hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
MinHash
In computer science and data mining, MinHash (or the min-wise independent permutations locality sensitive hashing scheme) is a technique for quickly estimating how similar two sets are. The scheme was published by Andrei Broder in a 1997 conference, and initially used in the AltaVista search engine to detect duplicate web pages and eliminate them from search results. It has also been applied in large-scale clustering problems, such as clustering documents by the similarity of their sets of words.

Similarity measure
In statistics and related fields, a similarity measure or similarity function or similarity metric is a real-valued function that quantifies the similarity between two objects. Although no single definition of a similarity exists, usually such measures are in some sense the inverse of distance metrics: they take on large values for similar objects and either zero or a negative value for very dissimilar objects. Though, in more broad terms, a similarity function may also satisfy metric axioms.

Cosine similarity is a commonly used similarity measure for real-valued vectors, used in (among other fields) information retrieval to score the similarity of documents in the vector space model. In machine learning, common kernel functions such as the RBF kernel can be viewed as similarity functions.
Casket letters
The Casket letters were eight letters and some sonnets said to have been written by Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Earl of Bothwell, between January and April 1567. They were produced as evidence against Queen Mary by the Scottish lords who opposed her rule. The texts were thought to imply that Queen Mary colluded with Bothwell in the murder of her husband, Lord Darnley. Mary's contemporary supporters, including Adam Blackwood, dismissed the letters as complete forgeries or letters written by the Queen's servant Mary Beaton. The authenticity of the letters, now known only by copies, continues to be debated. Some historians argue that they were concocted as forgeries to discredit Queen Mary.

William Robertson (historian)
William Robertson (19 September 1721 – 11 June 1793) was a Scottish historian, cleric, and educator who served as Principal of the University of Edinburgh, Chaplain of Stirling Castle, and one of the King's Chaplains in Scotland.

Robertson made significant contributions to the writing of Scottish history and the history of Spain and Spanish America, and his historiographical approach had considerable contemporary influence (particularly his emphasis on the consistency of human nature across different eras and societies). He was a notable figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as a prominent representative of the Church of Scotland's moderate party.
40th & Colorado station
40th & Colorado station (sometimes stylized as 40th•Colorado) is a Regional Transportation District (RTD) commuter rail station on the A Line in the Elyria-Swansea neighborhood and adjacent to the Park Hill neighborhood of Denver, Colorado. The station is the second eastbound station from Union Station in Downtown Denver and fifth westbound from Denver International Airport. About nine minutes from Union Station and 28 minutes from Denver Airport station.

40th & Colorado station is also served by several bus routes and has a 200-space park-and-ride lot.

The station opened on April 22, 2016, along with the rest of the A Line.

Denver Union Station
Denver Union Station is the main railway station and central transportation hub in Denver, Colorado. It is located at 17th and Wynkoop Streets in the present-day LoDo district and includes the historic station house, a modern open-air train shed, a 22-gate underground bus station, and light rail station. A station was first opened on the site on June 1, 1881, but burned down in 1894. The current structure was erected in two stages, with an enlarged central portion completed in 1914.

In 2012, the station underwent a major renovation transforming it into the centerpiece of a new transit-oriented mixed-use development built on the site's former railyards. The historic station house reopened in the summer of 2014, hosting the 112-room Crawford Hotel, restaurants and retailers.
Rhamnusium
Rhamnusium is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae and tribe Rhamnusiini.

The species of this genus are found in Europe.

Species:

Rhamnusium algericum Pic (1896)

Rhamnusium bicolor Schrank (1781)

Rhamnusium bicolor
Rhamnusium bicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. The species is widespread in Europe. It was first described by German biologist Franz von Paula Schrank (1747–1835) in 1781.

The adult beetle is 12–24 mm (0.47–0.94 in) in size and flies between May and June. The development cycle is 2-3 years.

