hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Copper sheathing
Copper sheathing is a method for protecting the hull of a wooden vessel from attack by shipworm, barnacles and other marine  growth through the use of copper plates affixed to the surface of the hull, below the waterline. It was pioneered and developed by the Royal Navy during the 18th century. In antiquity, ancient Vietnamese and later Chinese used copper plates while ancient Greeks used lead plates to protect the underwater hull.

Careening
Careening (also known as "heaving down") is a method of gaining access to the hull of a sailing vessel without the use of a dry dock. It is used for cleaning or repairing the hull. Before ship's hulls were protected from marine growth by fastening copper sheets over the surface of the hull, fouling by this growth would seriously affect the sailing qualities of a ship, causing a large amount of drag.: 164   As this growth was underwater, removing it was difficult.  Beaching the vessel at high tide allowed the lower hull to be exposed for cleaning or repairs.
Bevercotes
Bevercotes is a hamlet and civil parish in the Bassetlaw district of Nottinghamshire, England, about six miles south of East Retford and five miles north-east of Ollerton. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 28. The population remained less than 100 at the 2011 Census and was included in the civil parish of Bothamsall. In 2021 it was reported as having 19 residents.

The former Bevercotes Colliery was one of the first fully automated coal mines in the country.

Bassetlaw District
Bassetlaw is a local government district in north Nottinghamshire, England. Its council is based in the town of Worksop; the other towns in the district are Retford, Tuxford and Harworth Bircotes. The district also contains numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

Bassetlaw is bounded to the south by the Newark and Sherwood and Mansfield districts, to the south-west by the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, to the north-west by the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham and the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, to the north by North Lincolnshire, and to the east by West Lindsey.

Bassetlaw has been a non-constituent member of the East Midlands Combined County Authority since its estalishment in 2024.. Simultaneously, the district maintains an indirect relationship as a non-constituent member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Authority.
Traidenis
Traidenis (died 1282) was Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1269 or 1270 until 1282. He is the second most prominent grand duke of Lithuania in the 13th century after Mindaugas. His reign ended a seven-year unrest period after King Mindaugas was assassinated in 1263 and firmly established Lithuania as a pagan state for another hundred years.

Traidenis expanded the Grand Duchy into the territories of Sudovians and Semigalians and strengthened its presence in Black Ruthenia. Unlike Mindaugas, Traidenis did not concentrate on expansion into the east.

Duke of Masovia
Duke of Masovia (Polish: Książę Mazowsza) was a title borne by the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. In accordance with the last will and testament of Bolesław, upon his death his lands were divided into four to five hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and a royal province of Kraków reserved for the eldest, who was to be High Duke of all Poland. This was known as the fragmentation of Poland. Subsequent developments lead to further splintering of the duchies.

The following is a list of all rulers of the Duchy of Masovia and its parts. Although not all incumbents listed here had titular rights to the title of Duke of Masovia, they are all listed as such for simplicity's sake.

Also take note that some of the dates are merely approximate and the ownership of certain lands might be disputed. Finally, this table does not include lands ruled by dukes of other parts of partitioned Poland or Wenceslaus II and Wenceslaus III.
Dahuaqiao Dam
The Dahuaqiao Dam is a gravity dam on the Lancang (upper Mekong) River in Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County of Yunnan Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. Construction began in 2010 and its 900 MW hydroelectric power station was fully operational as of 2019.

Gravity dam
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by using only the weight of the material and its resistance against the foundation. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section. (In contrast, sections of an arch dam are not independently stable, and instead rely on transmitting force through neighboring sections to the abutments, often anchored into canyon walls.)
Rainbow Basin
Rainbow Basin is a geological formation in the Calico Peaks range, located approximately 8 miles (13 km) north of Barstow in the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California.

The Rainbow Basin has been designated a National Natural Landmark and is in the Bureau of Land Management managed Rainbow Basin Natural Area. Rainbow Basin is a mixture of private and public land, but it is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It is accessible to the public via Irwin Road from Barstow to an unpaved loop road through the colorful basin.

The basin is notable for the fantastic and beautiful shapes of its rock formations as well as its fossil beds, which have provided scientists with valuable information about life during the middle Miocene epoch, between 12 and 16 million years ago; and to the northeast the Calico Early Man Site.

Rhyolite
Rhyolite (/ˈraɪ.əlaɪt/ RY-ə-lyte) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral assemblage is predominantly quartz, sanidine, and plagioclase. It is the extrusive equivalent of granite.

Its high silica content makes rhyolitic magma extremely viscous. This favors explosive eruptions over effusive eruptions, so this type of magma is more often erupted as pyroclastic rock than as lava flows. Rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs are among the most voluminous of continental igneous rock formations.

