hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Case report
In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence. Some case reports also contain a literature review of other reported cases. Case reports are professional narratives that provide feedback on clinical practice guidelines and offer a framework for early signals of effectiveness, adverse events, and cost. They can be shared for medical, scientific, or educational purposes.

Pathogenesis
In pathology, pathogenesis is the process by which a disease or disorder develops. It can include factors which contribute not only to the onset of the disease or disorder, but also to its progression and maintenance. The word comes from Ancient Greek  πάθος (pathos) 'suffering, disease' and  γένεσις (genesis) 'creation'.
Mokhtarnameh
Mokhtarnameh (Persian: مختارنامه, lit. 'The Book of Mokhtar') is an Iranian historical epic television series directed by Davood Mirbagheri, based on the life of Al-Mukhtar, a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led an Islamic revolution against the Umayyads in 685 and ruled over most of Iraq for eighteen months during the Second Fitna. Over 140 actors were cast in it. It was originally shot in Persian language, and later dubbed into several languages. The series is one of the most well-received Iranian TV series worldwide, and it is aired on national TV every Muharram month.

Shimr
Abū al-Sābigha Shamir ibn Dhī al-Jawshan (Arabic: أبو السابغة شمر بن ذي الجوشن), often known as Shamir or Shimar, was an Arab military commander from Kufa who killed Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at the Battle of Karbala in 680.
Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
The Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) is an online project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a database of mathematical reference data for special functions and their applications. It is intended as an update of Abramowitz's and Stegun's Handbook of Mathematical Functions (A&S). It was published online on 7 May 2010, though some chapters appeared earlier. In the same year it appeared at Cambridge University Press under the title NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions.

In contrast to A&S, whose initial print run was done by the U.S. Government Printing Office and was in the public domain, NIST asserts that it holds copyright to the DLMF under Title 17 USC 105 of the U.S. Code.

Special functions
Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications.

The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of mathematical functions contains functions that are commonly accepted as special.
Sōya (PL107)
Sōya (宗谷) is a Japanese icebreaker that serves as a museum ship in Tokyo after a long and storied service spanning some of the 20th century's historic events. She is named after Sōya Subprefecture in Hokkaido.

Japan Coast Guard
The Japan Coast Guard (Japanese: 海上保安庁, Hepburn: Kaijō Hoan-chō) is the coast guard responsible for the protection of the coastline of Japan under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It consists of about 13,700 personnel. The Japan Coast Guard was founded in 1948 as the Maritime Safety Agency and received its current English name in 2000.

The motto of the Japan Coast Guard is "Righteous Benevolence" (正義仁愛, Seigi Jin'ai).
Tornado outbreak of April 29 – May 1, 1909
A deadly tornado outbreak affected much of the central and Southern United States from April 29 – May 1, 1909. Affecting particularly the Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys, it killed over 180 people, more than 90 of them in the U.S. state of Tennessee alone. The deadliest and longest-tracked tornado of the outbreak was a violent F4 tornado family that tracked across portions of northern Mississippi and western Tennessee on April 29, claiming at least 29 lives. Another deadly F4 tornado struck portions of southern Tennessee early the next day, killing 31. Other F4s in southern Missouri and southern Illinois on April 29 killed a combined 16 people. Deadly F3s in Georgia and Tennessee from April 30–May 1 killed a total of at least 53 people as well.

Putnam County, Tennessee
Putnam County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 79,854. Its county seat is Cookeville. Putnam County is part of the Cookeville, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Wargawka Młoda
Wargawka Młoda [varˈɡafka ˈmwɔda] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Witonia, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Witonia, 14 km (9 mi) north of Łęczyca, and 45 km (28 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Witonia
Witonia [viˈtɔɲa] is a village in Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Witonia. It lies approximately 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Łęczyca and 43 km (27 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.
Sufficiency Ceiling
Sufficiency Ceiling (Arabic: سقف الكفاية) is an Arabic novel by the Saudi novelist Muhammad Hassan Alwan, which was published in its first edition by Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, in 2002, and the second in 2004, before moving to Dar Al-Saqi, from which the third to sixth editions were issued. The novel sparked a local controversy when it was published due to the young age of the novelist, the sensitivity of the novel's content, and its difference at the level of language.

Many senior Saudi writers and critics criticized it, such as: Dr. Ghazi Al-Qusaibi, Dr. Abdullah Al-Ghadami, Dr. Mujeeb Al-Zahrani, critic Muhammad Al-Abbas, and others.

Al Jazirah (newspaper)
Al Jazirah (Arabic: الجزيرة; The Island) is a daily Arabic newspaper published in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its sister newspaper is Al Masaiya, which is the only afternoon newspaper in the country with limited influence and readership.

