hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arthur H. Livermore
Arthur Hamilton Livermore (August 14, 1915 – October 12, 2009) was a science educator.  He was educated at Reed College in Portland and in the University of Rochester in New York, where he worked on the synthesis of penicillin under Vincent du Vigneaud, who won the 1955 Nobel Prize in chemistry. He obtained a PhD in Chemistry in 1944. He taught biochemistry at Cornell University and Reed College to 1963. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1954 for work in Molecular & Cellular Biology.

He worked for the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Washington, D.C. from 1963 to 1981. For 18 months, he worked in Penang, Malaysia, training educators from Asian countries. In the 1970s, he directed a program for a university science lecturers' exchange between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. He was a member of the Cosmos Club.

After retirement, he continued as a science adviser, teacher and volunteer in Washington.

Vincent du Vigneaud
Vincent du Vigneaud (May 18, 1901 – December 11, 1978) was an American biochemist. He was recipient of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone," a reference to his work on the peptide hormone oxytocin.
2016 Parti Québécois leadership election
The 2016 Parti Québécois leadership election  occurred from October 5 to October 7, 2016 due to the resignation of Parti Québécois leader Pierre Karl Péladeau on May 2, 2016. Jean-François Lisée was elected on the second ballot with 50.63% of the vote.

To be nominated, a candidate paid a $20,000 non-refundable registration fee and submitted signatures of 1,500 party members from the provinces 45 different ridings in Quebec's seven regions by June 30, 2016. The campaign spending limit was $200,000 per candidate.

2015 Parti Québécois leadership election
The 2015 Parti Québécois leadership election was held from May 13 to May 15, 2015 as a result of the resignation of Parti Québécois leader Pauline Marois after the defeat of her government in the April 7, 2014 provincial election.
Tuen Mun South station
Tuen Mun South is the future northern terminus of MTR's Tuen Ma line. It is to be constructed elevated across Wu King Road and Wu Chui Road in Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. The construction of the station is gazetted as part of the Tuen Mun South extension by the Hong Kong Government in January 2022. The station is expected to open for service in 2030.

Tuen Mun
Tuen Mun (Chinese: 屯門) or Castle Peak is an area near the mouth of Tuen Mun River and Castle Peak Bay in the west of New Territories, Hong Kong. It was one of the earliest settlements in what is now Hong Kong and can be dated to the Neolithic period. In the more recent past, it was home to many Tanka fishermen who gathered at Castle Peak Bay. Tuen Mun is now a modern, mainly residential area in the north-west New Territories. As of 2025, around 540,000 residents live in Tuen Mun.
Sambaina
Sambaina is the name of several towns and communes in Madagascar. Sambaina (Manjakandriana) belongs to the district of Manjakandriana, which is a part of Analamanga Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,831 in 2018.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority, 85%, of the population of the commune are farmers.  The most important crops are cassava and potatoes, while other important agricultural products are beans and rice. Services provide employment for 15% of the population.

Manjakandriana
Manjakandriana is a town and commune in Manjakandriana District, Analamanga Region, in the  Central Highlands of Madagascar. It is located 47 km east of Antananarivo on the Route Nationale RN2 and the railway line from Antananarivo - Toamasina.
Museum of Grenoble
The Museum of Grenoble (French: Musée de Grenoble) is a municipal museum of Fine Arts and antiquities in the city of Grenoble in the Isère region of France.

Located on the left bank of the Isère River, place Lavalette, it is known both for its collections of ancient art and for its collections of modern and contemporary art. Thanks to the action of Andry-Farcy, one of its curators in the interwar period, it is considered the very best museum of modern art in France.

Its temporary rooms allow it to organize two exhibitions each year.

Eustache Le Sueur
Eustache Le Sueur or Lesueur (French pronunciation: [østaʃ lə sɥœʁ]; 19 November 1617 – 30 April 1655) was a French artist and one of the founders of the French Academy of Painting. He is known primarily for his paintings of religious subjects. He was a leading exponent of the neoclassical style of Parisian Atticism.
1894 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team
The 1894 Oregon Agricultural Aggies football team represented Oregon Agricultural College (OAC)—now known as Oregon State University—during the 1894 college football season. In their first and only year under head coach Guy Kennedy, the Aggies compiled a 2–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 52 to 28. They defeated Oregon (16–0) and Oregon State Normal (36–6), but lost playing for the state championship to Portland University, 22–0.

Portland University
Portland University was a private, Methodist post-secondary school in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1891 in a split from Willamette University, the school closed in 1900. The campus was located in what is now the University Park neighborhood and later became home of the University of Portland. The original campus building, West Hall, still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Devyatkino (Saint Petersburg Metro)
Devyatkino (Russian: Девя́ткино; until 1992 Komsomolskaya Russian: Комсомольская) is a station of the Saint Petersburg Metro and St. Petersburg–Kuznechnoye railway. It is the only Metro station located outside the city limits, in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast.

