hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 4507
NGC 4507 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was first discovered by astronomer John Herschel in 1834. It is classified as a type SBb galaxy. The galaxy's radial velocity, relative to the cosmic microwave background is measured at around 3831 ± 22 km/s, corresponding to a Hubble distance of around 56.50 ± 3.97 MPC. It is also classified as a Type 2 Seyfert galaxy.

Centaurus
Centaurus (/sɛnˈtɔːrəs, -ˈtɑːr-/ sen-TOR-əss, -⁠TAR-) is a bright constellation in the southern sky. One of the largest constellations, Centaurus was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. In Greek mythology, Centaurus represents a centaur; a creature that is half human, half horse (another constellation named after a centaur is one from the zodiac: Sagittarius). Notable stars include Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Solar System, its neighbour in the sky Beta Centauri, and HR 5171, one of the largest stars yet discovered. The constellation also contains Omega Centauri, the brightest globular cluster as visible from Earth and the largest identified in the Milky Way, possibly a remnant of a dwarf galaxy.
2010 Russian wildfires
The 2010 Russian wildfires were several hundred wildfires that broke out across Russia, primarily in the west in summer 2010. They started burning in late July and lasted until early September 2010. The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.

Russian President Dmitry Medvedev declared a state of emergency in seven regions, and 28 other regions were under a state of emergency due to crop failures caused by the drought. The fires cost roughly $15 billion in damages.

A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system. Munich Re estimated that in all, 56,000 people died from the effects of the smog and the heat wave. The 2010 wildfires were the worst on record to that time.

Orekhovo-Zuyevo
Orekhovo-Zuyevo (Russian: Оре́хово-Зу́ево, Russian pronunciation: [ɐˈrʲexəvə ˈzu(j)ɪvə]) is an industrial city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 85 kilometers (53 mi) east of Moscow in a forested area on the Klyazma River (a tributary of the Oka). Orekhovo (Russian: Оре́хово), often pronounced only as Orekh,  is a Russian word which means "nut". The city was established in 1917 when three villages (Orekhovo, Zuevo, and Nikolskoye) were merged, hence its name. Population:  120,670 (2010 Census); 122,248 (2002 Census); 137,198 (1989 Soviet census).
Ronan Sheehan (dual player)
Ronan Sheehan (born 1968) is an Irish former hurler, Gaelic footballer and politician. At club level he played with Mallow and Avondhu and was a member of the Cork senior teams as a dual player. Sheehan is also a Labour Party councillor for the Mallow LEA on Cork County Council.

1996 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1996 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 108th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening fixtures took place on 10 December 1995. The championship began on 2 June 1996 and ended on 6 October 1996.

Na Piarsaigh entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Imokilly at the semi-final stage.

On 6 October 1996, Avondhu won the championship following a 0–13 to 1–08 defeat of Imokilly in a replay of the final. This was their third championship title overall and their first in 30 championship seasons.

Imokilly's Jimmy Smiddy was the championship's top scorer with 3-38.
4-Hydroxyphenylglycine
4-Hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG) is a non-proteogenic amino acid found in vancomycin and related glycopeptides. HPG is synthesized from the shikimic acid pathway and requires four enzymes to synthesize: Both L- and D-HPG are used in the vancomycin class of antibiotics. Tyrosine, a similar amino acid, differs by a methylene group (CH2) between the aromatic ring and the alpha carbon.

Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek tyrós, meaning cheese, as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA.

The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic tYrosine was also proposed.
Road signs in Greece
Road signs in Greece are regulated by the Ministry of Transport and the Hellenic Traffic Police, according to the Greek Highway Code (Κ.Ο.Κ., Greek: Κώδικας Οδικής Κυκλοφορίας).

Signs follow the general European conventions concerning the use of shape and colour, for every sign category. Signs indicating dangers are triangular with a red border, those giving orders are almost all circular (white on blue for mandatory instructions, black on white with a red border for prohibitions), and those providing information are rectangular. Most signs use pictograms to convey their particular meaning.

As is customary in European countries, all signs are partly or fully reflectorized or are provided with their own night-time illumination. Signs used for temporary regulations may have an bright orange background colour.

Greek road signs depict people with realistic (as opposed to stylized) silhouettes.

Greece acceded to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals on December 18, 1986.

Trolleybus
A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram (in the 1910s and 1920s), road tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.

Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide
Histamine trifluoromethyl toluidide (HTFMT) is a mixed H1/H2 histamine agonist which is significantly more potent than histamine itself.

It also produces additional actions which appear to be independent of histamine receptors.

Histamine agonist
A histamine agonist is a drug which causes increased activity at one or more of the four histamine receptor subtypes.

H1 agonists promote wakefulness.

H2: Betazole and Impromidine are examples of agonists used in diagnostics to increase histamine.

H3: Betahistine is a weak Histamine1 agonist and a very strong antagonist of the Histamine3 autoreceptor. Antagonizing H3 increases histaminergic tone.
Dactylopusiidae
Dactylopusiidae is a family of copepods belonging to the order Harpacticoida.

Genera:

Dactylopodopsis Sars, 1911

Dactylopusia Norman, 1903

Dactylopusioides Brian, 1928

Diarthrodes Thomson, 1883

Paradactylopodia Lang, 1944

Sewelliapusia Huys, 2009

Copepod
Copepods (/ˈkoʊpəpɒd/; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), several species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.
Upper Vaal Water Management Area
Upper Vaal WMA, or Upper Vaal Water Management Area (coded: 8), is a Water Management Area that includes the following major rivers: the Wilge River, Liebenbergsvlei River, Mooi River and Vaal River, and covers the following Dams:

Boskop Dam - Mooi River

Grootdraai Dam - Vaal River

Klerkskraal Dam - Mooi River

Klipdrift Dam - Loop Spruit

Potchefstroom Dam - Mooi River

Saulspoort Dam - Liebenbergsvlei River

Sterkfontein Dam - Nuwejaar Spruit

Vaal Dam - Vaal River

Vaal Dam
The Vaal Dam in South Africa was constructed in 1938 and lies 77 km south of OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg.  The lake behind the dam wall has a surface area of about 320 square kilometres (120 sq mi) and is 47 meters deep. The Vaal Dam lies on the Vaal River, which is one of South Africa's strongest-flowing rivers. Other rivers flowing into the dam are the Wilge River, Molspruit and Grootspruit. It has over 800 kilometres (500 mi) of shoreline and is South Africa's second biggest dam by area and the fourth largest by volume.
Canada's Food Guide
Canada's Food Guide (French: Guide alimentaire canadien) is a nutrition guide produced by Health Canada. In 2007, it was reported to be the second most requested Canadian government publication, behind the Income Tax Forms. The Health Canada website states: "Food guides are basic education tools that are designed to help people follow a healthy diet."

Cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). As with most fish oils, it contains the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and also vitamin A and vitamin D.

Historically, it was given to children in the United States in the 19th century as a patent medicine and by the end of the century was being praised by doctors in medical journals. After it was shown, in 1920, that vitamin D deficiency was the cause of rickets, cod liver oil was given as a rich source of vitamin D.
Frederick Arthur MacKenzie
Frederick Arthur MacKenzie (1869–1931) was a Canadian journalist that covered several geopolitical developments in East Asia in the early 20th century. He was one of the few Western journalists to cover the Russo-Japanese War from the Japanese side and the Korean resistance against Japan during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

He briefly contributed to the Pall Mall Gazette, and then for several years he worked with the Daily Mail as a travelling correspondent in East Asia. His last book was on religious persecution in Soviet Russia.

In 2014, he was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation by the Korean Government.

Order of Merit for National Foundation
The Order of Merit for National Foundation (Korean: 건국훈장) is one of South Korea's orders of merit. It is awarded by the President of South Korea for "outstanding meritorious services in the interest of founding or laying a foundation for the Republic of Korea." The Order was originally established under a slightly different name  건국공로훈장 (建國功勞勳章) by Presidential Decree #82, on Apr. 27, 1949, and is the oldest Order of the Republic of Korea. On January 16, 1967, there were major changes made to the Order of National Foundation under Presidential Decree #2929.  The name of the Order was shortened from 건국공로훈장 (建國功勞勳章) to 건국훈장 (建國勳章), and all three classes got new names and designs.
Exit (South Korean TV series)
Exit (Korean: 엑시트) is a 2018 South Korean television miniseries starring Choi Tae-joon, Woo Hyun and Bae Hae-sun. Spanning four episodes, the miniseries features a struggling man who is subjected to a simulated reality in order to gain happiness and evade all of his sufferings. It aired on SBS from April 30 to May 1, 2018, at the 22:00 (KST).

