hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andreas of Samosata
Andreas was a bishop of Samosata about 430 CE. He took part in the Nestorian controversy against Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, in answer to whose anathemas he wrote two books, of the first of which a large part is quoted by Cyril, in his Apol. adv. Orientales, and of the second some fragments are contained in the Hodegus of Anastasius Sinaita. Though prevented by illness from being present at the Council of Ephesus (around 431), he joined Theodoret in his opposition to the agreement between Cyril and John of Antioch, and, like Theodoret, he changed his course, but at a much earlier period. Modern scholars credit him with the being the most active mediator between the two sides of the conflict, having an essentially centrist stance but ultimately flip-flopping in his position considerably.

About 436 he yielded to the persuasions of John, and joined in the condemnation of Nestorius. Eight letters by him are extant in Latin in the Epistolae of Lupus Servatus.

Theodoret
Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus (Ancient Greek: Θεοδώρητος Κύρρου; c. 393 – c. 458) was a notable theologian of the School of Antioch, biblical commentator, and bishop of Cyrrhus (423–457). He participated in several 5th-century Christological controversies within the Eastern Roman Church that resulted in various ecumenical acts and schisms. Theodoret wrote against Cyril of Alexandria's Twelve Anathemas, which were sent to Nestorius, and did not condemn Nestorius until the Council of Chalcedon. Selected writings by Theodoret directed against Cyril formed part of the subject matter of the Three Chapters Controversy and were condemned posthumously at the Second Council of Constantinople (553). He is accorded the epithet "Blessed" in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Cecco di Pietro
Cecco di Pietro was an Italian painter of the Pisan School. While his date of birth cannot be confirmed, there is some mention of a Cecco Pierri working with the painter Paolo di Lazzarino in 1350. If this was a reference to di Pietro, then his date of birth can be placed around 1330.

He was active starting from around 1370 and died sometime before 1402. Cecco is seen as an important figure in Trecento art because of his development of a style that incorporated elements of Pisan painting along with those of the Sienese School.

Sienese school
The Sienese school of painting flourished in Siena, Italy, between the 13th and 15th centuries. Its most important artists include Duccio, whose work shows Byzantine influence, his pupil Simone Martini, the brothers Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti and Domenico and Taddeo di Bartolo, Sassetta, and Matteo di Giovanni.
Hoan Kiem turtle
The Hoàn Kiếm turtle (Rafetus leloii) was an obsolete or controversial taxon of turtle from Southeast Asia, based on specimens from Hoàn Kiếm Lake in Hanoi, Vietnam.  Most experts classify this turtle as synonymous with the rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei), although some Vietnamese biologists asserted that R. leloii is a distinct species. If the two taxa are to be considered distinct, R. leloii may be considered extinct. However a survey conducted in 2000 found several small populations including one juvenile in lakes in northern Vietnam.

The last known turtle, affectionately known to locals as "Cụ Rùa", meaning "great grandfather turtle" in Vietnamese, was reported dead on 26 January 2016. A local man saw the body of the turtle floating in the water and reported it to the authorities. The last time the turtle was spotted alive was on 28 December 2015.

Lê Lợi
Lê Lợi (Vietnamese: [le lə̂ːjˀ], chữ Hán: 黎利; 10 September 1385 – 5 October 1433), also known by his temple name as Lê Thái Tổ (黎太祖) and by his royal title Bình Định vương (平定王; "King of Pacification"), was a Vietnamese rebel leader who founded the Later Lê dynasty and became the first emperor of the restored Dynasty of Đại Việt following the conquest of Đại Ngu by the Ming dynasty. In 1418, Lê Lợi and his followers rose up against Ming rule. He was known for his effective guerrilla tactics, including constantly moving his camps and using small bands of irregulars to ambush the larger Ming forces. In 1427, Lợi’s resistance movement successfully drove the Ming armies out of Vietnam and restored Vietnamese independence. Lê Lợi is among the most famous figures of Vietnamese history and often considered one of its greatest national heroes.
Helen Eby-Rock
Helen Eby-Rock (July 18, 1896 – July 20, 1979) was an American actress and stage performer.

