hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators
Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 54 (1795), was a United States Supreme Court case about prize causes. It held that federal district courts have the powers that had been granted to the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture under the Congress of the Articles of Confederation:

it was held that the Congress under the Confederation had power to erect a court of appeals in prize causes, that its decrees were conclusive, and that the district courts of the United States created under the Constitution have, as courts of admiralty, power to carry into effect the decrees of the former court of appeals in prize causes erected by the Congress of the Confederation.

Prize (law)
In admiralty law, prizes (from the Old French prise, "taken, seized") are equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict. The most common use of prize in this sense is the capture of an enemy ship and its cargo as a prize of war. In the past, the capturing force would commonly be allotted a share of the worth of the captured prize. Nations often granted letters of marque that would entitle private parties to capture enemy property, usually ships. Once the ship was secured on friendly territory, it would be made the subject of a prize case: an in rem proceeding in which the court determined the status of the condemned property and the manner in which the property was to be disposed of.
BMS Herlev
BMS Herlev, formerly known as Wolfpack, is a professional basketball team based in Ballerup, Denmark. The team was established in 2014, as a result of a merger between the local clubs Falcons, Glostrup IC and BMS Skovlunde. BMS Herlev plays in the Basketligaen, the highest level of national basketball.

Ballerup
Ballerup is a Danish town, seat of the Ballerup Municipality, in the Region Hovedstaden. There are approximately 25 schools in Ballerup Municipality. Ballerup has its own educational institution specialized in the study, training and research of music. It is twinned with East Kilbride in Scotland.
1974 Munich WCT
The 1974 Munich WCT was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was part of Red Group of the 1974 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the second edition of the event and was held from 1 April through 7 April 1974. Frew McMillan won the singles title.

Munich WCT
The Munich WCT was a men's tennis tournament played in Munich, West Germany from 1973–1975 and 1982-1983. The event was part of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit and was held on indoor carpet courts.
Rinso
Rinso is a brand name of laundry soap and detergent marketed by Unilever. The brand was created by Robert Spear Hudson and originally branded Hudson's Soap, which was sold to Lever Brothers of Port Sunlight, England, in 1908. It was introduced in the United States by Lever Brothers Company in 1918.

Laundry detergent
Laundry detergent is a type of detergent (cleaning agent) used for cleaning dirty laundry (clothes). Laundry detergent is manufactured in powder (washing powder) and liquid form.

While powdered and liquid detergents hold roughly equal share of the worldwide laundry detergent market in terms of value, powdered detergents are sold twice as much compared to liquids in terms of volume.
Infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure
In mathematics, an infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure is a measure defined on infinite-dimensional normed vector spaces, such as Banach spaces, which resembles the Lebesgue measure used in finite-dimensional spaces.

However, the traditional Lebesgue measure cannot be straightforwardly extended to all infinite-dimensional spaces due to a key limitation: any translation-invariant Borel measure on an infinite-dimensional separable Banach space must be either infinite for all sets or zero for all sets. Despite this, certain forms of infinite-dimensional Lebesgue-like measures can exist in specific contexts. These include locally compact spaces like the Hilbert cube, which is compact, or scenarios where some typical properties of finite-dimensional Lebesgue measures are modified or omitted.

Banach space
In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space (/ˈbɑː.nʌx/, Polish pronunciation: [ˈba.nax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence of vectors always converges to a well-defined limit that is within the space.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly.
Maurice René Fréchet was the first to use the term "Banach space" and Banach in turn then coined the term "Fréchet space".
Banach spaces originally grew out of the study of function spaces by Hilbert, Fréchet, and Riesz earlier in the century. Banach spaces play a central role in functional analysis. In other areas of analysis, the spaces under study are often Banach spaces.
Gran Hermano VIP season 6
Gran Hermano VIP 6 was the sixth season of the reality television Gran Hermano VIP series. The season was launched on 13 September 2018 on Telecinco. Jorge Javier Vazquez became the new host of the show, continuing his job as host of the last two Civilian seasons. Sandra Barneda has been confirmed to be back as the host of the weekly Debate. The motto of this season is "Who will dare?"

Gran Hermano VIP
Gran Hermano VIP (as known by the acronym GH VIP) is a reality television series broadcast in Spain on Telecinco produced by Endemol. It is the celebrity version of Gran Hermano and part of the Big Brother franchise first developed in the Netherlands. The first edition of the program was broadcast in 2004. As of September 2019, 7 editions of the show have aired.
Missouri's 34th Senate district
Missouri's 34th Senatorial District is one of 34 districts in the Missouri Senate. The district has been represented by Republican Tony Luetkemeyer since 2019, and he has served as Majority Floor Leader since 2025.

