hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Extinction of African languages due to colonialism
The extinction of African languages due to colonialism is the gradual disappearance of indigenous African tongues under the pressure of European colonial rule and its legacy. Africa is home to one of the greatest linguistic diversities in the world, with estimates ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 languages spoken across the continent. However, UNESCO now records roughly 2,500 endangered languages worldwide, with nearly 428 considered threatened in Africa alone, and warns that up to 10% of African languages may vanish within a century.

European powers tended to promote only their own languages (and a few dominant African lingua francas) in administration, education and media. Over subsequent decades, this created a lasting hierarchy of prestige in which English, French or Portuguese dominate, leaving local languages sidelined. UNESCO notes that fewer than 20% of pupils in Francophone Africa are taught in their mother tongue, a factor limiting educational attainment.

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
Amlaid Ua Domhnalláin
Amlaid Ua Domhnalláin (died 1177), Chief poet of Connacht.

Amlaid Ua Domhnalláin was a member of a bardic family, Ó Domhnalláin of Clan Breasil, Máenmaige in Ui Maine (now Ballydonnellan, County Galway).

Other such members of his family would include Flann Óc mac Séoan Ó Domhnalláin, Flann Óge Ó Domhnalláin, Mael Sechlainn Ó Domhnalláin, Pádhraic Ó Domhnalláin, Padraig Ó Domhnallain, Ainglioch Ó Dónalláin and Seosamh Ó Dónalláin.

The surname Donnellan remains fairly common in Galway.

Flann Óc mac Séoan Ó Domhnalláin
Flann Óc mac Séoan Ó Domhnalláin was Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh for an unknown time in 1404.

The annals record an unusual number of bardic deaths in 1404. Donnchad Baccach Ó Maolconaire died, leaving the office of Irish: Ollamh vacant. His death was followed by Gilla Duivin Mac Curtin, Ollamh of Thomond in music, Carroll O'Daly, Ollav of Corcomroe; Donnell, the son of Donough O'Daly, who was usually called Irish: Bolg-an-Dana ... William O'Doran, Ollav of Leinster in judicature ... Teige, the son of boethius Mac Egan, intended ollav of Lower Connacht in law.

Flann Óc became Ollamh, but was dead himself before the year was out. His place was due to be taken by Tuathal, the son of Melaghlin O'Donnellan, intended ollav of Sil-Murray in poetry but Tuathal himself died before gaining the office.

The eventual successor was Dauid mac Tanaide Ó Maolconaire, who held the office until 1419. Flann Óc seems to be the only member of the clan Ó Domhnalláin who held the office.
1992 Grand Prix Hassan II
The 1992 Grand Prix Hassan II was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Casablanca, Morocco and played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the World Series of the 1992 ATP Tour. It was the 8th edition of the tournament and was held from 16 March until 23 March 1992. Second-seeded Guillermo Pérez Roldán won the singles title.

Grand Prix Hassan II
The Grand Prix Hassan II is an annual men's tennis tournament on the ATP Tour and is currently part of the ATP Tour 250 series. The event is played on clay courts and was held annually at the Complexe Al Amal in Casablanca, Morocco through 2015, before relocating to Marrakesh in 2016. Between 1984 and 1989 it was part of the Challenger Series.  It is currently the only ATP event held in Africa. The tournament is usually held in April though it has been held in March before and is a lead up tournament for the French Open.
Ōshōumi Seiya
Ōshōumi Seiya (Japanese: 欧勝海 成矢; born May 12, 2001 as Seiya Fukasawa (深沢 成矢, Fukasawa Seiya)) is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Ishikawa Prefecture. His highest rank is maegashira 16. He wrestles for Naruto stable.

Professional sumo divisions
Professional sumo as administered by the Japanese Sumo Association is divided into six ranked divisions. Wrestlers are promoted and demoted within and between these divisions based on the merit of their win–loss records in official tournaments. For more information, see kachi-koshi and make-koshi. Wrestlers are also ranked within each division. The higher a wrestler's rank within a division is, the general level of opponents he will have to face becomes stronger. According to tradition, each rank is further subdivided into East and West, with East being slightly more prestigious, and ranked slightly higher than its West counterpart. The divisions, ranked in order of hierarchy from highest to lowest, are as follows:
Commissioner of Police (Brunei)
The Commissioner of Police (Malay: Pesuruhjaya Polis Diraja Brunei; Jawi: ڤسوروحجاي ڤوليس دراج بروني), established in 1959, leads the Royal Brunei Police Force (RBPF) under the Sultan of Brunei's authority, delegating duties as needed and ensuring compliance with laws and regulations across ranks. The role includes managing appointments, promotions, and disciplinary actions, with the power to impose sanctions and handle appeals. Additionally, the commissioner oversees unclaimed property at police stations, either returning it to owners or allocating it to police funds if unclaimed. Through these responsibilities, the commissioner maintains order, accountability, and effective administration within the force.

