hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indian English
Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and is native to India. English is one of the two languages used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India. English is also an official language in eight states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in five other states and one union territory. India has one of the world’s largest English-speaking communities. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India, unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.

Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent, the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English, also known as British Indian English.

Votebank
A votebank (also spelled vote-bank or vote bank), in the political discourse of India, is a loyal bloc of voters from a single community, who consistently back a certain candidate or political formation in democratic elections. Such behavior is often the result of an expectation of benefits, whether real or imagined, from the political formations, often at the cost of other communities. Votebank politics is the practice of creating and maintaining votebank through divisive policies. As it encourages voting on the basis of self-interest of certain groups, often against their better judgement, it is considered harmful to the principles of the  representative democracy. Here, community may be of a caste, religion, language, or subnation.
Symphony No. 52 (Haydn)
The Symphony No. 52 in C minor is one of the last Sturm und Drang symphonies composed by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn while the composer was in residence at Esterházy in 1771 or 1772.

It is one of a number of minor-key symphonies that Haydn composed in the late 1760s and early 1770s, the others being Symphonies Nos. 39, 44, 45, and 49. The symphony was described by H. C. Robbins Landon as  "the grandfather of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, also created with mathematical precision and in extreme conciseness."

Symphony No. 49 (Haydn)
The Symphony No. 49 in F minor (Hoboken I/49) was written in 1768 by Joseph Haydn during his Sturm und Drang period. It is popularly known as La passione (The Passion). The scoring of the symphony is typical of Haydn in this period: two oboes, bassoon, two horns, and strings.
Lappo, Åland
Lappo is an island and village located in the municipality of Brändö in Åland, Finland. It is one of the 12 villages in the municipality.

Lappo is 8 square kilometer island and it has approximately 35 inhabitants. Nevertheless, the village houses a convenience store, guest harbor, museum, restaurant, gas station, disc golf course and guesthouse. Industries: Tourism, fish farming, agriculture, ferry traffic.

Those who enter Lappo can go by ferry to Torsholma and Asterholma in the same municipality, as well as to the municipalities of Kumlinge and Vårdö as well as Fasta Åland. From the ferry anchorage in the southwest, a cable ferry goes to the neighboring village of Björkö (Vårdö-Enklinge-Kumlinge-Lappo-Torsholma).

Historically, the three villages Lappo, Björkö, Asterholma made up the area "Björköbol", the same area that today has the postal address 22840 Lappo.

Fasta Åland
Fasta Åland (Finnish: Manner-Ahvenanmaa or Ahvenanmanner, meaning mainland Åland) is the largest and most populous island of Åland, an autonomous province of Finland. The island is home to the provincial capital Mariehamn. About ninety percent of the archipelago's population lives on Fasta Åland. Its area is difficult to estimate due to its irregular shape and coastline, but estimates range from 740 square kilometres (290 sq mi) to 879 square kilometres (339 sq mi) to over 1,010 square kilometres (390 sq mi), depending on what is included or excluded. Even at the minimum estimate, Fasta Åland is Finland's largest and most populous island, with about 27,000 people. Its highest point is 129 metres (423 feet).

On the east side of Fasta Åland is a large bay, Lumparn, which is now believed to be the impact crater from a meteorite impact about one billion years ago.
FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 – Women's moguls
The women's moguls competition of the FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 was held at Sierra Nevada, Spain on March 8 (qualifying and finals).
34 athletes from 15 countries competed.

FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017
The 2017 FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships were held in Sierra Nevada, Spain, from March 6–19, 2017.

Snowboard cross team events for men and women were introduced to the championships schedule for the first time, bringing the total number of events contested to 26.
Prince of Peace Preparatory
Prince of Peace Catholic School is a Catholic high school in Clinton, Iowa, United States.  It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport.

It was previously known as Mater Dei High School, St. Mary's High School, and Mount Saint Clare Academy.  It is a parochial school under the Clinton Prince of Peace parish.

