hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theories of famines
The conventional explanation until 1951 for the cause of famines was the decline of food availability relative to the nutritional needs of the population (abbreviated as FAD for food availability decline). The assumption was that the central cause of all famines was a decline in food availability by reason of decline in food production or disruption of food distribution. However this does not explain why only a certain section of the population such as the agricultural laborer was affected by famines while others were insulated from them. On the other hand, inequalities in wealth or ability to exit food shortage areas sufficiently explain such phenomena.

Famine
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to: war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality. Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a period of famine throughout history. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern and Central Europe, suffered the greatest number of fatalities due to famine. Deaths caused by famine declined sharply beginning in the 1970s, with numbers falling further since 2000. Since 2010, Africa has been the most affected continent in the world by famine. As of 2025,  Haiti and Afghanistan are the two countries with the most catastrophic and widespread states of famine, followed by Sudan.
Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Malta was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Breathlessly", written by Philip Vella, Sean Vella and Gerard James Borg, and performed by Claudia Faniello.The Maltese participating broadcaster, Public Broadcasting Services (PBS), selected its entry for the contest through the national final Malta Eurovision Song Contest 2017. The competition consisted of a final, held on 18 February 2017, where "Breathlessly" performed by Claudia Faniello eventually emerged as the winning entry after gaining 26% of the public televote.

Malta was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 11 May 2017. Performing during the show in position 4, "Breathlessly" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final on 13 May. It was later revealed that Malta placed sixteenth out of the 18 participating countries in the semi-final with 55 points.

Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
Malta was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Angel" written and performed by Chiara. The Maltese participating broadcaster, Public Broadcasting Services (PBS), selected its entry for the contest through the national final Malta Song for Europe 2005. The competition consisted of a final, held on 19 February 2005, where "Angel" performed by Chiara eventually emerged as the winning entry after gaining the most votes from a public televote with 11,935 votes. Chiara had already represented Malta in 1998.

As one of the ten highest placed finishers in 2004, Malta automatically qualified to compete in the final of the Eurovision Song Contest. Performing during the show in position 3, Malta placed second out of the 24 participating countries with 192 points.
Carlton Davis
Carlton Davis III (born December 31, 1996) is an American professional football cornerback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Auburn Tigers and was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the second round of the 2018 NFL draft.

Dan Campbell
Daniel Allen Campbell (born April 13, 1976) is an American professional football coach and former tight end who is the head coach for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He previously played in the NFL for 11 seasons. Campbell played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies and was selected by the New York Giants in the third round of the 1999 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Dallas Cowboys, New Orleans Saints, and Detroit Lions.

After retiring as a player, Campbell pursued a coaching career and held his first head coaching position as the interim head coach of the Miami Dolphins in 2015. He was named the head coach of the Lions in 2021. In 2023, Campbell led the Lions to their first division title since 1993, their first playoff win since 1991, and their second ever NFC Championship Game appearance. The following year, under Campbell, the Lions clinched the No. 1 seed in the NFC for the first time in their history.
Xuxa 10 Anos
Xuxa 10 Anos is a commemorative album by Brazilian singer Xuxa Meneghel. It was released in several formats in 1996: CD, cassette tape and LP. Sold 500,000 copies and was 3× platinum. In addition to the album, a special program was shown by TV Globo in June 1996.

The "Xuxa 10 Anos" is an album commemorating the 10 years of Xuxa in Rede Globo, with 10 of its greatest hits, with 5 of them winning remixed versions. The album was re-released on CD in 2005, 2006 and 2008 by Som Livre.

Som Livre
Som Livre (Portuguese for "Free Sound") is a Brazilian record company that was founded in March 1969 in order to commercialize the soundtracks for TV Globo (its then parent company) soap operas and later expanded to recording studio albums.

Today, Som Livre is Brazil's largest domestic label and was formerly part of Grupo Globo, which is the biggest media conglomerate in Brazil. In November 2020, Globo placed the label up for sale. In April 2021, it was acquired by Sony Music Entertainment (initially for an undisclosed amount, later revealed to be USD 255 million). The sale was approved by the national competition regulator Cade on 4 November 2021 and was completed on 4 March 2022.
Hans Kuhnert
Hans Kuhnert (4 January 1901 – 29 July 1974) was a German actor, art director and production designer. Kuhnert began his career as an actor during the silent era. He played the lead alongside Olga Chekhova in Violet. From the mid-1930s Kuhnert switched to working on the visual design of film sets. He worked frequently at this into the 1960s. He was sometimes credited as Hanns H. Kuhnert.

