hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gratitude trap
The gratitude trap is a type of cognitive distortion that typically arises from misunderstandings regarding the nature or practice of gratitude. It is closely related to fallacies such as emotional reasoning and the "fallacy of change" identified by psychologists and psychotherapists such as John M. Grohol, Peter Ledden, and others.

Doctor of Clinical Psychology
The degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy/DClinPsych/ClinPsyD) is a professional doctorate in clinical psychology, awarded mainly in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The degree has both clinical and research components, and qualifies the holder to practice as a clinical psychologist in Britain's National Health Service and other clinical settings. It bears some similarities to the Doctor of Psychology degree in the United States.
Jerry Bowman
Jerry Bowman (born March 9, 1962) is an American former NASCAR Winston Cup driver from Havre de Grace, Maryland in the United States. Bowman participated in five different Winston Cup Series seasons (1982 through 1989). In his career, Bowman raced 3,812 laps and ran 4,682.2 miles (7,535.3 km) of racing. His total career earnings were $US27,820. Participating in only nineteen races, Bowman never won a race or finished in the top-ten (he failed to qualify for three different races). His best showing was at the 1985 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season where he finished the season with a position of 43rd in the championship – in addition to having had an average start of thirtieth place during the entire season and an average finish of 25th place.

He is no relation to Alex Bowman despite sharing exact last name.

Alex Bowman
Alexander Michael Warren Bowman (born April 25, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 48 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Hendrick Motorsports and part-time in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series, driving the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro SS for JR Motorsports. He owns a Dirt Midget and Sprint car racing team, Alex Bowman Racing. He is known for a record six consecutive front-row starts in the Daytona 500, from 2018 to 2023, winning the pole in 2018, 2021, and 2023.

He is known by many nicknames, the most predominant being Bowman the Showman. Denny Hamlin called him "just a hack" after a late-race collision at Martinsville in 2021 took Hamlin out of contention for the win. Following a 2022 race at Las Vegas, Kyle Busch said Bowman was "all luck, no skill" after Bowman won the race by taking two tires on a pit stop during a late-race caution.
Balsamgau
The  Balsamgau (or Belcsem, Balsami) was an early medieval Gau (shire) in the Eastphalia region of the Duchy of Saxony. It was centered on Stendal and located on the West bank of the River Elbe. Other towns in the Balsamgau include Arneburg, Döbbelin, Elversdorf, Windberge. It was bordered by the following shires: Osterwalde, Liezizi, Morazani, Nordthüringgau.

By the 12th century, the Balsamgau had become a part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Together with Osterwalde, it formed the westernmost part of Brandenburg, which later came to be known as the Altmark.

Altmark
See German tanker Altmark for the ship named after Altmark and Stary Targ for the Polish village named Altmark in German.

The Altmark (German pronunciation: [ˈaltˌmaʁk] ⓘ; English: Old March) is a historic region in Germany, comprising the northern third of Saxony-Anhalt. As the initial territory of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it is sometimes referred to as the "Cradle of Prussia", as by Otto von Bismarck, a native of Schönhausen near Stendal.
2008 Algerian Cup final
The 2008 Algerian Cup final was the 44th final of the Algerian Cup. The final took place on June 16, 2008, at Stade Mustapha Tchaker in Blida with kick-off at 16:00. JSM Béjaïa beat WA Tlemcen 3–1 on penalties to win their first Algerian Cup.

Algerian Cup
The Algerian Cup (Arabic: كأس الجزائر), also known as the Republic Cup (Arabic: كأس الجمهورية), is an annual knockout football competition in Algerian football, organized by the Algerian Football Federation.

The competition was founded in 1962 and is open to all eligible clubs of the Algerian football league system,. The winners automatically qualify for both the CAF Confederation Cup and the Algerian Super Cup the following year. If they have already qualified for CAF Confederation Cup through their league position, the Confederation Cup spot is given to the highest-placed team in the league who has not yet qualified.

USM Alger and CR Belouizdad are the most successful clubs in the competition, having won 9 titles. USM Alger have contested the most finals with 18  finals. USM Alger are also the most recent winners, having defeated rivals CR Belouizdad in the 2025 final held at the 	Nelson Mandela Stadium.
Trilobite zone
Trilobites are used as index fossils to subdivide the Cambrian period.  Assemblages of trilobites define trilobite zones. The Olenellus-zone has traditionally marked the top of the Lower Cambrian, and is followed by the Eokochaspis zone.

The last two zones of the Middle Cambrian are the Bathyuriscus–Elrathina-zone (contemporaneous with the Burgess Shale) and the subsequent Bolaspidella-zone (starting at the base of the Drumian stage). These are overlain by the lowermost Upper Cambrian Cedaria-zone.

