hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Switched communication network
In computer networking and telecommunications, a switched communication network is a communication network which uses switching for connection of two non-adjacent nodes.

Switched communication networks are divided into circuit switched networks, message switched networks, and packet switched networks.

Circuit switching
Circuit switching is a method of implementing a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.

Circuit switching originated in analog telephone networks where the network created a dedicated circuit between two telephones for the duration of a telephone call. It contrasts with message switching and packet switching used in modern digital networks in which the trunklines between switching centres carry data between many different nodes in the form of data packets without dedicated circuits.
2017 Samford Bulldogs football team
The 2017 Samford Bulldogs football team represented Samford University in the 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by third-year head coach Chris Hatcher and played their home games at Seibert Stadium. They were a member of the Southern Conference (Socon). They finished the season 8–4, 6–2 in SoCon play to finish in a tie for second place. They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs, where they lost to Kennesaw State in the first round.

2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season
The 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season, part of college football in the United States, was organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) level. The FCS Championship Game was played on January 6, 2018, in Frisco, Texas. The North Dakota State Bison beat the James Madison Dukes, 17–13, to capture their sixth title in seven years.
Princess Helene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Princess Helene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (22 November 1807 – 5 September 1880) was a member of the House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and a Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg by birth and a member of the House of Württemberg and a Duchess of Württemberg as the second wife of Duke Eugen of Württemberg.

Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Hohenlohe-Langenburg (German pronunciation: [hoːənˌloːə ˈlaŋənbʊɐ̯k]) was a German county and later principality in the Holy Roman Empire. It was located around Langenburg in what is now northeastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Starting in medieval times and continuing until 1806, this small state was ruled by a branch of the House of Hohenlohe, first as lords, then as counts and ultimately as ruling princes of the Holy Roman Empire after 1764. The princely House of Hohenlohe-Langenburg still owns and lives in Langenburg Castle today.
Marcus Manlius Vulso (consular tribune 420 BC)
Marcus Manlius Vulso was a consular tribune of the Roman Republic in 420 BC.

Manlius belonged to the Manlia gens, an ancient and influential patrician family. Manlius was the son of a Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, who should probably be identified with the consul of 474 BC or an otherwise unattested son of the consul. If the consul is his father then Aulus Manlius Vulso, the decemviri of 451 BC, would have been his brother. Filiations indicate that Publius Manlius Vulso, consular tribune in 400 BC, was the son of Manlius.

Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 474 BC)
Gnaeus Manlius Vulso was Roman consul in 474 BC with Lucius Furius Medullinus Fusus.

The historian Livy calls him Gaius. Most modern writers refer to him as Aulus, assuming that he is the same person as the decemvir of 451 BC, who is called Aulus in the Fasti Capitolini.  However, the chronology of this family makes this extremely improbable, leading to the conclusion that he was in fact Gnaeus, the father of the decemvir. The praenomina Gnaeus and Gaius were often confused in early records, which would account for the appearance of that name in Livy's history.
Odamtten
Odamtten is a patronymic surname of Ga-Dangme origins, derived from the Ga male name, Odamete. It is borne by the La people of Accra, Ghana. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Odamtten Easmon (1913–1994), first Ghanaian surgeon and first Dean of the University of Ghana Medical School

George Tawia Odamtten (born 1948), Ghanaian mycologist

Isaac Odamtten, Ghanaian politician

Sonya Winton-Odamtten, American professor, writer and television personality

Isaac Odamtten
Isaac Ashai Odamtten (born 13 May 1972) is a Ghanaian politician who is a member of the National Democratic Congress. He is the member of Parliament Elect for the Tema East Constituency. From 2013 to 2017, he served the Mayor and Metropolitan Chief Executive of Tema Metropolitan Area.
Lu Yongxiang (engineer)
Lu Yongxiang (Chinese: 路甬祥; pinyin: Lù Yǒngxiáng; born April 28, 1942) is a Chinese mechanical engineer and politician. He served as President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress.

Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
The vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress are deputies to the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, responsible for assisting the chairman in his work.

The vice chairpersons are formally nominated by the Presidium of the NPC during a session and approved by the delegations of the NPC, though in reality are chosen within the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The chairman, vice chairpersons and the secretary-general of the NPCSC collectively constitute the Council of Chairpersons. A vice chairperson may be delegated to exercise some of the chairman's powers by the chairman. In the case that the chairman becomes incapacitated, NPCSC temporarily elects one of the vice chairpersons until the chairman is able to resume their work or a new chairman is elected by the NPC. Since 1982, vice chairpersons are appointed for a term of five years, and cannot serve for more than two terms.
Taobao Shangou
Taobao Shangou (Chinese: 淘宝闪购; lit. 'Taobao Flash Shopping') is the online food delivery and local life service platform of Alibaba Group. Founded in 2008 and known until 2025 as Ele.me (Chinese: 饿了么; lit. 'Are you hungry?'), it was the second largest online food delivery service platform in China as of 2023.

