hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Duck typing
In computer programming, duck typing is an application of the duck test—"If it walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck"—to determine whether an object can be used for a particular purpose. With nominative typing, an object is of a given type if it is declared as such (or if a type's association with the object is inferred through mechanisms such as object inheritance). With duck typing, an object is of a given type if it has all methods and properties required by that type. Duck typing may be viewed as a usage-based structural equivalence between a given object and the requirements of a type.

Duck test
The duck test is a frequently cited colloquial example of abductive reasoning. Its usual expression is:

If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.

The test implies that a person can identify an unknown subject by observing that subject's habitual characteristics. It is sometimes used to counter abstract arguments that something might not be what it appears to be.
Brian Syron
Brian Gregory Syron (19 November 1934 – 14 October 1993) was an actor, teacher, Aboriginal rights activist, stage director and Australia's first Indigenous feature film director; who has also been recognised as the first First Nations feature film director. After studying in New York City under Stella Adler, he returned to Australia and was a co-founder of the Australian National Playwrights Conference, the National Black Playwrights Conference, and the Aboriginal National Theatre Trust. He worked on several television productions and was appointed head of the ABC's new Aboriginal unit in 1988.

Lloyd Richards
Lloyd George Richards  (June 29, 1919 – June 29, 2006) was a Canadian-American theatre director, and actor. While head of the National Playwrights Conference, he helped cultivate many of the most famous theater writers of the 20th century. He was also the dean of the Yale School of Drama from 1979 to 1991 (later Professor Emeritus), and was the first Black director on Broadway.

Among Richards' accomplishments are his staging the original production of Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, debuting on Broadway to standing ovations, and in 1984 he introduced August Wilson to Broadway in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom.
Tigliole
Tigliole is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Turin and about 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Asti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,676 and an area of 16.1 square kilometres (6.2 mi2).

The municipality of Tigliole contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Valperosa, Pocola, Pratomorone, Remondini, and San Carlo.

Tigliole borders the following municipalities: Asti, Baldichieri d'Asti, Cantarana, San Damiano d'Asti, and Villafranca d'Asti.

Villafranca d'Asti
Villafranca d'Asti is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Turin and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Asti.

The town was founded by the commune of Asti in 1275. It is home to the church of Sant'Elena, built in 1646–52 under design of Amedeo di Castellamonte.

The Villafranchian geological age is named for the town.
NSA Suite A Cryptography
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released". "Suite A will be used for the protection of some categories of especially sensitive information (a small percentage of the overall national security-related information assurance market)."

NSA cryptography
The vast majority of the National Security Agency's work on encryption is classified, but from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms.  The NSA has categorized encryption items into four product types, and algorithms into two suites. The following is a brief and incomplete summary of public knowledge about NSA algorithms and protocols.
Burretiodendron
Burretiodendron is a genus of trees. Traditionally included in the family Tiliaceae, it is included in the expanded Malvaceae in the APG and most subsequent systematics. It contains some species formerly in the (not too closely related) genus Pentace. Thus, Parapentace Gagnep. may be a synonym of Burretiodendron rather than Pentace.

These are deciduous or semi-evergreen trees with heart-shaped leaves and winged capsules.

This genus is native to and distributed in Asia, from southern China to Vietnam, Myanmar, and Thailand.

Pentace
Pentace is a genus of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Tiliaceae. It includes 30 species native to tropical Asia, ranging from Bangladesh through Indochina and Malesia to the Philippines and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Holmgren's uniqueness theorem
In the theory of partial differential equations, Holmgren's uniqueness theorem, or simply Holmgren's theorem, named after the Swedish mathematician Erik Albert Holmgren (1873–1943), is a uniqueness result for linear partial differential equations with real analytic coefficients.

Differential operator
In mathematics, a differential operator is an operator defined as a function of the differentiation operator. It is helpful, as a matter of notation first, to consider differentiation as an abstract operation that accepts a function and returns another function (in the style of a higher-order function in computer science).

This article considers mainly linear differential operators, which are the most common type. However, non-linear differential operators also exist, such as the Schwarzian derivative.
Canrenone
Canrenone, sold under the brand names Contaren, Luvion, Phanurane, and Spiroletan, is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group related to spironolactone which is used as a diuretic in Europe, including in Italy and Belgium. It is also an important active metabolite of spironolactone, and partially accounts for its therapeutic effects.

