hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of plant evolution
This article attempts to place key plant innovations in a geological context.  It concerns itself only with novel adaptations and events that had a major ecological significance, not those that are of solely anthropological interest.  The timeline displays a graphical representation of the adaptations; the text attempts to explain the nature and robustness of the evidence.

Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land, greening of various land masses by the filling of their niches with land plants, and diversification of groups of land plants.

Ginkgo
Ginkgo is a genus of non-flowering seed plants, assigned to the gymnosperms. The scientific name is also used as the English common name. The order to which the genus belongs, Ginkgoales, first appeared in the Permian, 270 million years ago, and Ginkgo is now the only living genus within the order. The rate of evolution within the genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene. The sole surviving species, Ginkgo biloba, is found in the wild only in China, but is cultivated around the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved.
Elsternwick
Elsternwick is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 9 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Elsternwick recorded a population of 10,887 at the 2021 census.

Elsternwick Park
Elsternwick Park (known as Sportscover Arena between 2002 and 2018 because of naming rights) is an Australian rules football and cricket stadium in Brighton, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. The name also refers to the wider parkland in which the main oval is located. The ground is the administrative and primary central playing base of the Victorian Amateur Football Association (VAFA).
First Portuguese Republic
The First Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by the 5 October 1910 revolution and the 28 May 1926 coup d'état. The latter movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.

The sixteen years of the First Republic saw eight presidents and 45 ministries, and were altogether more of a transition between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Estado Novo than they were a coherent period of governance.

Military dictatorship
A military dictatorship is a type of dictatorship where supreme power is held and exercised by the armed forces. Military dictatorships are usually led by the commander-in-chief of the military or the leading figure in military junta. They are most often formed by military coups or by the empowerment of the military through a popular uprising in times of domestic unrest or instability. The military nominally seeks power to restore order or fight corruption, but the personal motivations of military officers will vary.

Modern military dictatorship developed in Latin America during the 19th century, and it expanded in Europe during the early-20th century. It saw a resurgence during the Cold War, and new military dictatorships were established in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the 1960s. Some scholars have asserted that the number of military dictatorships has declined since the end of the Cold War.
1986–87 WFA Cup
The 1986–87 WFA Cup was an association football knockout tournament for women's teams, held between 5 October 1986 and 3 May 1987. It was the 17th season of the WFA Cup and was won by Doncaster Belles, who defeated St Helens in the final.

The tournament consisted seven rounds of competition proper.

All match results and dates from the Women's FA Cup Website.

1987 WFA Cup final
The 1987 WFA Cup Final was the 17th final of the WFA Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. The showpiece event was played under the auspices of the Women's Football Association (WFA). Doncaster Belles and St Helens contested the match at the City Ground, the home stadium of Nottingham Forest. Doncaster Belles up winning the game 2–0.
Sierra Madre sparrow
The Sierra Madre sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi), also known as Bailey's sparrow, is an endangered, range-restricted, enigmatic American sparrow.  It is endemic to Mexico and is threatened with extinction through habitat loss.

New World sparrow
New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.

Although they share the name sparrow, New World sparrows are more closely related to Old World buntings than they are to the Old World sparrows (family Passeridae). New World sparrows are also similar in both appearance and habit to finches, with which they sometimes used to be classified.
Kaeng phrik kraduk mu
Kaeng phrik kraduk mu (Thai: แกงพริกกระดูกหมู, pronounced [kɛ̄ːŋ pʰrík krā.dùːk mǔː]) is a variety of Thai curry from the areas of southern Thailand. It is similar to Kaeng pa in that it usually contains no coconut milk, but uses turmeric instead of galangal. Kaeng phrik kraduk mhu is popular in Southern Thailand.

Thai curry
Thai curry (Thai: แกง, romanized: kaeng, pronounced [kɛ̄ːŋ]) is a dish in Thai cuisine made from curry paste, coconut milk or water, meat, seafood, vegetables or fruit, and herbs. Curries in Thailand mainly differ from the Indian subcontinent in their use of ingredients such as fresh rhizomes, herbs, and aromatic leaves rather than a  mix of dried spices.
New Mexicans for Science and Reason
New Mexicans for Science and Reason (also known by the abbreviation NMSR) is a science advocacy organization based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded by Skeptical Inquirer editor Kendrick Frazier on May 16, 1990.  As of 1998 the President is physicist and mathematician Dave Thomas. Thomas was still the President in spring of 2018 In 1996 creationists on the New Mexico School Board tried to change science standards to water down instruction of evolution. NMSR was instrumental in having that decision reversed.

