hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formula composition
Formula composition is a serially derived technique encountered principally in the music of Karlheinz Stockhausen, involving the projection, expansion, and Ausmultiplikation of either a single melody-formula, or a two- or three-voice contrapuntal construction (sometimes stated at the outset).

In contrast to serial music, where the structuring features are more or less abstract and remain largely inaccessible to the listener's ear, in formula composition the musical specifications of pitch, dynamics, duration, timbre, and tempo are always directly evident in the sound, through the use of a concisely articulated melodic tone succession, the formula, which defines the large-scale form as well as all the internal musical details of the composition.

Dynamics (music)
In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context:  a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato.
Reader, Arkansas
Reader is an unincorporated census-designated place in Nevada and Ouachita counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, its population is 66. Per the 2020 census, the population was 40.

The Nevada County portion of Reader is part of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area, while the Ouachita County portion is part of the Camden Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Hope, Arkansas
Hope is a city in Hempstead County in southwestern Arkansas, United States. Hope is the county seat of Hempstead County and the principal city of the Hope Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Hempstead and Nevada counties. As of the 2010 census the population was 10,095, and for the 2020 census, the population was 8,952.

Hope is the birthplace of three Arkansas governors: Bill Clinton (also President of the United States from 1993 to 2001), Mike Huckabee (who ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008 and 2016), and Sarah Huckabee Sanders (the incumbent governor and daughter of Mike Huckabee).
FC Sulori Vani
FC Sulori (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი სულორი) is a Georgian football club based in the town of Vani. Following the 2025 season, they were relegated to Regionuli Liga, the fifth tier of Georgian football.

The team has spent two seasons in the top flight.

They play their home matches at the Grigol Nikoleishvili Stadium.

Vani
Vani (Georgian: ვანი [vän̪i]) is a town in Imereti region of western Georgia, at the Sulori river (a tributary of the Rioni river), 41 km southwest from the regional capital Kutaisi. The town, with a population of 3,744 as of 2014, is an administrative center of the Municipality of Vani comprising also 40 neighbouring villages (with a total area of 557 km2 and a population of 24,512 as of 2014).
Paris quadrifolia
Paris quadrifolia, the herb Paris or true lover's knot, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It occurs in temperate and cool areas throughout Eurasia, from Spain to Yakutia, and from Iceland to Mongolia. It prefers calcareous soils and lives in damp and shady places, especially old established woods and stream banks.

P. quadrifolia is in decline in Europe due to loss of habitat. In Iceland, for example, it is on the red list.

Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to the family Liliaceae, in part because both their sepals and petals closely resemble each other and are often large and showy like those of lilies, while some more recent taxonomists have placed them in a family Trilliaceae. The most authoritative modern treatment, however, the APG III system of 2009 (unchanged from the 2003 APG II system and the 1998 APG system), places the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. Circumscribed in this way, the family includes up to 17 genera.

Familiar members of the family include the genera Paris and Trillium.
Sigillography
Sigillography, also known by its Greek-derived name, sphragistics, is the scholarly discipline that studies the wax, lead, clay, and other seals used to authenticate archival documents. It investigates not only aspects of the artistic design and production of seals (both matrices and impressions), but also considers the legal, administrative and social contexts in which they were used. It has links to diplomatics, heraldry, social history, and the history of art, and is regarded as one of the auxiliary sciences of history. A student of seals is known as a sigillographer.

Sealing wax
Sealing wax is a wax material of a seal which, after melting, hardens quickly (to paper, parchment, ribbons and wire, and other material), forming a bond that is difficult to break without noticeable tampering. Wax is used to verify that something such as a document is unopened, to verify the sender's identity: 39  (for example with a seal stamp or signet ring), and as decoration. Sealing wax can also be used to take impressions of other seals. Wax was used to seal letters close and later, from about the 16th century, envelopes. Long before sealing wax was employed, the Romans used bitumen for this purpose.
Chapter One: The Vanishing of Will Byers
"Chapter One: The Vanishing of Will Byers" is the series premiere of the American science fiction horror television series Stranger Things. Written and directed by series' creators The Duffer Brothers, the episode was released alongside the rest of the first season on July 15, 2016, on Netflix.

Eleven (Stranger Things)
Jane Hopper, better known as Eleven or "El", is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Netflix science fiction horror television series Stranger Things, portrayed by Millie Bobby Brown. Eleven has psychokinetic and telepathic powers.
Reversible computing
Reversible computing is any model of computation where every step of the process is time-reversible. This means that, given the output of a computation, it is possible to perfectly reconstruct the input. In systems that progress deterministically from one state to another, a key requirement for reversibility is a one-to-one correspondence between each state and its successor. Reversible computing is considered an unconventional approach to computation and is closely linked to quantum computing, where the principles of quantum mechanics inherently ensure reversibility (as long as quantum states are not measured or "collapsed").

