hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bamble (village)
Bamble is a village in Bamble Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the south of the European route E18 highway, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the southwest of the town of Stathelle and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the northeast of the village of Botten. Bamble Church is located in the village.

Stathelle
Stathelleⓘ is a town in Bamble Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The town is located at the confluence of the Frierfjorden, Eidangerfjord, and Langesundsfjorden. The town of Brevik lies about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) across the fjord and the town of Langesund lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the southeast. Stathelle Church is located in the town.

For a long time, Stathelle and neighboring Langesund have been grouped together as part of the Porsgrunn/Skien metropolitan area and because of this, the population and area data for this town has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway. What is tracked, is the portion of the metropolitan area located in Bamble Municipality. In 2022, the Langesund/Stathelle area in Bamble measured 6.34 square kilometres (1,570 acres) and together they had a population of 10,276 with a population density of 1,622 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,200/sq mi).
Askbot
Askbot is open source software used to create question and answer oriented Internet forums. The site started in July 2009, initially similar to Stack Overflow or Yahoo! Answers. Based on CNPROG and some code written for OSQA, it is primarily developed and maintained by Evgeny Fadeev.

Websites use Askbot to run their Q&A sites. Askbot can be easily installed by using the documentation on Ubuntu and CentOS.

The Document Foundation put some funds in AskBot development. and LibreOffice used Askbot for Q&A but they decided to migrate to Discourse, as Fedora had done before with its Q&A.

Discourse (software)
Discourse is an open source Internet forum system released on August 26, 2014. It was founded by Jeff Atwood, Robin Ward, and Sam Saffron.

The client side application is written in EmberJS. The server side is written in Ruby on Rails and backed by a PostgreSQL database and Redis cache. The source code is distributed under the GNU General Public License version 2.
Onset of action
Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration, it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour, depending on the drug in question. Other methods of ingestion such as smoking or injection can take as little as seconds to minutes to take effect. The determination of the onset of action, however, is not completely dependent upon route of administration. There are several other factors that determine the onset of action for a specific drug, including drug formulation, dosage, and the patient receiving the drug.

Dose (biochemistry)
A dose is the quantity of a medication, nutrient, or pathogen to be given at one time, or the total quantity of a medication administered during a specified period of time. In nutrition, the term is usually applied to how much of a specific nutrient is in a person's diet or in a particular food, meal, or dietary supplement. For bacterial or viral agents, dose typically refers to the amount of the pathogen required to infect a host.

In clinical pharmacology, dose refers to the amount of drug administered to a person, and dosage is a fuller description that includes not only the dose (e.g., "500 mg") but also the frequency and duration of the treatment (e.g., "twice a day for one week"). Exposure is defined as the contact with or ingestion of substances, which can lead to a range of clinical presentations. This is in contrast to their interchangeable use in other fields.
Jean Paul II Interdiocesan Major Seminary
The Jean-Paul II Interdiocesan Major Seminary (French: Grand séminaire interdiocésain Jean-Paul II) is a Roman Catholic Seminary in the Hédjranawoé district of Lomé, the capital of Togo. It was opened in 1988 as a training center for priests. 95 students were enrolled in 1992, 159 in 1999, and 307 in 2008.

Lomé
Lomé (UK: /ˈloʊmeɪ/ LOH-may, US: /loʊˈmeɪ/ loh-MAY) is the capital and largest city of Togo. It has an urban population of 837,437 while there were 2,188,376 permanent residents in its metropolitan area as of the 2022 census. Located on the Gulf of Guinea at the southwest corner of the country, with its entire western border along the easternmost edge of Ghana's Volta Region, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center, which includes an oil refinery. It is also the country's chief port, from where it exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and oil palm kernels.

