hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2020 Lima Challenger
The 2020 Lima Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourteenth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2020 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lima, Peru between 23 and 29 November 2020.

2020 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour in 2020 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2020 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 57 tournaments with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $162,480. It was the 43rd edition of challenger tournaments cycle and 12th under the name of Challenger Tour.

The Challenger Tour was suspended between 13 March and 16 August due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Object copying
In object-oriented programming, object copying is creating a copy of an existing object, a unit of data in object-oriented programming. The resulting object is called an object copy or simply copy of the original object. Copying is basic but has subtleties and can have significant overhead. There are several ways to copy an object, most commonly by a copy constructor or cloning. Copying is done mostly so the copy can be modified or moved, or the current value preserved. If either of these is unneeded, a reference to the original data is sufficient and more efficient, as no copying occurs.

Objects in general store composite data. While in simple cases copying can be done by allocating a new, uninitialized object and copying all fields (attributes) from the original object, in more complex cases this does not result in desired behavior.

Reference (computer science)
In computer programming, a reference is a value that enables a program to indirectly access a particular datum, such as a variable's value or a record, in the computer's memory or in some other storage device.  The reference is said to refer to the datum, and accessing the datum is called dereferencing the reference. A reference is distinct from the datum itself.

A reference is an abstract data type and may be implemented in many ways. Typically, a reference refers to data stored in memory on a given system, and its internal value is the memory address of the data, i.e. a reference is implemented as a pointer. For this reason a reference is often said to "point to" the data. Other implementations include an offset (difference) between the datum's address and some fixed "base" address, an index, or identifier used in a lookup operation into an array or table, an operating system handle, a physical address on a storage device, or a network address such as a URL.
Vicia
Vicia is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Vicia species are native to Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas.

Lentil
The lentil (Vicia lens or Lens culinaris) is an annual legume grown for its lens-shaped edible seeds or pulses, also called lentils. It is about 40 cm (16 in) tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each.

Lentil seeds are used around the world for culinary purposes, most commonly in stews or soups. In cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, where lentils are a staple, split lentils (often with their hulls removed) known as dal are often cooked into a thick curry that is usually eaten with rice or roti.
Gmina Śliwice
Gmina Śliwice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tuchola County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Śliwice, which lies approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-east of Tuchola and 68 km (42 mi) north of Bydgoszcz.

The gmina covers an area of 174.75 square kilometres (67.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,430.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Tuchola Landscape Park.

Tuchola County
Tuchola County (Polish: powiat tucholski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Tuchola, which lies 55 km (34 mi) north of Bydgoszcz and 81 km (50 mi) north-west of Toruń.

The county covers an area of 1,075.27 square kilometres (415.2 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 48,329 out of which the population of Tuchola is 13,621 and the rural population is 34,708.

The county contains most of the protected area called Tuchola Landscape Park.
Hessenberg matrix
In linear algebra, a Hessenberg matrix is a special kind of square matrix, one that is "almost" triangular. To be exact, an upper Hessenberg matrix has zero entries below the first subdiagonal, and a lower Hessenberg matrix has zero entries above the first superdiagonal. They are named after Karl Hessenberg.

A Hessenberg decomposition is a matrix decomposition of a matrix  into a unitary matrix  and a Hessenberg matrix  such that  where  denotes the conjugate transpose.

Unitary matrix
In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U−1 equals its conjugate transpose U*, that is, if

where I is the identity matrix.

In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger (⁠⁠), so the equation above is written

A complex matrix U is special unitary if it is unitary and its matrix determinant equals 1.

For real numbers, the analogue of a unitary matrix is an orthogonal matrix. Unitary matrices have significant importance in quantum mechanics because they preserve norms, and thus, probability amplitudes.
2015 Canadian Senior Curling Championships
The 2015 Canadian Senior Curling Championships was held from March 21 to 28 at the Thistle Curling Club in Edmonton, Alberta. The winners represented Canada at the 2016 World Senior Curling Championships.

Canadian Senior Curling Championships
The Canadian Senior Curling Championships are an annual bonspiel held to determine the national champions in senior curling for Canada. Seniors are defined as being people over the age of 50. The championship teams play at the World Senior Curling Championships the following year.

The event's first committee was established in October 1964. Frank Sargent was an original member of the senior championship committee, and believed the event would attract former Brier competitors and give seniors a place to compete which had not existed. The inaugural Canadian Seniors Curling Championship was hosted in Port Arthur in March 1965. It used a minimum age of 55 for competitors, and had the Seagram Company as its title sponsor.
Kun Khmer
Kun Khmer (Khmer: គុនខ្មែរ [kun kʰmae] lit. 'Khmer martial arts'), or Pradal Serey (Khmer: ប្រដាល់សេរី [prɑɗal seːrəj] lit. 'free boxing'), is a combat sport that originated in Cambodia. The sport consists of stand up striking and clinch fighting, where the objective is to knock an opponent out, force a technical knockout, or win a match by points. The sport was codified in Cambodia by the French colonial administration in the early 20th century, and was derived from centuries-old traditions, namely Bokator, the close-quarter combat system used during the Khmer empire. The official name of the sport in Khmer is Kbach Kun Pradal Khmer (Khmer: ក្បាច់គុនប្រដាល់ខ្មែរ [kʰɓac kun prɑɗal kʰmae] lit. 'Khmer martial art of boxing').

