hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Non-native pronunciations of English
Non-native pronunciations of English result from the common linguistic phenomenon in which non-native speakers of any language tend to transfer the intonation, phonological processes and pronunciation rules of their first language into their English speech. They may also create innovative pronunciations not found in the speaker's native language.

Second language
A second language (L2) is a language spoken in addition to one's first language (L1). A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language.

A speaker's dominant language, which is the language a speaker uses most or is most comfortable with, is not necessarily the speaker's first language. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children start school or move to a new language environment.
The Battle for Wesnoth
The Battle for Wesnoth is a free and open-source turn-based strategy video game with a high fantasy setting (similar to J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium), designed by Australian-American developer David White and first released in June 2003. In Wesnoth, the player controls a particular faction/race and attempts to build a powerful army by controlling villages and defeating enemies for experience. The game is loosely based on the Sega Genesis games Master of Monsters and Warsong.

Warsong
Warsong, known as Langrisser (ラングリッサー) in Japan, is a tactical role-playing game developed by Nippon Computer Systems (NCS). The first in the Langrisser series, it blended tactical warfare with RPG elements, similar to the Fire Emblem series. It was initially released for the Sega Genesis console and later the PC Engine CD (in Super CD-ROM² format), the former version being published by Treco in America. The PC Engine version was released under the title Langrisser: The Descendants of Light. It was re-released alongside Der Langrisser (a remake of Langrisser II) in a compilation for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation. That compilation was released for the PlayStation Network in 2009. A full remake of Langrisser I & II was also released in 2019 on both Sony PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch and on PC in 2020, featuring new graphics and BGM and also new playable characters and multiple paths through the game for Langrisser I.
Muslim Students Association of South Africa
Union of Muslim Students' Associations (MSA) is an umbrella body representing the members of all respective Muslim Student Association chapters, regional bodies and other, across South Africa.

Established in 1974, the MSA is represented at almost every major university in South Africa, through its chapters.

It has grown to be one of the largest student representative bodies in South Africa, representing South African Muslim students at a provincial, national and international level.

MSA Union’s vision is to assist in the development of Muslim students and to see a Muslim role model in every facet of society.

Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Cape Peninsula University of Technology (Afrikaans: Kaapse Skiereiland Universiteit van Tegnologie), commonly referred to simply as CPUT, is a university of technology based in Cape Town, South Africa.

It is the only university of technology in the Western Cape province, and is also the largest university in the province by student population, with over 35,000 enrolled as of 2026. The institution was established in 2005, through the merging of the Cape Technikon, Peninsula Technikon, and a few other independent colleges.
Chizar
Chizar (Persian: چیذر) is a neighborhood in Shemiran, north of Tehran, Iran. Chizar used to be a village which was gradually annexed to the capital with the expansion of Tehran city. Chizar neighborhood has a long religious history indicated by the presence of Imamzadeh Ali Akbar.

Shemiran
Shemirān (Persian: شمیران, pronounced [ʃemiːˈɾɒːn]) is the capital of Shemiranat County, Tehran Province, Iran, but is actually located just north of the borders of Tehran County along Chamran Expressway and Sadr Expressway and it is the northernmost district of the city of Tehran.

Shemiran lies in the slopes of Alborz Mountain and enjoys a suitable mild climate. It has fine and well-kept parks and is home to the richest class of Iranian society. Most of the foreign embassies and the Tehran International Fair are situated in Shemiran.

It is also where Imam Zadeh Saleh is, and where the former home of Ruhollah Khomeini was located.

Among the neighborhoods of Shemiran are: Darakeh, Darband, Jamaran, and Niavaran on the far north, as well as Zafaraniyeh, Elahiyeh, Velenjak, Gheytarieh, Farmanieh ,Kamranieh, jordan, amaniyeh, and  lavasan .
Keele Yard
Keele Yard (originally known as Vincent Yard) is a rail yard on the Toronto Transit Commission's (TTC's) Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway system. Keele Yard is located between Dundas West and Keele stations.

Toronto subway
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), an agency of the City of Toronto. The system is a rail network consisting of five lines: Line 1 Yonge–University, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, Line 4 Sheppard, Line 5 Eglinton, and Line 6 Finch West.

In 1954, the TTC opened Canada's first underground rail line, then known as the "Yonge subway" and now part of Line 1, under Yonge Street between Union Station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations. As of 2026, the network encompasses 109 stations and 99.4 kilometres (61.8 mi) of route. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 331,789,000, or about 1,079,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it the busiest rapid transit system in Canada in terms of daily ridership. As of February 2026, there are 21 stations under construction as part of one new line (the Ontario Line) and two extensions to existing lines.
Twist Phelan
Twist Phelan is an American writer of crime fiction. She is known for her Finn Teller Corporate Spy  mystery series, Pinnacle Peak mystery series, and her short stories, which have won numerous awards (including two International Thriller Writers Awards and the Arthur Ellis Award for Best Crime Short Story of the Year).

Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine
Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine is a bi-monthly American digest size fiction magazine specializing in crime fiction, particularly detective fiction, and mystery fiction. Launched in fall 1941 by Mercury Press, EQMM is named after the fictitious author Ellery Queen, who wrote novels and short stories about a fictional detective named Ellery Queen. From 1993, EQMM changed its cover title to be Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (without the "'s"), but the table of contents still retains the full name.
Gubbängen metro station
Gubbängen metro station is on the Green Line (Line 18) of the Stockholm metro, located in Gubbängen, Söderort. The station was inaugurated on 1 October 1950 as part of the inaugural stretch of Stockholm metro between Slussen and Hökarängen. The distance to Slussen is 6.7 km (4.2 mi).

The station was put into use on October 1, 1950, when the subway line Slussen–Hökarängen was inaugurated. Towards the south, the track is led on a viaduct over Gubbängsfältet.

The station has an outdoor platform along Lingvägen and Gubbängstorget. The entrance is reached via an underpass either from Herrhagsvägen or from Gubbängstorget / Knektvägen.

The artistic decoration consists of the work Guardians, two bronze sculptures by Ragnhild Alexandersson, from 1994.

Green line (Stockholm metro)
The Green Line (Swedish: Gröna linjen) is the oldest of the three Stockholm Metro lines. The 41.256-kilometre (25.635 mi) long line comprises a single double-tracked line north of the city centre, splitting into three branches south of the city centre. The first section of the line opened as a metro in 1950, making it the first and oldest metro line in the Nordic countries, although some parts of the line date back to the 1930s and were originally used by the Stockholm tramway.
Castillo mangüé
"Castillo mangüé", also known as "Chévere mangüé", is a traditional Cuban pregón (street cry) often played as a yambú, son or guaracha. According to Helio Orovio, it is an example of an orally transmitted yambú still performed today.

Street cries
Street cries are the short lyrical calls of merchants hawking their products and services in open-air markets. The custom of hawking led many vendors to create custom melodic phrases to attract attention. At a time when a large proportion of the population were illiterate, the cries of street vendors and town criers provided the public with important messages, whether those messages were commercial in nature or of more general public interest. Street cries were part of the aural fabric of street life from antiquity.

Street cries have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. During the 18th and 19th century, as urban populations grew, the street cries of major urban centers became one of the distinctive features of city life. Street cries became popular subject matter for poets, musicians, artists and writers of the period. Many of these street cries were catalogued in large collections or incorporated into larger musical works, preserving them from oblivion.
John J. Ballentine
John Jennings Ballentine (4 October 1896 – 21 May 1970) was an early United States Naval Aviator who commanded the escort carrier USS Long Island and the fleet carrier USS Bunker Hill during World War II. After the war, he commanded the United States Sixth Fleet and Naval Air Force Atlantic.

Naval aviator (United States)
A naval aviator is a commissioned officer or warrant officer qualified as a crewed aircraft pilot in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. United States Coast Guard crewed aircraft pilots are officially designated as "Coast Guard aviators", although they complete the same undergraduate flight training as Navy and Marine Corps crewed aircraft pilots, and are awarded the same aviation breast insignia.
Simnialena uniplicata
Simnialena uniplicata, common name the one-tooth simnia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries. It lives on the sea whip, Leptogorgia virgulata.

Ovulidae
Ovulidae, common names the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries, is a family of small to large predatory or parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and the cowry allies.
Luttermöller axle
A Luttermöller axle is an unusual steam locomotive component. Steam locomotives with several axles or wheelsets connected to one another by coupling rods are not able to negotiate tight curves well. In order to assist such locomotives, the manager of the Orenstein & Koppel factory in Berlin, Dr. Luttermöller, built the axle system named after him.

Coupling rod
A coupling rod or side rod connects the driving wheels of a locomotive. Steam locomotives in particular usually have them, but some diesel and electric locomotives, especially older ones and shunter locomotives, also have them. The coupling rods transfer the power of drive to all wheels.
Jan Viktor Mládek
Jan Viktor Mládek (7 December 1911 – 7 August 1989) was initially a Czechoslovak, then an American economist of Polish-Czech origin, governor and one of the executive directors of the International Monetary Fund, art collector and patron of Central European art.

Edvard Beneš
Edvard Beneš (Czech: [ˈɛdvard ˈbɛnɛʃ] ⓘ; 28 May 1884 – 3 September 1948) was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1939 to 1948. During the first six years of his second stint, he led the Czechoslovak government-in-exile during World War II.