Its city limits extends to the border with Ghana, located a few hundred meters west of the city center, to the Ghanaian city of Aflao and the South Ketu district where the city is situated, had 160,756 inhabitants in 2010. The cross-border agglomeration of which Lomé is the centre has about 2 million inhabitants as of 2020.
Graphic charter of government communication in France
The graphic charter of government communication is the graphic charter of the logo of France, used by government services. It was adopted in 1999 by the government of Lionel Jospin and revolves around a logo associating Marianne, the tricolour flag and the motto Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité (transl. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) to represent the French Republic. A redesign of this graphic charter was carried out in 2020.

Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Liberté, égalité, fraternité (French pronunciation: [libɛʁte eɡalite fʁatɛʁnite]; French for 'liberty, equality, fraternity', Latin: Libertas, aequalitas, fraternitas; Haitian Creole: Libète, egalite, fratènite), is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although its origins can be traced to the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among several popularized by revolutionaries and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century. Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient and the Grande Loge de France.
Geumcheon-myeon, Cheongdo County
Geumcheon-myeon is a myeon, or township, in eastern Cheongdo County, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Geumcheon-myeon is composed of 10 subdivisions known as legal ri. It covers an area of 71.88 square kilometres (27.75 sq mi).

As of 2022, Geumcheon-myeon had a registered resident population of 3,281. Of these, 3,222 (98.2%) were Korean. The average age of residents in Geumcheon-myeon was 62.4.

The Dongchang River runs through Geumcheon-myeon. Geumcheon is also the home of the Ungang Old House and Geumcheon Middle and High School, the only High School in eastern Cheongdo. It is also home to several Buddhist temples and historic Confucian academies.

More than 4,000 head of cattle are raised in Geumcheon-myeon. Donggok-ri marks the eastern frontier of cow country in Cheongdo.

Fruits grown in Geumcheon-myeon include jujubes (34 hectares (84 acres)), peaches (25 hectares (62 acres)), and persimmons (23 hectares (57 acres)).

Cheongdo County
Cheongdo County (Cheongdo-gun) is a county in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.  It is connected to the national transportation grid by the Gyeongbu Line railroad and the Daegu-Busan Expressway.  The seat of government is located in the center of the county, in Hwayang-eup.

In the Samhan period, Cheongdo may have been the site of the small polity of Iseoguk.  It was later absorbed into Silla, and gained its current name of "Cheongdo" in 940.  The county's nine subdivisions were established in 1919.  The county government moved to its current location in 1961.  In 1966, the New Village Movement began in Sindo 1-ri, Cheongdo-eup.

Every year Cheongdo is host to an international bullfighting festival.

The slogan for Cheongdo is "Singgreen Cheongdo."
Shooting of Cesar Rene Arce
Cesar Rene Arce (born 1976) was an American graffiti artist who was shot to death in Los Angeles in 1995 at age 18. A fellow tagger, David Hillo, was injured. The assailant, William Masters, was prosecuted on weapons charges and received three years probation. The case caused deep controversy in Los Angeles at the time, with both supporters and detractors of Masters' action.

Susan A. Phillips
Susan A. Phillips (born 1969) is an American anthropologist and criminologist who works as a professor of environmental analysis at Pitzer College. She is known for research on graffiti, and her books on gangs and graffiti.

Dr. Phillips' article on redlining and gang neighborhoods in Los Angeles with Professor Stefano Bloch was shortlisted as one of the best articles of 2022 in Urban Studies (journal).
Pseudo bit error ratio
Pseudo bit error ratio (PBER) in adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio, is a bit error ratio derived by majority logic decoding  to processes redundant transmissions.

Note:  In adaptive HF radio automatic link establishment, PBER is determined by the extent of error correction, such as by using the fraction of non-unanimous votes in the 2-of-3 majority decoder.

This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).

Majority logic decoding
In error detection and correction, majority logic decoding is a method to decode repetition codes, based on the assumption that the largest number of occurrences of a symbol was the transmitted symbol.
2021 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The 2021 UEFA European Under-17 Championship (also known as UEFA Under-17 Euro 2021) was originally to be held as the 19th edition of the UEFA European Under-17 Championship (38th edition if the Under-16 era is also included), the annual international youth football championship organised by UEFA for the men's under-17 national teams of Europe. The tournament should have been held in Cyprus between 6 and 22 May 2021. A total of 16 teams were scheduled to play in the tournament, with players born on or after 1 January 2004 eligible to participate.