The paper is published in broadsheet format with 48 pages, both colour and black and white contents. It has more than thirty national and international branches.
Indian Colombians
Indian Colombians are Indian immigrants in Colombia and their descendants. The Indian community in Colombia is not as large as other Asian Colombian communities, but there are some places in Colombia where they have an established presence with Indian-owned businesses. The vast majority of Colombians who have Indian ancestry are of Indo-Caribbean origin, this includes those from Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Of Indian nationals in Colombia, most cite work related motivations as their reason for relocating to Colombia. Many of them came from Punjab.

Indo-Surinamese
Indo-Surinamese, Indian-Surinamese,  or Hindustani Surinamese are nationals of Suriname who trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent. Their ancestors were indentured labourers brought by the Dutch and the British to the Dutch colony of Suriname, beginning in 1873 and continuing during the British Raj. Per the 2012 Census of Suriname, 148,443 citizens of Suriname are of Indo-Surinamese origin,  constituting 27.4% of the total population, making them the largest ethnic group in Suriname on an individual level. They are a subgroup of Asian Surinamese and Indo-Caribbean people.
Owen's Defence
Owen's Defence (also known as the Queen's Fianchetto Defence) is an uncommon chess opening defined by the moves:

1. e4 b6

It is named after John Owen. It is also frequently reached with the move order 1.d4 b6 2.e4. By playing 1...b6, Black prepares the fianchetto of the queen's bishop where it  participates in the battle for the centre. The downside of this plan is that White can occupy the centre with pawns and gain a spatial advantage. Moreover, 1...b6 does not prepare kingside castling as 1...g6 does, and it is harder for Black to augment their pressure against the centre with ...f5, which weakens the kingside, than it is to play the corresponding move ...c5 after 1...g6. Owen's Defence accordingly has a dubious reputation.

Owen's Defence is classified as code B00 by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Hanley William
Hanley William is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hanley, in the Malvern Hills district, in the county of Worcestershire, England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 110. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Hanley Child to form "Hanley".

Hanley William was in the upper division of Doddingtree hundred.

The name Hanley derives from the Old English hēahlēah meaning 'high wood/clearing'. The affix William derives from William de la Mare who held land in the village in 1242.

Malvern Hills District
Malvern Hills is a local government district in Worcestershire, England. Its council is based in Malvern, the district's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Tenbury Wells and Upton-upon-Severn and a large rural area covering much of the western side of the county, including numerous villages. The district is named after the Malvern Hills, which are a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Wyre Forest, Wychavon, Worcester, Tewkesbury, Forest of Dean, Herefordshire and Shropshire.  In the 2021 census the population of the Malvern Hills district was 79,973.

The current district was formed in 1998.  A previous Malvern Hills District, covering some of the same area, existed from 1974 to 1998, but had significantly different boundaries.
Milan (cultural festival)
Milan (Sanskrit for unification/coming together) is the National-Level Cultural Festival organized by the Directorate of Student Affairs of SRM Institute of Science and Technology. Milan is five day fest with a foray of events that spans extensively over a number of sporting events and multifarious music, dance and art events. Every year in addition to these events, Milan also brings to SRM some top-notch music band performances and Proshows. The 2015 edition of Milan attempted to break the Guinness World Record with 100 hours of continuous events.

SRM Institute of Science and Technology
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST) is a private deemed university located in Kattankulathur, (near Chennai), Tamil Nadu, India. Founded in 1985 as SRM Engineering College in Kattankulathur, it gained the deemed University status in 2002. SRM Institute of Science and Technology is spread across six campuses — Chennai (Kattankulathur, Ramapuram, Vadapalani, Baburayanpettai), Ghaziabad and Tiruchirappalli. Those are all same off-campuses of same University with headquarters being in Chennai (Kattankulathur) as per section 3 of University Grants Commission Act, 1956. It has three sister universities in Amaravati (Andhra Pradesh), Sonepet (Haryana) and Gangtok (Sikkim).
Sexbierum
Sexbierum (Dutch: [sɛksˈbiːrʏm]; West Frisian: Seisbierrum [sɛizˈbjɪrəm]) is a village in the municipality of Waadhoeke, in the central north of the Netherlands.

Sexbierum is located in the province of Friesland and located about 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) north-east of Harlingen, about 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) north-west of Franeker. The distance to Amsterdam is about 100 kilometres (62 miles).

The village consists of approximately 600 houses, with 1,744 inhabitants in January 2014.

Waadhoeke
Waadhoeke is a municipality of Friesland in the northern Netherlands. It was established 1 January 2018 and consists of the former municipalities of Franekeradeel, het Bildt, Menameradiel and parts of Littenseradiel, all four of which were dissolved on the same day.