Transition system
In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation . It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems.  It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.

Transition systems coincide mathematically with abstract rewriting systems (as explained further in this article) and directed graphs. They differ from finite-state automata in several ways:

The set of states is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

The set of transitions is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

No "start" state or "final" states are given.

Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs.
Tremetousia
Tremetousia (Greek: Τρεμετουσιά [locally [tremetuˈʃa]]; Turkish: Tremeşe or Erdemli) is a village in the Larnaca District of Cyprus, 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Athienou. It is one of only four villages in the district under the control of Northern Cyprus, the other three being Arsos, Melouseia and Pergamos.

The village is the successor of the ancient city Tremithus or Tremithous (Ancient Greek: Τρεμιθοῦς), mentioned by Ptolemy, Hierocles, George of Cyprus, Stephanus of Byzantium and other ancient geographers. The imperial claimnant Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus was defeated here in 1191 by Richard I of England, who afterwards took possession of Cyprus. The city was then destroyed and survives only as a village.

Pergamos, Cyprus
Pergamos (Greek: Πέργαμoς; Turkish: Beyarmudu) is a Turkish Cypriot village in Larnaca District, Cyprus, 4 km north of Pyla, almost surrounded by the British Sovereign Base Area (SBA) at Dhekelia. Pergamos is under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus.

Under Ottoman rule it was in the Caza of Famagusta and initially remained so under British rule. Around 1920 it was moved to Larnaca District.
Proth prime
A Proth number is a natural number N of the form  where k and n are positive integers, k is odd and . A Proth prime is a Proth number that is prime. They are named after the French mathematician François Proth. The first few Proth primes are

3, 5, 13, 17, 41, 97, 113, 193, 241, 257, 353, 449, 577, 641, 673, 769, 929, 1153, 1217, 1409, 1601, 2113, 2689, 2753, 3137, 3329, 3457, 4481, 4993, 6529, 7297, 7681, 7937, 9473, 9601, 9857 (OEIS: A080076).

It is still an open question whether an infinite number of Proth primes exist. It was shown in 2022 that the reciprocal sum of Proth primes converges to a real number near 0.747392479, substantially less than the value of 1.093322456 for the reciprocal sum of Proth numbers.

The primality of Proth numbers can be tested more easily than many other numbers of similar magnitude.

Thabit number
In number theory, a Thabit number, Thâbit ibn Qurra number, or 321 number is an integer of the form  for a non-negative integer n.

The first few Thabit numbers are:

2, 5, 11, 23, 47, 95, 191, 383, 767, 1535, 3071, 6143, 12287, 24575, 49151, 98303, 196607, 393215, 786431, 1572863, ... (sequence A055010 in the OEIS)

The 9th century mathematician, physician, astronomer and translator Thābit ibn Qurra is credited as the first to study these numbers and their relation to amicable numbers.
Sanhe Gods
The Sanhe Gods (三和大神) are migrant day labourers in the Longhua district of Shenzhen, China. Their motto is "work one day, play three days (做一天玩三天)," and they often follow the lying flat (躺平) counterculture philosophy. This way of life has greatly influenced social media, where they have formed a distinct subculture with a strong online presence and network. Even though this media movement has been censored by the government, because it tarnishes the image of a prosperous and successful developing China, these platforms also serve as a cry for help, as many Sanhe Gods survive on just 2 RMB (less than $1) a day before returning to job hunting. The term "Sanhe Gods" is unique to Shenzhen, but a similar population exists in Beijing, Shanghai, Kunshan, and several other cities.

Migrant worker
A migrant worker is a person who migrates within a home country or outside it to pursue work. Migrant workers usually do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in which they work.

Migrant workers who work outside their home country are also called foreign workers. They may also be called expatriates or guest workers, especially when they have been sent for or invited to work in the host country before leaving the home country.

The International Labour Organization estimated in 2019 that there were 169 million international migrants worldwide. Some countries have millions of migrant workers. Some migrant workers are illegal immigrants or slaves.
Lyon Armenian Genocide Memorial
Lyon Armenian Genocide Memorial (French: Memorial Lyonnais du genocide des Armeniens; Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանության հուշարձան) was erected in 2006 in central Lyon, France, in memory of the victims of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and the following years.

The memorial is located near Place Bellecour, the main square of Lyon. It was designed by Leonardo Basmadyian and includes 36 white concrete pieces supported by stones from Armenia. Poems of Kostan Zarian are written on the concrete pieces.

