hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1967
Norway was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1967 with the song "Dukkemann", composed by Tor Hultin, with lyrics by Ola B. Johannessen, and performed by Kirsti Sparboe. The Norwegian participating broadcaster, Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK), organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix 1967 in order to select its entry for the contest. This was the second of Sparboe's three Eurovision appearances for Norway.

Melodi Grand Prix
Melodi Grand Prix (Norwegian: [mɛlʊˈdiː ɡrɑŋ ˈpriː]), commonly known as Grand Prix and MGP, sometimes as Norsk Melodi Grand Prix, is an annual music competition organised by Norwegian public broadcaster Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK). It determines its entry for the Eurovision Song Contest, and has been staged almost every year since 1960.

The festival has produced three Eurovision winners, a non-winning televote winner and nine top-five placings for Norway at the contest. However, Norway holds the record for the number of entries who have come last since entering Eurovision; 12 in all. Despite this, the competition still makes considerable impact on music charts in Norway and other Nordic countries, with the 2008 winner topping the Norwegian charts.
Martha Nothmann
Martha Nothmann (22 May 1874 - 23 August 1967) was a German art collector persecuted by the Nazis because of her Jewish heritage. The concealment of her Holocaust-linked history was revealed in the 2021 book, The Contaminated Museum.

Emil Georg Bührle
Emil Georg Bührle (German pronunciation: [ˈeːmɪl ɡeˈɔʁk ˈbyːʁlə]; 31 August 1890 - 26 November 1956) was a German-born Swiss industrialist, controversial armament manufacturer and art collector. Bührle was long-term managing owner of Oerlikon-Bührle and the founding patron of Foundation E.G. Bührle. By the end of World War II, Bührle had become Switzerland's richest man after having been told by the Swiss authorities to not only supply weapons to the Allies but also to Nazi Germany. He was the patriarch of the Bührle family.
M-Coumaric acid
m-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid. There are three isomers of coumaric acid – o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, and p-coumaric acid – that differ by the position of the hydroxy substitution of the phenyl group.

m-Coumaric acid can be found in vinegar.

Hydroxycinnamic acid
Hydroxycinnamic acids (hydroxycinnamates) are a class of aromatic acids or phenylpropanoids having a C6–C3 skeleton. These compounds are hydroxy derivatives of cinnamic acid.

In the category of phytochemicals that can be found in food, there are:

α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid

Caffeic acid – burdock, hawthorn, artichoke, pear, basil, thyme, oregano, apple

Cichoric acid

Cinnamic acid – aloe

Chlorogenic acid – echinacea, strawberries, pineapple, coffee, sunflower, blueberries

Diferulic acids

Coumaric acid

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) – oats, rice, artichoke, orange, pineapple, apple, peanut

Sinapinic acid (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid or sinapic acid)
National Center for Foreign Commerce
The National Center for Foreign Commerce (Spanish: Centro Nacional de Comercio Exterior, CENCOEX), formerly the Commission for the Administration of Currency Exchange (Comisión de Administración de Divisas CADIVI), is the Venezuelan government body which administers legal currency exchange in Venezuela. The official buy/sell exchange rate was initially fixed at Bs.F. 4.28/Bs.F. 4.30 per US dollar (USD).

Foreign exchange controls
Foreign exchange controls are various forms of controls imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents, on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents, or the transfers of any currency across national borders. These controls allow countries to better manage their economies by controlling the inflow and outflow of currency, which may otherwise create exchange rate volatility. Countries with weak and/or developing economies generally use foreign exchange controls to limit speculation against their currencies. They may also introduce capital controls, which limit foreign investment in the country.
Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction
The New Jersey faction of the Lucchese crime family, also known as the Jersey Crew, is a powerful crew of Italian-American mobsters which operates throughout the Northern New Jersey area. During the 1970s into the late 1980s, the crew was led by Anthony Accetturo and his protégé Michael Taccetta. In 1987, Victor Amuso took over the family and began demanding a higher percentage of tribute from the crew. Accetturo refused and a war erupted between the New Jersey members and the New York members. This left brothers Michael and Martin Taccetta in charge of the crew as they tried to have Accetturo and his family murdered. In 1993, Accetturo defected and became a government witness. He helped convict Michael and Martin Taccetta. The crew is currently controlled by Joseph R. "Big Joe" Perna.

