hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lava cactus
The lava cactus is a species of cactus, Brachycereus nesioticus, the sole species of the genus Brachycereus. The plant is a colonizer of lava fields – hence its common name – where it forms spiny clumps up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. Its solitary white or yellowish white flowers open in the daytime. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.

Cereus (plant)
Cereus (/ˈsɪəriəs/ "serious") is a genus of cacti (family Cactaceae) including around 33 species of large columnar cacti from South America. The name is derived from Greek (κηρός) and Latin words meaning "wax", "torch" or "candle". Cereus was one of the first cactus genera to be described; the circumscription varies depending on the authority. The term "cereus" is also sometimes used for a ceroid cactus, any cactus with a very elongated body, including columnar growth cacti and epiphytic cacti.
Charles Unwin
Charles Unwin (b.1829 d.1918-01-05) was a prominent surveyor for the Government of Ontario and the City of Toronto government.
Unwin was born in the United Kingdom, and emigrated to Toronto in 1843, and lived with his uncle—also named Charles Unwin.
Unwin attended the prestigious Upper Canada College, a private high school attended by many of the leading elements of Ontario's administration.
After graduation, he apprenticed with John Stoughton Dennis, completing his apprenticeship in 1852.
He spent the next nine years surveying Muskoka County.

Unwin entered into a partnership with Vernon Bayley Wadsworth in 1868.

In 1910 the association of Ontario Land Surveyors published Unwin's 12 page autobiographical sketch.

Unwin never married.  He worked as a surveyor for Toronto from 1874 to his death, at 88 in 1918.

Unwin Avenue, the southernmost street in Toronto's Portlands, is named after Unwin.

John Stoughton Dennis
Lieutenant-Colonel John Stoughton Dennis CMG (19 October 1820 – 7 July 1885) was a Canadian surveyor, militia officer, and civil servant, born in Kingston, Upper Canada.

In 1866, Dennis led an ill-fated militia attack against the Fenians at Fort Erie. Dennis is noted for his role in precipitating the Red River Rebellion by his 1869 surveys of the Red River Colony. He was the father of Colonel John Stoughton Dennis Jr., who also became a noted surveyor and militia officer.

In the 1882 Birthday Honours, he was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

In 1916 Mount Dennis in the Canadian Rockies was named for him.
Schuette–Nesbitt formula
In mathematics, the Schuette–Nesbitt formula is a generalization of the inclusion–exclusion principle. It is named after Donald R. Schuette and Cecil J. Nesbitt.

The probabilistic version of the Schuette–Nesbitt formula has practical applications in actuarial science, where it is used to calculate the net single premium for life annuities and life insurances based on the general symmetric status.

Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.

The expected value of a random variable with a finite number of outcomes is a weighted average of all possible outcomes. In the case of a continuum of possible outcomes, the expectation is defined by integration. In the axiomatic foundation for probability provided by measure theory, the expectation is given by Lebesgue integration.

The expected value of a random variable X is often denoted by , , or , with E also often stylized as ,  or E.
San Rocco delle Carceri, Mondovì
The Cappella di San Rocco delle Carceri is a small Roman Catholic chapel in Mondovì, province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. Dedicated to Saint Roch, it is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mondovì.

Its denomination "delle carceri" is due to the fact that opposite the chapel stood the prison. The small hexagonal building was constructed between 1630 and 1640 with funding from the Municipality of Mondovì and private citizens. At the time, it was part of the cloister garden of the Zoccolanti friars.

Mondovì
Mondovì (Italian pronunciation: [mondoˈvi]; Piedmontese: Ël Mondvì [əl mʊŋdˈvi], Latin: Mons Regalis) is a town and comune (township) in Piedmont, northern Italy, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Turin. The area around it is known as the Monregalese.

The town, located on the Monte Regale hill, is divided into several rioni (ancient quarters): Piazza (the most ancient), Breo, Pian della Valle, Carassone, Altipiano, Borgato and Rinchiuso, lower, next to the Ellero stream, developed from the 18th century when industries developed in Mondovì and when it was reached by the railway.

The Funicolare di Mondovì, a funicular railway reopened in 2006, links Breo with Piazza.

It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mondovì.
Tumlin-Podgród
Tumlin-Podgród [ˈtumlin ˈpɔdɡrut] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Miedziana Góra, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north of Miedziana Góra and 10 km (6 mi) north of the regional capital Kielce.

Miedziana Góra, Kielce County
Miedziana Góra [mjɛˈd͡ʑana ˈɡura] is a village in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Miedziana Góra. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) northwest of the regional capital of Kielce. Its population is around 10,000.
David (1997 film)
David is a 1997 television film starring Nathaniel Parker as King David. It was written by Larry Gross and directed by Robert Markowitz. Shot entirely in Morocco, it originally aired at TNT on 6 April 1997 as part of its Bible Collection.