Sandia Base
Sandia Base was the principal nuclear weapons installation of the United States Department of Defense from 1946 to 1971. It was located on the southeastern edge of Albuquerque, New Mexico.  For 25 years, the top-secret Sandia Base and its subsidiary installation, Manzano Base, carried on the atomic weapons research, development, design, testing, and training commenced by the Manhattan Project during World War II. Fabrication, assembly, and storage of nuclear weapons was also done at Sandia Base. The base played a key role in the United States nuclear deterrence capability during the Cold War. In 1971 it was merged into Kirtland Air Force Base.
Richard Collinson Inlet
Richard Collinson Inlet (72°54′44″N 113°38′12″W﻿ / ﻿72.91222°N 113.63667°W﻿ / 72.91222; -113.63667) is a large inlet on the north side of Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. It opens into Viscount Melville Sound to the north. It is named after Richard Collinson, a Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. It should not be confused with the similarly named Collinson Inlet on King William Island.

Victoria Island
Victoria Island (Inuinnaqtun: Kitlineq) is a large island in the Arctic Archipelago that straddles the boundary between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is the eighth-largest island in the world, and at 217,291 km2 (83,897 sq mi)1 in area, it is Canada's second-largest island. It is nearly double the size of Newfoundland (111,390 km2 [43,010 sq mi]), and is slightly larger than the island of Great Britain (209,331 km2 [80,823 sq mi]) but smaller than Honshu (225,800 km2 [87,200 sq mi]). The western third of the island lies in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories; the remainder is part of Nunavut's Kitikmeot Region. The population of 2,168 is divided between two settlements, the larger of which is Cambridge Bay (Nunavut) and the other Ulukhaktok (Northwest Territories).

The island is named after Queen Victoria, the British sovereign from 1837 to 1901. The features bearing the name "Prince Albert" are named after her consort, Albert.
Powarkheda railway station
Powarkheda railway station is a railway station of Bhopal–Nagpur section under Bhopal railway division of West Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station is situated at Biaora, Pawarkheda in Narmadapuram district of Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Bhopal railway division
Bhopal railway division is one of the three railway divisions falling under West Central Railway zone (WCR) of Indian Railways. This railway division was formed on 1 April 1952 and its headquarters are located at Rani Kamalapati railway station, Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh of India.

Jabalpur railway division and Kota railway division being the other two. West Central Railway zone's headquarters are at Jabalpur.
1954 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1954 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.

Torneo di Viareggio
The Torneo di Viareggio (English: Viareggio Tournament), officially named the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale, is a youth association football tournament held annually in the commune of Viareggio, Italy and its surrounding areas. Established in 1949, the Torneo di Viareggio is considered one of the most important youth football tournaments in the world.

It coincides with the Carnival of Viareggio, starting on the third Monday of Carneval. The tournament runs for a fortnight, and finishes on the last Monday of Carnival. For this reason, it is also known as Coppa Carnevale (English: Carnival Cup).
2009 Channel One Cup
The 2009 Channel One Cup was played between 17 and 20 December 2009. The Czech Republic, Finland, Sweden and Russia played a round-robin for a total of three games per team and six games in total. Five of the matches were played in the Khodynka Arena in Moscow, Russia, and one match in O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic. Finland won the tournament. The tournament was a part of the 2009–10 Euro Hockey Tour.

Channel One Cup (ice hockey)
The Channel One Cup (Russian: Кубок Первого канала, formerly Izvestia Trophy) is an annual ice hockey event held in Russia under the auspices of Channel One. It is an open tournament typically composed of various national teams.
Kongesangen
"Kongesangen" ([ˈkɔ̂ŋːəˌsɑŋn̩]; "King's Song") is Norway's royal anthem. The lyrics come in several versions. The first version ("Gud sign vår Konge god, gi ham i farer mod") was written by N. Vogtmann around 1800, but the version used today and quoted below was written by Gustav Jensen for the coronation of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales in 1906 and later used in his Landstads reviderte salmebok. It was inspired by the British royal and national anthem and set to the tune of "God Save the King"; Henrik Wergeland wrote a translation of "God Save the King" in 1841, dedicated to King Carl Johan of Norway and Sweden.

