hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Historical rankings of heads of government
The following articles describe various historical rankings of heads of government for different countries.

Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia

Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada

Historical rankings of prime ministers of the Netherlands

Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany

Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany
Historical rankings of chancellors of Germany are surveys conducted to construct rankings of the success and popularity of the individuals who have served as Chancellor of Germany in the Federal Republic of Germany.
No. 41 Squadron IAF
No. 41 Squadron has two detachments located at Palam under Western Air Command and at Gauhati under Eastern Air Command. The Squadron participates in operations involving air, land and airdrop of troops, equipment, supplies, and support or augment special operations forces, when appropriate.

Eastern Air Command (India)
The Eastern Air Command is one of the five operational commands of the Indian Air Force. Currently headquartered in Shillong in Meghalaya. It was initially raised as No. 1 Operational Group on 27 May 1958 at Ranikutir, Kolkata as a part of the Government's increasing emphasis on defence of the eastern borders. The Operational Group was upgraded as Command on 1 December 1959 with headquarters at Fort William, Kolkata and re raises as a full fledged command at Shillong.

The present Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief is Air Marshal Inderpal Singh Walia.
MOTH locality
The Man-on-the-hill (MOTH) locality is a fossil site in the Northwest Territories of Canada renowned for its incredibly well-preserved Early Devonian fish fossils. Discovered in the Mackenzie Mountains in the 1960s, MOTH accumulated greater prestige in the late 20th century, with many fossil fish species only known from this one site. The fauna consists of both jawed fish (mostly acanthodians, the "spiny sharks") and jawless fish (armored osteostracans and pteraspidomorphs, as well as distinctive fork-tailed furcacaudiform thelodonts). The geology of MOTH reconstructs the area as a calm marine environment with mixed sediment sources along the western coast of Laurussia.

Conodont
Conodonts are an extinct group of marine jawless vertebrates belonging to the class Conodonta (from Ancient Greek κῶνος (kōnos), meaning "cone", and ὀδούς (odoús), meaning "tooth"). They are primarily known from their hard, mineralised tooth-like structures called "conodont elements" that in life were present in the oral cavity and used to process food. Rare soft tissue remains suggest that they had elongate eel-like bodies with large eyes. Conodonts were a long-lasting group with over 300 million years of existence from the Cambrian (over 500 million years ago) to the beginning of the Jurassic (around 200 million years ago). Conodont elements are highly distinctive to particular species and are widely used in biostratigraphy as indicative of particular periods of geological time.
Arthur Cox (lawyer)
Arthur Conor Joseph Cox (25 July 1891 – 11 June 1965) was an Irish solicitor, politician and priest.

Cox was born on 25 July 1891 in Dublin, to Michael Cox, a medical doctor, and Elizabeth Cox (née Nolan).

He studied at Belvedere College and University College Dublin (UCD), where he graduated in 1913. As a student at UCD, he served as Auditor of the Literary and Historical Society from 1912 to 1913. During his time at university he came to know many who later took leading positions in the Irish Free State.

From 1915 onwards, he practised as a solicitor in Ireland, and in 1920 established the legal firm which still bears his name.

He was nominated by the Taoiseach to the 8th Seanad in 1954. He lost his seat at the 1957 Seanad election.

In 1940, he married Brigid O'Higgins (née Cole), the widow of his friend Kevin O'Higgins. She died in 1961, and he was ordained a priest in 1963. He went on a mission to Zambia where he died in a motor accident in 1965.

8th Seanad
The 8th Seanad was in office from 1954 to 1957. An election to Seanad Éireann, the senate of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament), followed the 1954 general election to the 15th Dáil. The senators served until the close of poll for the 9th Seanad in 1957.
John Cloyd House
The John Cloyd House is a historic house in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee, U.S.. It was built as a log house in 1791 for Captain John Cloyd, a settler who migrated to Tennessee with Colonel John Donelson. It was inherited by his son, John W. Cloyd, followed by the latter's daughter, Ella Cloyd Ligon. By the 1970s, it was owned by her son, Daniel Ligon. However, the original log house is only the front room of the modern-day house. The room includes Captain Cloyd's old bed.

It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 1, 1974.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Wilson County, Tennessee
Wilson County, Tennessee, United States, has 25 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted November 21, 2025.
Stavros (name)
Stavros ([ˈstavros]) is a Greek name. It comes from σταυρóς, the Christian cross, but is distinguished from it by having the accent on the first syllable rather than the second. (Cf. Christos, as given name and surname.) The word root comes from the verb "ἵστημι" which means "I make something stand", "I stop".

