hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Claim club
Claim clubs, also called actual settlers' associations or squatters' clubs, were a nineteenth-century phenomenon in the American West. Usually operating within a confined local jurisdiction, these pseudo-governmental entities sought to regulate land sales in places where there was little or no legal apparatus to deal with land-related quarrels of any size. Some claim clubs sought to protect squatters, while others defended early land owners. In the twentieth century, sociologists suggested that claim clubs were a pioneer adaptation of democratic bodies on the East Coast, including town halls.

Baker v. Morton
Baker v. Morton, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 150 (1870), was the second of two land claim suits to come out of Omaha, Nebraska Territory, filed in September 1860, prior to statehood. A claim jumper filed suit against local land barons to stake out a homestead in the area that was to become the city of Omaha. The case was important for establishing homesteaders' rights and ensuring that the future growth of Omaha would benefit everyone, not just wealthy landowners and speculators.
PS Speke
PS Speke was a British stern wheel paddle steamer that operated in Uganda. She was built for the Uganda Railway from 1910 until 1962 serving as an important vessel on inland waterways including Lake Kyoga and the Victoria Nile during the colonial period. First and second class passengers travelled aboard the steamer but she also pushed a barge or lighter on which cargo and third class passengers travelled.

East African Railways and Harbours Corporation
The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&H) is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory. As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, the Victoria Nile and the Albert Nile.
Guniyandi language
Gooniyandi is an Australian Aboriginal language now spoken by about 200 people, most of whom live in or near Fitzroy Crossing in Western Australia. Gooniyandi is an endangered language as it is not being passed on to children, who instead grow up speaking Kriol.

Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia
Fitzroy Crossing is a small town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Broome and 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of Halls Creek. It is approximately 2,524 kilometres (1,568 mi) from the state capital of Perth. It is 114 metres (374 ft) above sea level and is situated on a low rise surrounded by the vast floodplains of the Fitzroy River and its tributary Margaret River.

At the 2016 census, the population of the Fitzroy Crossing town-site was 1,297; with a further 2,000 or so people living in up to 50 Aboriginal communities scattered throughout the Fitzroy Valley. About 80% of the Fitzroy Valley population were Indigenous Australians with a split of closer to 60/40 (indigenous/non-indigenous) in the townsite. Tourism, cattle stations and mining are the main industries in the area.
Cut fastball
In baseball, a cut fastball or cutter is a type of fastball that breaks toward the pitcher's glove-hand side, as it reaches home plate. This pitch is somewhere between a slider and a four-seam fastball, as it is usually thrown faster than a slider but with more movement than a typical fastball. Some pitchers use a cutter to prevent hitters from expecting their regular fastballs. A common technique for throwing a cutter is to use a four-seam fastball grip with the baseball set slightly off center in the hand. A batter hitting a cutter pitch often achieves only soft contact and an easy out due to the pitch's movement keeping the ball away from the bat's sweet spot. The cutter is typically 2–5 mph slower than a pitcher's four-seam fastball. In 2010, the average pitch classified as a cutter by PITCHf/x thrown by a right-handed pitcher was 88.6 mph; the average two-seamer was 90.97 mph.

Slider (pitch)
In baseball, a slider is a type of breaking ball, a pitch that moves or "breaks" as it approaches the batter. Due to the grip and wrist motion, the slider typically exhibits more lateral movement when compared to other breaking balls, such as the curveball.

The slider is generally among the fastest breaking balls, commonly ranging 80 to 90 mph (130 to 140 km/h). A variation of the slider, known as the sweeper, is characterized as being slightly slower, but having more lateral movement. Pitches that exhibit qualities similar to that of both a slider and a curveball are referred to as a slurve.
PLUM keyboard
The PLUM keyboard is a keyboard layout which differs from the traditional QWERTY keyboard in both physical key layout and letter arrangement. Unlike most keyboards, the PLUM keyboard organizes keys in a square grid, as opposed to the staggered rows of a typewriter. Though the Plum Keyboard is currently off-line, it is still being promoted.

As of 2012, PLUM keyboards are no longer being manufactured.

QWERTY
QWERTY (/ˈkwɜːrti/ KWUR-tee) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets; the name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the keyboard: QWERTY. The design evolved for the quick typing of English on typewriters.

The QWERTY design is based on a layout included on the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold by E. Remington and Sons from 1874. The layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in widespread use as a de facto standard on computers, as of 2026. Two prominent alternatives, Dvorak and Colemak, have been developed.  In Europe, two types of modified layouts, QWERTZ and AZERTY, are used predominantly for German and French, respectively.
Henry Wilks
Henry Wilks is a fictional character from the British television soap opera Emmerdale, played by Arthur Pentelow. He ran the Woolpack public house alongside Amos Brearly (Ronald Magill) for nearly 20 years.

