hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economy of Penang
The economy of Penang is classified as a high-income economy and is the fifth largest in Malaysia by gross domestic product (GDP). In 2023, Penang contributed 7.6% of Malaysia’s GDP. The state had a GDP per capita of RM72,586 (US$15,918), the third highest in the country after Kuala Lumpur and Labuan, surpassing the World Bank’s threshold for high-income economies.

Despite being the second smallest Malaysian state by land mass, Penang is one of the country's most developed economic powerhouses. It has a tertiary-based economy primarily driven by services and manufacturing. Penang is known as a popular tourist attraction and has also been dubbed the Silicon Valley of the East due to its leading role as a destination for foreign direct investment, attracting hundreds of multinational corporations. Additionally, Penang is the top exporting state in the country.

Government of Penang
The Government of Penang refers to the government authority of the Malaysian state of Penang. The state government adheres to and is created by both the Malaysian federal constitution, the supreme law of Malaysia, and the constitution of Penang, the supreme law in Penang. The government of Penang is based in the state's capital city of George Town.

The state government consists of only two branches - executive and legislative. The Penang State Executive Council forms the executive branch, whilst the Penang State Legislative Assembly is the legislature of the state government. Penang's head of government is the chief minister. The state government does not have a judiciary branch, as Malaysia's judicial system is a federalised system operating uniformly throughout the country.
Mineworkers Union of Namibia
The Mineworkers Union of Namibia (MUN) is one of the most powerful of Namibia's trade unions. It plays a leading public role in the Namibian political space and is an ally of the ruling South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) government. The MUN was established in 1986. It is affiliated with the National Union of Namibian Workers (NUNW) national trade union center and had about 8,000 members in 2017.: 23

SWAPO
The South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO /ˈswɑːpoʊ/; Afrikaans: Suidwes-Afrikaanse Volks Organisasie, SWAVO; German: Südwestafrikanische Volksorganisation, SWAVO), officially known as the SWAPO Party of Namibia, is a political party and former independence movement in Namibia (formerly South West Africa). Founded in 1960, it has been the governing party in Namibia since the country achieved independence in 1990. The party continues to be dominated in number and influence by the Ovambo ethnic group.

SWAPO held a two-thirds majority in parliament from 1994 to 2019. In the general election held in November 2019, the party won 65.5% of the popular vote and 63 out of the 104 seats in the National Assembly. It also holds 28 out of the 42 seats in the National Council. From November 2017 until his death in February 2024, Namibian President Hage Geingob remained the president of SWAPO after being elected to the position at the party's electoral congress.
Eastern Orthodox theology
Eastern Orthodox theology is the theology particular to the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is characterized by monotheistic Trinitarianism, belief in the Incarnation of the divine Logos or only-begotten Son of God, cataphatic theology with apophatic theology, a hermeneutic defined by a sacred Tradition, a catholic ecclesiology, a theology of the person, and a principally recapitulative and therapeutic soteriology.

Kallistos Ware
Metropolitan Kallistos (born Timothy Richard Ware, 11 September 1934 – 24 August 2022) was an English bishop and theologian of the Eastern Orthodox Church. From 1982, he held the titular bishopric of Diokleia in Phrygia (Greek: Διόκλεια Φρυγίας), later made a titular metropolitan bishopric in 2007, under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. He was one of the best-known modern Eastern Orthodox hierarchs and theologians. From 1966 to 2001, he was Spalding Lecturer of Eastern Orthodox Studies at the University of Oxford.
HD 33875
HD 33875 (HR 1700) is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Mensa. With an apparent magnitude of 6.26, it is barely visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. The star is located at a distance of 421 light years but is receding at a rate of 8 km/s.

HD 33875 is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of either A1 V or A0 V depending on the source. At present it has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and 2.84 times the radius of the Sun. It shines at 49.2 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,392 K, which gives it a white glow. HD 33875 is a fast rotator, spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 124 km/s.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
Runa LLC
Runa LLC is a privately held organic Amazonian beverage company that processes and sells guayusa. The company is based in Brooklyn, New York, with offices in Quito and Archidona, Ecuador. It was founded in 2008 by two Brown University graduates, Daniel MacCombie and Tyler Gage. The company operates the world's only guayusa processing facility, which is located in Archidona.

Runa began selling bagged guayusa on the East Coast in October 2010 in natural food stores and supermarkets. In September 2010, the company received its USDA organic certification. A certified Benefit corporation, Runa purchases guayusa directly from indigenous farmers who own their own land in a model following Fair Trade principles.  Runa received its fair trade certification in 2011.

In 2018, Runa was acquired by All Market Inc., maker of Vita Coco Coconut Water.