Loan shark
A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high or illegal interest rates, has strict terms of collection, and generally operates outside the law, often using the threat of violence or other illegal, aggressive, and extortionate actions when seeking to enforce the satisfaction of the debt. As a consistent or repeated illegal business operation or "racket", loan sharking is generally associated with organized crime and certain criminal organizations.
Daniil Konstantinov
Daniil Ilyich Konstantinov (Russian: Даниил Ильич Константинов) (born February 5, 1984) is a Russian opposition politician, lawyer, and human rights activist who led the Moscow Defense League movement. He is a member of the organizing committee For Fair Elections. Previously, he was an activist in The People movement, the leader of Change, and a member of the A Just Russia party. Since 2012, he has been a member of the Russian Opposition Coordination Council.

Eduard Limonov
Eduard Veniaminovich Limonov (né Savenko; 22 February 1943 – 17 March 2020) was a Russian writer, poet, publicist, political dissident and politician.

He emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1974, but returned to Russia in 1991, where he founded the National Bolshevik Party. The party was banned in the country in 2007 and superseded by The Other Russia. In the 2000s, he was one of the leaders of The Other Russia coalition of opposition forces.
Anti-Injunction Act
The Anti-Injunction Act (28 U.S.C. § 2283), is a United States federal statute that restricts a federal court's authority to issue an injunction against ongoing state court proceedings, subject to three enumerated exceptions. It states:

"A court of the United States may not grant an injunction to stay proceedings in a state court except as expressly authorized by Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to protect or effectuate its judgments."

The Act was originally enacted as part of the Judiciary Act of 1793. The current Act was enacted in 1948. As interpreted by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Act is a bastion of federalism and embodies the need to avoid "needless friction" between state and federal courts.

Collateral estoppel
Collateral estoppel (CE), known in modern terminology as issue preclusion, is a common law estoppel doctrine that prevents a person from relitigating an issue. One summary is that, "once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, that decision ... preclude[s] relitigation of the issue in a suit on a different cause of action involving a party to the first case". The rationale behind issue preclusion is the prevention of legal harassment and the prevention of overuse or abuse of judicial resources.
Aachen Cropper
The Aachen Cropper is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding.
It was created in Aachen, Germany, during the early 1800's using the Belgina Ringbeater and the Thuringer Cropper.

Aachen Croppers along with other breeds of domesticated pigeons are all descendants from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). There are several breeds of Cropper pigeons which are known for their enlarged crop .

Domestic pigeon
The domestic pigeon (Columba livia "domestica" or Columba livia forma domestica) is a domesticated bird derived from the rock dove Columba livia. Although often termed a "subspecies", the domesticated pigeon does not constitute an accepted zoological subspecies of the rock dove, but a collection of over 350 breeds. The rock dove is among the world's first birds to be domesticated; Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets mention the domestication of pigeons more than 5,000 years ago, as do Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Pigeons have held historical importance to humans as food, pets, symbolic animals, and messengers. Due to their homing ability, pigeons have been used to deliver messages, including war pigeons during the two world wars. City pigeons, which are feral birds, are generally seen as pests, mainly due to their droppings and a reputation for spreading disease.
Gray catbird
The gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), also spelled grey catbird, is a medium-sized North American and Central American perching bird of the mimid family. It is the only member of the "catbird" genus Dumetella. Like the black catbird (Melanoptila glabrirostris), it is among the basal lineages of the Mimidae, probably a closer relative of the Caribbean thrasher and trembler assemblage than of the mockingbirds and Toxostoma thrashers. In some areas it is known as the slate-colored mockingbird.

Thrush (bird)
The thrushes are a passerine bird family, Turdidae, with a worldwide distribution. The family was once much larger before biologists reclassified the former subfamily Saxicolinae, which includes the chats and European robins, as Old World flycatchers. Thrushes are small to medium-sized ground living birds that feed on insects, other invertebrates, and fruit. Some unrelated species around the world have been named after thrushes due to their similarity to birds in this family.
Florida torpedo
The Florida torpedo (Torpedo andersoni) is a rare and little-known species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae. It is known only from two specimens and a some wild sightings. Torpedoes have been recorded from three scattered locations in the Florida Straits and the western Caribbean Sea, and appear to inhabit coral habitats.

