hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reedsburg Dam
The Reedsburg Dam is a non-hydroelectric barrage dam crossing the Muskegon River in eastern Missaukee County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  Located in rural Enterprise Township, the dam was constructed in 1940 by the Civilian Conservation Corps to alleviate flooding from Houghton Lake, which is the source of the Muskegon River approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) upstream.

The resulting reservoir is known as the Dead Stream Flooding, and the area is incorporated into the Dead Stream Flooding State Wildlife Management Area, which extends east into neighboring Roscommon County.  The Reedsburg Dam is the smallest and newest of the four remaining dams along the Muskegon River, which includes the Croton Dam, Hardy Dam, and Rogers Dam much further downstream.

Rogers Dam
Rogers Dam is an earth-filled embankment dam on the Muskegon River in Mecosta Township, Michigan, United States. It is located about six miles (9.7 km) south of Big Rapids. Construction of the dam began in 1905, and its power plant was commissioned in March 1906. Owned and operated by Consumers Energy, the primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation. On December 22, 1921, the original 4.5-megawatt (6,000 hp) power plant was destroyed in a fire. It was rebuilt with an increased 6.8-megawatt (9,100 hp) installed capacity in 1922. The rebuild cost approximately $450,000. It is the oldest hydroelectric power plant operated by Consumers Energy, which also owns the Hardy and Croton dams downstream of Rogers Dam.

Consumers Energy has initiated community talks to discuss the future of its 13 hydropower dams, including Rogers Dam.
Beale Street
Beale Street is a street in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, which runs from the Mississippi River to East Street, a distance of approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km). It is a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of blues music. Today, the blues clubs and restaurants that line Beale Street are major tourist attractions in Memphis. Festivals and outdoor concerts frequently bring large crowds to the street and its surrounding areas.

Memphis in May
Memphis in May International Festival is a month-long festival held in Memphis, Tennessee. The festival, which is saluting South Korea in 2025, honors a specific foreign country every year and features many events. The Beale Street Music Festival takes place the first weekend in May and showcases an eclectic lineup of national and local musical talent. International Week is a series of exhibits, screenings, arts and performances dedicated to each year's honored country. The World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest has become one of the most popular barbecue contests in the country and has been observed for 47 years. The Great American River Run Half Marathon & 5K welcomes runners of all experience levels through the streets of Memphis and along the banks of the Mississippi River, while 901Fest includes a salute to all things Memphis.
Matlis duality
In algebra, Matlis duality is a duality between Artinian and Noetherian modules over a complete Noetherian local ring. In the special case when the local ring contains a field mapping to the residue field it is closely related to earlier work by Francis Sowerby Macaulay on polynomial rings and is sometimes called Macaulay duality, and the general case was introduced by Matlis (1958).

Noetherian module
In abstract algebra, a Noetherian module is a module that satisfies the ascending chain condition on its submodules, where the submodules are partially ordered by inclusion.

Historically, Hilbert was the first mathematician to work with the properties of finitely generated submodules. He proved an important theorem known as Hilbert's basis theorem which says that any ideal in the multivariate polynomial ring of an arbitrary field is finitely generated. However, the property is named after Emmy Noether who was the first one to discover the true importance of the property.
Castellazzo Novarese
Castellazzo Novarese is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Novara.

Castellazzo Novarese borders the following municipalities: Briona, Casaleggio Novara, Mandello Vitta, and Sillavengo.

Casaleggio Novara
Casaleggio Novara is a comune (municipality) in the province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Turin and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) northwest of Novara.
Cunorana (Carabaya)
Cunorana (possibly from Aymara for a variety of potato of the qhini group,) is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,300 metres (17,388 ft) high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Corani District. Cunorana lies southeast of Millo in the northeastern part of the large glaciated area of Quelccaya (Quechua for "snow plain").