Online food ordering
Online food ordering is the process of ordering food, for delivery or pickup, from a website or other application. The product can be either ready-to-eat food (e.g., direct from a home-kitchen, restaurant, or a virtual restaurant) or food that has not been specially prepared for direct consumption (e.g., vegetables direct from a farm/garden, fruits, frozen meats. etc).

Ordering food through third-party delivery companies has emerged as a global industry, leading to a "delivery revolution." From 2018 to 2021, global revenues for the online food delivery sector rose from $90 billion to $294 billion.
2009 Kerry County Council election
An election to Kerry County Council took place on 5 June 2009 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 27 councillors were elected from five local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

2009 Irish local elections
The 2009 Irish local elections were held in all the counties, cities and towns of Ireland on Friday, 5 June 2009, on the same day as the European Parliament election and two by-elections (Dublin South and Dublin Central).
Ganaagiin Galbadrakh
Ganaagiin Galbadrakh (Mongolian: Ганаагийн Галбадрах; born May 3, 1974) is a Mongolian former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Galbadrakh represented Mongolia at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and eventually, at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea, where he finished only in the prelims.

Galbadrakh competed only in the men's 100 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He received a Universality place from FINA, in an entry time of 54.94. He challenged six other swimmers in heat two, including 15-year-olds Ragi Edde of Lebanon and Dawood Youssef of Bahrain. He pulled himself farther from the top field to a fourth seed in 58.79, nearly four seconds below his entry standard and 5.24 behind leader Gregory Arkhurst of Côte d'Ivoire. Galbadrakh failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed sixty-seventh overall in the prelims.

Gregory Arkhurst
Gregory Arkhurst (born 6 May 1976) is an Ivorian former swimmer. He represented Ivory Coast at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics, while living and training in Canada, however.

He now coaches Mary-Sophie Harvey and was part of the Canadian team during the last Olympic Games in Paris.
Burkholderia latens
Burkholderia latens is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia and the family of Burkholderiaceae which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Colonies of Burkholderia latens are moist.

Burkholderiaceae
The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales. It includes some pathogenic species, such as Burkholderia mallei (glanders) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis). This family was found to be enriched in scale-eating pupfish (Cyprinodon desquamator) guts, even after being fed a common laboratory diet, suggesting it may aid in scale-digestion (Heras and Martin 2022).
1944 Montreal RAF Liberator VI crash
45°29′37″N 73°33′31″W﻿ / ﻿45.493678°N 73.558497°W﻿ / 45.493678; -73.558497

On April 25, 1944, a Royal Air Force Liberator B Mark VI en route to Britain via Gander, Newfoundland crashed into the Griffintown neighborhood in downtown Montreal, Quebec minutes after taking off from Dorval Airport. The five-member crew and ten civilians on the ground were killed, and a large fire destroyed at least 10 homes.

Sun Life Building
The Sun Life Building is a historic 122-metre (400 ft), 24-story office building at 1155 Metcalfe Street on Dorchester Square in the city's downtown core of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The building was completed in 1931 after three stages of construction. It was built exclusively for the Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada. Although the then-new head office of the Royal Bank of Canada at 360 Saint Jacques Street in Montreal was taller by several floors, the Sun Life Building was at the time the largest building in square footage anywhere in the British Empire. The Sun Life Building went through three different stages of construction, the first one starting as early as 1913, but it was not until 1931 that its main 24-storey tower was erected, thus completing the project.
Zard-e Sheykh Hasan
Zard-e Sheykh Hasan (Persian: زردشيخ حسن, romanized: Zard-e Sheykh Ḩasan or Zard-e Sheykh; also known as Zard) is a village in Osmanvand Rural District, Firuzabad District, Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 4 families.

Osmanvand Rural District
Osmanvand Rural District (Persian: دهستان عثمان‌وند) is in Firuzabad District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Anjab-e Buzhan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Sar Jub-e Qaleh Masgareh.
José Ballivián
José Ballivián Segurola (5 May 1805 – 6 October 1852) was a Bolivian general during the Peruvian-Bolivian War. He also served as the ninth president of Bolivia from 1841 to 1847. He advocated during his reign for free-trade economic policies. He also advocated for liberalism.