Diuretic
A diuretic (/ˌdaɪjʊˈrɛtɪk/ ⓘ) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics increase the excretion of water from the body, through the kidneys. There exist several classes of diuretic, and each works in a distinct way. Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of water in urine.
Hami Syahin
Muhammad Hami Syahin bin Said (born 16 December 1998), better known as Hami Syahin or just Hami, is a Singaporean professional footballer who plays either as a central-midfielder or right-back for Singapore Premier League club Lion City Sailors and the Singapore national team.

2019 Singapore Premier League
The 2019 Singapore Premier League (also known as the AIA Singapore Premier League due to sponsorship reasons) was the second season of the Singapore Premier League, the top-flight Singaporean professional league for association football clubs, since its rebranding in 2018. A major overhaul from the new FAS management was made from this season onwards to improve the standard of Singapore football.
Paul Atterbury
Paul Rowley Atterbury FRSA (born 8 April 1945) is a British antiques expert, known for his many appearances since 1979 on the BBC TV programme Antiques Roadshow. He specialises in the art, architecture, design and decorative arts of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Augustus Pugin
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (/ˈpjuːdʒɪn/ PEW-jin; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. Among his best-known work is the interior and clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby Pugin, Cuthbert Welby Pugin, and Peter Paul Pugin, who continued his architectural and interior design firm as Pugin & Pugin.
2015 Fylkir season
The 2015 season is Fylkir's 19th season in Úrvalsdeild and their 16th consecutive season in top-flight of Icelandic Football.

To start the season, Fylkir was coached by Ásmundur Arnarsson for the fourth consecutive season after he signed a new three-year contract on 9 October 2014. He was assisted by Reynir Leósson.

Along with the Úrvalsdeild, the club also competed in the Lengjubikarinn and Borgunarbikarinn.

On 6 July Ásmundur Arnarsson, following the 4–0 defeat against ÍBV, left the club by mutual consent. He was replaced with Hermann Hreiðarsson.

On 20 July Albert Brynjar Ingason became the club's all-time top scorer in the Úrvalsdeild scoring his 42nd goal in a 1–0 win against Breiðablik.

Icelandic Men's Football Cup
The Icelandic Men's Football Cup (Icelandic: Bikarkeppni karla í knattspyrnu - Mjólkurbikarinn) is a knock-out football cup competition in Iceland.  The final is played at Laugardalsvöllur in mid-September. The winners qualify for the UEFA Europa League. The tournament was first played in 1960. Vestri are the 2025 champions.
Falmouth Foreside
Falmouth Foreside is a census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Falmouth in Cumberland County, Maine,  United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 1,511. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Biddeford, Maine
Biddeford (/ˈbɪdɪfərd/ BID-if-ərd) is a city in York County, Maine, United States. It is the principal commercial center of York County. Its population was 22,552 at the 2020 census. The twin cities of Saco and Biddeford include the resort communities of Biddeford Pool and Fortunes Rocks. The town is the site of the University of New England and the annual La Kermesse Franco-Americaine Festival. First visited by Europeans in 1616, it is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in the United States. It is home to Saint Joseph's Church, the tallest building in Maine.

Biddeford is a principal population center of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.
Haltadans
Haltadans, also known as Fairy Ring or Haltadans stone circle, is a stone circle on the island of Fetlar in Shetland, Scotland. This site is a ring of 38 stones, of which 22 are still fixed in the soil, and it is 11 metres (37 ft) in diameter. Inside this is an earthen ring 7.9 metres (26 ft) in diameter, with a 1.5 metres (5 ft) gap in the southwest side. In the center of the rings are two rectangular pillars.

According to Jakob Jakobsen, the name Haltadans means: "lame or limping dance". This is a reference to the legend that the circle of stones was once a circle of dancing trolls and that the two rock pillars in the centre were once a fiddler and his wife. They had fiddled and danced all night long, and, heedless of the time, were still fiddling and dancing when the sun rose and petrified them all.

Fetlar
Fetlar is one of the North Isles of Shetland, Scotland, with a usually resident population of 61 at the time of the 2011 census and 66 in 2022. Its main settlement is Houbie on the south coast, home to the Fetlar Interpretive Centre. Other settlements include Aith, Funzie, Herra and Tresta. Fetlar is the fourth-largest island of Shetland and has an area of just over 4,000 ha (9,900 acres).
Gmina Szczebrzeszyn
Gmina Szczebrzeszyn is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczebrzeszyn, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) west of Zamość and 69 km (43 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 123.16 square kilometres (47.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,040 (out of which the population of Szczebrzeszyn amounts to 5,299, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,741).