Anthony Hayward
Anthony Hayward (born 26 October 1959) is a British journalist and author. He is a regular contributor to The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph, and has written more than 20 books about television and film. The subjects of justice and censorship have been constant themes throughout his work. "Hayward is particularly good on conflicts with authority," wrote one critic reviewing his biography Which Side Are You On? Ken Loach and His Films (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004).
Jacques Chagnon
Jacques Chagnon (French pronunciation: [ʒak ʃaɲɔ̃]; born August 28, 1952) is a retired Canadian politician who served in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1985 to 2018. A member of Quebec Liberal Party, he was appointed Minister of Education in 1994, when his party went back on to form government in 2003, he was appointed Minister of Public Security until 2005.

He was President of the National Assembly of Quebec from 2011 to 2018.

He represented the electoral districts of Saint-Louis from 1985 to 1994 and Westmount–Saint-Louis from 1994 to 2018 as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party (QLP). He retired from political life in 2018, after serving more than 33 years as a member of the National Assembly.

President of the National Assembly of Quebec
The president of the National Assembly of Quebec (French; Président de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec) is the presiding officer of the National Assembly of Quebec, Canada, which is modeled after the Westminster parliamentary system. In other Anglophone parliaments and legislatures the equivalent position is often called the "Speaker", which is why from 1867 to 1968, the presiding officer of the Assembly was known in French as "orateur," a translation of the English term "speaker".
Juromenha
Juromenha, officially Nossa Senhora do Loreto de Juromenha, was a freguesia in Alentejo region, southeastern Portugal, near the border with Spain. It was part of Alandroal municipality.

In the 10th century, Ibn Hawqal traveled through the town on his way to Toledo.

On 28 January 2013, it merged with Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Alandroal) and São Brás dos Matos, forming Alandroal, São Brás dos Matos e Juromenha.

Alandroal
Alandroal (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐlɐ̃dɾuˈal] ⓘ), officially Alandroal Town (Portuguese: Vila do Alandroal), is a municipality in the Portuguese district of Évora located on the eastern frontier with Spain along the right margin of the Guadiana River in the Central Alentejo region. It is located 341 metres (1,119 ft) above sea level, northeast of Évora and southeast of Estremoz. The population in 2011 was 5,843, in an area of 542.68 km2.
Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)
Joseph Inslee Anderson (November 5, 1757 – April 17, 1837) was an American soldier, judge, and politician, who served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1797 to 1815, and later as the First Comptroller of the United States Treasury. He also served as one of three judges of the Southwest Territory in the 1790s, and was a delegate to the Tennessee state constitutional convention in 1796.

From January to December 1805, Anderson served as President pro tempore of the United States.

New Jersey Line
The New Jersey Line was a formation within the Continental Army in the American War of Independence. A "New Jersey Line" was the quota of numbered infantry regiments that the Congress of the Confederacy assigned to New Jersey at various times.
Braille scale
In aircraft and armored vehicle scale modeling, Braille scale commonly means 1/72 or 1/76 scale. The term was coined by the owners of Missing-Lynx web forum in 1998. Other forums have taken a liking to the phrase since then, and incorporated in their own websites.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Corporation and District Council of Clare
The Corporation and District Council of Clare were twin local government areas in South Australia centred on the town of Clare. The district council existed from 1853 until 1997, while the town corporation existed from 1868 until 1969.

County of Stanley (South Australia)
The County of Stanley is one of the 49 cadastral counties of South Australia. It was proclaimed by Governor George Grey and named for Edward Stanley, Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1841 to 1845, who, in 1842, had advocated financial support for South Australia. It is roughly bounded by the Wakefield River in the south, the approximate path of the Barrier Highway in the east, latitude 33°28' S in the north and longitudes 138°08' to 138°15' E in the west.
1979 European Parliament election in Luxembourg
The 1979 European Parliament election in Luxembourg was the election of the delegation from Luxembourg to the European Parliament on 10 June 1979.  It was held on the same day as the legislative elections, which elected members to Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies.

1979 Luxembourg general election
General elections were held in Luxembourg on 10 June 1979. The Christian Social People's Party remained the largest party, winning 24 of the 59 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. After spending the previous four years in opposition, it returned to government in coalition with the Democratic Party, resulting in the Werner-Thorn Ministry.
Passat (ship)
Passat is a German four-masted steel barque and one of the Flying P-Liners, the famous sailing ships of the German shipping company F. Laeisz. She is one of the last surviving windjammers. (The name "Passat" is German for trade wind.)

