hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Controversies regarding the role of the Emperor of Japan
There have been several controversies regarding the role and the status of the Emperor of Japan.  This is due in part to the variety of roles the Emperor has historically filled, as well as the competition for power with other parts of Japanese society at several points in history.

Hajime Sugiyama
Hajime Sugiyama (杉山 元, Sugiyama Hajime / Sugiyama Gen; January 1, 1880 – September 12, 1945) was a Japanese field marshal and one of Japan's military leaders for most of the Second World War.

As Army Minister, Sugiyama was a driving force behind Japan's 1937 invasion of China in retaliation for the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. After being named the Japanese Army's Chief of Staff in 1940, he became a leading advocate for expansion into Southeast Asia and preventive war against the United States.

Upon the outbreak of hostilities in the Asia-Pacific theater of World War II, Sugiyama served as the army's de facto commander-in-chief until his removal by Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in February 1944. Following Tojo's ouster in July 1944, he once again held the post of Army Minister in Kuniaki Koiso's cabinet until its dissolution in April 1945. Ten days after Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, he committed suicide.
Vasa gene
Vasa is an RNA-binding protein with an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that is a member of the DEAD box family of proteins. The vasa gene is essential for germ cell development and was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster, but has since been found to be conserved in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans. The Vasa protein is found primarily in germ cells in embryos and adults, where it is involved in germ cell determination and function, as well as in multipotent stem cells, where its exact function is unknown.

Xenopus
Xenopus (/ˈzɛnəpəs/) (from Greek ξενος, xenos 'strange' + πους, pous 'foot', commonly known as the clawed frog) is a genus of highly aquatic frogs native to sub-Saharan Africa.  Twenty species are currently described within it. The two best-known species of this genus are Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, which are commonly studied as model organisms for developmental biology, cell biology, toxicology, neuroscience and for modelling human disease and birth defects.

The genus is also known for its polyploidy, with some species having up to 12 sets of chromosomes.
Kaula al-Yahudi
Kaula al-Yahudi (c. 685–711) was a Jewish general of the 8th century, appointed by Ṭāriq ibn Ziyad. He played a significant role in the Battle of Jerez against the Visigoths in 711, leading a combined force of Jews and Berbers that secured control over a portion of Catalonia.

Al-Yahudi later led a rebellion against the oppressive rule of Al-Ḥurr ibn 'Abd al-Raḥman, the Umayyad governor of Spain. Al-Ḥurr attacked him with a superior army, resulting in al-Yahudi's retreat toward Lerida. There he was defeated, taken, and executed in 718. The Jews in his army, pursued by Al-Ḥurr, found refuge among their coreligionists in the cities of Catalonia.

Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi
Al-Ḥurr ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Thaqafi (Arabic: الحر بن عبد الرحمن الثقفي) was an early Umayyad governor who ruled the Muslim province of Al-Andalus from between 716 and 718. He was the third successor to Musa bin Nusair, the North African governor who had directed the conquest of Visigothic Hispania several years earlier in 711. Al-Hurr was the first Muslim commander to cross the Pyrenees in 717, leading a small raiding party into Septimania. His incursions were largely unsuccessful, for which he was deposed in 718.
Apodostigma
Apodostigma pallens is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Celastraceae. It is a liana native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. It grows from 5 to 15 meters tall, with green to yellow-cream flowers. It is the sole species in genus Apodostigma.

Three varieties are recognized:

Apodostigma pallens var. buchholzii (Loes.) N.Hallé – western and west-central tropical Africa, from Côte d'Ivoire to Angola

Apodostigma pallens var. dummeri N.Hallé – central Africa, from Cameroon and Gabon to Uganda

Apodostigma pallens var. pallens – tropical Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia, Angola, Mozambique, and Madagascar

Celastraceae
The Celastraceae, also known as the staff-vine or bittersweet family, are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only Celastrus (the staff vines), Euonymus (the spindles) and Maytenus widespread in temperate climates, and Parnassia (bog-stars) found in alpine and arctic climates.

Of the 98 currently recognized genera of the family Celastraceae, 19 are native to Madagascar and these include at least 57 currently recognized species. Six of these 19 genera (Brexiella, Evonymopsis, Hartogiopsis, Polycardia, Ptelidium, and Salvadoropsis) are endemic to Madagascar.
Wingfield, South Australia
Wingfield  is a suburb situated north of Adelaide. It lies between the Port River Expressway on the north and Grand Junction Road on the south. The suburb borders Dry Creek to its north and east, bounded by the Gawler railway line and Adelaide-Port Augusta railway line on the east. The North-South Motorway and Dry Creek-Port Adelaide railway line both cross the suburb. Wingfield is named after R. W. Wingfield, the private secretary to Governor of South Australia, William Jervois.