Diocese of Davenport
The Diocese of Davenport (Latin: Diœcesis Davenportensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church for the southeastern quarter of the state of Iowa in the United States. The bishop is Dennis Gerard Walsh. The see city for the diocese is Davenport, where Sacred Heart Cathedral is located.
Skylarkin' (Mic Christopher album)
Skylarkin' is Mic Christopher's only solo album, which was released following his death in November 2001.  The album was finalised by Karl Odlum (of Mic's old band, the Mary Janes) and David Odlum (of the Frames).  Many fellow musicians from the Irish music scene contributed to the album including Glen Hansard and Colm Mac Con Iomaire of the Frames, Rónán Ó Snodaigh of Kíla, Lisa Hannigan and Gemma Hayes.

Skylarkin' entered the Irish charts at No. 39 in 2002  and in March of the following year won Best Irish album at the Meteor Awards. November 2004 saw the album achieving Platinum status in Ireland (selling over 15,000 copies).  In 2005, Skylarkin' was voted #14 in the Hot Press "People's Choice" Top 100 Irish Albums of All Time.

The song "Heyday", which was released as the title track of an EP in October 2000, was used in the Guinness advertisement Quarrel, which was produced in Ireland in 2003 and starred Michael Fassbender.

Glen Hansard
Glen James Hansard (born 21 April 1970) is an Irish singer-songwriter and musician. Since 1990, he has been the frontman of the Irish rock band The Frames, with whom he has released six studio albums, four of which have charted in the top ten of the Irish Album Charts. He is one half of folk rock duo The Swell Season before releasing his debut solo album, Rhythm and Repose, in 2012. His 2015 second album Didn't He Ramble was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Folk Album.

Primarily a musician, he has also acted and written music for film; he appeared in the BAFTA-winning film The Commitments (1991) and starred in the Irish music drama Once (2007) which earned him a number of major awards, including the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Falling Slowly" with co-writer and co-star Markéta Irglová. The film was later adapted into a musical theatre production.
Hildo Krop
Hildebrand Lucien (Hildo) Krop (26 February 1884, Steenwijk, Overijssel – 20 August 1970) was a prolific Dutch sculptor and furniture designer, widely known as the city sculptor of Amsterdam, where his work is well represented.

H. P. Berlage
Hendrik Petrus Berlage (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɛndrɪk ˈpeːtrʏz ˈbɛrlaːɣə]; 21 February 1856 – 12 August 1934) was a Dutch architect and designer. He is considered one of the fathers of the architecture of the Amsterdam School.
Railway Station Pier
Railway Station Pier or Thonburi Railway Station Pier (Thai: ท่ารถไฟ, pronounced [tʰâː rót.fāj]), with designated pier code N11 is a pier for Chao Phraya Express Boat, that runs between Bangkok (Wat Rajsingkorn next to Asiatique; S3) and the north ends in Nonthaburi Province (Pakkret; N33).

Bangkok Noi railway station
The Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum, originally known as the old Thonburi station (Thai: สถานีธนบุรีเดิม, RTGS: Sathani Thonburi Doem), built as Bangkok Noi station (Thai: สถานีบางกอกน้อย), is a Brick Expressionism style building in Siri Rat subdistrict, Bangkok Noi district, Bangkok. It was built as a railway station and terminus of the Southern Line of Thailand's national rail network from 1903 to 1999; closed in 2003; and renovated and reopened as a museum in 2013.
CXOU J164710.2−455216
CXOU J164710.2−455216 is an anomalous X-ray pulsar and magnetar in the massive galactic open cluster Westerlund 1. It is the brightest X-ray source in the cluster, and was discovered in 2005 in observations made by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The Westerlund 1 cluster is believed to have formed in a single burst of star formation, implying that the progenitor star must have had a mass in excess of 40 solar masses. The fact that a neutron star was formed instead of a black hole implies that more than 95% of the star's original mass must have been lost before or during the supernova that produced the magnetar.

