hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dryinopolis
Dryinopolis or Dryinoupolis (Greek: Δρυϊνόπολις or Δρυϊνούπολις) is a historical region in southwestern Albania and northwestern Greece in Epirus. The heartland of this region is the valley of the Drino (Greek: Drinos) river and Dropull/Dropolis. A Greek-Orthodox bishopric under this name was established at 449 AD as well as a theme (district) of the Byzantine Empire and the Despotate of Epirus (10th-14th century). Today the name of Dryinopolis is preserved in the local metropolitan bishopric of the Church of Greece for the Greek part of the region, while the Albanian part is under the religious jurisdiction of the metropolis of Gjirokaster of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Albania.

Theme (Byzantine district)
The themes or thémata (Greek: θέματα, thémata, singular: θέμα, théma) were the main military and administrative divisions of the Byzantine Empire. They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Slavic migrations to the Balkans and Muslim conquests of parts of Eastern Roman territory, and replaced the earlier ancient provincial system established by Diocletian and Constantine the Great. In their origin, the first themes were created from the areas of encampment of the field armies of the East Roman army, and their names corresponded to the military units that had existed in those areas. The theme system reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries, as older themes were split up and the conquest of territory resulted in the creation of new ones. The original theme system underwent significant changes in the 11th and 12th centuries, but the term remained in use as a provincial and financial circumscription until the very end of the Empire.
Hagood, South Carolina
Hagood is an unincorporated community in the High Hills of Santee area in western Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. It lies west of South Carolina Highway 261, north of Stateburg and is the location of Magnolia Hall, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its mail now comes from Rembert zip code 29128. The community was originally called Sander's Station by the South Carolina Railway, apparently for Dr. Swepson Saunders, the owner of Magnolia Hall plantation, on which it was located, but was renamed Hagood for Johnson Hagood, brigadier general in the Confederate States Army and later governor of South Carolina.

Stateburg, South Carolina
Stateburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in the High Hills of Santee in  Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,380 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Sumter, South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. Stateburg is located within the larger Stateburg Historic District.
2008 Kangaroo Cup
The 2008 Kangaroo Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor carpet courts. It was the twelfth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2008 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Gifu, Japan between 28 April and 4 May 2008. The total prize money offered at this event was US$50,000.

This tournament marked the return of Japanese player Kimiko Date-Krumm, who returned to professional tennis almost 12 years after retiring, at the age of 37. Date entered the qualifying with the help of a wildcard, and she not only qualified, but had a run to the singles final, where she was beaten by Tamarine Tanasugarn. She also won the doubles title here, with compatriot Kurumi Nara.

Kangaroo Cup
The Kangaroo Cup is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor hard courts. The event is classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Gifu, Japan, since 1997.
Bottrill Head
Bottrill Head (67°42′S 66°57′W﻿ / ﻿67.700°S 66.950°W﻿ / -67.700; -66.950) is a rugged headland on the east side of Bourgeois Fjord which forms the southwest extremity of German Peninsula and the north side of the entrance to Dogs Leg Fjord in Fallières Coast, on the west side of Graham Land, Antarctica. It was first surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) under John Rymill. The headland was resurveyed in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) who named it for Harold Bottrill, chairman of the board of directors, later general manager, of Maclean and Stapledon S.A., shipping agents at Montevideo, who gave great assistance to the BGLE, 1934–37, and to FIDS, 1943–48.

Fallières Coast
The Fallières Coast is that portion of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between the head of Bourgeois Fjord and Cape Jeremy and lies on Marguerite Bay and the Wordie Ice Shelf. On the south it is joined by Rymill Coast, and in the north by Loubet Coast. Fallières Coast was first explored in January 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under J.B. Charcot, who named it for Armand Fallières, then President of France.
Pseudorhabdosynochus mycteropercae
Pseudorhabdosynochus mycteropercae is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of the tiger grouper, Mycteroperca tigris (Serranidae). It has been described by Kritsky, Bakenhaster and Adams in 2015.

Pseudorhabdosynochus
Pseudorhabdosynochus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Diplectanidae. The type-species of the genus is Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938).

The genus includes more than 80 species, which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish, especially groupers. Since groupers are mostly abundant in warm waters, species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are found in warm parts of the oceans, especially in coral reefs, but species have also been found in deep-sea groupers. Several species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are pathogens of maricultured groupers.
Cisalpina Private Natural Heritage Reserve
The Cisalpina Private Natural Heritage Reserve is a private natural heritage reserve in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
It contains an area of marshland at the head of the reservoir of the Eng Sérgio Motta Dam on the Paraná River.