Dry Creek, South Australia
Dry Creek is a mostly industrial suburb north of Adelaide, containing significant wetlands. A substantial area was devoted to salt crystallisation pans until 2014, with plans to redevelop the site for housing.

This housing plan, first put forward in 2008, was revived in 2013, for a proposed 10,000 homes. Salt production ceased in 2014, and in 2016 Ridley Corporation, which managed the salt pans, sold the land to Adelaide Resource Recovery.
Århusgade
Århusgade is a street in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It extends east from Østerbrogade and passes under the railway just before entering the southernmost part of Nordhavn which is known as the Århusgade neighbourhood (Danish Århusgadekvarteret) after it. The street has many cafés and small shops.
The street is named after the City of Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark.

Østerbrogade
Østerbrogade is the principal shopping street and thoroughfare in the Østerbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It extends from Lille Triangel at the north-eastern tip of The Lakes to Svanemøllen station in the north, linking Dag Hammerskiolds LAlé with Strandvejen. The most important junctions are at Trianglen (Blegdamsvej, Nordre Frihavnsgade) and Poul Henningsens Plads (Jagtvej, Strandboulevarden. The 2,2 km long street passes a number of other squares and public spaces, including Gunnar Nu Hansens Plads, Sankt Jakobs Plads and Østerfælled Torv. Notable landmarks include St. James' Church and the old entrance building to Østerbro Stadium.

The street is served by two metro stations, Trianglen Station at Trianglen and Poul Henningsens Plads station at [Jagtvej. Svanemøllen Station at the northern end of the street is served by S-trains.
Alte Komische Oper Berlin
The old Komische Oper was a privately run Opera house in Berlin-Mitte, Friedrichstraße 104, at the Weidendammer Bridge. It is not to be confused with today's Komische Oper Berlin, Behrenstraße 55-57. The naming Komische Oper referred to the Parisian Opéra-Comique.

Friedrichstraße
Friedrichstraße, or Friedrichstrasse (see ß; German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˌʃtʁaːsə] ⓘ) (lit. Frederick Street), is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station. It runs from the northern part of the old Mitte district (north of which it is called Chausseestraße) to the Hallesches Tor in the district of Kreuzberg.

This downtown area is known for its expensive real estate market and the campus of the Hertie School of Governance. Due to its north-southerly direction, it forms important junctions with the east-western axes, most notably with Leipziger Straße and Unter den Linden. The U6 U-Bahn line runs underneath. During the Cold War it was bisected by the Berlin Wall and was the location of Checkpoint Charlie.
1867 English cricket season
1867 was the 81st season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). Yorkshire achieved a perfect season in first-class cricket, something not likely to be equalled on covered pitches due to the high frequency of drawn matches, and even beforehand much more difficult due to the increased scoring after 1870, produced by the usage of a heavy roller and the disappearance of the abundant shooters, which previously made batting very tough.

The season is, however, best known for a schism between the northern and southern professionals that led to the North v South game, one of the major "representative" fixtures of the time, being suspended for several years because northern professionals refused to play in London for want of better conditions.

North v South
The North of England and South of England cricket teams appeared in matches between the 1836 and 1961 seasons, most often playing against each other but also individually in games against touring teams, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and others. Until international cricket became firmly established towards the end of the 19th century, the North v South match was one of the major fixtures in the cricketing calendar along with Gentlemen v Players. Indeed, North v South was really the major fixture because it could potentially showcase the best 22 players in the country, whereas Gentlemen teams in the other match were often very weak.

In all, there were 155 North v South matches. The South won 62; the North won 55; 37 were drawn, and one match in 1889 was abandoned.
Pseudorandom generator
In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a pseudorandom generator (PRG) for a class of statistical tests is a deterministic procedure that maps a random seed to a longer pseudorandom string such that no statistical test in the class can distinguish between the output of the generator and the uniform distribution. The random seed itself is typically a short binary string drawn from the uniform distribution.

Many different classes of statistical tests have been considered in the literature, among them the class of all Boolean circuits of a given size.
It is not known whether good pseudorandom generators for this class exist, but it is known that their existence is in a certain sense equivalent to (unproven) circuit lower bounds in computational complexity theory.
Hence the construction of pseudorandom generators for the class of Boolean circuits of a given size rests on currently unproven hardness assumptions.

Circuit complexity
In theoretical computer science, circuit complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory in which Boolean functions are classified according to the size or depth of the Boolean circuits that compute them. A related notion is the circuit complexity of a recursive language that is decided by a uniform family of circuits  (see below).

Proving lower bounds on size of Boolean circuits computing explicit Boolean functions is a popular approach to separating complexity classes. For example, a prominent circuit class P/poly consists of Boolean functions computable by circuits of polynomial size. Proving that  would separate P and NP (see below).