Rhyolitic tuff has been used extensively for construction. Obsidian, which is rhyolitic volcanic glass, has been used for tools from prehistoric times to the present day because it can be shaped to an extremely sharp edge. Rhyolitic pumice finds use as an abrasive, in concrete, and as a soil amendment.
PowerPC 600
The PowerPC 600 family was the first family of PowerPC processors built. They were designed at the Somerset facility in Austin, Texas, jointly funded and staffed by engineers from IBM and Motorola as a part of the AIM alliance. Somerset was opened in 1992 and its goal was to make the first PowerPC processor and then keep designing general purpose PowerPC processors for personal computers. The first incarnation became the PowerPC 601 in 1993, and the second generation soon followed with the PowerPC 603, PowerPC 604 and the 64-bit PowerPC 620.

Arithmetic logic unit
In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a combinational digital circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units (GPUs).

The inputs to an ALU are the data to be operated on, called operands, and a code indicating the operation to be performed (opcode); the ALU's output is the result of the performed operation. In many designs, the ALU also has status inputs or outputs, or both, which convey information about a previous operation or the current operation, respectively, between the ALU and external status registers.
Sheldon M. Wolff
Sheldon Malcolm Wolff (1930-1994) was a physician and scientist, investigating causes of inflammation.

Wolff earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Georgia in 1952 and a medical degree from Vanderbilt University in 1957. In 1960, he joined the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, eventually serving as the clinical director. In 1977, he became chair of the Department of Medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine. He held this position until his death in 1994.

Wolff was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983.

Wolff died of cancer on February 9, 1994.

He notably trained and mentored many great leaders in his career, including Jerome Kassirer, Anthony Fauci, and former president of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Jordan Cohen.

Jerome P. Kassirer
Jerome P. Kassirer (born 1932 in Buffalo, New York) is an American nephrologist, medical researcher, and professor at Tufts University School of Medicine. He was the editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine from 1991 to 1999.
Eduardo Domínguez
Eduardo Rodrigo Domínguez (born 1 September 1978) is an Argentine football manager and former player who is the head coach of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Atlético Mineiro.

A former centre-back, Domínguez spent most of his career playing in his home nation, most remarkably for Vélez Sársfield and Huracán, winning the league with the former and the national cup and super cup with the latter. He also had stints in Colombia, with Independiente Medellín, and in the United States, with the LA Galaxy.

Domínguez retired as a player at Huracán in 2015 and immediately took on the role of head coach for the team. He subsequently worked at Colón, Nacional de Montevideo, Independiente, Estudiantes de La Plata and Atlético Mineiro. He led Colón to the club's first major honour, the 2021 Copa de la Liga Profesional. In charge of Estudiantes, he won five trophies, including league and cup titles.

2024 Copa de la Liga Profesional
The 2024 Copa de la Liga Profesional (officially the Copa Sur Finanzas 2024 for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth and final edition of the Copa de la Liga Profesional, an Argentine domestic cup. It began on 25 January and ended on 5 May 2024.

The competition was contested by 28 teams, 26 returning from the 2023 season as well as 2 promoted teams from the 2023 Primera Nacional (Independiente Rivadavia and Deportivo Riestra). Rosario Central were the defending champions but they were eliminated in the Group stage.

After a 1–1 draw in the final, Estudiantes (LP) won 4–3 on penalties against Vélez Sarsfield to claim their first title in the tournament. As champions, Estudiantes (LP) qualified for the 2025 Copa Libertadores and the 2024 Trofeo de Campeones.
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: حسین حلمی پاشا Turkish: Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, also spelled Hussein Hilmi Pasha) (1 April 1855 – 1922) was an Ottoman statesman and imperial administrator. He was twice the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire around the time of the Second Constitutional Era. He was also one-time president of the Turkish Red Crescent, the Turkish affiliate of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Hüseyin Hilmi was one of the most successful Ottoman administrators in the explosive Balkans of the early 20th century, becoming the Ottoman Inspectorate-General of Macedonia from 1902 to 1908, Minister of the Interior from 1908 to 1909, and ambassador to Austria-Hungary from 1912 to 1918. He is often regarded, along with Ahmet Rıza Bey and Hasan Fehmi Pasha, as one of the leading statesmen who encouraged and propagated further progressivism.