President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may serve a maximum of two terms. A strict and inviolable two-term limit is enshrined in the Bolivian Constitution. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Rodrigo Paz is the 68th and current president of Bolivia, having assumed office on 8 November 2025.
Garmabad, Ilam
Garmabad (Persian: گرم اباد, also Romanized as Garmābād) is a village in Majin Rural District, Majin District, Darreh Shahr County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 74, in 15 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Mazhin Rural District
Mazhin Rural District (Persian: دهستان ماژين) is in Mazhin District of Darreh Shahr County, Ilam province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Meydan Khalaf. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Mazhin, now a city.
Battle of Rawa
Battle of Rawa (also written as -Rava, -Rawa-Ruska, -Rava-Ruska, or -Rava-Russka) was an early stage World War I battle between Austria-Hungary and Russia, from 3-11 September, 1914. The Russian armies had defeated their opponents and pushed them back to the Carpathian Mountains. The battle was part of the series of engagements known as Battle of Galicia.

Rava-Ruska
Rava-Ruska (Ukrainian: Рава-Руська, IPA: [ˈrɑwɐ ˈrusʲkɐ] ⓘ; Polish: Rawa Ruska; Yiddish: ראווע, romanized: Rave) is a city in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine. It is a border town between Ukraine and Poland. The border checkpoint is situated 8 km (5 mi) west of the city, along the international autoroute Warsaw–Lviv. Rava-Ruska hosts the administration of Rava-Ruska urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is approximately 8,494 (2022 estimate).
Rattan shield
The rattan shield was used by the militaries of China and Korea since the Ming dynasty and the Joseon dynasty, respectively. The Ming general Qi Jiguang described its use in his book, the Jixiao Xinshu, which was reproduced in the Korean Muyejebo that contains the first Korean account of the shield. The rattan shield is circular and often have a fierce tiger face on it, so it is also called the tiger shield.

A similar native shield in the Philippines (and parts of Borneo) made from tightly-woven rattan or wood is known as taming.

Dao (Chinese sword)
Dao (pronunciation: [táʊ], English approximation: /daʊ/ dow, Chinese: 刀; pinyin: dāo; jyutping: dou1) are single-edged Chinese swords, primarily used for slashing and chopping. They can be straight or curved. The most common form is also known as the Chinese sabre, although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as Chinese broadswords. In China, the dao is considered one of the four traditional weapons, along with the gun (stick or staff), qiang (spear), and the jian (double-edged sword), called in this group "The General of Weapons".
Armistice of Versailles
The Armistice of Versailles that came into effect on 28 January 1871 brought to an end the active phase of the Franco-Prussian War. The signatories were Jules Favre, foreign minister in the provisional Government of National Defence, for the French and Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the newly established German Empire, for Prussia and her allies. The suspension of hostilities initially lasted until 19 February, when it was extended through 26 February, when a preliminary peace treaty was signed, also at Versailles. The definitive Treaty of Frankfurt was signed on 10 May. Although technically an armistice, the military position of France at the time and the terms were such that it was de facto a conditional surrender by the vanquished to the victors.

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
The Treaty of Frankfurt (French: Traité de Francfort; German: Friede von Frankfurt) was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871 by the German Empire and the French Third Republic, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War.
Mono Pond State Park Reserve
Mono Pond State Park Reserve is a public recreation area covering 218 acres (88 ha) in the town of Columbia, Connecticut, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Willimantic. The state park surrounds Mono Pond, a 113-acre (46 ha) body of water averaging depths of 3.5 feet (1.1 m) with an area near the dam reaching a depth of nine feet (2.7 m). The park offers fishing, hiking, picnicking, cross-country skiing, bow hunting, and a boat launch for motorized (8-hp limit) and non-motorized boating. The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection and was added to the roll of Connecticut state parks in 2008.

Columbia, Connecticut
Columbia is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 5,272 at the 2020 census. Originally a part of Lebanon, known as the North Society or Lebanon's Crank, Columbia was incorporated in May 1804. The town was named for patriotic reasons after the national symbol "Columbia". Columbia offers pre-kindergarten through eighth grade education in town at Horace W. Porter School, while high school students have a choice of attending four nearby high schools; E. O. Smith High School, Bolton High School, Coventry High School, and Windham Technical High School, part of the Connecticut Technical High School System).
Kokang Self-Administered Zone
The Kokang Self-Administered Zone (Burmese: ကိုးကန့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသ, Chinese: 果敢自治区), also Laukkaing District (Burmese: လောက်ကိုင်ခရိုင်) as stipulated by the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, is a former de jure self-administered zone in northern Shan State. The zone is intended to be self-administered by the Kokang people. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010. It is recognized as illegal by the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA).