Alternative zoning names place the Burgess Shale in the Peronopsis bonnerensis-zone, which is underlain by the Oryctocephalus indicus-zone (e.g. Spence Shale) and overlain (perhaps not directly) by the Ptychagnostus punctuosus-zone.

The lower Middle Cambrian Glossopleura-zone (Spence Shale) is above the Albertella-zone.

The Elvinia-zone is upper Cambrian.

Cedaria
Cedaria is an extinct genus of trilobites from the late Cambrian.

It is a small, rather flat trilobite with an oval outline, a headshield and tailshield of approximately the same size, 7 articulating segments in the middle part of the body and spines at the back edges of the headshield that reach half the length of the body. Cedaria lived during the early part of the Upper Cambrian (Dresbachian), and is especially abundant in the Weeks Formation.
102nd Street chemical landfill
The 102nd Street chemical landfill is a former chemical landfill located on the Niagara River in Niagara Falls, New York. It is almost immediately adjacent to the infamous Love Canal chemical landfill, which are split from each other by the LaSalle Expressway and Frontier Avenue. Hooker Chemical Company, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, and Olin Chemical, who were the original owners of the site, were ordered to clean up the site and pay $16,500,000 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is a designated Superfund site, and is closed to the public.

Occidental Petroleum
Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the United States, Canada, and Chile. It is incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law and headquartered in Houston. The company ranked 183rd on the 2021 Fortune 500 based on its 2020 revenues and 670th on the 2021 Forbes Global 2000.
Queer & Trans Alliance
The Queer & Trans Alliance, formerly known as the Ten Percent Society, is the name of the first gay rights organization in North Dakota created by students and faculty at the University of North Dakota in 1982. The organization gained its original name from a widely held (but false) belief that scientist Alfred Kinsey's research in the 1940s and 1950s had stated that ten percent of the population was gay. While the organization had little early success, it started to foster an increased tolerance for gay people and a more active LGBT rights movement in North Dakota.

University of North Dakota
The University of North Dakota (UND) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operation. Several national research institutions are on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".
John Hoadly
John Hoadly (27 September 1678 – 19 July 1746) was an Anglican divine in the Church of Ireland. He served as Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin (1727 to 1730), as Archbishop of Dublin (1730 to 1742), and as Archbishop of Armagh from 1742 until his death.

Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)
The Anglican archbishop of Armagh is the ecclesiastical head of the Church of Ireland, bearing the title Primate of All Ireland, the metropolitan of the Province of Armagh and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Armagh.

The diocese traces its history to Saint Patrick in the 5th century, who founded the See. His current successor is Bishop John McDowell who was enthroned at his cathedra in St Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh on 28 April 2020 and signs as +John ARMAGH.
2023 Copa Oster – Singles
This was the first WTA 125 tournament in Cali since 2013. Lara Arruabarrena was the champion when the event was last held, but she retired from professional tennis in August 2022.

Nadia Podoroska won the title, defeating Paula Ormaechea in the final, 6–4, 6–2.

2013 Copa Bionaire – Singles
Alexandra Dulgheru was the defending champion, but lost to Lara Arruabarrena Vecino in the second round. Arruabarrena Vecino went on to win the title, defeating Catalina Castaño in the final, 6–3, 6–2.
1972 New Zealand Open
The 1972 New Zealand Open, also known as Benson and Hedges Open for sponsorship reasons, was a combined men's and women's professional tennis tournament held at the Stanley Street Courts in Auckland, New Zealand. It was an independent event, i.e. not part of the 1972 Grand Prix or 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit. The tournament was played on outdoor grass courts and was held from 7 December through 12 December 1971. Ray Ruffels and Kerry Melville won the singles titles.

ATP Auckland Open
The ATP Auckland Open, known as the ASB Classic (sponsored by ASB Bank), is a professional men's tennis tournament in Auckland, New Zealand. The tournament is played at the ASB Tennis Centre, in Parnell. It is part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour. The tournament is held annually in January a week before the first Grand Slam tournament of the season, the Australian Open.

The ASB Classic returned in 2023 after the 2021 and 2022 events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic causing travel restrictions for international visitors to New Zealand.
Telecommunications in Brunei
Brunei possesses an extensive system of telecommunications, including telephone and mobile phone service, internet service, television and radio. The majority of Bruneians have access to these services: for every 100 Bruneians there are 118 mobile phone subscriptions, and 99% of the population uses the internet. The official radio and television network, Radio Television Brunei (RTB), operates five channels, and satellite systems make foreign broadcasts accessible as well.

