hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Nadia
Nadia was a centre of Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Bengal. It was one of the prominent centres for Sanskrit learning in the ancient Indian subcontinent. It became popular for the study of Navya Nyaya Shastra also known as New Logic. Navya Nyaya was the new version of the ancient Nyaya school of the Indian philosophy. It was situated at the confluence of the Ganga and Jalangi rivers in the present Nadia district. It had three centers for imparting education. They were Navadvipa, Gopalpura, and Shantipur.

Nadia district
Nadia district (Bengali pronunciation: [nɔd̪iːaː]) is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies in the Presidency division. It borders Bangladesh to the east, North 24 Parganas and Hooghly districts to the south, Purba Bardhaman to the west, and Murshidabad to the north.

Nadia district is highly influential in the cultural history of Bengal. The standard form of modern Bengali, developed in the 19th century, is based on the dialect spoken around Shantipur region of Nadia. Known as the "Oxford of Bengal", Nabadwip made many contributions to Indian philosophy, such as the Navya-Nyaya system of logic, and is the birthplace of the Vaishnava saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The district is still largely agricultural.
Mugu, Nepal
Mugu  is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. After Dolphu it is the second largest VDC in Mugu District which takes its name from it. It is located on the border with Tibet, China. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 898 people living in 181 individual households.

Dolphu
Dolphu  is a village development committee in Mugu District in the Karnali Zone of north-western Nepal. It is the largest VDC in the district located in the east and borders Tibet, China. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 573 people living in 125 individual households.
Alborada (horse)
Alborada (8 March 1995 – February 2012) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning consecutive runnings of the Group One Champion Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse. In a racing career which lasted from July 1997 until October 1999 she won six of her ten races. In addition to her wins in the Champion Stakes she also won the C. L. Weld Park Stakes in 1997 and the Pretty Polly Stakes and the Nassau Stakes in 1998. Following her retirement from racing she had some success as a dam of winners.

Selkirk (horse)
Selkirk (February 19, 1988 – January 3, 2013) was an American-bred Thoroughbred race horse and sire who raced mainly in Europe. Bred in Pennsylvania and owned by American philanthropist businessman George W. Strawbridge Jr., he was trained by Ian Balding. At the end of 1991, his third year, he had a record of 3-1-2 out of seven starts. In total, he had won six of his 15 starts. He retired from racing in 1993 and began his stud career at Kirsten Rausing's Lanwades stud farm in Newmarket, England, where he sired 92 stakes winners from 987 foals. He died on January 3, 2013, at the age of 25.
R-S-T system
The R-S-T system is used by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal's readability, strength, and tone.  The code was developed in 1934 by Amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR, and was similar to that codified in the ITU Radio Regulations, Cairo, 1938.

Amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.

Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was, in the 1920s, adopted by amateur radio operators.
Don Landry
Don Landry (born ca. 1964) is a Canadian sports broadcaster who formerly hosted the Morning Show on The Fan 590 with Pat Marsden and then Gord Stellick.

Landry, along with Stellick, were the brains behind Chacin Cologne. The cologne was named after Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Gustavo Chacín and given out to 10,000 fans on Chacin Cologne Night at Rogers Centre.

Landry is known for his sense of humour and voice impersonations. His impersonations include Jerry Howarth, Don Cherry, and Mike Tyson.

He is also a frequent host of charity dinners and golf events throughout Toronto.

Currently, Landry is a contributing writer for the Canadian Football League's website, as well as a columnist for the Toronto Argonauts' website.  As of 2013, Landry also serves as the public address announcer during the Argonauts' home games.

Landry began a radio talk show called "London at Large" on CJBK 1290AM in London, Ontario on September 23, 2013.

Jerry Howarth
Jerry Howarth (born March 12, 1946) is an American Canadian former sports commentator, best known as the radio play-by-play voice of the Toronto Blue Jays from 1981 through the 2017 season.

Howarth had shared the play-by-play duties with his late longtime broadcast partner Tom Cheek from 1982 until 2005, then served as the play-by-play announcer until announcing his retirement before the start of spring training 2018 due to ongoing health concerns.
2009 Seguros Bolívar Open Bucaramanga
The 2009 Seguros Bolívar Open Bucaramanga was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Bucaramanga, Colombia between 26 January and 1 February 2009.