On 21 September 2006 the Swift satellite detected a 20ms soft gamma-ray burst in Westerlund 1. Fortuitously, XMM-Newton observations had been made four days earlier, and repeat observations 1.5 days after the burst revealed the magnetar to be the source of the burst, with the X-ray luminosity increasing by a factor of 100 during the outburst.

Anomalous X-ray pulsar
Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are an observational manifestation of magnetars—young, isolated, highly magnetized neutron stars. These energetic X-ray pulsars are characterized by slow rotation periods of ~2–12 seconds and large magnetic fields of ~1013–1015 gauss (1 to 100 gigateslas). As of 2017, there were 12 confirmed and 2 candidate AXPs known. The identification of AXPs with magnetars was motivated by their similarity to soft gamma repeaters.
2022 ACC Championship Game
The 2022 ACC Championship Game was a college football conference championship game that was played on December 3, 2022, at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina to determine the champion of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for the 2022 season. The game featured the Clemson Tigers, the champion of the Atlantic Division, and the North Carolina Tar Heels, the champion of the Coastal Division. The 18th annual ACC Championship Game, the contest began at 8:00 p.m. EST and aired on ABC. Sponsored by restaurant chain Subway, the game was officially known as the Subway ACC Championship Game.

2022 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 2022 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as a member of the Coastal Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) for the 2022 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tar Heels were led by head coach Mack Brown, who was in the fourth season of his second stint at North Carolina and 14th overall season at the university. The team played their home games at Kenan Stadium.
Duchess Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Charlotte Felicitas of Brunswick-Lüneburg (8 March 1671–29 September 1710) was a German princess. She was born into the House of Hanover and later married into the House of Este, which were both part of the House of Welf. She was thus the Duchess of Modena by marriage. She died in childbirth. Some sources refer to her simply as Charlotte.

House of Este
The House of Este (UK: /ˈɛsti/ EST-ee, US: /ˈɛsteɪ/ EST-ay, Italian: [ˈɛste]) is a European dynasty of North Italian origin whose members ruled parts of Italy and Germany for many centuries.

The original House of Este's elder branch, which is known as the House of Welf, included dukes of Bavaria and of Brunswick. This branch produced Britain's Hanoverian monarchs, as well as one Emperor of Russia (Ivan VI) and one Holy Roman Emperor (Otto IV).

The original House of Este's younger branch, which is simply called the House of Este, included rulers of Ferrara (1240–1597), and of Modena (900–1859) and Reggio (1288–1796). This branch's male line became extinct with the death of Ercole III in 1803.
2024 Men's Indoor Pan American Cup
The 2024 Men's Indoor Pan American Cup was the ninth edition of the Men's Indoor Pan American Cup, the quadrennial international men's indoor hockey championship of the Americas, organized by the Pan American Hockey Federation. It was held alongside the women's tournament at the Seven Chiefs Sportsplex in Calgary, Canada from 19 to 22 March 2024.

Argentina were the defending champions, having won their first title at the 2021 edition. They defended their title by defeating Trinidad and Tobago 5–2 in the final. The United States won the bronze medal by defeating Guyana 5–4. The top two teams qualified for the 2025 Men's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup.

Men's Indoor Pan American Cup
The Men's Indoor Pan American Cup is an international indoor hockey competition for men and women organised by the Pan American Hockey Federation (PAHF). The tournament started in the year 2002 for both men's and women's competition.

Apart from 2004 and 2008 edition, the winner (for 2002, 2005 and 2010, including runner-up) of each tournament was awarded an automatic berth to the Men's World Cup, as the continental champion.
Pacuvia gens
The gens Pacuvia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens are first mentioned during the second century BC, and from then down to the first century of the Empire Pacuvii are occasionally encountered in the historians.  The first of the Pacuvii to achieve prominence at Rome, and certainly the most illustrious of the family, was the tragic poet Marcus Pacuvius.

Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens (/ɡɛns/ or /dʒɛnz/, Latin: [gẽːs]; pl.: gentes [ˈgɛnteːs]) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens, sometimes identified by a distinct cognomen, was called a stirps (pl.: stirpes). The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italia during the period of the Roman Republic. Much of individuals' social standing depended on the gens to which they belonged. Certain gentes were classified as patrician, others as plebeian; some had both patrician and plebeian branches. The importance of the gens as a social structure declined considerably in imperial times, although the gentilicium continued to define the origins and dynasties of the ancient Romans, including the emperors.
Buffer P2
Buffer P2 is a lysis buffer solution produced by Qiagen. It contains 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (w/v) to puncture holes in cellular membranes, and 200mM NaOH. It is used in conjunction with other resuspension buffers and lysis buffers to release DNA from cells, often as part of the alkaline lysis method of purifying plasmid DNA from bacterial cell culture.

Alkaline lysis
Alkaline lysis is the process of isolating and extracting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from plasmids and other extrachromosomal sources present in cells such as bacterial cells. It is a standard method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA without obtaining chromosomal or genomic DNA. The first alkaline lysis was performed by Birnom and Doly in 1979. There are many variations of the procedure but the general process of alkaline lysis can be summarized with the following steps: formation of a cell pellet, resuspension of the pellet in solution, cell lysis, neutralization, and centrifugation.  Alkaline lysis takes advantage of the small and supercoiled physical composition of plasmid DNA compared to chromosomal DNA, along with its ability to re-anneal double-stranded DNA in optimal conditions. This allows for the separation of plasmid DNA from chromosomal DNA and other cellular components.
John Thach
John Smith Thach (April 19, 1905 – April 15, 1981) was a World War II Naval Aviator, air combat tactician, and United States Navy admiral. Thach developed the Thach Weave, a combat flight formation which could counter enemy fighters of superior performance, and later the big blue blanket, an aerial defense against kamikaze attacks.

Naval aviator (United States)
A naval aviator is a commissioned officer or warrant officer qualified as a crewed aircraft pilot in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. United States Coast Guard crewed aircraft pilots are officially designated as "Coast Guard aviators", although they complete the same undergraduate flight training as Navy and Marine Corps crewed aircraft pilots, and are awarded the same aviation breast insignia.
Longs Nunatak
Longs Nunatak (66°28′S 110°43′E﻿ / ﻿66.467°S 110.717°E﻿ / -66.467; 110.717) is a coastal nunatak 1 nautical mile (2 km) northwest of Campbell Nunatak, facing on Penney Bay at the south end of the Windmill Islands, Antarctica. It was first mapped in 1955 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and was named by Carl R. Eklund, scientific leader at Wilkes Station during the International Geophysical Year, for Robert L. Long, Jr., an ionospheric physicist at Wilkes in 1957.

Campbell Nunatak
Campbell Nunatak (66°29′S 110°45′E﻿ / ﻿66.483°S 110.750°E﻿ / -66.483; 110.750) is a coastal nunatak at the southeast limit of the Windmill Islands, overlooking the southeast extremity of Penney Bay 3 nautical miles (6 km) east-northeast of the Alexander Nunataks. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump and Operation Windmill in 1947 and 1948, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for H. Campbell, Jr., a member of one of the two Operation Windmill photographic units which obtained air and ground photos of the area in January 1948.
Settlement school
Settlement schools are social reform institutions established in rural Appalachia in the early 20th century with the purpose of educating mountain children and improving their isolated rural communities.

Settlement schools have played an important role in preserving and promoting the cultural heritage of southern and central Appalachia. Scholar David Whisnant has argued that settlement schools created a version of "traditional" Appalachian culture that appealed to outsiders but had little basis in the values of Appalachian people themselves.

