hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) is a pan-African network of postgraduate schools teaching mathematical sciences. Established in 2003 in Cape Town, South Africa, AIMS offers postgraduate training, research, and public engagement programs aimed at building scientific capacity across Africa. The institute was founded by physicist Neil Turok to educate African students in STEM fields to support the continent's development.

Heriot-Watt University
Heriot-Watt University (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Heriot-Watt) is a public research university based in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was established in 1821 as the School of Arts of Edinburgh, the world's first mechanics' institute, and was subsequently granted university status by royal charter in 1966. It is the eighth-oldest higher education institution in the United Kingdom. The name Heriot-Watt was taken from Scottish inventor James Watt and Scottish philanthropist and goldsmith George Heriot.

The annual income of the institution for 2024–25 was £293.9 million of which £52.3 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £301.1 million. Known for its focus on science as well as engineering, it is one of the 23 colleges that were granted university status in the 1960s, and it is sometimes considered a plate glass university, like Lancaster and York.

The university has three campuses in Scotland and one each in the UAE and Malaysia.
2025 Armenian Cup final
The 2025 Armenian Cup final was the 34th Armenian Cup Final, and the final match of the 2024–25 Armenian Cup. It was played at the Republican Stadium in Yerevan, Armenia, on 13 May 2025, and contested by Ararat-Armenia and Noah.

2024–25 Armenian Cup
The 2024–25 Armenian Cup was the 34th edition of the football competition in Armenia. The winners qualified for the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League second qualifying round.

Noah won the cup (their second Armenian Cup win), defeating defending holders Ararat-Armenia 3–1 in the final. Since they qualified for the Champions League based on league position, the spot for winning the cup was passed to the second-placed team of the 2024–25 Armenian Premier League.
Ghasipura Assembly constituency
Ghasipura is a Vidhan Sabha constituency of Kendujhar district.

Area of this constituency include Ghatgaon, Ghatagaon block, Ghasipura block and 2 GPs (Dhakotha and Kolimati) of Anandapur block.

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation and went for polls in 2009 election.

Kendujhar district
Kendujhar district, also known as Keonjhar district, is an administrative district of Odisha. The district is one of the fifth Scheduled Areas of Odisha. The town of Kendujhar (or Kendujhargarh) is the district headquarters. The district has three sub-divisions, Anandapur, Champua, and Kendujhar.
Trevor Robbins
Trevor William Robbins CBE FRS FMedSci (born 26 November 1949) is a professor of cognitive neuroscience and the former Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Robbins interests are in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, behavioural neuroscience and psychopharmacology.

Robbins is Director of the University of Cambridge Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI). He is an Emeritus Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, and Past-President of the British Neuroscience Association (BNA), the British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) and the European Behavioural Pharmacology Society (EBPS).

Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences
Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) is an award for medical scientists who are judged by the UK Academy of Medical Sciences for the "excellence of their science, their contribution to medicine and society and the range of their achievements".
Chakli
Chakli is a savoury Indian snack with a spiral shape and spiked surface. It is also known as chakali, chakri or chakkuli

Chakli is typically made from flours of rice, Bengal gram (brown chickpea) and black gram (urad daal). It has several variations, depending on the types and proportion of flours used. It is also very popular in South Africa, introduced by the Indian diaspora. Maize flour is used instead of rice flour with the addition of salt and cumin as the basic dry ingredients. It is sold by street vendors and at neighborhood shops.

Kadboli is a similar dish, which is shaped by hand instead of with an extruder. Murukku is a South Indian snack typically made with rice and black gram flour during Diwali. In Indonesia, murukku and chakli variations are known as akar kelapa, and are particularly popular among Betawi.

Kadboli
Kadboli or kadaboli (Konkani and Marathi: कडबोळी), is a traditional savoury snack prepared in Konkan, India. Kadboli is typically made from a mixture of chickpea, urad, moong and rice flour, salt, and flavourings such as chili, ajwain, or cumin.

