hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lev Parnas
Lev Parnas (born February 6, 1972) is a Soviet-born American businessman and former associate of Rudy Giuliani. Parnas, Giuliani, Igor Fruman, John Solomon, Yuriy Lutsenko, Dmytro Firtash and his allies, Victoria Toensing and Joe diGenova, were involved in creating the false Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory, which was part of the Trump–Ukraine scandal's efforts to damage Joe Biden. As president, Donald Trump said he did not know Parnas nor what he was involved in; Parnas insisted Trump "knew exactly what was going on".

In October 2021, Parnas was found guilty in U.S. Federal Court on six counts related to illegal donations to the 2020 campaign of Donald Trump. He was sentenced to 20 months in prison, three years of supervised release and $2,322,500 in restitution on June 29, 2022.

Attorney–client privilege
Attorney–client privilege or lawyer–client privilege is the common law doctrine of legal professional privilege in the United States.  Attorney–client privilege is "[a] client's right to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications between the client and the attorney."

The attorney–client privilege is one of the oldest  privileges for confidential communications. The United States Supreme Court has stated that by assuring confidentiality, the privilege encourages clients to make "full and frank" disclosures to their attorneys, who are then better able to provide candid advice and effective representation.
2012 ATP China Challenger International
The 2012 ATP China Challenger International was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Wuhan, China between 23 and 29 July 2012.

ATP China Challenger International
The ATP China Challenger International is a tennis tournament held in Wuhan, China, since 2012. In 2011, it was held in Wuhai, China. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played on hard courts.
Staro Gracko massacre
The Staro Gracko massacre (Serbian: Масакр у Старом Грацком, Albanian: Masakra në Grackën e Vjetër) was the mass killing of 14 Kosovo Serb farmers in the village of Staro Gracko in the Kosovo municipality of Lipjan on 23 July 1999. The killings occurred after Yugoslav troops withdrew from the region in the aftermath of the Kosovo War. The massacre is the worst single crime in Kosovo since the conflict ended in June 1999. As of 2019 the perpetrators of the killings have never been found and held accountable.

Kosovo Force
The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a NATO-led international peacekeeping force and military of Kosovo. KFOR is the third security responder, after the Kosovo Police and the EU Rule of Law (EULEX) mission, respectively, with whom NATO peacekeeping forces work in close coordination. Its operations are gradually reducing until the Kosovo Security Force, established in 2009, becomes self-sufficient.

KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999, one day after the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244. At the time, Kosovo was facing a grave humanitarian crisis, with the Yugoslav Army in action against the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) in daily engagements. Nearly one million people had fled Kosovo as refugees by that time, many of whom left permanently.

Currently, 33 states contribute to the KFOR, with a combined strength of 5,249 military personnel.
2018 LTi Printing 250
The 2018 LTi Printing 250 was the 13th stock car race of the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity Series season, and the 27th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, June 9, 2018, in Brooklyn, Michigan at Michigan International Speedway, a two-mile (3.2 km) permanent moderate-banked D-shaped speedway. The race was shortened from 125 laps to 91 due to rain stopping the race. At race's end, Austin Dillon of Richard Childress Racing would win a rain-shortened race after battling with fellow teammate Daniel Hemric in a one-lap shootout during a restart. The win was Dillon's ninth and so far final career win in the NASCAR Xfinity Series and his first and only of the season. To fill out the podium, Cole Custer of Stewart-Haas Racing with Biagi-DenBeste would finish third.

NASCAR Xfinity Series at Michigan International Speedway
Stock car racing in the then-NASCAR Xfinity Series have been held at the Michigan International Speedway between 1992 and 2024. The race was last held under as the Cabo Wabo 250. Justin Allgaier is the last winner.
Hashil Abdallah
Hashil Twaibu Abdallah is a Tanzanian academic Lecturer of Law and currently Permanent Secretary of Trade and Industry in Tanzania who was a deputy Permanent Secretary of Trade and Industry appointed by President Samia Suluhu Hassan on 6 April, 2021. He was the Deputy Dean in the Faculty of Law and Head of Department of Criminal Law at the Open University of Tanzania for more than ten years.