Cordillera Vilcanota
The Cordillera Vilcanota (Spanish cordillera: "mountain range", Aymara: willkan uta "house of the sun") is a mountain range located in Peru southeast of Cusco, on the boundary between the regions of Cusco and Puno. It extends between 13°39' and 14°29'S and 70°31' and 71°20'W for about 80 km. It includes 469 glaciers.

To the east the rivers San Gabán and Azángaro are the natural boundary which separates it from the Carabaya range. The La Raya range near the La Raya pass is sometimes included or listed separately.
Strombus pugilis
Strombus pugilis, common names the fighting conch and the West Indian fighting conch, is a species of medium to large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs.

S. pugilis is similar in appearance to Strombus alatus, the Florida fighting conch.

Gastropod shell
The gastropod shell is part of the body of many gastropods, including snails, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but also serves for muscle attachment and calcium storage. Some gastropods appear shell-less (slugs) but may have a remnant within the mantle, or in some cases the shell is reduced such that the body cannot be retracted within it (semi-slug).

Some snails also possess an operculum that seals the opening of the shell, known as the aperture, which provides further protection. The study of mollusc shells is known as conchology. The biological study of gastropods, and other molluscs in general, is malacology. Shell morphology terms vary by species group.
Quebec Route 271
Route 271 is a two-lane north/south highway on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada. Its northern terminus is in Sainte-Croix at the junction of Route 132, and the southern terminus is at the junction of Route 173 in Saint-Georges.

Quebec Route 173
Route 173 (Route-du-Président-Kennedy) is a major north/south highway on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada, named after the assassinated American president, John F. Kennedy. Its southern terminus is at the Armstrong–Jackman Border Crossing in  Saint-Théophile in the hamlet of Armstrong, at the border with Maine (U.S. Route 201 / Maine SR 6), and its northern terminus is in Lévis at the junction of Route 132. Route 173 follows the Chaudière River for most of its course, from Saint-Georges, down to Scott, where the route takes a more northeastern route towards Lévis, crossing the Etchemin River in the municipality of Saint-Henri-de-Lévis.
Nail disease
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail.  Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that show signs of infection or inflammation may require medical assistance.

Leukonychia
Leukonychia (or leuconychia) is a medical term for white discoloration appearing on nails. It is derived from the Greek words leuko 'white' and onyx 'nail'. The most common cause is injury to the base of the nail (the matrix) where the nail is formed.
Lower Dean
Lower Dean is a village located in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England. Dean is a modernized version of the Anglo-Saxon word "denu," which means "valley."

The village forms part of the Dean and Shelton civil parish (where the 2011 Census population was included), and is close to the county border with Northamptonshire and the district of Huntingdonshire in Cambridgeshire. The village is home to a population of about 200, and it is a popular tourist destination for those interested in the village's medieval past.

Lower Dean includes a Methodist chapel built in 1846, the Manor House Farm of William Strangward, and Dean Hall, an 18th-century brick house with a tile roof and a paneled entrance hall.

Dean and Shelton
Dean and Shelton is a civil parish in the Bedford district, in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England.

The two parishes of Dean and Shelton were combined on 1 April 1934. Until 1974 the parish formed part of Bedford Rural District. In 2011 it had a population of 418.
Northolt tube station
Northolt is a London Underground station, located in Northolt in the London Borough of Ealing. It is on the West Ruislip branch of the Central line, between South Ruislip and Greenford stations. It is in London fare zone 5.

West Ruislip station
West Ruislip (/ˈwɛst ˈraɪslɪp/) is an interchange station on Ickenham High Road on the borders of Ickenham and western Ruislip in the London Borough of Hillingdon in Greater London, England, formerly in the county of Middlesex. It is served by London Underground and National Rail. On the London Underground, the station is the western terminus of its branch of the Central line and the next station towards east is Ruislip Gardens. It is also on the Chiltern Railways of the National Rail. The Central line and Chiltern Railways platforms and ticket office hall are managed by LU.