Missouri Senate
The Missouri Senate is the upper chamber of the Missouri General Assembly, the lower chamber being the Missouri House of Representatives. It has 34 members, representing districts with an average population of 181,000. Its members serve four-year terms, with half the seats being up for election every two years. The Senate chooses a President Pro Tempore to serve in the absence of the lieutenant governor or when he shall have to exercise the office of governor of Missouri if there is a vacancy in that office due to death, resignation, impeachment, or incapacitation.

Members of the Missouri General Assembly are prohibited from serving more than eight years in either the state house of representatives or state senate, or a total of sixteen years, due to statutory term limits.
Anna Asp
Anna Asp (born 16 May 1946) is a Swedish production designer and art director. She studied at Christer Strömholms School of Photography and then at Dramatiska Institutet in Stockholm in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Over the course of her career Asp has collaborated on films with directors Ingmar Bergman, Andrei Tarkovsky, Bille August and Woody Allen, among others. She won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction in 1983 for her work in Fanny and Alexander. At the 28th Guldbagge Awards she won the Creative Achievement award. In addition, Asp has worked in theater and television production, including the Swedish TV series Wallander. Asp won the Swedish Union for Performing Arts and Film gold medal in 2008 for her "outstanding artistic work."

Academy Award for Best Production Design
The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Directors' branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designers' branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorators. It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.

The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.
One-game playoff
A one-game playoff, sometimes known as a pennant playoff, tiebreaker game or knockout game, is a tiebreaker in certain sports—usually but not always professional—to determine which of two teams, tied in the final standings, will qualify for a post-season tournament. Such a playoff is either a single game or a short series of games (such as best-2-of-3).

This is distinguished from the more general usage of the term "playoff", which refers to the post-season tournament itself.

Bonspiel
A bonspiel is a curling tournament, consisting of several games, often held on a weekend. Until the 20th century most bonspiels were held outdoors, on a frozen freshwater loch. Today almost all bonspiels are held indoors on specially prepared artificial ice.
Paley–Wiener theorem
In mathematics, a Paley–Wiener theorem is a theorem that relates decay properties of a function or distribution at infinity with analyticity of its Fourier transform.  It is named after Raymond Paley (1907–1933) and Norbert Wiener (1894–1964) who, in 1934, introduced various versions of the theorem. The original theorems did not use the language of distributions, and instead applied to square-integrable functions.  The first such theorem using distributions was due to Laurent Schwartz. These theorems heavily rely on the triangle inequality (to interchange the absolute value and integration).

The original work by Paley and Wiener is also used as a namesake in the fields of control theory and harmonic analysis; introducing the Paley–Wiener condition for spectral factorization and the Paley–Wiener criterion for non-harmonic Fourier series respectively. These are related mathematical concepts that place the decay properties of a function in context of stability problems.

Support (mathematics)
In mathematics, the support of a real-valued function  is the subset of the function's domain consisting of those elements that are not mapped to zero. If the domain of  is a topological space, then the support of  is instead defined as the smallest closed set containing all points not mapped to zero. This concept is used widely in mathematical analysis.
1975 International League season
The 1975 International League was a Class AAA baseball season played between April 11 and September 10. Eight teams played a 140-game schedule, with the top four teams qualifying for the post-season.

The Tidewater Tides won the Governors' Cup, defeating the Syracuse Chiefs in the final round of the playoffs.

Syracuse Mets
The Syracuse Mets are a Minor League Baseball team of the International League and the Triple-A affiliate of the New York Mets. They are located in Syracuse, New York, and play their home games at NBT Bank Stadium, which opened in 1997 and has a seating capacity of 10,815.

The Mets are named for their major league affiliate and former owner, the New York Mets. In August 2025 they announced that they would be rebranding for the 2027 season. A "re-name the team" contest would be held to come up with name ideas, followed by fan voting and a reveal of the new team identity in fall 2026.

From 1934 to 1957, 1961 to 1996, and from 2007 to 2018, the team was named the Syracuse Chiefs, while from 1997 to 2006 it was named the Syracuse SkyChiefs. When the club was purchased by the New York Mets in October 2018, it was renamed the Syracuse Mets.
Ghana at the Africa Cup of Nations
Ghana is one of Africa's major forces in the Africa Cup of Nations. Ghana made its debut in 1963, and quickly emerged as a powerful team in the tournament and went on to win the tournament again in 1965, 1978 and in 1982, which was the last tournament to date Ghana has won.

