hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert von Lieben
Robert von Lieben (September 5, 1878, in Vienna – February 20, 1913, in Vienna) was an Austrian entrepreneur, and self-taught physicist and inventor. Lieben and his associates Eugen Reisz and Siegmund Strauss invented and produced a gas-filled triode – the first thermionic valve with a control grid that was designed specifically for amplification rather than demodulation of signals, and is a distant ancestor of the thyratron. After Lieben's death, the "Lieben valve", which is also known in English as the "Lieben-Reisz valve" and in German as the "LRS-Relais" (Lieben-Reisz-Strauss relay), was used in the world's first continuous wave radio frequency generator designed for radio telephony.

Telephone line
A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit industrywide) is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable. It is the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user.

Telephone lines are used to deliver consistent landline telephone service and digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network. The voltage at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at –48 V.
Tony DiPreta
Anthony Louis DiPreta (July 9, 1921 – June 2, 2010) was an American comic book and comic strip artist active from the 1940s Golden Age of comic books. He was the longtime successor artist of the comic strip Joe Palooka (1959–84) and drew the Rex Morgan, M.D. daily strip from 1983 until DiPreta's retirement in 2000.

Greenwich, Connecticut
Greenwich (/ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch) is a town in southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 63,518. It is the largest town on Connecticut's affluent Gold Coast. Greenwich is home to many hedge funds and financial services firms due to its residential setting and proximity to Manhattan.

Greenwich is a principal community of the Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk–Danbury metropolitan statistical area, which comprises all of Fairfield County, and is part of both the greater New York metropolitan area and the Western Connecticut Planning Region. The town is the southwesternmost municipality in both the State of Connecticut and the six-state region of New England. The town is named after Greenwich, a royal borough of London in the United Kingdom.
2008 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships
The 2008 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships in speed skating were held at the Kardinge ice stadium in Groningen, Netherlands on 29 and 30 December 2007. Although the event took place in December 2007 this was the 2008 edition as it is part of the 2007–08 speed skating season.

Sven Kramer defended his 2007 title by winning all four distances. In the women's tournament Ireen Wüst won the tournament with only winning the opening 500 m, young gun Marrit Leenstra won the 1500 m and veteran Renate Groenewold the 3000 m and 5000 m.

2007 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships
The 2007 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships in speed skating were held in the Thialf stadium in Heerenveen, Netherlands, on 23 and 24 December 2006. Although the event took place in December 2006 this was the 2007 edition as it is part of the 2006–07 speed skating season.

Sven Kramer won the men's allround event, finishing in the top four on all distances. Erben Wennemars won bronze in his first start at an allround championship. In the women's event, Ireen Wüst won both the shortest distances, and finished on the podium in all four distances to take overall victory by almost two points.
Hardwick Village
Hardwick Village is a rural settlement located in the civil parish of Clumber and Hardwick, within the Bassetlaw district area of Nottinghamshire. It is within Clumber Park, part of a greater area known as The Dukeries. It consists of former labourers' cottages and a couple of farms, including Hardwick Grange.

Bassetlaw District
Bassetlaw is a local government district in north Nottinghamshire, England. Its council is based in the town of Worksop; the other towns in the district are Retford, Tuxford and Harworth Bircotes. The district also contains numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

Bassetlaw is bounded to the south by the Newark and Sherwood and Mansfield districts, to the south-west by the Bolsover district of Derbyshire, to the north-west by the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham and the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, to the north by North Lincolnshire, and to the east by West Lindsey.

Bassetlaw has been a non-constituent member of the East Midlands Combined County Authority since its estalishment in 2024.. Simultaneously, the district maintains an indirect relationship as a non-constituent member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Authority.
2024 Cook Out 400 (Richmond)
The 2024 Cook Out 400 was a NASCAR Cup Series race that was held on August 11, 2024, at Richmond Raceway in Richmond, Virginia. Contested over 408 laps—extended from 400 laps due to an overtime finish, on the 0.75-mile (1.21 km) asphalt short track, it was the 23rd race of the 2024 NASCAR Cup Series season. Austin Dillon won the race, breaking a 68-race winless drought, dating back to the 2022 Coke Zero Sugar 400. Denny Hamlin finished 2nd, and Tyler Reddick finished 3rd. Bubba Wallace and Ross Chastain rounded out the top five, and Christopher Bell, Kyle Larson, Carson Hocevar, Chase Elliott, and Daniel Suárez rounded out the top ten.