The Netherlands were the two-time defending champions, having won the last two tournaments held in 2018 and 2019, with the 2020 edition cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.

On 18 December 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee announced that the tournament was cancelled after consultation with all 55 member associations due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.

2018 UEFA European Under-17 Championship
The 2018 UEFA European Under-17 Championship (also known as 2018 UEFA Under-17 Euro) was the 17th edition of the UEFA European Under-17 Championship (36th edition if the Under-16 era is also included), the annual international youth football championship organised by UEFA for the men's under-17 national teams of Europe. England, which were selected by UEFA on 26 January 2015, hosted the tournament.

A total of 16 teams played in the tournament, with players born on or after 1 January 2001 eligible to participate. Each match had a duration of 80 minutes, consisting of two halves of 40 minutes with a 15-minute half-time.

The Netherlands won their third title by beating Italy 4–1 on penalties in the final after a 2–2 draw. England were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Belgium in the quarter-finals.
Japanese submarine Ro-64
Ro-64, originally named Submarine No. 79, was an Imperial Japanese Navy Type L submarine of the L4 subclass. First commissioned in 1925, she served in the waters of Japan and Chōsen prior to World War II. During World War II, she operated in the Central Pacific, supported the Japanese invasion of Rabaul, and took part in the Aleutian Islands campaign, then in late 1942 was relegated to a role as a training ship. She was sunk in April 1945.

Japan Standard Time
Japan Standard Time (日本標準時, Nihon Hyōjunji; JST), or Japan Central Standard Time (中央標準時, Chūō Hyōjunji; JCST), is the standard time zone in Japan, 9 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+09:00). Japan does not observe daylight saving time, though its introduction has been debated on several occasions. During World War II, the time zone was often referred to as Tokyo Standard Time.

Japan Standard Time is equivalent to Korean Standard Time, Pyongyang Time (North Korea), Eastern Indonesia Standard Time, East-Timorese Standard Time, Palau Time, and Yakutsk Time (Russia).
89mm from Europe
89mm from Europe (Polish: 89 mm od Europy) is a 1993 Polish short documentary film directed by Marcel Łoziński, looking at the 89 mm difference in track gauge between Russian and European railroads after the Cold War. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

Track gauge
In rail transport, track gauge is the distance between the two rails of a railway track. All vehicles on a rail network must have wheelsets that are compatible with the track gauge. Since many different track gauges exist worldwide, gauge differences often present a barrier to wider operation on railway networks.

The term derives from the metal bar, or gauge, that is used to ensure the distance between the rails is correct.

Railways also deploy two other gauges to ensure compliance with a required standard. A loading gauge is a two-dimensional profile that encompasses a cross-section of the track, a rail vehicle and a maximum-sized load: all rail vehicles and their loads must be contained in the corresponding envelope. A structure gauge specifies the outline into which structures (bridges, platforms, lineside equipment etc.) must not encroach.
Gari galatheae
Gari galatheae is a bivalve mollusc of the family Psammobiidae. First described as Kermadysmea galatheae by A. W. B. Powell in 1958 from specimens found in the Kermadec Islands, the species is known to live across the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Psammobiidae
The Psammobiidae, or sunset clams, are a family of medium-sized saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs of the order Cardiida.

These genera are accepted by the database World Register of Marine Species:

Asaphis Modeer, 1793

Gari Schumacher, 1817

Heterodonax Mörch, 1853

Heteroglypta Martens in Möbius, 1880

Nuttallia Dall, 1900

Psammosphaerica Jousseaume, 1894

Psammotella Herrmannsen, 1852

Sanguinolaria Lamarck, 1799

Soletellina Blainville, 1824
Erateini
Erateini (Greek: Ερατεινή) is a village in the southern part of Phocis, Greece. It was the municipal seat of the municipality of Tolofon. Erateini is situated on the Gulf of Corinth, 14 km west of Galaxidi, 19 km south of Lidoriki, 23 km southwest of Amfissa and 35 km east of Nafpaktos. The Greek National Road 48 (Antirrio - Nafpaktos - Delphi - Livadeia) passes through the village.