A small species growing up to 32 cm (13 in) long, the Florida torpedo has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc with a short, thick tail. It can be identified by its distinctive dorsal coloration of many brown blotches on a tan background, and the relatively forward position of its first dorsal fin.

Trawling
Trawling is an industrial method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats. The net used for trawling is called a trawl. This principle requires netting bags which are towed through water to catch different species of fishes or sometimes targeted species. Trawls are often called towed gear or dragged gear.

The boats that are used for trawling are called trawlers or draggers. Trawlers vary in size from small open boats with as little as 30 hp (22 kW) engines to large factory trawlers with over 10,000 hp (7.5 MW). Trawling can be carried out by one trawler or by two trawlers fishing cooperatively (pair trawling).

Trawling can be contrasted with trolling. While trawling involves a net and is typically done for commercial usage, trolling instead involves a reel, rod and a bait or a lure and is typically done for recreational purposes. Trawling is also commonly used as a scientific sampling, or survey, method.
Mark Amodei
Mark Eugene Amodei (/ˈæmədeɪ/ AM-ə-day; born June 12, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Nevada's 2nd congressional district since 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the Nevada Assembly from 1997 to 1999 and in the Nevada Senate from 1999 to 2011. Amodei chaired the Nevada Republican Party from 2010 until 2011 before winning a special election to the U.S. House. Amodei is the dean of Nevada's congressional delegation since 2019 when Senator Dean Heller lost reelection, and is its only Republican.

On February 6, 2026, Amodei announced he would not seek re-election in 2026.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a United States immigration policy that allows some individuals who, on June 15, 2012, were physically present in the United States with no lawful immigration status after having entered the country as children at least five years earlier, to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and to be eligible for an employment authorization document (work permit).

On November 9, 2023, an appeal was brought before the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit to determine whether a September 2023 federal district court order that would terminate the codified form of DACA, based on it being in violation of federal law, will be upheld and implemented. Oral argument in the case was heard on October 10, 2024.
Nick Sinai
Nick Sinai is a venture capitalist, adjunct faculty at Harvard Kennedy School, author, and a former senior official in the Obama Administration.

Nick Sinai was the Deputy Chief Technology Officer of the United States. He assumed this role under the second Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Todd Park, and continued under Megan Smith. Sinai was formerly a senior advisor to Park as well as to the first U.S. CTO, Aneesh Chopra, starting in 2010.

Sinai was a volunteer on the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign and was selected to the leadership team of her Tech and Innovation transition team. During the campaign, he contributed to the Hillary for America policy proposal on technology and innovation and a policy memo on transforming procurement.

Sinai is a regular contributor to the TV Show Government Matters, and has been quoted in the Wall Street Journal and the Economist.

Megan Smith
Megan J. Smith (born October 21, 1964) is an American engineer and technologist. She was the third Chief Technology Officer of the United States (U.S. CTO) and Assistant to the President, serving under President Barack Obama. She was previously a vice president at Google, leading new business development and early-stage partnerships across Google's global engineering and product teams at Google for nine years, was general manager of Google.org, a vice president briefly at Google[x] where she co-created Solve for X and WomenTechmakers, is the former CEO of Planet Out and worked as an engineer on early smartphones at General Magic. She serves on the boards of MIT and Vital Voices, was a member of the USAID Advisory Committee on Voluntary Aid and co-founded the Malala Fund. On September 4, 2014, she was named as the third (and first female) U.S. CTO, succeeding Todd Park, and serving until January, 2017. Smith is the CEO and Founder of shift7.
Ed Brown (end)
Ed Brown (born c. 1931) was an American football player.  He played college football for the Fordham Rams football team from 1950 to 1952. He caught 57 passes for 774 yards in eight games during the 1952 season, including 15 catches for 233 yards in the final game of the season against NYU.  He led the NCAA that year in both total receptions and receiving yardage. His 57 receptions that year broke the NCAA record of 52 catches set by Barney Poole in 1947.  Brown also set an NCAA record with an average of 96.8 receiving yards per game in 1952.  In May 1953, Brown signed a contract to play professional football for the Chicago Cardinals.

Barney Poole
George Barney Poole (October 29, 1923 – April 12, 2005) was an American professional football player who was an end in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Yanks, Dallas Texans, Baltimore Colts, and New York Giants. Poole also played football in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the New York Yankees. Poole played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels and Army Black Knights, earning All-American honors as an offensive and defensive end. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1974.