hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Innovation and business in upstate New York
Upstate New York has been the setting for inventions and businesses of international significance.  The abundance of water power and the advent of canal and rail transportation provided nineteenth century upstate New York entrepreneurs with the means to power factories and send their products to market.  In the twentieth century, hydroelectric power and the New York State Thruway served the same roles. In April 2021, GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the semiconductor industry, moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley, California to its most advanced semiconductor-chip manufacturing facility in Saratoga County, New York near a section of the Adirondack Northway, in Malta, New York.

Seth Green (pisciculture)
Seth Green (March 19, 1817 – August 18, 1888) was an American pioneer in fish farming (pisciculture and aquaculture). He established the first fish hatchery in the United States in the Town of Caledonia, New York. He was also a successful commercial fisherman, operating a large and profitable fish and game market in Rochester, New York, and fishing in Lake Ontario.

After many years of operating his commercial hatchery in Caledonia, he entered government service with the New York State Fish Commission and eventually became Superintendent of Fisheries for the state of New York.  Seth Green's pioneering efforts to raise fish stocks and restore fish populations for sporting purposes established a standard of aquaculture recognized internationally. He also planted American Shad in California rivers near Sacramento. He is commonly referred to as the "Father of fish culture in North America."
2010 Malaysia Super Series
The 2010 Malaysia Open Super Series was a badminton tournament which took place at Putra Indoor Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 19 to 24 January 2010 and had a total purse of $200,000.

The 2010 Malaysia Open Super Series was the second tournament of the 2010 BWF Super Series and also part of the Malaysia Open championships, which had been held since 1937. This tournament was organized by the Badminton Association of Malaysia with the sanction of the BWF.

2010 BWF Super Series
The 2010 BWF Super Series was the fourth season of the BWF Super Series. Like the previous season, the twelve tournaments were all hosted by nations in Asia and Europe with the Korea Open as the opening tournament and the Hong Kong Open as the final tournament in the season.
Fort Mountain (Maine)
Fort Mountain is a mountain located in Piscataquis County, Maine, within Baxter State Park.  Fort Mountain is flanked to the southeast by North Brother Mountain, and to the north by Mullen Mountain.  Although officially trailless, a well-defined herd path leads to the summit of Fort from North Brother.

Fort Mountain stands within the watershed of the Penobscot River, which drains into Penobscot Bay.  The south and east sides of Fort Mountain drain into Wassataquoik Stream, then into the East Branch of the Penobscot River.  The northeast side of Fort Mountain drains into Annis Brook, then into Wassataquoik Stream.  The northwest side of Fort drains into Little Nesowadnehunk Stream, then into Nesowadnehunk Stream, and the West Branch of the Penobscot River.

Penobscot River
The Penobscot River (Abenaki: Pαnawάhpskewtəkʷ) is a 109-mile-long (175 km) river in the U.S. state of Maine.  Including the river's West Branch and South Branch increases the Penobscot's length to 264 miles (425 km), making it the second-longest river system in Maine and the longest entirely in the state.  Its drainage basin contains 8,610 square miles (22,300 km2).

It arises from four branches in several lakes in north-central Maine, which flow generally east. After the uniting of the West Branch with the East Branch at Medway (45°36′14″N 68°31′52″W﻿ / ﻿45.604°N 68.531°W﻿ / 45.604; -68.531﻿ (Penobscot River source)), the Penobscot flows 109 miles (175 km) south, past the city of Bangor, where it becomes navigable. Also at Bangor is the tributary Kenduskeag Stream. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Penobscot Bay. It is home to the Penobscot people that live on Indian Island, and considered to be The People's lifeblood.
Benjamin Bonneville
Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (French pronunciation: [bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ lwi ølali də bɔnvil]; April 14, 1796 – June 12, 1878) was an American officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West. He is noted for his expeditions to the Oregon Country and the Great Basin, and in particular for blazing portions of the Oregon Trail.