Ilex guayusa
Ilex guayusa (/ˈaɪlɛks ˈɡwaɪjuːsə/ or /ˈaɪlɛks ˈwaɪjuːsə/) is a species of tree in the holly family, Aquifoliaceae. It is native to the Amazon rainforest. One of four known caffeinated holly trees, the leaves of the guayusa tree are harvested fresh and brewed like a tea for their stimulative effects. It is known simply as guayusa in western languages like Spanish, as waisa in Kichwa and as wayus or wais in Shuar.
Lake Eber
Lake Eber (Turkish: Eber Gölü) is a freshwater lake in Afyon Province, Turkey. The lake used to be connected with nearby Lake Akşehir and was named Tessarakonta Martyron, the Forty Martyr's lake, in premodern times.

Anseriformes
Anseriformes is an order of birds   also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, males have penises, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves, the clade consisting of all other modern birds except the galliformes and paleognaths. Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed.
Alex Leapai
Elise Leapai (born 16 October 1979) is a Samoan-Australian former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2019. He challenged once for the unified WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, IBO, The Ring magazine heavyweight titles in 2014.

Samoan Australians
Samoan Australians refers to Australian citizens or residents who are of ethnic Samoan descent or people born in Samoa but grew up in Australia. However, there are many New Zealand-born Samoans living in Australia, known as Samoan New Zealand Australians. Most Samoans in Australia live in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. Most people of Samoan heritage speak Samoan as their first language.
School No. 6
School No. 6 is a historic school building located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. It was constructed about 1843 and is a 1-story, vernacular Greek Revival cobblestone building consisting of a two-by-two-bay main block with a one-by-one-bay east wing. It features irregularly shaped, variously sized, and colored cobbles in its construction. The school closed in 1943 and was converted to a residence after 1953.

It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1989.

Cobblestone architecture
Cobblestone architecture refers to the use of cobblestones embedded in mortar as method for erecting walls on houses and commercial buildings. It was frequently used in the northeastern United States and upper Midwest in the early 19th century; the greatest concentration of surviving cobblestone buildings is in New York State, generally near the historic Erie Canal or connecting canals.
Church of Our Lady before Týn
The Church of the Mother of God before Týn (in Czech Kostel Matky Boží před Týnem, also Týnský chrám ("Týn Church") or just Týn), or Church of Our Lady before Týn, is a Gothic church and a dominant feature of the Old Town of Prague, Czech Republic. It has been the main church of this part of the city since the 14th century. The church's two towers are 80 m high, and each tower's spire is topped by eight smaller spires in two layers of four.

Old Town (Prague)
The Old Town of Prague (Czech: Staré Město pražské, German: Prager Altstadt) is a medieval settlement of Prague, Czech Republic. It was separated from the outside by a semi-circular moat and wall, connected to the Vltava river at both of its ends. The moat is now covered up by the streets (from north to south-west) Revoluční, Na Příkopě, and Národní — which remain the official boundary of the cadastral community of Old Town. It is now part of Prague 1.

Notable places in the Old Town include Old Town Square and Astronomical Clock. The Old Town is surrounded by the New Town of Prague. Across the river Vltava connected by the Charles Bridge is the Lesser Town of Prague (Czech: Malá Strana). The former Jewish Town (Josefov) is located in the northwest corner of Old Town heading towards the Vltava.
Viktor Petermann
Viktor Petermann (26 May 1916 – 19 May 2001) was a German Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. Petermann was captured by American troops in May 1945, he was handed over to Soviet troops and was released in August 1945 due to his health problems. At the end of the war he flew the Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter jet. During his career was credited with 64 aerial victories, four of them, after he lost his arm in an air-combat, all on the Eastern Front.

Emergency landing
An emergency landing is a premature landing made by an aircraft in response to an emergency involving an imminent or ongoing threat to the safety and operation of the aircraft, or involving a sudden need for a passenger or crew on board to terminate the flight (such as a medical emergency). It typically involves a forced diversion to the nearest or most suitable airport or airbase, or an off airport landing or ditching if the flight cannot reach an airfield. Flights under air traffic control will be given priority over all other aircraft operations upon the declaration of the emergency.
John C. Anderson (Pennsylvania politician)
John C. Anderson (c. 1942 – October 3, 1983) was a member of the Philadelphia City Council from 1979 to 1983. Although it was not widely known at the time, Anderson, a Black gay man, was the first person from the LGBTQ community to serve on the council. In 2023, Rue Landau became the first openly LGBT person elected to the Philadelphia City Council.