Open University of Tanzania
The Open University of Tanzania (OUT) (Swahili: Chuo Kikuu Huria cha Tanzania) is a distance learning public university in Tanzania and the largest by the number of students. It was established by an Act of Parliament No. 17 of 1992. It is a single mode institution offering certificate, diploma and degree courses through distance learning. Its headquarters is situated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and conducts its operations through 30 Regional Centres and 70 Study Centres. The university has a capacity of approximately 70,000 students both local and international ones.

It consists of:

Directorate of Regional Services

Directorate of Research and Postgraduate Studies

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

Faculty of Business Management

Faculty of Education

Faculty of Law

Faculty of Science, Technology and Environmental Studies

Institute of Educational and Management Technologies

Institute of Continuing Education
James Goldsmith
Sir James Michael Goldsmith (26 February 1933 – 18 July 1997) was a French-British financier and politician who was a member of the Goldsmith family. His controversial business and finance career led to ongoing clashes with British media, frequently involving litigation or the threat of litigation.

In 1994 he was elected to represent a French constituency as a Member of the European Parliament. He founded the short-lived Eurosceptic Referendum Party in the United Kingdom, which became an early campaigner for opposition to Britain's membership of the European Union.

Takeover
In business, a takeover is the purchase of one company (the target) by another (the acquirer or bidder). In the UK, the term refers to the acquisition of a public company whose shares are publicly listed, in contrast to the acquisition of a private company.

Management of the target company may or may not agree with a proposed takeover, and this has resulted in the following takeover classifications: friendly, hostile, reverse or back-flip. Financing a takeover often involves loans or bond issues which may include junk bonds as well as a simple cash offer. It can also include shares in the new company.
HSwMS Gustaf V
HSwMS Gustaf V, in Swedish HM Pansarskepp Gustaf V (His Majesty's Armoured Ship Gustaf V) was a Sverige-class coastal defence ship of the Swedish Navy. The vessel was the third and last ship in the Sverige class along with HSwMS Sverige and HSwMS Drottning Victoria. Gustaf V was launched on 15 September 1917 at Kockums in Malmö and delivered to the Navy on 9 January 1922. The design consisted of four 28 cm cannon and a secondary armament of eight 15.2 cm cannon. During the interwar period, the ship underwent several modernizations and was one of the most powerful vessels in the fleet during the Second World War. The ship was put in reserve in 1948, was decommissioned in 1957 and was later sold for scrapping in Karlskrona. However, the ship remained at Berga Academy of War as of 1968. Two of the ship's 15.2 cm guns are preserved in the battery at Häggmansberget in the defensive Kalix Line, around Kalix.

HSwMS Drottning Victoria
HSwMS Drottning Victoria was a Sverige-class coastal defence ship (Pansarskepp) for the Royal Swedish Navy in the 1910s.

Notable commanders of the ship include Gösta Ehrensvärd between 1932 and 1933, Yngve Ekstrand in 1936 and 1937 and Stig H:son Ericson during 1942 and part of 1943.

Plans were drawn up in the 1940s to modernize Drottning Victoria by rebuilding the superstructure, increasing the elevation of the main turrets to 32 degrees, and replacing the light armament with 2 twin 57mm guns and 12 40mm/56 Bofors guns in 4 twin and 4 single mounts, as well as 10 25mm Bofors mounts. This would have more than doubled the weight of anti-aircraft fire per minute. These plans were never undertaken. The plans and an essay explaining them can be viewed in here on pages 103 to 113.
Fady Maalouf
Fady Maalouf (Arabic: فادي معلوف pronounced Fādī Maʿlūf; born on 20 April 1979) is a German–Lebanese pop and crossover opera singer.  He is known as the runner up of the fifth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the German version of Pop Idol. He has released three albums to date, Blessed (2008), Into the Light (2010) and City of Gold (2012). He also released his EP Indigo (2017).

