hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oyster Pond River
Oyster Pond River, also called Oyster Creek, is a 1.7-mile-long (2.7 km) river in Chatham, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.

The river is an estuary connecting Oyster Pond with Stage Harbor, averaging 3 to 5 feet (1 to 2 m) in depth and bordered with salt marshes.

Salinity
Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity). It is usually measured in g/L or g/kg (grams of salt per liter/kilogram of water; the latter is dimensionless and equal to ‰).

Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable that, along with temperature and pressure, governs physical characteristics like the density and heat capacity of the water. These in turn are important for understanding ocean currents and heat exchange with the atmosphere.

A contour line of constant salinity is called an isohaline, or sometimes isohale.
Society for Developmental Biology
The Society for Developmental Biology (SDB), originally the Society for the Study of Development and Growth, is an organization for scientists and professionals around the world whose research is focused on the study of the developmental biology, embryology, and related disciplines.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Folke
Folke is a parish in the county of Dorset in southern England, situated in the Blackmore Vale, approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-east of Sherborne. The parish has an area of 2,120 acres (8.6 km2) and is made of the villages of Folke and Alweston, and the hamlet of Bishops Down.

Dorset County Council's 2013 estimate of the population of Folke parish is 270. In the 2011 census figures have been published for the population of Folke parish combined with the small parish of North Wootton to the north; this was 339.

The Manor House in the hamlet of Folke dates from about 1500 and adjoins the early 17th-century parish church. The house of Font le Roi, sited by the road towards Sturminster Newton, was built as a gatehouse in the 15th century. Folke Wood is nearby.

North Wootton, Dorset
North Wootton is a hamlet and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Sherborne. It is sited on a narrow band of Cornbrash limestone, with Oxford clay adjacent to the southeast and Forest Marble to the northwest. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 50.

The land of the parish has traditionally been owned by the owner of Sherborne Castle, so past owners have included Sir Walter Raleigh and bishops of Salisbury Cathedral. Residents of the parish previously had to take the deceased to Sherborne Abbey for burial; this arrangement stopped in 1618.
Ioxynil
Ioxynil is a post-emergent selective nitrile herbicide. It is used in Australia, New Zealand, Iran and Japan to control broadleaf weeds via the inhibition of photosynthesis. It is used notably on onion crops, among others, normally at 300–900 g/Ha. It was introduced in 1966. The supply of ioxynil is decreasing, as of 2019 but the herbicide remains effective.

Nitrile
In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the −C≡N, suffixed with "nitrile", so for example CH3CH2C≡N is called "propionitrile" (or propanenitrile). The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, including methyl cyanoacrylate, used in super glue, and nitrile rubber, a nitrile-containing polymer used in latex-free laboratory and medical gloves. Nitrile rubber is also widely used as automotive and other seals since it is resistant to fuels and oils. Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons.

Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group are not called nitriles, but cyanides instead. Though both nitriles and cyanides can be derived from cyanide salts, most nitriles are not nearly as toxic.
Gentrification in the United States
Gentrification in the United States is commonly associated with an influx of higher-income movers into historically divested neighborhoods with existing, working-class residents, often resulting in increases in property prices and investment into new developments. Displacement and gentrification are also linked, with consequences of gentrification including displacement of pre-existing residents and cultural erasure of the historic community. In the United States, discussions surrounding gentrification require critical analysis of race and other demographic data in examining the inequalities and disparities between existing residents, the community, new buyers, and developers caused by gentrification.

Urban renewal
Urban renewal, also known as urban regeneration or urban redevelopment, is a set of government or private initiatives aimed at addressing urban decay, upgrading infrastructure, and revitalizing city neighborhoods. Typically, urban renewal involves clearing "blighted" areas, followed by new construction for housing, businesses, and public spaces. While such projects can modernize cities and stimulate economic growth, they are controversial due to frequent displacement of low-income and minority communities, a process known as gentrification.
Kaztal District
Kaztal (Kazakh: Қазтал ауданы, Qaztal audany) is a district of West Kazakhstan Region in western Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Kaztal. Population: 31,089 (2013 estimate); 32,908 (2009 census results); 38,703 (1999 census results).

West Kazakhstan Region
West Kazakhstan Region is a region of Kazakhstan. As of 1 August 2025, it had a population of 695,900. Its administrative centre is Oral (also known as Uralsk), a city of about 250,000 inhabitants.

The region was created as West Kazakhstan Oblast in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic during the Soviet-era. Between 1962 and 1992, it was named Uralsk Oblast. It was renamed in 1993 following the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union.
British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I
British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I began from its initial roots in the late-19th century and ultimately came to span in extent from Asia through Europe to the West Coast of the United States and Canada. It was effective in thwarting a number of attempts for insurrection in British India during World War I and ultimately  in controlling the Indian revolutionary movement both at home and abroad.