Unlike many other names of Greek origin (e.g. Alexander, Nicholas, Peter, Stephen) that have been adopted by many languages, Stavros is used as a given name most commonly by Greeks since it is also a place in Greece. The female versions of the name are Stavroula (much more common) and Stavriani (rare).

Nicholas
Nicholas is a male name, the Anglophone version of an ancient Greek name in use since antiquity, and cognate with the modern Greek Νικόλαος, Nikolaos. It originally derived from a combination of two Greek words meaning 'victory' and 'people'. In turn, the name means "victory of the people."

The name has been widely used in countries with significant Christian populations, owing in part to the veneration of Saint Nicholas, which became increasingly prominent in Western Europe from the 11th century. Revered as a saint in many Christian denominations, the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and Anglican Churches all celebrate Saint Nicholas Day on December 6. In maritime regions throughout Europe, the name and its derivatives have been especially popular, as St Nicholas is considered the protector saint of seafarers. This remains particularly so in Greece, where St Nicholas is the patron saint of the Hellenic Navy.
Nigerian Hunter & Forest Security Service
The Nigerian Forest Security Service (NFSS) has emerged as a significant player in Nigeria's fight against insecurity. Established to safeguard the country’s forests, wildlife, and natural resources, NHFSS has gradually evolved into a broader security force, addressing some of the nation’s most pressing challenges, such as insurgency, banditry, kidnapping, and illegal logging. The Nigerian Hunters and Forest Security Service (NHFSS) was officially renamed to the Nigerian Forest Security Service (NFSS) in late 2024. This change was announced by the Commander General, Dr. Wole Joshua Osatimehin, during a visit to the Minister of Environment. It aligns with a pending bill in the National Assembly, which seeks to integrate all traditional hunter groups into the NFSS to improve forest security and fight crimes like kidnapping and illegal logging. The bill is still awaiting presidential assent as of April 2025.

Igboland
Igbo land (Standard Igbo: Àlà Ị̀gbò) is a cultural and common linguistic region in southeastern Nigeria which is the indigenous homeland of the Igbo people. Geographically, it is divided into two sections, eastern (the larger of the two) and western. Its population is characterized by the diverse Igbo culture.: 307 : 315

Politically, Igboland is divided into several southern Nigerian states; culturally, it has included several subgroupings, including the Awka-Enugu-Nsukka, Anioma-Enuani, the Umueri-Aguleri-Anam groups, the Ngwa, the Orlu-Okigwe-Owerri communities, the Mbaise, the Ezza, Bende, the Ikwuano-Umuahia (these include Ohuhu, Ubakala, Oboro, Ibeku, etc.),  the Omuma, the Abam-Aro-Ohafia (Abiriba and Nkporo), the Waawa, the Ndoki, the Etche, the Ekpeye, and the Ogba.
Kofo Abayomi
Oloye Sir Kofoworola Adekunle "Kofo" Abayomi, listenⓘKBE (10 July 1896 – 1 January 1979) was a Nigerian politician who was one of the founders of the nationalist group, the Nigerian Youth Movement, in 1934 and went on to have a distinguished public service career. His last major public assignment was as chairman of the Lagos Executive Development Board from 1958 until 1966.

Tribal chief
A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is a political leader of a social group commonly described as a tribe, band, or confederation of tribes. Chiefs’ authority varies widely by society and context, and in many cases depends on consensus and customary legitimacy rather than coercive power. In anthropology, terms such as tribe, chief, and chiefdom have been used in comparative models of sociopolitical organization, but the analytic use of tribe has also been widely criticized as imprecise and historically burdened. In some contemporary states, forms of chiefly authority are formally recognized or regulated by constitutions and statutes.
Piney Knoll Conservation Area
Piney Knoll Conservation Area is a protected area of Orono, Maine, United States. Located at the southern end of Marsh Island along the Penobscot River, it is noted as a site for bird-watching as well as local wildlife. It includes 4.5 miles of intersecting trails.

It was established in 1991 with funds donated by Bangor Hydro-Electric Company as part of an ultimately failed plan to build a nearby dam. In 2010, Land for Maine's Future supported the OLT in purchasing 20 more acres for conservation. The land was formerly a settlement of the Penobscot people as well as port for a ferry to Bradley, Maine.

Marsh Island (Maine)
Marsh Island (Eastern Abenaki: Wasahpskek Mənəhan) is an island on the Penobscot River in Penobscot County.  The Penobscot River borders the eastern side of the island, while the Stillwater River, a side arm of the Penobscot, borders the western side of the island.
Camp Washington, Cincinnati
Camp Washington is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. Located next to the Mill Creek, it is north of Queensgate, east of Fairmount, and west of Clifton and University Heights. The community is a crossing of 19th-century homes and industrial space The population was 1,234 at the 2020 census.