Complexity classes defined in terms of Boolean circuits include AC0, AC, TC0, NC1, NC, and P/poly.
Kerikeri Inlet
Kerikeri Inlet is a settlement on the south side of the inlet of the same name in the Far North District of New Zealand. It is 10 km west of Kerikeri by road.

A private developer built a boat ramp and jetty at Windsor Point around 2000, but subsequently abandoned them. The ramp was bought by the Far North District Council, but the only land access was across private property. In 2019 work started to create a sealed access road and car park. Opposition to the development led to a four-day occupation of the land followed by a rāhui placed by Te Uri Taniwha against further construction or dredging. The dispute was resolved in late 2020 and the new facilities were complete in May 2021.

Far North District
35°13′30″S 173°30′18″E﻿ / ﻿35.225°S 173.505°E﻿ / -35.225; 173.505

The Far North District is the northernmost territorial authority district of New Zealand, consisting of the northern part of the Northland Peninsula in the North Island. It stretches from North Cape / Otou and Cape Reinga / Te Rerenga Wairua in the north, down to the Bay of Islands, the Hokianga and the town of Kaikohe.

The Far North District Council is based in Kaikohe, and has ten ward councillors representing four wards: Te Hiku (in the north), Kaikohe-Hokianga (in the west), Bay of Islands-Whangaroa (in the east) and the district-wide Ngā Tai o Tokerau Māori ward. The council is led by the current mayor of the Far North, Moko Tepania, who entered the role in 2022.
Wilsford cum Lake
Wilsford cum Lake is a civil parish in the Woodford valley in Wiltshire, England. The parish is bounded to the east by the Salisbury Avon and contains the small settlements of Wilsford, Normanton and Lake. Wilsford is about 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Amesbury and 6 miles (10 km) north of Salisbury.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.
11th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)
The 11th Mechanized Corps was a mechanized corps of the Red Army, formed twice. The corps was first formed as one of the original two Red Army mechanized corps from the 11th Rifle Division in Leningrad. In 1934 it was transferred to the Transbaikal Military District and in 1938 became the 20th Tank Corps. The corps was reformed in March 1941 in western Belarus. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the understrength corps was destroyed in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk.

BT tank
The BT tank (Russian: Быстроходный танк/БТ, romanized: Bystrokhodnyy tank/BT, lit. 'fast moving tank' or 'high-speed tank') was one of a series of  Soviet light tanks produced in large numbers between 1932 and 1941. They were lightly armoured, but reasonably well-armed for their time, and had the best mobility of all contemporary tanks. The BT tanks were known by the nickname Betka from the acronym, or by its diminutive Betushka. The successor of the BT tanks was the famous T-34 medium tank, introduced in 1940, which would replace all of the Soviet fast tanks, infantry tanks, and light tanks in service.
Thomas Runcorn
Thoms Runcorn  was a  Welsh Anglican priest in the 16th century.

Gwynn was educated at the University of Oxford. He held livings at Bowden, Cheshire, Llanrhaiadr, Bebington and Weaverham. Runcorn was Archdeacon of Bangor from 1525 until his death in 1556.

Archdeacon of Bangor
The Archdeacon of Bangor is the priest in charge of the archdeaconry of Bangor, an administrative division of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor. In 1844, the Archdeaconry of Bangor was combined with the Archdeaconry of Anglesey to form the Archdeaconry of Bangor and Anglesey. The archdeaconry comprises the seven deaneries of Archlechwedd, Arfon, Llifon/Talybolion, Malltraeth, Ogwen, Tyndaethwy and Twrcelyn.

In 2018, the Archdeaconry was separated in diocesan boundary changes, with half becoming the new Archdeaconry of Anglesey, thus recreating the pre-1844 structure.

On 4 June 2023, it was announced that David Parry was to become the next Archdeacon; he was duly collated on 1 October 2023.
Gone Abie Gone
"Gone Abie Gone" is the fourth episode of the twenty-fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons and the 512th episode overall. The episode was directed by Matthew Nastuk and written by Joel H. Cohen. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 11, 2012.

In this episode, Lisa gambles with her college fund while Homer and Marge investigate when Grampa disappears. Composer Marvin Hamlisch, Anika Noni Rose and Jennifer Tilly guest starred. The episode received mixed reviews.

Springfield (The Simpsons)
Springfield is the primary fictional setting of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons and related media. It is an average-sized, fictional city in an unknown state in the United States. The city's geography, surroundings, and layout are flexible, often changing to accommodate the plot of any given episode.

