hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bowiea
Bowiea, commonly known as climbing-onion, is a genus of bulbous, perennial, succulent plants which thrive in dry and desert regions of eastern and southern Africa, ranging from Uganda to South Africa. It is native to a region stretching from Kenya to Cape Province. It is the 14th most commonly sold medicinal plant in South Africa, used to treat various health conditions. Due to massive harvesting, populations of this plant have been significantly reduced. Because of its high content of potent cardiac glycosides, it is highly poisonous, and deaths of humans and other animals after ingestion are attributed to cardiac arrest. Due to its unique appearance, it is cultivated as a houseplant.

The genus contains a single species, Bowiea volubilis, named after the nineteenth-century British plant collector at Kew, James Bowie. The specific epithet means twisting or winding in Latin.

Drimia
Drimia is a genus of African, south European and south Asian flowering plants. In the APG IV classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae). When broadly circumscribed, the genus includes a number of other genera previously treated separately, including Litanthus, Rhodocodon, Schizobasis and Urginea.

One of the best-known species is the sea squill, Drimia maritima (formerly Urginea maritima). Drimia intricata (formerly Schizobasis intricata) is sometimes cultivated as a bulbous or succulent plant.
The Only Way Is Essex series 30
The thirtieth series of the British reality television programme The Only Way Is Essex began airing on 26 March 2023. Filming for the series commenced in January 2023, with a number of episodes set in Thailand.

Pete Wicks, and Liam "Gatsby" Blackwell, who had appeared as main cast members since the fifteenth and sixteenth series' respectively, announced their departure from the show after 7 years. Yaz Oukhellou also departed from the series after being involved in a car accident that resulted in the death of her boyfriend, Jake McLean. Mia Sully and Hannah Voyan, who made their debut in the previous series, did not return either after reportedly being axed from the show. Former Geordie Shore cast member and television personality, Sophie Kasaei, joined the cast as the girlfriend of Jordan Brook.

The Only Way Is Essex
The Only Way Is Essex (often abbreviated as TOWIE /ˈtaʊi/) is a British reality television series based in Brentwood, Essex, England. It shows "real people in modified situations, saying unscripted lines but in a structured way." Broadcast on ITV2 from 2010, the series was moved to ITVBe in October 2014 and moved back to ITV2 in 2025. The first series consisted of 10 episodes and ran for 30 minutes, with a Christmas special following later in the year. Due to popularity, the runtime was extended to 45-minute episodes and renewed for a year's airing. On 22 May 2011, the series won the Audience Award at the 2011 BAFTA Awards.

On 13 March 2016, ITVBe aired a one-off documentary hosted by former cast member Mark Wright, discussing the history of the series. On 28 February 2017, with the announcement of the cast for the show's twentieth series, it was confirmed that instead of the usual three series per year, ITVBe would only be airing two series, but with more episodes.
In vitro toxicology
In vitro toxicity testing is the scientific analysis of the toxic effects of chemical substances on cultured bacteria or mammalian cells. In vitro (literally 'in glass') testing methods are employed primarily to identify potentially hazardous chemicals and/or to confirm the lack of certain toxic properties in the early stages of the development of potentially useful new substances such as therapeutic drugs, agricultural chemicals and food additives.

In vitro assays for xenobiotic toxicity are recently carefully considered by key government agencies (e.g., EPA; NIEHS/NTP; FDA), to better assess human risks. There are substantial activities in using in vitro systems to advance mechanistic understanding of toxicant activities, and the use of human cells and tissue to define human-specific toxic effects.

Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
Nipper Winmarti
Nipper Winmarti also recorded as Nipper Winmati (c. 1920 – 1993) was a Pitjantjatjara man who worked as an Aboriginal tracker at the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park where he was also recognised as a traditional owner. Winmarti worked as a tracker following the death of Azaria Chamberlain in 1980 and believed that baby Azaria had been taken by a dingo; he was the only Aboriginal tracker to give evidence at the first inquest.