The same dish is known as kodubale in Karnataka, the only difference being that only rice and split roasted chickpea (dalia) flour are used.
Quitman County, Georgia
Quitman County is a county located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,235, making it the second-least populous county in Georgia. The county seat is Georgetown. The county was created on December 10, 1858, and named after General John A. Quitman, leader in the Mexican–American War, and once Governor of Mississippi. In November 2006, residents voted to consolidate the city government of Georgetown and the county government of Quitman into a consolidated city-county.

U.S. Route 82 in Georgia
U.S. Route 82 (US 82) is a 232-mile-long (373 km) U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels from the Chattahoochee River at Georgetown to its eastern end, southwest of Brunswick. It travels through such cities as Cuthbert, Dawson, Albany, Sylvester, Tifton, Pearson, Waycross, and Nahunta.

In Georgia, every U.S. Highway has at least one state highway with which it travels concurrently. US 82 uses SR 50 from its western start to Dawson and SR 520 from Dawson to its eastern end.

SR 50 formerly extended across the state and ended in Jekyll Island. In 1981, it was truncated to Dawson, with its former path redesignated as SR 520. US 82 formerly ended in Midway. In 1989, US 82 and US 84 east of Waycross were swapped.
Lyonetia boehmeriella
Lyonetia boehmeriella is a moth in the Lyonetiidae family. It is known from Kyushu island of Japan.

The wingspan is 6–7 mm. Adults are on wing from the middle of April to the middle of May, from the end of June to the beginning of July, from the end of July to the beginning of August, at the end of August and at the middle of October. There are several generations per year.

The larvae feed on Boehmeria spicata. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Lyonetiidae
Lyonetiidae is a family of moths with around 200 described species. These are small, slender moths, the wingspan rarely exceeding 1 cm. The very narrow forewings, held folded backwards covering the hindwings and abdomen, often have pointed apices noticeably up- or down-turned. The larvae are leaf miners.

The families Bucculatricidae and Bedelliidae are sometimes considered subfamilies of Lyonetiidae.
2020 Indian Super League final
The 2020 Indian Super League Cup final was the final match of the 2020 ISL Cup playoffs, the sixth playoffs season of the Indian Super League. It was played between Chennayin FC and ATK, on 14 March 2020 at the Fatorda Stadium, Goa. It was played to determine the winner of the 2019–20 season of the Indian Super League.

Owing to COVID-19 pandemic in India the final was played behind closed doors.

Two times Cup Winners ATK won the final after beating Chennayin by 3–1.

2019–20 Indian Super League
The 2019–20 Indian Super League season was the sixth season of the Indian Super League, one of the top Indian professional football leagues. The regular season began on 20 October 2019 and concluded on 14 March 2020.

Hyderabad replaced the disbanded Pune City, whereas Delhi Dynamos moved to Bhubaneswar and rebranded as Odisha.

Bengaluru were the defending champions, having won their maiden Indian Super League title by defeating Goa 1–0 in the 2018–19 final. However, both teams were knocked out in the semi-finals, with Bengaluru losing 3–2 on aggregate to ATK and Goa losing 6–5 on aggregate to Chennaiyin. On 14 March 2020, ATK beat Chennaiyin 3–1 in the final, becoming the first club to win three ISL titles.

On 29 November 2019, the AFC association ranking confirmed India's group stage spot in the 2021 AFC Champions League. As winners of the regular season, FC Goa took that spot along with the inaugural League Winners Shield trophy.
Not Simple
Not Simple (stylized in all lowercase) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Natsume Ono, presenting a nonlinear narrative of a young man's fractured family history and the search for his missing sister. It was serialized in Penguin Shobo's free web manga magazine Comic Seed! from August 2004 to October 2005. Its chapters were collected in a single compiled volume, first by Penguin Shobo in February 2005, and later by Shogakukan in October 2006. Viz Media licensed Not Simple for an English-language release in North America in January 2010.