During his lifetime, Bonneville was made famous by an account of his explorations in the West written by Washington Irving.

Portneuf River (Idaho)
The Portneuf River is a 124-mile-long (200 km) tributary of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho, United States. It drains a ranching and farming valley in the mountains southeast of the Snake River Plain. The city of Pocatello sits along the river near its emergence from the mountains onto the Snake River Plain.

The river is part of the Columbia River Basin.
Gustaf Skarsgård
Gustaf Caspar Orm Skarsgård (born 12 November 1980) is a Swedish actor. He is known for his roles in Evil (2003), The Way Back (2010),  Kon-Tiki (2012), and Oppenheimer (2023). He also appeared in the HBO TV series Westworld (2018), as Merlin in the Netflix TV series Cursed (2020),   and as Floki in the History Channel series Vikings (2013–2020).

Guldbagge Awards
The Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: Guldbaggen, lit. 'the golden scarab') is an official film awards ceremony in Sweden. Presented annually by Swedish Film Institute, the awards honors excellence in cinematic achievements in the Swedish film industry. It is described as the most prestigious in Sweden and the Swedish equivalent of the Academy Awards. Winners are awarded a statuette depicting a rose chafer, hence the name.

The first awards was presented in 1964 at Grand Hôtel in Stockholm. The awards was first televised in 1981 on SVT2, and has since then been broadcast, almost every year, on national channels SVT1, SVT2, or TV4.
Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics – Men's downhill
The men's alpine skiing downhill event was part of the alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event and the competition was held on Monday, 2 February 1948.

One hundred and eleven alpine skiers from 25 nations competed. Henri Oreiller of France won the first of his two gold medals at these Olympics; he also won the combined and won a bronze medal in slalom.

Alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics – Men's slalom
The men's alpine skiing slalom event was part of the alpine skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics programme. It was the first appearance of the event. The competition consisted of was held on Thursday, February 5, 1948. Seventy-seven alpine skiers from 22 nations competed.
Glan-Münchweiler station
Glan-Münchweiler station (officially called Glanmünchweiler until 1900 and also from 1943 to 1947) is the station of the town of Glan-Münchweiler in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 6 station and has two platforms and sidings. The station is located in the network area of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar Transport Association, VRN). The address of the station is Bahnhofstraße 3.

It was created on 22 September 1868 as a through station with the opening of the Landstuhl–Kusel railway. With the completion of the Glan Valley Railway (Glantalbahn), running from Homburg to Bad Münster, on 1 May 1904, which was built as a strategic railway, it became a junction station. It lost this function when the traffic on the latter between Schönenberg-Kübelberg and Glan-Münchweiler was discontinued in the early 1980s and the tracks were subsequently dismantled.

Bad Münster am Stein station
Bad Münster am Stein station is a station at a railway junction in Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg, a district of Bad Kreuznach in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The station building, dating from about 1910, is protected as a monument. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station. The station is located in the network of the Rhein-Nahe-Nahverkehrsverbund (Rhine-Nahe local transport association, RNN) and belongs to fare zone 401. Its address is: Berliner Straße 20.

The station, opened in 1859, was initially a through station on the Nahe Valley Railway (Nahetalbahn), which was built by the Rhine-Nahe Railway Company (Rhein-Nahe-Bahn). In 1871, the Alsenz Valley Railway (Alsenztalbahn) was opened from Hochspeyer with its northern terminus in the town then called just Münster. From 1904 to 1961, it was also the north-eastern terminus of the Glan Valley Railway (Glantalbahn), a strategic railway running to Homburg.
Phil Hill
Philip Toll Hill Jr. (April 20, 1927 – August 28, 2008) was an American racing driver, who competed in Formula One from 1958 to 1966. Hill won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1961 with Ferrari, and won three Grands Prix across eight seasons. In endurance racing, Hill was a three-time winner of both the 24 Hours of Le Mans and the 12 Hours of Sebring, all with Ferrari. Upon winning the 24 Hours of Daytona in 1964 with NART, Hill became the first driver to complete the Triple Crown of endurance racing.

