hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valentine Square
Valentine Square, also known as the Alexander-Collins House, is a historic house in Winchester, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built in 1899 by Franklin Pierce McDowell for Smith Morgan Alexander, a banker who had served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It was named Valentine Square for his daughter.

The house was designed in the Stick/eastlake architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 8, 1984.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Tennessee
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Tennessee.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Tennessee, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 22 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Three other previously listed sites have been removed.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted June 13, 2025.
FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2019
The 2019 FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships was held in Utah, in resorts Park City, Deer Valley and Solitude Mountain, from February 1 to 10, 2019.

19-year-old Dmitry Loginov of Russia became the youngest World Champion in Parallel Giant Slalom and the only snowboarder to win back-to-back events (parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom) in both junior and senior championships.

FIS Snowboard World Championships
The FIS Snowboarding World Championships is the world championship organized by the FIS for Snowboarding. It was first held in 1996 and is now held every odd year. The championship events include Big air, Halfpipe, Parallel giant slalom, Parallel slalom, Slopestyle and Snowboard cross for both genders as well as mixed team events in Parallel slalom and Snowboard cross.
Death by Lightning
Death By Lightning is an American historical drama miniseries created by Mike Makowsky and based on the 2011 book Destiny of the Republic by Candice Millard. It stars Michael Shannon as United States President James A. Garfield and Matthew Macfadyen as his assassin Charles J. Guiteau. The four-episode series premiered on November 6, 2025, on Netflix. It received widespread acclaim from critics, with particular praise for the performances, and was named one of the best television programs of the year by the American Film Institute.

Paula Malcomson
Paula Malcomson (born 1 June 1970) is an Irish actress. She is sometimes credited as Paula Williams. She is known for playing Trixie in Deadwood (2004–2006), Maureen Ashby in Sons of Anarchy (2010), and Asterid Everdeen in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015).
Kosmos 2516
Kosmos 2516 (Russian: Космос 2516 meaning Space 2516) is a Russian military satellite launched in 2016 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system.

This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite, also known as Uragan-M, and is numbered Uragan-M No. 753.

Kosmos 2516 was launched from Site 43/4 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northern Russia. A Soyuz-2-1b carrier rocket with a Fregat upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 08:44 UTC on 29 May 2016. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a Medium Earth orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 2016-032A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 41554.

The satellite is in orbital plane 2, in orbital slot 11.

Kosmos 2516 experienced a depressurization event in November 2020, which permanently disabled the satellite after four years in service. GLONASS-K 15 (No. 705), launched on 25 October 2020, was repurposed as its replacement.

Kosmos (satellite)
Kosmos (Russian: Космос, IPA: [ˈkosməs], meaning '(outer) space') is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.
Leone Ginzburg
Leone Ginzburg (Italian: [leˈoːne ˈɡintsburɡ, - ˈɡin(d)zburɡ], Russian: [ˈɡʲinzbʊrk]; 4 April 1909 – 5 February 1944) was an Italian editor, writer, journalist and teacher, as well as an important anti-fascist political activist and a hero of the resistance movement. He was the husband of the renowned author Natalia Ginzburg and the father of the historian Carlo Ginzburg.

Giulio Einaudi
Giulio Einaudi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒuːljo eiˈnaudi]; 2 January 1912 – 5 April 1999) was an Italian book publisher. The eponymous company that he founded in 1933 became "a European wellspring of fine literature, intellectual thought and political theory" and was once considered the most prestigious publishing house in Italy. He was also the author of books on literature, history, philosophy, art and science.
1980 Stella Artois Championships
The 1980 Stella Artois Championships, also known as the Queen's Club Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at the Queen's Club in London in the United Kingdom that was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the 78th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 June through 15 June 1980. First-seeded John McEnroe won his second consecutive singles title at the event.

1980 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1980 Volvo Grand Prix was a men's professional tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments. The Grand Prix circuit is a precursor to the ATP Tour.

Volvo became the new tour sponsor of the Grand Prix circuit after Colgate-Palmolive decided to end its sponsorship. Eight World Championship Tennis tournaments were incorporated into the circuit.
Ozarks Public Television
Ozarks Public Television (OPT) is a group of two PBS member television stations in Missouri, United States: KOZK (channel 21) in Springfield and KOZJ (channel 26) in Joplin. They are owned by Missouri State University alongside NPR member KSMU (91.1 FM) in Springfield, and their combined signals cover the Ozarks region of southwestern Missouri, southeastern Kansas, northwestern Arkansas and far northeastern Oklahoma. OPT maintains studios at Strong Hall on the Missouri State campus on South Holland Avenue in southern Springfield. KOZK's transmitter is located on Highway FF north of Fordland, while KOZJ's transmitter is on West 13th Street/Junge Boulevard in northwestern Joplin.