The cost of the memorial is around 180,000 euros, over two-thirds of which was provided by the Armenian community of Lyon. The rest was given by the Lyon Municipality and actively supported by Mayor Gérard Collomb.

Place Bellecour
The Place Bellecour (French pronunciation: [plas bɛlkuʁ]) is a large square in the centre of Lyon, France, to the north of the Ainay district. Measuring 312 m by 200 m (6.2 ha or 15 acres), it is one of the largest open squares (without any patches of greenery or trees) in Europe, and the third biggest square in France, behind the Place des Quinconces in Bordeaux (12.6 ha) and the Place de la Concorde in Paris (8.6 ha). It is also the largest pedestrian square in Europe: vehicles are allowed on the Place de la Concorde and Place des Quinconces.

In the middle is an equestrian statue of King Louis XIV by François-Frédéric Lemot (1825). Another statue, representing the Petit Prince and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, is at the west end of the square. The square also has two pavilions, housing the tourist information office of Lyon and an art gallery.

The square is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Diminution in value
Diminution in value is a legal term of art used when calculating damages in a legal dispute, and describes a measure of value lost due to a circumstance or set of circumstances that caused the loss. Specifically, it measures the value of something before and after the causative act or omission creating the lost value in order to calculate compensatory damages.

In legal damages theories, diminution in value is often calculated for compensatory special damages when a loss is monetarily quantifiable, and for restitution or disgorgement damages when the loss has unfairly enriched a wrongdoer.

Causation (law)
Causation is the "causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and end result". In other words, causation provides a means of connecting conduct with a resulting effect, typically an injury. In criminal law, it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation applies only where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses.
Paraplesiops
Paraplesiops is a genus containing five largely allopatric species of fishes in the longfin, or roundhead, family Plesiopidae, commonly known as blue devils, bluedevils, or blue devilfish because of their colouration.  The genus is most similar to the tropical genera Plesiops and Fraudella.  It is restricted to subtropical and temperate rocky and coral reefs in Australian waters.  Its species are mostly cryptic, occurring in submarine caves, crevices and under rocky ledges.

Paraplesiops often hide unless food is available, they are very friendly fish unless around their prey. They eat small fish or crustaceans.

Paraplesiops bleekeri
Paraplesiops bleekeri, commonly known as the eastern blue devil, blue-tipped long-fin  or Bleeker's blue devil fish, is a species of fish in the family Plesiopidae. This colourful, secretive fish is endemic to Australia, where it is a protected species.
Godsville
Godsville is a collaborative studio album by American record producer Showbiz and rapper KRS-One. It was released digitally on February 15, 2011, via D.I.T.C. Records; although the physical release didn't hit stores until May 8, 2011. The recording sessions took place at Headquarterz Studio in New York. The album was produced by Showbiz, with one track produced with Show's Born Lords groupmate E-Blaze. It features guest appearances from Fred the Godson and Jay Nortey.

It is the second album produced by Show excluding his work with Showbiz and A.G. and the 21st album by KRS-One (including his work with Boogie Down Productions). It follows the theme of KRS-One creating an album fully produced by a legendary New York producer, following Hip Hop Lives with Marley Marl and Meta-Historical with True Master.

Meta-Historical
Meta-Historical is a collaborative studio album by American rapper KRS-One and fellow record producer True Master. It was released on August 31, 2010, through Fat Beats Records. The album was produced by True Master. It features guest appearances from Cappadonna, Dr. Oyibo, and RZA. The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 24 on the Top Rap Albums chart in the United States.
Fellside, Gauteng
Fellside is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is a small suburb located north-east of the city centre with Orange Grove to its north, south and east, with Houghton Estate to its west. It is located in Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

Houghton Estate
Houghton Estate, often simply called Houghton, is an affluent suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa, north-east of the city centre. The area was designated for white residents as part of the Group Areas Act during the apartheid era and became known as one of the city's upper-class neighbourhoods.

Historically, the area has attracted a significant number of Jewish residents and is the home of Johannesburg's flagship Orthodox synagogue, Great Park Synagogue. Helen Suzman, a Jewish politician represented the suburb as Member of Parliament for Houghton from 1953 to 1989. Suzman was succeeded by Tony Leon.

The suburb is also known for being the home of the late president, Nelson Mandela.
Elina Avanesyan
Elina Araratovna Avanesyan (Armenian: Էլինա Արարատի Ավանեսյան; Russian: Элина Араратовна Аванесян; born 17 September 2002) is a Russian-born Armenian tennis player. She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of No. 36, achieved on 17 March 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 163, achieved on 12 August 2024. She is currently the No. 1 singles player from Armenia.