The closest station on the Metropolitan and Piccadilly lines is Ickenham, 1.1 miles (1.8 km) from this station.
Butterfly Garden, Grevenmacher
The Butterfly Garden or Jardin des Papillons is located in Grevenmacher in eastern Luxembourg. Owned by the elisabeth group, the indoor site presents over 40 species of butterflies in 600 square meters of natural surroundings .

Grevenmacher
Grevenmacher (German pronunciation: [ɡʁeːvn̩ˈmaxɐ]; Luxembourgish: Gréiwemaacher [ɡʀɜɪ̯vəˈmaːχɐ] ⓘ) is a commune with town status in eastern Luxembourg, near the border with Germany. It gives its name to the canton of Grevenmacher, and, until its abolition in 2015, the district of Grevenmacher. The town is situated on the left bank of the river Moselle, in a wine growing region.

As of 2025, the commune of Grevenmacher has a population of 5,276.
William Alston Hutchinson
William Alston Hutchinson (26 March 1839 – 20 June 1897) was an English-born Australian politician, manufacturer, merchant and colliery director.

He was born at Garrigill near Cumbria in Cumberland to storekeeper Thomas Hutchinson and Jane Phillipson. He attended Alston Grammar School and migrated to Melbourne in 1857, goldmining at Castlemaine and Ballarat. In 1860, he moved to Newcastle in New South Wales, and in 1861, he married Barbara Telena Steel, with whom he had eight children. He moved to Sydney in 1872, where he became a soap and candle merchant.

He was a Balmain alderman from 1878 and later mayor; he was also an alderman of the Municipality of The Glebe from 1893 until 1897, serving as mayor from 12 February 1894 until February 1896. In 1882, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Balmain but did not re-contest in 1885. Hutchinson died at Glebe Point in 1897.

Municipality of The Glebe
The Municipality of The Glebe was a local government area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The municipality was proclaimed on 1 August 1859 and, with an area of 2 square kilometres, included the modern suburbs of Glebe and Forest Lodge. The council was amalgamated with the City of Sydney to the east with the passing of the Local Government (Areas) Act 1948, although parts of the former council area were transferred in 1967 to the Municipality of Leichhardt to the west (now the Inner West Council).
Seed plant
A seed plant or spermatophyte (from Ancient Greek  σπέρμα (spérma) 'seed' and  φυτόν (phutón) 'plant'; lit. 'seed plant'), also called a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms, but not ferns, mosses, or algae.

The term phanerogam or phanerogamae is derived from  Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós), meaning "visible", in contrast to the term "cryptogam" or "cryptogamae" (from Ancient Greek  κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō), 'to marry'). These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae).

Ginkgoopsida
Ginkgoopsida is a proposed class of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves. The validity of this group as a whole has been considered questionable by other authors, who consider that it is unlikely to be monophyletic. Other authors have used the class as a monotypic grouping, including only Ginkgoales. Some authors have used the clade Ginkgophyta to encompass both Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales/Leptostrobales, which are suggested to be closely related groups.
Kolnyang
Kolnyang is a Payam in Bor County, in Jonglei State, South Sudan.  It is situated on the east side of the Bahr al Jabal River, to the south of Bor, South Sudan.  Kolnyang’s Malual-Chaat was where the  liberation revolution that led to South Sudan independence started. Both 105 Battalion commander Alier NhialMangardit and the first fallen hero of revolt Maker Jool were from Kolnyang. Kolnyang Payam is Bor county’s southernmost payam, bordering Central Equatoria State to southwest, Pibor Administrative Area to the east, Lake State to the west and Eastern Equatoria State to the southeast.

Jonglei State
Jonglei State is a state of South Sudan with Bor as its centre of government  and the biggest city. Jonglei state comprises nine counties: Bor, Akobo, Ayod, Uror, Duk,  Nyirol, Pigi, Twic East, and Fangak. Jonglei State is the largest state by area before reorganisation, with an area of approximately 122,581 km2, as well as the most populous according to the 2008 census conducted in present-day South Sudan's second period of autonomy. The boundaries of the state were again changed as a result of a peace  agreement signed on 22 February 2020.