Winmarti was present at the hand back of Uluṟu to traditional owners in 1985 and is featured in many images captured that day alongside Sir Ninian Stephen.

Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia. The park is home to both Uluru and Kata Tjuta. It is located 1,943 kilometres (1,207 mi) south of Darwin by road and 440 kilometres (270 mi) south-west of Alice Springs along the Stuart and Lasseter Highways. The park covers 1,326 square kilometres (512 sq mi) and includes the features it is named after: Uluru and, 40 kilometres (25 mi) to its west, Kata Tjuta. The location is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for natural and cultural landscape.
Sultan Dumalondong
Sultan Dumalondong, officially the Municipality of Sultan Dumalondong (Maranao: Inged a Sultan Dumalondong; Tagalog: Bayan ng Sultan Dumalondong), is a municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,500 people.

It was created under Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 36 in 1995. It took 3 barangays and 6 sitios from Butig, 1 barangay and 9 sitios in Lumbatan, 9 barangays and 8 sitios in Lumbayanague.

Lumbayanague
Lumbayanague, officially the Municipality of Lumbayanague (Maranao: Inged a Lumbayanague; Tagalog: Bayan ng Lumabayanague), is a municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 19,091 people.
Christiansborg Palace (2nd)
The second Christiansborg Palace was a new main residence for the Danish Monarch built from 1803 to 1828 in Copenhagen as a replacement for the first Christiansborg Palace which had been destroyed by fire in 1794. The new palace was constructed on Slotsholmen, on the ruins of its predecessor, and designed by royal master builder Christian Frederik Hansen. By the time the palace was completed, King Frederick VI had found himself comfortable at his temporary residence at Amalienborg Palace and decided he did not want to live in the new palace after all. He only used the royal premises for entertainment. The palace also housed the Parliament and administrative services. Frederik VII was the only monarch to live in the palace. This was between 1852 and 1863.

Frederick VII of Denmark
Frederick VII (Frederik Carl Christian; 6 October 1808 – 15 November 1863) was King of Denmark from 1848 to 1863. He was the last Danish monarch of the older Royal branch of the House of Oldenburg and the last king of Denmark to rule as an absolute monarch. During his reign, he signed a constitution that established a Danish parliament and made the country a constitutional monarchy. Frederick's motto was Folkets Kærlighed, min Styrke (Danish for the People's Love, my Strength).
The Darkness (Twiztid album)
The Darkness is the tenth studio album by American hip hop duo Twiztid. It was released on January 27, 2015, through Majik Ninja Entertainment with distribution via INgrooves. Recording sessions took place at the Dojo, a MNE recording studio in Michigan. Production was handled by Michael "Seven" Summers, Jake One, Eric Davie, Fritz the Cat and the Dead Beatz.

The album peaked at No. 29 on the Billboard 200, at No. 3 on the Top Rap Albums chart, and No. 5 on the Independent Albums chart in the United States.

Jamie Madrox (rapper)
Jamie Michael Spaniolo (born November 5, 1975), known professionally as Jamie Madrox, is an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan, and performs as a member of the hip hop groups Twiztid and House of Krazees. Spaniolo's stage name is a reference to Marvel Comics's character Multiple Man.
2020 Supercopa Peruana
The 2020 Supercopa Peruana was the 1st edition of the Supercopa Peruana, an annual football super cup contested by the winners of the previous season's Liga 1 and Copa Bicentenario competitions.

The match was played between the 2019 Copa Bicentenario champion, Atlético Grau, and the winners of the 2019 Liga 1, Binacional.