The Third Watch
The Third Watch (German: Dreiklang der Nacht) is a 1924 German silent drama film directed by Karl Gerhardt and starring Carlo Aldini, Claire Rommer, and Kurt Brenkendorf. Its art director was Willi Herrmann.
Microgametogenesis
Microgametogenesis is the process in plant reproduction where a microgametophyte develops in a pollen grain to the three-celled stage of its development. In flowering plants it occurs with a microspore mother cell inside the anther of the plant.

When the microgametophyte is first formed inside the pollen grain four sets of fertile cells called sporogenous cells are apparent. These cells are surrounded by a wall of sterile cells called the tapetum, which supplies food to the cell and eventually becomes the cell wall for the pollen grain. These sets of sporogenous cells eventually develop into diploid microspore mother cells. These microspore mother cells, also called microsporocytes, then undergo meiosis and become four microspore haploid cells. These new microspore cells then undergo mitosis and form a tube cell and a generative cell. The generative cell then undergoes mitosis one more time to form two male gametes, also called sperm.

Plant reproduction
Plants may reproduce sexually or asexually. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from either parent. Vegetative reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, resulting in clonal plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant and each other, unless mutations occur. In asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved.
Mwatebu language
Mwatebu is an Austronesian language spoken in a single village in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the single village of Mwatebu (10°02′08″S 151°05′52″E﻿ / ﻿10.03556°S 151.097717°E﻿ / -10.03556; 151.097717﻿ (Mwatebu)) in Duau Rural LLG, Milne Bay Province.

D'Entrecasteaux Islands
D'Entrecasteaux Islands /ˌdɒntrəˈkæstoʊ/ (French: [dɑ̃tʁəkasto]) are situated near the eastern tip of New Guinea in the Solomon Sea in Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The group spans a distance of 160 km (99 mi), has a total land area of approximately 3,100 km2 (1,197 sq mi) and is separated from the Papua New Guinea mainland by the 30 km (19 mi) wide Ward Hunt Strait in the north and the 18 km (11 mi) wide Goschen Strait in the south. D'Entrecasteaux Islands show signs of volcanism.
Tolipir National Park
Tolipir National Park is a protected area located in the Rawlakot tehsil of Poonch District in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The park is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including a number of endangered species such as the Himalayan black bear, leopard, and snow leopard.

The park is situated in the western Himalayan mountain range, at an altitude of between 1,500 and 7,000 meters above sea level. The area is characterized by rugged terrain and steep mountain slopes, with a number of peaks rising above 6,000 meters. The climate is cold and temperate, with heavy snowfall in the winter and mild summers. The park is surrounded by the Toli Pir, Shounter, and Barmoghlasht valleys, and is fed by the Toli Pir stream, which flows through the park.

Poonch District, Pakistan
Poonch District (Urdu: ضلع پونچھ) is one of the ten districts of the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.

It falls in the Poonch Division and is bounded on the north by Bagh District, on the north-east by Haveli District, on the south-east by the Poonch District of the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir, on the south by Sudhanoti and Kotli districts, and on the west by the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.

The Poonch District is part of the greater Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan. The district headquarters is the city of Rawalakot. It is the third most populous district of Azad Kashmir. Historically, the area now constituting Poonch District was part of the Sudhanoti region, which later became a tehsil of the former Poonch State.

The main language is Pahari, native to an estimated 95% of the population, but there are also speakers of Gujari, while Urdu has the status of the official language.
Neviusia alabamensis
Neviusia alabamensis, the Alabama snow-wreath, is  a small shrub which is native to the Southeastern United States.

Neviusia alabamensis is considered rare throughout its range. It is found in widely scattered populations from northwestern Georgia to the Ozark Mountains, but the populations are thought to be mostly asexual clones, as no seed production has been observed. Because of its thinly scattered distribution and low genetic variability, it is of conservation concern. Its natural habitat is limestone woodlands with seasonal moisture.

There are two other members of the genus Neviusia, the California endemic species Neviusia cliftonii, and the extinct species Neviusia dunthornei.

Neviusia cliftonii
Neviusia cliftonii is a rare species of shrub in the rose family which is known by the common name Shasta snow-wreath. It is endemic to Shasta County, California, where it is known from about 25 occurrences in the mountains around Lake Shasta.

The shrub was not known to science until 1992, when it was discovered east of Redding, California and described as a new species in Neviusia, previously a monotypic genus.
Audley End House
Audley End House is a largely early 17th-century country house outside Saffron Walden, Essex, England. It is a prodigy house, known as one of the finest Jacobean houses in England.