There are eight accepted subspecies:

Rhamnusium bicolor constans Danilevsky, 2012

Rhamnusium bicolor demaggii Tippmann, 1956

Rhamnusium bicolor graecum Schaufuß, 1862

Rhamnusium bicolor italicum Müller, 1966

Rhamnusium bicolor juglandis Fairmaire, 1866

Rhamnusium bicolor lenkoranum Danilevsky, 2012

Rhamnusium bicolor praeustum Reitter, 1895

Rhamnusium bicolor testaceipenne Pic, 1897
Free music
Free music or libre music is music that, like free software, can freely be copied, distributed and modified for any purpose. Thus free music is either in the public domain or licensed under a free license by the artist or copyright holder themselves, often as a method of promotion. It does not mean that there should be no fee involved. The word free refers to freedom (as in free software), not to price.

The Free Music Philosophy generally encourages creators to free music using whatever language or methods they wish.  A Free Music Public License (FMPL) is available for those who prefer a formal approach.
Some free music is licensed under licenses that are intended for software (like the GPL) or other writings (the GFDL).  But there are also licenses especially for music and other works of art, such as Free To Use's Free To Use License, EFF's Open Audio License, LinuxTag's Open Music License, the Free Art license and some of the Creative Commons Licences.

Free Art License
The Free Art License (FAL) (French: Licence Art Libre, LAL) is a copyleft license that grants the right to freely copy, distribute, and transform creative works except for computer hardware and software, including for commercial use.
Raju Yadav
Rajkumar Yadav, also known as Raju Yadav, is an Indian politician and a former member of the 16th and 17th Legislative Assemblies of Uttar Pradesh. He represented the Mainpuri constituency as a member of the Samajwadi Party.

17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
The Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh (Seventeenth Vidhan Sabha of Uttar Pradesh) was constituted on 19 March 2017 as a result of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017 held from 11 February to 8 March 2017. The Legislative Assembly had total of 404 MLAs (including one nominated Anglo-Indian member, Dr. Denzil J. Godin).

The term of the 17th assembly was from 19 March 2017 to 12 March 2022.
Kalasag
The Kalaság or Kalasak is a large rectangular wooden shield used by precolonial Filipinos. While the word 'kalasag' can mean any kind of shield in many Filipino languages, the description of the article pertains to indigenous Filipino wooden shields.

Igorot people
The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera in northern Luzon, Philippines, often referred to by the exonym Igorot people, or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples, are an ethnic group composed of 9 main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains are in the Cordillera Mountain Range, altogether numbering about 1.8 million people in the early 21st century.

Their languages belong to the northern Luzon subgroup of Philippine languages, which in turn belongs to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. A 2014 genetic study has found that the Kankanaey (an Igorot subgroup from Mountain Province), and by extension other indigenous Cordillera groups, descend almost entirely from the ancient Austronesian expansion originating in Taiwan around 3000-2000 BCE
Gmina Ozorków
Gmina Ozorków is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Ozorków, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 95.17 square kilometres (36.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,540.

Zgierz County
Zgierz County (Polish: powiat zgierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Zgierz, which lies 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź. The county contains four other towns: Ozorków, lying 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Zgierz, Aleksandrów Łódzki, lying 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Zgierz, Głowno, 24 km (15 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and Stryków, 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz.

The county covers an area of 853.71 square kilometres (329.6 sq mi). As of 2016, its total population is 165,206, out of which the population of Zgierz is 56,929, that of Ozorków is 19,809, that of Aleksandrów Łódzki is 21,380, that of Głowno is 14,534, that of Stryków is 3,477, and the rural population is 49,077.
Sulafjorden
Sulafjorden (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsʉ̀ːɽɑˌfjuːɳ]) is a fjord (more accurately, a sound) in Sula Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the border of Sula Municipality and Hareid Municipality. The great Storfjorden flows out into the Sulafjorden which then flows out into the Breidsundet sound, and on into the ocean.