Imagine (Brunei telecommunications company)
Imagine Sendirian Berhad, (doing business as Imagine, stylized as imagine, formerly known as Telekom Brunei Berhad), is a Bruneian telecommunications company and provider that offers various services to the consumer and enterprise sectors, with its mainstay being high speed broadband (HSBB) and telephone services over fibre optics infrastructure. At present, the company offers a minimum bandwidth of 20 Mbit/s with several other packages that can reach speeds of 300 Mbit/s. Based on demand, TelBru also has the capability to provide 2.5 Gbit/s. The company also provides IT services for corporate as well as government clients.
Šemnik
Šemnik (pronounced [ʃɛˈmniːk]; German: Schemnik) is a settlement south of Izlake in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

The local church is dedicated to Saint Anne and belongs to the Parish of Izlake. It is a Gothic building that was restyled in the Baroque in the mid-18th century.

Izlake
Izlake (pronounced [iˈzlaːkɛ]; German: Islak) is a settlement in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in the Central Sava Valley, central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.
FV Northwestern
F/V Northwestern is an Alaskan crab, Pacific cod, and salmon tendering commercial fishing vessel featured in the Discovery Channel series Deadliest Catch. To date the Northwestern is the only vessel to have featured on all 21 seasons of Deadliest Catch as well as the pilot series America's Deadliest Season.  The vessel is owned and operated by the Hansen family of the state of Washington with Sig Hansen serving as the vessel's primary captain.

Chionoecetes bairdi
Chionoecetes bairdi is a species of snow crab, alternatively known as bairdi crab and tanner crab.  C. bairdi is closely related to Chionoecetes opilio, and it can be difficult to distinguish C. opilio from C. bairdi. Both species are found in the Bering Sea and are sold commercially under the name "snow crab." Tanner crabs have suffered from overfishing and as a result strict controls have been placed on tanner crab fisheries. It was named by Mary Jane Rathbun, a Smithsonian employee who became one of the leading authorities on crab taxonomy. She named the crab for Spencer Baird, her mentor, who in the 1880s as Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and head of the United States Fish Commission, had given her her first position.
Tunisia women's national under-17 football team
The Tunisia women's national under-17 football team has represented Tunisia in women's international association football for players aged 17 or under. The team is administered by the Tunisian Football Federation (TFF), which governs football in Tunisia. On a continental level, the team competes under the Confederation of African Football (CAF), which governs associate football in Africa, and is also affiliated with FIFA for global competitions. Additionally, the team is a member of the Union of North African Football (UNAF) and the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA). The team is colloquially known as Eagles of Carthage by fans and the media, with the bald eagle serving as its symbol. Their home kit is primarily white and their away kit is red, which is a reference to the national flag of the country.

The team played in the 2024 UNAF U-17 Women's Tournament at home, finishing second after two wins over Morocco 2−0 and Egypt 2−1 and a 0−0 draw against invited Tanzania.

Tanzania women's national under-17 football team
The Tanzania women's national under-17 football team represents Tanzania in international women's under-17 football. The team is controlled by the governing body for football in Tanzania, the Tanzania Football Federation (TFF). The team and federation is currently a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the regional Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA).

The team finished as runners-up in the 2021 edition of CECAFA Women's U-17 Championship and also qualified for the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup becoming the first Tanzanian team to qualify for a FIFA World Cup event.
Zamoyski family entail
The Zamoyski family entail (Polish: Ordynacja Zamojska) was one of the first and largest fee tails in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was owned by the Zamoyski family, the richest aristocratic family in Poland. It was established upon the request of Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski, on 8 July 1589. The fee existed until the end of World War II, when it was abolished by the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland, which in 1944 initiated an agricultural reform.

Marcin Zamoyski
Marcin Zamoyski (c. 1637–1689) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

Marcin became the fourth Ordynat of Zamość estate in 1674. He became a Royal Rotmistrz in 1656, Podstoli of Lwów in 1677, voivode of Bracław Voivodeship in 1678, voivode of Lublin Voivodeship in 1682 and Grand Treasurer of the Crown in 1685. He was starost of Belz, Płoskirów, Bolimów and Rostoki.
Arenaria funiculata
Arenaria funiculata is a species of plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is endemic to Spain.  Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.

In 2007, Simone Fior and Per Ola Kampis proposed the transfer of Moehringia fontqueri from the genus Moehringia to the genus Arenaria, renaming the species Arenaria funiculata.

Arenaria (plant)
Arenaria is a genus of flowering plants, within the family Caryophyllaceae. Most species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants, though a small number are spiny subshrubs; many grow in tufts or mats.

Species of this genus are among those plants commonly known as sandworts. Several species formerly classified within Arenaria are now classed in the genera Spergularia, Eremogone and Minuartia.
Izmail Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
The Izmail Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, commonly referred to as the Izmail CPU obkom, was the position of highest authority in the Izmail Oblast, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created in July 1940 following the 1940 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina during the ongoing World War II and abolished in 1954 when it was merged with the Odessa Regional Committee.

