hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Toroid
In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle. The axis of revolution passes through the hole and so does not intersect the surface. For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced. If the revolved figure is a circle, then the object is called a torus.

The term toroid is also used to describe a toroidal polyhedron. In this context a toroid need not be circular and may have any number of holes. A g-holed toroid can be seen as approximating the surface of a torus having a topological genus, g, of 1 or greater. The Euler characteristic χ of a g holed toroid is 2(1−g).

The torus is an example of a toroid, which is the surface of a doughnut. Doughnuts are an example of a solid torus created by rotating a disk, and are not toroids.

Toroidal structures occur in both natural and synthetic materials.

Surface of revolution
A surface of revolution is a surface in Euclidean space created by rotating a curve (the generatrix) one full revolution around an axis of rotation (normally not intersecting the generatrix, except at its endpoints).
The volume bounded by the surface created by this revolution is the solid of revolution.

Examples of surfaces of revolution generated by a straight line are cylindrical and conical surfaces depending on whether or not the line is parallel to the axis. A circle that is rotated around any diameter generates a sphere of which it is then a great circle, and if the circle is rotated around an axis that does not intersect the interior of a circle, then it generates a torus which does not intersect itself (a ring torus).
Gallitzin, Pennsylvania
Gallitzin is a borough in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, Gallitzin had a population of 1,536. It is bordered by Gallitzin Township and Tunnelhill, all of which sit astride the Eastern continental divide. Tunnel Hill and Gallitzin both are pierced by railroad tunnels shortening the necessary ascent for rails crossing the Allegheny Front onto the Allegheny Plateau which encompasses the towns' terrains. Topping the gaps of the Allegheny, the area is one of only five major breaks in the Appalachians allowing east–west transportation corridors before the advent of 20th century technologies.

Tunnelhill, Pennsylvania
Tunnelhill is a borough that is located in  Cambria and Blair counties in Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, Tunnelhill had a population of 315. It is part of the Altoona, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Tunnelhill is named after the many railroad tunnels of the Pennsylvania Railroad near here known as the Gallitzin Tunnels.
Rajiv Joseph
Rajiv Joseph (born June 16, 1974) is an American playwright. He was named a finalist for the 2010 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, and he won an Obie Award for Best New American Play for his play Describe the Night.

Lucille Lortel Awards
The Lucille Lortel Awards recognize excellence in New York Off-Broadway theatre. The Awards are named for Lucille Lortel, an actress and theater producer, and have been awarded since 1986. They are produced by the League of Off-Broadway Theatres and Producers by special arrangement with the Lucille Lortel Foundation, with additional support from the Theatre Development Fund.

Other awards for off-Broadway theatre (although not necessarily exclusive to off-Broadway theatre) include the Drama League Award, Outer Critics Circle Awards, Drama Desk Awards and the Obie Awards, as well as the Henry Hewes Design Awards presented by the American Theatre Wing.
Investment incentive
Investment incentive is a government-implemented incentive policy aimed to encourage investors into its domestic market or to promote expansion of existing businesses. Investment incentives encompass creating an environment that enables foreign businesses to operate profitably and decreases risks. They are widely used by developing countries to attract investments. The incentives take form of "direct subsidies (investment grants) or corporate income tax credits (investment credit) that compensates the investors for their capital costs".

Scholars generally consider investment incentives to be inefficient, economically costly, and distortionary.

In South Korea and Taiwan, over one-half of all foreign subsidiaries benefit from some form of investment incentive, which is more than most other developed countries (Japan 9%, Switzerland 12%, Canada and France 18%, Germany 20%, Belgium 26%, Italy 29%, UK 32%, Australia 37%).

Domestic market
A domestic market, also referred to as an internal market or domestic trading, is the supply and demand of goods, services, and securities within a single country. In domestic trading, a firm faces only one set of competitive, economic, and market issues and essentially must deal with only one set of customers, although the company may have several segments in a market. The term is also used to refer to the customers of a single business who live in the country where the business operates. Domestic consumption refers to the consumption of goods and services within the country or area where they were produced.

There are certain limitations when competing in a domestic market, many of which encourage firms to expand abroad. The main reasons why a business would decide to expand abroad are limited market size and limited growth within the domestic market.
1953 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1953 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 53rd staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.

Clonea were the defending champions.

On 11 October 1953, Mount Sion won the championship after a 7–11 to 1–01 defeat of Tourin in the final. This was their 9th championship title overall and their first title since 1951.