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization.

RICO was enacted by Title IX of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (Pub. L. 91–452, 84 Stat. 922, enacted October 15, 1970), and is codified at 18 U.S.C. ch. 96 as 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961–1968.

This article primarily covers the federal criminal statute, but since 1972, 33 U.S. states and territories have adopted state RICO laws, which although similar, cover additional state crimes and may differ from the federal law and each other in several respects.
Rational ignorance
Rational ignorance is refraining from acquiring knowledge when the supposed cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the expected potential benefit that the knowledge would provide.

Ignorance about an issue is said to be "rational" when the cost of educating oneself about the issue sufficiently to make an informed decision can outweigh any potential benefit one could reasonably expect to gain from that decision, and so it would be irrational to spend time doing so. This has consequences for the quality of decisions made by large numbers of people, such as in general elections, where the probability of any one vote changing the outcome is very small.

The term is most often found in economics, particularly public choice theory, but also used in other disciplines which study rationality and choice, including philosophy (epistemology) and game theory.

The term was coined by Anthony Downs in An Economic Theory of Democracy.

Ignorance
Ignorance is a lack of knowledge, information and understanding.  Deliberate ignorance is a culturally-induced phenomenon, the study of which is called agnotology.

The word "ignorant" is an adjective that describes a person in the state of being unaware, or even cognitive dissonance and other cognitive relation, and can describe individuals who are unaware of important information or facts. Ignorance can appear in three different types: factual ignorance (absence of knowledge of some fact), object ignorance (unacquaintance with some object), and technical ignorance (absence of knowledge of how to do something).
Wild Bill Longson
Willard Rowe Longson (June 8, 1906 – December 12, 1982) was an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Wild Bill Longson. He spent most of his career in St. Louis, Missouri. He perfected the role of the arrogant heel, and is credited with inventing and popularizing the piledriver.

World Heavyweight Championship (National Wrestling Association)
The World Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship of the National Wrestling Association (NWA), an offshoot of the National Boxing Association (NBA).

The title existed from 1929 through 1949, when it was unified with the National Wrestling Alliance's World Heavyweight Championship.
Football in Åland
Football in Åland is governed by the Åland Football Association (ÅFF), which was founded in 1943. ÅFF is a member of Football Association of Finland.

Åland has 11 football clubs across different levels, ages, and genders. Åland even has its own national teams, Åland official football team and Åland women's official football team, despite not being a fully sovereign state or having membership to UEFA or FIFA. Åland women's team won the 2011 Island Games women's football tournament on the Isle of Wight.

Football clubs of Åland play in leagues and competitions of Finland and Sweden. As of 2025, IFK Mariehamn plays in the Finnish men's premier league Veikkausliiga and Åland United plays in the Finnish women's top division Kansallainen Liiga.

Åland official football team
The Åland official football team (Swedish: Ålands förbundslag i fotboll) is the official football team for Åland, Finland, and is controlled by Ålands Fotbollförbund. They are not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA.

The team mainly competes in the Island Games. Åland hosted the games in 1991 and 2009. The team won a silver medal in 2009 and bronze medal in 1989 and 1993. They also reached fourth place in 1991 and 2011.

Åland also has a successful club football side, IFK Mariehamn, which plays in the Finnish premier league (Veikkausliiga) and won the league in 2016.
Twelve-step Suite
The Twelve-step Suite (also known as the Twelve-step Saga or Alcoholics Anonymous Suite) is a set of five songs by American progressive metal band Dream Theater. One song was featured on each Dream Theater studio album from Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence to Black Clouds & Silver Linings.

