hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Motion silencing illusion
Motion silencing is an illusion or perceptual phenomenon in which objects that are rapidly changing in a particular salient property seem to cease changing with motion. The illusion was first identified by Jordan Suchow and George Alvarez in the publication of their research on the topic.

It is a visual illusion in which a set of objects that change in luminance, hue, size, or shape appears to stop changing when it moves. It was discovered by Jordan Suchow and George Alvarez of Harvard University, and described in a paper published in Current Biology. Silencing won the Neural Correlate Society's "Best visual illusion of the year contest" in 2011.

Change blindness
Change blindness is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again. People's poor ability to detect changes has been argued to reflect fundamental limitations of human attention. Change blindness has become a highly researched topic and some have argued that it may have important practical implications in areas such as eyewitness testimony and distractions while driving.

Researchers have focused on change blindness over the years as a way to understand how visual representations are formed. Experiments have consistently shown similar results: unless a change in the visual scene produces a localizable transient signal at a specific position on the retina, people tend to detect the change.
1990 Hanes Activewear 500
The 1990 Hanes Activewear 500 was the eighth stock car race of the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 41st iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 30, 1990, before an audience of 43,500 in Martinsville, Virginia at Martinsville Speedway, a 0.526 miles (0.847 km) permanent oval-shaped short track. The race took the scheduled 500 laps to complete. At race's end, Junior Johnson & Associates driver Geoff Bodine would manage to dominate the late stages of the race to take his eighth career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Blue Max Racing driver Rusty Wallace and Bud Moore Engineering driver Morgan Shepherd would finish second and third, respectively.

1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
The 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series was the 42nd season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 19th modern-era Cup Series. It began on Sunday, February 11, and ended on Sunday, November 18. Because of a highly controversial penalty to Mark Martin early in the season, Dale Earnhardt with Richard Childress Racing was crowned the Winston Cup champion for the fourth time, edging out Martin by 26 points.
Gucci Diana
Gucci Diana is a leather handbag with bamboo handle designed by the Florence-based luxury fashion house Gucci. First introduced in 1991, it was popularized by and then named after Diana, Princess of Wales. The bag is now an expensive status symbol.

Gucci
Gucci officially Guccio Gucci S.p.A. is an Italian luxury fashion house based in Florence, Tuscany. Its product lines include handbags, ready-to-wear, footwear, accessories, and home decoration; and it licenses its name and branding to Coty for fragrance and cosmetics under the name Gucci Beauty.

Gucci was founded in 1921 by Guccio Gucci (1881–1953) in Florence. Under the direction of Aldo Gucci (son of Guccio), Gucci became a global brand, and was considered emblematic of the Italian economic miracle. Following family feuds during the 1980s, the Gucci family was entirely ousted from the capital of the company by 1993. After this crisis, the brand was revived and in 1999 Gucci became a subsidiary of the French conglomerate PPR, which later renamed itself to Kering.

In 2024, Gucci operated 529 stores with 20,032 employees, and generated €7.65 billion in sales. Stefano Cantino has been CEO of Gucci since October 2024 and Demna creative director since March 2025.
Yalecrest
Yalecrest is a residential neighborhood located on the East Bench of Salt Lake City. It runs south from Sunnyside Avenue to 1300 South and east from 1300 East to 1900 East. Yalecrest is commonly referred to as the "Harvard-Yale area" and several streets are named after Ivy League universities. The earliest Yalecrest homes were built in the 1910s, with the vast majority built during the period of 1920–1940. The remaining homes in the easternmost part of the neighborhood were built during the post war boom; much of this development followed the area's being green-lined for use by upper-class whites during the 1930s. Yalecrest has been on the National Register of Historic Places since November 8, 2007.

East High School (Utah)
Salt Lake High School East or simply East High School is a public high school in the Salt Lake City School District in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It serves grades nine through twelve in general and special education. It is located at 840 South 1300 East in the East Bench neighborhood. The school is known for being a filming site of the High School Musical franchise.
Multiplicity (statistical mechanics)
In statistical mechanics, multiplicity (also called statistical weight) refers to the number of microstates corresponding to a particular macrostate of a thermodynamic system. Commonly denoted , it is related to the configuration entropy of an isolated system via Boltzmann's entropy formula

where  is the entropy and  is the Boltzmann constant.

Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy and heat capacity. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

As part of the 2019 revision of the SI, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been defined so as to have exact finite decimal values in SI units. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin, with the effect of defining the SI unit kelvin.
Gmina Srokowo
Gmina Srokowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the village of Srokowo, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Kętrzyn and 83 km (52 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The gmina covers an area of 194.63 square kilometres (75.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,249.

Kętrzyn
Kętrzyn ([ˈkɛntʂɨn] ⓘ, until 1946 Rastembork; German: Rastenburg [ˈʁastn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship.

The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and numerous monuments of historical value such as the Wolf's Lair in nearby Gierłoż, which was Adolf Hitler's primary headquarters over the course of Nazi Germany's military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The town is also known for its 14th century Teutonic Kętrzyn Castle.
Computable topology
Computable topology is a discipline in mathematics that studies the topological and algebraic structure of computation. Computable topology is not to be confused with algorithmic or computational topology, which studies the application of computation to topology.

Lambda calculus
In mathematical logic, the lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is a universal machine, i.e. a model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine (and vice versa). It was introduced by the mathematician Alonzo Church in the 1930s as part of his research into the foundations of mathematics. In 1936, Church found a formulation which was logically consistent, and documented it in 1940.
Ernesto Deira
Ernesto Deira ( July 26, 1928- July 1, 1986) was an Argentine artist associated with the Nueva Figuración (New Figuration) movement in Latin America. Together they called for a return to figurative art, rejecting both abstraction and traditional forms of representation. Deira's own style was highly expressive, linear, and often grotesque. Deira went to the Universidad of Bueno Aires and became a lawyer, but later turned to art.  He studied with Leopoldo Torres Agüero and Leopoldo Presas in the 1950s. Then, in 1961, he joined Jorge de la Vega, Rómulo Macció and Luis Felipe Noé in an exhibition entitled "Otra Figuración". After the exhibition, they formed a group of the same name (Otra Figuración), which shared studio space and exhibited together until 1966.  He later moved to Paris, where he died in 1986.

Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
The National Museum of Fine Arts (Spanish: Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes) is an Argentine art museum in Buenos Aires, located in the Recoleta section of the city. The Museum inaugurated a branch in Neuquén in 2004. The museum hosts works by Goya, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Rodin, Manet and Chagall among other artists.
Stadion Nikola Mantov
Stadion Nikola Mantov (Macedonian: Стадион Никола Мантов) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kočani, North Macedonia.  It is mostly used for football matches and is currently the home stadium of FK Osogovo Kočani. The stadium seats 5,000 people.

Kočani
Kočani (Macedonian: Кочани [ˈkɔtʃani] ⓘ) is a town in the eastern part of North Macedonia, situated around 100 kilometres (62 mi) east from Skopje. It has a population of 24,632 as of 2021 and is the seat of the Kočani Municipality.
Seneca Knolls, New York
Seneca Knolls is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Onondaga County, New York, United States. The population was 2,011 at the 2010 census.

Seneca Knolls is in the eastern part of the town of Van Buren.

Onondaga County, New York
Onondaga County (/ˌɒnənˈdɑːɡə/ ON-ən-DAH-gə) is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 476,516. The county seat is Syracuse. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Onondaga County is the core of the Syracuse Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog
The Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (or EPIC) is a publicly searchable database of stars and planets that is associated with the K2 "Second Light" plan of the Kepler space telescope mission. Examples of related stars include:  EPIC 201563164, EPIC 204278916, EPIC 204376071 and EPIC 249706694. Examples of related planets include: EPIC 203771098 b, EPIC 203771098 c, EPIC 206011691 c and EPIC 211945201 b.

K2-24b
K2-24b also known as EPIC 203771098 b is an exoplanet orbiting the Sun-like star K2-24 every 21 days. It has about the same density as Saturn, at 0.7103 g/cm3, which indicates that the planet is clearly a gas giant.
Namibian cricket team in the United Arab Emirates in 2022–23
The Namibia men's cricket team toured the United Arab Emirates in February 2023 to play two One Day International (ODI) matches. The fixtures formed part of the 2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 tournament, and were arranged to make up for matches between the two sides that were previously postponed during the eighth round of the competition.

2021 Namibia Tri-Nation Series
The 2021 Namibia Tri-Nation Series was the 8th round of the 2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 cricket tournament that took place in Namibia in November and December 2021. It was a tri-nation series between Namibia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates cricket teams, with the matches played as One Day International (ODI) fixtures. The ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 formed part of the qualification pathway to the 2023 Cricket World Cup. Two matches that were postponed during the 4th round in January 2020 were added to the schedule of this series. JJ Smit was named as Namibia's captain for the series, after regular captain Gerhard Erasmus was ruled out after breaking a finger during the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.