NASCAR Cup Series at Richmond Raceway
Stock car races in the NASCAR Cup Series have been held at Richmond Raceway in Richmond, Virginia since 1953.

A second race in March was also held at the track from 1953 to 2024 until it was moved to Mexico for the 2025 season.
2012 New Year Honours
The New Year Honours 2012 were announced on 31 December 2011 in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Belize, Saint Christopher and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Cook Islands, to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 2012.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of independence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.

Welsh Government
The Welsh Government (Welsh: Llywodraeth Cymru, pronounced [ɬəˈwɔdraːɨθ ˈkəmrɨ]) is the devolved government of Wales. It consists of cabinet secretaries and ministers. The government is led by the first minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh: Senedd Cymru), who selects ministers with the approval of the Senedd. The government is responsible for tabling policy in devolved areas (such as health, education, economic development, transport and local government) for consideration by the Senedd and implementing policy that has been approved by it.

The current Welsh Government is a Labour minority administration, following the 2021 Senedd election. It is led by Eluned Morgan who has been the first minister of Wales since August 2024.
Elke U. Weber
Elke U. Weber  (born April 6, 1957) is a Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs at Princeton University where she holds the Gerhard R. Andlinger Professorship in Energy & the Environment.
Prior to moving to Princeton in 2016, she spent 17 years at Columbia University, where she founded and co-directed the Earth Institute's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions  and the Columbia Business School's Center for Decision Sciences.

Risk
Risk is the possibility of something bad happening, comprising a level of uncertainty about the effects and implications of an activity, particularly negative and undesirable consequences.

Risk theory, assessment, and management are applied but substantially differ in different practice areas, such as business, economics, environment, finance, information technology, health, insurance, safety, security, and privacy. The international standard for risk management, ISO 31000, provides general guidelines and principles on managing risks faced by organizations.
Joseph D. Lohman
Joseph D. Lohman (January 31, 1910 – April 26, 1968) was an American educator and politician.

Born in Denver, Colorado, Lohman received his bachelor's degree from University of Denver and his master's degree from University of Wisconsin–Madison, and went to University of Chicago. He taught sociology at University of Chicago, American University, and University of Wisconsin–Madison. Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson appointed Lohman chairman of the Illinois Parole Board in 1949. In 1954, Lohman was elected sheriff of Cook County, Illinois as a Democrat and then in 1958, Lohman was elected Illinois Treasurer. In 1961, Lohman resigned as Illinois Treasurer and was appointed dean of the school of criminology at University of California, Berkeley. He died in Walnut Creek, California of a heart ailment at age 58.

Illinois Treasurer
The Treasurer of Illinois is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of Illinois. Seventy-four individuals have occupied the office of Treasurer since statehood. The incumbent is Mike Frerichs, a Democrat. A former Champaign County auditor and state senator, Frerichs was first elected to lead the state treasury in 2014 following a close race with Republican candidate Tom Cross.
Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1229 Birdsey Road
Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1229 Birdsey Road is a farmhouse in the town of Junius, New York, in Seneca County, New York. It is significant as a well-preserved example of cobblestone architecture, in a vernacular Greek Revival style. North of the house, there is also a large barn believed to date to the late 19th century. This property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 2008. It is the sixth property listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.

Cobblestone
Cobblestone is a natural building material based on cobble-sized stones, and is used for pavement roads, streets, and buildings. Setts, also called Belgian blocks, are often referred to as "cobbles", although a sett is distinct from a cobblestone by being quarried and shaped into a regular form, while cobblestones are naturally occurring rounded forms less uniform in size.

It has been used across various cultures for millennia, particularly in Europe, and became especially prominent during the medieval and early modern periods. Today, cobblestone streets are often associated with historic preservation and are used in many cities to maintain the historical character of certain neighborhoods.
Campaign (magazine)
Campaign is a global business magazine covering advertising, media, marketing and commercial creativity. Headquartered in the UK, it also has editions in the US, Asia-Pacific, India, the Middle East and Turkey.

Campaign is published by Haymarket Media Group, which owns more than 70 brands worldwide, including Autocar, What Car? and PRWeek.

What Car?
What Car? is a British monthly automobile magazine and website, currently edited by Steve Huntingford and published by Haymarket Media Group. Other team members include deputy editor Darren Moss and test editors Will Nightingale, John Howell, Lawrence Cheung, Dan Jones and Oliver Young. The used car editors are Mark Pearson and George Hill. The consumer editor is Claire Evans.
Hollowware
Hollowware or holloware is tableware that forms a vessel or container of some kind, as opposed to flatware such as plates. Examples include sugar bowls, creamers, coffee pots, teapots, soup tureens, hot food covers, and jugs. It may be in pottery, metals such as silver, iron, glass or plastic. It does not include cutlery or other metal utensils. Hollowware is constructed for durability. It differs from some other silver-plated items, with thicker walls and more layers of silver plating.