As president, Beneš faced two major crises, which both resulted in his resignation. His first resignation came after the Munich Agreement and subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, which resulted in his government's exile in the United Kingdom. The second came about with the 1948 Communist coup, which created a Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Before his time as president, Beneš was also the first foreign affairs minister (1918–1935) and the fourth prime minister (1921–1922) of Czechoslovakia. The de facto leader of the Czech National Social Party, he was known as a skilled diplomat.
Atsimo-Andrefana
Atsimo-Andrefana (South West) is a region of Madagascar. It borders Menabe in north, Amoron'i Mania and Haute Matsiatra in northeast, Ihorombe and Anosy in east and Androy in southeast. The capital is Toliara and the population was 1,799,088 in 2018. Atsimo Andrefana is geographically the largest of all Malagasy regions with an area of 66,236 km2 (25,574 sq mi).

Regions of Madagascar
Madagascar is divided into 24 regions (faritra). The regions are de facto first-level administrative divisions of the country, although they are formally subordinate to the six provinces.

The subdivision of Madagascar's provinces into regions dates to 2004, when 22 regions were established. In 2021, Vatovavy-Fitovinany was split into the regions of Fitovinany and Vatovavy. The law creating Ambatosoa from the northern part of Analanjirofo was enacted in 2023 and the new region was inaugurated in 2025.

The table below records the area of the regions using the current borders, along with the population within those borders as recorded in the 2018 census.
Gabriel Soares de Sousa
Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1540–1591) was a Portuguese explorer and naturalist. A participant in Francisco Barretos Africa expeditions, he settled in the Portuguese colony of Brazil living there for seventeen years. He wrote Tratado Descritivo do Brasil  (A Descriptive Treatise of Brazil), published in 1587. This part encyclopaedia and part personal narrative describes flora and cultivated plants, gives an account of the culture of cotton, the medicinal qualities of tobacco and the so-called “trees reaes” or royal trees, trees of commercial value. It also covers native tribes. In 1591 he led an expedition along the São Francisco River.

Francisco Barreto
Francisco Barreto (occasionally Francisco de Barreto, 1520 – 9 July 1573) was a Portuguese soldier and explorer. An officer in Morocco during his early life, Barreto sailed to Portuguese India and was eventually appointed viceroy of the colony. After his return to Lisbon, he was tasked with an expedition to southeast Africa in search of legendary gold mines. Barreto died in what is now Mozambique, having never reached the mines.
Frank Wead
Frank Wilbur "Spig" Wead (24 October 1895 – 15 November 1947) was a U.S. Navy aviator who helped promote United States Naval aviation from its inception through World War II. Commander Wead was a recognized authority on early aviation. Following a crippling spinal injury in 1926, Wead was placed on the retired list. In the 1930s, he became a screenwriter, becoming involved in more than 30 movies. He also published several books, short stories and magazine articles. During World War II, he returned to active duty. He initially worked in a planning role, but later undertook sea duty in the Pacific, where he saw action against the Japanese in 1943–44 before being placed on the retired list in mid-1945.

Naval Medical Center San Diego
Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) is a United States Navy hospital in San Diego, California. It is also known as Bob Wilson Naval Hospital and informally referred to as "Balboa Hospital", and "The Pink Palace", due to the stucco of the first buildings that were constructed being pinkish in color.
Contamination (textual criticism)
In textual criticism, contamination refers to the phenomenon in which a manuscript or witness incorporates readings from multiple source texts, rather than following a single line of transmission. This undermines models that assume a single line of descent and complicates efforts to reconstruct an archetype.

German classical philologist Paul Maas warned that there is "no remedy against contamination." Since the late twentieth century, editors have treated contamination as common across Greco‑Roman, biblical, medieval, and non‑Western traditions, and they have adopted network or local geneaological models that can register intersecting lines of descent.

In New Testament studies the phenomenon is often called mixture. The development of phylogenetic and coherence‑based approaches has provided practical strategies for analyzing contamination without assuming a single global stemma.

F. J. A. Hort
Fenton John Anthony Hort FSA (23 April 1828 – 30 November 1892), known as F. J. A. Hort, was an Irish-born theologian and editor, with Brooke Foss Westcott of a critical edition of The New Testament in the Original Greek.
Netherlands A cricket team in Ireland in 2021
The Netherlands A cricket team toured Ireland in May 2021 to play three unofficial One Day International matches (with List A status) against the Ireland Wolves cricket team. The fixtures of the tour were confirmed by Cricket Ireland on 22 April 2021, with all the three unofficial ODI matches being played at Oak Hill on 10, 12 and 13 May.

The bilateral series was originally used for both teams as the preparation for the World Cup Super League matches between the two sides which was held in June 2021.