Monthly Ikki
Monthly Ikki (Japanese: 月刊IKKI, Hepburn: Gekkan Ikki) was a monthly seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan. It tended to specialize in underground or alternative manga, but it had its share of major hits as well. The magazine started in 2000 as a spin-off to Shogakukan's Weekly Big Comic Spirits, titled Spirits Zōkan Ikki, published on a bimonthly basis, and became a standalone monthly magazine in 2003. In 2009, Viz Media launched an online English version of Monthly Ikki, named SigIkki, which serialized selected titles from the magazine. Ikki ceased publication after an almost 14-year-run in 2014, and was replaced by Hibana, which ran from 2015 to 2017, before ceasing its publication as well.
Theobroma cacao
Theobroma cacao (cacao tree or cocoa tree) is a small (6–12 m (20–39 ft) tall) evergreen tree in the Malvaceae family. Its seeds—cocoa beans—are used to make chocolate liquor, cocoa solids, cocoa butter and chocolate.  Although the tree is native to the tropics of the Americas, the largest producer of cocoa beans in 2022 was Ivory Coast.

Cocoa solids
Dry cocoa solids are the components of cocoa beans remaining after cocoa butter, the fatty component of the bean, is extracted from chocolate liquor, roasted cocoa beans that have been ground into a liquid state. Cocoa butter is 46% to 57% of the weight of cocoa beans and gives chocolate its characteristic melting properties. Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the dry solids with a small remaining amount of cocoa butter. Untreated cocoa powder is bitter and acidic. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with an alkali to neutralize the acid.

Cocoa powder contains flavanols, amounts of which are reduced if the cocoa is subjected to acid-reducing alkalization.

Other definitions of cocoa solids, especially legal ones, include all cocoa ingredients (cocoa mass, cocoa powder and cocoa butter). In this case, cocoa solids without cocoa butter are specified as non-fat cocoa solids.
Changesite-(Y)
Changesite-(Y), with the chemical formula (Ca8Y)□Fe2+(PO4)7, is a mineral found forming colorless transparent columnar crystals in basalt particles on the Moon. Changesite-(Y) is a member of the merrillite group of phosphate minerals.

Phosphate mineral
Phosphate minerals are minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO3−4) anion, sometimes with arsenate (AsO3−4) and vanadate (VO3−4) substitutions, along with chloride (Cl−), fluoride (F−), and hydroxide (OH−) anions, that also fit into the crystal structure.

The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common.
2004 Belgian regional elections
On 13 June 2004, regional elections were held in Belgium, to choose representatives in the regional councils of the Flemish Parliament, the Walloon Parliament, the Brussels Parliament and the German-speaking Community of Belgium. The elections were held on the same day as the European elections.

2004 European Parliament election in Belgium
Elections to the European Parliament were held in Belgium on 13 June 2004. The elections produced little overall change in the distribution of seats in the European Parliament among Belgium's many political parties. The two socialist parties improved their vote, while the Green parties lost ground. The Flemish nationalist party the Flemish Bloc (Vlaams Blok) registered the largest gains.
Feminist geography
Feminist geography is a sub-discipline of human geography that applies the theories, methods, and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society, and geographical space. Feminist geography emerged in the 1970s, when members of the women's movement called on academia to include women as both producers and subjects of academic work. Feminist geographers aim to incorporate positions of race, class, ability, and sexuality into the study of geography. The discipline was a target for the hoaxes of the grievance studies affair.

Postcolonialism
Postcolonialism is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the critical theory framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, critical race theory.
USS Abel P. Upshur
USS Abel P. Upshur (DD-193) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy and United States Coast Guard until transferred to the United Kingdom in 1940. During World War II, she served in the Royal Navy as HMS Clare.

Clemson-class destroyer
The Clemson class was a series of 156 destroyers (six more were cancelled and never begun) built at the end of World War I, the majority of which served with the United States Navy from after World War I and through World War II.