It is the northern terminus of the Kirovsko–Vyborgskaya Line. The name of the station is derived from the name of nearby suburb. Like Rybatskoye, Kupchino and Parnas the station is located on the surface  and connected to an electrichka commuter train station by the same name. In this case, the southbound train tracks are on the left side of the station while the northbound tracks are on the right, allowing for easy transfers between the subway and the trains.

Devyatkino was opened on 29 December 1978 as the part of the last segment of the line.

Until 1982 it was the northernmost metro station in the world, which was surpassed by the Helsinki Metro.

Kupchino (Saint Petersburg Metro)
Kupchino (Russian: Ку́пчино) is a station on the Moskovsko-Petrogradskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. It was opened on December 25, 1972. It was designed by K.N. Afonskya, A.C. Getskin and I.E. Sergeyeva. According to the original plans, the station was initially supposed to be called "Vitebskaya". The station received its final name after a small village Kupchino, that is located 2 km to the North of the station.

Kupchino is the oldest surviving above-ground station in Saint Peterburg (the since-demolished Dachnoye predates it by several years). It has a transfer link-up to Kupchino Station of the Vitebskya Railroad. It also has two exits to outside the station, as well as a long tunnel that leads to Vitebsky Prospect.

The most famous resident of Kupchino is arguably the third President and previous Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Medvedev, who grew up in this area.  Another famous resident of the neighborhood is the mathematician Grigori Perelman.
Raptor conservation
Raptor conservation concerns are threats affecting the population viability of birds of prey.  Because of their hunting lifestyle, raptors face distinct conservation challenges.  As top predators, they are important for healthy ecosystem functioning, and by protecting them many other species are safeguarded.  Their extensive habitat requirements make regional conservation strategies necessary for protecting birds of prey.

Shot (pellet)
Shot is a collective term for small spheres or pellets, often made of lead. These have been projected from slings since ancient times and were the original projectiles for shotguns and are still fired primarily from shotguns and grenade launchers, while they are less commonly used in riot guns. Shot shells are also available in many handgun calibers in a configuration known as "birdshot", "rat shot", or "snake shot".

Lead shot is also used for a variety of other purposes such as filling cavities with dense material for weight and/or balance. Some versions may be plated with other metals. Lead shot was originally made by pouring molten lead through screens into water, forming what was known as "swan shot", and, later, more economically mass-produced at higher quality using a shot tower. The Bliemeister method has supplanted the shot tower method since the early 1960s.
2012 Illinois State Redbirds football team
The 2012 Illinois State Redbirds football team represented Illinois State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) during the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Brock Spack, the Redbirds compiled an overall record of 9–4 with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, placing in a three-way tie for third in the MVFC. Illinois State received an at-large bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs. After a first-round bye, the Redbirds defeated Appalachian State in the second round before falling to Eastern Washington in the quarterfinals. The team played home games at Hancock Stadium in Normal, Illinois.

Illinois State averaged 6,511 fans per home game in 2012 while the East Side of Hancock Stadium was being renovated. Two games were sold out, against Eastern Illinois and Southern Illinois.

2012 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
The 2012 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) during the 2012 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by first-year head coach Dino Babers, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 7–5 overall with a mark of 6–1 in conference play, winning the OVC title. Eastern Illinois earned the conference's automatic bid into the NCAA Division I Football Championship playoffs, where they lost in the first round to South Dakota State. The team played home games at O'Brien Field in Charleston, Illinois.
2000 Elite League speedway season
The 2000 Elite League speedway season was the 66th season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom. It was the fourth known as the Elite League and was governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA).

British Speedway Promoters' Association
The British Speedway Promoters Limited (BSPL) organises the domestic motorcycle speedway competitions in the United Kingdom. They are also responsible for the promotion and running of the FIM meetings staged in Britain. Wimbledon controller Ronnie Green was the first chairman of the organization.

Each club has a promoter in the association, although promotions under three years of membership do not have a vote. A Management Committee is elected at the Annual General Meeting, and this committee is responsible for the day-to-day running of British speedway.

All the promoters meet periodically to discuss matters of importance, usually rule changes.
Matagaga
Matagaga (possibly from Quechua mata united, qaqa rock, "united rock") is a mountain on the eastern extensions of the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about 4,400 metres (14,436 ft) high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huari Province, Chavin de Huantar District. Mata Qaqa lies east of the Rangracancha valley (possibly from Quechua for "stoney corral") and northeast of the Challhua valley (possibly from Quechua challwa fish). The Mosna River flows along its northern slopes.

