the other Education ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for education, and the work of the secretary of state is also scrutinised by the Education Select Committee.

The current education secretary is Bridget Phillipson.
Plymouth Rock Studios
Plymouth Rock Studios was a proposed film and television production studio in Massachusetts.  The studio had held a now-expired option to buy Waverly Oaks Golf Club in Plymouth as the site for the $650 million, 1,260,000-square-foot (117,000 m2) development originally slated to be complete in 2010.  The proposal included fourteen sound stages 10-acre (40,000 m2) back lots, a multipurpose theater, a hotel and offices. The original proposed location for the studio complex was located in South Plymouth, near the town lines of Bourne and Wareham, but was rejected because of faulty land titles.

Construction of the studio was planned to start in July 2009, but was delayed indefinitely in November 2009 when construction funding fell through weeks before the planned groundbreaking.

South Plymouth, Massachusetts
South Plymouth is the portion of Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States that covers much of the southern section of the town, beginning at Manomet and the Pine Hills. It is east of the Myles Standish State Forest, and stretching south to the Bourne and Wareham town lines.

Villages and neighborhoods in South Plymouth are:

Rocky Point

The Pinehills

Manomet
Priscilla Beach
White Horse Beach
Manomet Heights
Manomet Bluffs
Fishermans Landing
Churchill Landing
Colony Beach
Pilgrim Beach
Cedar Bushes
Manomet Beach

Vallerville
Ocean Aire Beach
Surfside Beach
Bayside Beach

Ellisville
Harlow's Landing
Eastland Heights

Cedarville
Nameloc Heights
Pondville

Halfway Pond

Long Pond

West Wind Shores

White Island Shores