hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Machine drawn cylinder sheet glass
Machine drawn cylinder sheet was the first mechanical method for "drawing" window glass. Cylinders of glass 40 feet (12 m) high are drawn vertically from a circular tank. The glass is then annealed and cut into 7-to-10-foot (2.1 to 3.0 m) cylinders. These are cut lengthways, reheated, and flattened.

This process was invented in the US in 1903.  This type of glass was manufactured in the early 20th century (it was manufactured in the United Kingdom by Pilkington from 1910 to 1933).

Other historical methods for making window glass included broad sheet, blown plate, crown glass, polished plate and cylinder blown sheet. These methods of manufacture lasted at least until the end of the 19th century.  The early 20th century marks the move away from hand-blown to machine manufactured glass such as rolled plate, flat drawn sheet, single and twin ground polished plate and float glass.

Rolled plate glass
Rolled plate is a type of industrially produced glass. It was invented and patented by James Hartley circa 1847. Rolled-plate glass is used architecturally; in the mid-19th century, uses included roofing railway stations and greenhouses.
Ancistrocerus gazella
Ancistrocerus gazella, known as the European potter wasp or European tube wasp, is a species of potter wasp. As an imago (adult), the female collects as many as 20 caterpillars for each nest, which consists of a single cell. Her larval offspring then feed on these inside the nest, which is sealed with mud arranged by her. As adults, they eat nectar and aphid honeydew. Males cannot sting, and the sting of a female is not painful. They can be found on windows, foraging for nectar on flowers, or searching out small cracks or holes in which to nest.

Potter wasp
Potter wasps (or mason wasps), the Eumeninae, are a cosmopolitan wasp group currently considered a subfamily of Vespidae, but sometimes recognized in the past as a separate family, Eumenidae.

Mud dauber wasps, which also build their nests with mud, are in the families Sphecidae and Crabronidae and not discussed here.
Johnny Sablan
Johnny Sablan (born 1948) is a Chamorro musician from Guam, known for recording the first commercial Chamorro album which established a musical identity for the island. Sablan briefly recorded music and toured in California as a teenager before returning to Guam to release the "Dalai Nene," which marked the beginning of his Chamorro language music career.

Chamorro people
The Chamorro people (/tʃɑːˈmɔːroʊ, tʃə-/; also Chamoru) are the Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands, politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and the encompassing Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia, a commonwealth of the US. Today, significant Chamorro populations also exist in several US states, including Hawaii, California, Washington, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, and Nevada, all of which together are designated as Pacific Islander Americans according to the US census. According to the 2020 census, about 63,035 people with Chamorro ancestry live in Guam and another 17,163 live in the Northern Marianas. Among those, 50,420 identified as Chamorro alone (i.e. no other race) in Guam and 12,001 in Northern Marianas.
2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards
The 2017 iHeartRadio Music Awards were held on March 5, 2017 at The Forum in Inglewood, California, and hosted by Ryan Seacrest. The list of nominations was announced on January 3, 2017. Drake received the most nominations with fifteen categories, followed by The Chainsmokers with twelve.

IHeartRadio Music Awards
The iHeartRadio Music Awards is an American music awards show that celebrates music heard throughout the year across iHeartMedia radio stations nationwide and on iHeartRadio, iHeartMedia's digital music platform. Founded by iHeartRadio in 2014, the event recognizes the most popular artists and music over the previous year. Winners are chosen per cumulative performance data, while the public is able to vote in several categories.

The inaugural event was held on May 1, 2014, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. Its first two years were broadcast live on NBC; from 2016 to 2018, it was simulcast on TBS, TNT and TruTV. Since the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards, the ceremony has aired on Fox. The trophy is manufactured by the New York firm Society Awards.

Taylor Swift is the most awarded artist in the history of the iHeartRadio Music Awards, having won 34 awards between 2015 and 2025.
Fish diseases and parasites
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.

Specific defences are specialised responses to particular pathogens recognised by the fish's body, that is adaptative immune responses. In recent years, vaccines have become widely used in aquaculture and ornamental fish, for example vaccines for commercial food fishes like Aeromonas salmonicida, furunculosis in salmon and Lactococcosis\Streptococcosis  in farmed grey mullet, Tilapia and koi herpes virus in koi.