Sony BMG
Sony BMG Music Entertainment was an American record company owned as a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann. The venture's successor, the revived Sony Music, is wholly owned by Sony, following their buyout of the remaining 50% held by Bertelsmann. BMG was instead rebuilt as BMG Rights Management on the basis of the remaining 200 artists.
Outline of Arkansas
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Arkansas:

Arkansas (/ˈɑːrkənsɔː/ ⓘ, AR-kən-saw) is a landlocked state in the West South Central region of the Southern United States. It borders Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name derives from the Osage language, and refers to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta.

Central Arkansas
Central Arkansas, also known as the Little Rock metro, designated by the United States Office of Management and Budget as the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway Metropolitan Statistical Area, is the most populous metro area in the U.S. state of Arkansas. With an estimated 2020 population of 748,031, it is the most populated area in Arkansas. Located at the convergence of Arkansas's other geographic regions, the region's central location make Central Arkansas an important population, economic, education, and political center in Arkansas and the South. Little Rock is the state's capital and largest city, and the city is also home to two Fortune 500 companies, Arkansas Children's Hospital, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS).
Arabian partridge
The Arabian partridge (Alectoris melanocephala) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae, native to the southern Arabian Peninsula. Two subspecies are recognised, A. m. melanocephala and A. m. guichardi. It sometimes hybridises with Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi) and with the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca).

Rock partridge
The rock partridge or common rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) is a gamebird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae, of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds). It is native to southern Europe, and is closely related and very similar to its eastern equivalent, the chukar partridge, A. chukar.
Valsain
Valsaín is a hamlet of Real Sitio de San Ildefonso, which is a town and municipality located within the Province of Segovia in Castile and León. It is located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountains, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Segovia, and 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of Madrid. The village had a population of 
176 inhabitants in 2016 (source: INE, the Spanish Statistical Office).

Province of Segovia
Segovia (Spanish pronunciation: [seˈɣoβja] ⓘ) is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the south, Ávila in the west and southwest, and Valladolid in the northwest. The average temperature ranges from 10 °C to 20 °C.
Mike Herard
Mike "Heron" Herard is New York based songwriter, producer and talent manager, primarily in the hip hop music genre. He is a vice president of Artists and Repertoire (A&R) for Shady Records. Additionally, Herard is a producer and co-owner at Hydra Entertainment, and the founder of BeatHustle, a music platform and management company.

Throughout his career, he has collaborated with a diverse range of artists, including Joell Ortiz, Cool & Dre, Murda Beatz, Metro Boomin, DJ Premier, Royce 5'9, helping launch the career of rap artists and groups such as Conway the Machine, Griselda and Slaughterhouse.

Conway the Machine
Demond Price (born February 16, 1982), known professionally as Conway the Machine, or simply Conway, is an American rapper and co-founder of the hip hop label Griselda Records, alongside his paternal half-brother Westside Gunn and cousin Benny the Butcher. Acclaimed for his 1990s inspired, dark and gritty lyricism, he rose to prominence following his mixtape Reject 2 (2015) and debut studio album From King to a God (2020). His second album, God Don't Make Mistakes (2022), was released by Shady Records, and met with universal acclaim.

Conway announced his departure from Shady and Griselda Records in February 2022, and has since founded his own label, Drumwork. He has since continued his collaborations with Gunn, as well as their cousin Benny the Butcher.
Test::More
Free and open-source software portal

Test::More is a unit testing module for Perl. Created and maintained by Michael G Schwern with help from Barrie Slaymaker, Tony Bowden, chromatic, Fergal Daly and perl-qa.

Test::More is a widely used Perl testing module. As of 2010, approximately 80% of all CPAN distributions made use of it.