Windjammer
A windjammer is a commercial sailing ship with multiple masts, however rigged. The informal term "windjammer" arose during the transition from the Age of Sail to the Age of Steam during the 19th century. The Oxford English Dictionary records the term "wind jammer" with reference to a ship from 1878 and nautical use of "windjamming" from 1886. The word has evolved to include passenger cruise ships.
Utah State Route 79
State Route 79 (SR-79) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah that spans 4.174 miles (6.717 km) in Ogden, Weber County, with another 0.77 miles (1.24 km) consisting of the westbound segment of a brief one-way pair. The route connects SR-126 and I-15 to US-89 and SR-203 as it passes through the center of Ogden on Hinckley Drive and portions of 30th and 31st Streets. The highway was formed in 1957, initially routed from SR-38 (then running on Pennsylvania Avenue) east to SR-204 (Wall Avenue). It was subsequently extended west to SR-126 and east to Harrison Boulevard (SR-203), before being extended west again to SR-108.

Utah State Route 38
State Route 38 is a state highway in Box Elder County in the U.S. state of Utah. It runs north from Brigham City to Collinston (northeast of Tremonton). The highway was originally State Route 69, but was renumbered in 1993 due to sign theft caused by the sexual connotation of the number.
2023–24 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team
The 2023–24 Drake Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Drake University in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by sixth-year head coach Darian DeVries, played their home games at the Knapp Center in Des Moines, Iowa as members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC). They finished the regular season 25–6, 16–4 in MVC play to finish in second place. They entered the MVC tournament as a No. 2 seed, where they defeated Evansville, Bradley, and Indiana State to win the tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament, where they were defeated by Washington State in the first round. Just three days after the loss, Darian DeVries accepted the head coaching position at West Virginia. Subsequently, most of the roster entered the transfer portal, including star Tucker DeVries.

Tucker DeVries
Tucker Dale DeVries (born December 7, 2002) is an American college basketball player for the Indiana Hoosiers of the Big Ten Conference. He previously played for the Drake Bulldogs and the West Virginia Mountaineers.
Ireneo Bughao
Ireneo Bughao (born June 18, 1957) is a Filipino calendarist who was awarded with Ripley's Believe It or Not!'s cartoon in January 1997, with a caption that states: "Ireneo Bughao of Manila, Philippines is able to calculate the specific day of the week of any day in the past or future – faster than a computer!". He has thought of and perfected a mathematical formula, where he can determine and give accurate answers with ease and astounding speed to those who would like to know the day they were born or what day a date shall fall centuries from now.

Bughao works for Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) and Director Auxiliary of 
the 128th Squadron of Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary [2018-2022].

Negros Oriental State University
Negros Oriental State University (NOrSU) is a public, nonsectarian higher education institution in Dumaguete City, Philippines. Established in 2004 through Republic Act No. 9299, it is the sole state university in the province of Negros Oriental.

The university's Main Campus, situated along Kagawasan Avenue beside the Negros Oriental Provincial Capitol, offers the widest array of academic programs and student organizations among all NORSU campuses.

Formerly known as Central Visayas Polytechnic College (CVPC), the institution was elevated to university status to serve a broader student population from the Visayas and Mindanao. Today, NORSU operates seven satellite campuses and one extension campus across the province, expanding access to quality education throughout the province.
Blood Tribe (neo-Nazi group)
Blood Tribe (also called Blutstamm) is an American neo-Nazi group founded in 2020 by Christopher Pohlhaus, a former Marine turned tattoo artist. By 2023, members of the group began participating in anti-LGBTQ+ protests and established chapters in the United States and Canada. Founded around the same time as neo-Nazi groups The Base and Nationalist Social Club-131, Blood Tribe has described itself as an "end of the pipeline type group" in terms of its extreme radicalization.

Nationalist Social Club-131
Nationalist Social Club-131, or NSC-131, is an American neo-Nazi organization; the numbers 131 are an alphanumeric code for "Anti-Communist Action". It was founded in 2019 in eastern Massachusetts by Chris Hood, who had previously tried other neo-fascist groups such as Patriot Front, the Proud Boys, and the Base. The group first attracted the attention of anti-extremism researchers during the George Floyd protests in mid-2020, which NSC-131 members hoped to leverage to increase their recruiting. Along with Patriot Front, NSC-131 is one of the most active white nationalist groups in New England as of 2022.
Around the world (card game)
Around the world is a card-based drinking game, similar to president, but more complex and at the same time quicker. The game requires one standard (52-card) deck of playing cards. More decks can be added to accommodate additional players and increase difficulty.

The game is also known as Irish poker, ride the bus, Chico high low, monkey balls, Chef's deal, foam game, North Carolina, Up and down the river, cannonball, Charleston special, buja, Death Valley and unlucky 'sevens' seven.