Some commercially important fish diseases are VHS, ICH, and whirling disease.

Henneguya zschokkei
Henneguya zschokkei or Henneguya salminicola is a species of a myxosporean endoparasite. It afflicts several salmon and trout in the genera Oncorhynchus and Salmo, where it causes milky flesh or tapioca disease. H. zschokkei does not require oxygen to survive and is notable for being one of the very few multicellular organisms in the animal kingdom to rely on an exclusively anaerobic metabolism. It is also notable for its lack of both mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA.
The Peel Sessions (Can album)
The Peel Sessions is a compilation album by the German experimental rock band Can. Released in November 1995, it contains songs from four sessions recorded for John Peel's Radio 1 show. The sessions took place in February 1973 (track 1), January 1974 (track 4), October 1974 (tracks 2 & 3), and May 1975 (tracks 5 & 6). The songs are mostly unreleased improvisations. Different recordings of "Geheim" (as "Half Past One") and "Mighty Girl" (as "November") were released on Landed and Out of Reach respectively.

Landed (album)
Landed is the sixth studio album by the German krautrock band Can, released in September 1975 by Virgin Records. It is the first Can album to get what producer Holger Czukay described as a "professional mix", marked by a more layered sound provided by the 16-track tape recording process.
2022 Melbourne Storm season
The 2022 Melbourne Storm season was the 25th in the club's history, competing in the 2022 NRL season. The team was coached by Craig Bellamy, coaching the club for his 20th consecutive season and for the second straight season, Melbourne had co-captains with Jesse Bromwich (second season), and Christian Welch (first season) sharing the duties, following the departure of Dale Finucane.

Melbourne qualified for the 2022 NRL finals series in fifth place, but were defeated by the Canberra Raiders 28–20 at AAMI Park to be eliminated in week one of the finals.

Club chairperson Matt Tripp summed up the season: "it's not our style to bow out of the finals in week one without a yelp... no one is making excuses about injuries but if you sit back and look at how many we had, there were excuses in key positions that cost us a few games throughout the home and away season, which made it tough in the finals."

Jesse Bromwich
Jesse Bromwich (born 3 May 1989) is a  New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who  last played as a prop for the Dolphins in the National Rugby League (NRL), who he also captained.

In 2021 and 2022, Bromwich co-captained the Melbourne Storm. He also played in their victorious 2012, 2017 and 2020 grand finals, and the 2010 and 2013 World Club Challenges. Bromwich played for New Zealand, the New Zealand Māori, and the NRL All Stars at representative level.
Mount Nagi
Mount Nagi (那岐山, Nagi-san), is a mountain located on the border of Chizu, Tottori Prefecture, and Nagi, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The other reading of this mountain's kanji is Nagisen.

This mountain is an important part of Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Park, with Mount Hyōno and Mount Ushiro.

Mount Hyōno
Mount Hyōno (氷ノ山, Hyō-no-sen) is a mountain on the border of Yabu, Hyōgo Prefecture, and Wakasa, Tottori Prefecture, in Japan. It is the highest mountain in Hyōgo Prefecture. This mountain is one of the 200 famous mountains in Japan. Other names of this mountain are Suga-no-sen, Hyō-zan, Hyō-no-yama, Kōri-no-yama.
Wang Heqing
Wang Heqing (王和卿; c. 1260), a writer of Chinese Sanqu poetry, was a native of Daming in Hebei province. Other than his birthplace, which is noted in Zheng Sicheng's Record of Ghosts, nothing of certainty can be said of his life. The Ming period Chuo Genglu (輟耕錄), describes Wang as a friend of Guan Hanqing in Dadu, modern Beijing. It is also noted that Wang's lyric on the giant butterfly in the Beijing area was the beginning of his popularity as a writer in the 1260s. Of his sanqu lyrics, twenty-one short lyrics survive with one suite and fragments.