Ghana national football team
The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football. The team is named the Black Stars after the Black Star of Africa in the flag of Ghana. It is governed by the Ghana Football Association, the governing body for football in Ghana. Prior to 1957, it played as the Gold Coast.

Ghana qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2006. The team has won the Africa Cup of Nations four times (1963, 1965, 1978, and 1982), while finishing as runners-up five times (1968, 1970, 1992, 2010, and 2015). They have also qualified for the CHAN four times, finishing as runners-up twice (2009 and 2014).

In 2009, Ghana achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first African nation to win the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Brazil in the final in Egypt.

As at November 20, 2025, Ghana ranked 72nd in the world and 17th among African football nations.
Wolfpack Vorwärts
Vorwärts (English : "Forwards") was a wolfpack of German U-boats that operated from 25 August to 26 September 1942, in the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. They attacked several convoys, principally Convoy ON 127, sailing from Liverpool to New York, and sank fifteen ships for a total of 79,331 gross register tons (GRT), and damaged nine (81,141 GRT).

Cape Farewell, Greenland
Cape Farewell (Greenlandic: Nunap Isua; Danish: Kap Farvel) is a headland on the southern shore of Egger Island, Nunap Isua Archipelago, Greenland. As the southernmost point of the country, it is one of the important landmarks of Greenland.
Raymond Evans (USCG)
Raymond Joseph Evans Jr. (February 22, 1921 – May 30, 2013) was a United States Coast Guardsman who was decorated with the Navy Cross for an act of "extraordinary heroism" during World War II. He is one of only six men in the conflict to have received the medal for actions performed while serving in the Coast Guard.

Coxswain
The coxswain (/ˈkɒksən/ or /ˈkɒksweɪn/) is the person in charge of a boat, particularly its navigation and steering. The etymology of the word gives a literal meaning of "boat servant" since it comes from cock, referring to the cockboat, a type of ship's boat, and swain, an Old English term derived from the Old Norse sveinn meaning boy or servant. In 1724, a "cockswain" was defined as "An officer of a ship who takes care of the cockboat, barge or shallop, with all its furniture, and is in readiness with his crew to man the boat on all occasions." When the term "cockboat" became obsolete, the title of coxswain as the person in charge of a ship's boat remained.
St Cross Priory
St Cross Priory was an alien priory in Newport on the Isle of Wight, England. It was founded in about 1120 by monks from the Benedictine Abbey of Tiron. It was dissolved in 1391 when the priory was ceded to Winchester College. Thereafter, the buildings were repaired and a new water mill wheel was bought. Only ruins remain. The nearby St Cross Mill is a 19th-century structure built on the foundations of the monastic mill.

Alien priory
Alien priories were religious establishments in England, such as monasteries and convents, which were under the control of another religious house outside England. Usually the mother-house was in France.
Pram (ship)
A pram or pramm describes a type of shallow-draught flat-bottomed ship, usually propelled by pushing the ship through the water using a long pole, although sailing prams also exist. The name pram derives from the Latin premere ("press [verb]").

Historically, prams were often used to transport agricultural cargo or cattle through shallow canals and wetlands in Europe. During the times of the Great Northern War, those types of watercraft were used as a floating battery for artillery support during amphibious assault. In the Netherlands they were used to transport peat.

There is also an unrelated type of boat called "pram".

Nicolaes Witsen
Nicolaes Witsen (Dutch: Nicolaas Witsen; 8 May 1641 – 10 August 1717) was a Dutch statesman who was mayor of Amsterdam thirteen times, between 1682 and 1706. In 1693, he became administrator of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). In 1689, he was extraordinary-ambassador to the English court and became Fellow of the Royal Society. In his free time, he was a cartographer, maritime writer, and an authority on shipbuilding. His books on the subject are important sources on Dutch shipbuilding in the 17th century. Furthermore, he was an expert on Russian affairs. He was the first to describe Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia in his study Noord en Oost Tartarye [North and East Tartary].
Pantenburg
Pantenburg (in Eifel dialect: Pahntebuasch) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Bernkastel-Wittlich
Bernkastel-Wittlich (German: Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Vulkaneifel, Cochem-Zell, Rhein-Hunsrück, Birkenfeld, Trier-Saarburg and Bitburg-Prüm.
Eugen Pădureanu
Eugen Pădureanu (Romanian pronunciation: [e.uˈd͡ʒen pəduˈre̯anu]; born Eugen Drăghin Rus on April 13, 1972) is a Romanian stage and film actor from Reșița, Caraș-Severin County. He grew up in Reșița and attended the local Liceul de Matematică-Fizică (Mathematics-Physics High School), graduating in 1990. Pursuing his passion for theater, Pădureanu studied acting at the Ion Luca Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film (formerly the Academy of Theatre and Film) in Bucharest from 1991 to 1995. He was part of the class of renowned actor-professor Mircea Albulescu. After obtaining his licentiate degree in dramatic arts, he adopted Eugen Pădureanu as his stage name, though his legal name remains Eugen Drăghin Rus.

