hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Manager (Mac OS)
A Manager was any of a set of specialized components of the classic Mac OS operating system, including those that comprised the Macintosh Toolbox. Each of these Managers was responsible for handling system calls from applications running on the Macintosh, and could be built into the ROM or be loaded into RAM by the system.

Many of these Managers and their functions have been ported to or re-implemented in the Carbon application frameworks. Some of the Managers included in various versions of the Mac OS include:

Code Fragment Manager (CFM)

Component Manager

Data Access Manager

Edition Manager – used by the Publish and Subscribe feature

File Manager

Mixed-Mode Manager

Resource Manager

Scrap Manager

Sound Manager

Speech Manager

Window Manager

Data Access Manager
The Data Access Manager (DAM) was a database access API for the classic Mac OS, introduced in 1991 as an extension to System 7. Similar in concept to ODBC, DAM saw little use and was eventually dropped in the late 1990s. Only a handful of products ever used it, although it was used for some extremely impressive demoware in the early 1990s. More modern versions of the classic Mac OS, and macOS, use ODBC for this role instead.
Surendra Kumar Ghotia
Air Marshal Surendra Kumar Ghotia, PVSM, VSM is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force. He served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), South Western Air Command till 30 April 2021. He assumed the office on 1 October 2019 following Air Marshal Harjit Singh Arora's elevation to Vice Chief of the Air Staff. He superannuated on 30 April 2021 after almost 40 years of service. He was succeeded by Air Marshal Sandeep Singh

Sandeep Singh (air marshal)
Air Marshal Sandeep Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VM, (born 15 January 1963) is a retired officer of the Indian Air Force currently serving as the Military Advisor in the National Security Council Secretariat. He served as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff, succeeding Vivek Ram Chaudhari. Previously, he served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C), South Western Air Command.
The Chair in the Doorway
The Chair in the Doorway is the fifth studio album by American rock band Living Colour, released on September 15, 2009. It was the band's first studio album since the release of Collideøscope in 2003, and their first release on Megaforce Records. The album met generally positive reviews and sold about 2,800 copies in its first week landing at #161 on the Billboard 200. This is their first album to chart since Stain in 1993.

"Bless Those (Little Annie's Prayer)", which was co-written by Annie Bandez and Doug Wimbish, was originally recorded and released on Little Annie's 1992 album Short and Sweet.  Mark Stewart included a version of the song "Method" on his 2012 album The Politics of Envy.

Collideøscope
Collideøscope is the fourth studio album by American rock band Living Colour. Released on October 7, 2003, it was their first studio album in ten years. Living Colour began recording Collideøscope in 2001; many of the songs are about the September 11 attacks.

The album contains cover versions of AC/DC's "Back in Black" and The Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows". While critically praised, Collideøscope is the band's first album that failed to chart.

A version of "Sacred Ground" previously appeared on their 1995 compilation album  Pride.
FDGB-Pokal
The FDGB-Pokal (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Pokal or Free German Trade Union Federation Cup) was an elimination football tournament held annually in East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football after the DDR-Oberliga championship. The founder of the competition was East Germany's major trade union.

FC Energie Cottbus
FC Energie Cottbus (Lower Sorbian: Energija Chóśebuz) is a German football club based in Cottbus, Brandenburg. It was founded in 1963 as SC Cottbus in what was East Germany. After the reunification of Germany, Energie played six seasons in the third tier of the German football league system before floating between the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga for 17 years between 1997 and 2014. From 2014 to 2016, the club played in the third tier, 3. Liga, and were then relegated to the Regionalliga Nordost. In 2018, they were promoted back into the 3. Liga, only to be relegated again the next season. The club currently plays in the 3. Liga.
2020 European Open
The 2020 European Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the European Open and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2020 ATP Tour. It took place at the Lotto Arena in Antwerp, Belgium, from October 19 to October 25.

European Open (tennis)
The BNP Paribas Fortis European Open (officially since 2025) is a men's ATP Tour 250 tennis tournament that takes place in Brussels, Belgium. It was introduced for the 2016 ATP World Tour. The tournament took place in Antwerp from 2016 to 2024.
The City of Lougheed
The City of Lougheed is the second-largest shopping centre in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, with 57,100 square metres (615,000 sq ft) and over 160 shops and services. It opened in 1969 and is located in the northeast corner of Burnaby near the Coquitlam border. The centre is located adjacent to Lougheed Town Centre station, an interchange station that connects the Expo Line and Millennium Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system.

Formerly known as Lougheed Town Centre or Lougheed Mall, as of 2018 the 16-hectare (40-acre) site was being redeveloped into a master-planned, mixed-use community that will include up to 23 residential towers, 300 new shops and restaurants, and more than two hectares (5 acres) of public parks and plazas.