Amfissa
Amphissa (Greek: Άμφισσα [ˈamfisa]) is a town in Phocis, Greece, part of the municipality of Delphi, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 315.174 km2. It lies on the northern edge of the olive forest of the Crissaean plain, between two mountains, Giona to the west and Parnassus to the east, 200 km (120 mi) northwest of Athens and 20 km (12 mi) of Delphi, as well as 85 km (53 mi) northeast of Naupactus and 72 km (45 mi) south of Lamia.

Amphissa dates back to antiquity, with its history spanning around 3,000 years, and has been traditionally the largest and capital city of Phocis. It was the most important city of the ancient Greek tribe of the Ozolian Locrians and one of the most powerful cities in Central Greece. In the Middle Ages, Amphissa came to be known as Salona.  It declined after several foreign conquests and destructions, but emerged as an important city in the region and played a major role during the Greek War of Independence.
Bays Area (constituency)
Bays Area is one of the 17 constituencies in the Southern District, Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Southern District Council, with an election every four years. The incumbent councillor is Fergus Fung.

Bays Area constituency is loosely based on the areas of the Shouson Hill, Deep Water Bay, Repulse Bay, Middle Bay and South Bay in the southern part of the Hong Kong Island with estimated population of 16,270.

Shouson Hill
Shouson Hill (Chinese: 壽臣山) is a hill (148 m high) on the coast of Deep Water Bay east of Wong Chuk Hang, in Southern District, on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong.

North of the hill is an affluent residential area, which consists primarily of Shouson Hill Road, a loop off the main Wong Chuk Hang Road, together with a few side roads.
2022–23 Persian Gulf Pro League
The 2022–23 Persian Gulf Pro League (formerly known as Iran Pro League) was the 40th season of Iran's Football League and 22nd as Persian Gulf Pro League since its establishment in 2001. The 2022–23 season started on 11 August 2022 and featured 14 teams from the 2021–22 Persian Gulf Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2021–22 Azadegan League: Mes Kerman and Malavan. Shahriyar Moghanlou of Sepahan was the top scorer with 13 goals.

2021–22 Persian Gulf Pro League
The 2021–22 Persian Gulf Pro League (formerly known as Iran Pro League) was the 39th season of Iran's Football League and 21st as Persian Gulf Pro League since its establishment in 2001.Persepolis were the defending champions. Esteghlal won the league with a record 68-point through an unprecedented unbeaten campaign. The season featured 14 teams from the 2020–21 Persian Gulf Pro League and two new teams promoted from the 2020–21 Azadegan League: Fajr Sepasi and Havadar.

The 2021–22 season started 24 September 2021 and ended 20 June 2022.
Coprothermobacterales
Coprothermobacterales is a taxonomic order of thermophilic bacteria in the class Coprothermobacteria of the phylum Coprothermobacterota.

Its name derives from the type genus of this order, Coprothermobacter, with the ending suffix '-ales', to denote an order.

The bacteria of this order have a rod-shaped morphology, do not produce spores, are nonmotile, strictly anaerobic and, being thermophiles, grow at temperature ranges above 35°C and below 70°C, for a pH between 5.0 and 9.4. Moreover, these bacteria are chemoorganotrophs and proteolytic fermenters, which produce acetic acid, H2, and CO2 as main end-products of fermentation.

Coprothermobacterota
Coprothermobacterota is a phylum of nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria.

Its members are strictly anaerobic and thermophilic, growing at optimal temperatures between 55 °C and 70 °C.

The name of this phylum is based on an early genus, dubbed "Coprothermobacter", a term whose etymology derives from the Greek words "kopros", meaning manure, and "thermos", warm, referring to the fact that these bacteria are capable of living at relatively high temperatures, with a maximum growth temperature of 75 °C.
Hebrew dialects
There are several dialects of the Hebrew language, both past and present.