Private natural heritage reserve (Brazil)
A private natural heritage reserve (Portuguese: Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural – RPPN) is a type of preservation area in Brazil, where the land is owned privately and may be used for research, education, eco-tourism or recreation.
However, any such use must be compatible with the goals of preserving the environment and maintaining biodiversity.
Although private reserves have been criticized, proponents argue that they may provide a valuable complement to publicly owned reserves.
Assassination of Essad Pasha Toptani
Essad Pasha Toptani was an Albanian politician who served as third Prime minister of Albania from 1914 until 1916 and was a former Ottoman army officer.  He was assassinated on 13 June 1920 in Paris by Avni Rustemi.

Avni Rustemi
Avni Rustemi (26 September 1895 – 22 April 1924) was an Albanian patriot, revolutionary, teacher, activist and member of the Albanian parliament. Rustemi was the leader of numerous patriotic societies and associations and also a member of the democratic opposition in the Albanian National Assembly preceding the Revolution of June 1924. He is most well-known and celebrated for having assassinated Essad Pasha Toptani - an Albanian politician who is remembered amongst Albanians as a symbol of treason and as one of the most negative historical figures of the 20th century - and his founding and leadership of the Bashkimi association, which played an important role in Albanian politics during the June Revolution.
Ellis Stanley Joseph
Ellis Stanley Joseph (also known as Ellis Joseph or Ellis S. Joseph) was a collector and trader in wildlife in the early part of the 20th century. An animal trainer of remarkable ability, he also trained some of his captive wildlife to perform in public.

Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition
The Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition was an expedition to tropical Africa in 1909–1910 led by former US President Theodore Roosevelt. It was funded by Andrew Carnegie and sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution. Its purpose was to collect specimens for the Smithsonian's new natural history museum, now known as the National Museum of Natural History. The expedition collected around 11,400 animal specimens, which took Smithsonian naturalists eight years to catalog. The trip involved political and social interactions with local leaders and dignitaries. Following the expedition, Roosevelt chronicled it in his book African Game Trails.
Hojjatabad, Minab
Hojjatabad (Persian: حجت‌آباد, also Romanized as Ḩojjatābād) is a village in Tukahur Rural District, Tukahur District, Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 656, in 157 families.

Tukahur Rural District
Tukahur Rural District (Persian: دهستان توكهور) is in Tukahur District of Minab County, Hormozgan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Tukahur. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Hasht Bandi, now a city.
North Sunderland railway station
North Sunderland railway station was a brick built station on the single track branch of the North Sunderland Railway, in north east England. The line connected the village and port of Seahouses to the railway network via a junction at Chathill.

Chathill railway station
Chathill is a railway station on the East Coast Main Line, which runs between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The station, situated 46 miles 1 chain (46.0 mi; 74.0 km) north of Newcastle, serves the hamlet of Chathill, and surrounding coastal villages of Beadnell and Seahouses in Northumberland, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.
Brownsdale, Florida
Brownsdale is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 528 at the 2020 census, up from 471 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Pensacola—Ferry Pass—Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Ferry Pass, Florida
Ferry Pass is a census-designated place (CDP) in Escambia County, Florida. It is considered to be a community within Pensacola. It is a principal community in the Pensacola—Ferry Pass—Brent, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is located north of Pensacola city limits. The population was 29,921 at the 2020 United States census, up from 28,921 at the 2010 United States census. The University of West Florida, located in Ferry Pass, is the only university located in the Pensacola metropolitan area.
Giesen
Giesen (German pronunciation: [ˈɡiːzn̩]) is a village and a municipality in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 6 km northwest of Hildesheim, and 22 km southeast of Hanover.

The municipality includes five villages:

Ahrbergen (pop. 2,219)

Emmerke (pop. 1,684)

Giesen (pop. 3,401)

Groß Förste (pop. 795)

Hasede (pop. 1,606)

Hildesheim (district)
Hildesheim is a district (Landkreis)  in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Hanover, Peine, Wolfenbüttel, Goslar, Northeim, Holzminden and Hameln-Pyrmont.
Platypodium viride
Platypodium viride is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae found in Peru. It is one of two accepted species of Platypodium, the other being P. elegans. It was first described by Julius Rudolph Theodor Vogel in 1837.