The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine or the First Secretary of the Republic.

Odesa Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine
The Odesa Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Одеський обласний комітет Комуністичної партії України, romanized: Odeskyi oblasnyi komitet Komunistychnoi partii Ukrainy), commonly referred to as the Odesa CPU obkom (Ukrainian: Одеський обком КП України, romanized: Odeskyi obkom KP Ukrainy), was the position of highest authority in the Odesa Oblast, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The position was created on February 27, 1932, and abolished in August 1991. The First Secretary was a de facto appointed position usually by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine or the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
USS Firm (AM-98)
USS Firm (AM-98) was an Adroit-class minesweeper of the United States Navy. Laid down on 21 October 1941 by the Penn-Jersey Corp., Camden, New Jersey, launched on 29 May 1942, and commissioned on 10 April 1943. The vessel was reclassified as a submarine chaser PC-1602 on 1 June 1944; it was later reclassified as a control submarine chaser PCC-1602 on 1 August 1945. Very little information is available about the activities of this vessel while operating as a submarine chaser. PC-1602 was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 15 June 1948, and sold to Walter H. Wilms. Fate unknown.

Submarine chaser
A submarine chaser or subchaser is a type of small naval vessel that is specifically intended for anti-submarine warfare. They encompass designs that are now largely obsolete, but which played an important role in the wars of the first half of the 20th century. Many of the American submarine chasers used in World War I found their way to Allied nations by way of Lend-Lease in World War II.
SonBinh Nguyen
SonBinh T. Nguyen is the McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence and the Dow Chemical Company Research Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University. He is also the former Director of the Integrated Sciences Program.

Nguyen received his B.S. in Chemistry from the Pennsylvania State University in 1990, where he worked with Gregory L. Geoffroy. He received his Ph.D. in 1995 from the California Institute of Technology, where he was supervised by Robert Grubbs and Nathan Lewis. From 1995 to 1996, he worked under K. Barry Sharpless at the Scripps Research Institute as an NSF Postdoctoral Fellow.

Scripps Research
Scripps Research is a nonprofit American medical research facility that focuses on research and education in the biomedical sciences. Headquartered in San Diego, California, the institute has over 170 laboratories employing 2,100 scientists, technicians, graduate students, and administrative and other staff.

The institute holds over 1,100 patents, has produced 11 FDA-approved therapeutics, and has generated over 50 spin-off companies. The Scripps Research graduate program is ranked 9th nationally in the biological sciences, 6th for organic chemistry, and 6th for biochemistry.

In 2022, their Jupiter, Florida, campus became a part of the University of Florida. Jupiter-based graduate students remain part of the Scripps Research graduate program.
Technological Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands
The Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands (TEI ION; Greek: Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικό Ίδρυμα (Τ.Ε.Ι.) Ιονίων Νήσων) was a fully self-governing higher-educational institute under state supervision, exercised by the Minister of National Education and Religious Affairs. The institute was based in Argostoli on the island of Kefalonia, with satellite campuses in Lixouri, Lefkada and Zakynthos. The Technological Educational Institute offered also postgraduate courses in collaboration with other universities in Greece and abroad. In 2018 the TEI of Ionian Islands merged into Ionian University.

Argostoli
Argostoli (Greek: Αργοστόλι, romanized: Argostóli, Katharevousa: Ἀργοστόλιον, romanized: Argostólion) is a town and a municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is one of the three municipalities on the island. It has been the capital and administrative centre of Kefalonia since 1757, following a population shift down from the old capital of Agios Georgios, also known as Kastro, to take advantage of the trading opportunities provided by the sheltered bay upon which Argostoli sits.

Argostoli developed into one of the busiest ports in Greece, leading to prosperity and growth. The municipality has an area of 377.0 km2 and the municipal unit (the pre-2010 municipality) has an area of 157.670 km2. The 2021 census recorded a population of 13,666 in the Argostoli municipal unit, and 23,574 in the municipality in its post-2019 extension.
Sun Kuang
Sun Kuang (after 184– before 210?), courtesy name Jizuo, was a younger brother of Sun Quan, a Chinese warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and later became the founding emperor of the Eastern Wu dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period.

Pei Songzhi
Pei Songzhi (372–451), courtesy name Shiqi, was a Chinese historian and politician who lived in the late Eastern Jin dynasty and the Liu Song dynasty. His ancestral home was in Wenxi County, Shanxi, but he moved to the Jiangnan region later. He is best known for making annotations to the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) written by Chen Shou in the third century, providing additional details omitted from the original work. His commentary, completed in 429, became integral to later editions of the Sanguozhi, making the joint work three times as long as the original. His son, Pei Yin (裴駰), and great-grandson Pei Ziye (裴子野), were also well-known historians.