Personal anthem
The anthem for a person, office or rank is music played on formal or ceremonial occasions in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder, especially by a military band. The head of state in many countries is honored with a prescribed piece of music; in some countries the national anthem serves this purpose, while others have a separate royal, presidential, or, historically, imperial anthem. Other officials may also have anthems, such as the vice-regal salute in several Commonwealth realms for the Governor-General, Governor, or Lieutenant Governor. Ruffles and flourishes may be played instead of, or preceding, such an anthem.
Essex Skating Club
The Essex Skating Club (also known as ESC and Essex SC of NJ) is a figure skating club based at Richard J. Codey Arena in West Orange, New Jersey. The club has teams and over 300 skaters who compete in many national competitions.

Richard J. Codey Arena
The Richard J. Codey Arena at South Mountain (formerly the South Mountain Skating Arena) is an ice hockey and ice skating arena in West Orange, New Jersey, as part of the South Mountain Recreation Complex.  The arena is named for former Governor of New Jersey Richard Codey.  The Codey Arena is owned and operated by the Essex County Department of Park, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs.
Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 18 and 25 February 2018. A total of three bobsleigh events were held.

Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh is an event in the Winter Olympic Games where a two- or four-person team drives a specially designed sled down an ice track, with the winning team completing the route with the fastest time.  The event has been featured since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, with the exception of the 1960 games in Olympic Valley when the organizing committee decided not to build a track in order to reduce expenses. Other than that exception, the four-man competition has been competed at every game (in 1928, it was a five-man competition).  The two-man event was introduced at the 1932 Lake Placid games and a two-woman event was first contested at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics.
Here Comes Everybody (book)
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations is a book by Clay Shirky published by Penguin Press in 2008 on the effect of the Internet on modern group dynamics and organization. The author considers examples such as Wikipedia, MySpace, and other social media in his analysis. According to Shirky, the book is about "what happens when people are given the tools to do things together, without needing traditional organizational structures". The title of the work alludes to HCE, a recurring and central figure in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and considers the impacts of self-organizing movements on culture, politics, and business.

Group dynamics
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behavior, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective therapy techniques, and following the emergence and popularity of new ideas and technologies. These applications of the field are studied in psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, epidemiology, education, social work, leadership studies, business and managerial studies, as well as communication studies.
Historic estates in Swimbridge parish
The lord of the manor of Swimbridge in Devon, England, until the 20th century was the Duke of Bedford, of Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire and of Endsleigh Cottage in Devon, whose ancestor John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c.1485–1555) of Chenies in Buckinghamshire and of Bedford House in Exeter, Devon, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Devon by King Henry VIII and obtained large grants of land in that county following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Thus there is no manor house in Swimbridge as the lord was non-resident. The location of the court house where manorial business was transacted may have been Ernesborough.

Hall, Bishop's Tawton
Hall is a large estate within the parish and former manor of Bishop's Tawton, Devon. It was for several centuries the seat of a younger branch of the prominent and ancient North Devon family of Chichester of Raleigh, near Barnstaple. The mansion house is situated about 2 miles south-east of the village of Bishop's Tawton and 4 miles south-east of Barnstaple, and sits on a south facing slope of the valley of the River Taw, overlooking the river towards the village of Atherington. The house and about 2,500 acres of surrounding land continues today to be owned and occupied by descendants, via a female line, of the Chichester family. The present Grade II* listed neo-Jacobean house was built by Robert Chichester between 1844 and 1847 and replaced an earlier building. Near the house to the south at the crossroads of Herner the Chichester family erected in the 1880s a private chapel of ease which contains mediaeval woodwork saved from the demolished Old Guildhall in Barnstaple.
Sorbung language
Sorbung is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Manipur, northeastern India. Although the speakers are ethnically Tangkhul, it appears to be a non-Tangkhulic Kuki-Chin language, as it shows strong links with what was called 'Southern Tangkhul' in Brown (1837), which was also a non-Tangkhulic language spoke by ethnic Tangkhul.

