hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cost-plus pricing
Cost-plus pricing is a pricing strategy by which the selling price of a product is determined by adding a specific fixed percentage (a "markup") to the product's unit cost. Essentially, the markup percentage is a method of generating a particular desired rate of return. An alternative pricing method is value-based pricing.

Cost-plus pricing has often been used for government contracts (cost-plus contracts), and has been criticized for reducing incentive for suppliers to control direct costs, indirect costs and fixed costs whether related to the production and sale of the product or service or not.

Companies using this strategy need to record their costs in detail to ensure they have a comprehensive understanding of their overall costs. This information is necessary to generate accurate cost estimates.

Cost-plus pricing is especially common for utilities and single-buyer products that are manufactured to the buyer's specification, such as for military procurement.

Value-based pricing
Value-based price, also called value-optimized pricing or charging what the market will bear, is a market-driven pricing strategy which sets the price of a good or service according to its perceived or estimated value. The value that a consumer gives to a good or service, can then be defined as their willingness to pay for it (in monetary terms) or the amount of time and resources they would be willing to give up for it. For example, a painting may be priced at a higher cost than the price of a canvas and paints. If set using the value-based approach, its price will reflect factors such as age, cultural significance, and, most importantly, how much benefit the buyer is deriving. Owning an original Dalí or Picasso painting elevates the self-esteem of the buyer and hence elevates the perceived benefits of ownership.
R. M. Murray
Russell Mervyn Murray (12 July 1877 – 22 January 1945), commonly referred to as R. M. Murray, was general manager of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Co. Ltd, Queenstown, Tasmania for 22 years. Unusually for a mining man, his entire career of 44 years was spent at one location and for one company.

Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company
Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company was a Tasmanian mining company formed on 29 March 1893, most commonly referred to as Mount Lyell. Mount Lyell was the dominant copper mining company of the West Coast from 1893 to 1994, and was based in Queenstown, Tasmania.

Following consolidation of leases and company assets at the beginning of the twentieth century, Mount Lyell was the major company for the communities of Queenstown, Strahan and Gormanston.  It remained dominant until its closure in 1994.

The Mount Lyell mining operations produced more than a million tonnes of copper, 750 tonnes of silver and 45 tonnes of gold since mining commenced in the early 1890s – which is equivalent to over 4 billion dollars' worth of metal in 1995 terms.
Pink
Pink is a pale tint of red or rose, the color of the pink flower. It was first used as a color name in the late 17th century. A combination of pink and white is associated with innocence, whereas a combination of pink and black links to eroticism and seduction.

In the 21st century, pink is seen as a symbol of femininity, though it has not always been seen this way. Prior to the second half of the 20th century, pink frequently reflected masculinity. Scholars have linked the decisive feminization of pink to the emergence of Barbie in 1959.

Raspberry
The raspberry is the edible fruit of several plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems.

World production of raspberries in 2023 was 940,979 tonnes, led by Russia with 23% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and in preserves, cakes, pastries, ice cream, and liqueurs.
Klavierübung (Busoni)
The Klavierübung (Piano Tutorial, BV A 3), by the Italian pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni, is a compilation of piano exercises and practice pieces, comprising transcriptions of works by other composers and original compositions of his own.

Busoni worked on the Klavierübung at various times during the last seven years of his life, and with it, he hoped to pass on his accumulated knowledge of keyboard technique. The Klavierübung is not a comprehensive or systematic graduated course of study, nor is it intended for beginning or intermediate students. Instead it assumes the student has mastered standard piano technique and has reached a virtuoso level. Busoni proceeds by adding refinements, short cuts, and unusual solutions for pianistic problems encountered in a performing artist's repertoire. The included exercises and examples reflect Busoni's own special, but diverse, interests and abilities.

Preludes (Chopin)
Frédéric Chopin wrote a number of preludes for piano solo. His collection of 24 Preludes, Op. 28, covers all major and minor keys. In addition, Chopin wrote three other preludes: a prelude in C♯ minor, Op. 45; a piece in A♭ major from 1834; and an unfinished piece in E♭ minor. These are sometimes referred to as Nos. 25, 26, and 27, respectively.
Use of child suicide bombers by Palestinian militant groups
As part of the Arab–Israeli conflict, especially during the Second Intifada from 2000 to 2005, Palestinian militant groups used children for suicide bombings. Minors were sometimes used as messengers and couriers, and according to Israeli sources as fighters. The involvement of children in armed conflict was condemned by international human rights organizations. Amnesty International noted, "Palestinian armed groups have repeatedly shown total disregard for... the right to life, by deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and by using Palestinian children in armed attacks," and that, "Children are susceptible to recruitment by manipulation... including a desire to avenge relatives or friends killed by the Israeli army."