Platypodium
Platypodium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes two species of trees native to the tropical Americas, from Panama through Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil to Bolivia and Paraguay. Typical habitats are seasonally-dry tropical forest, humid gallery or riverine forest, thicket, and woodland. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae, and has been assigned to the informal monophyletic Pterocarpus clade within the Dalbergieae.
Master frequency generator
A master frequency generator or master electronic oscillator, in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), is a piece of equipment used to provide system end-to-end carrier frequency synchronization and frequency accuracy of tones.

The following types of oscillators are used in the Defense Communications System FDM systems:

Type 1 - A master carrier oscillator as an integral part of the multiplexer set.

Type 2 - A submaster oscillator equipment or slave oscillator equipment as an integral part of the multiplexer set.

Type 3 - An external master oscillator equipment that has extremely accurate and stable characteristics.

Synchronization
Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. For example, the conductor of an orchestra keeps the orchestra synchronized or in time. Systems that operate with all parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync—and those that are not are asynchronous.

Today, time synchronization can occur between systems around the world through satellite navigation signals and other time and frequency transfer techniques.
1998 Arizona House of Representatives election
The 1998 Arizona House of Representatives election took place on Tuesday, November 3, 1998, with the primary election held on Tuesday, September 8, 1998. Arizona voters elected all 60 members of the Arizona House of Representatives in multi-member districts to serve two-year terms.

The election coincided with United States national elections and Arizona state elections, including U.S. Senate, U.S. House, Governor, and Arizona Senate.

Following the previous election in 1996, Republicans held a 38-to-22-seat majority over Democrats. Republicans expanded their majority in 1998, winning 40 seats. At 20 members, Democrats saw a net loss of two seats. The newly elected members served in the 44th Arizona State Legislature, during which Republican Jeff Groscost was re-elected as Speaker of the Arizona House.

Arizona Democratic Party
The Arizona Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Arizona. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona.

Along with its main rival, the Arizona Republican Party, it is one of two major parties in the state. The Arizona Democratic Party's electoral representation has increased in recent years; as of 2025, the party controls the offices of governor, secretary of state, and attorney general; both of the state's U.S. Senate seats; and two out of the state's nine U.S. House seats.
1950 United States Senate special election in Connecticut
The 1950 United States Senate special election in Connecticut took place on November 7, 1950 in Connecticut, as part of the 1950 Senate elections. The incumbent Republican Senator Raymond E. Baldwin resigned on December 16, 1949, to accept appointment to the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors. William Benton, the former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, was appointed to the vacant seat. Benton defeated Prescott Bush in the special election by a margin of 1,102 votes, the closest Senate election of that year. In the concurrent regular election, Brien McMahon won re-election by a margin of 5.1%. Benton would go on to lose election to a full term in the 1952 regular election, while Bush would be elected to the other seat in the special election.

1950 United States Senate elections
The 1950 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Harry S. Truman's second term as president. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. As with most 20th-century second-term midterms, the party not holding the presidency made significant gains. The Republican opposition made a net gain of five seats, taking advantage of the Democratic administration's declining popularity during the Cold War and the aftermath of the Recession of 1949. The Democrats held a narrow 49-to-47-seat majority after the election. This was the first time since 1932 that the Senate majority leader lost his seat, and the only instance of the majority leader losing his seat while his party retained the majority.
Ciglane
Ciglane (Cyrillic: Циглане) is a neighborhood and local community in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the 19 local communities in the Municipality of Centar Sarajevo. It was constructed on the Crni Vrh hill during the 1970s. Known for its brutalist design, it stands out from surrounding areas. It is also the only neighborhood in the city with its own funicular, called the Kosi Lift ("Slanted lift").

Local communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
A local community (Serbo-Croatian: mjesna zajednica,Cyrillic: мјесна заједница) is an administrative division in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brčko District. It is the fourth-order division, being below municipalities in the hierarchy, except in Brčko District, they act as a second-order division, being below the District itself.
Jonathan Reekie
Jonathan Alistair James Reekie CBE (born 2 September 1964, in London) is a British arts administrator who has been the Director of Somerset House Trust since 2014. During this time, the renovation of the historic site has been completed, including the launch of Somerset House Studios, helping to establish Somerset House as "London's Working Arts Centre", home to a creative community in central London. Reekie has overseen the expansion of the cultural programme, including PJ Harvey's Recording in Progress with Artangel, Björk Digital, Big Bang Data, Perfume, and Get Up, Stand Up Now. In 2019, Reekie co-curated with Sarah Cook the exhibition 24/7, a wake-up call to a non-stop world, based on the book by Jonathan Crary.