Cordillera Blanca
The Cordillera Blanca (Spanish for "white range") is a mountain range in Peru that is part of the larger Andes range and extends for 200 kilometres (124 mi) between 8°08' and 9°58'S and 77°00' and 77°52'W, in a northwesterly direction. It includes several peaks over 6,000 metres (19,690 ft) high and 722 individual glaciers. The highest mountain in Peru, Huascarán, at 6,768 metres (22,205 ft) high, is located there.

The Cordillera Blanca lies in the Ancash region and runs parallel to the Santa River valley (also called Callejón de Huaylas in its upper and midsections) on the west. Huascarán National Park, established in 1975, encompasses almost the entire range of the Cordillera Blanca.

Snowmelt from the Cordillera Blanca provides part of northern Peru with its year-round water supply, while 5% of Peru's power comes from a hydro-electrical plant located in the Santa River valley. The area of permanent ice cover shrank by about a third between the 1970s and 2006.
Middle-range theory (sociology)
Middle-range theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, is an approach to sociological theorizing aimed at integrating theory and empirical research. It is currently the de facto dominant approach to sociological theory construction, especially in the United States.

Middle-range theory starts with an empirical phenomenon (as opposed to a broad abstract entity like the social system) and abstracts from it to create general statements that can be verified by data. This approach stands in contrast to the earlier "grand" theorizing of social theory, such as functionalism and many conflict theories. Raymond Boudon has argued that "middle-range" theory is the same concept that most other sciences simply call "theory".

The analytical sociology movement has as its aim the unification of such theories into a coherent paradigm at a greater level of abstraction.

Social theory
Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. positivism and antipositivism), the primacy of either structure or agency, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity. Social theory in an informal nature, or authorship based outside of academic social and political science, may be referred to as "social criticism" or "social commentary", or "cultural criticism" and may be associated both with formal cultural and literary scholarship, as well as other non-academic or journalistic forms of writing.
Hans Økland
Hans Økland (19 August 1918 – 23 April 2010) was a Norwegian meteorologist and geophysicist.

He was born in Trondenes Municipality. He finished his secondary education in Harstad in 1937 and graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.real. degree in 1942. He worked as a secondary school teacher in Svolvær and Tromsø, as a meteorologist in the Forecasting Division of Northern Norway from 1946 to 1954 and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute from 1954 to 1970. After two years as a researcher at the Meteorological Institute he took his doctorate at the University of Oslo in 1972. In 1977 he was hired as a university lecturer in geophysics, being promoted to professor later. He was a member of the Norwegian Geophysical Society and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. His last academic publication came in 1998, and he died in April 2010, aged 91.

Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Norwegian: Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, DNVA) is a learned society based in Oslo, Norway. Its purpose is to support the advancement of science and scholarship in Norway.
Geyse
Geyse da Silva Ferreira (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈɡejsi dʒi ˈsiwvɐ feˈʁejɾɐ]; born 27 March 1998), commonly known as Geyse and previously Pretinha ([pɾeˈtʃĩɲɐ]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Liga MX Femenil side Club América and the Brazil national team.

Campeonato Nacional II Divisão Feminino
The Campeonato Nacional II Divisão de Futebol Feminino (Portuguese for National Championship II division of Women's Football) is the second-highest division of the Portuguese women's football league system, after the Campeonato Nacional de Futebol Feminino. It is run by the Portuguese Football Federation and began in 2008.
Mainspring gauge
Mainspring gauges were used to measure the sizes of watch mainsprings so that replacement springs could be ordered from a supply house.
Mainsprings are characterised by their strength (thickness) and height (width).

Mainspring
A mainspring is a spiral torsion spring of metal ribbon—commonly spring steel—used as a power source in mechanical watches, some clocks, and other clockwork mechanisms. Winding the timepiece, by turning a knob or key, stores energy in the mainspring by twisting the spiral tighter. The force of the mainspring then turns the clock's wheels as it unwinds, until the next winding is needed. The adjectives wind-up and spring-powered refer to mechanisms powered by mainsprings, which also include kitchen timers, metronomes, music boxes, wind-up toys and clockwork radios.

Mainsprings appeared in the first spring-powered clocks in 15th-century Europe. The mainspring replaced the weight hanging from a cord wrapped around a pulley, which was the power source used in all previous mechanical clocks.
Andrea Brachfeld
Andrea Brachfeld is an American jazz and Latin jazz flutist.

Brachfeld attended The High School of Music and Art and the Manhattan School of Music. She had her first professional performance at the age of 16. In 1974, she received the Louis Armstrong Award for outstanding Jazz student. She studied with Hubert Laws, Jimmy Heath, George Coleman, and Eddie Daniels.

Her breakthrough came when she became flutist for the Latin band Charanga '76.