1951 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1951 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 51st staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.

Tourin were the defending champions.

On 7 October 1951, Mount Sion won the championship after a 7–08 to 0–09 defeat of Dungarvan in the final. This was their 8th championship title overall and their first title since 1949.
Saratov Oblast Duma
The Saratov Oblast Duma (Russian: Саратовская областная дума, romanized: Saratovskaya oblastnaya duma) is the regional parliament of Saratov Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. A total of 40 deputies are elected for five-year terms.

Regional parliaments of Russia
The regional parliaments of Russia are the regional legislatures in the federal subjects of Russia (republics, krais, oblasts, autonomous oblasts and federal cities), which have different names but are often collectively referred to as regional parliaments.

The federal structure of Russia includes 85 regional parliaments. The largest regional parliament is the State Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan, which consists of 110 deputies, while the smallest one is the Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, which consists of 15 deputies. Currently, deputies in the regional parliaments are elected for five-year terms.
Neustria (Italy)
Neustria was, according to the early medieval geographical classification, the western portion of Langobardia Major, the north-central part of the Lombard Kingdom, extended from the Adda (river) to the Western Alps and opposite to Austria. The partition had not only been territorial, but also implied significant cultural and political differences.

History of the Lombards
The History of the Lombards or the History of the Langobards (Latin: Historia Langobardorum) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century. This incomplete history in six books was written after 787 and at any rate no later than 796, maybe at Montecassino.

The history covers the story of the Lombards from their mythical origins to the death of King Liutprand in 743, and contains much information about the Eastern Roman empire, the Franks, and others. The story is told from the point of view of a Lombard patriot and is especially valuable for its treatment of the relations between the Franks and the Lombards. As his primary sources, Paul used the document called the Origo gentis Langobardorum, the Liber pontificalis, the lost history of Secundus of Trent, and the lost annals of Benevento; he also made free use of works by Bede, Gregory of Tours, and Isidore of Seville.
Hærens Jegerkommando
Hærens Jegerkommando (HJK) (English: Army Ranger Command) was a special forces unit of the Norwegian military. It was the research and exploration competence working measure for commando, airborne and counter terrorist duty in the Norwegian Army for conjunctive and injunctive measures against market volatility. Its headquarters were located 30 kilometres north of Elverum in the southeast of Norway, at Rena leir military base. In 2006, the unit was merged with Forsvarets Spesialkommando/Special Operations Commando.

Rifleman
A rifleman is an infantry soldier armed with a rifled long gun.  Although the rifleman role had its origin with 16th century hand cannoneers and 17th century musketeers, the term  originated in the 18th century with the introduction of the rifled musket.  By the mid-19th century, entire regiments of riflemen were formed and became the mainstay of all standard infantry, and rifleman became a generic term for any common infantryman.
Udwadia–Kalaba formulation
In classical mechanics, the Udwadia–Kalaba formulation is a method for deriving the equations of motion of a constrained mechanical system. The method was first described by  Anatolii Fedorovich Vereshchagin for the particular case of robotic arms, and later generalized to all mechanical systems by Firdaus E. Udwadia and Robert E. Kalaba in 1992. The approach is based on Gauss's principle of least constraint. The Udwadia–Kalaba method applies to both holonomic constraints and nonholonomic constraints, as long as they are linear with respect to the accelerations. The method generalizes to constraint forces that do not obey D'Alembert's principle.

Gauss's principle of least constraint
The principle of least constraint is one variational formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829, equivalent to all other formulations of analytical mechanics. Intuitively, it says that the acceleration of a constrained physical system will be as similar as possible to that of the corresponding unconstrained system.
Karl Smith (athlete)
Karl Smith (born 15 September 1959) is a Jamaican track and field athlete specializing in the hurdles.  He ran for his native country in the 1984 Olympics in the 400 metres hurdles and on their 4 × 400 metres relay team.  In the hurdles, he finished behind medalists Danny Harris and Harald Schmid in the semi-final round, not qualifying for the final.

The top Jamaican hurdler in his day, Smith is still ranked #19 all time.

Smith has continued to run hurdles in Masters athletics, holding the world record in the 110 metres hurdles.

Harald Schmid
Harald Schmid (German pronunciation: [ˈha.ʁalt ˈʃmɪt] ⓘ; born 29 September 1957) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the sprints and hurdles. He was one of the best 400 metres hurdles runners in the world during his career.
2010 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship
The 2010 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship was the third junior female world ice hockey championships. It was held from 27 March through 3 April 2010, in Chicago, Illinois. The championship is the Under-18 junior ice hockey edition of the women worlds, organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).