Cambodian Television Network
Cambodian Television Network (CTN) is a free-to-air terrestrial television channel launched in March 2003 as a joint venture between local conglomerate The Royal Group and Stockholm-based Modern Times Group. The network is now part of Mobitel.

CTN provides viewers with a variety of entertainment and educational programmes, which includes home-grown documentaries, computer learning programmes and sitcoms. The channel has also bought rights to Sunday English Premier League football matches, European comedies and Asian drama series and South American telenovelas. International news is transmitted to CTN's broadcast facility at Srok Takhmao via satellite from London, enabling the channel to offer international and Asian news. CTN is available through the website and mobile applications.
English ship Elizabeth (1647)
Elizabeth was a 32/38-gun fourth rate vessel of the Kingdom of England, one of four new frigates ordered and built under the 1647 Programme (the others were the Dragon, Phoenix and Tiger). Her initial commission was in the Parliamentary Naval Force during the English Civil War. During the First Anglo-Dutch War, she missed all the major Fleet actions as much of the time she was in the Mediterranean. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, she participated in the St James Day Fight. She was burnt by the Dutch off Virginia in March 1667.

Elizabeth was the second vessel to be given that name in the English Navy, since it had been used for a 16-gun vessel, in service from 1577 to 1588.

Second Anglo-Dutch War
The Second Anglo-Dutch War began on 4 March 1665 and concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Breda on 31 July 1667. It was one in a series of naval wars between England and the Dutch Republic, driven largely by commercial disputes.

Despite several major battles, neither side was able to score a decisive victory, and by the end of 1666 the war had reached stalemate. Peace talks made little progress until the Dutch Raid on the Medway in June 1667 forced Charles II to agree to the Treaty of Breda.

By eliminating a number of long-standing issues, the terms eventually made it possible for England and the Dutch Republic to unite against the expansionist policies pursued by Louis XIV of France. In the short-term however, Charles's desire to avenge this setback led to the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672.
2022 World Taekwondo Championships
The 2022 World Taekwondo Championships was the 25th edition of the World Taekwondo Championships and was held at the Centro Acuático CODE Metropolitano, in Guadalajara, Mexico from 13 to 20 November 2022. It was at first scheduled to be held in Wuxi, China in 2021, but withdrawn due to the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic to get the 2025 edition. In January 2022, the event was first moved to Cancún, Mexico. This was the second time after 2013, that Mexico has held the event.

World Taekwondo Championships
The World Taekwondo Championship is held every two years by World Taekwondo. In addition to the kyorugi (full contact fighting) Championships, there are also Para World Championships as well as Poomsae and Para Poomsae Championships held every two years.
Tish Murtha
Patricia Anne Murtha (14 March 1956 – 13 March 2013) was a British social documentary photographer best known for documenting marginalised communities, social realism and working class life in Newcastle upon Tyne and the North East of England.

The posthumously published books of her work are Youth Unemployment (2017), Elswick Kids (2018) and Juvenile Jazz Bands (2020).

Arts Council of Great Britain
The Arts Council of Great Britain was a non-departmental public body dedicated to the promotion of the fine arts in Great Britain. It was divided in 1994 to form the Arts Council of England (now Arts Council England), the Scottish Arts Council (later merged into Creative Scotland), and the Arts Council of Wales. At the same time the National Lottery was established and these three arts councils, plus the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, became distribution bodies.
Martín Olleta
Martín Olleta was a Chono chieftain who was an important broker between Spanish authorities in Chiloé Archipelago and indigenous people of the fjords and channels of Patagonia. He is known for rescuing the survivors of the wreck of HMS Wager in 1742. He was identified as chieftain by the British and referred to as "gobernadorcillo de dicha nación chonos" ("little governor of the Chono nation") by the Spanish governor of Chiloé Victoriano Martínez de Tineo. He used a rod with a silver handle as symbol of authority.