The Clemson-class ships were commissioned by the United States Navy from 1919 to 1922, built by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, William Cramp & Sons, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Bath Iron Works, some quite rapidly. The Clemson class was a minor redesign of the Wickes class for greater fuel capacity and was the last pre-World War II class of flush-deck destroyers to be built for the United States. Until the Fletcher-class destroyer, the Clemsons were the most numerous class of destroyers commissioned in the United States Navy and were known colloquially as "flush-deckers", "four-stackers" or "four-pipers".
Gorse Hill (ward)
Gorse Hill was an electoral ward of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It covered parts of Stretford, including Gorse Hill, most of Trafford Park and a small part of Old Trafford.

The ward was created in 2004 largely from parts of the old Park and Talbot wards. Gorse Hill ward has always elected Labour councillors by a large margin. The ward is now largely part of the new Gorse Hill and Cornbrook ward created in 2023.

Old Trafford (area)
Old Trafford is an area of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, which borders the cities of Manchester and Salford, two miles (3.2 km) south-west of Manchester city centre in the historic county of Lancashire. It is the north-eastern tip of the parliamentary constituency of Stretford and Urmston and is roughly delineated by two old toll gates, Brooks' Bar and Trafford Bar, to the east and west.

Old Trafford is the site of Old Trafford Cricket Ground, home of Lancashire County Cricket Club, and Old Trafford football stadium, the home of Manchester United, on opposite ends of Brian Statham Way (formerly Warwick Road) and Sir Matt Busby Way (formerly Warwick Road North). The road between them retains the name Warwick Road, and the southern section on the other side of the Metrolink line is Warwick Road South.
Mahmoud Sattari
Mahmoud Sattari (Persian: محمود ستاری born 22 February 1991) is an Iranian Muay Thai kickboxer. Sattari is currently under contract with the K-1 Organization.

As of June 2022 he was the #9 ranked Light Heavyweight kickboxer in the world by Combat Press.

Krush (kickboxing)
Krush is a martial arts entertainment planning and promotional brand established in 2008. Currently based in Japan, it is the sister brand of K-1. Krush promotes kickboxing events across ten male and three female weight classes. It is considered to be the second tier of K-1, and has produced numerous K-1 competitors; such as Takeru Segawa, Tatsuya Tsubakihara and Yuki Egawa.
Undeceived
Undeceived is the second LP and third studio release by Norwegian Christian metal band Extol. It was released in 2000 on Solid State Records and re-released in 2002 on Century Media; all releases of the album other than the Solid State version switch the two opening tracks, such that "Undeceived" is the first track on the album.

HM (magazine)
HM Magazine is a monthly, digital and print on demand publication focusing on hard rock music and alternative culture of interest to Christians. It is based in Houston, Texas. Originally published as Heaven's Metal, it was renamed to HM in 1995, and in late 2004 Heaven's Metal was reissued as a separate publication from HM, with some shared editorial overlap.
Mr. Theertha
Mr. Theertha is a 2010 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by Sadhu Kokila. It is a remake of the 1995 Malayalam film Spadikam. The film stars Sudeep, Saloni Aswani and Anant Nag in the lead roles. The music was composed by Gurukiran. The film was dubbed into Telugu as Rowdy Simha and into Hindi as Rowdy Shankar in 2013.

It is a story of young man, estranged from his narcissistic father, upon failing to meet the latter's high expectations for intellectual pursuits.