Burnaby City Council
The Burnaby City Council is the governing body for the City of Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

The council consists of the mayor and eight elected city councillors representing the city as a whole. Municipal elections also select seven school trustees.

Municipal elections are held every four years across the Province on the third Saturday of October or the third Saturday of November.
2006 Sligo Senior Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 2006 Sligo Senior Football Championship. The reigning champions, Coolera/Strandhill, who were surprisingly eliminated at the group stage, after losing a playoff tie to neighbours St. John's. Geevagh won the 2006 Sligo Intermediate Football Championship with a victory over St Patrick's and therefore will take part in the 2007 Championship. Curry won the 2006 title, claiming their 6th title in all, by beating Bunninadden in the final.

2007 Sligo Senior Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 2007 Sligo Senior Football Championship. Tourlestrane claimed their eighth title in this year, and fifth since 1994, defeating Eastern Harps in the final by two points, despite the absence of captain and star player Eamon O'Hara. The holders Curry fell to a surprisingly heavy defeat to outsiders St. John's in a quarter-final second replay.
Radio B Zwei
Radio B Zwei was a German, public radio station owned and operated by the Sender Freies Berlin (SFB). It was the second radio program of the SFB.

On February 22, 1993, the SFB launched Radio B Zwei, a first radio program in cooperation with the ORB. The new program was an information and service wave for Berlin and Brandenburg and was aimed at 25 to 50-year-old listeners. The previous SFB 2 program was merged into this program.

The further expansion of radio cooperation between ORB and SFB led to the discontinuation of Radio B Zwei on August 26, 1997. Radio Eins, a daytime accompanying program for listeners 25 years and older, went on the air as the successor station.

On the Berlin frequency 92.4 MHz, the Radio Kultur program was broadcast since October 3, 1997, which was replaced by kulturradio in 2003.

Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg
Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (pronounced [ˈʁʊntfʊŋk bɛʁˌliːn ˈbʁandn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting"), commonly shortened to RBB (pronounced [ˌɛʁbeːˈbeː] ⓘ; stylized as rbb), is an institution under public law (national broadcaster) for the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg, based in Berlin and Potsdam. RBB was established on 1 May 2003 through the merger of Sender Freies Berlin (SFB) and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB), based in Potsdam, and is a member of the Association of PSBs in the Federal Republic of Germany (ARD).

Aside from its two main studios in Berlin and Potsdam, RBB also has regional studios in Cottbus and Frankfurt (Oder), and regional offices in Perleberg and Prenzlau. RBB also operates ARD's studio in Warsaw; the responsibility changes every five years between RBB and WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk).  RBB also plays out ARD's digital channels from a center in Potsdam. RBB and WDR are jointly responsible for ARD's television studio in Berlin.
Achlum
Achlum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑxlʏm]) is a village in the Waadhoeke municipality of  Friesland, Netherlands. It is approximately 7 km southwest of the city of Franeker.

Achlum had about 629 inhabitants in January 2014.

Waadhoeke
Waadhoeke is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2018 and consists of the former municipalities of Franekeradeel, het Bildt, Menameradiel and parts of Littenseradiel, all four of which were dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands. Waadhoeke is bordered by Harlingen, Terschelling, Noardeast-Fryslân, Leeuwarden and Súdwest-Fryslân. The population in January 2019 was 46,133. It is Friesland's sixth most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,793) is Franeker. The residents speak Dutch, West Frisian or Bildts (a dialect in the former municipality het Bildt).
Ravenstone, Buckinghamshire
Ravenstone is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The village is about 2.5 miles (4 km) west of Olney, and 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Newport Pagnell and about 10 miles (16 km) from Central Milton Keynes. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 209.

Newport Pagnell
Newport Pagnell is a town and civil parish in the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The Office for National Statistics records Newport Pagnell as part of the Milton Keynes urban area.

The town is separated from the rest of the urban area by the M1 motorway, on which Newport Pagnell Services, the second service station to be opened in the United Kingdom, is located.

The town is more widely known for having the only remaining vellum manufacturer in the United Kingdom, and being the original home of the exclusive sports car manufacturer Aston Martin.
2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
The 2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election followed as a result the expiration of the five-year term of the previous legislature elected in Uttar Pradesh, India. The election to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly was held in seven phases from 8 February through 3 March 2012.  Uttar Pradesh has the world's largest population for a sub-national democracy. The incumbent chief minister Mayawati's Bahujan Samaj Party, which previously won an absolute majority of seats, was defeated by Mulayam Singh Yadav's Samajwadi Party, which gained an absolute majority in the election. Mulayam's son and Samajwadi party state president Akhilesh Yadav was nominated as chief minister by the party.