Hill was one of two American drivers to win the World Drivers' Championship alongside Mario Andretti, and the only one who was born in the United States. Hill was described as a "thoughtful, gentle man" and once said, "I'm in the wrong business. I don't want to beat anybody, I don't want to be the big hero. I'm a peace-loving man, basically."

1000 km Brands Hatch
The Brands Hatch 1000 km was an endurance sports car event that was part of the World Sportscar Championship for varying years from 1967 until 1989.  Originally a six-hour race running under the name BOAC 500, the event was eventually extended to 1000 kilometres under a number of different sponsorship titles.
Korean Patriotic Organization
The Korean Patriotic Organization (Korean: 한인애국단) was a militant organization under the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) and founded in Shanghai, China in 1931. It aimed to assassinate military and government leaders of the Empire of Japan. The group also went by the name Ŭisaenggun.

Most notably, the group was behind a nearly successful assassination attempt on Emperor Hirohito in January 1932 and a successful attack in Hongkou Park (now Lu Xun Park) in April 1932. After May 1932, the group largely stopped its activities and disbanded.

The organization ultimately improved the relationship between the KPG and the Republic of China government, although it provoked a crackdown on KPG activities from the Japanese.

It was founded and led by Kim Ku, a prominent member of the Korean independence movement. Its executives were Kim Suk, An Gong-geun, Lee Su-bong, and Lee Yu-pil. Notable members included Yun Bong-gil, Lee Bong-chang, Lee Deok-ju, and Choi Heung-sik.

Yun Bong-gil
Yun Bong-gil (Korean: 윤봉길; Hanja: 尹奉吉; 21 June 1908 – 19 December 1932) was a Korean independence activist. His art name is Maeheon (매헌). He is most notable for his role in the Hongkou Park Incident, in which he set off a bomb that killed two Japanese colonial government and army officials in Shanghai's Hongkou Park (now Lu Xun Park) in 1932. He was posthumously awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation in 1962 by the South Korean government.

Yun Bong-gil memorials were built in South Korea (Seoul and Yesan), China (Shanghai), and Japan (Kanazawa).
Michael Bucks
Christianity portal

Michael William Bucks (2 June 1940  – 20 July 1997) was a Church of England priest who served as Royal Navy chaplain. He was Chaplain of the Fleet, Director General of the Naval Chaplaincy Service and Archdeacon for the Royal Navy from 1993 until shortly before his death.

Bucks was educated at Rossall School and King's College London. He was ordained deacon in 1964, and priest in 1966. After a curacy in Workington he was a Naval Chaplain from 1969 to 1997. He was also an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1994 to 1997.

Honorary Chaplain to the King
An Honorary Chaplain to the King is a member of the clergy within the United Kingdom who, through long and distinguished service, is appointed to minister to the monarch of the United Kingdom. When the reigning monarch is female, Honorary Chaplains are known as Honorary Chaplains to the Queen. As of 2008 there are 33 appointees.  They are also known as Honorary Chaplains to the Sovereign.

Honorary Chaplains wear a scarlet cassock and a special bronze badge consisting of the royal cypher and crown within an oval wreath. The badge is worn below medal ribbons or miniature medals during the conduct of religious services on the left side of the scarf by chaplains who wear the scarf and on academic or ordinary clerical dress by other chaplains.

Ten ministers of the Church of Scotland are appointed as Chaplains to the King in Scotland.

The monarch may also, as circumstances dictate, appoint extra chaplains.
Dęblin railway station
Dęblin railway station is a railway station serving Dęblin in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. It is served by Koleje Mazowieckie (who run services from Dęblin to Warszawa Zachodnia and Radom), Przewozy Regionalne and PKP Intercity (TLK services).