Avanesyan has won five singles and nine doubles titles at tournaments of the ITF Circuit.

Jeļena Ostapenko
Jeļena "Aļona" Ostapenko (born 8 June 1997) is a Latvian professional tennis player. She has been ranked by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) as high as world No. 5 in singles, which she achieved on 19 March 2018, and No. 3 in doubles, attained on 14 July 2025. She is the current No. 1 singles player from Latvia, on both categories.

Ostapenko has won nine WTA Tour-level singles and twelve doubles titles, including a singles major at the 2017 French Open and a doubles major at the 2024 US Open, partnering Lyudmyla Kichenok. She has also won 15 singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, and the junior singles event at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. She is a member of the Latvia Billie Jean King Cup team.
Kosmos 1300
Kosmos 1300 also known as Tselina-D #30 was an electronic signals intelligence satellite launched by the Soviet Union on 8 August 1981 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 32/1 on a Tsyklon-3 rocket.

It is estimated to weigh two tons and have a lifetime of two months. Since it stopped functioning, Kosmos 1300 has become space debris.

Tselina (satellite)
Tselina (Russian: Целина) were a series of military SIGINT satellites originally developed in the former Soviet Union and used in the past Russian military. These satellites could pinpoint the exact location of objects emitting radio signals. They could even identify the type of emitter, its operational modes, and its activity level. This function proved valuable for detecting potential military operations by monitoring increased radio communication activity. By providing early warning of such activity, Tselina offered valuable intel that might not have been obtainable through other means.
Valve Amplification Company
Valve Amplification Company (VAC) is a U.S. supplier of high end audio electronics, principally utilizing vacuum tube technology. It was founded in 1990 by Kevin Hayes (b. 1959) and Channing W. Hayes (1923–2009). A Florida corporation, as of 2011 it is located in Sarasota, Florida, U.S.

It is well known for having produced the Marantz Classic series of amplifiers for Marantz Japan from 1996 to 1998 (Marantz Model 7 / 7C, Model 8B, Model 9), as well as the VAC-designed Model 66 integrated amplifier. In addition, it redeveloped and produced the first 200 recreations of the LA-2A leveling amplifier for Universal Audio in 1998.

Universal Audio (company)
Universal Audio is an American company that designs, imports, and markets audio signal processing hardware and effect pedals, audio interfaces, digital signal processing, virtual instruments, and digital audio workstation software and plug-ins.

Founded in 1958 by Bill Putnam, Sr. with products produced under the Universal Audio brand through the mid-1970s, the company was re-established in 1999 by his sons Jim and Bill Putnam, Jr.. The company produces modern versions of vintage Universal Audio, UREI, and Teletronix analog recording equipment, as well as hardware and software for digital recording on the UAD-2 platform.
Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet
Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet (25 April 1628 – 27 January 1699) was an English diplomat, politician and writer. An important diplomat, he was recalled in 1679, and for a brief period was a leading advisor to Charles II of England, with whom he then fell out. Temple subsequently retired to the countryside, and thereafter occupied himself with gardening and writing. He is best remembered today for two aspects of his life after retirement: a passage on the designs of Chinese gardens, written without ever having seen one, and for employing a young Jonathan Swift as his secretary. The first is sometimes given as an early indication of the English landscape garden style, praising irregularity in design.

Moor Park, Farnham
For the school in the UK see More House School, Frensham

Moor Park, Farnham, Surrey, England is a listed building and 60 acres (0.24 km2) of riverside grounds, in the former chapelry of Compton. The grounds formerly extended to Mother Ludlam's Cave, a cave entrenched in local folklore which faces across the Wey (north branch) to  the ruins of Waverley Abbey.

Following an early 20th century settlement to a dispute, public access is to a path running the length of the grounds.  The building dates from 1630 but has been substantially altered, later that century, and in 1750 and 1800.  Former names for it are Morehouse and Compton Hall. It was home to philosophical writer and satirist Jonathan Swift at the end of the seventeenth century; and served as a hydrotherapy retreat in the nineteenth century when it was visited by George Combe, the leading phrenologist of the day, who died here, and by naturalist Charles Darwin.
Avid DNxHD
Avid DNxHD ("Digital Nonlinear Extensible High Definition") is a lossy high-definition video post-production codec developed by Avid for multi-generation compositing with reduced storage and bandwidth requirements. It is an implementation of SMPTE VC-3 standard.

High-definition video
High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for high-definition, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition. 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at high frame rate (60 frames/second North America, 50 FPS Europe), by a high-speed camera may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film, a technique which is often known as filmizing.