KSMU
KSMU (91.1 FM) is a listener supported radio station broadcasting a Public Radio format. KSMU is licensed to Missouri State University in Springfield, Missouri, United States.

The station signed on in 1974, owned by what was then Southwest Missouri State University. In 1998, KSMU moved into Strong Hall on the Missouri State University campus on South Holland Avenue in southern Springfield.
Mehar Singh
Padri Mehar Singh was one of the founding members of Fiji's Kisan Sangh when it was established in 1937. He remained a prominent member of the union until 1943, when he and Ramcharan Singh led a faction that supported a strike instigated by the rival union, Maha Sangh, led by A. D. Patel. While most of his supporters rejoined the Kisan Sangh led by Ayodhya Prasad in 1946, Mehar Singh and his remaining supporters, mainly Sikhs, formed the Vishal Sangh. This union with a small support base remained a junior partner to the Maha Sangh from then on.

A. D. Patel
Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel, better known as A.D. Patel (13 March 1905 – 1 October 1969), was a Fijian politician, farmers' leader and founder and leader of the National Federation Party. Patel was uncompromisingly committed to a vision of an independent Fiji, with full racial integration.  He was one of the first to advocate a republic, an ideal not realized in his lifetime.  He also advocated a common voters' roll and opposed the communal franchise that characterized Fijian politics.
Caldas Novas State Park
The Caldas Novas State Park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual da Serra de Caldas Novas) is a state park in the state of Goiás, Brazil.
It protects an area of cerrado vegetation on a large plateau which is important in replenishing the aquifers that supply warm mineral springs in the region.

State park (Brazil)
A state park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual) in Brazil is a legally defined type of protected area operated by one of the states.
Their goal is to preserve important or beautiful natural ecosystems.
Public access is allowed subject to regulations defined by the responsible agency.
2020 Campeonato Baiano
The 2020 Campeonato Baiano  (officially the Campeonato Baiano de Futebol Profissional Série “A” – Edição 2020) was the 116th edition of Bahia's top professional football league. The competition began on 22 January and ended on 8 August. On 17 March 2020, FBF suspended the Campeonato Baiano indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The tournament resumed behind closed doors on 23 July 2020.

The finals between Bahia, the defending champions, and Atlético de Alagoinhas finished in a 1–1 draw on aggregate, but Bahia clinched their 49th title by winning 7–6 on penalties.

Campeonato Baiano
The Campeonato Baiano (English: Baiano Championship), also known as the Baianão (English: "Big Bahian" or "Great Bahian"), is the top-flight professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Run by the Bahia Football Federation (FBF), it is the second-oldest state football championship of Brazil — just behind the Campeonato Paulista, founded in 1902 — and has been played without interruption since 1905. The biggest winner of the competition is Esporte Clube Bahia, with 51 titles won.
The Wonder (pub)
The Wonder is a public house in Batley Road, Enfield, that has been under the management of McMullens since 1877. It is registered as an Asset of Community Value (ACV) with the London Borough of Enfield, one of only three in the borough alongside the Vicars Moor Lawn Tennis Club and The Fox public house in Palmers Green. The interior is on the London Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

Asset of community value
In England, an asset of community value (ACV) is land or property of importance to a local community which is subject to additional protection from development under the Localism Act 2011. Voluntary and community organisations, parish councils, local neighbourhood planning forums and charities can nominate an asset to be included on their local authority's register of asset of community value.

The initiative is distinct from the community asset transfer procedure, although the two are often conflated.
1951 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 1951 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 56th staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Whitegate entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 9 September 1951 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Ruan and St Joseph's, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Ruan won the match by 5–04 to 2–02 to claim their second championship title overall and a first championship title in three years.

1948 Clare Senior Hurling Championship
The 1948 Clare Senior Hurling Championship was the 53rd staging of the Clare Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Clare County Board in 1887.