Hubert Laws
Hubert Laws (born November 10, 1939) is an American flutist, piccoloist and saxophonist with a career spanning over 50 years in jazz, classical, and other music genres.  Laws is one of the few classical artists who has also mastered jazz, pop, and rhythm-and-blues genres, moving effortlessly from one repertory to another. He has three Grammy nominations.
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP (known as Cadwalader) is a law firm based in New York City. It is the city's oldest law firm and one of the oldest continuously operating legal practices in the United States. Attorney John Wells founded the practice in 1792. Cadwalader's Lower Manhattan headquarters is one of its five offices in three countries. In 2022, the firm had approximately 400 attorneys. On December 19, 2025, Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft announced the merger with Hogan Lovells to form Hogan Lovells Cadwalader.

United States Assistant Secretary of State
Assistant Secretary of State (A/S) is a title used for many executive positions in the United States Department of State, ranking below the under secretaries. A set of six assistant secretaries reporting to the under secretary of state for political affairs manage diplomatic missions within their designated geographic regions, plus one assistant secretary dealing with international organizations and one equivalent as the coordinator/ambassador at large for counterterrorism. Assistant secretaries usually manage individual bureaus of the Department of State. When the manager of a bureau or another agency holds a title other than assistant secretary, such as "director," it can be said to be of "assistant secretary equivalent rank." Assistant secretaries typically have a set of deputies, referred to as deputy assistant secretaries (DAS).
Generalizations of the derivative
In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental construction of differential calculus and admits many possible generalizations within the fields of mathematical analysis, combinatorics, algebra, geometry, etc.

Subderivative
In mathematics, the subderivative (or subgradient) generalizes the derivative to convex functions which are not necessarily differentiable. The set of subderivatives at a point is called the subdifferential at that point. Subderivatives arise in convex analysis, the study of convex functions, often in connection to convex optimization.

Let  be a real-valued convex function  defined on an open interval of the real line. Such a function need not be differentiable at all points: For example, the absolute value function  is non-differentiable when . However, as seen in the graph on the right (where  in blue has non-differentiable kinks similar to the absolute value function), for any  in the domain of the function one can draw a line which goes through the point  and which is everywhere either touching or below the graph of f. The slope of such a line is called a subderivative.
2011 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships
The 2011 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships (Spanish: Campeonato Mundial de Parabádminton 2011) were held from 22 to 26 November 2011 in Guatemala City, Guatemala. 21 events were contested in the tournament. This was also the last tournament to host the mixed team event, which was later discontinued in 2013.

BWF Para-Badminton World Championships
The BWF Para-Badminton World Championships (formerly known as the IBAD Para-Badminton World Championships) is a badminton tournament organised by the Badminton World Federation. It's the most prestigious badminton competition, offering the most ranking points, along with the Summer Paralympics badminton events introduced in 2020. The highest ranked para-badminton players compete in six sport classes  in five categories. The championships were organised under the Para Badminton World Federation (PBWF) before it merged with the BWF in June 2011.
Villafranca Montes de Oca
Villafranca Montes de Oca is a municipality, former medieval bishopric and present Latin titular see located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, northern Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 164 inhabitants.

Archdiocese of Burgos
The Archdiocese of Burgos (Latin: Archidioecesis Burgensis) is  Latin Metropolitan sees of the Catholic Church in Spain.

Its ecclesiastical province includes four suffragan dioceses:

Bilbao

Osma–Soria

Palencia

Vitoria
Toomer's Corner
Toomer's Corner is a street corner located at the intersection of Magnolia Avenue and College Street, and marks the northeastern-most reach of the campus of Auburn University, and the beginning of downtown Auburn, Alabama. Two landmarks are located on Toomer's Corner, the Bank of Auburn (now a branch of PNC Bank) and Toomer's Drugs Pharmacy, which was the first establishment in the city with a telegraph, and the intersection is patterned in bricks forming the paw print logo of the Auburn Tigers athletic teams (it was formerly painted on regular concrete).

The employees at Toomer's Drugs Pharmacy, after discovering that Auburn had won a football game before the team broadcast away games on radio, would throw the ticker tape from their telegraph onto the power lines. The area's primary source of popularity comes from an Auburn tradition that arose over a century ago and has not ceased over the years in bringing people nearby to the landmark.

Auburn, Alabama
Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is the largest city in eastern Alabama. The population was 76,143 at the 2020 census. It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area. The Auburn-Opelika, AL MSA with a 2020 population of 193,773, along with the Columbus, GA-AL MSA and Tuskegee, Alabama, comprises the greater Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL CSA, a region home to 563,967 residents as of 2020.

Auburn is a historic college town and home to Auburn University, the highest academically ranked university in the state. It is Alabama's fastest-growing metropolitan area and the 19th-fastest-growing metro area in the United States as measured since 1990. U.S. News ranked Auburn among its top ten list of best places to live in the United States for the year 2009. The city's unofficial nickname is "The Loveliest Village on the Plains", taken from a line in the poem The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith: "Sweet Auburn! Loveliest village of the plain..."