On 4 May 2021, the Royal Dutch Cricket Association announced a 14-man squad for the series, with Scott Edwards as the captain. While the next day, Cricket Ireland also confirmed the squads for Ireland Wolves, with Harry Tector named as the captain.

Irish cricket team in the Netherlands in 2021
The Ireland cricket team toured the Netherlands in June 2021 to play three One Day International (ODI). The ODI matches formed part of the inaugural 2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League. The teams last played an ODI against each other in July 2013, during the 2011–2013 ICC World Cricket League Championship, with the match ending in a tie.

Cricket Ireland confirmed the fixtures in February 2021, and the matches were played at the Sportpark Maarschalkerweerd in Utrecht. The matches were shown on Ziggo in the Netherlands, the first time a Dutch international cricket series was broadcast live in the country.

The Netherlands won the first ODI by one run with the match going down to the final ball. Ireland then won the next match by eight wickets to level the series. The Netherlands won the third and final ODI by four wickets to win the series 2–1.
Bandvagn 206
Bandvagn 206 (bv 206) (meaning "Tracked Vehicle 206" in English) is a tracked articulated, all-terrain carrier initially developed and manufactured by the Swedish company Hägglund & Söner, and subsequently by BAE Systems Hägglunds, for the Swedish Army. It consists of two units, with all four tracks powered. It can carry up to 17 people, 6 in the front compartment, 11 in the rear. The trailer unit can be adapted for different uses (see Variants section).

Spanish Army
The Spanish Army (Spanish: Ejército de Tierra, lit. 'Army of Land') is the terrestrial army of the Spanish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is one of the oldest active armies, dating back to the late 15th century.

The Spanish Army has existed continuously since the reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (late 15th century). The oldest and largest of the three services, its mission was the defence of Peninsular Spain, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Melilla, Ceuta and the Spanish islands and rocks off the northern coast of Africa.
Thomas Clerke (songwriter)
Thomas Clerke was a Sunderland singer/songwriter and poet from the seventeenth and/or eighteenth century.

Thomas Clerke was said to be a “Gentleman of powerful convivial talents and the author of several spirited, and Anacreontic¹ songs” many of which are now attributed to others.

He was said to be always cheerful and an outgoing member of society. His works were poetical and full of ready wit and sparkling humour.

His works include :-

Sons of the Wear

Musical Club

Ode to Silver Street

Spottee – appears in The Bishoprick Garland by (Sir) Cuthbert Sharp and also A Beuk o’ Newcassell Sangs by Joseph Crawhall.

’Tis all that I desire (actual title unknown) – an extract of which appears in The Bishoprick Garland.

¹ Anacreontic = in the manner of the Greek lyric poet Anacreon (?572–?488 BC), noted for his short songs celebrating love and wine - or (of verse) in praise of love or wine; amatory or convivial

Spottee
Spottee was a character from the eighteenth century, thought to be a stranded French sailor, who after living rough and begging, found a Sea cave, north of the River Wear estuary, to the north of Sunderland, and which he made his home.
Oil exploration in Puntland
Oil exploration in Puntland, an autonomous region in northeastern Somalia which is a federal state, began in the mid-2000s as a series of negotiations between the provincial administration and foreign oil companies. By 2012, exploratory wells established in the area yielded the first signs of crude oil.

Range Resources
Range Resources Corporation is a natural gas exploration and production company, the headquartered is in Fort Worth, Texas. It operates in the Marcellus Formation, where it is the largest land owners.

As of December 31, 2024, the company had 18.131 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent of estimated proved reserves, which 64% was natural gas, 35% was natural gas liquids, and 1% was petroleum.
Grønning
Grønning (Norwegian) or Gronnegak (Northern Sami) is a small village in Hadsel Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located along the Eidsfjorden on the island of Langøya, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of the village of Sandnes. The tiny village area is home to Grønning Church, which serves the northern part of Hadsel Municipality.

Langøya
Langøya is the third largest island of Norway (outside of Svalbard), with an area of 850.2 square kilometres (328.3 sq mi). The island is a part of the Vesterålen archipelago in Nordland county, Norway. The island includes Bø Municipality and Øksnes Municipality as well as parts of Sortland Municipality and Hadsel Municipality.
Leeds (European Parliament constituency)
Leeds was a European Parliament constituency, centred on Leeds in the West Yorkshire area of England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Batley and Morley, Leeds East, Leeds North East, Leeds North West, Leeds South, Leeds South East, Leeds West and Pudsey.  In 1984, Batley and Morley, Leeds South and Leeds South West were replaced by Elmet, Leeds Central and Morley and Leeds South.

In 1999, the constituency became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency.

Leeds South East
Leeds South East was a borough constituency in the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created for the 1918 general election, and abolished for the 1983 general election.