hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duplicity (law)
In common law jurisdictions, duplicity is the error committed when the charge (known as a count) on an indictment describes more than one offence.

An indictment may contain more than one count, but each count must allege only one offence, so that the defendant (and the jury) can know precisely what offenses he or she is accused of. If a count is poorly drafted so that it alleges two offences, it is said to be "duplicitous". A duplicitous count is defective and may be quashed by the judge, unless the judge permits the count to be amended so that it only alleges one offence, or is split into two counts. If a duplicitous count is not noticed until after the defendant has been convicted on it, the verdict may be void.

Duplicity is not to be mistaken with multiplicity, which is similar to duplicity in law. While duplicity refers to multiple offences under the same count, multiplicity regards multiple counts that reflect the same offence.

Verdict
In law, a verdict is the formal finding of fact made by a jury on matters or questions submitted to the jury by a judge. In a bench trial, the judge's decision near the end of the trial is simply referred to as a finding. In England and Wales, a coroner's findings used to be called verdicts but are, since 2009, called conclusions (see Coroner § Inquest conclusions (previously called verdicts)).
Flat function
In mathematics, especially real analysis, a real function is flat at  if all its derivatives at  exist and equal 0.

A function that is flat at  is not analytic at  unless it is constant in a neighbourhood of  (since an analytic function must equals the sum of its Taylor series).

An example of a flat function at 0 is the function such that  and  for

The function need not be flat at just one point. Trivially, constant functions on  are flat everywhere. But there are also other, less trivial, examples; for example, the function such that  for  and  for

Real analysis
In mathematics, the branch of real analysis studies the behavior of real numbers, sequences and series of real numbers, and real functions. Some particular properties of real-valued sequences and functions that real analysis studies include convergence, limits, continuity, smoothness, differentiability and integrability.

Real analysis is distinguished from complex analysis, which deals with the study of complex numbers and their functions.
Robuchon au Dôme
Robuchon au Dôme is a three Michelin-star restaurant in Macau and is part of the L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon gourmet restaurant chain. The restaurant was established originally in 2001 at the Lisboa Hotel under the name Robuchon á Galera before being moved in 2011 to its current location inside the glass dome at the top of the Grand Lisboa hotel on the 43rd floor. The restaurant is run by French chef Julien Tongourian who is also the executive chef of L'Atelier's Hong Kong location who had worked with Joel Robuchon for over 25 years. The restaurant was awarded 3 Michelin stars in 2009 and has maintained all its stars since then.

L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon (Hong Kong)
L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon is a formerly three Michelin-starred restaurant in Hong Kong. It is located at Shops 403-410, 4/F, The Landmark, Queen's Road Central. The restaurant was run by French celebrity chef Joël Robuchon before his death, it was his fifth L'Atelier restaurant to open, while the head chef is Cattaneo Adriano. Established in 2006, the restaurant was based on his Tokyo restaurant.
Sulfinyl halide
Sulfinyl halide have the general formula R−S(O)−X, where X is a halogen.  They are intermediate in oxidation level between sulfenyl halides, R−S−X,  and sulfonyl halides, R−SO2−X. The best known examples are sulfinyl chlorides, thermolabile, moisture-sensitive compounds, which are useful intermediates for preparation of other sufinyl derivatives such as sulfinamides, sulfinates, sulfoxides, and thiosulfinates. Unlike the sulfur atom in sulfonyl halides and sulfenyl halides, the sulfur atom in sulfinyl halides is chiral, as shown for methanesulfinyl chloride.

Sulfonyl halide
In chemistry, a sulfonyl halide consists of a sulfonyl (>S(=O)2) group singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula RSO2X, where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides, all four types being well known.  The sulfonyl chlorides and fluorides are of dominant importance in this series.

Sulfonyl halides have tetrahedral sulfur centres attached to two oxygen atoms, an organic radical, and a halide. In a representative example, methanesulfonyl chloride, the S=O, S−C, and S−Cl bond distances are respectively 142.4, 176.3, and 204.6 pm.
Malli Mastan Babu
Mastan Babu Malli (3 September 1974 – 24 March 2015) was an Indian mountaineer. In 2006, he climbed the Seven Summits in 172 days, a record at the time, starting on 19 January 2006 and finishing on 10 July 2006. This made him the first South Asian to climb all seven summits, the first Indian to climb Vinson Massif, and the first Indian to climb Puncak Jaya, also known as the Carstensz Pyramid. Malli died on 24 March 2015 in the Andes mountains while on an expedition to summit Tres Cruces Sur.