Guan Hanqing
Guan Hanqing (traditional Chinese: 關漢卿; simplified Chinese: 关汉卿; c. 1241–1320), art names Yizhai (已齋 or 一齋) and Yizhaisou (已齋叟), was a Chinese dramatist, playwright, and poet of the Yuan dynasty. He has been described as among the most prolific and highly regarded dramatists of the Yuan period.
Rimstone
Rimstone, also called gours, is a type of speleothem (cave formation) in the form of a stone dam. Rimstone is made up of calcite and other minerals that build up in cave pools. The formation created, which looks like stairs, often extends into flowstone above or below the original rimstone. Often, rimstone is covered with small, micro-gours on horizontal surfaces. Rimstone basins may form terraces that extend over hundreds of feet, with single basins known up to 200 feet long from Tham Xe Biang Fai in Laos.

Stalactite
A stalactite (UK: /ˈstæləkˌtaɪt/, US: /stəˈlæktaɪt/; from Ancient Greek  σταλακτός (stalaktós) 'dripping', from  σταλάσσειν (stalássein) 'to drip') is a mineral formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or man-made structures such as bridges and mines. Any material that is soluble and that can be deposited as a colloid, or is in suspension, or is capable of being melted, may form a stalactite. Stalactites may be composed of lava, minerals, mud, peat, pitch, sand, sinter, and amberat (crystallized urine of pack rats). A stalactite is not necessarily a speleothem, though speleothems are the most common form of stalactite because of the abundance of limestone caves.

The corresponding formation on the floor of the cave is known as a stalagmite.
Serhii Adamchuk
Serhii Adamchuk (born February 7, 1990) is a Ukrainian kickboxer. A professional competitor since 2008, Adamchuk is a former Glory featherweight champion and three time featherweight title challenger.

Combat Press ranked him as a top ten featherweight kickboxer in the world between December 2015 and February 2017, June 2018 and March 2019, as well as between February 2021 and January 2022. He peaked at #2 in July 2016.

2019 in Glory
The year 2019 was the eighth year in the history of Glory, an international kickboxing promotion. The first event of the year, Glory 63: Houston, would also be the first to be broadcast on UFC Fight Pass as part of a new agreement with the UFC that saw their Fight Pass streaming service become the exclusive carrier of Glory events in the United States. Glory events were also broadcast through television agreements with Veronica TV, and other regional channels around the world.
Union Boys
The Union Boys (also "Josh White and the Union Boys") was an American folk music group, formed impromptu in 1944, to record several songs on an album called Songs for Victory:  Music for Political Action.  Its "all-star leftist" members were Josh White, Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, Pete Seeger, Burl Ives, Tom Glazer (and Woody Guthrie by contributing a song).

Gospel Plow
"Gospel Plow" (also known as "Hold On" and "Keep Your Hand on the Plow") is a traditional African American spiritual. It is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index, number 10075.  The title is biblical, based on Luke 9:62.

The earliest date in which this spiritual appears in written form is in 1917, in the Cecil Sharp Collection, while the earliest recording is from 1930 under the title of "Keep Yo' Hand on the Plow, Hold On"  by the Hall Johnson Negro Choir.

Like most African American spirituals, "Gospel Plow" can be defined as a "musical poem, not attributable to any specific poet or composer" that describes some aspect of the "early Afro-American's view of life."

The allusion to the plow makes clear reference to the enslaved condition of African Americans working in the fields. Presumably, this spiritual must have been a message of encouragement connected to Luke 9:62's teaching that to keep plowing is to be fit for the kingdom of God.
Trama Textiles
TRAMA is a collective of 400 backstrap loom weavers, mainly women, in Guatemala. TRAMA works with 17 weaving cooperatives, representing five regions in the Western Highlands of Guatemala (Sololá, Huehuetenango, Sacatepéquez, Quetzaltenango and Quiché).

Collective
A collective is a group of entities that share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together to achieve a common objective. Collectives can differ from cooperatives in that they are not necessarily focused upon an economic benefit or saving, though they can be.

The term "collective" is sometimes used to describe a species as a whole—for example, the human collective.