Bible Collection
The Bible Collection is a series of films produced for the TNT television network, starting with Abraham in April 1994 and ending with Thomas in April 2001. The Bible Collection consists of a 27-part miniseries in 17 volumes.

The series grew out of an earlier series of Old Testament films produced by the Italian company Five Mile River Films in the 1990s.
The Music School (short story)
"The Music School" is a short story by John Updike that first appeared in The New Yorker on December 12, 1964. The story was collected in the volume of Updike's fiction The Music School: Short Stories (1966), published by Alfred A. Knopf.

Adam Begley
Adam C. Begley (born 1959 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American biographer. He was the books editor for The New York Observer from 1996 to 2009.

Begley is the son of Sally (Higginson) and novelist Louis Begley. He graduated from Harvard College in 1982, and from Stanford University with a Ph.D. in English and American literature in 1989.
His work has appeared in The New York Times, The Guardian, The Times Literary Supplement, The Spectator, and The Atlantic.

He lives with his wife, Anne Cotton, in Great Gidding, Cambridgeshire. His stepdaughter is the novelist and art critic Chloë Ashby. 
He is the author of biographies of John Updike and the 19th-century French photographer Nadar. His biography of Harry Houdini appeared in the Yale Jewish Lives series. He is a frequent contributor to the Paris Review's Art of Fiction series. 
He is currently at work on a book about Harvard College.
Ma Tau Wai (constituency)
Ma Tau Wai (Chinese: 馬頭圍) is one of the 25 constituencies in the Kowloon City District of Hong Kong which was created in 1991.

The constituency loosely covers Ma Tau Wai with the estimated population of 20,629.

Ma Tau Wai
Ma Tau Wai (Chinese: 馬頭圍, originally 碼頭圍, historically 古瑾圍) is an area in the Kowloon City District, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was originally a walled village (Cantonese: 圍; Wai) between present-day Argyle Street and Prince Edward Road West, east of present-day St. Teresa's Hospital.

The area of Ma Tau Wai is not as well-defined as the original village, as the geographic features have been lost.

The public housing estate Ma Tau Wai Estate is named after the area / the original village.
John W. Dawson
John W. Dawson (October 21, 1820 – September 10, 1877) was Governor of Utah Territory in 1861.

Born on October 21, 1820, in the pioneer settlement of Cambridge in Dearborn County, Indiana, he was a lawyer, a farmer and a newspaper editor before he entered politics. He was appointed governor of Utah Territory.

The News-Sentinel
The News-Sentinel was a daily newspaper based in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The afternoon News-Sentinel was politically independent. The papers suspended publication in November 2020, after the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic.
Cooperation (evolution)
In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and are likely to benefit all contributors.

This process contrasts with intragroup competition where individuals work against each other for selfish reasons. Cooperation exists not only in humans but in other animals as well. The diversity of taxa that exhibits cooperation is quite large, ranging from zebra herds to pied babblers to African elephants. Many animal and plant species cooperate with both members of their own species and with members of other species.

W. D. Hamilton
William Donald Hamilton FRS (1 August 1936 –  7 March 2000) was a British evolutionary biologist, recognised as one of the most significant evolutionary theorists of the 20th century. Hamilton became known for his theoretical work expounding a rigorous genetic basis for the existence of altruism, an insight that was a key part of the development of the gene-centered view of evolution. He is considered one of the forerunners of sociobiology. Hamilton published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex. From 1984 to his death in 2000, he was a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University.

Richard Dawkins has written that Hamilton was "the greatest Darwinian of my lifetime".
Göksholm
Göksholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈjœ̌kshɔlm]) is a medieval Swedish castle located on the southern beach of lake Hjälmaren. It is the oldest privately owned building in Sweden that has been continuously inhabited.

Göksholm's oldest parts can be dated to the 13th century. It is located in Stora Mellösa, Örebro Municipality.

Historically it is famous for the popular uprising's leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, the then leader of the government (rikshövitsman), having been murdered on its lands in 1436 by Måns Bengtsson, the son and heir of the then owner of the castle.

Örebro Municipality
Örebro Municipality (Swedish: Örebro kommun) is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Örebro.

The municipality was created from the City of Örebro and surrounding rural municipalities in 1971 and with some areas added in 1974 it had an area of 1,840 km2. In 1995 the municipality was split in two when Lekeberg Municipality was recreated in its boundaries from 1967.
Perceptual trap
A perceptual trap is an ecological scenario in which environmental change, typically anthropogenic, leads an organism to avoid an otherwise high-quality habitat. The concept is related to that of an ecological trap, in which environmental change causes preference towards a low-quality habitat.