Indian Institute of Management Calcutta
Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IIM Calcutta or IIM-C) is a public business school located in Joka, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was the first Indian Institute of Management to be established, and has been recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India in 2017. Programmes offered by IIM Calcutta include a two-year full-time MBA, a one-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma (PGPEX-VLM), a one-year full-time MBA for experienced executives (MBAEx), Doctor of Business Administration programme, a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Analytics, and a one-year full-time programme in Healthcare Management. IIM Calcutta is one of only four triple accredited business schools in India, and the first to get the recognition. It is also the only business school in India which is a part of the CEMS Global Alliance in Management Education.
Transpose of a linear map
In linear algebra, the transpose of a linear map between two vector spaces, defined over the same field, is an induced map between the dual spaces of the two vector spaces. 
The transpose or algebraic adjoint of a linear map is often used to study the original linear map. This concept is generalised by adjoint functors.

Weak topology
In mathematics, weak topology is an alternative term for certain initial topologies, often on topological vector spaces or spaces of linear operators, for instance on a Hilbert space. The term is most commonly used for the initial topology of a topological vector space (such as a normed vector space) with respect to its continuous dual. The remainder of this article will deal with this case, which is one of the concepts of functional analysis.

One may call subsets of a topological vector space weakly closed (respectively, weakly compact, etc.) if they are closed (respectively, compact, etc.) with respect to the weak topology. Likewise, functions are sometimes called weakly continuous (respectively, weakly differentiable, weakly analytic, etc.) if they are continuous (respectively, differentiable, analytic, etc.) with respect to the weak topology.
Bagerdan-e Sofla
Bagerdan-e Sofla (Persian: باگردان سفلي, also Romanized as Bāgerdān-e Soflá; also known as Bāgerdān) is a village in Mangur-e Sharqi Rural District, Khalifan District, Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 163, in 30 families.

Mangur-e Sharqi Rural District
Mangur-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان منگور شرقی) is in Khalifan District of Mahabad County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Abdollah Kordeh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Hamzehabad.
2012 Toulon Tournament
The 2012 Toulon Tournament was the 40th edition of the Toulon Tournament and took place from 23 May to 1 June. Colombia were the defending champions, but they did not participate this year.

Mexico U-23 won their first tournament title by defeating Turkey A2 3–0 in the final. Héctor Herrera was awarded Meilleur joueur as the most outstanding player of the tournament.

Maurice Revello Tournament
The Maurice Revello Tournament (officially French: the Festival International "Espoirs" – Tournoi Maurice Revello), previously known as the Toulon Tournament, is a football tournament, which traditionally features invited national teams composed of youth players from U-17 to U-23 level. Although the first tournament in 1967 featured club teams, it has been limited to national teams since 1975 (except in 1986 and 1989 when INF Vichy was invited). The tournament is held around Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, with the final usually being held in Toulon. The tournament was renamed in honour of Maurice Revello, who started the tournament in 1967 and died in 2016.
MicroBilt Corporation
MicroBilt Corporation is an American credit reporting company and alternative credit data provider. Since its founding in 1978, it has grown by acquisition to challenge its larger rivals.

Its Connect consumer credit subsidiary offers consumers the ability to self-report on the bill paying habits as a means of positively impacting their credit score.

MicroBilt’s other subsidiaries focus on business credit and services to sub-prime lenders. Many of the company's products are designed to help businesses accurately assess risk on consumers who otherwise have thin traditional credit files. In doing so, credit can be extended to consumers where it couldn't before opening a new customer base to a company and new opportunities to a consumer.

Credit bureau
A credit bureau is a data collection agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a consumer reporting agency in the United States, a credit reference agency in the United Kingdom, a credit reporting body in Australia, a credit information company (CIC) in India, a Special Accessing Entity in the Philippines, and also to private lenders. It is not the same as a credit rating agency.
Glenn M. Walters
Glenn Michael Walters (born July 3, 1957) is a retired United States Marine Corps General, who served as the 34th Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from 2016 to 2018. He was appointed as the 20th President of his alma mater, The Citadel, on April 12, 2018.

HMLAT-303
Marine Light Attack Helicopter Training Squadron 303 (HMLAT-303), is a United States Marine Corps helicopter training squadron stationed at Marine Corps Air Station Camp Pendleton, California. Known as "Atlas", HMLAT-303 trains newly commissioned Naval Aviators, conversion pilots, and refresher pilots to fly the Bell UH-1Y Venom and Bell AH-1Z Viper.  HMLAT-303 is also responsible for training Bell UH-1Y Venom crew chiefs.  It is part of Marine Aircraft Group 39 (MAG-39) and the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW).
Nannostomus britskii
Nannostomus britskii (from the Greek nanos, meaning "small"; the Latin stomus, relating to the mouth; and britskii in honor of ichthyologist Heraldo A. Britski), commonly known as the spotstripe pencilfish, is a freshwater species of fish  belonging to the family Lebiasinidae of characins. They were first described in 1978 by Stanley H. Weitzman, along with two other new species (Nannostomus limatus and Nannostomus nitidus), from a collection of specimens preserved in the São Paulo museum.  They have been recorded from only two localities, both in Brazil. No live specimens had been seen, collected, or exported for the aquarium trade until very recently.