Har Dayal
Lala Har Dayal Mathur (Punjabi: ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) was an Indian nationalist revolutionary and freedom fighter. He was a polymath who turned down a career in the Indian Civil Service. His simple living and intellectual acumen inspired many expatriate Indians living in Canada and the U.S. in their campaign against British rule in India during the First World War.
2014 World TeamTennis season
The 2014 World TeamTennis season was the 39th season of the top professional team tennis league in the United States. Pursuant to a sponsorship agreement with Mylan N.V., the official name of the league was Mylan World TeamTennis in 2014. The Washington Kastles defeated the Springfield Lasers in the WTT Final to win their fourth consecutive King Trophy.

Washington Kastles
The Washington Kastles was one of eight franchises that competed in World TeamTennis. Founded in 2008 and based in Washington, D.C., the Kastles won the WTT championship six times, tied for a league record. The team was named for Kastle Systems, a security company founded by owner Mark Ein.
Montbrayite
Montbrayite (from a Canadian toponym) is a very rare mineral from among the gold tellurides, close to krennerite and calaverite, in composition it is a mixed polymetallic plumbo-telluride of gold with a variable formula, initially written as Au2Te3,: 20–21  or (Au,Sb)2Te3, but today having a much more complex form in the calculated form: 
(Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)23(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)38. The color of montbrayite is cream, tin-white to pale yellow, the luster is metallic.

Telluride mineral
A telluride mineral is a mineral that has the telluride anion as a main component.

Tellurides are similar to sulfides and are grouped with them in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.

Examples include:

altaite

calaverite

coloradoite

empressite

hessite

kostovite

krennerite

melonite

merenskyite

petzite

rickardite

stützite

sylvanite

tellurobismuthite

temagamite

tetradymite

vulcanite
Ikot Akpan Essien
Ikot Akpan Essien is a village located in the Oruk Anam Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. 
It is as well one among the major towns of the Abak/Midim Clan both in the southern region of Nigeria.

Abak/Midim Clan
Abak/Midim is one of the nine Clans or Districts in Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State. It is one of the two Clans or Districts in the former Anam Local Government Area, both in southern Nigeria.
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy
A pre-existing disease in pregnancy is a disease that is not directly caused by the pregnancy, in contrast to various complications of pregnancy, but which may become worse or be a potential risk to the pregnancy (such as causing pregnancy complications). A major component of this risk can result from the necessary use of drugs in pregnancy to manage the disease.

In such circumstances, women who wish to continue with a pregnancy require extra medical care, often from an interdisciplinary team. Such a team might include (besides an obstetrician) a specialist in the disorder and other practitioners (for example, maternal-fetal specialists or obstetric physicians, dieticians, etc.).

Maternal–fetal medicine
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as Perinatology or Feto-maternal medicine, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy.

Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are physicians who subspecialize within the field of obstetrics. Their training typically includes a four-year residency in obstetrics and gynecology followed by a three-year fellowship. They may perform prenatal tests, provide treatments, and perform surgeries. They act both as a consultant during lower-risk pregnancies and as the primary obstetrician in especially high-risk pregnancies. After birth, they may work closely with pediatricians or neonatologists. For the mother, perinatologists assist with pre-existing health concerns, as well as complications caused by pregnancy.
Gmina Działdowo
Gmina Działdowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Działdowo, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 272.77 square kilometres (105.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,481 (9,777 in 2011).

Działdowo County
Działdowo County (Polish: powiat działdowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Działdowo, which lies 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn. The only other town in the county is Lidzbark, lying 25 km (16 mi) west of Działdowo. (This should not be confused with Lidzbark Warmiński, another town in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, which is the seat of Lidzbark County.)

The county covers an area of 953.18 square kilometres (368.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 65,288, out of which the population of Działdowo is 21,279, that of Lidzbark is 7,794, and the rural population is 36,215.
Diocese of Chuncheon
The Diocese of Chunchon (also romanized Chuncheon and Ch’unch’on, Latin: Dioecesis Chuncheonensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese of the Catholic Church in South Korea. A suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Seoul, it has ecclesiastic authority over the administrative province of Gangwon-do.

Its cathedral episcopal see mother church is Jungnim-dong Cathedral in Chuncheon.