In the 21st century, Jonglei State has been marred by ethnic clashes, which the UNMISS estimated in May 2012 had affected the lives of over 140,000 people, and which have been  magnified by the broader South Sudanese conflict since December 2013.
Alfred Woodford
Alfred Oswald Woodford (February 27, 1890 – June 29, 1990) was an American geologist. He was the founding director of the geology department at Pomona College, where he taught for four decades.

He was nicknamed "Woody".

National Association of Geoscience Teachers
The National Association of Geoscience Teachers (NAGT) is a North American organization that seeks to foster improvement in the teaching of the earth sciences at all levels of formal and informal instruction, to emphasize the cultural significance of the earth sciences, and to disseminate knowledge in this field to the general public.
Rainer Hertrich
Rainer Hertrich (born 6 December 1949) is a German industrialist. In 2000, he was appointed co-CEO of EADS. His counterpart is Philippe Camus, who is CEO in France. The dual role was considered "largely ceremonial". Hertrich was also CEO of the group's aeronautics division.

Philippe Camus (businessman)
Philippe Camus (born 28 June 1948) is a French businessman whose executive positions include CEO at transnational aerospace company EADS (2000 to 2005) and chairman and interim CEO at French/American telecommunications supplier Alcatel-Lucent (2008 to 2016).
Shipwrecks of Western Australia
Over 1400 ships have been wrecked on the coast of Western Australia. This relatively large number of shipwrecks is due to a number of factors, including:

a long and very difficult coastline with very few natural harbours;

powerful storms and gales that are very common at certain times of the year (these winds are normally on-shore);

a long cyclone season rendering all sea travel hazardous and many harbours ineffectual in providing a safe haven;

the inability to accurately measure longitude until the late 18th century, and the tendency to reduce ships' travel time by keeping them in the "Roaring Forties" for as long as possible, which caused many ships to fail to turn north for the Indies at the right time.

Jack Loney
Jack Kenneth Loney (21 October 1925 – 13 February 1995) was an amateur Australian maritime historian who published over one hundred books and numerous newspaper and magazine articles. He was a schoolteacher and principal until his retirement. He became interested in maritime history after preparing several general history booklets covering the Otway region of western Victoria, Australia.
Kvaisa
Kvaisi or Kvaisa (Georgian: კვაისი [kʼʷaisi], Ossetian: Къуайса [ˈkʼʷäjsä]) is an urban-type settlement in the Oni Municipality of Georgia. According to the official subdivision of Georgia it is in the Oni district of the Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region of Georgia.

Settlement is located on the river Jejora (which is a tributary of Rioni river) on the slopes if Racha mountain ridge, 60 km north-west of Tskhinvali and 20 km from Oni.

Lead and zinc deposits are located near the city and in the Soviet times an ore mining and processing enterprise and hydroelectric power station worked in the region.

The town suffered significantly in the 7–8 September 2009 earthquake and around 80 local families remained homeless in late September.

Oni, Georgia
Oni (Georgian: ონი, romanized: oni [ˈo̞n̪i]) is a town in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region (mkhare), Georgia. Historically and ethnographically, it is part of Racha, a historic highland province in western Georgia. The town also serves as an administrative center of the Oni district (raioni).

Oni is situated in a deep gorge on the left bank of Rioni River, some 830 metres (2,723 feet) above sea level and 210 kilometres (130 miles) northwest of Georgia's capital Tbilisi.
1998 Ansett Australia Cup
The 1998 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1998 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1998. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins.

VFL/AFL pre-season competition
In the Australian Football League (AFL), previously the Victorian Football League (VFL), the pre-season competition, known during its history by a variety of sponsored names and most recently as the NAB Cup, was an annual Australian rules football tournament held amongst clubs prior to the premiership season between 1988 and 2013. The pre-season competition culminated annually in a grand final and pre-season premier.
The Cabin in the Cotton
The Cabin in the Cotton is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Michael Curtiz. The screenplay by Paul Green is based on the novel of the same title by Harry Harrison Kroll.