Pine Mountain Settlement School
The Pine Mountain Settlement School is a historic cultural and educational institution in rural Harlan County, Kentucky.  Founded in 1913 as a settlement school near Bledsoe, it now focuses on classes related to the culture of Appalachia and environmental education.  It first operated as a boarding grade school for students of the rural region, then in 1930 shifted to operating as a boarding school for high school students. In the later 20th century, it was integrated into the Harlan County Public School System. Its campus is designated as a National Historic Landmark District, for its role as the first major effort to adapt urban settlement reform work into a rural setting.
Richard N. Current
Richard Nelson Current (October 5, 1912 – October 26, 2012) was an American historian, called "the Dean of Lincoln Scholars", best known for The Lincoln Nobody Knows (1958), and Lincoln and the First Shot (1963).

Bancroft Prize
The Bancroft Prize is awarded each year by the trustees of Columbia University for books about diplomacy or the history of the Americas.

It was established in 1948, with a bequest from Frederic Bancroft, in his memory and that of his brother, diplomat and attorney, Edgar Addison Bancroft.

The Bancroft Prize has been generally considered to be among the most prestigious awards in the field of American history writing. It comes with a $10,000 stipend (raised from $4,000 beginning in 2004). Seventeen winners had their work supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and 16 winners were also recipients of the Pulitzer Prize for History.

Following independent investigations, the Bancroft Prize was rescinded from Michael A. Bellesiles after he had received it in 2000.
Miami Central Senior High School
Miami Central Senior High School is a secondary school located at 1781 NW 95th Street in West Little River, Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Its current principal is Raymond Sands.

Miami Central opened in 1959. Its school mascot and colors were chosen in honor of NASA and the inception of its space program, which was an event at the time of the school's opening.

In the early 1990s, the school acquired a computer science magnet program, placed as part of the district's initiative to devote school space to certain magnet programs so as to attract minority students to less diverse schools.

The school serves most of the northern fringes of the city of Miami, as well as parts of North Miami, Opa-locka, the village of Miami Shores, and the village of El Portal.

Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test
The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test, or the FCAT/FCAT 2.0, was the standardized test used in the primary and secondary public schools of Florida.  First administered statewide in 1998, it replaced the State Student Assessment Test (SSAT) and the High School Competency Test (HSCT). As of the 2014-2015 school year FCAT was replaced in the state of Florida. The Florida Department of Education later implemented the Florida Standards Assessments (FSA) for English Language Arts, Reading, Mathematics and a Writing or typing test. A Comprehensive science test is still used for grades 5 and 8.
Yevgeny Yevtushenko
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko (Russian: Евгений Александрович Евтушенко; 18 July 1933 – 1 April 2017) was a Soviet and Russian poet, novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, publisher, actor, editor, university professor, and director of several films.

Irina Ratushinskaya
Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya (Russian: Ири́на Бори́совна Ратуши́нская; Ukrainian: Ірина Борисівна Ратушинська, romanized: Iryna Borysivna Ratushynska, 4 March 1954, Odesa – 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian Soviet dissident, poet and writer.
Marty Sheargold Show
The Marty Sheargold Show was an Australian radio show on Triple M. The show was hosted by Marty Sheargold with anchor Troy Ellis, producers Will Ralston and Loren Barry and executive producer Matt Thomson.

Founded as a breakfast show on Triple M Melbourne in 2021, it also featured an hour long packaged highlights show that aired nationally 3–4pm.

Southern Cross Austereo
Southern Cross Media Group Limited, doing business as Southern Cross Austereo, is an Australian media company which operates broadcast radio stations. It is the largest radio broadcaster in Australia, operating 86 radio stations, and has a reach into every state and territory.

In addition, the company formerly operated television stations carrying the three major commercial networks to regional and remote places of Australia.

The company is headquartered in South Melbourne. It was founded in 2004 as a subsidiary of Macquarie Bank for the purpose of acquiring regional radio stations, before expanding into television broadcasting in 2007 with the acquisition of Southern Cross Broadcasting. It also operates the LISTNR platform in Australia.

It was announced in September 2025 that SCA and Seven West Media were intending to merge in early 2026. The merger was completed on 7 January 2026.