2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
The 2007 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election was held during April–May 2007. It was held to elect a government for the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. The Votes were counted and results were declared in 11 May 2007.
Lovering Lakes
The Lovering Lakes are two small lakes in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The eastern part of the eastern most lake is in the Rural Municipality of Sarnia No. 221 while the remainder is in the Rural Municipality of Craik No. 222. The western most section of the lakes is a provincial recreation site and on the southern shore, adjacent to the recreation site, is a small cottage community. The lakes are 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) west-southwest of Chamberlain and access is from a gravel road off Highway 733.

Chamberlain, Saskatchewan
Chamberlain (2016 population: 90) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Sarnia No. 221 and Census Division No. 6.

Chamberlain is notable for being the last community between Regina and Saskatoon that Highway 11, the Louis Riel Trail, still passes through. The highway narrows to two lanes and its speed limit is reduced from 110 km/h to 50 km/h. A number of small restaurants and gas stations benefit from having traffic pass through at slow speed. The village is only about half an hour drive from Moose Jaw, an hour from Regina and one and a half hours from Saskatoon. Highway 11 has been realigned around all other communities along its route.
Charles James (chemist)
Charles James (27 April 1880 – 10 December 1928) was a chemist of British origin working in the United States. He became a professor and head of the chemistry department at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (now the University of New Hampshire) in Durham, New Hampshire, US.

James developed the James method for the separation and identification of rare-earth elements by fractional precipitation and crystallization, and provided extracted elements to researchers worldwide.  James was one of the first scientists to identify element 71, later named lutetium, and believed that he had found the final rare earth element 61, later named promethium.
In 1999 the American Chemical Society recognized Charles James's work in chemical separations as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.

William Ramsay
Sir William Ramsay KCB FRS FRSE (/ˈræmzi/; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" along with his collaborator, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for their discovery of argon. After the two men identified argon, Ramsay investigated other atmospheric gases. His work in isolating argon, helium, neon, krypton, and xenon led to the development of a new section of the periodic table.
University Peak (California)
University Peak is a thirteener in the Sierra Nevada. It is named for the University of California. It is on the Sierra crest between Mount Gould to the north, and Mount Bradley to the south. It lies on the boundary between Tulare County and  Inyo County. Its west side is in Kings Canyon National Park while the east face is in the John Muir Wilderness.

The nearest trailhead to University Peak is Onion Valley. The least technical route to its summit is an off-trail hike up the south slopes. It offers a variety of other routes from easy scrambles to rock climbing. The more challenging routes led the Sierra Club's Sierra Peaks Section to list University Peak as a Mountaineers Peak.

John Muir Wilderness
The John Muir Wilderness is a wilderness area that extends along the crest of the Sierra Nevada of California for 90 miles (140 km), in the Inyo and Sierra National Forests.  Established in 1964 by the Wilderness Act and named for naturalist John Muir, it encompasses 652,793 acres (2,641.76 km2). The wilderness lies along the eastern escarpment of the Sierra from near Mammoth Lakes and Devils Postpile National Monument in the north, to Cottonwood Pass near Mount Whitney in the south. The wilderness area also spans the Sierra crest north of Kings Canyon National Park, and extends on the west side of the park down to the Monarch Wilderness.
Closing Bell
Closing Bell can refer to two CNBC programs: the original Closing Bell on CNBC (which debuted on February 4, 2002) and European Closing Bell on CNBC Europe (which was cancelled on December 18, 2015).

The show is named after the bell that is rung to signify the end of a trading session on the New York Stock Exchange which occurs at 4:00 pm EST. Many exchanges used to signify end of trading with a gong or bell when they were operated on an open outcry basis.  The New York Stock Exchange still uses this system and often invites special guests to ring the bell.

The CNBC shows use this name as they cover the period up to the end of trading and review the trading of the day after the market has closed.

Fox Business
Fox Business (officially known as Fox Business Network, or FBN) is an American business news channel and website publication owned by the Fox News Media division of Fox Corporation. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. Launched on October 15, 2007, the network features trading day coverage and a nightly lineup of opinion-based talk shows.

Day-to-day operations are run by Kevin Magee, executive vice president of Fox News; Neil Cavuto was the vice president and managing editor for the network and business news operation overall.

As of February 2015, Fox Business Network is available to approximately 74,224,000 pay television households (63.8% of households with television) in the United States.
Beaverboard
Beaverboard (also beaver board) is a fiberboard building material formed of wood fibre compressed into sheets. It was originally a trademark for a lumber product built up from the fibre of white spruce  and made from 1906 until 1928 by the Beaver Manufacturing Company at their plant in Beaver Falls and marketed from their headquarters on Beaver Road, in Buffalo, New York.

Beaverboard has occasionally been used as a canvas by artists. The painting American Gothic (1930) by Grant Wood was painted on a beaverboard panel.