The film perhaps is best known for a line of dialogue spoken by a platinum-blonde Bette Davis in a Southern drawl — "I'd like ta kiss ya, but I just washed my hair." — a line lifted directly from the book. In later years, it was immortalized by Davis impersonators and quoted in the 1995 film, Get Shorty.

Get Shorty (film)
Get Shorty is a 1995 American gangster comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and written by Scott Frank, based on Elmore Leonard's 1990 novel. The film stars John Travolta, Gene Hackman, Rene Russo, Delroy Lindo, James Gandolfini, Dennis Farina, and Danny DeVito. It follows Chili Palmer (Travolta), a Miami mobster and loan shark who inadvertently gets involved in Hollywood feature film production. Get Shorty was released on October 20, 1995 by MGM/UA Distribution Co. in the United States and by United International Pictures internationally. The film received critical acclaim and went on to gross $115.1 million against a $30 million budget. Travolta went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role in the film at the 53rd Golden Globe Awards. The film's success launched its titular franchise, including a sequel titled Be Cool (2005) and a television series, which debuted in 2017.
Harrori Khakoo
KHAKHOO Harrori includes three revenue estates (locally called mauzas) in Mansehra district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. It is inhabited (mostly) by a single tribe and is governed by its own village council.

Mansehra District
Mansehra District (Urdu, Hindko: ضلع مانسہرہ) is a district in the Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. The city of Mansehra serves as the headquarters of the district.

Mansehra was established as an independent district in 1976. It was previously a tehsil within the broader Hazara District. In 1993, a former subdivision of Mansehra, Battagram, was separated as an independent district. Similarly, in 2011, another subdivision of Mansehra, Kala Dhaka, was separated which is now known as Torghar District.

The area comprising present-day Mansehra District historically consisted of two regions: Pakhal, known as the country of the Swati tribe, and Tanawal, the territory of the Tanoli tribe. According to revenue records, historical accounts, and British gazetteers, following the conquest of Pakhal from the Turks in 1703, Swati clans settled across the region, establishing ownership of nearly all villages in the district.
Hope Gap, South Australia
Hope Gap is a locality in the Mid North region of South Australia. It is north of Snowtown on the western side of the Augusta Highway. Hope Gap is named for a gap (previously known as Hope's Gap) in the Barunga Range on its western side which is traversed by the road from Lake View to Mundoora.

Hope Gap includes the northern part of the Snowtown Wind Farm.

Lake View, South Australia
Lake View (alternatively Lakeview) is a locality in South Australia beside the Augusta Highway between Snowtown and Redhill. The name is from that of the historic railway siding, Lake View Railway Station, within the locality and refers to the string of small salt lakes at the location, beside Barunga East Road.
Stockwell, Indiana
Stockwell, originally named Lauramie, is a census-designated place in Lauramie Township, Tippecanoe County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. It was once a stop along the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette Railroad, but the rail line has since been removed. The community is part of the Lafayette, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette (/ˌlɑːfiˈɛt, ˌlæf-/ LA(H)F-ee-ET) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States. The population was 70,783 at the 2020 census. It sits across the Wabash River from West Lafayette, home to Purdue University, which plays a major role in both communities. Together, Lafayette and West Lafayette make up the core of the Lafayette metropolitan area, home to 235,066 people in 2020.

Lafayette was founded in 1825 on the southeast bank of the Wabash River near where the river becomes impassable for riverboats upstream, though a French fort and trading post had existed since 1717 on the opposite bank and three miles downstream. It was named for the French general Marquis de Lafayette, a Revolutionary War hero. Lafayette is 63 miles (101 km) northwest of Indianapolis and 125 miles (201 km) southeast of Chicago.