hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sergiy Yurshev
Sergiy Yurshev (Russian: Сергий Юршев, secular name Simon Petrovich Yurshev, Симон Петрович Юршев) (1745 — circa 1799) was a Russian religious figure of the 18th century.

He was the founder of the Old Believer Irgiz monasteries and contributed significantly to their all-Russian fame, but later joined the Edinoverie movement and was expelled from the Irgiz, despite the patronage of the authorities. Subsequently, he became the abbot of an Edinoverie monastery, leaving behind a number of religious writings directed against the Schism of the Russian Church and in support of Edinoverie. In the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, he is described as an outstanding figure for the benefit of Edinoverie.

Hieromonk
A hieromonk, also called a priestmonk, is a person who is both monk and priest in the Eastern Christian tradition.

A hieromonk can be either a monk who has been ordained to the priesthood or a priest who has received monastic tonsure. When a married priest's wife dies, it is not uncommon for him to become a monk, since the Church forbids clergy to enter into a second marriage after ordination and can be no longer promoted to any higher grade.

Ordination to the priesthood is the exception rather than the rule for monastics, as a monastery will usually only have as many hieromonks and hierodeacons as it needs to perform the daily services.

In the church hierarchy, a hieromonk is of higher dignity than a hierodeacon, just as a secular (i.e., married) priest is of higher dignity than a deacon. Within their own ranks, hieromonks are assigned order of precedence according to the date of their ordination. Ranking above a hieromonk are a hegumen and an archimandrite.
Långsjön (Skälsätra-Tutviken)
Långsjön (Swedish for "Long Lake") is a lake in the Tyresån Lake System located on the border between Haninge and Tyresö Municipalities in Stockholm County, Sweden.

Flowing west to east, the lake receives water from Lake Drevviken and empties into Tyresö-Flaten, and separates two residential areas — Skälsätra north of it and Tutviken south of it.

It is a shallow lake with step shores surrounded by flat rock terrain.  Its water used to be unsuitable for bathing due to high bacteria levels, but the situation has improved lately and bacteria levels in the lake are now in pair with the rest of the lake system, most likely due to decreased surface runoff caused by warmer winters.  Levels of phosphorus and nitrogen are very high.  The buffering capacity is very good.

Few species are contained in the lake, the aquatic vegetation of which is limited to some reeds.

Stockholm County
Stockholm County (Swedish: Stockholms län [ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlms ˈlɛːn]) is a county (Swedish: län) on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland (Roslagen) and Södermanland (Södertörn). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical riksområden (national areas) according to NUTS:SE, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.
Methanometer
A methanometer  is an instrument used to measure methane gas in the air of a mine.  The Mine Safety Appliances Company Ltd. manufactured the first type - W8 Methanometer around 1950 and it was approved for use by the Ventilation Regulations of 1947. The Methanometer could be powered by an Edison battery cap lamp and it could be carried on a miner's belt with other tools. Methane is the main gas present in firedamp. It is highly explosive and had previously been detected by the blue halo effect it gave to the flame of a safety lamp.

By 1983, several instruments for measuring methane concentration in air had been developed. These relied on such methods as the differential heating of an incandescent platinum filament, or by measuring the higher absorption of infrared radiation by gas containing methane.

Safety lamp
A safety lamp is any of several types of lamp that provides illumination in places such as coal mines where the air  may carry coal dust or a build-up of flammable gases, which may explode if ignited, possibly by an electric spark. Until the development of effective electric lamps in the early 1900s, miners used flame lamps to provide illumination. Open flame lamps could ignite flammable gases which collected in mines, causing explosions; safety lamps were developed to enclose the flame to prevent it from igniting the explosive gases. Flame safety lamps have been replaced for lighting in mining with sealed explosion-proof electric lights, but continue to be used to detect gases.
High-water mark of the Confederacy
The high-water mark of the Confederacy or high tide of the Confederacy refers to an area on Cemetery Ridge near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, marking the farthest point reached by Confederate forces during Pickett's Charge on July 3, 1863. Similar to a high water mark of water, the term is a reference to arguably the Confederate Army's best chance of achieving victory in the war. The line of advance was east of "The Angle" stone wall.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Wolfskopf
The Wolfskopf ("Wolf's Head") is a 668.5 metre high mountain in the West Harz in central Germany. It lies in the district of Göttingen roughly 2 km east of Kamschlacken and about 5 km southwest of Altenau.