Rue Landau
Ruthellen "Rue" Landau (born February 20, 1969) is an American politician and activist. She is a member of the Philadelphia City Council from At-Large after winning one of the seven At Large Seats in the 2023 election. She is the first openly LGBT person elected to the Philadelphia City Council.
Intelligence Star
The Intelligence Star is an award given by the Central Intelligence Agency to its officers for "voluntary acts of courage performed under hazardous conditions or for outstanding achievements or services rendered with distinction under conditions of grave risk". The award citation is from the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and specifically cites actions of "extraordinary heroism". It is the third-highest award given by the Central Intelligence Agency, behind the Distinguished Intelligence Cross and Distinguished Intelligence Medal, and is analogous to the Silver Star, the US military award for extraordinary heroism in combat. Only a few dozen people have received this award (mostly posthumously), making it one of the rarest valor awards awarded by the US government.

CIA Memorial Wall
38°57′06″N 77°08′48″W﻿ / ﻿38.951796°N 77.146586°W﻿ / 38.951796; -77.146586

The Memorial Wall is a memorial at the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency in Langley, Virginia. The wall is located in the Original Headquarters Building lobby on the north wall. There are 140 stars carved into the white Alabama marble wall, each one representing an employee who died in the line of service. Paramilitary Operations Officers (PMOO) of the Special Activities Center comprise the majority of those memorialized.
1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade
The 1st (Risalpur) Cavalry Brigade was a cavalry brigade of the British Indian Army formed in 1906 as a result of the Kitchener Reforms.  It remained in India during the First World War but took an active part in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.

It was on the North West Frontier in September 1939, and converted to Risalpur Training Brigade (later 155th Indian Infantry Brigade) in November 1940.

251st Indian Tank Brigade
The 251st Indian Tank Brigade was an armoured formation of the Indian Army during World War II.
It was to be formed in early 1940 as the 1st Indian Motor Brigade and then went through a number of different changes in title. In July 1940 it was raised as the 1st Indian Armoured Brigade, renamed 251st Indian Armoured Brigade in October 1941 and finally renamed 251st (Independent) Indian Tank Brigade in September 1942.

It was under the command of 1st Indian Armoured Division later known as the  31st Indian Armoured Division from September 1940 to June 1942.

The brigade was disbanded in October 1943, never having seen active service.
Billy Bryans
William Taylor Bryans (September 15, 1947 – April 23, 2012) was a Canadian percussionist, songwriter, music producer and DJ, known as one of the founders of The Parachute Club, among other accomplishments in music.  As a producer, he worked on projects for artists as diverse as Dutch Mason, Raffi, Lillian Allen and the Downchild Blues Band. He was born in Montreal, but spent most of his adult life in Toronto, and was particularly supportive of world music as both a promoter and publicist, focusing on bringing Caribbean, Cuban and Latin American music to a wider audience.

Dutch Mason
Dutch Mason, CM (19 February 1938 – 23 December 2006) was a Canadian musician born in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, with his local accent he received his nick name 'Dutch'.  He was inducted into the Canadian Jazz and Blues Hall of Fame, and was inducted into the Order of Canada in 2005. In 1991, Mason won the Juno Award for Best Roots and Traditional Album, with his performance on the CBC compilation album The Great Canadian Blues Project Vol 1, Saturday Night Blues.  After doing an opening set, B. B. King dubbed him 'The Canadian King Of The Blues', but then Mason's friend and harmonica player Rick Jeffery, renamed him 'The Prime Minister of the Blues' since they were Canadian. Mason was a renowned joker when asked what the Juno meant to him he quipped "Thats nice & everything... but I'd rather have the cash".
1972 United Kingdom budget
The 1972 United Kingdom budget (also known as the dash for growth budget) was a budget delivered by Anthony Barber, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, on 21 March 1972. The budget is remembered for its large tax cuts, and led to high inflation and demands for higher wages, as well as the 1976 sterling crisis when the UK government was forced to ask the International Monetary Fund for financial help. It also led the Conservative Party to abandon "Post-war consensus" policies.

Budget of the United Kingdom
The Budget of His Majesty's Government is an annual budget set by HM Treasury for the following financial year, with the revenues to be gathered by HM Revenue and Customs and the expenditures of the public sector, in compliance with government policy. The budget statement is one of two statements made by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the House of Commons, with the Spring Statement being made the following year.

Budgets are usually set once every year and are announced in the House of Commons by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Since Autumn 2017 the United Kingdom budget typically takes place in the Autumn in order to allow major tax changes to occur annually, well before the start of the fiscal year. The most recent budget was presented by Rachel Reeves on 26 November 2025.
HMS Marlborough (1855)
HMS Marlborough was a first-rate three-decker 131-gun screw ship built for the Royal Navy in 1855. She was begun as a sailing ship of the line (with her sister ships HMS Duke of Wellington, HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Royal Sovereign), but was completed to a modified design and converted to steam on the stocks, and launched as a wooden steam battleship.