The 9-kilometre (5.6 mi) long fjord is about 4 to 5 kilometres (2.5 to 3.1 mi) wide and it reaches a maximum depth of 445 metres (1,460 ft) below sea level. The island of Sula sits on the northeast side of the fjord and the island of Hareidlandet is to the southwest. The main settlements along the fjord include the villages of Brandal, Hareid, and Hjørungavåg, all on Hareidlandet. The island of Sula has very few inhabitants along the Sulafjorden.

Hareidlandet
Hareidlandet is an island in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The island is divided between Hareid Municipality and Ulstein Municipality. The 165-square-kilometre (64 sq mi) island has a population of 13,683 (as of 2022).

The island is home to one town, Ulsteinvik, and several larger villages: Eiksund, Haddal, Hasund, Brandal, Hareid, and Hjørungavåg. The island is connected to the mainland to the south via the Eiksund Bridge to the island of Eika which in turn is connected to the mainland through the Eiksund Tunnel. On the west side, the island has bridge connections to the islands of Dimnøya and Gurskøya. On the east side, there is a ferry connection to the island of Sula.
Jakob Sprenger
Jakob Sprenger (24 July 1884 – 7 May 1945) was a Nazi Party official and politician who was the Party's  Gauleiter of Hesse-Nassau South from 1927 to 1933 and Gau Hesse-Nassau from 1933 to 1945. He was also the Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) and Minister-President of the People's State of Hesse, the Oberpräsident of the Prussian Province of Nassau and an SA-Obergruppenführer.

Gau Baden
The Gau Baden, renamed Gau Baden–Alsace (German: Gau Baden-Elsaß) in March 1941, was a de facto administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the German state of Baden and, from 1940 onward, in Alsace (German: Elsaß). Before that, from 1925 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
Loughmore
Loughmore, officially Loughmoe (/lɒxˈmoʊ/ lokh-MOH; Irish: Luach Maigh or Luachma), is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. The village is best known for Loughmoe Castle, seat of the Barons of Loughmoe.

It is one half of the parish of Loughmore-Castleiney in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. Loughmoe gives its name to the civil parish of Loughmoe West which is in the historical barony of Eliogarty.

Eliogarty
Eliogarty (Irish: Éile Uí Fhógarta) is a barony in County Tipperary, Ireland. This geographical unit of land is one of 12 baronies in County Tipperary. Its chief town is Thurles. The barony lies between Ikerrin to the north (whose chief town is Roscrea), Kilnamanagh Upper to the west (whose chief town is Borrisoleigh), Middle Third to the south (whose chief town is Cashel) and County Kilkenny to the east. It is currently administered by Tipperary County Council.
Uranostinden
Uranostinden is a mountain in Norway. The peak marks the tri-point border between Luster Municipality, Årdal Municipality (both in Vestland county), and Vang Municipality (in Innlandet county). The 2,157-metre (7,077 ft) tall mountain is located in the Jotunheimen mountains and inside the Jotunheimen National Park. The mountain sits about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of the village of Vang i Valdres and about 22 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of the village of Øvre Årdal. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Mjølkedalstinden to the northeast, Langeskavltinden and Storegut to the east, Langeskavlen to the southeast, and Falketind to the southwest. There is a large glacier located on the east side of the mountain.

Vang Municipality
Vang is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Valdres. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vang i Valdres. Other villages in Vang include Hensgardane, Nystuen, Øye, Ryfoss, and Tyinkrysset.

The 1,504.84-square-kilometre (581.02 sq mi) municipality is the 55th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vang Municipality is the 299th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,648. The municipality's population density is 1.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (2.8/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Chong-Kemin Nature Park
Chong-Kemin Nature Park (Kyrgyz: Чоң-Кемин мамлекеттик жаратылыш паркы) is a park in Kemin District of Chüy Region of Kyrgyzstan established in August 1997. The purpose of the park is conservation of the unique nature complexes in Chong-Kemin Valley of the Kemin District and organization of recreation for local and foreign tourists. The area of the park is 123,564 hectares. The park is located in 30 km from the regional center Kemin and in 135 km from Bishkek.