Bodyke entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 3 October 1948 at Cusack Park in Ennis, between Ruan and Clarecastle, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Ruan won the match by 7–04 to 5–07 to claim their first ever championship title.
Juan María Sepúlveda
Juan María Sepúlveda (1828 in Los Angeles – 1868 in Los Angeles) was a Californio rancher in the South Bay area in 1858, located on Santa Monica Bay in Los Angeles County, California. The area, originally part of the Spanish land grant of Rancho Boca de Santa Monica, later became known as the Huntington Palisades. He is the son of Francisco Sepúlveda and Maria Ramona Serrano.

He was named to the Los Angeles Common Council in a special election on August 9, 1853, serving until May 4, 1854.

A native of Los Angeles, he was married to Jesus Alvarado Sepúlveda, and they had a son, Ildefonso A. Sepúlveda, born about 1861.

He died on October 3, 1868.

Los Angeles Common Council
The Los Angeles Common Council was the predecessor of the Los Angeles, California, City Council. It was formed in 1850 under state law, when the city had only 1,610 residents, and it existed until 1889, when the city had about 50,400 residents and a city charter was put into effect. It succeeded the council of the Ciudad de Los Angeles.

From 1850 through 1869, council members were elected at large under a first-past-the-post voting system, in which the top vote-getters were seated. From 1870 they were elected by electoral districts called wards.
Selection bias
Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that the association between exposure and outcome among those selected for analysis differs from the association among those eligible. It typically occurs when researchers condition on a factor that is influenced both by the exposure and the outcome (or their causes), creating a false association between them. Selection bias encompasses several forms of bias, including differential loss-to-follow-up, incidence–prevalence bias, volunteer bias, healthy-worker bias, and nonresponse bias.

Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis is a method of synthesis of quantitative data from multiple independent studies addressing a common research question. An important part of this method involves computing a combined effect size across all of the studies. As such, this statistical approach involves extracting effect sizes and variance measures from various studies. By combining these effect sizes the statistical power is improved and can resolve uncertainties or discrepancies found in individual studies. Meta-analyses are integral in supporting research grant proposals, shaping treatment guidelines, and influencing health policies. They are also pivotal in summarizing existing research to guide future studies, thereby cementing their role as a fundamental methodology in metascience. Meta-analyses are often, but not always, important components of a systematic review.
Newport Music Hall
Newport Music Hall is a music venue located in the University District of Columbus, Ohio, across the street from the Ohio Union of the Ohio State University. It is "America's Longest Continually Running Rock Club".

Ohio Union
The Ohio Union serves as a student activity center for students of Ohio State University. When the Union was established in 1910, it was the first student union at a public university. The Ohio Union provides facilities for student activities, organizations/events, and campus and community interaction. Many student services and programs are housed in the union, along with dining and recreational facilities. On March 29, 2010, the current Ohio Union was opened to the public, replacing three previous unions.
XY Company
The XY Company, also known as the New North West Company, was a joint-stock fur trading enterprise  based in Montreal that conducted business chiefly in the Canadian Northwest between 1798 and 1804. It was established in opposition to the North West Company, whose employees called it the Little Company and the Potties.

Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.

Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.
1942 NCAA gymnastics championships
The 1942 NCAA gymnastics championships were contested at the fifth annual National Collegiate Athletic Association-sanctioned men's gymnastics championships to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate gymnastics among its member programs in the United States.

The championships were hosted by the United States Naval Academy at Macdonough Hall in Annapolis, Maryland which marked the first time the event wasn't hosted by the University of Chicago at Bartlett Gymnasium in Chicago, Illinois.

Three-time defending champions Illinois, led by coach Hartley Price, successfully defended their title and won the program's 4th straight and 4th overall team championship.

The individual all-around championship went to Newt Loken from Minnesota.

Due to the onset of World War II, this would be the final NCAA men's gymnastics championships until 1948, six years later.

NCAA men's gymnastics championships
The NCAA men's gymnastics championships are contested at an annual competition sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate gymnastics among its member programs in the United States.

Unlike most other NCAA-sponsored sports, the men's gymnastics championship is not separated into divisions and uses a single National Collegiate tournament instead. Currently, only 15 schools sponsor NCAA men's gymnastics teams, with three of them outside of Division I: Greenville University, Simpson College, Springfield College (Division III).
Pałki, Łódź Voivodeship
Pałki [ˈpau̯ki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zadzim, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Zadzim, 15 km (9 mi) south-west of Poddębice, and 44 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Zadzim
Zadzim [ˈzad͡ʑim] is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zadzim. It lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) south-west of Poddębice and 43 km (27 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.
Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Adra)
Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Adra) is an Express train belonging to Northeast Frontier Railway zone that runs between Puri in Odisha and Kamakhya Junction in Assam, via  Adra Junction, Siuri , Rampurhat. It is currently being operated with 15639/15640 train numbers on a weekly basis.