Thomas Adès
Thomas Joseph Edmund Adès CBE (born 1 March 1971) is a British composer, pianist and conductor. Five compositions by Adès received votes in the 2017 Classic Voice poll of the greatest works of art music since 2000: The Tempest (2004), Violin Concerto (2005), Tevot (2007), In Seven Days (2008), and Polaris (2010). Major recent works include: Dante (2020) and Aquifer (2024).
History of Mangaluru
The History of Mangaluru dates back to the 3rd century BC and has been ruled by a number of rulers. In the era of modern India, the area was controlled by the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay, who lost it to Shivappa Nayaka, who in turn lost it to Hyder Ali.

Until India's independence Mangaluru remained under the rule of British India who had taken over by defeating Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Mangaluru which was a part of the Madras Presidency was merged into a unified Mysore State in 1956.

St. Mary's Islands
St. Mary's Islands, also known as Thonsepar, are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Malpe in Udupi, Karnataka, India. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar rhyolitic lava (pictured).

Scientific studies indicate that the basalt of the St. Mary's Islands was formed by sub-aerial subvolcanic activity, because at that time Madagascar was attached to India. The rifting of Madagascar took place around 88 million years ago.

Columnar rhyolite Lava here form one of the four geological monuments in Karnataka state, one of the 34 National Geological Monuments of India declared by the Geological Survey of India in 2016 for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of geotourism. The monument is considered an important site for "Geo Tourism".
Simon de Melun
Simon de Melun (1250 – 11 July 1302 in Kortrijk) was a Marshal of France killed in the Battle of the Golden Spurs.

He was a younger son of Viscount Adam II of Melun and Constance of Sancerre. From his mother, he inherited the castles of La Loupe and Marcheville.

In 1270, he followed King Louis IX of France in his Eighth Crusade to Tunisia. Under King Philip III of France he served as Seneschal of the Périgord, Quercy, Limousin and Carcassonne. In 1282 he participated in the Aragonese Crusade as Master of Crossbowmen (maître des arbalétriers). King Philip IV of France made him Marshal of France in 1290. In 1302 Simon went to war against Flanders, but was killed in the Battle of the Golden Spurs, together with most other French commanders.

Philip III of France
Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (French: le Hardi), was King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271.

Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was annexed to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the war of the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands.

Following the War of the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle, Charles I of Naples. Philip was initially successful, but his army was racked with sickness and he was forced to retreat. He died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285 at the age of 40. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV.
Orfidia gens
The gens Orfidia was a minor plebeian family at Rome.  Only a few members of this gens occur in history, but others are mentioned in inscriptions.  The most illustrious of the Orfidii was probably Publius Orfidius Senecio, consul suffectus in AD 148.

Roman naming conventions
Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of personal and family names. Although conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the Early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages.
Chuvash people
The Chuvash people,{{efn|{{ubl|UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh, US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH|Chuvash: чӑвашсем, romanized: çăvaşsem, pronounced [tɕə̹̆ˈʋaʂsʲɛm]|Russian: чуваши, romanized: čuvaši are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Oğurs, inhabiting an area stretching from the Idel-Ural region to Siberia.

Most of them live in the Russian republic of Chuvashia and the surrounding area, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout Russia as well as in Central Asia. They speak Chuvash, a Turkic language that diverged from other languages in the family more than a millennium ago. Among the Chuvash believers, the majority are Eastern Orthodox Christians although a minority follow Vattisen Yaly or Sunni Islam.

Suar Principality
Suar or Suvar principality was a medieval statelet subject to Volga Bulgaria.

The principality appeared around the 940s CE. The population was a mix of Turkic Sabirs and local Turkic- and Uralic-speaking tribes such as the Mari. The capital city was Suar, whose ruler was titled "Bäk" (cf. Khazar "Bek"; Turkish "Bey".)

In 975 the principality was absorbed by Volga Bulgaria. From the 11th to 13th centuries, it was a semiautonomous province, until the Mongols conquered the state.