Sorbung is spoken by about 300 people of Sorbung village, Ukhrul District, Manipur, northeastern India. Sorbung speakers consider themselves to be ethnic Tangkhul. A language that is unambiguously Tangkhulic is spoken in nearby Tusom village. Kuki (Thadou) and Maring are also spoken in neighboring villages.

Maring language (India)
Maring is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Maring people in Manipur, India. Linguistically, it is closest to the Uipo language (Khoibu) and the Tangkhulic languages.

Maring is spoken in Laiching in southeast Chandel district and the northern border regions of the Tengnoupal district. (Ethnologue).
2024–25 Chicago State Cougars men's basketball team
The 2024–25 Chicago State Cougars men's basketball team represented Chicago State University during the 2024–25 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cougars, led by first-year head coach Scott Spinelli, played their home games at the Jones Convocation Center located in Chicago, Illinois, as first-year members of the Northeast Conference. They finished the season 4–28, 4–2 in NEC play to finish in a tie for last place. They lost to LIU in the quarterfinals of the NEC tournament.

On March 7, 2025, the school fired head coach Scott Spinelli. On March 20, the school named Alcorn State head coach Landon Bussie the team's new head coach.

Northeast Conference
The NEC (formerly the Northeast Conference) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports; football competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States, from which the conference derives its name.
Gmina Serokomla
Gmina Serokomla is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Serokomla, which lies approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Łuków and 53 km (33 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 77.23 square kilometres (29.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,157.

Łuków County
Łuków County (Polish: powiat łukowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Łuków, which lies 76 kilometres (47 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Stoczek Łukowski, lying 30 km (19 mi) west of Łuków.

The county covers an area of 1,394.09 square kilometres (538.3 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 107,144, including 29,885, in Łuków, 2.520in Stoczek Łukowski, and a rural population is 74.739.
Lithuania men's national goalball team
Lithuania men's national goalball team is the men's national team of Lithuania.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  It takes part in international competitions.

Members of the team participate in the several international tournaments each year within the country at the capital Vilnius and the Paralympic training centre nearby at historic Trakai.

Brazil men's national goalball team
Brazil men's national goalball team is the men's national team of Brazil. Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  The team takes part in international competitions.
With These Hands (film)
With These Hands is a 1950 documentary film presented in flashbacks directed by Jack Arnold and starring Sam Levene as Alexander Brody; originally created for showing to members of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, the film opened June 15, 1950 at the 1,100-seat Gotham Theatre. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

The film recreates Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and compares working conditions of the 1910s with the 1950s.

International Ladies Garment Workers Union
The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) was a labor union for employees in the women's clothing industry in the United States. It was one of the largest unions in the country, one of the first to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s. The union, generally referred to as the "ILGWU" or the "ILG", merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in the 1990s to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) in 2004 to become UNITE HERE. The two unions that formed UNITE in 1995 represented 250,000 workers between them, down from the ILGWU's peak membership of 450,000 in 1969.

The union published its official newspaper, Justice, in Jersey City, New Jersey.
Homeschooling in the United States
Homeschooling in the United States is the practice of educating children at home, where students do not attend a formal school. As a form of alternative education, homeschooling normally takes the form of parents teaching their children through direct tutoring, religious teachings, experimental or unstructured learning methods.

The US has a long tradition of homeschooling, beginning in the colonial period, where families educated their children at home in absence of local schools. In the US today about 3.3% of K-12 age students are homeschooled. The number of homeschoolers in the US has recently increased in the years following the COVID-19 pandemic.

High school diploma
A high school diploma (sometimes referred to as a high school degree) is a diploma awarded upon graduation of high school. A high school diploma is awarded after completion of courses of studies lasting four years, from grade 9 to grade 12. It is the school leaving qualification in the United States and Canada.

The diploma is awarded by the school in accordance with the requirements of the local state or provincial government. Requirements for earning the diploma vary by jurisdiction, and there may be different requirements for different streams or levels of high school graduation. Typically they include a combination of selected coursework meeting specified criteria for a particular stream and acceptable passing grades earned on the state exit examination.