The Wolfsklippen crags, to the south which extend for about 60 metres in length (580 to 640 m above NN), are classed as a  natural monument.

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
WPAT (AM)
WPAT (930 kHz) is a AM radio station licensed to Paterson, New Jersey, with a brokered programming format. It is owned by Multicultural Broadcasting with studios in Manhattan's Financial District.

WPAT is powered at 5,000 watts, using a directional antenna to protect other stations on 930 AM from interference. The station's four 380-foot towers are on Broad Street in Clifton, New Jersey, near the Garden State Parkway.

Brokered programming
Brokered programming (also known as time-buy and blocktime) is a form of broadcast content in which the show's producer pays a radio or television station for air time, rather than exchanging programming for pay or the opportunity to play spot commercials. A brokered program is typically not capable of garnering enough support from advertisements to pay for itself, and may be controversial, esoteric or an advertisement in itself.
San Jose Center for the Performing Arts
The San Jose Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts venue located in Downtown San Jose, California, United States. It opened in 1972 and is now home to San Jose Dance Theatre and Broadway San Jose.

Downtown San Jose
Downtown San Jose is the central business district of San Jose, California, United States. Downtown is one of the largest tech clusters in Silicon Valley, as well as the cultural and political center of San Jose.
Diego Rodríguez de Lucero
Diego Rodríguez de Lucero was a priest and inquisitor of the Kingdom of Castile based in Córdoba between 1499 and 1507. His harsh and unjust persecutions created a reign of terror, and eventually he was removed from office.

Inquisitor
An inquisitor was an official (usually with judicial or investigative functions) in an inquisition – an organization or program intended to eliminate heresy and other things contrary to the doctrine or teachings of the Catholic faith. Literally, an inquisitor is one who "searches out" or "inquires" (from the Latin inquirere).

There are also archaic female forms of the word. Inquisitrix was found to be used in the early 1800s and its predecessor inquisitress was found to be used in the early 1700s.

In some cases, inquisitors sought out the social networks that people used to spread heresy.

There were multiple national inquisitions with different approaches and targets.
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It arose as a practical measure, due to the mutual unintelligibility of the varieties of Chinese spoken in different parts of China. Knowledge of this language was thus essential for an official career, but it was never formally defined. The language was a koiné based on Mandarin dialects. The southern variant spoken around Nanjing was prevalent in the late Ming and early Qing eras, but a form based on the Beijing dialect became dominant by the mid-19th century and developed into Standard Chinese in the 20th century. In some 19th-century works, it was called the court dialect.

Thomas Francis Wade
Sir Thomas Francis Wade, GCMG KCB (25 August 1818 – 31 July 1895) was a British diplomat and sinologist who produced an early Chinese textbook in English, in 1867, that was later amended, extended and converted into the Wade-Giles romanization system for Mandarin Chinese by Herbert Giles in 1892. He was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University.
Cherrybrook metro station
Cherrybrook Metro Station is a station on the Sydney Metro network's North West & Bankstown Line, located along Castle Hill Road in the Hornsby Shire suburb of Cherrybrook, New South Wales. The station has since started serving trains to the Sydney central business district and will extend to Bankstown as part of the government's 20-year Sydney's Rail Future strategy.

Hornsby Shire
Hornsby Shire is a local government area situated on the Upper North Shore as well as parts of the Hills District, of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The shire stretches from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to the Hawkesbury River town of Wisemans Ferry, some 53 kilometres (33 mi) to the north, making it the largest local government council in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan region by total area. As of the 2016 census the shire had an estimated population of 142,667.

The mayor of Hornsby Shire is Cr Warren Waddell, a member of the Liberal Party, who was elected on 14 September 2024.
2020 ATP Cup
The 2020 ATP Cup was the first edition of the ATP Cup, an international outdoor hard court men's team tennis tournament held by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Serving as the opener for the 2020 ATP Tour, it was the first ATP team tournament since the last edition of the World Team Cup in 2012. It was held on 3–12 January 2020 at three venues in the Australian cities of Brisbane, Perth, and Sydney.

Serbia won the tournament, defeating Spain 2–1 in the final.