Governorate of Chiloé
The Governorate of Chiloé was political and military subdivision of the Spanish Empire that existed, with a 1784–1789 interregnum, from 1567 to 1826. The Governorate of Chiloé depended on the Captaincy General of Chile until the late 18th century when it was made dependent directly on the Viceroyalty of Peru. The administrative change was done simultaneously as the capital of the archipelago was moved from Castro to Ancud in 1768. The last Royal Governor of Chiloé, Antonio de Quintanilla, depended directly on the central government in Madrid.
Joyn (streaming platform)
Joyn GmbH (formerly 7TV Joint Venture GmbH) is a German streaming company fully owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media. Among other things, it operates the streaming platform Joyn, which had more than seven million users per month in January 2020, the pay-per-view service Maxdome and the streaming service Discovery+ (which subsumed Eurosport Player).

The streaming platform Joyn officially replaced its predecessor service 7TV on 18 June 2019, and the video-on-demand portal maxdome on 2 September 2020. In the 3rd/4th In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Eurosport Player and, later, the maxdome store were also integrated into Joyn.

ProSiebenSat.1 Media
ProSiebenSat.1 Media SE (officially abbreviated as P7S1, formerly ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG) is a German mass media and digital company based in Unterföhring near Munich. MediaForEurope owns 75.61% of the company. It operates in three segments: Entertainment, Dating and Commerce & Ventures. The company is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.
1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Sussex Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery from 1859 to 1961. Raised as coastal defence artillery, the unit later served as field artillery in Mesopotamia during World War I, and in North Africa, Sicily, Italy and North West Europe during World War II. It carried out a number of roles in the postwar Territorial Army.

Volunteer Officers' Decoration
The Volunteer Officers' Decoration, post-nominal letters VD, was instituted in 1892 as an award for long and meritorious service by officers of the United Kingdom's Volunteer Force. Award of the decoration was discontinued in the United Kingdom when it was superseded by the Territorial Decoration in 1908, but it continued to be awarded in some Crown Dependencies until 1930.

The grant of the decoration was extended in 1894 by the institution of a separate new decoration, the Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies, that could be awarded to commissioned officers of all Volunteer Forces throughout the British Empire and India.
Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America
Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America is a book by Marcia Chatelain. Chatelain was awarded the 2021 Pulitzer Prize for History  and the 2022 James Beard Award for Writing for this book. She was the first black woman to win the latter award.

Pulitzer Prize for History
The Pulitzer Prize for History, administered by Columbia University, is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1917 for a distinguished book about the history of the United States. Thus it is one of the original Pulitzers, for the program was inaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year. The Pulitzer Prize program has also recognized some historical work with its Biography prize, from 1917, and its General Nonfiction prize, from 1962.

Finalists have been announced since 1980, ordinarily two others beside the winner.
Brock River North
The North Brock River is a tributary of the Brock River, Brock River, flowing into the Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, in Jamésie, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in the province of Quebec, in the Canada. The course of the river crosses successively the Assinica Wildlife Reserve and the township of La Rochette.

The upper part of the hydrographic slope of the "North Brock River" is accessible by a forest road from Chibougamau and going up to the North. The lower part is served by some forest roads that come from the south where passes route 113 which connects Lebel-sur-Quévillon to Chibougamau. This road goes south of Opémisca Lake.

The surface of the "Brock North River" is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice movement is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Chibougamau
Chibougamau (French pronunciation: [ʃibuɡamo]) is the largest town in Nord-du-Québec, central Quebec, Canada. Located on Lake Gilman, it has a population of 7,233 people (2021 Canadian census). Chibougamau is surrounded by, but not part of, the local municipality of Eeyou Istchee James Bay. Chibougamau means "gathering place" in the Cree language.

Its remoteness from Lac Saint-Jean (over 200 km (120 mi) south-east) and Abitibi-Témiscamingue (over 250 km (160 mi) south-west) areas causes Chibougamau to provide services for a few smaller communities surrounding it (Mistissini, Oujé-Bougoumou, and Chapais) and for the regional resource-based industries. Despite Chibougamau's remoteness, it is only about as far north as Winnipeg and is south of any part of the mainland of England.

Access to the town is by Route 167 from Lac Saint-Jean and by Route 113 from Lebel-sur-Quévillon. Chibougamau/Chapais Airport is along Route 113, about halfway to Chapais.
Admiral Group
Admiral Group plc is a British financial services company headquartered in Cardiff, Wales. Listed on the London Stock Exchange, it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, and markets the Admiral, Bell, Elephant, Diamond and Veygo insurance brands, as well as launching the price comparison services Confused.com and Compare.com. The group employs more than 10,000 people across its brands.

FTSE 100 Index
The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, also called the FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 100, FTSE or, informally, the "Footsie" /ˈfʊtsi/, is one of the United Kingdom's best-known stock market indices and represents the 100 most highly capitalised blue chips listed on the London Stock Exchange.
Sonepur Assembly constituency
Sonepur is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Subarnapur district, Odisha.

This constituency includes Sonepur, Tarbha, Sonepur block, Tarbha block, Dunguripali block and two GPs (Julunda and Mahada) of Binika block.