Hulk (ship type)
A hulk is a ship that is afloat, but incapable of going to sea. 'Hulk' may be used to describe a ship that has been launched but not completed, an abandoned wreck or shell, or a ship whose propulsion system is no longer maintained or has been removed altogether. The word hulk also may be used as a verb: a ship is "hulked" to convert it to a hulk. The verb was also applied to crews of Royal Navy ships in dock, who were sent to the receiving ship for accommodation, or "hulked". Hulks have a variety of uses such as housing, prisons, salvage pontoons, gambling sites, naval training, or cargo storage.

In the age of sail, many hulls served longer as hulks than they did as functional ships. Wooden ships were often hulked when the hull structure became too old and weak to withstand the stresses of sailing.

More recently, ships have been hulked when they become obsolete or when they become uneconomical to operate.
Downstream (networking)
In a telecommunications network or computer network, downstream refers to data sent from a network service provider to a customer.

One process sending data primarily in the downstream direction is downloading. However, the overall download speed depends on the downstream speed of the user, the upstream speed of the server, and the network between them.

In the client–server model, downstream can refer to the direction from the server to the client.

Download
In computer networks, download means to receive data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar systems. This contrasts with uploading, where data is sent to a remote system.

A download is a file offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file.
Merseburg charms
The Merseburg charms, Merseburg spells, or Merseburg incantations (German: Merseburger Zaubersprüche) are two medieval magic spells, charms or incantations, written in Old High German. They are the only known examples of Germanic pagan belief preserved in the language. They were discovered in 1841 by Georg Waitz, who found them in a theological manuscript from Fulda, written in the 9th century, although there remains some speculation about the date of the charms themselves. The manuscript (Cod. 136 f. 85a) is stored in the library of the cathedral chapter of Merseburg, hence the name. The Merseburg charms have been the subject of notable study since their discovery.

Anton Christian Bang
Anton Christian Bang (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈɑ̂ntɔn ˈkrɪ̀stɪjɑn ˈbɑŋ]; 18 September 1840 in Dønna, Helgeland – 29 December 1913) was a Norwegian theologian, historian and politician for the Conservative Party of Norway. Bang was one of the more prominent figures within the Church of Norway in the decades around 1900. He served as a professor of church history at the Royal Frederick University from 1885 onward, as Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1893 to 1895, and as Bishop of Oslo from 1896 to 1912.
Olof Mellberg
Erik Olof Mellberg (pronounced [ˈûːlɔf ˈmɛ̂lːbærj]; born 3 September 1977) is a Swedish football manager and former professional player.

During his career, Mellberg played as a defender, with his longest spell being at Premier League club Aston Villa. He also played in Sweden, Spain, Italy, Greece and Denmark, for clubs including Juventus and Olympiacos.

Mellberg played for Sweden at the World Cup in 2002 and 2006, as well as the European Championship in 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012. A former captain of the national team, he scored eight goals in 117 caps between 2000 and 2012.

Mellberg began managing Brommapojkarna in 2015 and won the third and second divisions in consecutive seasons before managing them in Allsvenskan in a later spell. He also led Helsingborg in his country's top flight, and was manager of St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer in 2025.

Greek Football Cup
The Greek Football Cup (Greek: Ελληνικό Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου), officially known as Betsson Greek Cup (Greek: Κύπελλο Ελλάδας Betsson) for sponsorship reasons is a Greek association football competition, run by the HFF.

The Greek Cup is the second-most important domestic men's football event in Greece, after the championship of Super League. Since its inception in 1931 it has been held 83 times, with a cup winner being crowned on 82 occasions, the final in 1962 being the only occasion when no champion was crowned.

Olympiacos is the most successful club, having reached the final 43 times and earning 29 trophies.
1st Edda Awards
The 1st Edda Awards ceremony was held on 15. November 1999 by the Icelandic Film and Television Academy (ÍKSA). The awards were held at the Reykjavík City Theatre in Reykjavík, and were hosted by Þorfinnur Ómarsson, director of the Icelandic Film Fund. Awards were given in eight categories, plus one Honorary Award given for special contribution to the Icelandic film industry. Ungfrúin góða og húsið (The Honour of the House), based on the novel by Halldór Laxness, received five nominations, The film ended up winning two awards, for Best Film and Best Director.

The public could cast their vote online on the Icelandic news website, Morgunblaðið. Public votes had 30% say in the results, and the academy the other 70%. The awards were broadcast live on Stöð 2.

Edda Awards
The Edda Award is an accolade bestowed annually by the Icelandic Film and Television Academy, and is the most prominent film and television award in Iceland, awarded annually in February. The Edda has awarded for outstanding work in various categories of film and television annually since 1999, except in 2009 due to the economic crash the year before. In 2010, the event was moved from the usual November date to February, and the eligibility period for that year was from 1 November 2008 to 30 December 2009. Since 2011, the eligibility period is the previous calendar year.