Self-administered zone
A self-administered area (Burmese: ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ဒေသ, romanized: kopaingokchoakkwingdetha) is an administrative subdivision in Myanmar (Burma). There are five self-administered zones and one self-administered division.
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta (Amedeo Umberto Isabella Luigi Filippo Maria Giuseppe Giovanni di Savoia-Aosta; 21 October 1898 – 3 March 1942) was the third Duke of Aosta and a first cousin once removed of the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III. During World War II, he was the Italian Viceroy of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI).

Lion of the Desert
Lion of the Desert (alternative titles: Omar Mukhtar and Omar Mukhtar: Lion of the Desert) is a 1981 American-Libyan-British epic historical war film about the Second Italo-Senussi War, starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar Mukhtar, a Bedouin leader fighting the Regio Esercito (Royal Italian Army), and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, who defeated Mukhtar. It was directed by Syrian-American director Moustapha Akkad.

Released in May 1981, the film has received positive reviews from critics, but performed poorly at the box office, gaining revenues of US$1.5 million worldwide despite having a $35 million budget. The film was banned in Italy in 1982 and was only shown on pay TV in 2009.
Masonic Temple (Ferndale, California)
The Masonic Temple in Ferndale, California is located at 212 Francis Street, in an Eastlake-Stick style building built in 1891. The Masonic Hall is a contributing property in the Ferndale Main Street Historic District which was added on 10 January 1994 to the National Register of Historic Places. Ferndale Masonic Lodge Free & Accepted Masons #193 holds meetings in the building.

Ferndale Main Street Historic District
A portion of the City of Ferndale (California) was designated a State Historic Landmark (No. 883) in 1975 by the California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation. Ferndale's Main Street Historic District was established in 1994 by the National Park Service and placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
2024 Washington State Auditor election
The 2024 Washington State Auditor election was held on November 5, 2024, to elect the Washington State Auditor, concurrently with the 2024 U.S. presidential election, as well as elections to the U.S. Senate and various state and local elections, including for U.S. House and governor of Washington. Washington is one of two states that holds a top-two primary, meaning that all candidates are listed on the same ballot regardless of party affiliation, and the top two move on to the general election.

Incumbent Democratic State Auditor Pat McCarthy was re-elected to a third term.

Primary elections took place on August 6, 2024.

2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington
The 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Washington were held on November 5, 2024, to elect the ten U.S. representatives from the State of Washington, one from each of the state's congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2024 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. The primary elections took place on August 6, 2024.
Fantasy of manners
The fantasy of manners is a subgenre of fantasy literature that also partakes of the nature of a comedy of manners (though it is not necessarily humorous). Such works generally take place in an urban setting and within the confines of a fairly elaborate, and almost always hierarchical, social structure. The term was first used in print by science fiction critic Donald G. Keller in an article, The Manner of Fantasy, in the April 1991 issue of The New York Review of Science Fiction.

Fantasy literature
Fantasy literature is literature set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Magic, the supernatural and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy literature may be directed at both children and adults.

Fantasy is considered a genre of speculative fiction and is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes, respectively, though these may overlap. Historically, most works of fantasy were in written form, but since the 1960s, a growing segment of the genre has taken the form of fantasy films, fantasy television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and art.

Many fantasy novels originally written for children and adolescents also attract an adult audience. Examples include Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Harry Potter series, The Chronicles of Narnia, and The Hobbit.
Fureru
Fureru (Japanese: ふれる。; lit. 'Touch') is a 2024 Japanese animated film directed by Tatsuyuki Nagai and written by Mari Okada. It was produced by CloverWorks, and distributed by Toho and Aniplex. The film premiered in Japan on October 4, 2024.

CloverWorks
CloverWorks, Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社CloverWorks, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha KurōbāWākusu) is a Japanese animation studio that was rebranded from A-1 Pictures' Kōenji Studio. It is a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan's anime production firm Aniplex.
Mount Olivine (Quebec)
The Mont Olivine is a mountain in Gaspésie National Park, in the unincorporated  territory of Mont-Albert, in the La Haute-Gaspésie Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the region of Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine, in Quebec, in Canada.

Mount Olivine is one of the Chic-Choc Mountains.

Chic-Choc Mountains
The Chic-Choc Mountains, also spelled Shick Shocks, form a mountain range in the central region of the Gaspe Peninsula in Quebec, Canada. It is a part of the Notre Dame Mountains, which are a subrange of the Appalachians.