Helen Eby was born on July 18, 1896 in Pennsylvania.  She initially worked as a public school teacher in Altoona, Pennsylvania.

She performed in the musical revue Hitchy-Koo.with the vaudeville team of William Rock and Frances White.  Rock and White split in 1919, and Eby and Rock teamed up and married.  After Rock's death, Eby-Rock briefly teamed up with Jack Haley in 1925 as his straight woman.  She appeared on stage in Dancing Mothers (1924), Delmar's Revels (1927), and That's the Woman (1930).

She became a character actor, starring in small roles in numerous feature films, starting with her role as dope addict Kitty Cognac in Ann Vickers (1933).  She also appeared in small roles in television comedies, like The Colgate Comedy Hour, The Charlie Farrell Show, and The Jack Benny Program.

Helen Eby-Rock died on 20 July 1979 in Woodland Hills, California.

Jack Haley
John Joseph Haley Jr. (August 10, 1898 – June 6, 1979) was an American actor, comedian, dancer, radio host, singer, drummer and vaudevillian. He is most notable for his portrayal of the Tin Man and his farmhand counterpart Hickory in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz.
50th United States Congress
The 50th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1887, to March 4, 1889, during the last two years of Grover Cleveland's first presidency. The president vetoed 212 pieces of legislation, the greatest number in a single session of Congress.

The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1880 United States census. The Senate had a Republican majority, and the House had a Democratic majority.

United States House Committee on Armed Services
The U.S. House Committee on Armed Services, commonly known as the House Armed Services Committee or HASC, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Armed Forces, as well as substantial portions of the Department of Energy. Its regular legislative product is the National Defense Authorization Act, which has been passed by Congress and signed into law each year since 1962.
Supreme Military Council (Turkey)
The Supreme Military Council (Turkish: Yüksek Askerî Şûra, YAŞ) is a committee in the Turkish Armed Forces. It convenes annually to determine the military's agenda. It was restructured in 2018.

It is formed under the chairpersonship of the president, vice president, the ministers of Justice, Interior, Foreign Affairs, Treasury and Finance, National Education, National Defense, Chief of General Staff, and the commanders of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The Secretary General of the Council is the Minister of National Defense.

Generally, council meetings are held in the first week of August and expands into three days. The appointments are made to be effective by 30 August (Victory Day). However, due to failed 15 July coup, the 2016 council meeting was held on 28 July 2016 and completed in a single day.

General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces
The General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Genelkurmay Başkanlığı, abbreviation: TSK Gnkur. Bşk.lığı) is the highest staff organization in the Turkish Armed Forces.
Ether (Fischer-Z album)
Ether was an experimental music project by John Watts, released under the name Fischer-Z. After releasing two successful solo albums and one album of remixes, since the last Fischer-Z album, Stream, John Watts had started to take an interest in creating big beat music. After creating a whole big beat style album in 1999 entitled Bigbeatpoetry, Watts carried on in a similar style for Ether. He recorded a number of songs, featuring only his guitar and voice, and then put them over cut-up beats as a rhythm track. Watts had also added a filmic touch to the project, he travelled throughout Europe and post-9/11 New York City to find musicians at random and record them using his laptop, in their homes and on the street. Sarah Vermeersch filmed & edited the process into a road movie. Ether was further released as a John Watts solo album (see: Ether Music & Film), including the road movie DVD and a CD of tracks from the Ether album that appeared in the movie.

Stream (album)
Stream is the eighth album by Fischer-Z. The album contains the single "Protection", which explored the dark area of child exploitation. Following the album, John Watts concentrated on his solo career again, making this the last album by Fischer-Z, before its slight revival again in 2002.
1975 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
The 1975 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup was the second official edition of Europe's premier field hockey club competition. It took place in Frankfurt, where it was won once again by hosts SC 1880 Frankfurt - the last of five titles in a row.

EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
The EuroHockey Club Champions Cup is a defunct men's field hockey competition for clubs in Europe. It was first played for in 1974. It was replaced by the Euro Hockey League in 2007. Unofficial tournaments were played in 1969 and then in 1970, in 1971, in 1972 and in 1973).
United States Post Office (Waterloo, New York)
US Post Office-Waterloo is a historic post office building located at Waterloo in Seneca County, New York.  It was designed and built in 1924 and is one of a number of post offices in New York State designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department, James A. Wetmore. It is a symmetrically massed, one story brick building executed in the Colonial Revival style.  The roof is surmounted by a wooden cornice and brick parapet.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Waterloo, New York
Waterloo is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 7,378 at the 2020 census. The town and its major community are named after Waterloo, Belgium, where Napoleon was defeated.

There is also a village called Waterloo, the primary county seat of Seneca County. The Town of Waterloo is situated on the western border of the county, east of Geneva.
Abstract L-space
In mathematics, specifically in order theory and functional analysis, an abstract L-space, an AL-space, or an abstract Lebesgue space is a Banach lattice  whose norm is additive on the positive cone of X.

In probability theory, it means the standard probability space.

Riesz space
In mathematics, a Riesz space, lattice-ordered vector space or vector lattice is a partially ordered vector space where the order structure is a lattice.

Riesz spaces are named after Frigyes Riesz who first defined them in his 1928 paper Sur la décomposition des opérations fonctionelles linéaires.

Riesz spaces have wide-ranging applications. They are important in measure theory, in that important results are special cases of results for Riesz spaces. For example, the Radon–Nikodym theorem follows as a special case of the Freudenthal spectral theorem. Riesz spaces have also seen application in mathematical economics through the work of Greek-American economist and mathematician Charalambos D. Aliprantis.
Russ Henshaw
Russ Henshaw (born 7 June 1990) is an Australian freestyle skier. He won a silver medal in Slopestyle at the 2011 Winter X Games XV in Aspen, Colorado, behind Sammy Carlson. Russ represented Australia in slopestyle at the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, where he finished 19th.

Sammy Carlson
Sammy Carlson (born January 11, 1989) is an American freeskier specializing in slopestyle competitions. He was the first skier to execute a switch triple rodeo 1260 in July 2010 at Mount Hood. Sammy is the star of the Sammy C Project, a TV documentary about his endeavors into skiing.
2009 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off
The 2009 AFC Champions League qualifying play-off took place between 18 and 25 February 2009. The winners of the play-off round advanced to the group stage of the 2009 AFC Champions League, while the losers in each round entered the 2009 AFC Cup group stage.

2009 AFC Champions League group stage
The 2009 AFC Champions League group stage was played from 10 March to 20 May 2009. A total of 32 teams competed in the group stage to decide the 16 places in the knock-out stage of the 2009 AFC Champions League.
Athletics at the 2007 South Pacific Games
Athletics competitions at the 2007 Pacific Games were held at the Apia Park in Apia, Samoa, between September 3–8, 2007. A total of 45 events were contested, 23 by men and 22 by women. This year 6 games records were set (1 by the men and 5 by the women).

Out of the 135 medals given away Fiji won the most with 12 gold medals, 17 silver medals and 4 medals for a total of 33 medals. New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea tied in second, both winning 27 medals. The hosts (Samoa) came fifth, receiving only nine medals.

Athletics at the Pacific Games
Athletics competitions have been held at every Pacific Games since the inaugural edition 1963 in Suva, Fiji and at every Pacific Mini Games since the inaugural edition 1981 in Honiara, Solomon Islands.  Both events are open for the 22 member federations of the Pacific Games Council.   The Pacific Games started as South Pacific Games and were renamed in 2011, whereas the Pacific Mini Games started as South Pacific Mini Games and were renamed in 2009.
2007–08 QMJHL season
The 2007–08 QMJHL season was the 39th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. At the season-opening press conference, the QMJHL announced in partnership with Telus that all 630 regular season games would be available by Internet broadcast. The regular season started on September 13, 2007, and concluded on March 16, 2008. Eighteen teams played seventy games each. The Rouyn-Noranda Huskies finished first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy. They would go on to win 12-straight playoff games before losing in five games in the finals to the Gatineau Olympiques, who captured their seventh President's Cup, and third in the last six seasons.