Vamık Volkan
Vamık D. Volkan, M.D., DFLAPA, FACPsa, (born 1932 in Lefkoşa, Cyprus) is a Turkish Cypriot born American psychiatrist, internationally known for his 40 years work bringing together conflictual groups for dialogue and mutual understanding. Among his many other honours, he is the president emeritus of International Dialogue Initiative (IDI).
River Yealm
The Yealm is a river in Devon in England that rises 430 m (1,410 ft) above sea level on the Stall Moor mires of south Dartmoor and travels 12 miles (19 km) to the sea, passing through Cornwood, Lee Mill and Yealmpton, a mid-sized village with a population of c.2,000 which is its largest settlement, before reaching its estuary which forms a ria bounded on its western side by Wembury. A deep inlet of this ria forms the waterfront to Newton Ferrers and Noss Mayo on its eastern side.

Oyster
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species, the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape. Many, but not all oysters, are in the superfamily Ostreoidea.

Some species of oyster are commonly consumed and are regarded as a delicacy in some localities. Some types of pearl oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Others, such as the translucent windowpane oysters, are harvested for their shells.
Crumps Bottom, West Virginia
Crumps Bottom is an unincorporated community in Summers County, West Virginia, United States. Crumps Bottom is located on the New River, south of Hinton. Its post office is closed. It was also known as the Mouth of Indian.

Crumps Bottom was settled in 1753 by Andrew Culbertson, the first English settler in the present Summers County. He established a working plantation with a lavish home. Crumps Botton was the site of the first post office in the area. The settlement was abandoned because of attacks by Native Americans.

The community is now a seasonal-access public area with camping and river access; it can be reached by one-lane roads off West Virginia Route 20.

Hinton, West Virginia
Hinton is a city in and the county seat of Summers County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,266 at the 2020 census. Hinton was established in 1873 and chartered in 1897. Hinton was named after John "Jack" Hinton, the original owner of the town site. Much of Hinton's downtown was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Eisbach (Rhine)
The Eisbach (German pronunciation: [ˈaɪsbax]), locally known as die Eis, is a 38-kilometre (24 mi) long river and left or western tributary of the Rhine in the northeastern Palatinate and southeastern Rhenish Hesse, in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Landesstraße
Landesstraßen (singular: Landesstraße [ˈlandəsˌʃtʁaːsə]) are roads in Germany and Austria that are, as a rule, the responsibility of the respective German or Austrian states. The term may therefore be translated as "state road". They are roads that cross the boundary of a rural or urban district (Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt). A Landesstraße is thus less important than a Bundesstraße or federal road, but more significant than a Kreisstraße or district road. The classification of a road as a Landesstraße is a legal matter (Widmung). In the free states of Bavaria and Saxony – but not, however, in the Free State of Thuringia – Landesstraßen are known as Staatsstraßen.
Allison Hubel
Allison Hubel is an American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist who applies her expertise in heat transfer to study the cryopreservation of biological tissue. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where she directs the Biopreservation Core Resource and the Technological Leadership Institute, and is the president of the Society for Cryobiology from 2024 to 2025.

Cryobiology
Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures.
68 Ophiuchi
68 Ophiuchi is a binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Ophiuchus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.42. The system is located around 89.69 parsecs (292.5 ly) distant from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +6 km/s.

This is a visual binary with an orbital period of 177 years and an eccentricity of 0.83. The brighter member, component A, is an A-type main-sequence star of spectral type A2Vn, a star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. The 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. The star is suspected of varying between magnitudes 4.42 and 4.48. It displays an infrared excess that matches a circumstellar disk of dust orbiting 32.5 AU from the star with a mean temperature of 160 K. There is evidence that it is a close spectroscopic binary. The secondary companion, component B, is of magnitude 7.48.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
1983 Fischer-Grand Prix
The 1983 Fischer-Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria that was part of the 1983 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the ninth edition if the tournament and was held from 17 October until 23 October 1983. First-seeded Brian Gottfried won the singles title, his fourth at the event after 1977, 1980 and 1982.