For political purposes, a collective is defined by decentralized, or "majority-rules" decision-making styles.
2012 Copa Constitució
The 2012 Copa Constitució was the twentieth season of Andorra's football knockout tournament. The competition began on 15 January 2012 with the matches of the first elimination round and ended in May 2012 with the Final. UE Sant Julià are the defending champions. The winners earned a place in the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

CE Principat
Club Esportiu Principat was an Andorran football club created in 1989, based in the city of Andorra la Vella. It was one of the most successful football clubs in Andorra along with FC Santa Coloma and UE Sant Julià, having won three times the Andorran Premier League and five times the Andorran Cup. The club was dissolved in 2015.
Bessingham
Bessingham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Sustead, in the North Norfolk district of the English county of Norfolk. It lies 8 mi (13 km) north-north-west of Aylsham and 5 mi (8.0 km) south-south-west of Cromer. In 1931 the parish had a population of 122. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished and merged with Sustead.

Cromer
Cromer (/ˈkroʊmər/ KROH-mər) is a coastal town and civil parish on the north coast of the North Norfolk district of the county of Norfolk, England. It is 23 miles (37 kilometres) north of Norwich, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of North Walsham and 4 miles (6 kilometres) east of Sheringham on the North Sea coastline.
The local government authorities are North Norfolk District Council, whose headquarters is on Holt Road in the town, and Norfolk County Council, based in Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 4.66 km2 (1+13⁄16 sq mi) and at the 2011 census had a population of 7,683.

The town is notable as a traditional tourist resort and for the Cromer crab, which forms the major source of income for local fishermen. The motto Gem of the Norfolk Coast is highlighted on the town's road signs.
WDGY
WDGY (740 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Hudson, Wisconsin, and serving the Minneapolis-St. Paul radio market.  It is owned by WRPX, inc. and airs a Classic Hits/Oldies radio format.  The station's studios and offices are in Lake Elmo, Minnesota, while its transmitter is off Commerce Drive near Interstate 94 in Hudson. This station is unrelated to the original WDGY, which was a popular Top-40 station in the area during the mid-late 1950s, '60s and '70s.

Because AM 740 is a Canadian clear channel frequency, WDGY is a daytime-only station.  It must sign-off at sunset to prevent interfering with Class A CFZM in Toronto.  WDGY can be heard around the clock on two FM translator stations:  92.1 W221BS from St. Paul and 103.7 W279DD (250 watts) from Hudson.  The station can also be heard on 107.1 KTMY's HD2 channel in the Twin Cities.

WREY
WREY (630 kHz, "94.9 El Rey") is a Spanish language AM radio station licensed to Saint Paul, Minnesota (previously licensed to Hudson, Wisconsin from 1997 to 2005). The station's studios are located in the Westside neighborhood in St. Paul. Its transmitter and towers are located in Woodbury, Minnesota, along South Washington County Highway 19. WREY's signal covers the Minneapolis-St. Paul media market.

WREY broadcasts a Regional Mexican music format, at 3,000 watts by day and 2,400 watts at night.

WREY simulcasts on FM translator station W235CT (94.9) St. Paul.
Quatre Bras
Quatre Bras ([kat.ʁə bʁɑ], French for crossroads; literally "four arms") is a hamlet in the municipality of Genappe, Wallonia, Belgium. It lies on the crossroad of the Charleroi–Brussels road (currently named N5) and the Nivelles–Namur road south of Genappe.

On 16 June 1815, near the crossroads of Quatre Bras, the Battle of Quatre Bras (part of the Waterloo Campaign) was fought between contingents of the Anglo-Allied army and the left wing of the French Army. There are several monuments to the battle at Quatre Bras.

Monuments in Quatre Bras

Monument to the British and Hanoverian Troops.

Brunswick Monument.

Monument to the Dutch Cavalry regiments.

Monument to the Belgians.

Genappe
Genappe (French pronunciation: [ʒənap] ⓘ; Dutch: Genepiën, Dutch pronunciation: [ɣeːˈneːpijə(n)] ⓘ; Walloon: Djinape) is a municipality and city of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.
Palaic language
Palaic is an extinct Indo-European language, attested in cuneiform tablets in Bronze Age Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites. Palaic, which was apparently spoken mainly in northern Anatolia, is generally considered to be one of four primary sub-divisions of the Anatolian languages, alongside Hittite (central Anatolia), Luwic (southern Anatolia) and Lydian (western Anatolia).

Its name in Hittite is palaumnili, or "of the people of Pala"; Pala was probably to the northwest of the Hittite core area, so in the northwest of present mainland Turkey. The region was overrun by the Kaskians in the 15th century BC, and the language likely went out of daily use at that time.