Clifton, Cincinnati
Clifton is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio.  The population was 8,408 in the 2020 census.

The area includes the Ludlow Avenue Shopping and Dining District. Clifton is situated around Clifton Avenue, north of Dixmyth Avenue, approximately three miles north of Downtown Cincinnati.  Several historic buildings and homes remain in the neighborhood.  Clifton was developed in large part due to the expansion of the street car system in the 1880s-1890s. Adjacent areas such as Corryville and the CUF neighborhoods are often erroneously referred to as Clifton, even by long-term residents.
French Hill attacks
Numerous attacks were carried out by Palestinians near the French Hill neighbourhood in northern East Jerusalem. The neighbourhood is considered an illegal Israeli settlement by numerous sources but this is disputed by Israel than annexed the area as part of the Jerusalem Law and by others.

French Hill (settlement)
French Hill (Hebrew: הגבעה הצרפתית, romanized: HaGiv'a HaTzarfatit, Arabic: التلة الفرنسية, romanized: at-tel al-faransiya), also Giv'at Shapira (Hebrew: גִּבְעַת שַׁפִּירָא) is an Israeli settlement in northern East Jerusalem. It is located on territory that has been occupied since the Six-Day War in 1967 and later unilaterally annexed by Israel under the Jerusalem Law, in a move internationally condemned as illegal, "null and void" under international law, in 1980. The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem, such as French Hill, illegal under international law, which the Israeli government disputes.
Pyrin domain
A pyrin domain (PYD, also known as PAAD/DAPIN) is a protein domain and a subclass of protein motif known as the death fold, the 4th and most recently discovered member of the death domain superfamily (DDF). It was initially discovered in the pyrin protein, also known as marenostrin, which is encoded by MEFV. The mutation of the MEFV gene is the cause of the disease known as Familial Mediterranean Fever. The domain is encoded in 23 human proteins and at least 31 mouse genes.

Proteins containing a pyrin domain are frequently involved in programmed cell death processes, including pyroptosis and apoptosis.  Proteins that possess a pyrin domain interact with the pyrin domains of other proteins to form multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes, triggering downstream immune responses.

Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. In general, domains vary in length from between about 50 amino acids up to 250 amino acids in length. The shortest domains, such as zinc fingers, are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of calmodulin. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.
Stražnji Vrh
Stražnji Vrh (pronounced [ˈstɾaːʒnji ˈʋəɾx]; German: Straßenberg) is a settlement west of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Črnomelj
Črnomelj (pronounced [tʃəɾˈnòːməl] ⓘ; in older sources also Černomelj, German: Tschernembl) is a town in southeastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Črnomelj. It lies on the left bank of the Lahinja and Dobličica rivers. The municipality is at the heart of the area of White Carniola, the southeastern part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Čardak, Kočevje, Kozji Plac, Loka, and Nova Loka.
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 520
Route 520, also known as North West River Road, is a 45-kilometre-long (28 mi) north-south supplementary highway off of the Trans-Labrador Highway in Labrador, which connects Happy Valley-Goose Bay to North West River.

Route 520 is the highest numbered highway of any kind in the entire province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Labrador
Labrador (/ˈlæbrədɔːr/) is a geographic and cultural region within the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.  It is the primarily continental portion of the province and constitutes 71% of the province's area but is home to only 6% of its population. It is separated from the island of Newfoundland by the Strait of Belle Isle. It is the largest and northernmost geographical region in the four Atlantic provinces.

Labrador occupies most of the eastern part of the Labrador Peninsula. It is bordered to the west and south by the province of Quebec. Labrador also shares a small land border with the territory of Nunavut on Killiniq Island.

The indigenous peoples of Labrador include the Northern Inuit of Nunatsiavut, the Southern-Inuit of NunatuKavut, and the Innu of Nitassinan.
NGC 633
NGC 633 is a large barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Sculptor. Its speed relative to the cosmic microwave background is 4,979 ± 18 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 73.4 ± 5.2 Mpc (~239 million ly). NGC 633 was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel in 1834.

The luminosity class of NGC 633 is II and it has a broad HI line. It also contains regions of ionized hydrogen.

The smaller galaxy to the south of NGC 633 is PGC 5959 or ESO 297-012, and these two galaxies form a galactic pair. The Hubble distance of ESO 297-012 is 73.51 ± 5.15, which is almost identical to that of NGC 633, confirming that both galaxies are in gravitational interaction. A contrast-enhanced image shows a bridge of matter between these two galaxies.