Gangwon Province, South Korea
Gangwon Province (Korean: 강원도; RR: Gangwon-do), officially Gangwon State (강원특별자치도; lit. Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province), is a Special Self-Governing Province of South Korea. It is known as the largest and least densely populated subdivision of South Korea. Gangwon is one of the three provinces in South Korea with special self-governing status, the others being Jeju Province and Jeonbuk State. Gangwon is bordered on the east by the East Sea(Or Sea of Japan), it borders Gyeonggi Province to the west, North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to the south, and the Military Demarcation Line to the north, separating it from North Korea. In the 1945 division of Korea, the historical Gangwon Province was divided in half, and remains so to this day.

Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics. Gangwon also hosted the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.
Saya Saung
Saya Saung (1898–1952) was an early Burmese watercolorist who adopted the Western style of painting and became famous in Burma for his landscape works. He is less known for his portraits, about seven of which have surfaced in recent years.

Ngwe Gaing
Ngwe Gaing (Burmese: ငွေကိုင် [ŋwè ɡàɪɰ̃]; 1901–1967), known honorifically as Sayagyi U Ngwe Gaing, was a  Burmese artist who worked in both oil and watercolor. After the death of his teacher Ba Nyan, he was recognized as the greatest living painter in Myanmar. He had great influence on the next generation of artists, and his works are now highly sought after.
Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Barisal
The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education in Barisal, Bangladesh, is an autonomous organization mainly responsible for holding JSC, SSC and HSC and for providing recognition to the newly established non-government educational institutions and also for the supervision, control and developments of those institutions. It started the operation in 1999.

Junior School Certificate
The Junior School Certificate (JSC) was a public examination taken by students in Bangladesh after successful completion of eight years of schooling. It was introduced in 2010. It is followed by the Secondary School Certificate (SSC).

Before the introduction of the JSC, a similar examination known as Madhyamik Britti (Junior Scholarship) was held. This was a voluntary vocational exam and not mandatory, which were later made mandatory and renamed as junior school certificate.
In 2019, last JSC exam was held
Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the exams could not be held in 2020 and 2021. The government also decided not to hold the Junior School Certificate (JSC) and Junior Dakhil Certificate (JDC) examinations in 2022. In 2023, The ministry of education of Bangladesh stated that there will be no JSC-JDC examination in the new curriculum. From 2024, class VIII and class IX exams was planned to be held under the new syllabus.
Ajay Kumar (civil servant)
Ajay Kumar is an Indian civil servant who currently serves as the Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). A 1985-batch officer of the Indian Administrative Service, he earlier served as the 38th Defence Secretary of India. (2019–2022), Defence Production Secretary (2017–2019), and held senior roles in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, where he contributed to the  Digital India programme including Unified Payments Interface, Aadhaar, MyGov.in, Government e Marketplace and Jeevan Pramaan.. He is an alumnus of the IIT Kanpur and the University of Minnesota.

Kumar has been associated with significant national reforms, including defence production indigenization, the establishment of the post of Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), corporatization of the Ordnance Factories Board, and the launch of the Agniveer recruitment scheme. Beyond government service, he has engaged with academia, policy think-tanks, and startup ecosystems.

Defence Secretary (India)
The defence secretary (ISO: Rakṣā Saciv) is the administrative head of the Ministry of Defence. This post is held by a senior Indian Administrative Service officer of the rank of secretary to the Government of India. The current defence secretary is Shri. Rajesh Kumar Singh IAS.

As a secretary to the Government of India, the Defence Secretary ranks 23rd on Indian order of precedence, along with all other secretaries to the Government of India, and lieutenant generals in the grade of army commander.
2025 Punjab Kings season
The 2025 season was the 18th season for the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket franchise Punjab Kings. They were one of the ten teams that competed in the 2025 Indian Premier League. Ahead of the season, Shreyas Iyer was appointed as the captain. The team was coached by Ricky Ponting.

The Punjab Kings finished in first place in the league stage, and advanced to the Qualifier 1 in playoffs. The team lost Qualifier 1 to Royal Challengers Bengaluru but, won Qualifier 2 against Mumbai Indians. However, they lost the final again to Royal Challengers Bengaluru. Punjab's captain Iyer scored the most runs (604) while, Arshdeep Singh took the most wickets (21) for Punjab in the 2025 season.

Royal Challengers Bengaluru
Royal Challengers Bengaluru, formerly Royal Challengers Bangalore, also known as RCB, are a professional Twenty20 cricket team based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, that competes in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Founded in 2008 by United Spirits, the team's home ground is M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. They won their first title in 2025. The team finished as the runners-up on three occasions: in 2009, 2011, and 2016. They have also qualified for the playoffs in ten of the eighteen seasons.