Zamość County
Zamość County (Polish: powiat zamojski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Zamość, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Szczebrzeszyn, which lies 21 km (13 mi) west of Zamość, Zwierzyniec, which lies 24 km (15 mi) south-west of Zamość, and Krasnobród, 22 km (14 mi) south of Zamość.

The county covers an area of 1,872.27 square kilometres (722.9 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 107,441, including a population of 4,991 in Szczebrzeszyn, 3,175 in Zwierzyniec, 3,091 in Krasnobród, and a rural population of 96,184.
2023 Japan Curling Championships
The 2023 Japan Curling Championships (branded as the 40th Zen-Noh Japan Curling Championships) were held from January 29 to February 5 at the Tokoro Curling Club in Tokoro, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan. Both the men's and women's events were played in a round robin format which qualified four teams for a page playoff.

After being pushed to May in 2022 due to the 2022 Winter Olympics, the championship returned to its normal dates from the end of January to the start of February. The winning teams earned the right to represent Japan at the 2023 World Men's Curling Championship and the 2023 World Women's Curling Championship respectively.

Japan Curling Championships
The Japan Curling Championships (Japanese: 日本カーリング選手権) are the annual Japanese men's and women's curling championships, organized by the Japan Curling Association (JCA). The winners get to represent Japan at the men's and women's World Curling Championships and the next season's Pacific-Asia Curling Championships.
Hendrick van Rensselaer
Hendrick van Rensselaer (October 23, 1667 – July 4, 1740) was director of the Eastern patent of the Rensselaerswyck manor. 
The estate was composed of land in Columbia County, New York, and land opposite Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, named Greenbush (later Rensselaer, New York).

Van Rensselaer family
The Van Rensselaer family (/ˈrɛnslər, -slɪər/) is a family of Dutch descent that was prominent during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries in the area now known as the state of New York. Members of this family played a critical role in the formation of the United States and served as leaders in business, politics and society.
GAC Toyota
GAC Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 广汽丰田汽车有限公司) is an automobile manufacturing company headquartered in Guangzhou, China and a joint-venture between GAC Group and Toyota Motor Company
for manufacturing Toyota's model platform in the Chinese market.
It was founded on 1 September 2004.

Toyota Camry (XV50)
The Toyota Camry (XV50) is a mid-size car produced by Toyota from August 2011 to August 2020. Replacing the XV40 series, the XV50 represents the seventh generation of the Toyota Camry in all markets outside Japan, which follows a different generational lineage.
Solingen – Remscheid – Wuppertal II
Solingen – Remscheid – Wuppertal II is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 102. It is located in western North Rhine-Westphalia, comprising the cities of Solingen, Remscheid, and small parts of Wuppertal.

Solingen – Remscheid – Wuppertal II was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. From 2021 to 2025, it has been represented by Jürgen Hardt of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Since 2025 it is been represented by Jürgen Hardt of the  CDU.

Remscheid
Remscheid (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɛmʃaɪt] ⓘ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is, after Wuppertal and Solingen, the third-largest municipality in Bergisches Land, being located on the northern edge of the region, on the south side of the Ruhr area.

Remscheid had around 109,000 inhabitants in 2015. At the end of 2019 it had 113,703 inhabitants. A variety of the Limburgish language, known locally as Remscheder Platt is spoken in the city through all generations.
My California
My California is the fifth studio album by Beth Hart, released in 2010. Hart worked with Danish producer Rune Westberg, who had already worked on Beth's previous albums 37 Days and Leave the Light On. Westberg challenged Hart not to "scream with animal savagery", not to rely on the power of her voice but rather on the power of emotions. This makes My California a unique album in Hart's discography, with a constancy throughout the tracks that the fans were not used to with the previous albums.

Leave the Light On (Beth Hart album)
Leave the Light On is an album by Beth Hart. Several versions of this album exist, ranging from the very original release in New Zealand in the spring of 2003 (on Warner Music NZ), the standard international version released worldwide later in the fall of 2003 (on Koch Records), then several specialized reissues in various European markets over the following few years. The German release (on Universal Music GmbH) contains entirely new recordings of three previously released songs, as well as three newer songs that would later be re-recorded for her next studio album 37 Days.
1884 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
Herbert Lawford defeated Charles Walder Grinstead 7–5, 2–6, 6–2, 9–7 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champion William Renshaw defeated Herbert Lawford 6–0, 6–4, 9–7 in the challenge round to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1884 Wimbledon Championships. James Dwight, Arthur Rives, and Richard Sears were the first overseas players to compete at Wimbledon.