The lyrics to each song, written by the band's drummer Mike Portnoy, deal with his experience of alcoholism. Each song represents a certain number of the Twelve Steps. Various lyrical and musical themes run through the Suite. It was written by the band with the intention of eventually playing it live as one piece.

Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory is the fifth studio album and first concept album by the American progressive metal band Dream Theater, released on October 26, 1999, through Elektra Records. It was recorded at BearTracks Studios in Suffern, New York, where the band had previously recorded their second studio album, Images and Words (1992), and the EP A Change of Seasons (1995).

The album is the sequel to "Metropolis—Part I: 'The Miracle and the Sleeper'", a song featured on the band's 1992 album Images and Words. It was the first album to feature Jordan Rudess on keyboards.

For the album's twentieth anniversary, the band performed the album live in its entirety throughout the Distance over Time Tour (as documented on Distant Memories - Live in London).

On June 24, 2024, it was announced that the album would receive a novel adaptation, with Peter Orullian as the author. It was released on October 26, 2024, coinciding with the album's 25th anniversary.
Collpacaja (Melgar)
Collpacaja (possibly from Quechua qullpa salty, salpeter, qaqa rock, "salpeter rock") is a mountain in the southern extension of the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) high. The mountain is situated in the Puno Region, Melgar Province, Nuñoa District. Collpacaja lies south of the mountain Yanacocha. To the west of Collpacaja is a small lake named Quellhuacocha ("gull lake").

Cordillera Vilcanota
The Cordillera Vilcanota (Spanish cordillera: "mountain range", Aymara: willkan uta "house of the sun") is a mountain range located in Peru southeast of Cusco, on the boundary between the regions of Cusco and Puno. It extends between 13°39' and 14°29'S and 70°31' and 71°20'W for about 80 km. It includes 469 glaciers.

To the east the rivers San Gabán and Azángaro are the natural boundary which separates it from the Carabaya range. The La Raya range near the La Raya pass is sometimes included or listed separately.
Comparison of memory cards
This table provides summary of comparison of various flash memory cards, as of 2025. Of memory cards (i.e. intended as such, to use e.g. internally), SD cards allow for largest capacity by far (with SDUC variant up to 4 TB max. currently available, and the spec allows up to 128 max.), though the much bulkier CFexpress cards can also match the capacity. The relatively large (external) USB flash drives allow for more capacity, and are available with 8 TB.

Card reader
A card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-shaped storage medium and provides the data to a computer. Card readers can acquire data from a card via a number of methods, including: optical scanning of printed text or barcodes or holes on punched cards, electrical signals from connections made or interrupted by a card's punched holes or embedded circuitry, or electronic devices that can read plastic cards embedded with either a magnetic strip, computer chip, RFID chip, or another storage medium.

Card readers are used for applications including identification, access control and banking, data storage, and data processing.
Jüri Vips
Jüri Vips (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈjy.ri vips]; born 10 August 2000) is an Estonian racing driver currently competing in the IMSA SportsCar Championship for RLL Team McLaren. He has previously driven in the IndyCar Series with Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing, and competed in both the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championships. He was the 2017 ADAC Formula 4 champion, and was formerly a member of the Red Bull Junior Team.

Prema Racing
Prema Racing (sometimes stylised as PREMA Racing), previously known as Prema Powerteam, is an Italian motorsport team, owned and operated through the DC Racing Solutions parent company. Founded in 1983, the team is based in Grisignano di Zocco and currently operates out of Italy and the United States. They are the sister team of Iron Lynx and its own sister team, Iron Dames.

Prema participate in various junior championships and have been a talent pool for several Formula 1 junior programs including: Toyota, Renault, Ferrari, Mercedes, Red Bull, and Williams. Their participation in motorsports is not limited to junior formulae though, as the team made their FIA World Endurance Championship and European Le Mans Series debuts in 2022, marking the beginning of their efforts in the endurance racing. They also started competing in the IndyCar Series during 2025.