Hasan Fehmi Pasha
Hasan Fehmi Pasha (1836–1910) was one of the leading Ottoman statesmen during the late Tanzimat period, who served in various governorships and juridical institutions. He was furthermore a member of the Senate, and a supporter of foreign investment, but at the same time an advocate of syndicates formed by multinational capitalists.
Gustav Vasa Enters Stockholm 1523
Gustav Vasa Enters Stockholm 1523 (Swedish: Gustav Vasas intåg i Stockholm 1523) is a painting painted for the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm by the Swedish painter Carl Larsson. It was completed in 1908. The painting depicts Gustav Vasa of Sweden as he is about to enter Stockholm in 1523 to be king.

Larsson started planning to paint the picture in 1897, but was not allowed to start working until November 1906. The canvasses were largely completed by November 1907, and were hung on the walls on Nationalmuseum on January 28, 1908.

Gustav Vasa
Gustav Eriksson Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September 1560), also known as Gustav I, was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. He was previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm (Riksföreståndare) from 1521, during the Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Gustav rose to lead this war following the Stockholm Bloodbath, where his father was executed. Gustav's election as king on 6 June 1523 (the future National Day of Sweden) and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.

During his reign, Gustav initiated the Protestant Swedish reformation, transformed the country from an elective to a hereditary monarchy and established a standing army and navy.
Succedaneous tooth
The succedaneous teeth are the permanent teeth that replace the deciduous teeth.  Permanent molars are not succedaneous teeth because they do not replace any primary teeth. Succedaneous teeth originate from successional laminae whereas permanent molars originate from the general dental lamina.

They begin to form as early as 24 weeks.

Permanent teeth
Permanent teeth or adult teeth are the second set of teeth formed in diphyodont mammals. In humans and old world simians, there are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.
Symphony No. 10 (Beethoven/Cooper)
Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 10 in E♭ major is a hypothetical work, assembled in 1988 by Barry Cooper from Beethoven's fragmentary sketches for the first movement. All the sketches assembled were clearly intended for the same symphony, which would have followed the Ninth, since they appear together in several small groups, and there is consensus that Beethoven did intend to compose another symphony. Cooper's score was first performed at a concert given in 1988 by the Royal Philharmonic Society, London, to whom Beethoven himself had offered the new symphony in 1827. The score is published by Universal Edition, Vienna, and appeared in a new edition in 2013.

C minor
C minor is a minor scale based on C, consisting of the pitches C, D, E♭, F, G, A♭, and B♭. Its key signature consists of three flats. Its relative major is E♭ major and its parallel major is C major.

The C natural minor scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The C harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:
Colonia (Roman)
A Roman colonia (pl.: coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "colony".

Nepi
Nepi (anciently Nepet or Nepete) is a town and comune  in the province of Viterbo,   Lazio, central Italy.  The town lies 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of the city of Viterbo and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest from Civita Castellana.

The town is known for its mineral springs, sold and bottled under the Acqua di Nepi brand throughout Italy.
Lackagh
Lackagh (Irish: Leacach) is a civil parish in County Galway, Ireland. It is approximately halfway between Galway city and Tuam (east of a line between these two towns) and bounded by the parishes of Athenry, Abbeyknockmoy, Corofin, Annaghdown and Claregalway. The River Clare runs through the centre of the parish.

It was once part of the kingdom of the Soghain of Connacht. Cregmore and Turloughmore lie within the parish.

Athenry
Athenry (/æθənˈraɪ/; Irish: Baile Átha an Rí, meaning 'town of the ford of the king') is a town in County Galway, Ireland, which lies 25 kilometres (16 miles) east of Galway city. Some of the attractions of the medieval town are its town wall, Athenry Castle, its priory and its 13th-century street-plan. The town is also well known by virtue of the song "The Fields of Athenry". The town is in a townland, civil parish and barony of the same name.
Pennsville Township, New Jersey
Pennsville Township is a township in Salem County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township is named for William Penn. It is the westernmost town in New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 12,684, a decrease of 725 (−5.4%) from the 2010 census count of 13,409, which in turn reflected an increase of 215 (+1.6%) from the 13,194 counted in the 2000 census.

The township had the 24th-highest property tax rate in New Jersey, with an equalized rate of 4.285% in 2020, compared to 3.476% in the county as a whole and a statewide average of 2.279%. The township, and all of Salem County, is part of South Jersey and of the Philadelphia-Wilmington-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area, also known as the Delaware Valley or Philadelphia metropolitan area.