CPAN
The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN: xvii ) is a software repository of over 220,000 software modules and accompanying documentation for 45,500 distributions, written in the Perl programming language by over 14,500 contributors. CPAN can denote either the archive network or the Perl program that acts as an interface to the network and as an automated software installer (somewhat like a package manager). Most software on CPAN is free and open source software.
353rd Fighter Group
The 353rd Fighter Group, nicknamed the Slybird Group, was a fighter group of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. The group was stationed in England and comprised the 350th, 351st, and 352nd Fighter Squadrons. It pioneered the P-47 dive-bombing and ground attack technique adopted by both Eighth and Ninth Air Forces. The group flew 447 combat missions and claimed 330 air and 414 ground aircraft destroyed. Group markings were black, yellow, black, yellow spinners, with a 48-inch black and yellow checker band around the cowling to the end of the exhaust stubs.

157th Fighter Squadron
The 157th Fighter Squadron (157 FS) is a unit of the South Carolina Air National Guard 169th Fighter Wing located at McEntire Joint National Guard Base, Columbia, South Carolina. The 157th FS is one of the few Air National Guard squadrons to operate the HARM Targeting System (HTS)-equipped F-16C Block 52 Fighting Falcon, also known as the F-16CJ.
2019 WSG Open
The 2019 WSG Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Warsaw, Poland between 5 and 11 August 2019.

WSG Open
The WSG Open was a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event was classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and had been held in Warsaw, Poland since 2017.

The Powiat Poznański Open was classified as a $75k tournament and held in Sobota, Poland on outdoor clay courts from 2014 to 2015.

The Salwator Cup was classified as a $100k+H tournament and held in Kraków, Poland on indoor hardcourts in 2008.
12th General Junta of the Principality of Asturias
The 12th General Junta is the current meeting of the General Junta, the parliament of the Principality of Asturias, with the membership determined by the results of the regional election held on 28 May 2023. The congress met for the first time on 26 June 2023, with a maximum term of four years.

People's Party of Asturias
The People's Party of Asturias (Spanish: Partido Popular de Asturias, PP; Asturian: Partíu Popular d'Asturies) is the regional section of the People's Party of Spain (PP) in the Principality of Asturias. It was formed in 1989 from the re-foundation of the People's Alliance.
Religion in France
Religion in France is diverse, with the largest religious group being Christianity. A very significant part of the population is not religious, and significant minorities profess Islam and other religions. Freedom of religion and freedom of thought are warranted by the legacy of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and by the principle of laïcité (or "freedom of conscience") enforced by the 1880s Jules Ferry laws and the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. Catholicism was the major religion in the realm of the French monarchy for more than a millennium, and it also held the role of state religion; the monarchy had such close ties to the Roman papacy that France was called the "eldest daughter of the Church" (French: fille aînée de l'Église).

Émile Combes
Émile Justin Louis Combes (French: [emil kɔ̃b]; 6 September 1835 – 25 May 1921) was a French politician and freemason who led the Lefts Bloc (French: Bloc des gauches) cabinet from June 1902 to January 1905.
Cultural heritage of Kaliningrad Oblast
The cultural heritage of Kaliningrad Oblast is a mixture of the pre-World War II German, Lithuanian and Polish heritage, dating back to the Ducal Prussian and East Prussian periods, and the Soviet and Russian designs constructed since then.

Bagrationovsk
Bagrationovsk (Russian: Багратио́новск; German: Preußisch Eylau, lit. 'Prussian Eylau'; Polish: Pruska Iława or Iławka; Lithuanian: Ylava or Prūsų Ylava) is a town and the administrative center of Bagrationovsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located close to the border with Poland, 37 kilometers (23 mi) south of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast. It has a population of 6,400 (2010 Census).
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan was a king of Sekar and pro-integration activist from West Papua. He founded the movement Gerakan Tjendrawasih Revolusioner Irian Barat (GTRIB) in 1953, and became the member of Supreme Advisory Council in 1959. On 10 November 2020, Singgirei Rumagesan was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia for his lifelong efforts to unite West Irian with Indonesia.

Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin
Komando Daerah Militer XIV/Hasanuddin (XIV Military Regional Command/Hasanuddin) is a military command area (effectively a military district) of the Military of Indonesia.  It oversees the following provinces on Sulawesi island: South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and West Sulawesi.

Formerly, the command was known as Kodam VII/Wirabuana (formerly also T&T VII/Wirabuana) from 1950 to 1957 and from 1985 until it was renamed in 2017. Given its long history the 14th MDC is the oldest military district in eastern Indonesia. It obtained its current name partly as part of the Indonesian Army response to the Permesta rebellion by select Army officers in 1957, when the 7th Territorial Army was split into several military regions, one of these named after Sultan Hasanuddin of Gowa, a National Hero of Indonesia for his efforts against the Netherlands military conquest of the Sultanate of Gowa.
Why Must I Be a Crustacean in Love?
"Why Must I Be a Crustacean in Love?" is the fifth episode in the  second season of the American animated television series Futurama, and the 18th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 6, 2000. The episode is a parody of the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Amok Time" and, in part, Cyrano de Bergerac.

Futurama season 2
The second season of Futurama began airing on November 21, 1999 and concluded after 19 episodes on December 3, 2000.  Halfway through the season on February 6, 2000, Fox moved the show from its original timeslot of 8:30pm (following The Simpsons) to 7pm.  At this time, the show lost half of its viewers.

The original 72-episode run of Futurama was produced as four seasons; Fox broadcast the episodes out of the intended order, resulting in five aired seasons.

This list features the episodes in original production order, as featured on the DVD box sets.

The full nineteen episodes of the season have been released on a box set called Futurama: Volume Two, on DVD and VHS. It was first released in the United Kingdom on November 11, 2002, with releases in other regions in 2003. The season was re-released as Futurama: Volume 2, with entirely different packaging to match the newer seasons released on July 17, 2012.
Nishinoshima (Shimane)
Nishinoshima (西ノ島, also Nishi-no-shima) is one of the Dōzen Islands in the Oki archipelago in the Sea of Japan. It is the second largest island of the Oki Islands.

The island, 55.97 km² in area, has a population of approximately 3,400 persons. The island is administered by the town of Nishinoshima in Shimane Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of Daisen-Oki National Park.

Nakanoshima (Shimane)
Nakanoshima (中ノ島, also Naka-no-shima) is one of the Dōzen Islands in the Oki archipelago in the Sea of Japan. It is also known as Ama-tō (海士島).

The island, 32.21 km2 in area, has a population of approximately 2,400 persons. The island is administered by the town of Ama in Shimane Prefecture. Much of the island is within the borders of Daisen-Oki National Park.
Interference microscopy
Interference microscopy involves measurements of differences in the path between two beams of light that have been split.

Interference microscopy enables visualization and measurement of transparent or nearly transparent specimens, such as living cells or thin films, without the need for staining by converting phase shifts in light into differences in amplitude or contrast visible to the observer.

In materials science and surface metrology, interference microscopy is also widely used to characterize surface topography and quantify micro-scale surface irregularities, with vertical resolutions on the order of nanometers achievable through multi-beam interference techniques.

Types include:

Classical interference microscopy

Differential interference contrast microscopy

Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy

Interference reflection microscopy

Interference reflection microscopy
Interference reflection microscopy (IRM), also called Reflection Interference Contrast Microscopy (RICM) or Reflection Contrast Microscopy (RCM) depending on the specific optical elements used, is an optical microscopy technique that leverages thin-film interference effects to form an image of an object on a glass surface. The intensity of the signal is a measure of proximity of the object to the glass surface. This technique can be used to study events at the cell membrane without the use of a (fluorescent) label as is the case for TIRF microscopy.