Characiformes
Characiformes /ˈkærəsɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising the characins and their allies. Grouped in 18 recognized families, more than 2000 different species are described, including the well-known piranha and tetras. Characins are most diverse in the Neotropics, where they are found in lakes and rivers throughout most of South and Central America. At least 209 species of characins are found in Africa, including the distichodontids, citharinids, alestids, and hepsetids. The rest of the characins originate in the Americas.

A few characins become quite large, and are important as food or game. Most, however, are small shoaling fish (or forage fish). Many species commonly called tetras are popular in aquaria because of their bright colors, general hardiness, and tolerance towards other fish in community tanks.
Samtak
Samtak is a national trade union centre for the Faroe Islands.

The federation was established in 2006 by Sonja Jógvansdóttir, who remains its co-ordinator.  The federation has four affiliates, with a total of about 5,600 members, and it is affiliated to the Council of Nordic Trade Unions.

The affiliates of Samtak are:

Faroe Islands Workers' Association

Faroe Islands Fishers' Association

Klaksvik Workers' Association

Klaksvik Working Women's Association

The Torshavn Workers' Association was formerly affiliated to the federation.

Trade union federation
Organizers within trade unions have sought to increase the bargaining power of workers in regards to collective bargaining by acting in collaboration with other trade unions. Multi-union organizing can take place on an informal basis, or on a more formal basis via an umbrella organization comprising multiple trade unions. Such umbrella organizations may be referred to as a trade union federation, trade union confederation, or trade union centre.
Waqutuyuq
Waqutuyuq (Quechua waqutu a variety of potatoes, -yuq a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the waqutu", also spelled Huajotuyo) is a mountain in the Chunta mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 4,800 metres (15,748 ft) high. It is located in the Huancavelica Region, Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica District, north of Antarasu. Waqutuyuq lies at a valley named Qarwa Q'asa ("yellowish valley", also spelled Carhuajasa). The waters of its intermittent stream flow to Kachimayu in the north.

Antarasu
Antarasu (Quechua anta copper, Ancash Quechua rasu snow, ice, mountain with snow, "snow-covered copper mountain", Hispanicized spelling Antarazo) is a mountain in the Chunta mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,180 metres (16,995 ft) high. It is located in the Huancavelica Region, Castrovirreyna Province, Santa Ana District and in the Huancavelica Province, Huancavelica District. Antarasu lies west of the mountain Qarwarasu (Carhuarazo) of the Huancavelica Region and southwest of the mountain Wamanrasu.
Helena Symphony Orchestra
The Helena Symphony Orchestra (HSO) is an American orchestra based in Helena, Montana. Founded in 1955, the Helena Symphony plays the majority of its concerts at the grand Helena Civic Center and in the summer performs at Carroll College presenting their annual free Summer Symphony to thousands of listeners.  The music director is Allan R. Scott.

Carroll College
Carroll College is a private Catholic college in Helena, Montana, United States. The college has 21 buildings on a 63-acre campus, has over 35 academic majors, participates in 15 NAIA athletic sports, and is home to All Saints Chapel. The college motto, in Latin, is Non scholae, sed vitae. The college translates this into English as "Not for school, but for life." Carroll's colors are purple and gold and the school's athletics teams are known as the Fighting Saints.
Samuel Poyntz
Christianity portal

Samuel Greenfield Poyntz (4 March 1926 – 18 February 2017) was an Irish bishop and author in the last third of the 20th century.

He was born in Manitoba in Canada to the Revd James Poyntz and Catherine Greenfield. Poyntz was educated at  Portora Royal School, Enniskillen and Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1951. He began his career with curacies at St George’s Dublin and St Paul’s Dublin before becoming Rector of St Stephen’s, Dublin. From 1974 to 1978 he was Archdeacon of Dublin, when he became Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross. In 1987 he was translated to be the Bishop of Connor, retiring in 1995.

Bishop of Connor
The Bishop of Connor is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Connor in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The title is currently used by the Church of Ireland, but in the Roman Catholic Church it has been united with another bishopric.
Burnside's lemma
Burnside's lemma, sometimes also called Burnside's counting theorem, the Cauchy–Frobenius lemma, or the orbit-counting theorem, is a result in group theory that is often useful in taking account of symmetry when counting mathematical objects. It was discovered by Augustin Louis Cauchy and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, and became well known after William Burnside quoted it. The result enumerates orbits of a symmetry group acting on some objects: that is, it counts distinct objects, considering objects symmetric to each other as the same; or counting distinct objects up to a symmetry equivalence relation; or counting only objects in canonical form. For example, in describing possible organic compounds of certain type, one considers them up to spatial rotation symmetry: different rotated drawings of a given molecule are chemically identical (whereas a mirror reflection might give a different compound).