Springfield was inspired by a number of real-life locations, including creator Matt Groening's hometown of Portland, Oregon, the nearby town of Springfield, Oregon, and producer Mike Scully's hometown of Springfield, Massachusetts. However, in order to emphasize it as an example of "Anytown, USA", the location of the fictional Springfield remains a mystery. "Clues" regarding Springfield's climate, geology, distance from real cities, or political alignment, which are found in numerous episodes of the series, are intentionally contradictory.

In November 2025, an island version of Springfield was the main map for the Fortnite x Simpsons crossover mini season.
Byblos figurines
The Byblos figurines or Phoenician statuettes are approximately 1,500–2,000 ex-voto statuettes found in ancient Phoenician temples in Lebanon, primarily in Byblos, but also in Kamid al lawz. The statuettes date to the second millennium BC and are made of bronze, silver, or copper alloy. The Byblos figurines are considered to represent the best example of their kind across the Levant.

Most of the figurines were found in the Temple of the Obelisks, in which 20 votive deposits and pitchers containing a variety of such figurines were found, along with a smaller, but important group of them found in the neighboring Temple of Baalat Gebal. The figurines have been adopted to represent the Lebanese Tourism Ministry.

Favissa
A favissa is a cultic storage place, usually a pit or an underground cellar, for sacred utensils and votive objects no longer in use. Favissae were located within the sacred temple precincts of the various ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Archaeologists have found such pits in Ancient Egypt, the Roman world and in the Phoenician and Punic world.
John Heil
John Heil is an American philosopher, known primarily for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind. Heil is Professor of Philosophy at the Washington University in St. Louis, Professor of Philosophy at Durham University, and an Honorary Research Associate at Monash University. Heil is the inaugural editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Philosophical Association, the North American Representative of The Philosophical Quarterly, and a 2018 Guggenheim Fellow. He is the author of seven books and over 100 articles and book chapters.

American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.
Roland Jorz
Roland Jorz, OP (some sources Jorse) was a medieval Archbishop of Armagh.

He was consecrated on 13 November 1311; and resigned before 22 August 1322. He acted as a suffragan bishop in the dioceses of the Diocese of Canterbury in 1323, and the  Diocese of York in 1332.

Archbishop of Armagh
The Archbishop of Armagh is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name from the see city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. Since the Reformation, there have been parallel apostolic successions to the title: one in the Catholic Church and the other in the Church of Ireland. The archbishop of each denomination also holds the title of Primate of All Ireland.

In the Church of Ireland, the archbishop is John McDowell, who is the ecclesiastical head of the Church of Ireland and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Armagh. He was elected as archbishop in March 2020 and translated to the role on 28 April 2020.

In the Catholic Church, the archbishop is Eamon Martin, who is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Church in Ireland, metropolitan of the Province of Armagh and the ordinary of the Archdiocese of Armagh. He succeeded on 8 September 2014, having been ordained Coadjutor Archbishop of Armagh on 21 April 2013 at St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.
Shangshu Sheng
The Shangshu Sheng, sometimes translated as the Department of State Affairs, Imperial Secretariat, or Executive Bureau, was one of the departments of the Three Departments and Six Ministries government structure. It was the primary executive institution of imperial China, head of the Six Ministries, the Nine Courts, and the Three or Five Directorates. The Six Ministries consisted of the Ministry of Personnel, the Ministry of Revenue, the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Justice, and the Ministry of Works. The Department of State of Affairs existed in one form or another from the Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 9) until the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), but was never re-established in the following Ming dynasty.

Ministry of Rites
The Ministry or Board of Rites was one of the Six Ministries of government in late imperial China. It was part of the imperial Chinese government from the Tang (7th century) until the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. Along with religious rituals and court ceremonial the Ministry of Rites also oversaw the imperial examination and China's foreign relations.

A Ministry of Rites also existed in imperial Vietnam. One of its tasks was enforcing the naming taboo.
First Avenue Middle School (California)
First Avenue Middle School is a three-year comprehensive intermediate public school located in the city of Arcadia, California. The school teaches grades 6 to 8, although it had previously accounted for grades 9-12 as well. The school is part of the Arcadia Unified School District along with two other middle schools. Students who graduate from First Avenue Middle School are sent off to Arcadia High School.

First Avenue Middle School was the first ever learning center to be opened within the city of Arcadia, first opening in 1907 as a schoolhouse.

The school has a staff of 50, with a principal, assistant principal, and over 30 full-time teachers.

In 2024, First Avenue Middle School was recognized as a California Distinguished School by the California Department of Education. First Avenue Middle School also has a GreatSchools rating of 8 out of 10.

Arcadia, California
Arcadia is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located about 13 miles (21 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles in the San Gabriel Valley and at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains. It contains a series of adjacent parks consisting of the Santa Anita Park racetrack, the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, and Arcadia County Park. The city had a population of 56,681 at the 2020 census. The city is named after Arcadia, Greece.