Environmental change
Environmental change is a change or disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes. Environmental changes include various factors, such as natural disasters, of human interferences, or animal interaction. Environmental change encompasses not only physical changes, but also factors like an infestation of invasive species.
Kathleen Casey
Kathleen Marie Casey (born 13 November 1961) is a Canadian politician. Casey was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island in the 2007 provincial election, and represented the electoral district of Charlottetown-Lewis Point as a member of the Liberal Party until retiring at the 2019 Prince Edward Island general election.  She served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 2007 to 2011.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island
The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island is the presiding officer of the provincial legislature.

The speakership is currently vacant after the resignation of Sidney Macewen after being appointed to cabinet on February 12, 2026.

Past speakers have included Wilbur MacDonald, Greg Deighan and Nancy Guptill.
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO
The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO was a Politburo which briefly assumed the responsibilities of the President of the People's Republic of Mozambique between 19 October 1986 and 6 November 1986 following the death of Samora Machel in a plane crash and the election of Joaquim Chissano to succeed him. The Politburo was reformed in 1989 at the FRELIMO Party 5th Congress.

Samora Machel
Samora Moisés Machel (29 September 1933 – 19 October 1986) was a Mozambican politician and revolutionary. A socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the country's independence in 1975 until his death in a plane crash in 1986.
Tevita Momoedonu
Ratu Tevita Momoedonu (13 January 1946 – 26 November 2020) was a Fijian politician who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Fiji twice – each time extremely briefly.  Both appointments were to get around constitutional technicalities; his first term of office – on 27 May 2000 lasted only a few minutes.  His second term – from 14 to 16 March 2001 was for two days.  He subsequently served his country as Ambassador of Fiji to Japan. Using his chiefly title of "Taukei Sawaieke", he later led pushed for the Yasana of Ba to secede from the Burebasaga and Kubuna Confederacies to form their own fourth confederacy under the Tui Vuda, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, who died in 2011.

Fiji Labour Party
The Fiji Labour Party (FLP; Fijian: Ilawalawa Cakacaka ni Viti, Fiji Hindi: फिजी श्रमिक पार्टी), commonly known as the Labour Party or just Labour, is a centre-left political party in Fiji. Most of its support is from the Indo-Fijian community, although it is officially multiracial and its first leader was an indigenous Fijian, Dr. Timoci Bavadra. The party has been elected to power twice, with Timoci Bavadra and Mahendra Chaudhry becoming prime minister in 1987 and 1999 respectively. On both occasions, the resulting government was rapidly overthrown by a coup.
Christian Hackl
Christian Hackl (born 22 September 1981) is an Austrian bobsledder who has competed since 2004. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he finished 18th in the two-man event while crashing out in the four-man event.

Hackl finished 11th in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships 2007 in St. Moritz. His best World Cup finish was 8th place in the four-man event at Königsee in 2008.

International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation
The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF) is the international sports federation for the sliding sports of Bobsleigh and Skeleton. It was founded on 23 November 1923 by the delegates of Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Canada, and the United States at the meeting of their first International Congress in Paris, France as the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (International Federation of Bobsleigh and Tobogganing; FIBT). In June 2015, it announced a name change from FIBT to IBSF. The federation's headquarters are in Lausanne, Switzerland.

The IBSF works closely with the IOC to conduct Winter Olympics every four years. Along with the Winter Olympics, the IBSF hosts World Championships the other three years. The races are hosted on tracks in North America, Europe, and Asia. The tracks are shared with the sport of Luge, although that is managed under a different governing body, the International Luge Federation.
Booklyn Artist Alliance
Booklyn Artist Alliance (Booklyn) is an artist-run 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1999 that works to promote, distribute, and archive artist books and book arts. Booklyn was founded, and continues to be governed by, artists.

Artist's book
Artists' books (or book art or book objects) are works of art that engage with and transform the form of a book. Some are mass-produced with multiple editions, and some in small editions, while others are produced as one-of-a-kind objects.

There is no single definition of an artist's book, and formulating a definition is cumbersome and subject to debate. Importantly, the creation of artists' books incorporates a variety of formats and genres. They have a complex history, with a particular focus and growth in contemporary artist movements. They also have recently grown in popularity, especially in art institutions, and have become popular in art library reference workshops. The exact definition and usage of artists' books has become more fluid and porous alongside the growth in popularity of artists' books.
Staunton on Arrow
Staunton on Arrow is a village and civil parish in the county of Herefordshire, England. The village is 17 miles (27 km) north-west of Hereford and 8 miles (13 km) to the west of Leominster. Within the parish is the site of the Iron Age hill fort of Wapley Hill.