As of 2025, Prema are fielding 29 drivers and participate in fourteen championships under various names.
David G. Haskell
David George Haskell is a British and American biologist and writer. He is a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist in General Nonfiction. In addition to scientific papers, he has written essays, poems, op-eds, and the books The Forest Unseen (Viking Press, Penguin Random House 2012), The Songs of Trees (Viking Press, Penguin Random House 2017), Thirteen Ways to Smell a Tree (Hachette 2021), and Sounds Wild and Broken (Viking Press, Penguin Random House 2022). In 2026, Viking Press will publish How Flowers Made our World.

Outside (magazine)
Outside is a magazine focused on the outdoors. The first issue of the Outside magazine was published in September 1977. It is published by Outside Inc., a company that also owns various other ventures.
1997 World Wrestling Championships – Women's freestyle 75 kg
The women's freestyle 75 kilograms is a competition featured at the 1997 World Wrestling Championships, and was at the Clermont-Ferrand Sports Hall held in Clermont-Ferrand, France from 10 to 12 July 1997.

1997 World Wrestling Championships
The following is the final results of the 1997 World Wrestling Championships. Men's Freestyle competition were held in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Men's Greco-Roman competition were held in Wrocław, Poland and Women's competition were held in Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Best of Soulhead: 5th Anniversary Tour
Best of Soulhead: 5th Anniversary Tour (stylized as 5th Anniversary tour "BEST OF SOULHEAD") is Soulhead's second concert DVD and third DVD overall. The tour coincided with their album Best of Soulhead and consisted of twenty-four songs performed at each location. The concert placed on the DVD was performed at Zepp Tokyo on May 27, 2007. During the tour, each sister performed a new song: Yoshika performed YOSHIKA Solo and Tsugumi performed Street Walking during her rap medley.

The DVD charted at number 77 on Oricon and remained on the charts for two weeks.

Kimi no Kiseki/Itsumademo...
"Kimi no Kiseki/Itsumademo..." (キミノキセキ/いつまでも... / Miracle of You/forever...) is Soulhead's fourteenth single. It was released on December 6, 2006 and contained two new songs. It charted at No. 56 on Oricon.
Mamata Shankar
Mamata Shankar (born 7 January 1955) is an Indian actress and dancer. She is known for her work in Bengali cinema. She has acted in films by directors including Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, Buddhadeb Dasgupta and Gautam Ghosh. In addition to being an actress, she is a dancer and choreographer. She was the niece of musician Pandit Ravi Shankar. Her brother, Ananda Shankar, was an Indo-Western fusion musician.

In January 2025, Mamata Shankar was honored with the Padma Shri, India's fourth-highest civilian award, by the Government of India.
She has received a National Film Award and four Filmfare Awards Bangla.

Goutam Ghose
Goutam Ghose (Bengali pronunciation: [ɡou̯tom ɡʱoʃ]) (also spelled Gautam Ghosh; born 24 July 1950) is an Indian film director, actor, music director and cinematographer who works primarily in Bengali cinema. He is the only Indian to have received the "Vittorio Di Sica" Award, Italy, in 1997.

In 2012, the Government of West Bengal honored him with the Banga Bibhushan for lifetime achievement. Acknowledging his contributions to film, he was awarded the Knighthood of the Star of the Italian Solidarity in July 2006.
Catholic missions
Missionary work of the Catholic Church has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined parishes and dioceses by religious orders who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide, often after an intermediate phase as an apostolic prefecture or apostolic vicariate. Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by the Latin Church in practice.

In the Roman Curia, missionary work is organised by the Dicastery for Evangelisation.

Scholar-official
The scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats (Chinese: 士大夫; pinyin: shì dàfū), were government officials and prestigious scholars in Chinese society, forming a distinct social class.

Scholar-officials were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. After the Sui dynasty these officials mostly came from the scholar-gentry (紳士 shēnshì) who had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing the imperial examinations. Scholar-officials were the elite class of imperial China. They were highly educated, especially in literature and the arts, including calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the government administration and local life of China until the early 20th century.
Europe Begins at Sarajevo
Europe Begins at Sarajevo (French: L'Europe commence à Sarajevo; Bosnian: Europa počinje kod Sarajeva) was a short-lived political party established in France to contest the 1994 European Parliament elections on a campaign of support for the people of Bosnia (especially Sarajevo), and their multiracialist ideals.