Supercopa Peruana
The Supercopa Peruana, (Peruvian Supercup) is a football competition organized by the Peruvian Football Federation since 2020. It is played in a single match, on a neutral field, which, if necessary, breaks the tie with shots from the penalty spot. It is played between the champions of the Copa Bicentenario and Peruvian Primera División. In the event that the same team wins both the cup and the championship, its opponent will be the runner-up of the latter.
Gabrielle Krauss
Marie-Gabrielle Krauss (24 March 1842 – 6 January 1906) was an important 19th century Austrian-born French operatic soprano.  She created major roles in operas by Anton Rubinstein, Charles Gounod, Camille Saint-Saëns, Auguste Mermet, Clémence de Grandval, Errico Petrella, Antônio Carlos Gomes and Émile Paladilhe.  She also created roles in local premieres of Verdi and Wagner operas.  Krauss was a leading soprano at the Paris Opera for 13 years, and also sang with great success in Italy and Russia.

Rigoletto
Rigoletto is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The Italian libretto was written by Francesco Maria Piave based on the 1832 play Le roi s'amuse by Victor Hugo. Despite serious initial problems with the Austrian censors who had control over northern Italian theatres at the time, the opera had a triumphant premiere at La Fenice in Venice on 11 March 1851.

The work, Verdi's sixteenth in the genre, is widely considered to be the first of the operatic masterpieces of Verdi's middle-to-late career. Its tragic story revolves around the licentious Duke of Mantua, his hunch-backed court jester Rigoletto, and Rigoletto's daughter Gilda. The opera's original title, La maledizione (The Curse), refers to a curse placed on both the Duke and Rigoletto by the Count Monterone, whose daughter the Duke has seduced with Rigoletto's encouragement. The curse comes to fruition when Gilda falls in love with the Duke and sacrifices her life to save him from the assassin hired by her father.
Craibiodendron
Craibiodendron is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ericaceae.

Its native range is Assam to Indo-China.

Species:

Craibiodendron henryi W.W.Sm.

Craibiodendron scleranthum (Dop) Judd

Craibiodendron stellatum (Laness.) W.W.Sm.

Craibiodendron vietnamense Judd

Craibiodendron yunnanense W.W.Sm.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Hebden Royd
Hebden Royd is a civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in West Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 9,092, rising to 9,558 at the 2011 census. It includes market town of Hebden Bridge and the villages of Mytholmroyd and Cragg Vale. The parish was an urban district before 1974, created in 1937 by the merger of Hebden Bridge and Mytholmroyd urban districts.

Cragg Vale
Cragg Vale is a village in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England, located south of Mytholmroyd on the B6138 road which joins the A58 and the A646. The village is part of Luddendenfoot Ward of Calderdale Council.
History of the bicycle
Vehicles that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged tandemly, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German draisine dating back to 1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive title "penny-farthing", used to describe an "ordinary bicycle", is a 19th-century term.

Pierre Michaux
Pierre Michaux (June 25, 1813 – January 10, 1883) was a blacksmith who furnished parts for the carriage trade in Paris during the 1850s and 1860s. He may have become the inventor of the bicycle when he added pedals to a draisine to form the Michaudine velocipede, the forerunner of the modern bicycle. However, historic sources reveal other possible claimants, such as his son Ernest Michaux and Pierre Lallement.
Ruby Murders
The Ruby Murders is the popular name for three separate incidents involving the deaths of six American citizens near the town of Ruby, Arizona. The first incident occurred in February 1920 when Mexican bandits robbed and killed the two owners of the Ruby Mercantile. A second attack happened in August 1921 when Mexican bandits robbed and killed the store's new owners. Two of the bandits were arrested for the crime, but they briefly escaped custody in July 1922 after killing another two men, which led to the largest manhunt in the history of the Southwest.

Capital punishment in Arizona
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Arizona. There are 107 people on death row as of October 18, 2025. Ninety-six executions have been carried out since Arizona became a state in 1912. In November 2024, Attorney General Kris Mayes announced that the state would resume executions in 2025 after a two-year pause.
Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben
Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben (1551–1637) was Countess of Mansfeld and the daughter of Johann (Hans) Georg I, of Mansfeld Eisleben. She converted Gebhard, Seneschal of Waldburg, the Prince-Elector of Electorate of Cologne and archbishop of the Diocese of Cologne to the Protestant faith, leading to the Cologne War (1583–1588).