Gatineau Olympiques
The Gatineau Olympiques are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Gatineau, Quebec, that plays in the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). Starting with the 2021–22 season, the Olympiques play home games at Centre Slush Puppie, having previously played at the Robert Guertin Centre dating back to its beginnings in the Central Junior A Hockey League. The club, then known as the Hull Festivals, was granted membership in the QMJHL in 1973. The Olympiques have appeared in the Memorial Cup seven times, winning the 1997 Memorial Cup.
T-maze
In behavioral science, a T-maze (or the variant Y-maze) is a simple forked passage used in animal cognition experiments. It is shaped like the letter T (or Y), providing the subject, typically a rodent, with a straightforward choice.
T-mazes are used to study how the rodents function with memory and spatial learning through applying various stimuli. Starting in the early 20th century, rodents were used in experiments such as the T-maze. These concepts of T-mazes are used to assess rodent behavior. The different tasks, such as left-right discrimination and forced alternation, are mainly used with rodents to test reference and working memory.

Behavioural sciences
Behavioural science is the branch of science concerned with theorizing on, categorizing, and judging human behaviour. It sits in the interstice between fields such as psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, behavioral biology, behavioral genetics and social science. While the term can technically be applied to the study of behaviour amongst all living organisms, it is nearly always used with reference to humans as the primary target of investigation (though animals may be studied in some instances, e.g. invasive techniques).
Valley Pathways High School
Valley Pathways High School is located in Palmer, Alaska, United States. It is an alternative high school, offering small class sizes and close relationships to the teachers. 
Valley Pathways was created to accommodate the growing number of students attending Burchell High School. 
At the end of the 2010/2011 school year Valley Pathways had a class size of over 200 students. 
Although Valley Pathways does not offer an athletic program there are music and extracurricular courses.

Palmer, Alaska
Palmer is a city in and the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States, located 42 miles (68 km) northeast of Anchorage on the Glenn Highway in the Matanuska Valley.  It is the ninth-largest city in Alaska, and forms part of the Anchorage metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,888, down from 5,937 in 2010.

Palmer hosts the annual Alaska State Fair, and is also the headquarters of the National Tsunami Warning Center.
Queen's Indian Defense
The Queen's Indian Defense (QID) is a chess opening defined by the moves:

1. d4 Nf6

2. c4 e6

3. Nf3 b6

The opening is a solid defense to the Queen's Pawn Game. 3...b6 increases Black's control over the central light squares e4 and d5 by preparing to fianchetto the queen's bishop, with the opening deriving its name from this maneuver. As in the other Indian defenses, Black attempts to control the center with pieces in hypermodern style, instead of occupying it with pawns in classical style.

By playing 3.Nf3, White sidesteps the Nimzo-Indian Defense that arises after 3.Nc3 Bb4. The Queen's Indian is regarded as the sister opening of the Nimzo-Indian, since both openings aim to impede White's efforts to gain full control of the center by playing e2–e4 without directly putting a pawn in the centre. Together, they are a well-respected response to 1.d4.

Chess annotation symbols
When annotating chess games, commentators frequently use widely recognized annotation symbols. Question marks and exclamation points that denote a move as bad or good are ubiquitous in chess literature. Some publications intended for an international audience, such as the Chess Informant, have a wide range of additional symbols that transcend language barriers.

The common symbols for evaluating the merits of a move are "??", "?", "?!", "!?", "!", and "!!". The chosen symbol is appended to the text describing the move (e.g. Re7? or Kh1!?); see Algebraic chess notation.