Mircea Albulescu
Iorgu Constantin Albulescu (4 October 1934 – 8 April 2016), known professionally as Mircea Albulescu (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈmirtʃe̯a albuˈlesku]), was a Romanian actor, university professor, journalist, poet, writer, and member of the Writers' Union of Romania (Uniunea Scriitorilor).

He was born as Iorgu Constantin V. Albulescu, in Bucharest, on 4 October 1934. He graduated from the Secondary School of Architecture in 1952, and in 1956 he graduated from the Institute of Theatrical and Cinematographic Art in Bucharest. He received a star on the Romanian Walk of Fame in Bucharest on 29 October 2011.

Albulescu died on 8 April 2016 at Floreasca Hospital due to heart failure and was buried in Bucharest's Reînvierea Cemetery.
German Federation of the Deaf
The German Association of the Deaf (DGB), German: Deutscher Gehörlosen-Bund, is a national association for the deaf in Germany.

The DGB was created shortly after World War I and was inspired by the deaf movements happening in British countries. The symbol of the DGB is a narwhal. The DGB is affiliated to the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) and the European Union of the Deaf. It was established in 1950 as a successor to the Reich Union of the Deaf of Germany. Its headquarters are in Berlin. The president is Ralph Raule.

European Union of the Deaf
The European Union of the Deaf (EUD) is a supraorganization comprising each respective National Association of the Deaf of the member states of the European Union. The EUD is a nonprofit organization founded in 1985 and is a Regional Co-operating Member of the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD), a full member of the European Disability Forum (EDF) and has a participatory status with the Council of Europe (CoE). Ten countries were present at this meeting. During the assembly of October 10, 1994, the delegates of the deaf associations in Europe voted for a change of name: ECRS was thus replaced by the European Union of the Deaf (EUD).

EUD's goals include equality for Deaf people in employment, education, and public as well as private life, and the right to use indigenous sign language.

Currently, the European Union of the Deaf has thirty full members and six affiliate members, with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
Venetian Crusade
The Venetian Crusade of 1122–1124 was an expedition to the Holy Land launched by the Republic of Venice that succeeded in capturing Tyre. It was an important victory at the start of a period when the Kingdom of Jerusalem would expand to its greatest extent under Baldwin II of Jerusalem. The Venetians gained valuable trading concessions in Tyre. Through raids on Byzantine territory both on the way to the Holy Land and on the return journey, the Venetians forced the Byzantines to confirm, as well as extend, their trading privileges with the empire.

Burid dynasty
The Burid dynasty (Arabic: الدولة البورية Romanized: ad-Dawlā al-Būriyā) or the Emirate of Damascus (Arabic: إمارة دمشق Romanized: Imarat Dimashq) was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century, as subjects of the Seljuk Empire.
Pseudorhabdosynochus americanus
Pseudorhabdosynochus americanus is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It was described as Diplectanum americanum by Price in 1937
and transferred to the genus Pseudorhabdosynochus by Kritsky and Beverley-Burton in 1986.
The species was redescribed by Kritsky, Bakenhaster and Adams in 2015.

Diplectanidae
The Diplectanidae are a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans. They are all parasitic on the gills of fish (marine or freshwater). Diplectanids are small animals, generally around 1 mm in length. As parasites, they can be extremely numerous, up to several thousand on an individual fish.
Reconciliation studies
Since about the 2010s, reconciliation studies has been a new scientific approach in the field of peace and conflict studies. It has commonalities with peacebuilding, conflict transformation, and transitional justice research, and to a lesser extent with academic work on peace psychology, conflict resolution, conflict management, mediation, security studies, memory studies, and trauma and resilience studies.

Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed. Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative peacebuilding.