Chief police officer
In the United Kingdom, a chief police officer is the most senior police officer in a police force. The chief police officers are the 53 Chief Constables, the Commissioner of the City of London Police and the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. They are members of the National Police Chiefs' Council.

Through legislation, chief police officers are given powers such as to permit public processions or grant firearms licenses. Some such activities can be delegated to any constable.
Palla barrage
The Palla barrage is a barrage located in Palla on the Yamuna-Faridabad canal in Faridabad district of Haryana state in India. This irrigation canal runs to the west of Yaumna through Fridabad, Palwal, Mathura and Agra districts where it terminates in the farms. Palla, Faridabad is not to be confused with Palla, Delhi, a Yamuna pollution monitoring station 23 km upstream of Wazirabad barrage.

Faridabad district
Faridabad district is one of the 22 districts of the Indian state of Haryana with Faridabad city being the district headquarters. The District is a Part of Central National Capital Region of Delhi. The Delhi-Mathura-Agra National Highway 44 (Grand Trunk Road) passes through the centre of the district, which occupies an area of 741 square kilometres (286 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census of India had a population of 1,809,733. Haryana government has created a new Faridabad division which would cover the districts – Faridabad, Nuh and Palwal.

As of 2011 it was the second most populous district of Haryana after Gurugram district.
2022 Israeli Basketball League Cup
The 2022 Israeli Basketball League Cup, for sponsorships reasons the Winner League Cup, is the 17th edition of the pre-season tournament of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. Eleven Israeli Premier League team's will participate except from Hapoel Haifa that will play in the FIBA Europe Cup Qualification in those days.

Israeli Basketball League Cup
The Israeli Basketball League Cup is a pre-season professional basketball tournament that is contested between clubs. It has been held in Israel since 2006. It is held during the week before the start of the Israeli Premier League season.  The Israeli League Cup tournament is currently sponsored by Pais Lotto, and therefore it is officially known as the Chance Cup. Previously, the tournament was sponsored by the Toto Winner Organization, and it was known as the Winner Cup, from 2006 to 2009. In 2010, it had no sponsor, and therefore the tournament was named Basketball League Cup.
Rindal (village)
Rindal is the administrative centre of Rindal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The village lies along the river Surna, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the village of Surnadalsøra and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of the city of Trondheim. County Road 341 branches off from County Road 340 in the village.

The 0.88-square-kilometre (220-acre) village has a population (2024) of 725 and a population density of 824 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,130/sq mi). Over half of the population of the municipality live in the village of Rindal and its surrounding suburban areas.

The village has retail and service industries, other industries, public administration and services, general industry (especially wood and food processing), and a hotel. Several timber companies are located in Rindal. There are several stores as well as the historic Rindal Church in the center of the village.

Surna (Norway)
The Surna is a river in Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal counties in Norway. It runs from Rindal Municipality (in Trøndelag) to Surnadal Municipality (in Møre og Romsdal). The 45-kilometre (28 mi) long river begins near Øvre Rindal at the confluence of the rivers Tiåa and Lomunda.  The river then flows west and empties into the Surnadalsfjorden at the village of Surnadalsøra. Several smaller rivers flow into the Surna from the Trollheimen mountains to the south. The Foldsjøen and Gråsjøen reservoirs along the Folda River also flow into the Surna. The river is a good fishing river. The Brandåa, Gryta, and Kysinga hydroelectric power stations operate on tributaries of the river.
Nelson Brewing Company
The Nelson Brewing Company is a brewery in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada, not to be confused with The Nelson Brewing Company in Chatham, Kent, England. The original Nelson Brewing and Ice Company was founded in 1892 by Robert Reisterer. In 1956, the brewery moved to Creston, BC and became the Columbia Brewing Company, leaving the original building unoccupied for nearly 40 years. In 1991, a group of local businessmen reopened the Nelson Brewing Company in its original historical building and by 2006 became BC's largest fully certified organic brewery. While most beer from the Nelson Brewing Company is consumed in the Kootenays, it is available across British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.