2020 ATP Tour
The 2020 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2020 tennis season. The 2020 ATP Tour calendar was composed of the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP Finals, the ATP Masters 1000, the ATP Cup, the ATP 500 series, the ATP 250 series, and the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF). Also included in the 2020 calendar were the tennis events at the Next Generation ATP Finals, and the Laver Cup, neither of which distributed ranking points.
Year disrupted by COVID-19 pandemic, thus making the season pandemic-shortened. Several tournaments were suspended or postponed due to this, including the Summer Olympics in Tokyo. On 17 June 2020, ATP issued the revised calendar for Tour resumption.
Liberalism in Portugal
Since the beginning of liberalism in Portugal in the 19th century, several parties have, by gaining representation in parliament, continued the liberal ideology in contemporary Portuguese politics. After the initial fervor of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 and the outcome of the Liberal Wars (1828–1834) during the 19th century, liberalism was relegated to a secondary role in Portuguese politics and government and even outlawed for periods of time. The first fully-fledged liberal party (a political party professing classical liberalism including pro-market, business-friendly economic liberalism, small government and individual freedom as core tenets of its ideology) founded as such to have a seat in the Portuguese Parliament since the end of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926), was the Liberal Initiative, in 2019.

Portuguese Republican Party
The Portuguese Republican Party (Portuguese: Partido Republicano Português, pronounced [pɐɾˈtiðu ʁɛpuβliˈkɐnu puɾtuˈɣeʃ]) was a Portuguese political party formed during the late years of the constitutional monarchy that proposed and later brought about the replacement of the monarchy with the Portuguese First Republic.

When the Republic was established on the 5 October 1910 Revolution, the members of the party initially stood together, but soon began splitting into different parties, including the Democratic Party, Republican Union, and Evolutionist Party, some of which themselves later merged or split to form the Democratic Leftwing Republican Party, Reformist Party, Centrist Republican Party, Popular Party, Radical Party, Republican Liberal Party, Liberal Republican Union, Reconstitution Party and Nationalist Republican Party.
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty included fire arrows, gunpowder lit flamethrowers, soft shell bombs, hard shell iron bombs, fire lances, and possibly early cannons known as "eruptors". The eruptors, such as the "multiple bullets magazine eruptors" (bǎi-zi lián zhū pào, 百子連珠炮), consisting of a tube of bronze or cast iron that was filled with about 100 lead balls, and the "flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor" (fēi yún pī-lì pào, 飛雲霹靂炮), were early cast-iron proto-cannons that did not include single shots that occluded the barrel (thus called "co-viative" weapons). The use of proto-cannon, and other gunpowder weapons, enabled the Song dynasty to ward off its generally militarily superior enemies—the Khitan led Liao, Tangut led Western Xia, and Jurchen led Jin—until its final collapse under the onslaught of the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan and his Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century.

Huolongjing
The Huolongjing (traditional Chinese: 火龍經; simplified Chinese: 火龙经; pinyin: Huǒ Lóng Jīng; Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; rendered in English as Fire Drake Manual or Fire Dragon Manual), also known as Huoqitu (“Firearm Illustrations”), is a Chinese military treatise compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen of the early Ming dynasty (1368–1683) during the 14th century. The Huolongjing is primarily based on the text known as Huolong Shenqi Tufa (Illustrations of Divine Fire Dragon Engines), which no longer exists.
Hastings District, New Zealand
Hastings District is a territorial authority district within the Hawke's Bay region, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It includes the southern half of the Hawke Bay coast, excluding Napier City, which is under a separate territorial authority. Hastings District Council is headquartered in the city of Hastings, the district's largest town.

The district has an area of 5,227 square kilometres. The population was 88,300 as of June 2025, which is 1.7% of the population of New Zealand, ranking it tenth in population size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. This comprises 49,800 people in the Hastings urban area, 15,000 people in the Havelock North urban area, 2,040 people in the Clive urban area, and 21,460 people in rural areas and settlements.

Mayor Sandra Hazlehurst was elected in a by-election in 2017, and re-elected in the 2019 election.

Clive, New Zealand
Clive (Māori: Karaewa) is a small town, ten kilometres from the city centres of both Napier and Hastings in the Hawke's Bay region of New Zealand's North Island. It is close to the mouth of the Ngaruroro River.

The town is part of the Hastings district. It was named (like many of the towns in the vicinity) after a prominent person from imperial India, in this case Robert Clive, better known as "Clive of India". The name was given by John Curling.

The town of Clive is mainly rural, yet with the increasing number of people moving into Hawke's Bay, and Clive being at the meeting point of Hastings and Napier, new subdivisions are being built to accommodate the growing population.