As of 2025, the team is captained by Rajat Patidar and coached by Andy Flower. The franchise has competed in the Champions League, finishing as runners-up in the 2011 season. As of 2024, RCB was valued at $117 million, making it one of the most valuable franchises.
Malaspina Expedition
The Malaspina Expedition (1789–1794) was a five-year maritime scientific exploration commanded by Alejandro Malaspina and José de Bustamante y Guerra. Although the expedition receives its name from Malaspina, he always insisted on giving Bustamante an equal share of command. Bustamante had, however,  acknowledged Malaspina as the "head of the expedition" since the beginning.

The expedition was funded by the Spanish government and originally pursued strictly scientific goals, in the same fashion as the voyages of James Cook and Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. Some of the leading scientists at the time collected an impressive amount of scientific data that even surpassed what was collected during Cook's expedition, but due to Malaspina's involvement in a conspiracy to overthrow the government, he was jailed shortly upon return. Most of the expedition's reports and collections were put away unpublished, and did not see the light of day until the late 19th century.

José de Bustamante
José de Bustamante y Guerra (1 April 1759 – 10 March 1825) was a Spanish Navy officer, explorer and politician. He governed Guatemala as the captain general and president of the audiencia of Guatemala from 1811 to 1818. He governed Guatemala as a dictator and opposed the Cadiz Constitution of 1812.
François Lake, British Columbia
François Lake is an unincorporated settlement in the Nechako Country of the Central Interior of British Columbia.  It is located midway along the north shore of the lake of the same name, which is to the south of the town of Burns Lake

Nechako Country
The Nechako Country, also referred to as the Nechako District or simply "the Nechako"  is one of the historical geographic regions of the Canadian province of British Columbia, located southwest of the city of Prince George and south of Hwy 16 on the inland side of the Hazelton Mountains (an inland subrange of the Coast Mountains), and comprising the basin of the Nechako River and its tributaries. "Nechako" is an anglicization of netʃa koh, its name in the indigenous Carrier language which means "big river".

The area is sparsely populated, mostly by members of the Carrier people, and is noted for its many large lakes, including Ootsa Lake Reservoir, which is the source of water for the Kemano Powerhouse on a neighbouring coastal inlet, which is the power supply for the aluminum smelter at Kitimat.

To the north of the Nechako Country are the Omineca Country and Bulkley Valley, while to its south is the Chilcotin Country and to the southeast the Cariboo Country.
Bob Steele (actor)
Bob Steele (January 23, 1907 – December 21, 1988) was an American actor in film and television, performing mostly in Westerns. He also was billed as Bob Bradbury Jr., changing his name to Bob Steele in 1927 when he starred in The Mojave Kid.  Altogether, Steele appeared in more than 400 Western films and television series.  In 1937 and 1938, he was among the top 10 Western moneymakers.

Steele was born Robert Adrian Bradbury Portland Oregon, his father was Robert North Bradbury, who was a director of Western films straddling the silent and talkie eras.  Steele began acting as a child actor, appearing in films directed by his father.

With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo
With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo is a 1926 American silent Western film directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring Cullen Landis, Kathryn McGuire, and Edward Hearn. The battle scenes of the silent film would be reused for the 1937 movie Heroes of the Alamo.
Dot crawl
Dot crawl (also known as chroma crawl or cross-luma) is a visual defect of color analog video standards when signals are transmitted as composite video, as in terrestrial broadcast television. It consists of moving checkerboard patterns which appear along horizontal color transitions (vertical edges). It results from intermodulation or crosstalk between chrominance and luminance components of the signal, which are imperfectly multiplexed in the frequency domain.

The term is more associated with the NTSC analog color TV system, but is also present in PAL (see Chroma dots). Although the interference patterns are slightly different depending on the system used, they have the same cause and the same general principles apply. A related effect, color bleed or rainbow artifacts, is discussed below.

PALplus
PALplus (or PAL+) is an analogue television broadcasting system aimed to improve and enhance the PAL format by allowing 16:9 (or 1.77:1) aspect ratio broadcasts, while remaining compatible with existing television receivers, defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation BT.1197-1. Introduced in 1993, it followed experiences with the HD-MAC (high definition) and D2-MAC, hybrid analogue-digital widescreen formats that were incompatible with PAL receivers. It was developed at the University of Dortmund in Germany, in cooperation with German terrestrial broadcasters and European and Japanese manufacturers. The system had some adoption across Europe during the late 1990s and helped introduce widescreen TVs in the market, but never became mainstream.

A similar system, developed in Japan at the same time and named EDTV-II/ Wide-aspect Clear-vision, allows for 16:9 NTSC broadcasts.