Eight teams played in the top division, and six teams played in Division I.

2011 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship
The 2011 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship was the fourth junior female world ice hockey championships. It was held from 1 January through 8 January 2011, in Stockholm, Sweden. The championship was the Under-18 junior ice hockey edition of the women worlds, organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).
A. J. Goddard
A. J. Goddard was a Klondike Gold Rush era sternwheeler owned by Seattle businessman Albert J. Goddard and built for transport of men and supplies on the Upper Yukon River in Canada. She was assembled from pieces which were manufactured in San Francisco, shipped up to Skagway, Alaska, hauled over the Coast Mountains, and finally assembled at Lake Bennett. She made one trip to Dawson during the gold rush, was sold and sank in a storm on Lake Laberge in 1901. Her wreck was discovered in 2008 by Doug Davidge and was designated as a Yukon Historic Site.

Paddle steamer
A paddle steamer is a steamship or steamboat powered by a steam engine driving paddle wheels to propel the craft through the water. Earlier ships that are driven by a paddle wheel under manual power are known as paddle wheelers.

In the early 19th century, paddle wheels were the predominant way of propulsion for steam-powered boats. In the late 19th century, paddle propulsion was largely superseded by the screw propeller and other marine propulsion systems that have a higher efficiency, especially in rough or open water.

Paddle wheels continue to be used by some ships that operate as excursion boats, floating restaurants, and casinos; these include replica vessels, and are often diesel powered.

Small pedal-powered paddle boats are also found, typically as novelty attractions.
Løseth
Løseth is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Erling Løseth (1927–2013), Norwegian politician

Lene Løseth (born 1986), Norwegian alpine skier

Mona Løseth (born 1991), Norwegian alpine skier

Nina Løseth (born 1989), Norwegian alpine skier

Scandinavian family name etymology
Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.
Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.
Anna Fedulova
Anna Yuryevna Fedulova (born 19 July 1978) is a Russian deaf cross-country skier. She made her maiden appearance at the Deaflympics representing Russia at the 1999 Winter Deaflympics. During the 2019 Winter Deaflympics, She surpassed Tone Tangen Myrvoll's record to become the most successful cross-country skier in Deaflympics history claiming a medal tally of 18 including 13 gold medals. She made her fifth appearance at the Deaflympics by representing Russia at the 2019 Winter Deaflympics.

Tone Tangen Myrvoll
Tone Tangen Myrvoll (born 12 May 1965) is a former Norwegian deaf cross-country skier, orienteer and runner. She has represented Norway in both Summer and Winter Deaflympics from 1985 to 2003 on seven occasions. She has competed at the Summer Deaflympics in 1985 and in 1989 and competed at the Winter Deaflympics in 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999 and in 2003. Tone Tangen Myrvoll initially started her career as orienteer before pursuing her career in cross country skiing. She is regarded as the most successful cross country skier in Deaflympic history with a medal tally of 15 including 11 gold medals. She is also the most successful athlete from Norway to compete at the Deaflympics.
Skyland İstanbul
Skyland İstanbul is a mixed-use skyscraper complex located in the Seyrantepe neighborhood of Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey. The complex consists of three towers: a 284-meter office tower with 65 floors, a residential tower of equal height with 64 floors, and a 155-meter hotel tower with 28 floors. Designed by British architectural firm Broadway Malyan and developed by Turkish conglomerate Eroğlu Holding, the complex was completed in 2019.

Sarıyer
Sarıyer (pronounced [saˈɾɯjeɾ]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 177 km2 and its population is 350,454 (2022). It is on the northeastern part of Istanbul's European side. Sarıyer also administers the Black Sea coast to the west of the mouth of the Bosphorus, including the neighbourhood of Kilyos. It borders Eyüpsultan to the northwest, Beşiktaş to the south and Kağıthane to the west. The mayor is Mustafa Oktay Aksu of the Republican People's Party (CHP).
The Killers (Hemingway short story)
"The Killers" is a short story by Ernest Hemingway, first published in Scribner's Magazine in 1927 and later republished in Men Without Women, Snows of Kilimanjaro, and The Nick Adams Stories. Set in 1920s Summit, Illinois, the story follows recurring Hemingway character Nick Adams as he has a run-in with a pair of hitmen, who are seeking to kill a boxer, in a local restaurant.