Sculptor (constellation)
Sculptor is a faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris (the sculptor's studio), but the name was later shortened.
Julia Goodfellow
Dame Julia Mary Goodfellow DBE FMedSci FInstP (née Lansdall; born 1 July 1951) is a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kent, and Chair of the British Science Association. She was the president of Universities UK from 1 August 2015 until July 2017.

Fellow of the Institute of Physics
Fellowship of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) is "the highest level of membership attainable" by physicists who are members of the Institute of Physics (IOP), "for those with a degree in physics or related subject (or equivalent knowledge gained in the workplace) and who have made a significant impact on their sector"; it is for "distinguished physicists in recognition of their accomplishments".

Honorary Fellowship (HonFInstP) is for "exceptional individuals" who can be nominated in recognition of having "contributed to physics generally or to the work of the IOP", working in fields including business, education, research, and policy relating to physics. The Institute's bye-laws limit the number of fellows in this category to being not more than 100 living Honorary Fellows at any one time.
Hearth tax
A hearth tax was a property tax in certain countries during the medieval and early modern period, levied on each hearth, thus by proxy on wealth. It was calculated based on the number of hearths, or fireplaces, within a municipal area and is considered among the first types of progressive tax.

Hearth tax was levied in the Byzantine Empire from the 9th century, France and England from the 14th century, and finally in Scotland and Ireland in the 17th century.

Property tax
A property tax (whose rate is expressed as a percentage or per mille, also called millage) is an ad valorem tax on the value of a property.

The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. This can be a national government, a federated state, a county or other geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property.

Often a property tax is levied on real estate. It may be imposed annually or at the time of a real estate transaction, such as in real estate transfer tax. This tax can be contrasted with a rent tax, which is based on rental income or imputed rent, and a land value tax, which is a levy on the value of land, excluding the value of buildings and other improvements.

Under a property tax system, the government requires or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Maine
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Maine.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Maine, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 51 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  Two properties were once listed, but have been removed.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 14, 2025.

Franklin County, Maine
Franklin County is a county located in the state of Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,456, making it the second-least populous county in Maine. Its county seat is Farmington. The county was established on May 9, 1838, and named for Benjamin Franklin.
Meebox
Meebox (also stylized as Meeb[ ]x) was a Mexican company specializing in the design and manufacturing of computers and other consumer electronics. Meebox has operations in Latin America and the United States. It was the first Mexican company to manufacture a full functioned tablet computer. and was one of only three Mexican companies which manufactured tablet PCs. In September 2011, Mexican telecom giant Telmex began selling Meebox tablet computers for use with the Telcel 3G wireless internet network. In 2012, Honda Motor Corporation of Japan began using Meebox tablets and computers for point of sales units and business management, becoming the first major foreign business client of Meebox.

Telmex
Teléfonos de México, S.A.B. de C.V., known as Telmex is a Mexican telecommunications company headquartered in Mexico City that provides telecommunications products and services in Mexico. In 2014, Telmex was the dominant fixed-line phone carrier in Mexico. In addition to traditional fixed-line telephone service, Telmex offers Internet access through their Infinitum brand of Wi-Fi networks, data, hosted services and IT services. Telmex owns 90 percent of the telephone lines in Mexico City and 80 percent of the lines in the country. Telmex is a wholly owned subsidiary of América Móvil.
Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metre breaststroke
The women's 200 metre breaststroke was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event, which was established in 1924. The competition was held on Saturday August 6, 1932 and on Tuesday August 9, 1932.

Eleven swimmers from seven nations competed.

Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics
At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The competitions were held from Saturday, August 6, to Saturday, August 13, 1932.  There was a total of 128 participants from 20 countries competing.
Ground rent
As a legal term, ground rent specifically refers to regular payments made by a holder of a leasehold property to the freeholder or a superior leaseholder, as required under a lease. In this sense, a ground rent is created when a freehold piece of land is sold on a long lease or leases. The ground rent provides an income for the landowner. In economics, ground rent is a form of economic rent meaning all value accruing to titleholders as a result of the exclusive ownership of title privilege to location.

Freehold (law)
A freehold, in common law jurisdictions or Commonwealth countries such as England and Wales, Australia, Canada, Ireland, India and the United States, is the common mode of ownership of real property, or land, and all immovable structures attached to such land.

It is in contrast to a leasehold, in which the property reverts to the owner of the land after the lease period expires or otherwise lawfully terminates. For an estate to be a freehold, it must possess two qualities: immobility (property must be land or some interest issuing out of or annexed to land) and ownership of it must be forever ("of an indeterminate duration"). If the time of ownership can be fixed and determined, it cannot be a freehold. It is "An estate in land held in fee simple, fee tail or for term of life."

The default position subset is the perpetual freehold, which is "an estate given to a grantee for life, and then successively to the grantee's heirs for life."