1983 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1983 Volvo Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments, and two team tournaments (the Davis Cup and the World Team Cup). The circuit was administered by the Men's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC).
1944 Birthday Honours (OBE)
The 1944 King's Birthday Honours, celebrating the official birthday of King George VI, were announced on 2 June 1944 for the United Kingdom and British Empire, New Zealand, and South Africa.

It included a large number of people who were appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Birthday Honours
The Birthday Honours, in some Commonwealth realms, mark the reigning monarch's official birthday in each realm by granting various individuals appointment into national or dynastic orders or the award of decorations and medals. The honours are presented by the monarch or a viceregal representative. The Birthday Honours are one of two annual honours lists, along with the New Year Honours. All royal honours are published in the relevant gazette.
Miyako Stakes
The Miyako Stakes (Japanese みやこステークス) is a Japanese Grade 3 horse race for Thoroughbreds aged three and over, run in November over a distance of 1800 metres on dirt at Kyoto Racecourse.

The race was originally named the Topaz Stakes from 1986 until 2009, with the inaugural race being run on a turf track over a distance of 1400 metres, before the distance was extended to 2000 metres from 1984 to 1996. The race became a dirt race in 1997, and was later promoted to Grade 3 status in 2010 and renamed to Miyako Stakes. The race serves as a trial for the Champions Cup, which is run in early December, with the winner given an entry slot in the race since 2014.

The race was not held in 2018 as the Japan Breeding Farms' Cup Classic (as well as the Sprint and Ladies' Classics) were held instead that year.

Japan Breeding Farms' Cup Ladies' Classic
Japan Breeding Farms' Cup Ladies' Classic (ジャパンブリーディングファームズカップレディスクラシック) is an annual race that is held in Japan each year usually on November 3, the national holiday Culture Day. This race was started as third JBC race in 2011. The first race was held at the Oi racetrack, and was won by Miracle Legend. In 2015, this was the only Grade 1 dirt race (including domestic Grade 1 race) for fillies and mares.

The Ladies' Prelude (domestic grade2, Jpn2 race), founded in 2011, is held as trial race.
Taylor Hinds
Taylor Jasmine Hinds (/haɪndz/ HYNDZE; born 25 April 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left-back or left wing-back for Women's Super League club Arsenal and the England national team. Hinds previously played for Liverpool, Everton, England youth teams, and represented Jamaica at international level.

2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
The 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was the ninth edition of the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, the biennial international women's youth football championship contested by the under-20 national teams of the member associations of FIFA, since its inception in 2002 as the FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship (age limit was raised from 19 to 20 in 2006).

The tournament was held in France between 5 and 24 August 2018, who would also host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Haiti and the Netherlands made their U-20 Women's World Cup debuts. North Korea were the defending champions but were eliminated by host France in the quarter-finals.

The final took place at Stade de la Rabine, Vannes between Spain and Japan, a rematch from the group stage. Japan won their first title, beating Spain 3–1 in the Final.
Anthurium corrugatum
Anthurium corrugatum is a species of plant in the genus Anthurium native to Central and South America from Panama to Ecuador. This species is noted for its cordate leaves with a network of fine veins that gives it a bullate appearance. A terrestrial grower, it is adapted to cool, humid climates. It is a member of the section Polyneurium along with Anthurium argyrostachyum and others.

Anthurium
Anthurium (/ænˈθjuːriəm/; Schott, 1829) is a genus of about 1,000 species of flowering plants, the largest genus of the arum family, Araceae. General common names include anthurium, tailflower, flamingo flower, pigtail plant, and laceleaf.

The genus is native to the Americas, where it is distributed from northern Mexico to northern Argentina and parts of the Caribbean.
2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 3 – Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres race of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 3, arranged in Sportforum Hohenschönhausen, in Berlin, Germany, was held on 7 December 2014.

Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands won, followed by Heather Richardson of the United States in second place, and Marrit Leenstra of the Netherlands in third place. Antoinette de Jong of the Netherlands won Division B.

2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 3
The third competition weekend of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup will be held in Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in Berlin, Germany, from Friday, 5 December, until Sunday, 7 December 2014.

Artur Waś of Poland both men's 500 m races. In the women's competitions, Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands won three gold medals; in the 1500 m and 3000 m races, as well as in the team pursuit. Lee Sang-hwa of South Korea won both 500 m races. Heather Richardson of the United States managed to take no less than four silver medals; in both 500 m races, as well as the 1000 m and 1500 m races.