The municipality is located in the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands. Waadhoeke is bordered by Harlingen, Terschelling, Noardeast-Fryslân, Leeuwarden and Súdwest-Fryslân. The population in January 2019 was 46,133. It is Friesland's sixth most populous municipality. The largest population centre (2018 population, 12,793) is Franeker. The residents speak Dutch, West Frisian or Bildts (a dialect in the former municipality het Bildt).
Zhamantuz (lake, Akmola Region)
Zhamantuz (Kazakh: Жамантұз) is a salt lake in the Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.

The lake straddles the Zerendi District in the west and the Burabay District in the east. Zhamantuz village is located by the southwestern lakeshore. The area surrounding lake Zhamantuz is used for agricultural fields and livestock grazing.

Burabay District
Burabay District (Kazakh: Бурабай ауданы, Burabai audany; Russian: Бурабайский район) is a district of Aqmola Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Shchuchinsk. Population: 81,739 (2009 census results); 73,169 (1999 census results).

Prior to September 3, 2009, Burabay District was known as Shchuchinsk District.
Huilo-Huilo Biological Reserve
Huilo-Huilo Biological Reserve (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈwilo ˈwilo] audioⓘ, Pronounced: /ˈwiːloʊ ˈwiːloʊ/ WEEL-oh-WEEL-oh) is a private for profit natural reserve and ecotourism area in southern Chile. It is by the community of Neltume along the international road to Hua Hum Pass near the border to Argentina.  The reserve has unique hotels, including Montana Mágica, the Nothofagus hotel, cabins, and a lodge for backpackers. The grounds also include a brewery, various animal habitats, a funicular, and many miles of trails. The reserve includes many waterfalls and the eastern slopes of Mocho-Choshuenco, a glacial compound stratovolcano.

Lapageria
Lapageria is a genus of flowering plants with only one known species, Lapageria rosea, commonly known as Chilean bellflower or copihue (Spanish pronunciation: [ko'piwe], from Mapudungun kopiwe). Lapageria rosea is endemic to Chile and it is the national flower of this country. It grows in forests in the southern part of Chile, being part of the Valdivian temperate rainforests ecoregion flora.

Although the IUCN has not evaluated its conservation status, Lapageria rosea was officially declared "in serious danger of extinction" by the Chilean government in 1971. The copihue, which has inspired Mapuche legends and has been celebrated in both Chilean literature and music, was officially declared the national flower of Chile on February 24, 1977.
Yttrium acetylacetonate
Yttrium acetylacetonate is a coordination compound with the chemical formula Y(C5H7O2)3(H2O)x, or Y(acac)3(H2O)x for short.  The value of x can vary from 1 to 3.

Upon heating under vacuum, the hydrates convert to the oxo-cluster Y4O(C5H7O2)10.  This behavior is also observed for gadolinium acetylacetonate, europium acetylacetonate, lanthanum acetylacetonate, and erbium acetylacetonate.

Erbium acetylacetonate
Erbium acetylacetonate is a coordination compound with the formula Er(C5H7O2)3. This anhydrous acetylacetonate complex is often discussed but unlikely to exist per se.  The 8-coordinated dihydrate Er(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide acetylacetonates.  The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

Upon heating under vacuum, the dihydrate converts to the oxo-cluster Er4O(C5H7O2)10.  This behavior, which is also observed for other lanthanide acetylacetonates, further illustrates the implausibility of six-coordinate Er(C5H7O2)3.
Mike Callihan
Michael Callihan (born August 7, 1947) is an American Democratic politician who was the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, serving from 1987 to 1994 under Roy Romer. He was an unsuccessful candidate for congress in 1992, losing to Republican Scott McInnis.

Scott McInnis
Stephen Scott Emory McInnis (born May 9, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer who was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado from 1993 to 2005. In August 2010, McInnis lost his bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Colorado after a plagiarism accusation and apology hurt his standing. In November 2014, McInnis was elected a member of the Mesa County Board of County Commissioners to succeed Steven Acquafresca in January 2015, and was succeeded by Bobbie Daniel in January 2023.

The McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area, west of Grand Junction, is named for him.
Séamus Cleere
Séamus Cleere (born 1940) is an Irish retired hurler. His career included three All-Ireland Championship victories with the Kilkenny senior hurling team, including one as captain in 1963.

After beginning his career at club level with Bennettsbridge, Cleere joined the Kilkenny minor team as a 17-year-old in 1958 and subsequently had a brief stint with the junior side. He was promoted to the Kilkenny senior team in 1960. From his debut, Cleere was ever-present as a right wing-back and made 22 championship appearances in a career that ended with his last game in 1969. During that time he was part of three All-Ireland Championship-winning teams – in 1963, when he captained the side, 1967 and as a substitute in 1969. Cleere also secured five Leinster Championship medals and two National Hurling League medals. His club career yielded six Kilkenny County Championship titles during a golden age for Bennettsbridge.

1960 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1960 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 66th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.