Bernard-Henri Lévy
Bernard-Henri Georges Lévy (/leɪˈviː/; French: [bɛʁnaʁ ɑ̃ʁi ʒɔʁʒ levi]; born 5 November 1948) is a French public intellectual. Often referred to in France simply as BHL, he was one of the leaders of the "Nouveaux Philosophes" (New Philosophers) movement in 1976. His opinions, political activism, and publications have also been the subject of several controversies over the years.
2015 Las Vegas Challenger
The 2015 Las Vegas Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the revamped tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. Challenger level events had ended in Las Vegas in the year 2000. It took place in Las Vegas, United States between 19 and 25 October 2015.

Las Vegas Challenger
The Las Vegas Challenger is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It was held annually for many years through 2000 in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was brought back starting in the 2015 season.
DJ Fresh (American DJ)
Marqus Brown (born November 2, 1981), better known by his stage name DJ Fresh (now stylised as DJ.Fresh), is an American hip hop DJ and producer based in Oakland and Los Angeles, California. Acclaim for his work includes being named to XXL magazine's 30 Best Hip-Hop Producers of 2016. In 2005, DJ.Fresh began releasing his The Tonite Show series of mixtapes, which have featured artists such as Mistah F.A.B., Raekwon, The Jacka, Yukmouth, Freddie Gibbs and Curren$y. He has also released a number of mixtapes and has produced albums for other artists. His 2013 collaboration with J. Stalin, Miracle & Nightmare on 10th Street, peaked at #61 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at #28 on the Heatseekers Albums chart.

The Jacka
Shaheed Akbar (born Dominick Newton; August 12, 1977 – February 2, 2015), better known by his stage name The Jacka, was an American rapper from Pittsburg, California. He began his career as part of the rap group Mob Figaz.
Cohors equitata
The cohors equitata (Latin: cohors equitata; plural: cohortes equitatae) was a body of auxiliary units of the Roman army, composed of both infantry and cavalry. It combined a cohors peditata and an ala of cavalry. It could consist of 500 soldiers (quingenaria) to approximately 1,000 (milliaria).

Pay (Roman army)
Pay in the Roman army was defined by the annual stipendium received by a Roman soldier, of whatever rank he was, from the Republican era until the Later Roman Empire. It constituted the main part of the Roman soldier's income, who from the end of the Republic began to receive, in addition to the spoils of war, prize money called donativa. The latter grew to such an extent in the following centuries that by the 4th century, the ancient stipendium constituted only 10–15% of the Roman legionary's entire income.
Cuautla, Morelos
Cuautla (Nahuatl pronunciation: [ˈkʷaʍt͡ɬa], meaning "where the eagles roam"), officially La heroica e histórica Cuautla, Morelos (The Heroic and Historic Cuautla, Morelos) or H. H. Cuautla, Morelos, is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Morelos, about 104 kilometers south of Mexico City. In the 2010 census the city population was 154,358. The municipality covers 153.651 km2 (59.325 sq mi). Cuautla is the third most populous city in the state, after Cuernavaca and Jiutepec. The city was founded on April 4, 1829. The 2020 population figures were 187,118 inhabitants for the municipality and 157,336 inhabitants for the city of Cuatula.

The Cuautla Metropolitan Area, the second largest in Morelos, comprises the municipalities of Cuautla, Yautepec, Ayala, Yecapixtla, Atlatlahucan, and Tlayacapan. It covers 1,037.30 km2 (400.50 sq mi), which represents 21.26% of the state's total area. The metropolitan population (2010) is 434,187.

Tepetlixpa
Tepetlixpa is a municipality in the State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 46.68 km2 (18.02 sq mi) and borders on the state of Morelos.

In 2000, the municipality had a total population of 16,871. By 2020, the figure had risen to 20,500.