Herbert Lawford
Herbert Fortescue Lawford (15 May 1851 – 20 April 1925) was a former world No. 1 tennis player from Scotland who won the Men's Singles championship at Wimbledon in 1887, and was runner-up a record five times (shared with Arthur Gore).
Lance Creek, Victoria
Lance Creek is a small town located in Bass Coast Shire in Victoria, Australia. According to the 2021 census, the town had a population of 143 people. The male were at a 52.4% while the female were at 47.6%. The median age was 52.

Bass Coast Shire
The Bass Coast Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the southeastern part of the state. It covers an area of 866 square kilometres (334 sq mi) and in June 2018 had a population of 35,327. It includes the towns of Bass, Cape Paterson, Cape Woolamai, Corinella, Coronet Bay, Cowes, Inverloch, Kilcunda, Lang Lang, Newhaven, Rhyll, San Remo, Summerlands and Wonthaggi as well as the historic locality of Krowera. It also includes the popular tourist destination Phillip Island.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Bass Coast Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is the council headquarters in Wonthaggi, with other service centres located in Cowes, Grantville and Inverloch. The Shire is named after its most precious asset, the coasts of Bass Strait and Western Port.
Kaavvijjuaq
Kaavvijjuaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᑳᕝᕕᔾᔪᐊᖅ) formerly Lee Island is an uninhabited island located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is a Baffin Island offshore island in Hudson Strait, and a member of the Sheer Islands, along with Qaqqannalik, Lavoie Island, and Wishart Island. The closest community is Kimmirut, 25.4 km (15.8 mi) away.

Baffin Island
Baffin Island (formerly Baffin Land and also James Island), in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, is the largest island in Canada, the second-largest island in the Americas (behind Greenland), and the fifth-largest island in the world. Its area is 507,451 km2 (195,928 sq mi) (slightly smaller than Thailand) with a population density of 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi); the population was 13,039 according to the 2021 Canadian census; and it is located at 68°N 70°W﻿ / ﻿68°N 70°W﻿ / 68; -70﻿ (Baffin Island). Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, is located on Frobisher Bay on the southern tip of the island.
Ayaz, Kızıltepe
Ayaz (Kurdish: Çelebîya) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızıltepe, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Xurs tribe and had a population of 94 in 2021.

Kızıltepe
Kızıltepe (Turkish pronunciation: [kɯˈzɯɫtepe]; Kurdish: Qoser; Ottoman Turkish: تال ارمين, romanized: Tell Armen, lit. 'Armenian hill') is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,236 km2, and its population is 267,151 (2022). It is mainly populated by Kurds of the Kîkan Kurdish tribe. Kızıltepe is situated in Mardin Province within the broader Kurdish-majority region of southeastern Turkey. Demographic research has identified the Mardin region as having a predominantly Kurdish-speaking population, with Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) as the principal spoken language. Kızıltepe is predominantly inhabited by Kurds and is situated within Mardin Province, which demographic studies have consistently identified as a Kurdish-majority province with high concentrations of Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) speakers.
1955–56 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team
The 1955–56 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa in intercollegiate basketball during the 1955–56 season. After opening the season 3–5, the team won 17 consecutive games to finish with a 20–6 record (13–1 in Big Ten), and won their second straight Big Ten title. The Hawkeyes also made their second consecutive trip to the Final Four, defeating Temple before falling to the unbeaten, back-to-back National champion San Francisco Dons in the title game.

1955–56 San Francisco Dons men's basketball team
The 1955–56 San Francisco Dons men's basketball team represented the University of San Francisco as a member of the California Basketball Association during the 1955–56 NCAA men's basketball season. The Dons ended the season undefeated, becoming the first NCAA tournament champion to record a perfect season and the first team to go wire-to-wire as No. 1 in the AP and UP polls. San Francisco finished the season with a 29–0 record (14–0 CBA) and had won 55 consecutive games.
NASA research
Since its establishment in 1958, NASA has conducted research on a range of topics. Because of its unique structure, work happens at various field centers and different research areas are concentrated in those centers. Depending on the technology, hardware and expertise needed, research may be conducted across a range of centers.

NASA facilities
There are NASA facilities across the United States and around the world. NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC provides overall guidance and political leadership to the agency. There are 10 NASA field centers, which provide leadership for and execution of NASA's work. All other facilities fall under the leadership of at least one of these field centers. Some facilities serve more than one application for historic or administrative reasons. NASA has used or supported various observatories and telescopes, and an example of this is the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. In 2013 a NASA Office of the Inspector General's (OIG) Report recommended a Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) style organization to consolidate NASA's little used facilities. The OIG determined at least 33 of NASA's 155 facilities were underutilized.