After a multi-year odyssey in which she and her husband sought refuge in several parts of northern Germany, Gebhard relinquished his claim on the Electorate. They settled in Strassbourg, where he had retained a position in the Cathedral chapter.  After his death in 1601, she came under the protection of the Duke of Wūrttemberg, who had himself been chased from his duchy.  She died in 1637.

Ernest of Bavaria
Wittelsbach-Hapsburg aristocrat Ernest of Bavaria (German: Ernst von Bayern) (17 December 1554 – 17 February 1612) was Prince-Elector-Archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne and, as such, Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Westphalia, from 1583 to 1612 as successor of the expelled Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg.

He was also simultaneously Prince-Bishop of Münster, Hildesheim, Freising, and Liège, Count of Loon, and Prince-Abbot of Stavelot. In Freising he had already become bishop by the age of 12.
Nasdaq Composite
The NASDAQ Composite (ticker symbol ^IXIC) is a stock market index that includes almost all stocks listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Along with the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500, it is one of the three most-followed stock market indices in the United States. The composition of the NASDAQ Composite is heavily weighted towards companies in the information technology sector. The Nasdaq-100, which includes 100 of the largest non-financial companies in the Nasdaq Composite, accounts for about 80% of the index weighting of the Nasdaq Composite.

The Nasdaq Composite is a capitalization-weighted index; its price is calculated by taking the sum of the products of closing price and index share of all of the securities in the index. The sum is then divided by a divisor which reduces the order of magnitude of the result.

Exchange-traded fund
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund that is also an exchange-traded product; i.e., it is bought and sold on stock exchanges. ETFs own financial assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies, debts, futures contracts, and/or commodities such as gold bars. Many ETFs provide some level of diversification compared to owning an individual stock.
Rimo Hunt
Rimo Hunt (born 5 November 1985) is an Estonian former professional footballer. He played as a  striker for Estonian clubs Tallinna Kalev, Levadia, Nõmme Kalju and Kazakh club Kaysar Kyzylorda.

Hunt made his international debut for the Estonia national team on 3 June 2013 in a friendly against Belarus. He made a total of 7 appearances for Estonia before retiring.

2013 Meistriliiga
The 2013 Meistriliiga (also known as A. Le Coq Premium Liiga for sponsorship reasons) was the 23rd season of the Meistriliiga, the first level in the Estonian football system. The season began on 2 March 2013 and ended on 9 November 2013. Nõmme Kalju, the defending champions,  finished runners-up behind Levadia, who won their 8th title.
Flight Design CT
The Flight Design CT series is a family of high-wing, tricycle undercarriage, two seat, ultralight and light-sport aircraft produced by Flight Design (Flightdesign Vertrieb) of Germany. The family includes the original CT and the CT2K, CTSW, CTLS and the MC models.

The maiden flight of the original CT model was performed in March 1996, quantity production of the type commenced during the following year at Flight Design's facility in Ukraine. Since its introduction, numerous variants of the CT series have been introduced, a total of 400 aircraft were reportedly in use worldwide by 2005. During 2015, in response to rising demand for the type, Flight Design opted to construct a new manufacturing facility in China to produce the type.

Rotax 912
The Rotax 912 is a horizontally-opposed four-cylinder, naturally-aspirated, four-stroke aircraft engine with a  reduction gearbox. It features liquid-cooled cylinder heads and air-cooled cylinders. Originally equipped with carburetors, later versions are fuel injected. Dominating the market for small aircraft and kitplanes, Rotax produced its 50,000th 912-series engine in 2014.  Originally available only for light sport aircraft, ultralight aircraft, autogyros and drones, the 912-series engine was approved for certified aircraft in 1995.
Chattanooga and Durham Railroad
The Chattanooga and Durham Railroad was established in 1897 from the failed attempt of a railroad that stretched from Durham, Georgia, to Chickamauga, Georgia, United States.  The 17-mile railway was used to haul coal from Lookout Mountain in 1894. The railway was built atop a range of hills and ran from the foot of Lookout Mountain to the top. The Chattanooga and Durham was foreclosed in 1900 and changed to the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad. The Central of Georgia bought the railroad the next year and ran it for another fifty years before it became vacant in 1950.