No world records were set during the weekend, but Christian Oberbichler of Switzerland set a new national record on in the B division of the men's 500 m on Friday, and both Marina Zueva of Belarus and Saskia Alusalu of Estonia set new national records in the B division of the women's 3000 m, also on Friday.
Dissochaeta
Dissochaeta is a genus of plants in the family Melastomataceae.  Species can be found in: Hainan and Indo-China through to Malesia; some, previously placed here, are now in the restored genus Diplectria.

Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae (/mɛləstoʊmɑːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or small trees.
Die Pleite
Die Pleite was a German periodical founded and edited by George Grosz, Wieland Herzfelde, and John Heartfield, which ran from 1919 to 1924.

The magazine was part of the Berlin Dada scene and was known for its ruthless critiques of the Weimar Republic in addition to its prescient awareness of the emergence of right-wing extremism throughout Europe.

Dada
Dada (/ˈdɑːdɑː/) or Dadaism was an international art movement that developed in the context of the Great War and Futurism first established in Zürich, Switzerland, and later quickly spread to Berlin, Paris, New York City and a variety of artistic centers in Europe and Asia. The Dada movement's principles were first collected in Hugo Ball's Dada Manifesto in 1916. Ball is seen as the founder of the Dada movement. Other key figures in the movement included Emmy Hennings, Jean Arp, Johannes Baader, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, Hannah Höch, Richard Huelsenbeck, Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Hans Richter, Kurt Schwitters, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Beatrice Wood, among others. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including Surrealism, nouveau réalisme, pop art, and Fluxus.
BWF Future Series
The BWF Future Series  is a grade 3 and level 3 tournaments part of Continental Circuit of BWF tournaments along with International Challenge (level 1) and International Series (level 2), sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.

BWF World Tour
The BWF World Tour is a Grade 2 badminton tournament series, sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). It is a competition open to the top world ranked players in singles (men's and women's) and doubles (men's, women's and mixed). The competition was announced on 19 March 2017 and came into effect starting from 2018, replacing the BWF Super Series, which was held from 2007 to 2017.

The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, and Super 300 in order (part of the HSBC World Tour). One other category of tournament, the BWF Tour Super 100 level, also offers ranking points.
David Rochela
David Rochela Calvo (born 19 February 1990) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Brought up at Deportivo La Coruña, he made 18 appearances including in La Liga and the Segunda División, also representing Racing de Santander in the latter. He spent most of his career in the Thai League 1, winning honours at Buriram United and Port.

2011–12 Segunda División
The 2011–12 Segunda División season (known as the Liga Adelante for sponsorship reasons) was the 81st since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 26 August 2011 after the Association of Spanish Footballers (AFE) called a strike, the regular league ended on 3 June 2012, while the entire season ended on 16 June 2012 with the promotion play-off finals.

The first goal of the season was scored by Xabier Etxeita, who scored a ninth-minute goal for Elche against Girona in the early kick-off. The first red card of the season was given to Richy from Girona in their opening game against Elche. The first hat-trick was scored by Joselu in the match between Villarreal B and Gimnàstic de Tarragona.
2020 Calabasas helicopter crash
On January 26, 2020, a Sikorsky S-76B helicopter crashed into a hillside in the city of Calabasas, California, around 25 mi (40 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles, while en route from John Wayne Airport to Camarillo Airport. All nine people on board were killed: professional basketball player Kobe Bryant and his 13-year-old daughter Gianna; baseball coach John Altobelli, his wife Keri, and their 14-year-old daughter Alyssa; Sarah Chester and her 13-year-old daughter Payton; basketball coach Christina Mauser; and the pilot, Ara Zobayan.

The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which concluded that it was caused by continued VFR into IMC: the helicopter entered low cloud cover, which caused the pilot to lose his sense of orientation, and thus lose control of the helicopter.

Visual flight rules
In aviation, visual flight rules (VFR) is a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Specifically, the weather must be better than basic VFR weather minima, i.e., in visual meteorological conditions (VMC), as specified in the rules of the relevant aviation authority. The pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.

If the weather is less than VMC, pilots are required to use instrument flight rules, and operation of the aircraft will be primarily through referencing the instruments rather than visual reference. In a control zone, a VFR flight may obtain a clearance from air traffic control to operate as Special VFR.