Building material
Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings and other structures, like bridges. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many human-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes.
Allocnemis contraria
Allocnemis contraria is a species of white-legged damselfly in the family Platycnemididae.

The IUCN conservation status of Allocnemis contraria is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2010.

Platycnemididae
The Platycnemididae are a family of damselflies.
They are known commonly as white-legged damselflies. There are over 400 species native to the Old World. The family is divided into several subfamilies.
Aleksandr Elizarov
Aleksandr Matveyevich Elizarov (also Yelizarov) (Russian: Александр Матвеевич Елизаров; born 7 March 1952) is a former Soviet biathlete. At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, he won a gold medal with the Soviet relay team, and an individual bronze medal.

International Biathlon Union
The International Biathlon Union (IBU; German: Internationale Biathlon-Union) is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) authorized  international governing body of biathlon. Its headquarters were in Salzburg, Austria, until May 2020, when the Federation moved to Anif, on the outskirts of the city. It was rocked by a corruption scandal that broke in 2018, concerning the Russians bribing its top two officials. In 2022 Russia and Belarus were suspended from all international biathlon competitions until further notice.
17th IIFA Awards
The 2016 IIFA Awards, officially known as the 17th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honouring the best Hindi films of 2015, took place on 25 June 2016.  The official ceremony took place on 25 June 2016 in IFEMA, Madrid, Spain. The nominations were announced on 26 May 2016.

Bajirao Mastani led the ceremony with 8 nominations, followed by Bajrangi Bhaijaan with 7 nominations and Piku with 6 nominations.

Bajirao Mastani won 13 awards, including Best Director (for Sanjay Leela Bhansali), Best Actor (for Ranveer Singh), and Best Supporting Actress (for Priyanka Chopra), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

Deepika Padukone received dual nominations for Best Actress for her performances in Bajirao Mastani and Piku, winning for the latter.

IIFA Award for Best Actress
The IIFA Award for Best Actress is given by the International Indian Film Academy as part of its annual award ceremony for Hindi films, to recognise a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role. The recipient is chosen by viewers, and the winner is announced at the ceremony. The most recent recipient is Nitanshi Goel, who became the youngest recipient of the award for her performance in Laapataa Ladies.
Notker (abbot of Saint Gall)
Notker (died 15 December 975) was the abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall from 971 to 975.
Notker was recommended for the office of abbot by his predecessor Purchart I. His election occurred on 18 May 971. He was the nephew of Abbot Thieto and Abbot Craloh as well as of Notker the Physician.

Under Notker, the abbey's economy recovered. A testament of this recovery is the completion of the city walls that were commenced by his predecessor Anno. In order to improve the abbey's discipline and economy, Notker fell back on the constitution of Hartmut as well as on that of Abbot Kerbodo of Lorsch, the visiting abbot from the time of his predecessor Purchart. His severity knew limits however, wherefore he was named abba benignus ("gentle abbot"). The first testimony of Saint Gall's ministerials can also be ascribed to Notker's reign.

Notker reportedly established a small zoological garden to go along with the abbey's herb garden and orchard.

Hartmut of Saint Gall
Hartmut von St. Gallen (died 23 January after 905 in Saint Gall) was abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall.

Hartmut (Old High German "of powerful courage and spirit"), was monk, pupil of Rabanus Maurus at the Princely Abbey of Fulda, and became Grimald's successor as Abbot of Saint Gall in 872. Otfrid of Weissenburg dedicated his Old High German "Liber evangeliorum", a kind of diatessaron in southern Rhenisch Franconian dialect, i. a. to his friend and fellow student Hartmut. As abbot, Hartmut, like his predecessor, generated an abundant construction activity. In 883, he abdicated and afterwards led a life of seclusion as recluse near the monastery in Saint Gall. He died on a 23 January after 905.
Principle of sufficient reason
The principle of sufficient reason  or PSR is often formulated as the claim that every contingent fact has a sufficient reason. It is sometimes interpreted as the stronger claim, that everything has a cause, for example within a deterministic system of universal causation. Necessary truths are generally regarded as not requiring a cause, since causation presupposes contingency, though they may still be said to have a sufficient reason or explanation in virtue of their necessity. Confusion may arise when using the words "reason" and "cause" interchangeably.

A sufficient reason is sometimes described as the coincidence of every single thing that is needed for the occurrence of an effect. The principle is relevant to Munchausen's trilemma, as it seems to suppose an infinite regress, rather than a foundational brute fact. The principle was articulated and made prominent by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Arthur Schopenhauer wrote On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason.

Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet
Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet FRSE (8 March 1788 – 6 May 1856) was a Scottish metaphysician. He is often referred to as William Stirling Hamilton of Preston, in reference to his mother, Elizabeth Stirling.