Jug
A jug is a type of container commonly used to hold and serve liquids, but not normally to drink from directly. It has an opening, sometimes narrow, from which to pour or drink, and has a handle, and usually a pouring lip. Jugs throughout history have been made of metal, ceramic, or glass, and plastic is now common.

In British English, jugs are pouring vessels for holding drinkable liquids, whether beer, water or soft drinks.  In North American English these table jugs are usually called pitchers. Ewer is an older word for jugs or pitchers, and there are several others, such as flagon.

Several other types of containers are also called jugs, depending on locale, tradition, and personal preference.  Some types of bottles can be called jugs, particularly  if the container has a narrow mouth and has a handle.  Closures such as  stoppers or screw caps are common for these retail packages.
Yang Kyoungjong
Yang Kyoungjong (Korean: 양경종) is purported to have been a Korean man who, according to some historians, served in the Imperial Japanese Army, the Soviet Red Army, and finally the German Wehrmacht during World War II. While some men of apparent East Asian ethnicity served in the Wehrmacht and were captured by Allied forces, this individual's existence and supposed personal history are not substantiated by the historical record.

Robert B. Brewer
Robert Burnham "Bob" Brewer (31 January 1924 – 5 December 1996) was a United States Army officer during World War II, assigned to E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Brewer was portrayed, without credit by Canadian actor Brandon Firla, in one episode of the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.
Xingye Donglu station
Xingye Donglu station (simplified Chinese: 兴业东路站; traditional Chinese: 興業東路站; pinyin: Xīngyè Dōnglù Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Hīngyihp Dūnglǒu Jaahm; lit. 'Xingye East Road station') is a station on Line 3 of Foshan Metro, located in Foshan's Nanhai District. It opened on 23 August 2024.

Nanhai, Foshan
Nanhai District (simplified Chinese: 南海区; traditional Chinese: 南海區) or Namhoi (from Cantonese, Jyutping: naam4 hoi2), is a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China. Its government is the first to have developed e-government informatization at the county level in China.
Asian immigration to Australia
Asian immigration to Australia refers to immigration to Australia from part of the continent of Asia, which includes East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia.The first major wave of Asian immigration to Australia occurred in the late 19th century, but the exclusionary White Australia policy, which was implemented to restrict non-European immigration, made it difficult for many Asian immigrants to migrate to the country. However, with the passage of the Migration Act 1958, the White Australia policy began to be phased out and Asian immigration to Australia increased significantly. Today, Asian immigrants from a wide range of countries play an important role in the cultural and economic landscape of Australia.

Migrant worker
A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.

Migrant workers who work outside their home country are also called foreign workers. They may also be called expatriates or guest workers, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country.

The International Labour Organization estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. Some countries have millions of migrant workers. Some migrant workers are illegal immigrants or slaves.
Mycobacterium celatum
Mycobacterium celatum is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.

Type strain: strain ATCC 51131 = CCUG 39185 = CDC 90-0899 = CIP 106109 = DSM 44243 = JCM 12373.

Mycobacterium
Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species of  Gram-positive bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and leprosy (M. leprae) in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus's mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer containing high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

Mycobacterial species are generally aerobic, non-motile, and capable of growing with minimal nutrition. The genus is divided based on each species's pigment production and growth rate. While most Mycobacterium species are non-pathogenic, the genus's characteristic complex cell wall contributes to evasion from host defenses.
Günter Altner
Günter Altner (20 September 1936 – 6 December 2011) was a German interdisciplinary active scientist, biologist, Protestant theologian, ecologist, environmentalist, writer and lecturer. Altner had briefly been a professor of human biology at the University of Education Schwäbisch Gmünd, subsequently focussed on theology, his second area of education, and was a professor of protestant theology at the University of Koblenz and Landau for 22 years.

Altner is known for his teaching and lectures, his numerous books, his role of co-founder and curator of the Öko-Institut and his activity as political advisor to the German government. With his expertise in ecology and in the theological reflection on environmental ethics he held a unique position in the German-language theological and political discourse.