New Jersey's 3rd legislative district
New Jersey's 3rd legislative district is one of 40 in the state. As of the 2021 apportionment the district covers the Cumberland County municipalities of Deerfield Township, Greenwich Township, Hopewell Township, Shiloh Borough, Stow Creek Township, and Upper Deerfield Township; the Gloucester County municipalities of Clayton, East Greenwich Township, Elk Township, Glassboro, Greenwich Township, Harrison Township, Logan Township, Mantua Township, National Park, Paulsboro, Pitman, South Harrison Township, Swedesboro, Wenonah Borough, West Deptford Township, Westville, and Woolwich Township, and all of Salem County.
Slavyanka Beach
Slavyanka Beach (Bulgarian: бряг Славянка, romanized: bryag Slavyanka, IPA: [ˈbrʲak sɫɐˈvʲaŋkɐ]) is the mostly ice-free 2.2 km long beach forming the southwest coast of Gurkovska Cove in eastern Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica.  It is bounded by Walker Point on the southeast and the terminus of Stadium Glacier on the northwest.  The feature was formed as a result of glacier retreat in the first decade of 21st century.

The beach is “named after the fish canning plant Slavyanka in Burgas, Bulgaria that processed Antarctic fish supplied by fishing vessels of the company Ocean Fisheries – Burgas whose ships operated in the waters of South Georgia, Kerguelen, the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula from 1970 to the early 1990s. The Bulgarian fishermen, along with those of the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany are the pioneers of modern Antarctic fishing industry.”

The Stadium (cirque)
The Stadium is a cirque with mountains on three sides but open on the east, located 1 mi north of Walker Point on Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. The floor of this feature is occupied by a homonymous glacier feeding the head of Gurkovska Cove. Mapped by the U.K. Joint Services Expedition to Elephant Island, 1970–71. UK Antarctic Place-names Committee (UK-APC) applied the descriptive name for this bowl-shaped feature.
Santschiella
Santschiella is an Afrotropical genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae. It contains the single species Santschiella kohli, described by Forel in 1916 from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The genus is known only from workers, measuring about 3 mm in length and with large eyes. Forel (1917) placed Santschiella in its own tribe, Santschiellini, where it remained until Bolton (2003) moved it to Gesomyrmecini.

Formicinae
The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae family containing ants of moderate evolutionary development.

Formicines retain some primitive features, such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups. Extreme modification of mandibles is rare, except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus. However, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans. Finally, all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.

All members of the Formicinae "have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale".
Les Clips Vol. III
Les Clips Vol. III is a VHS recorded by the French singer Mylène Farmer, containing all the singer's videoclips from 1989 to 1990. It was released in March 1990 in France.

In order to release a new video clips, Laurent Boutonnat decided to include the two live videos "Allan" and "Plus grandir", and had therefore deleted them from the video En Concert, which was scheduled to release a few weeks later. Despite its platinum certification, this VHS was the least-selling video, in comparison with the two previous VHS.

This VHS content is also included on the DVD Music Videos I.

Music Videos I
Music Videos, also referred to as Music Videos I, is a compilation of music videos by the French singer Mylène Farmer, containing all of her videos from 1984 to 1992. It was originally released on VHS in April 1997, then on DVD in 2000. A LaserDisc edition, also released in 1997, combined this compilation with the following Music Videos II.

This VHS includes all videos (except "Maman a tort") from Farmer's first three albums: Cendres de lune, Ainsi soit je... and L'Autre... The DVD also includes the 1984 video for "Maman a tort", the videos of two live singles, and two behind-the-scenes features.
Polyamine
A polyamine is an organic compound having three or more amino groups. Alkyl polyamines occur naturally, but some are synthetic. Alkylpolyamines are colorless, hygroscopic, and water soluble. Near neutral pH, they exist as the ammonium derivatives. Most aromatic polyamines are crystalline solids at room temperature.

1,4,7-Triazacyclononane
1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, known as "TACN" which is pronounced "tack-en," is an aza-crown ether with the formula (C2H4NH)3. TACN is derived, formally speaking, from cyclononane by replacing three equidistant CH2 groups with NH groups. TACN is one of the oligomers derived from aziridine, C2H4NH. Other members of the series include piperazine, C4H8(NH)2, and the cyclic tetramer 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane.
William Hornby (priest)
William Hornby  (1810–1899) was the inaugural Archdeacon of Lancaster.

Hornby was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was Vicar of St Michael's on Wyre from 1847 to 1885; and Rural Dean of Preston from 1850 to 1878.

He died on 20 December 1899. His son was also Archdeacon of Lancaster from 1909 to 1936.

Phipps Hornby (priest)
Phipps John Hornby (10 January 1853 – 4 April 1936)
was Archdeacon of Lancaster from 1909 to his death.

He was educated at Rugby and Balliol College, Oxford and  ordained in  1877. After a curacy in Lytham St Annes he was Vicar of St Michael's on Wyre from 1885 to 1919.; before his Archdeacon’s appointment.