Durgapur railway station
Durgapur is a model railway station on the Bardhaman–Asansol section. It is located in Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It serves Durgapur, the third most populous city in West Bengal, and the surrounding industrial areas. It was ranked the third-cleanest railway station in India in 2019.
USS Partridge (AM-16)
USS Partridge (AM-16) was an Lapwing-class minesweeper acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of removing mines from minefields laid in the water to prevent ships from passing.

Partridge was named after the partridge, any of various gallinaceous birds, such as the ruffed grouse or bob-white quail, found in North America.

Partridge was laid down on 14 May 1918 by the Chester Shipbuilding Co., Chester, Pennsylvania: launched on 15 October 1918; sponsored by Ms. C. H. McCay; and commissioned on 17 June 1919.

Lapwing-class minesweeper
The Lapwing-class minesweeper, often called the Bird class, was an early "AM-type" oceangoing minesweeper of the United States Navy. Seven ships of the class were commissioned during World War I, and served well into the 1950s. A number were refitted to serve as ocean-going tugs, salvage vessels, seaplane tenders, or submarine rescue ships.

The propulsion system consisted of 2 Babcock & Wilcox 200psi boilers and a 1,400shp Harlan and Hollingsworth triple expansion reciprocating steam engine.
Adaptive predictive coding
Adaptive predictive coding (APC) is a narrowband analog-to-digital conversion that uses a one-level or multilevel sampling system in which the value of the signal at each sampling instant is predicted according to a linear function of the past values of the quantized signals.

APC is related to linear predictive coding (LPC) in that both use adaptive predictors. However, APC uses fewer prediction coefficients, thus requiring a higher sampling rate than LPC.

Quantization (signal processing)
In mathematics and digital signal processing, quantization is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of elements.  Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization processes.  Quantization is involved to some degree in nearly all digital signal processing, as the process of representing a signal in digital form ordinarily involves rounding.  Quantization also forms the core of essentially all lossy compression algorithms.

The difference between an input value and its quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred to as quantization error, noise or distortion.  A device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called a quantizer.  An analog-to-digital converter is an example of a quantizer.
Flat Fell
Flat Fell is a hill located on the edge of the English Lake District, standing at 272m. It is included in Alfred Wainwright's Outlying Fells of Lakeland book, sharing a chapter with Dent.  Wainwright's clockwise route to the two summits starts at Wath Brow.

Blakeley Raise
Blakeley Raise is a fell in the English Lake District, standing at 389m. Unlike its neighbours Grike, Crag Fell and Lank Rigg it is not listed as a Wainwright. Despite this lack of status, Blakeley Raise is a worthy climb, providing extensive views over West Cumbria, Southern Scotland and the Isle of Man, including the towns of Whitehaven and Cleator Moor and the Sellafield nuclear processing site.
Farrow Parkway
Farrow Parkway is a four-lane, 3.5-mile (5.6 km) parkway that connects US 17 and US 17 Business in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The $6.9 million roadway replaced a former two-lane roadway through the former Myrtle Beach Air Force Base with funding from the city of  Myrtle Beach funds and Horry County RIDE funds. Farrow Parkway is named after William G. Farrow who was a member of the Doolittle’s Raiders in World War II.

Road Improvement and Development Effort
Road Improvement and Development Effort or RIDE is a plan for road projects in Horry County, South Carolina, including Carolina Bays Parkway, Veterans Highway and Robert Grissom Parkway. The first phase, costing $1.1 billion, was being paid for by hospitality taxes. Subsequent phases took effect in 2006, 2016, and 2024.
Border Protection Forces
Border Protection Forces (Polish: Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza, WOP), also known under its English abbreviation BPT, was the border guard service of the Polish People's Republic from 1945 to 1989. During its 46 years of existence, it repeatedly changed its structural and service subordination, passing from the Ministry of National Defense through the Ministry of Public Security to the Ministry of the Interior, and vice versa, to remain under the Ministry of Interior since 1972. Border Protection Forces soldiers were subject to the same rules and regulations as those of other soldiers of the Polish People's Republic. As a result of political transformation and the setup of the Third Polish Republic, the Border Protection Forces were disbanded on May 16, 1991, and the Border Guard was created in their place as a preventive-type police formation established to protect Poland's borders.

Border guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that ensures border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Germany, Italy or Ukraine) and rescue service duties.