Clive is home to the Hawke's Bay Rowing Club who train on the Clive River. The Hawke's Bay Rowing Regatta is held on the first weekend of the year and was started in 1872.
Kenia Carcaces
Kenia Carcaces Opón (born 22 January 1986), also known as Kenia Carcaces, is a Cuban volleyball player who currently plays for Karşıyaka in Turkey. She also competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing fourth with the Cuban team in the Olympic tournament. She won the 2007 Pan American Games gold medal in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship
The 2013 FIVB Women's Club World Championship was the 7th edition of the event. It was held in Zürich, Switzerland, from 9 to 13 October 2013. Vakıfbank Istanbul won the title and Jovana Brakočević was named Most Valuable Player.
Farmville and Powhatan Railroad
In 1886, Randolph Harrison, of the Virginia department of Agriculture, cited Cumberland Mining Company, stating that businessmen would soon open a hotel at Lithia Springs, Farmville, VA for people seeking the healing waters. The Brighthope railway would be extended to bring them there. But instead, the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad Company built the narrow gauge rails through Cumberland County and the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad Company bought the Brighthope Railway, so the Farmville and Powhatan Railroad made the connection. In 1890, Beach Station was built with a railroad depot, some railroad shanties, a general store and an owner's house, the George Perdue House as a stop on the line.

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (reporting mark ACL) was a United States Class I railroad formed in 1900, though predecessor railroads had used the ACL brand since 1871. In 1967, it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986.

The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida. Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists, with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida's economic development in the first half of the 20th century.

At the end of 1925, ACL operated 4,924 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; after some merging, mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A&WP, CN&L, East Carolina, Georgia, Rockingham, and V&CS. In 1960, ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles.
Allium juldusicola
Allium juldusicola is a rare species of wild onion apparently endemic to western part of Xinjiang Province in China.

Allium juldusicola produces a single egg-shaped bulb about 15 mm in diameter. Scape is up to 30 cm tall. Leaves are flat, very narrow. Umbel is spherical, with a large number of white flowers.

Wild onion
Wild onion can refer to

any uncultivated species in the genus Allium, especially:
Allium bisceptrum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Allium validum
Allium vineale
Allium ochotense

Asphodelus tenuifolius

Cyperus bulbosus

Bulbine semibarbata
SNR-300
The SNR-300 was a fast breeder sodium-cooled nuclear reactor built near the town of Kalkar, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The reactor was completed but never taken online. SNR-300 was to output 327 megawatts. The project cost about 7 billion Deutsche Mark (about €3.5 billion or over $4 billion). The site is now the location of a theme park, Wunderland Kalkar, which incorporates much of the power plant buildings into the scenery.

Sodium-cooled fast reactor
A sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium.

The initials SFR in particular refer to two Generation IV reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor (LMFR) technology using mixed oxide fuel (MOX), and one based on the metal-fueled integral fast reactor.

Currently China, Russia and India have operational sodium-cooled fast reactors (see the list of reactors).
Aphyllotus
Aphyllotus is a fungal genus in the family Marasmiaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Aphyllotus campanelliformis, found in Colombia. Both the species and the genus were described by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1973.

Marasmiaceae
The Marasmiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are most frequently agarics (gilled mushrooms), but occasionally cyphelloid (in the genus Cellypha). According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained 54 genera and 1590 species, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has led to a more restricted family concept, so that the Marasmiaceae included just 13 genera, and some 1205 species. It was reduced further down in 2020, to 10 genera and about 700 species.
Belvedere, South Carolina
Belvedere is a census-designated place (CDP) and suburb of North Augusta in Aiken County, South Carolina, United States. It is part of the Augusta, Georgia metropolitan area. The population was 5,792 at the 2010 census.

Belvedere (from Italian, meaning "beautiful sight") was so named for its scenic river views over the Savannah River.

Interstate 520
Interstate 520 (I-520) is a 23.34-mile (37.56 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway that encircles most of Augusta, Georgia and North Augusta, South Carolina as a three-quarter beltway around the western, southern, and eastern parts of the main part of the Augusta metropolitan area. It begins at I-20 and State Route 232 (SR 232) in the northern part of Augusta, Georgia, and ends at I-20 in the northern part of North Augusta, South Carolina. I-520 is also known as Bobby Jones Expressway and the Deputy James D. Paugh Memorial Highway in Georgia and Palmetto Parkway in South Carolina. On the Georgia side, the road also carries the internal designation State Route 415 (SR 415).