This national park is one of the most picturesque parts of Kyrgyzstan. The 116 km long river Chong-Kemin flows through the park, and there are seven lakes in its basin.

The ecosystem is diverse and is home to rare species, such as the snow leopard, golden eagle and maral (the smallest cervid in Central Asia).

Kemin District
Kemin District (Kyrgyz: Кемин району, romanized: Kemin raionu) is the northeastern panhandle district of the Chüy Region in northern Kyrgyzstan. Its area is 3,533 square kilometres (1,364 sq mi), making it the largest district of the Chüy Region, and its resident population was 48,360 in 2021. Its administrative headquarters is at Kemin. The district is located in the Chong-Kemin Valley, the Kichi-Kemin Valley and the eastern part of the Chüy Valley. It borders with Kazakhstan in the north, Chüy District in the west, and Issyk-Kul Region in the south and east.
Kangaroo dog
The Kangaroo Dog, also colloquially known the Roo Dog or the Staghound, was created in the early 1800s from a foundation stock of primarily British colonial sighthounds. The initial breeds included in creating this type were the Greyhound and the Scottish Deerhound. Later accounts include introduction of the Borzoi, Saluki and other breeds.

The Kangaroo Dog is decidedly not a breed, but is instead classified as a type, with populations today primarily remaining in the hands of hunters who wish to preserve the functional utility of the Kangaroo Dog rather than dwell on factors such as standardization or ANKC recognition.

Hunting in Australia
Australia has a population of about 26 million of which there are 640,000 recreational hunters. There are around 6 million legally owned guns in Australia, ranging from airguns to single-shot, bolt-action, pump-action, bows, lever-action or semi-automatic firearms.
Patagonia peregrina
Patagonia is an extinct genus of non-placental mammal from the Miocene of Argentina. Traditionally considered a metatherian incertae sedis, one analysis suggested it to be a gondwanathere. However, this has been rejected by other authors.

Paucituberculata
Paucituberculata /ˌpɔːsɪtjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈleɪtə/ is an order of South American marsupials. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of shrew opossums, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil record, particularly from the late Oligocene to early Miocene epochs. The earliest paucituberculatans date to the late Paleocene (Itaboraian South American land mammal age). The group went through a pronounced decline in the middle Miocene epoch, which resulted in the extinction of all families of this order except for the living shrew opossums (Caenolestidae). Extinct families of Paucituberculatans include Pichipilidae, Palaeothentidae, and Abderitidae.
1904 Ashburton by-election
The 1904 Ashburton by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in England on 7 January 1904 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashburton in Devon. It was triggered by the death of the sitting Liberal Party MP Charles Seale-Hayne.

The election was contested by the Conservative and Liberal parties and won by the Liberal candidate, Harry Trelawney Eve, with a majority of 1,476 votes.

Ashburton (UK Parliament constituency)
Ashburton (also known as Mid Devon) was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament at Westminster, for the Parliaments of 1295 and 1407, and regularly from 1640 until it was abolished for the 1868 general election. It was one of three Devon borough constituencies newly enfranchised (or re-enfranchised after a gap of centuries) in the Long Parliament. It returned two Members of Parliament until the 1832 general election when the number was reduced to one MP.

From the 1885 general election Ashburton was revived as a county division of Devon. It returned one member until it was abolished from the 1918 general election.
Rally Japan
Rally Japan (ラリージャパン) is a rally competition held in Hokkaidō, Japan. The event made its debut in the FIA World Rally Championship during the 2004 season. From 2004 to 2007, the event was held on the twisty and narrow gravel roads of the Tokachi region near Obihiro. For the 2008 season, the event was moved to the region close to Sapporo, Hokkaidō's main city. Rally Japan was not held in 2009, but returned in 2010 for one year. Rally Japan was planned to return in 2020 to the new location of Nagoya, but was cancelled on August 19 due to COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. It was cancelled again in 2021, and returned as the last rally of the season in 2022.