Leuphana University of Lüneburg
Leuphana University Lüneburg is a public university in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Leuphana was founded in 1946 as a college of education (German: Pädagogische Hochschule), later expanding to become a university designated as a "foundation under public law." The name Leuphana is derived from an ancient settlement on the Elbe that was mentioned in a 2nd-century geographical world atlas by Ptolemy.

Leuphana has five schools of research, which focus on the fields of education, culture and society, management and technology, sustainability, and public affairs. With nearly 10,000 students, approximately 12% of which are international students.
Etowah Indian Mounds
Etowah Indian Mounds (9BR1) are a 54-acre (220,000 m2) archaeological site in Bartow County, Georgia, south of Cartersville.  Built and occupied in three phases, from 1000–1550 CE, the prehistoric site is located on the north shore of the Etowah River.

Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site is a designated National Historic Landmark, managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. It is considered "the most intact Mississippian culture site in the Southeast", according to Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites. Both the historic Muscogee Creek and the Cherokee peoples, who each occupied this area at varying times, hold the site to be sacred.

Arundinaria gigantea
Arundinaria gigantea is a species of bamboo known as giant cane (not to be confused with Arundo donax), river cane, and giant river cane. It is endemic to the south-central and southeastern United States as far west as Oklahoma and Texas and as far north as New York. Giant river cane was economically and culturally important to indigenous people, with uses including as a vegetable and materials for construction and craft production. Arundinaria gigantea and other species of Arundinaria once grew in large colonies called canebrakes covering thousands of acres in the southeastern United States, but today these canebrakes are considered endangered ecosystems.
Sikkal Singaravelan Temple
Sikkal Singara Velar Temple is one of the most popular Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Muruga and a contender for the not unofficial seventh Padaiveedu of Muruga, along with the popular Arupadaiveedu (six abodes of Lord Muruga).

It is one of the rare traditional Hindu temples that has both Shiva and Vishnu deities in the same complex.

Six Abodes of Murugan
The Six Abodes of Murugan (Tamil: Āṟupaṭaīvīṭukaḷ) are six Hindu temples dedicated to the Hindu deity Murugan,  located in Tamil Nadu, India. These are Thiruparankundram, Tiruchendur, Palani, Swamimalai, Tiruttani, and Pazhamudircholai. These temples, which are associated with Hindu mythology associated with Murugan, are associated with Tamil literature such as Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai by Nakkeerar, and in Tiruppukal by Arunagirinathar.
Flat Number Three
Flat Number Three is a 1934 British crime film directed by Leslie S. Hiscott starring Mary Glynne, Betty Astell and Cecil Parker. Its plot involves a lawyer who assists a widow who has killed her blackmailer.

It was made at Beaconsfield Studios as a quota quickie.

Cinematograph Films Act 1927
The Cinematograph Films Act 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5. c. 29) was an act of the UK Parliament designed to stimulate the declining British film industry. It received royal assent on 22 December 1927 and came into force on 1 April 1928.
Naodhar
Naodhar or Nowdher is a village in Bishwanath Upazila, under Sylhet District, Bangladesh. It is divided into three parha/mahalla: Rahman Nagor, Mazparha and Purboparha.

The village lies 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of Rampasha and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) to the east of Singerkatch Bazar. Naodhar is very close to Boiragi Bazar. The Makunda River flows to the north of the village.

The village has four mosques and one primary school.

Makunda River
The Makunda River is a branch of the Surma in Chhatak and Bishwanath Upazilas, Sunamganj District, Bangladesh. Many important places such as Rajagonj, Boiragi Bazar, Koro Para village, Singer Kach Bazaar, Lakeshbor, Buria and Jahedpur are located on the banks of the Makunda.
Ellen James Society
Ellen James Society was an indie rock band, based in Atlanta, that was fronted by Cooper Seay and Chris McGuire. Gary Held, Jan Dykes, Scott Bland,  Fletcher Liegerot, and Bryan Lilje were also members at various times. They formed in 1987 and disbanded in the early 1990s after releasing two albums on Daemon Records.

The band took their name from that of a fictitious group of women that appear in the 1978 novel The World According to Garp by the American novelist John Irving (adapted as a film in 1982).  In the novel, the group was composed of women who had cut off their tongues in protest at the rape of an (also fictitious) eleven-year-old girl, Ellen James, whose tongue was cut off by her attackers in order to prevent her from identifying them.

Phantom 309 (band)
Phantom 309 was an American noise rock band formed in Atlanta by Gary Held, John Forbes and Mac McNeilly. They existed for a brief amount of time and recorded one full-length album, titled A Sinister Alphabet, in 1989.