During the Holocaust thousands of Jews were deported from Dęblin–Irena Ghetto to the extermination camps via this station.

Dęblin
Dęblin [ˈdɛmblʲin] ⓘ is a town at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. Dęblin is the part of the agglomeration with adjacent towns of Ryki and Puławy, which together have over 100,000 inhabitants. The population of the town itself is 15,505 (December 2021). Dęblin is part of the historic region of Lesser Poland. Since 1927 it has been the home of the chief Polish Air Force Academy (Polish: Lotnicza Akademia Wojskowa), and as such Dęblin is one of the most important places associated with aviation in Poland. The town is also a key railroad junction, located along the major Warsaw – Kyiv line, with two additional connections stemming from Dęblin – one westwards to Radom, and another one northeast to Łuków.
Entuziasty Glacier
Entuziasty Glacier (70°30′S 14°30′E﻿ / ﻿70.500°S 14.500°E﻿ / -70.500; 14.500) is a broad outlet glacier of Queen Maud Land, flowing generally northward into the Lazarev Ice Shelf. It is nourished in its upper reaches by ice draining from the Hoel Mountains and the northeast end of the Wohlthat Mountains, and its tributaries include the Mushketov Glacier. The lower part of the glacier, particularly the relationship with the Mushketov Glacier, was first delineated by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1961. They named it "Lednik Entuziastov" (enthusiasts' glacier).

Hoel Mountains
The Hoel Mountains are a group of mountains including the Weyprecht Mountains and the Payer Mountains in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. They were first photographed from the air and plotted by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–39), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition (1956–60) and named for Adolf Hoel, a Norwegian geologist and Arctic explorer, leader and member of many expeditions to Greenland and Spitsbergen since 1907.
China Railways PL3
The China Railways PL3 (プレニ3, Pureni, "pure") class steam locomotive was a class of 2-6-2T "Prairie" type steam locomotives for freight trains operated by the China Railway and the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) in Korea. The "Pure" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 2-6-2 wheel arrangement were called "Prairie".

In all, Sentetsu owned 227 locomotives of all Pure classes, whilst privately owned railways owned another 52; of these 279 locomotives, 169 went to the Korean National Railroad in South Korea and 110 to the Korean State Railway in North Korea.

Nippon Sharyo
Nippon Sharyo, Ltd.  (日本車輌製造株式会社, Nippon Sharyō Seizō kabushiki gaisha; literally "Japan Rolling Stock Manufacture Company" and formerly known outside Japan as Nippon Sharyo Seizo Kaisha, Ltd.), formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock, heavy equipment, generator, special purpose vehicle and bridge manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 1996, it abbreviated its name to "日本車両" Nippon Sharyō. Its shortest abbreviation is Nissha "日車". It was a listed company on Nikkei 225 until 2004. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange as ticker 7102. In 2008, Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) became the majority shareholder (50.1%) of the financially struggling Nippon Sharyo making the firm a "consolidated subsidiary" of JR Central. In July 2012 Nippon Sharyo USA started production in their new facility in Rochelle, Illinois. The facility closed at the end of October 2018 due to a lack of orders.
WR 86
WR 86 is a visual binary in the constellation Scorpius consisting of a Wolf-Rayet star and a β Cephei variable. It lies 2° west of NGC 6357 on the edge of the Great Rift in the Milky Way in the tail of the Scorpion.

WR 86 is a binary with two components of equal visual brightness 0.3" apart. One has the emission-line spectrum of a WC7 Wolf-Rayet star, while the other is a B0 giant. Peter Monderen et al. discovered that the star is a variable star, in April 1986. It was given its variable star designation, V1035 Scorpii, in 1997. The blue giant varies slightly in brightness every 3.5 hours. The WR star may also be slightly variable.

The pulsations of the B-type giant are characteristic of a β Cephei variable. Analysis of its pulsations and comparison to the expected properties of a WC7 star suggest that both stars could have evolved without mass exchange. The WR and B stars would have had initial masses of 40 M☉ and 20 M☉ respectively four million years ago.