Hereford
Hereford (/ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ⓘ HERR-if-ərd) is a cathedral city and the county town of the ceremonial county of Herefordshire, England. It is on the banks of the River Wye and lies 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 23 miles (37 km) north-west of Gloucester and 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Worcester. With a population of 61,900 in 2024, it is the largest settlement in Herefordshire.

An early town charter from 1189, granted by Richard I of England, describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed in October 2000. Hereford has been a civil parish since 2000.

Products from Hereford include cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and sausage rolls, as well as the Hereford breed of cattle.
W. E. Mauger House
The W. E. Mauger House is a historic Queen Anne style home in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built around 1896 by Maude Goodlander and Martha Talbott, but is most closely associated with William and Brittania Mauger, who owned it from 1907 to 1932. Later, it was converted into a boarding house and remained in use as rental housing until the 1980s. Starting in 1985, the building was restored to its original appearance and has operated as a bed and breakfast since 1987. It is a 2 1/2 story brick house with a hip roof, asymmetrical front elevation with a large entrance porch, and a two-level sleeping porch on the west side. The house was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as "701 Roma NW".

New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties
The New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties is a register of historic and prehistoric properties located in the state of New Mexico. It is maintained by the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division of the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs. The Cultural Properties Review Committee meets at least six times a year. The committee lists properties in the State Register and forwards nominations to the National Register.
Popular culture studies
Popular culture studies is the study of popular culture from a critical theory perspective combining communication studies and cultural studies. The first institution to offer bachelor's and master's degrees in Popular Culture is the Bowling Green State University Department of Popular Culture founded by Ray B. Browne.

Bowling Green State University Department of Popular Culture
Bowling Green State University Department of Popular Culture is the first Popular Culture department in the United States. The department was founded by Professor Ray Browne in 1973. The Popular Culture department is unique as it is the only one in the US to offer both Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees in Popular Culture.
Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology
The Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT) is a public university located in Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 2014 on the initiative of the then Chief Minister of Punjab Mian Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif. It was named after the famous Sufi poet Khwaja Ghulam Fareed.

Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan (Urdu: رحیم یار خان, romanized: Rahīm Yār Khān; Urdu pronunciation: [ɾəɦiːm jɑːɾ xɑːn]) is a city in the Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 21st most populous city in Pakistan and is the capital of the Rahim Yar Khan District. The city's administration is divided into nine union councils. Originally named Noshehra, it was renamed to Rahim Yar Khan in honour of the son of Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV.
64 Ceti
64 Ceti is a star located located in the constellation Cetus. Based on its spectral type of G0IV, it is a G-type star that has left the main sequence and evolved into a subgiant. It is located 42 parsecs (137 light-years) away and it is moving towards Earth at a velocity of 19 km/s. The apparent magnitude of 64 Ceti is 5.62, which makes it visible to the naked eye only in dark skies, far away from light pollution.

Cetus (constellation)
Cetus (/ˈsiːtəs/ SEE-təss) is a constellation, sometimes called 'the whale' in English. The Cetus was a sea monster in Greek mythology which both Perseus and Heracles needed to slay. Cetus is in the region of the sky that contains other water-related constellations: Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus.
Sukhothai Historical Park
Sukhothai Historical Park (Thai: อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัย (Pronunciation)) covers the ruins of Sukhothai, literally 'dawn of happiness', capital of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 13th and 14th centuries, in north central Thailand. It is near the city of Sukhothai Thani, capital of Sukhothai province.

The city's walls form a rectangle about 2 km (1.2 mi) east-west by 1.6 km (0.99 mi) north-south. There are 193 ruins on 70 km2 (27 sq mi) of land. There is a gate in the centre of each wall. Inside are the remains of the royal palace and twenty-six temples, the largest being Wat Mahathat. The park is maintained by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand with help from UNESCO, which has declared it a World Heritage Site. Each year, the park welcomes thousands of visitors.

Prang (architecture)
A prang (Khmer: ប្រាង្គ, UNGEGN: brangk, ALA-LC: prāṅg [praːŋ]; Thai: ปรางค์, RTGS: prang [prāːŋ]) is a tall tower-like spire, usually richly carved. They were a common shrine element of Hindu and Buddhist architecture in the Khmer Empire (802–1431). They were later adapted by Buddhist builders in Thailand, especially during the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767) and Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932). In Thailand it appears only with the most important Buddhist temples.
Verwood Town F.C.
Verwood Town Football Club are a football club based in Verwood, Dorset, England. The club is affiliated to the Dorset County Football Association and is a FA chartered Standard club. They play in the Dorset Premier League.The clubs current management team is Darren Colarelli and Ricky Barton ( Management team)

Hampshire League
The Hampshire League was a long running amateur football league in Hampshire, England.

The competition ran for 108 years, until it was absorbed the expanding Wessex League in 2004. It has since been succeeded by the Hampshire Premier League with a recognised place on the FA Pyramid system.