Lydian language
Lydian is an extinct Indo-European Anatolian language spoken in the region of Lydia, in western Anatolia (now in Turkey). The language is attested in graffiti and in coin legends from the late 8th century or the early 7th century to the 3rd century BCE, but well-preserved inscriptions of significant length are so far limited to the 5th century and the 4th century BCE, during the period of Persian domination. Thus, Lydian texts are effectively contemporaneous with those in Lycian.

Strabo mentions that around his time (1st century BCE), the Lydian language was no longer spoken in Lydia proper but was still being spoken among the multicultural population of Kibyra (now Gölhisar) in southwestern Anatolia, by the descendants of the Lydian colonists, who had founded the city.
Alexander Wallace (priest)
Alexander Ross Wallace (27 September 1891 – 26 August 1982) was an English priest, colonial administrator, and author. He was the Dean of Exeter in the Church of England from 1950 to 1960.

Wallace was educated at Clifton and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He entered the Indian Civil Service in 1914 and when World War I came joined the 17th Cavalry. In 1922 he became a schoolmaster at Wellington College, Berkshire. From 1925 to 1930, he was Headmaster at Cargilfield School, Edinburgh . Further headships followed at Blundell's (1930–1933) and Sherborne (1934–1950) before his ordination in 1939. He was a Canon Residentiary at Salisbury Cathedral from 1942 to 1950 when he became Dean of Exeter Cathedral.  He retired to Lyme Regis, Dorset.

Dean of Exeter
The Dean of Exeter is the head of the Chapter of Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Exeter, England. The chapter was established by William Briwere, Bishop of Exeter (1224–44) who set up the offices of dean and chancellor of Exeter Cathedral, allowing the chapter to elect those officers. The deanery is at 10 The Close, Exeter. The current dean is Jonathan Greener.
Swalcliffe
Swalcliffe is a village and civil parish about 5 miles (8 km) west of Banbury in Oxfordshire. The parish is about 2+1⁄2 miles (4 km) long north–south and about 1 mile (1.6 km) east–west. The 2011 Census recorded the population of the modern Swalcliffe parish as 210.  The toponym "Swalcliffe" comes from the Old English swealwe and clif, meaning a slope or cliff frequented by swallows. The ancient parish of Swalcliffe was larger than the present civil parish, and included the townships of East Shutford, Epwell, Sibford Ferris, Sibford Gower and West Shutford.

Banbury
Banbury is an historic market town and civil parish on the River Cherwell in Oxfordshire, South East England. The parish had a population of 54,335 at the 2021 Census.

Banbury is a significant commercial and retail centre for the surrounding area of north Oxfordshire and southern parts of Warwickshire and Northamptonshire which are predominantly rural. Banbury's main industries are motorsport, car components, electrical goods, plastics, food processing and printing. Banbury is home to the Jacobs Douwe Egberts factory which was previously the world's largest coffee-producing facility, built in 1964. The town is famed for Banbury cakes, a spiced sweet pastry.

Banbury is located 64 miles (103 km) north-west of London, 37 miles (60 km) south-east of Birmingham, 27 miles (43 km) south-east of Coventry and 22 miles (35 km) north-northwest of Oxford.
History of the Isle of Man
The Isle of Man had become physically separated from Great Britain and Ireland by 6500 BC. It appears that colonisation took place by sea sometime during the Mesolithic era (about 6500 BC). The island has been visited by various raiders and trading peoples over the years. After being settled by people from Ireland in the first millennium AD, the Isle of Man was converted to Christianity and then suffered raids by Vikings from Norway. After becoming subject to Norwegian suzerainty as part of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles, the Isle of Man later became a possession of the Scottish and then the English crowns.

Since 1866, the Isle of Man has been a Crown Dependency under  democratic self-government.

Kingdom of Dublin
The Kingdom of Dublin (Old Norse: Dyflin) was a Norse kingdom in Ireland that lasted from roughly 853 AD to 1170 AD. It was the first and longest-lasting Norse kingdom in Ireland, founded by Vikings who invaded the territory around Dublin in the 9th century. Its territory corresponded to most of present-day County Dublin.