Suvarna Film Awards
The Suvarna Film Awards is an award ceremony for Kannada films presented annually by Star Suvarna Channel, a Kannada-language division of the STAR India, from the south-Indian state of Karnataka. The awards ceremony has been instituted to honour both artistic and technical excellence in the Kannada language film industry. Held since 2008, the awards' sponsors have been made by Ujala and Confident Group.
Bagram torture and prisoner abuse
In 2005, The New York Times obtained a 2,000-page United States Army investigatory report concerning the homicides of two unarmed civilian Afghan prisoners by U.S. military personnel in December 2002 at the Bagram Theater Internment Facility (also Bagram Collection Point or B.C.P., now the Parwan Detention Facility) in Bagram, Afghanistan, and general treatment of prisoners. Two prisoners, Habibullah and Dilawar, were repeatedly chained to the ceiling and beaten, resulting in their deaths. Military coroners ruled that both prisoners' deaths were homicides. Autopsies revealed severe trauma to both prisoners' legs, describing the trauma as comparable to being run over by a bus. Seven soldiers were charged in 2005.

Hajimumin, another prisoner, told Al Jazeera that they tied them to chairs and applied electric shocks for 30 seconds a time for torture purposes.

Abuse
Abuse is the act of improper usage or treatment of a person or thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other types of aggression. Some sources describe abuse as "socially constructed", which means there may be more or less recognition of the suffering of a victim at different times and societies.
Bonzi (family)
The House of Bonzi is a noble Italian family originating from Crema, Italy. The family rose to prominence thanks to the services rendered to the Republic of Venice during the conquest of Crema in 1449, as part of the Italian Wars of the 15th century.

In recognition of their merits, the family was granted noble status as counts by Venice and received feudal jurisdiction over the Serio River. In addition to their presence in Crema, the Bonzi also established themselves in the cities of Milan and Bergamo, further expanding into the United States and Argentina in later centuries.

In 1897, by a ruling of the Court of Crema, the surname was officially changed from Bonzio to Bonzi.

Consulte de Lyon
The Consulte de Lyon (consulta of Lyon) or consulte de la république cisalpine (consulta of the Cisalpine Republic) was an extraordinary meeting in the former chapel of the Jesuit college of the Trinity in Lyon during the French Consulate. It was held from 11–26 January 1802 and converted the Cisalpine Republic into the Italian Republic, with Napoleon Bonaparte as its president.
Military career of Giovanni Messe
Giovanni Messe (1883–1968) built his military career through a gradual rise through the ranks of the Royal Italian Army from prior to World War I through World War II. Messe distinguished himself through both staff and field command during World War I, and he further cemented this reputation during the years between the two world wars.

In the course of World War II, Messe commanded significant Italian forces on the Eastern Front and in North Africa, where he earned praise for his organizational abilities and leadership in difficult conditions. In 1944 he became Chief of the General Staff of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, and was subsequently made Marshal of Italy, which was the final appointment to that position.

9th Infantry Division "Pasubio"
The 9th Infantry Division Pasubio (Italian: 9ª Divisione di fanteria "Pasubio") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Pasubio was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once. The division was formed as an infantry division in 1934, reorganized as auto-transportable division in 1939 and mobilized in August 1940. It was named for the battles on Pasubio during World War I. Its 79th Infantry Regiment and 8th Artillery Regiment were made up of men from Verona, while the ranks of the 80th Regiment were filled with men from Mantua. Its I CC.NN. Battalion "Sabauda" was made up of Blackshirt volunteers from Turin.
Christopher Boyd (IT security)
Christopher Boyd, also known by his online pseudonym Paperghost, is a computer security researcher.

Boyd was Director of Malware Research for security company FaceTime, before becoming a Senior Threat Researcher at Sunbelt Software (later known as GFI Software). In December 2013 Malwarebytes announced Boyd had joined their Malware Intelligence team to research new threats.

Spyware
Spyware (a portmanteau for spying software) is any malware  that aims to gather information about a person or organization and send it to another entity in a way that harms the user by violating their privacy, endangering their device's security, or other means. This behavior may be present in other malware and in legitimate software. Websites may engage in spyware behaviors like web tracking. Hardware devices may also be affected.

Spyware is frequently associated with advertising and involves many of the same issues. Because these behaviors are so common, and can have non-harmful uses, providing a precise definition of spyware is a difficult task.