Special stage (rallying)
A special stage (SS) is a section of closed road at a stage rallying event used for timed speed tests. Racers attempt to complete the stage in the shortest time. A race on a special stage is coordinated such that each competing racer begins after a set interval, to reduce the chance of impedance by other competitors. Each special stage is usually between 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and 30 kilometres (19 mi) in length. Some stages may be as long as 50 kilometres (31 miles) in length. A rally usually comprises approximately 15–30 special stages, over multiple days of an event. The driver with the lowest overall time for all special stages in an event is the winner.
Korea Land and Housing Corporation real estate scandal
Korea Land and Housing Corporation real estate scandal is a suspicion that some employees of Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH) have speculatively purchased land worth 10 billion won in  Gwangmyeong and Siheung. The land is in the new towns' business areas, per the Moon Jae-in government's  third New Town plan.

Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Province (Korean: 경기도; RR: Gyeonggi-do, Korean pronunciation: [kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞]) is the most populous province in South Korea.

Seoul, the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level special city since 1946. Incheon, the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level metropolitan city since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as Sudogwon and cover 11,730 km2 (4,530 sq mi), with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea, and a third of the population of the Korean peninsula at the 2020 census.
2018 Acre gubernatorial election
A gubernatorial election was held in Acre on 7 October 2018 to elect the next governor of the state, 8 federal deputies, and two out of its three senators. Senator Gladson Cameli won 53% of the vote in the first round, making him the elected governor of Acre without the need for a runoff. Senator Sérgio Petecão was reelected with 30% of the vote and former congressman Márcio Bittar was elected with 23% of the vote, unseating Jorge Viana, one of the incumbent senators.

The previous gubernatorial election in the state was held in October 2014. Workers' Party candidate Tião Viana was re-elected after a runoff with 51.29% of the vote, beating PSDB candidate Márcio Bittar, who got 48.71% of the vote.

2014 Acre gubernatorial election
The first round of the Acre gubernatorial election was held on 5 October 2014 to elect the next governor of the state of Acre.  No candidate won 50% of the vote and thus a second-round runoff election was held on 26 October.  Governor Tião Viana was re-elected for a second term.
Galanchozhsky District
42°52′53″N 45°18′00″E﻿ / ﻿42.88139°N 45.30000°E﻿ / 42.88139; 45.30000

Galanchozhsky District (Chechen: Галайн-ЧӀажин кӀошт), (Russian: Галанчожский район) is a district (raion) of Chechnya. The district was recreated in 2012. However, the official restoration process of the district is not complete. The district also existed between 1925 and 1944. The administrative center is the village of Aka-Bass (Chechen: Акха-Басс).

Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн, Noxçiyn, [ˈnɔxt͡ʃĩː]) is a Northeast Caucasian language, spoken primarily by the Chechen people, native to the Russian republic of Chechnya, as well as its neighbouring republics. With approximately 1.8 million speakers, it is also spoken by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of the world.
Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
In the Catholic Church, the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, previously named the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (Latin: Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum), is the dicastery of the Roman Curia that oversees the complex process that leads to the canonization of saints, passing through the steps of a declaration of "heroic virtues" and beatification. After preparing a case, including the approval of miracles, the case is presented to the pope, who decides whether or not to proceed with beatification or canonization.

Lists of saints
In various religions, a saint is a revered person who has achieved an eminent status of holiness, known as sainthood. The word saint comes from the Latin word sanctus, meaning 'holy', and although saint has been applied in other religious contexts, the word has its origins in Christianity. In Christianity, some religious authorities require that a person undergo a formal process of canonization to be recognized as a saint, such as the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. These churches also hold that a saint may intercede on behalf of the living who invoke them in prayer, a belief which is rejected by Protestants. Outside Christianity, the word saint has been extended to include revered figures in Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Greek polytheism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, and Zoroastrianism.