On 9 October 1960, Bennettsbridge won the championship after a 4–05 to 3–04 defeat of Glenmore in the final. It was their seventh championship title overall and their second title in succession.
Sabellius
Sabellius (fl. ca. 215) was a third-century priest and theologian who most likely taught in Rome, but may have been a North African from Libya. Basil and others call him a Libyan from Pentapolis, but this seems to rest on the fact that Pentapolis was a place where the teachings of Sabellius thrived, according to Dionysius of Alexandria, c. 260. What is known of Sabellius is drawn mostly from the polemical writings of his opponents.

Subordinationism
Subordinationism is a Trinitarian doctrine wherein the Son (and sometimes also the Holy Spirit) is subordinate to the Father, not only in submission and role, but with actual ontological subordination to varying degrees. It posits a hierarchical ranking of the persons of the Social Trinity, implying ontological subordination of the persons of the Son and the Holy Spirit. It was condemned as heretical in the Second Council of Constantinople.

It is not to be confused with Arianism, as Subordinationism has been generally viewed as closer to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan view. While Arianism was developed out of it, it did not confess the personhood of the Holy Spirit and of the Son, both eternal.
Antonio Buero Vallejo
Antonio Buero Vallejo (September 29, 1916 – April 29, 2000) was a Spanish playwright associated with the Generation of '36 movement and considered the most important Spanish dramatist of the Spanish Civil War.

Royal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, pronounced [reˈal akaˈðemja espaˈɲola]; RAE) is Spain's official royal institution with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, Spain, and is affiliated with national language academies in 22 other Hispanophone nations through the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language.

The RAE dedicates itself to language planning by applying linguistic prescription aimed at promoting linguistic unity within and between various territories, to ensure a common standard. The proposed language guidelines are shown in a number of works.
Deluxe Paint
Deluxe Paint, often referred to as DPaint, is a bitmap graphics editor created by Dan Silva for Electronic Arts and published for the then-new Amiga 1000 in November 1985. A series of updated versions followed, some of which were ported to other platforms. An MS-DOS release with support for the 256 color VGA standard became popular for creating pixel graphics in video games in the 1990s.

Author Dan Silva previously worked on the Cut & Paste word processor (1984), also from Electronic Arts.

Raster graphics editor
A raster graphics editor (also called bitmap graphics editor) is a computer program that allows users to create and edit images interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many raster graphics file formats (also known as bitmap images) such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF.
Channel opener
A channel opener, also known as a channel activator, is a type of drug which facilitates ion flow through ion channels.

They include the following:

Potassium channel openers

Calcium channel openers

Sodium channel openers

Chloride channel openers

Sodium channel opener
A sodium channel opener is a type of drug which facilitates ion transmission through sodium channels.

Examples include natural toxins, such as aconitine, veratridine, grayanotoxin, pyrethrin I, batrachotoxin, robustoxin, palytoxins and ciguatoxins.
Sonos
Sonos, Inc. is an American audio equipment manufacturer headquartered in Santa Barbara, California. The company was founded in 2002 by John MacFarlane, Craig Shelburne, Tom Cullen, and Trung Mai.

Sonos has partnered with over 100 companies that offer music services, including Pandora, iHeartRadio, SiriusXM, Apple Music, Spotify, Tidal, MOG, QQ Music, YouTube Music and Amazon Music.  Sonos products work with the three major voice assistants: Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri, although the last is currently only supported through Apple's Home app. In 2019 Sonos acquired Snips SAS, a privacy-focused AI voice platform for connected devices with the goal to bring a music-specific assistant to its devices.

Consumer Electronics Show
CES (formerly an initialism for Consumer Electronics Show) is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA). Held in January at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester, Nevada, United States, the event typically hosts presentations of new products and technologies in the consumer electronics industry.
Iftekhar Nayem
Iftekhar Nayem Ahmed (Bengali: ইফতেখার নাঈম আহমেদ; born 20 November 1988) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his List A debut for Barisal Division in the 2006–07 National Cricket League One-Day on 27 March 2007. He made his Twenty20 debut for the Barisal Division in the 8th Bangladesh Games on 22 April 2013.

Barisal Division cricket team
The Barisal Division cricket team or Barisal Blazers is a Bangladeshi first-class team representing the Barisal Division, one of the eight administrative regions in Bangladesh. The team competes in the National Cricket League and was formerly a participant in the now-defunct National Cricket League One-Day. In the short-lived National Cricket League Twenty20 competition, played in the 2009–10 season only, Barisal played in their official green and black colors. The equivalent team in the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL) is the Fortune Barishal.

Barisal's home ground is the Barisal Divisional Stadium, also known as the Abdur Rab Serniabad Stadium, which has a 30,000 capacity. They have only won one competition in their history, the 2008–09 National Cricket League One-Day.