Audley End is now one-third of its original size, but is still large, with much to enjoy in its architectural features and varied collections. The house shares some similarities with Hatfield House, except that it is stone-clad as opposed to brick. It is currently in the stewardship of English Heritage but long remained the family seat of the Barons Braybrooke, heirs to the estate of whom retain a portion of the contents of the house, the estate, and the right to repurchase as an incorporeal hereditament. Audley End railway station is named after the house.

Hatfield House
Hatfield House is a Grade I listed country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the eastern side of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England.

The present Jacobean house, a leading example of the prodigy house, was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Chief Minister to James I. It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture. The estate includes extensive grounds and surviving parts of an earlier palace. Queen Elizabeth's Oak is said to be the place where Elizabeth I was informed she had become queen. The house is currently the home of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. It is open to the public.
2-Methyl-MDA
2-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (2-methyl-MDA) is an entactogen-related drug of the amphetamine class. It acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA), with IC50 values of 93nM, 12,000nM, and 1,937nM for serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine efflux. 2-Methyl-MDA is more potent than MDA and 5-methyl-MDA. However, it is slightly more selective for serotonin over dopamine and norepinephrine release in comparison to 5-methyl-MDA.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine and MDxx families that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. It is usually taken orally.

In terms of its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. It has a duration of 5 to 8 hours or around 6 hours typically.

MDA has a long history of psychotherapeutic and recreational use that predates that of MDMA, dating back to at least the mid-1960s. It has been described as the first entactogen. MDA has also been described as probably the most popular analogue of MDMA. In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal.
Gingerbread
Gingerbread refers to a broad category of baked goods, typically flavored with ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon and sweetened with honey, sugar, or molasses. Gingerbread foods vary, ranging from a moist loaf cake to forms nearly as crisp as a ginger snap.

Pain d'épices
Pain d'épices (French: [pɛ̃ depis]) or pain d'épice (French for 'spice bread') is a French cake or quick bread. Its ingredients, according to Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1694), were "rye flour, honey and spices". In Alsace, a considerable tradition incorporates a pinch of cinnamon.
2021 Sidecar World Championship
The 2021 Santander Salt FIM Sidecar World Championship was the 72nd season of the Sidecar World Championship. The championship was won by Markus Schlosser and Marcel Fries of Switzerland. The season was contested across seven rounds, six rounds consisting of two races, and the final round in Estoril with three races.

Tim Reeves and Mark Wilkes entered the season as the reigning Driver and Passenger Sidecar World Champions respectively having won the championship in 2019. The 2020 Sidecar World Championship was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sidecar World Championship
FIM Sidecar World Championship is the international sidecar racing championship. It is the only remaining original FIM road racing championship class that started in 1949.

It was formerly named Superside when the sidecars moved from being part of Grand Prix Motorcycles racing to being support events for the Superbike World Championship. In 2010 the FIM took over the management of the series from the Superside promoters, and the championship was called "FIM Sidecar World Championship". However, the FIM still uses the word Superside for promotion purposes, despite the demise of the Superside promoters.

The championship is raced over a number of rounds at circuits mainly in Europe, although other venues have been included in United States at Laguna Seca, South Africa at Kyalami and Australia's Phillip Island.
Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences
Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Paediatric Sciences is a pioneering Indian institute for research and training in paediatric sciences in Kolkata. It was established by amalgamating Dr. B. C. Roy Memorial Hospital for Children, Kolkata (Estd. 1967) and B. C. Roy Polio Clinic and Hospital for Crippled Children on 28 September 2010. It is now affiliated with West Bengal University of Health Sciences.

West Bengal University of Health Sciences
West Bengal University of Health Sciences (WBUHS) is a Public medical university in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It was established in 2003 by an Act of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly for better management of the health and medical education-related courses. The main objective behind the establishment of the university was to raise the level of medical education across the state of West Bengal. Universities main mission was to affiliate, teach, and ensure systematic instruction, training, and research in various health sciences, including Modern Medicine, Homoeopathy, Ayurveda, Unani, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental, and Paramedical courses. It oversees undergraduate, postgraduate, and post-doctoral programs across these disciplines in West Bengal.
Marmaduke Lumley
Marmaduke Lumley (died 1450) was an English priest, Bishop of Carlisle from 1429 to 1450, and Knight Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. He was a son of Ralph de Lumley, 1st Baron Lumley and Eleanor de Neville. He was elected about 5 December 1429, and consecrated on 16 April 1430. He was Bishop of Lincoln for a short time before his death in December 1450. He was educated at University of Cambridge and was appointed Precentor of Lincoln Cathedral in 1425. He also became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1427 and was Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge from 1429 to 1443. From 1446 to 1449 he served as Lord High Treasurer of England. Lumley's tenure as Lord High Treasurer occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England.