Namibia and Oman played each other in the opening two fixtures, with each team winning one match. However, just prior to the start of the series, a new variant of the COVID-19 virus was discovered in southern Africa, resulting in the remaining fixtures being called off.
Dating Do's and Don'ts
Dating Do's and Don'ts is a 1949 instructional and social guidance film designed for American high schools, to teach adolescents basic dating skills, produced by Coronet Instructional Films and directed by Gilbert Altschul with the assistance of Reuben Hill, Research Professor of Family Life at the University of North Carolina.

Dating
Dating is an activity of spending time together ("going on dates") usually through planned social encounters, with the intention of getting to know each other, often with a romantic or intimate purpose. While the result of dating may at any time lead to friendship, any level of intimate relationship, marriage, or no relation, its significance extends beyond relationship status. Psychological research suggests that dating can also function as a form of personal growth, as individuals expand their understanding of themselves and others through shared experiences and emotional exchange.
Arizona Frontier
Arizona Frontier is a 1940 American Western film directed by Albert Herman and written by Robert Emmett Tansey. The film stars Tex Ritter, Slim Andrews, Evelyn Finley, Frank LaRue, Tris Coffin and Gene Alsace. The film was released on August 19, 1940, by Monogram Pictures.

Monogram Pictures
Monogram Pictures Corporation was an American film studio that produced mostly low-budget films between 1931 and 1953, when the firm completed a transition to the name Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was among the minor studios in the golden age of Hollywood, generally referred to collectively as Poverty Row. Of the 11 permanent studios in Hollywood at the time, ranked in order of size, MGM was #1 -- and Monogram was #10 (the only one smaller was PRC).

The Monogram trademark is now owned by Allied Artists International. The original sprawling brick complex which functioned as home to both Monogram and Allied Artists remains at 4376 W Sunset Blvd, as part of the Church of Scientology Media Center (formerly KCET's television facilities).
Herd Culling
Herd Culling is a song by progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, first released on 20 May 2022 as the third single in promotion of the bands eleventh studio album Closure/Continuation. The track was released alongside a visualizer and later, on 1 September 2022 a music video.

Richard Barbieri
Richard Barbieri (born 30 November 1957) is an English musician, composer and sound designer. Originally a member of new wave band Japan (and their brief 1989–1991 reincarnation as Rain Tree Crow), he became the keyboard player in the progressive rock band Porcupine Tree in 1993. Besides its founder Steven Wilson, he is the longest tenured member of Porcupine Tree.
Cythnia asteriaphila
Cythnia asteriaphila is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Rissoellidae. The species is one of two known species to exist within the genus, Cythnia, the other one is Cythnia albida.

Rissoellidae
Rissoellidae are a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the subclass Heterobranchia.

Rissoellidae is the only family within the superfamily Rissoelloidea in the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005.
Robert Jay Mathews
Robert Jay Mathews (January 16, 1953 – December 8, 1984) was an American neo-Nazi and the leader of The Order, an American white supremacist militant group that committed counterfeiting, several bank robberies, car heists, murders, and assassinations. Mathews is believed to have served as a lookout in the murder of Alan Berg. Before founding The Order, Mathews was a member of the neo-Nazi groups the National Alliance and Aryan Nations.

He was burned alive during a shootout with approximately 75 federal law enforcement agents who surrounded his house on Whidbey Island, near Freeland, Washington. Following his death, other white supremacists viewed him as a martyr and memorialized him.

Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)
Jeffrey Kaplan (March 23, 1954 – March 12, 2025) was an American academic who wrote and edited a number of books on racism, religious violence, terrorism and the far-right. He was an associate professor of religion at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh and sat on the editorial boards of the journals Terrorism and Political Violence, Nova Religio and The Pomegranate. Kaplan authored and edited several books in his career, including Radical Religion in America, Nation and Race, and the Encyclopedia of White Power.
2010 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil
The 2010 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament which is part of the 2010 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Guayaquil, Ecuador between 8 and 14 November 2010.

2010 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2010 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprises 13 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Kalab-e Sofla
Kalab-e Sofla (Persian: كلاب سفلي, also Romanized as Kalāb-e Soflá) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 8 families.

Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District
Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District (Persian: دهستان طيبي سرحدئ غربي) is in Charusa District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, in southwestern Iran. It is administered from the city of Qaleh Raisi.
The Alloy Block
The Alloy Block is an under-construction mixed-use development in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, New York City, near Downtown Brooklyn. The first building at 505 State Street is 482 feet (147 m) high and contains 441 residential units and a retail base. A second building at 80 Flatbush Avenue will contain two schools, and the complex will include three additional buildings, including preexisting structures. The structures are being developed by Alloy Development.

The buildings were proposed in the late 2010s as a two-tower complex with residences and offices. Construction was delayed in the early 2020s, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, and the office space was removed from the plans. 505 State Street was topped out during 2023.

Boerum Hill
Boerum Hill (pronounced /ˈbɔːrəm/ BOR-əm) is a small neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bounded by Schermerhorn Street to the north and Fourth Avenue to the east. The western border is variously given as either Smith or Court Street, and Warren or Wyckoff Street as the southern edge.

Smith Street and Atlantic Avenue are the neighborhood's main commercial districts. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is in the neighborhood on Dean Street and Third Avenue. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2 and is served by the NYPD's 84th Precinct.
Plantegumia
Plantegumia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The three described species are distributed in Central and South America.

The genus was formerly treated in Spilomelinae, but is now placed in Glaphyriinae.

Glaphyriinae
Glaphyriinae is a subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae. It was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1923. The subfamily currently comprises 509 species in 75 genera.

The larvae of Glaphyriinae predominantly feed on plants of the order Brassicales and are able to digest the glucosinolates contained in these plants.
Mikhail Shufutinsky
Mikhail Zakharovich Shufutinsky (Russian: Михаил Захарович Шуфутинский; born 13 April 1948) is a Russian pop singer. He is currently the pre-eminent singer of Russian chanson music. He was awarded the title of Meritorious Artist of Russia in 2013.

Vyacheslav Dobrynin
Vyacheslav Grigoryevich Dobrynin (Russian: Вячесла́в Григо́рьевич Добры́нин, born Antonov (Russian: Анто́нов); 25 January 1946 – 1 October 2024) was a popular Russian composer and singer also known as Doctor Shlyager. He was awarded the People's Artist of Russia in 1996.
Tramonti di Sopra
Tramonti di Sopra (Friulian: Tramonç Disore, locally Vildisora) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone in the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Pordenone.

Tramonti di Sopra is the traditional home of the pitina, a particular meat ball, smoked with aromas and herbs (i.e. juniper). Other local food include formaj dal cit, a typical cottage cheese flavour with pepper.

Tramonti di Sopra borders the following municipalities: Claut, Forni di Sotto, Frisanco, Meduno, Socchieve, Tramonti di Sotto.

Frisanco
Frisanco (Friulian: Frisanc) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy. Its frazione (borough) of Poffabro is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
Buddhism and the Roman world
Several instances of interaction between Buddhism and the Roman world are documented by Classical and early Christian writers. 
Textual sources in the Tamil language, moreover, suggest the presence of Buddhism among some Roman citizens in the 2nd century AD.

Zarmanochegas
Zarmanochegas (Greek: Ζαρμανοχηγάς; according to Strabo) or Zarmarus (according to Dio Cassius) was a gymnosophist (naked philosopher), a monk of the Sramana tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as Strabo and Dio Cassius, met Nicholas of Damascus in Antioch in the first years of Augustus' rule over the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to Athens where he burnt himself to death. He is estimated to have died in 19 BC.
Ray Buchanan
Raymond Louis Buchanan (born September 29, 1971), nicknamed "Big Play Ray," is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL).  He was selected in the third round of the 1993 NFL draft by the Indianapolis Colts with the 65th overall pick. Buchanan later played for seven seasons with the Atlanta Falcons, appearing in Super Bowl XXXIII, and one season with the Oakland Raiders. He played college football at Louisville.

Vince Tobin
Vincent Michael Tobin (September 29, 1943 – July 3, 2023) was an American professional football coach who was the head coach of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). During his four decades of coaching, he primarily served as a defensive coordinator in the NFL, United States Football League (USFL), and Canadian Football League (CFL). He was also a defensive coordinator at his alma mater, the University of Missouri, where he had played college football as a defensive back for the Missouri Tigers.