Game mechanics
In tabletop games and video games, game mechanics define how a game works for players. Game mechanics are the rules or ludemes that govern and guide player actions, as well as the game's response to them. A rule is an instruction on how to play, while a ludeme is an element of play, such as the L-shaped move of the knight in chess. The interplay of various mechanics determines the game's complexity and how the players interact with the game. All games use game mechanics; however, different theories disagree about their degree of importance to a game. The process and study of game design includes efforts to develop game mechanics that engage players.

Common examples of game mechanics include turn-taking, movement of tokens, set collection, bidding, capture, and spell slots.
2013 Down Senior Hurling Championship
The 2013 Down Senior Hurling Championship was the 105th staging of the Down Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Down County Board in 1903.

Portaferry entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 29 September 2013 at McKenna Park, between Ballygalget and Portaferry, in what was their first meeting in the final in five years. Ballygalget won the match by 1–18 to 1–11 to claim their 19th championship title overall and a first title in three years.

Down Senior Hurling Championship
The Down Senior Hurling Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the Morgan Fuels Down GAA Senior Hurling Championship and abbreviated to the Down SHC) is an annual hurling competition contested by top-tier Down GAA clubs. The Down County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1903. Ballycran won the 2021 championship defeating Portaferry in the Final after extra time.

Portaferry are the title holders, defeating Ballycran by 0-20 to 0-16 in the 2023 final.
Belton-in-Rutland
Belton-in-Rutland is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The population at the 2001 census was 345 increasing to 348 at the 2011 census. It is situated about six miles (9.6 km) southwest of Oakham and about four miles (6.4 km) west of Uppingham and overlooks the A47. The Eye Brook forms the county boundary with Leicestershire.

The village's name probably means 'farm/settlement near a beacon or funeral pyre'. Then again, 'Bel' may likewise address a component signifying 'island' or 'glade'. Belton was renamed Belton-in-Rutland in 1982 to distinguish the village from Belton in Leicestershire.

St Peter's Church is a Grade II* listed building. The Old Hall and Westbourne House are also Grade II*.

The village has one public house, The Sun Inn.

Belton is part of the Braunston & Martinsthorpe ward which elects two councillors to Rutland County Council.

Uppingham
Uppingham is a market town and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Rutland, England, off the A47 between Leicester and Peterborough, 6 miles (10 km) south of Oakham. It had a population of 4,745 according to the 2011 census, estimated at 4,853 in 2019.

The town is known for its eponymous public school. With its art galleries Uppingham has become a popular destination for art lovers. Uppingham was named "best place to live in the Midlands in 2022" by The Times newspaper, who commented on the town by calling it "a discerning market town with art, heart and smarts — plus the magnificent Rutland Water".
Gavriil Ksenofontov
Gavriil Vasilyevich Ksenofontov (16 January [O.S. 4 January] 1888 — 28 August 1938) was a Yakutian historian, politician and lawyer who studied the history, ethnography and folklore of the Yakut, Evenki and Buryat peoples. He also served in the Russian Constituent Assembly and the Siberian Regional Duma during the Russian Revolution.

Khangalassky District
Khangalassky District (Russian: Хангала́сский улу́с; Yakut: Хаҥалас улууһа, romanized: Xañalas uluuha, [xaŋalas uluːha]) is an administrative and municipal district (raion, or ulus), one of the thirty-four in the Sakha Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders Megino-Kangalassky District in the east, Amginsky and Aldansky Districts in the south, Olyokminsky District in the southwest, Gorny District in the northwest, and the territory of the city of republic significance of Yakutsk in the north. The area of the district is 24,700 square kilometers (9,500 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Pokrovsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district, excluding its administrative center, was 24,557.
Litakis
Litakis is an extinct genus of lizard from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming. It was named in 1964 by American paleontologist Richard Estes for partial jaw bones found in the Lance Formation showing unique tooth anatomy, stored in the collections of the University of California Museum of Paleontology. The uniqueness of the tooth anatomy led Estes to suggest it was possibly related to Cteniogenys and a questionable member of Eolacertilia, though it would be the youngest member of the group.

Cteniogenys
Cteniogenys is a genus of choristodere, a morphologically diverse group of aquatic reptiles. It is part of the monotypic family Cteniogenidae. The type and only named species, C. antiquus, was named in 1928 by Charles W. Gilmore. The holotype, VP.001088, was collected in the Morrison Formation (Como Bluff), Wyoming in 1881 by William H. Reed. More specimens have been discovered since then, including specimens from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and Middle Jurassic of Britain, which have not been assigned to species.