Subarnapur district
Subarnapur district, also called Sonepur district, is an administrative district in Odisha state in eastern India. The city of Sonepur is the district headquarters. Sonepur is known as the Mandiramalini town (city of temples) of Odisha with more than hundred temples. The people of the Sonepur region are referred to as Sonepuria. From ancient times, Sonepur is considered as a holy city.
Dag Henrik Sandbakken
Dag Henrik Sandbakken (born 17 August 1957) is a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Centre Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Hedmark during the 2005–2009 term. When Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet assumed office following the 2005 elections, Sandbakken was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. He resigned in February 2013.

On the local level, Sandbakken served as mayor of Tynset Municipality from 1999 to 2005. He worked as a farmer, and in addition to his agronomist education he was educated at Hedmark University College. He was hired in the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities.

State Secretary (Norway)
In Norway, a state secretary (Norwegian: statssekretær) is a partisan political position within the executive branch of government. Contrary to the position secretary of state in many other countries, a Norwegian state secretary does not head the ministry, rather, they are second in rank to a minister. Resembling a de facto vice minister, the state secretary, however, cannot attend a Council of State, and does not act as a temporary minister in case of illness or other leave of absence.
Julian Rotter
Julian B. Rotter (October 22, 1916 – January 6, 2014) was an American psychologist known for developing social learning theory and research into locus of control. He was a faculty member at Ohio State University and then the University of Connecticut. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Rotter as the 64th most eminent and 18th most widely cited psychologist of the 20th century. A 2014 study published in 2014 placed him at #54 among psychologists whose careers spanned the post-World War II era.

Gestalt psychology
Gestalt psychology, gestaltism, or configurationism  is a school of psychology and a theory of perception that emphasizes the processing of entire patterns and configurations, and not merely individual components. It emerged in the early twentieth century in Germany and Austria as a rejection of basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology.

Gestalt psychology is often associated with the adage, "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". In Gestalt theory, information is perceived as wholes rather than disparate parts which are then processed summatively. As used in Gestalt psychology, the German word Gestalt (/ɡəˈʃtælt, -ˈʃtɑːlt/ gə-SHTA(H)LT, German: [ɡəˈʃtalt] ⓘ; meaning "form") is interpreted as "pattern" or "configuration".

It differs from Gestalt therapy, which is only peripherally linked to Gestalt psychology.
Kosambi
Kosambi (Pali) or Kaushambi (Sanskrit) was an ancient city in India, characterized by its importance as a trading center along the Ganges Plain and its status as the capital of the Vatsa Kingdom, one of the sixteen mahajanapadas. It was located on the Yamuna River about 56 kilometres (35 mi) southwest of its confluence with the Ganges at Prayaga (modern Prayagraj), which made it a powerful center for trade and beneficial for the Vatsa Kingdom.

Śvetāmbara
The Śvetāmbara (/ʃwɛˈtʌmbərə/; also spelled Shwetambara, Shvetambara, Svetambara or Swetambara) is one of the two main branches of Jainism, the other being the Digambara. Śvetāmbara in Sanskrit means "white-clad", and refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go nude. Śvetāmbaras do not believe that ascetics must practice nudity.

The Śvetāmbara and Digambara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards Jain nuns, their legends and the texts they consider as important. Śvetāmbara Jain communities are currently found mainly in Gujarat, Rajasthan and coastal regions of Maharashtra. According to Jeffery D. Long, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, about four-fifths of all Jains in India are Śvetāmbaras.
Henio Zytomirski
Henio Zytomirski (Hebrew: הניו ז׳יטומירסקי \ הֶנְיוֹ זִ׳יטוֹמִירְסְקִי, henyo zhitomirski, Polish: Henio Żytomirski; 25 March 1933 – 9 November 1942) was a Polish Jew, who was murdered at the age of 9 in a gas chamber at Majdanek concentration camp during the German Nazi occupation of Poland. Henio became an icon of the Holocaust, not only in Lublin but all over Poland. His life story became a part of the curriculum taught in the general education system in Poland. The "Letters to Henio" project has been held in Lublin since 2005. Henio Zytomirski is one of the heroes of "The Primer" permanent exhibition at barrack 53 of the Majdanek Museum, an exhibition dedicated to children held in the camp.

Holocaust trains
Holocaust trains were railway transports run by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and other European railways under the control of Nazi Germany and its allies, for the purpose of forcible deportation of the Jews, as well as other victims of the Holocaust, to the Nazi concentration, forced labour, and extermination camps.

The speed at which people targeted in the "Final Solution" could be exterminated was dependent on two factors: the capacity of the death camps to gas the victims and quickly dispose of their bodies, as well as the capacity of the railways to transport the victims from Nazi ghettos to extermination camps. The most modern accurate numbers on the scale of the "Final Solution" still rely partly on shipping records of the German railways.