Central of Georgia Railway
The Central of Georgia Railway (reporting mark CG) started as the Central Rail Road and Canal Company in 1833. As a way to better attract investment capital, the railroad changed its name to Central Rail Road and Banking Company of Georgia. This railroad was constructed to join the Macon and Western Railroad at Macon, Georgia, in the United States, and run to Savannah. This created a rail link from Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River, to seaports on the Atlantic Ocean. It took from 1837 to 1843 to build the railroad from Savannah to the eastern bank of the Ocmulgee River at Macon; a bridge into the city was not built until 1851.

The company was purchased by the Southern Railway in 1963, and subsequently became part of Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982.

Despite the similarity between the names, neither the Georgia Central Railway or Georgia Railroad have ties with the Central of Georgia Railway.
Hegemony Gold: Wars of Ancient Greece
Hegemony Gold: Wars of Ancient Greece is a real-time strategy game developed and published by Canadian studio Longbow Digital Arts Inc. It began as Hegemony: Philip of Macedon which revolved around the campaigns of Philip II of Macedon. It was originally released on Windows on 11 May 2010. It was updated as Hegemony Gold: Wars of Ancient Greece on 23 February 2011  which added scenarios set in the Peloponnesian War. The game features simultaneous real-time tactical battles and real-time strategic empire management, with a focus on the logistics and planning of military campaigns. It was followed by Hegemony Rome: The Rise of Caesar in May 2014 and Hegemony III: Clash of the Ancients in August 2015. A DLC for Clash, The Eagle King, was released in February 2017.

Real-time tactics
Real-time tactics (RTT) is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time, simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. It is differentiated from real-time strategy gameplay by the absence of classic resource micromanagement and base or unit building, and by the greater importance of individual units and a focus on complex battlefield tactics.
(No Pussyfooting)
(No Pussyfooting) is the debut studio album by the British duo Fripp & Eno, released 9 November 1973 on Island Records. (No Pussyfooting) was the first of three major collaborations between the musicians, growing out of Brian Eno's early tape delay looping experiments and crystallizing Robert Fripp's "Frippertronics" technique.

(No Pussyfooting) was recorded in three days over the course of a year. Its release was close to that of Eno's own debut solo album Here Come the Warm Jets (1974), and it constitutes one of his early experiments in what he would term ambient music.

Remaster
A remaster is a change in the sound or image quality of previously created forms of media, whether audiophonic, cinematic, or videographic. The resulting product is said to be remastered. The terms digital remastering and digitally remastered are also used.

In a wider sense, remastering a product may involve other, typically smaller inclusions or changes to the content itself. They tend to be distinguished from remakes, based on the original.
Whittenton Branch
The Whittenton Branch was a short railroad branch in the state of Massachusetts that formerly connected the city of Taunton and Raynham. The 3-mile (4.8 km) branch initially opened in 1881 and was later extended to connect the New Bedford and Taunton Railroad and the Dighton and Somerset Railroad.

The branch closed in 1966; the former right-of-way is currently abandoned. The rail bed between Whittenton Junction and Whittenton Village is planned to become the Whittenton Junction Rail Trail.

Massachusetts Department of Transportation
The Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) oversees roads, public transit, aeronautics, and transportation licensing and registration in the US state of Massachusetts.  It was created on November 1, 2009, by the 186th Session of the Massachusetts General Court upon enactment of the 2009 Transportation Reform Act.