Fixed point (mathematics)
In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint), also known as an invariant point, is a value that does not change under a given transformation. Specifically, for functions, a fixed point is an element that is mapped to itself by the function. Any set of fixed points of a transformation is also an invariant set.
As-Sawiya
As-Sawiya (Arabic: الساويه) is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank, located 18 kilometers south of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,761 inhabitants in 2017.

Nablus Governorate
The Nablus Governorate (Arabic: محافظة نابلس, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Nāblus) is an administrative district of Palestine located in the Central Highlands of the West Bank, 53 km north of Jerusalem. It covers the area around the city of Nablus which serves as the muhfaza (seat) of the governorate. The governor of the district is Mahmoud Aloul.
Augmented renal clearance
In pharmacology, augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a phenomenon where certain critically ill patients may display increased clearance of a medication through the kidneys. In many cases, it is observed as a measured creatinine clearance above that which is expected given the patient's age, sex, and other factors. The phenomenon is most commonly observed in patients with neurologic damage, sepsis, major trauma, or burns.

Augmented renal clearance can be caused by increased fluid administration, certain medications, and critical illnesses. It can lead to failure of treatment in people due to a decrease in drug concentrations, increase in clearance, or shorter half life. Many medications require adjustment to account for the changed clearance in people with ARC, notably some antibiotics.

Assessment of kidney function
Assessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging.

Functions of a healthy kidney include maintaining a person's  fluid balance, maintaining an acid-base balance; regulating sodium and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; regulating blood pressure; and regulating hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D. The kidney is also involved in maintaining blood pH balance.
IQMS
IQMS (also known as DELMIAWorks) was a privately held, global software company based in Paso Robles, California. The company developed and marketed manufacturing ERP and real time manufacturing execution systems to the automotive, medical, packaging, consumer goods, aerospace, defense and other manufacturing industries. IQMS has been included on Inc. Magazine's list of the 5000 fastest growing privately held U.S. companies from 2011 through 2016. Gary Nemmers became the CEO of IQMS in 2015, and was succeeded by Cheri Williams in 2020.

Paso Robles, California
Paso Robles (/ˌpæsə ˈroʊbəlz/ PASS-ə ROH-bəlz), officially El Paso de Robles (Spanish for The Pass of Oaks), is a city in San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Salinas River about 30 mi (48 km) north of San Luis Obispo, the city is known for its hot springs, abundance of wineries, production of olive oil, almond orchards, and playing host to the California Mid-State Fair. At the 2020 census, the population was 31,490.
Gmina Ścinawa
Gmina Ścinawa is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Ścinawa, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Lubin, and 54 kilometres (34 mi) north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 164.56 square kilometres (63.5 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population was 9,938.

Lubin County
Lubin County (Polish: powiat lubiński) (German:Lüben Kreis) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area of 712 square kilometres (274.9 sq mi). Its administrative seat and largest town is Lubin, and its only other town is Ścinawa.

As of 2019 the total population of the county is 106,211, out of which the population of Lubin is 72,428, the population of Ścinawa is 5,582, and the rural population is 28,201.
Cape longclaw
The Cape longclaw or  orange-throated longclaw (Macronyx capensis) is a passerine bird in the family  Motacillidae, which comprises the longclaws, pipits and wagtails. It occurs in Southern Africa in Zimbabwe and southern and eastern South Africa. This species is found in coastal and mountain grassland, often near water.

Wagtail
Wagtails are a group of passerine birds that form the genus Motacilla in the family Motacillidae. The common name and genus name are derived from their characteristic tail pumping behaviour. Together with the pipits and longclaws they form the family Motacillidae.

The forest wagtail belongs to the monotypic genus Dendronanthus which is closely related to Motacilla and sometimes included therein.

The willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys) of Australia is not a true wagtail; it was named as such by early settlers from England from its superficial similarity in colour and behaviour to the pied wagtail, but belongs to an unrelated genus of birds known as fantails.
Heartland Highway
Heartland Highway is the eighth studio album by American rock group Sister Hazel. It is their eighth studio album, and was released on October 12, 2010, only 14 months after the release of their previous album Release in 2009.

Release (Sister Hazel album)
Release is Sister Hazel's seventh studio album. It was released on August 18, 2009 through Croakin' Poets/Rock Ridge.

Unlike previous Sister Hazel albums, all of the band members contributed to the songwriting. According to Ryan Newell, the album got its name because they "Took a different approach on this record and 'released' the past method."