Use of these annotation symbols is subjective, as different annotators use the same symbols differently or for a different reason.
Dawhinava
Dawhinava (Belarusian: Даўгінава, romanized: Daŭhinava; Russian: Долги́ново, romanized: Dolginovo; Lithuanian: Dauginava; Polish: Dołhinów; Yiddish: דאלהינאוו) is an agrotown in Vileyka District, Minsk Region, Belarus. It is located 82 kilometres (51 mi) north of the capital Minsk and 40 km (25 mi) east-northeast of Vileyka. It serves as the administrative center of Dawhinava selsoviet.

Vileyka district
Vileyka district or Viliejka district (Belarusian: Вілейскі раён; Russian: Вилейский район) is a district (raion) of Minsk region in Belarus. The administrative center of the district is the town of Vileyka. As of 2024, it has a population of 46,075.
Tony Roche
Anthony Dalton Roche AO MBE (born 17 May 1945), professionally known as Tony Roche is an Australian former professional tennis player.

A native of Tarcutta, Roche played junior tennis in the New South Wales regional city of Wagga Wagga. He won one Grand Slam singles title, the 1966 French Open at Roland Garros, and 15 Grand Slam doubles titles (12 of these with John Newcombe).

In 1968, Roche won the WCT/NTL combined professional championship in men's singles in the final event of the season at Madison Square Garden. He was ranked World No. 2 by Lance Tingay of The Daily Telegraph in 1969.

He won the U.S. Pro Championships in 1970 at Longwood in Boston. Roche won the New South Wales Open twice, in 1969 and 1976. He won a key Davis Cup singles match in 1977.

He also coached multi-Grand Slam winning world No. 1s Ivan Lendl, Patrick Rafter, Roger Federer and Lleyton Hewitt.

Lance Tingay
Lance Tingay (15 July 1915 – 10 March 1990) was a British sports journalist, historian, and author of several tennis books. For many years his annual ranking of top tennis players was "the only one that counted" before ATP rankings were introduced in 1973.
Musicae Sacrae
Musicae Sacrae (On Sacred Music) is a 1955 encyclical by Pope Pius XII dealing with Catholic liturgical music. It updated the 1903 motu proprio Inter pastoralis officii sollicitudines, and was furtherly amended by the instruction Musicam sacram in 1967.

The encyclical continued in the tradition of Inter pastoralis officii sollicitudines of keeping a rather conservative attitude toward music used in worship.

However, the encyclical did soften some of the previous restrictions. It allowed the singing of vernacular hymns at certain places in the mass, formalizing existing practice in places such as Germany.

Tra le sollecitudini
Tra le sollecitudini (Italian for "among the concerns") was a motu proprio issued 22 November 1903 by Pope Pius X that detailed regulations for the performance of music in the Catholic Church. The title is taken from the opening phrase of the document (which was written and officially published in Italian). It begins: "Among the concerns of the pastoral office, ... a leading one is without question that of maintaining and promoting the decorum of the House of God in which the august mysteries of religion are celebrated...." The regulations pointed toward more traditional music and critiqued the turn toward modern, orchestral productions at Mass.
North Adams Transcript
The North Adams Transcript, prior to being merged into The Berkshire Eagle in 2014, was an American daily newspaper published Mondays through Saturdays in North Adams, Massachusetts. It was one of four Massachusetts newspapers owned by MediaNews Group of Colorado. Under the ownership of MediaNews Group and later Digital First Media, it was part of the New England Newspapers group. The group also included the Berkshire Eagle and Advocate Weekly, as well as three Vermont newspapers — the Bennington Banner, Brattleboro Reformer and Manchester Journal. The Advocate Weekly was shut down in January 2014.

Branded as "The Voice of the Northern Berkshires Since 1843," the Transcript covered North Adams and Adams, Cheshire, Clarksburg, Florida, Hancock, Lanesborough, New Ashford, and Williamstown, Massachusetts; and Pownal and Stamford, Vermont.

North Adams, Massachusetts
North Adams is a city in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its population was 12,961 as of the 2020 census. Best known as the home of the largest contemporary art museum in the United States, the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, North Adams has in recent years become a center for tourism, culture and recreation.