Spoken dialects:

Modern Hebrew

Ashkenazi Hebrew

Sephardi Hebrew

Mizrahi Hebrew

Yemenite Hebrew

Tiberian Hebrew

Italian Hebrew

Medieval Hebrew

Mishnaic Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew

Israelian Hebrew

Written dialects:

Tiberian vocalization

Babylonian vocalization

Palestinian vocalization

Samaritan Hebrew

Ashkenazi Hebrew
Ashkenazi Hebrew (Hebrew: הֲגִיָּה אַשְׁכְּנַזִּית, romanized: hagiyoh ashkenazis, Yiddish: אַשכּנזישע הבֿרה, romanized: ashkenazishe havore) is the pronunciation system for Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for Jewish liturgical use and Torah study by Ashkenazi Jewish practice.
Allium polyrhizum
Allium polyrhizum is a species of wild onion widespread across Zabaykalsky Krai, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Xinjiang) at elevations 1000–3700 m.

Allium polyrhizum produces clumps of many narrowly cylindrical bulbs, each generally less than 10 cm in diameter. Scape is up to 30 cm long, round in cross-section. Leaves are tubular, less than 1 cm across, shorter than the scape. Umbel is hemispheric with many densely packed flowers. Tepals are usually pink or purple but occasionally white, either way with a green midvein.

Wild onion
Wild onion can refer to

any uncultivated species in the genus Allium, especially:
Allium bisceptrum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Allium validum
Allium vineale
Allium ochotense

Asphodelus tenuifolius

Cyperus bulbosus

Bulbine semibarbata
Liu Zan
Liu Zan (183–255), courtesy name Zhengming, was a military general of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Sun Quan (later the founding emperor of Wu) in the late Eastern Han dynasty. A brave commander, he would be crippled with a leg injury for some time before taking drastic measures to heal himself. Liu Zan would, while ill, die in battle and his family would continue to serve the dynasty until their destruction in 272.

Records of the Three Kingdoms
The Records of the Three Kingdoms is a Chinese official history written by Chen Shou in the late 3rd century CE, covering the end of the Han dynasty (c. 184 – 220 CE) and the subsequent Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). It is regarded as to be the authoritative source text for these periods. Compiled following the reunification of China under the Jin dynasty (266–420), the work chronicles the political, social, and military events within rival states Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu into a single text organized by individual biography.

The Records are the primary source of information for the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, considered to be one of the four classic novels emblematic of written vernacular Chinese.

While large subsections of the work have been selected and translated into English, the entire corpus has yet to receive an unabridged English translation.
Yann Sommer
Yann Sommer (born 17 December 1988) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Inter Milan. He is known for his exceptional reflexes and high agility.

Sommer began his career at Basel, where he won the Swiss Super League on four consecutive occasions, before transferring to Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2014, where he remained for nine years. He also won the Swiss Challenge League and two Liechtenstein Football Cups while on loan to Vaduz.

Sommer made his debut for the Switzerland national team in 2012. He represented the nation at the FIFA World Cup in 2014, 2018 and 2022, and the UEFA European Championship in 2016, 2020 and 2024 before retiring in August 2024.

2023–24 Serie A
The 2023–24 Serie A (known as the Serie A TIM and Serie A Made in Italy for sponsorship reasons domestically and abroad, respectively) was the 122nd season of top-tier Italian football, the 92nd in a round-robin tournament, and the 14th since its organization under an own league committee, the Lega Serie A. Inter Milan won the title with five matches remaining after securing a 2–1 victory over city rivals AC Milan on 22 April 2024 in the iconic Derby della Madonnina.

Inter Milan's title was their 20th league title in club history, thus granting them the right to add a second golden star to their crest, symbolizing twenty league championships. Napoli were the defending champions, having won their third title in the previous season. Napoli finished the season in 10th place — the lowest finish for a defending Serie A champion since AC Milan in the 1996–97 season.