In the summer of 2017, Nelson Brewing Company opened its Tasting Room.

Nelson, British Columbia
Nelson is a city in British Columbia, Canada. The city contains heritage buildings constructed during the regional silver rush of 1886. Along with Castlegar and Trail, Nelson is one of the three cities forming the commercial and population core of the West Kootenay region. The city is the seat of the Regional District of Central Kootenay. It is represented in the provincial legislature by the riding of Nelson-Creston, and in the Parliament of Canada by the riding of Columbia-Kootenay-Southern Rockies.
Ontology merging
Ontology merging defines the act of bringing together two conceptually divergent ontologies or the instance data associated to two ontologies. This is similar to work in database merging (schema matching). This merging process can be performed in a number of ways, manually, semi automatically, or automatically. Manual ontology merging although ideal is extremely labour-intensive and current research attempts to find semi or entirely automated techniques to merge ontologies. These techniques are statistically driven often taking into account similarity of concepts and raw similarity of instances through textual string metrics and semantic knowledge. These techniques are similar to those used in information integration employing string metrics from open source similarity libraries.

Information integration
Information integration (II) is the merging of information from heterogeneous sources with differing conceptual, contextual and typographical representations. It is used in data mining and consolidation of data from unstructured or semi-structured resources. Typically, information integration refers to textual representations of knowledge but is sometimes applied to rich-media content. Information fusion, which is a related term, involves the combination of information into a new set of information towards reducing redundancy and uncertainty.

Examples of technologies available to integrate information include deduplication, and string metrics which allow the detection of similar text in different data sources by fuzzy matching. A host of methods for these research areas are available such as those presented in the International Society of Information Fusion. Other methods rely on causal estimates of the outcomes based on a model of the sources.
Hong Myung-bo
Hong Myung-bo (Korean: 홍명보, Hanja: 洪明甫; Korean pronunciation: [hoŋmjʌŋbo]; born 12 February 1969) is a South Korean football manager and former footballer who played as a sweeper. He is currently the manager of the South Korea national team.

Hong is widely considered one of the greatest Asian defenders of all time. He participated at four consecutive FIFA World Cups between 1990 and 2002, becoming the first Asian player to do so. He also received the Bronze Ball at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Asian to receive an individual award at the World Cup. He received some votes in elections for the FIFA World Player of the Year, finishing 21st in 1996 and 17th in 2002. In 2004, he was selected for the FIFA 100 by Pelé.

2000 AFC Asian Cup
The 2000 AFC Asian Cup was the 12th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were held in Lebanon between 12 and 29 October 2000. Japan defeated defending champion Saudi Arabia in the final match in Beirut.
Outline of society
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to society:

Society – group of people sharing the same geographical or virtual territory and therefore subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Such people share a distinctive culture and institutions, which characterize the patterns of social relations between them. Large societies typically develop social stratification and dominance patterns among its subgroups. A given society may be described as the sum total of social relationships among its members. The branch of science that studies society is sociology.

Chiefdom
A chiefdom is a political organization of people represented or governed by a chief. Chiefdoms have been discussed, depending on their scope, as a stateless, state analogue or early state system or institution.

Usually a chief's position is based on kinship, which is often monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites can form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group.

Chiefdoms and chiefs are sometimes identified as the same as kingdoms and kings, and therefore understood as monarchies, particularly when they are understood as not necessarily states, but having monarchic representation or government.
Adolph Sigfried von der Osten
Count Adolph Sigfried von der Osten (21 October 1726, Denmark – 2 January 1797) was a Danish diplomat of German descent. His father was Jacob Frants von der Osten (died 1739), whose family was Pomeranian. Adolph was born in Denmark and backed Danish nationalism. Christian VI of Denmark paid for him to travel abroad and he was cared for by Carl Adolph von Plessen when young. In 1783, he was made a knight of the Order of the Elephant.

Christian VI
Christian VI (30 November 1699 – 6 August 1746) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1730 to 1746. The eldest surviving son of Frederick IV and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, he is considered one of Denmark-Norway's more anonymous kings, but he was a skilled politician, best known for his authoritarian regime. He was the first king of the Oldenburg dynasty to refrain from entering in any war. During his reign both compulsory confirmation (1736) and a public, nationwide school system (1739) were introduced. His chosen motto was  "Deo et populo" (for God and the people).
Regula falsi
In mathematics, the regula falsi, method of false position, or false position method refers to a family of algorithms used to solve linear equations and smooth nonlinear equations for a single unknown value.
In its oldest known examples found in cuneiform and hieroglyphic writings, the method replaces simple trial and error with proportional correction of an initial guess.  In modern usage, the method relies on linear interpolation based on two different guesses.