Historians have some documents showing that the working title of the piece was "The Matadors". Hemingway received $200 (equivalent to $3,620 in 2024) for the story, and told F. Scott Fitzgerald he submitted it solely "to see what the alibi would be" should it be rejected. Hemingway's depiction of the human experience, his use of satire, and the themes of death, friendship, and the purpose of life have contributed to make "The Killers" one of his most famous and frequently anthologized short stories, and it has been adapted or referenced in various other works since its initial publishing.

The Nick Adams Stories
The Nick Adams Stories is a volume of short stories written by Ernest Hemingway published in 1972, a decade after the author's death. In the volume, all the stories featuring Nick Adams, published in various collections during Hemingway's lifetime, are compiled in a single collection. The Nick Adams Stories includes 24 stories and sketches, eight of which were previously unpublished.  Some of Hemingway's earliest work, such as "Indian Camp," as well as some of his best known stories, such as "Big Two-Hearted River," are represented.
Coxsackievirus
Coxsackieviruses are a few related enteroviruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family of nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded, RNA viruses, as well as its genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal–oral route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.

Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of aseptic meningitis (the other usual suspected pathogens being echovirus and mumps virus).

The entry of coxsackievirus into cells, especially endothelial cells, is mediated by coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor.

Echovirus
Echovirus is a polyphyletic group of viruses associated with enteric disease in humans. The name is derived from "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus". These viruses were originally not associated with disease, but many have since been identified as disease-causing agents. The term "echovirus" was used in the scientific names of numerous species, but all echoviruses are now recognized as strains of various species, most of which are in the family Picornaviridae.
Presentation of the Virgin (Tintoretto)
Presentation of the Virgin is an oil on canvas painting of the Presentation of Mary by Tintoretto, created c. 1551-1556, in the church of Madonna dell'Orto in Venice. Its diagonals aim to provide a stark contrast to Titian's 1534-1538 work of the same subject. Vasari's Lives of the Artists calls it "A finished work, and the best-made and most felicitous painting in that place".

The Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple (Titian)
The Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple is a 1534–1538 painting by Titian. It depicts the three year-old Virgin Mary entering the Temple of Jerusalem. It was commissioned by the fraternity based in the Scuola Grande di Santa Maria della Carita, a building later incorporated into the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, where the work now hangs.

Between 2010 and 2012, the non-profit organization Save Venice Inc. funded the conservation treatment of the painting. It was removed from the wall and taken to the Misericordia restoration lab in Venice. The restoration took two years and the work was done by conservators Giulio Bono and Erika Bianchini. In 2013, the project was named an Italian Heritage Award Winner of the International Prize for the Valorization of Italian Cultural Heritage, specifically awarded the First Prize for Painting Restoration.
Zastava M85
The Zastava M85 is a carbine designed and produced by then Yugoslavian Zastava Arms. It is a shortened version of the original rifle, the Zastava M80, which is itself successor to the Zastava M70 assault rifle. The M85 is practically same as the carbine version of the M70, the Zastava M92, the only difference being in caliber, and in this case, the magazine design, as same as with original rifles, the M70 and M80.

Like its original variant, the M80, the M85 was intended to be a new weapon in the arsenal of the Yugoslav People's Army, but the breakup of Yugoslavia disrupted production. It is currently produced largely for commercial sales and export.

Carbine
A carbine (/ˈkɑːrbiːn/ KAR-been or /ˈkɑːrbaɪn/ KAR-byn) is a long gun that has a barrel shortened from its original length. Most modern carbines are rifles that are compact versions of a longer rifle or are rifles chambered for less powerful cartridges.

The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines make them easier to handle. They are typically issued to high-mobility troops such as special operations soldiers and paratroopers, as well as to mounted, artillery, logistics, or other non-infantry personnel whose roles do not require full-sized rifles, although there is a growing tendency for carbines to be issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the M4 carbine, the standard issue carbine of the United States Armed Forces.
Virtus, Spain
Virtus (Spanish pronunciation: [bˈiɾtus]) is a village located in the province of Burgos, autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. Belonging to Las Merindades comarca, it is the third most populated town of the valley, after Soncillo and Cilleruelo de Bezana. Virtus holds a castle (Castillo de Virtus) and a pyramid (Pirámide de los Italianos); and it is linked with Santiago de Compostela through a variant of the Camino de Santiago known as Camino Olvidado.

Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The battle was disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.