NGC 6357
NGC 6357 is a diffuse nebula near NGC 6334 in the constellation Scorpius.  The nebula contains many proto-stars shielded by dark discs of gas, and young stars wrapped in expanding "cocoons" or expanding gases surrounding these small stars. It is also known as the Lobster Nebula. This nebula was given the name War and Peace Nebula by the Midcourse Space Experiment scientists because of its appearance, which, in infrared images the bright, western part resembles a dove, while the eastern part looks like a skull. A petition by anime fans to rename it as the Madokami nebula, due to resemblance with a character, was unsuccessful.

It is located about 5,500 light years away from Earth. NGC 6357 is connected by a filamentary structure to NGC 6334, and the two may form a single complex.
Trolley buses in Vancouver
The Vancouver trolley bus system forms part of the TransLink public transport network serving Metro Vancouver in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Opened in 1948, the system was originally owned and operated by the British Columbia Electric Railway. By 1954, Vancouver had the largest trolley bus fleet in Canada, with 327 units, and the fleet grew to an all-time peak of 352 in early 1957.: 20  There were 19 routes by 1955 and a peak of 20 by the second quarter of 1957. The last route to open in the 1950s was the only express trolley bus service that ever existed in Canada.: 22 : 202  Several, mostly short, extensions to the system were constructed in the 1980s and later.

The trolley bus system presently comprises 13 routes and is managed by the Coast Mountain Bus Company, a subsidiary of TransLink. It uses a fleet of 262 trolley buses, of which 74 are articulated vehicles. It has the second-largest trolley bus fleet in Canada and the U.S.

Granville Street
Granville Street is a major street in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and part of Highway 99. Granville Street is most often associated with the Granville Entertainment District and the Granville Mall. This street also cuts through residential neighbourhoods like Shaughnessy and Marpole via the Granville Street Bridge.
Asian Theatre Journal
The Asian Theatre Journal is an academic journal dedicated to the performing arts of Asia, focusing upon both traditional and modern theatrical forms. It contains descriptive and analytical articles, original plays and play translations, as well as reviews of books and plays and reports of current theatrical activities in Asia.

Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.
Demosthenes Philalethes
Demosthenes Philalethes (Gr. Δημοσθένης ὁ Φιλαλήθης) was an ancient Greek physician of Asia Minor who was one of the pupils of Alexander Philalethes, a contemporary of Aristoxenus, and a follower of the teachings of Herophilos.  He succeeded Alexander as the head of the Herophilean school of medicine in Carura.  He probably lived around the beginning of the 1st century, and was especially celebrated for his skill as an oculist.  He was the author of the most influential ophthalmological work of antiquity, the Ophthalmicus, on diseases of the eye, which appears to have been still extant in the Middle Ages, but of which nothing now remains, although some extracts are preserved by Aëtius Amidenus, Paul of Aegina, Rufus of Ephesus, and other later writers. In this book, he attributed glaucoma to a pathology of the crystalline humor. He also wrote a work on the pulse, which is quoted by Galen.  Demosthenes was the last known Herophilean in Asia Minor.

Herophilos
Herophilos (/hɪˈrɒfɪləs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόφιλος; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. Born in Chalcedon, he spent the majority of his life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He recorded his findings in over nine works, which are now all lost. The early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 prisoners; however, this account has been disputed by many historians. He is often seen as the father of anatomy.
Alternating multilinear map
In mathematics, more specifically in multilinear algebra, an alternating multilinear map is a multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a bilinear form or a multilinear form) that is zero whenever any pair of its arguments is equal.  This generalizes directly to a module over a commutative ring.

The notion of alternatization (or alternatisation) is used to derive an alternating multilinear map from any multilinear map of which all arguments belong to the same space.

Bilinear map
In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.

A bilinear map can also be defined for modules. For that, see the article pairing.