The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 1st century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China, the others being the Suan shu shu (202 BCE – 186 BCE) and Zhoubi Suanjing (compiled throughout the Han until the late 2nd century CE). It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems, which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.

Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem, followed by the statement of the solution and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution. These were commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century.

The book was later included in the early Tang collection, the Ten Computational Canons.
Dimethylcurcumin
Dimethylcurcumin (development code ASC-J9) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen and a synthetic curcuminoid.

In vitro, it is an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor and shows antiandrogenic activity, although its mechanism of action and effects differ from those of conventional antiandrogens; it is not an antagonist of the AR and instead appears to act as a selective degradation enhancer of certain subpopulations of the AR, for instance those present in the prostate gland.

Nonsteroidal antiandrogen
A nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) is an antiandrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure. They are typically selective and full or silent antagonists of the androgen receptor (AR) and act by directly blocking the effects of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). NSAAs are used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions in men and women. They are the converse of steroidal antiandrogens (SAAs), which are antiandrogens that are steroids and are structurally related to testosterone.
Cisauk
Cisauk is a town and an administrative district (kecamatan) located in the Tangerang Regency of Banten Province on Java, Indonesia.

Cisauk was previously part of Serpong District before it was split off from the eastern part of that district on 29 November 2000.

The district covers an area of 30.05 km2 and had a population of 64,083 at the 2010 Census and 90,846 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 97,204 (comprising 49,232 males and 47,972 females). The district centre is at Sampora, and the district is sub-divided into the town (kelurahan) of Cisauk and five villages (desa), listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2024, together with their post codes.

Cisauk is one of the districts which forms part of BSD City; it has malls like The Breeze, and has Toll access.

Serpong
Serpong is a town and an administrative district (kecamatan) of South Tangerang city, in Banten Province on Java, Indonesia. Before South Tangerang City became an autonomous city, Serpong District was one of the districts of Tangerang Regency. It covers an area of 28.27 km2, and had a population of 137,212 at the 2010 Census and 154,744 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 163,451. The district is sub-divided into nine kelurahan (urban communities).
Emma Friis
Emma Cecilie Uhrskov Friis (born 31 October 1999) is a Danish handball player for CSM București and the Danish national team.

In September 2018, she was included by EHF in a list of the twenty best young handballers to watch for the future.

2022 European Women's Handball Championship
The 2022 European Women's Handball Championship was held in Slovenia, North Macedonia and Montenegro from 4 to 20 November 2022. The tournament was advanced a month in order not to coincide with the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. This tournament was the last to feature 16 teams that had been the case since 2002.

The top three team qualified for the 2023 World Championship and the winner will also qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Norway won their ninth title after defeating Denmark in the final. Bronze went to Montenegro, who defeated France at the extra time.
Poplar Grove Mill and House
Poplar Grove Mill and House is a historic tide mill and home located near Williams, Mathews County, Virginia. The tide mill is a two-story frame structure built after the American Civil War with a gable roof built on a narrow mole which separates a small lagoon or mill pond from the bay.  It replaced an earlier mill destroyed during the war at which, it is believed, that corn was ground for General George Washington's troops when they camped nearby. The earliest portion of the miller's house is dated to about 1770, and is a small 2+1⁄2-story gambrel roof cottage which has been incorporated into the present five section house as an end wing. The central portion of the house is a late 18th-century temple-form building fronted by a later Ionic order portico. Captain Sally Louisa Tompkins, the famous woman Confederate officer, was born at Poplar Grove in 1833.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

Tide mill
A tide mill is a water mill driven by tidal rise and fall. A dam with a sluice is created across a suitable tidal inlet, or a section of river estuary is made into a reservoir.  As the tide comes in, it enters the mill pond through a one-way gate, and this gate closes automatically when the tide begins to fall.  When the tide is low enough, the stored water can be released to turn a water wheel.

Tide mills are usually situated in river estuaries, away from the effects of waves but close enough to the sea to have a reasonable tidal range.  Cultures that built such mills have existed since the Middle Ages, and some may date back to the Roman period.

A modern version of a tide mill is the electricity-generating tidal barrage.