His administrator was a clerk of Lichfield, John Whelpdale.

Bishop of Carlisle
The Bishop of Carlisle is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Carlisle in the Province of York.

The diocese covers the county of Cumbria except for Alston Moor and the former Sedbergh Rural District.  The see is in the city of Carlisle where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity which was a collegiate church until elevated to cathedral status in 1133.

The diocese was created in 1133 by Henry I out of part of the Diocese of Durham. It was extended in 1856 taking over part of the Diocese of Chester. The residence of the bishop was Rose Castle, Dalston, until 2009. The bishop now resides at Bishop's House, Keswick.

The current bishop is Rob Saner-Haigh, who was translated from Penrith on 1 September 2025 — the confirmation of his election.
Vasilisa Volokhova
Vasilisa Volokhova (floruit 1591; Russian: Василиса Волохова) was a Russian noblewoman and courtier, the royal governess and nurse of Prince Dmitry of Uglich. She was said to have participated in the murder of the prince in 1591.

Dmitry of Uglich
Dmitry Ivanovich (Russian: Дмитрий Иванович; 29 October [O.S. 19 October] 1582 – 15 May 1591) was the youngest son of Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. He was the tsarevich (heir apparent) for close to seven years of his half-brother Feodor I's reign (though his legitimacy as an heir could have been contested by the Russian Orthodox Church). After his death, he was impersonated by a number of imposters to the throne, during the Time of Troubles.
Minnie L. Fisher
Minnie Lucinda Fisher (1896-1990) was a civic worker and community activist. She was a native-born citizen of the town of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, an all-Black town founded by Isaiah Montgomery in 1887.

Isaiah Montgomery
Isaiah Thornton Montgomery (May 21, 1847 – March 5, 1924) was an American community leader, politician, and the founder of Mound Bayou, Mississippi, an all-black community. He was a Republican delegate to the 1890 Mississippi Constitutional Convention, and served as the mayor of Mound Bayou.

He participated in the 1890 Mississippi constitutional convention as a delegate from Bolivar County and voted for the adoption of a state constitution that effectively disfranchised black voters for decades, using poll taxes and literacy tests to raise barriers to voter registration. Montgomery promoted an accommodationist position for African Americans. The I. T. Montgomery House in Mound Bayou is a National Landmark.

He has been described as "Mississippi's Booker T. Washington". He is also known as I. T. Montgomery, and Isaiah Montgomery.
Rational arrival process
In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a rational arrival process (RAP) is a mathematical model for the time between job arrivals to a system. It extends the concept of a Markov arrival process, allowing for dependent matrix-exponential distributed inter-arrival times.

The processes were first characterised by Asmussen and Bladt and are referred to as rational arrival processes because the inter-arrival times have a rational Laplace–Stieltjes transform.

Queueing theory
Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queueing theory is generally considered a branch of operations research because the results are often used when making business decisions about the resources needed to provide a service.

Queueing theory has its origins in research by Agner Krarup Erlang, who created models to describe the system of incoming calls at the Copenhagen Telephone Exchange Company. These ideas were seminal to the field of teletraffic engineering and have since seen applications in telecommunications, traffic engineering, computing, project management, and particularly industrial engineering, where they are applied in the design of factories, shops, offices, and hospitals.
Suczki, Ełk County
Suczki [ˈsut͡ʂki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ełk, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) south-west of Ełk and 115 km (71 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located on the western shore of Lake Bajtkowskie in the region of Masuria.

The village was founded by Poles in 1484 or earlier.

Ełk
Ełk (Polish pronunciation: [ɛwk] ⓘ; German: Lyck) is a city in northeastern Poland with 61,677 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of Ełk County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. It lies on the shore of Ełk Lake, which was formed by a glacier, and is surrounded by extensive forests. It is the largest city of Masuria.

The town was founded by the Teutonic Order and settled by Poles in the late 14th century and received town rights in 1445. In the 16th century, it became a leading center for Polish printing and education in Masuria. Ełk is historically considered the capital of Masuria.

Today Ełk is an important rail and road junction and food industry hub in north-eastern Poland, and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ełk. One of the principal attractions in the area is legal hunting.