2009 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2009 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 20 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and 142 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $150,000.
Tortilleria
A tortilleria, or tortilla bakery is a shop that produces and sells freshly made tortillas.  Tortillerias are native to Mexico and Central America, and some are being established in some areas of the United States.  Tortillerias usually sell corn tortillas by weight.  The recipe for tortilla dough, called masa, has not changed since ancient times;  it is corn which has been treated with slaked lime and water.

Tortilla
A tortilla (/tɔːrˈtiːə/, Spanish: [toɾˈtiʝa]) is a thin, circular unleavened flatbread from Mesoamerica originally made from masa, and now also from wheat flour.

The Aztecs and other Nahuatl speakers called tortillas tlaxcalli ([t͡ɬaʃˈkalli]). First made by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica before colonization, tortillas are a cornerstone of Mesoamerican cuisine. Corn tortillas in Mesoamerica are known from as early as 500 BCE. Flour tortillas were invented once the Spanish introduced wheat to Mexico in the 16th century.
Coke Studio Pakistan season 3
The third season of the Pakistani music television series Coke Studio Pakistan commenced airing on 1 June 2010 and ended on 31 July 2010.

Rohail Hyatt continued as the executive producer along with Umber Hyatt as the producer of the show. The production team included Naseer-ud-din Wasif as the technical manager, Zeeshan Parwez assisted by Adnan Malik on video production, Danial Hyatt on visual and animations and Selina Rashid with her firm Lotus as public relations.

Coke Studio Pakistan
Coke Studio Pakistan (Urdu: کوک اِسٹوڈیو پاکستان) is a Pakistani television programme and a part of the international music franchise, Coke Studio, which features studio-recorded music performances by established and emerging artists. It is the longest-running annual television music show in Pakistan, airing annually since 2008. The programme's concept originated in Brazil and has subsequently expanded its reach worldwide.

The show combines a myriad of musical influences, from traditional Pakistani classical, folk, Sufi, qawwali, ghazal and bhangra music to contemporary hip hop, rock and pop music. It is noted for promoting Pakistan's multiculturalism by inviting artists from various regions and languages to collaborate musically.
Denel Overberg Test Range
The Denel Overberg Test Range is a weapons systems testing facility in the Overberg region on the south coast of South Africa, near Arniston, Western Cape. It includes launch pads and tracking systems.

It was used to test the RSA series of Israeli-South African missiles until cancellation in 1992; since then it has been used by a variety of countries and clients.

Until 31 March 2011, it was known as simply the Overberg Test Range or OTB (Afrikaans abbreviation for Overberg Toetsbaan).

Taurus KEPD 350
The Taurus KEPD-350 is a German-Swedish air-launched cruise missile, manufactured by Taurus Systems and used by Germany, Spain, and South Korea. Taurus Systems GmbH is a partnership between MBDA Deutschland GmbH (formerly LFK) and Saab Bofors Dynamics.
410th Bombardment Squadron
The 410th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit, formerly assigned to the 94th Bombardment Group.  It was inactivated at Dobbins Air Force Base, Georgia on 20 March 1951 after being called to active duty for the Korean War, with its personnel used as "fillers" to bring other units up to strength.

The squadron was constituted in 1942 as the 20th Reconnaissance Squadron, but was redesignated the 410th Bombardment Squadron before activating in June 1942. After training in the United States, the squadron deployed to the European Theater of Operations in the spring of 1943.  It participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany until V-E Day, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations for its actions.  It returned to the United States in December 1945, and was inactivated at the Port of Embarkation.

The squadron was reactivated in the reserves in 1947, but was not fully manned or equipped.

Wing (military unit)
In military aviation, a wing is a unit of command. In most military aviation services, a wing is a relatively large formation of planes. In Commonwealth countries a wing usually comprises three squadrons, with several wings forming a group (around 10 squadrons). Each squadron will contain around 20 planes.
Language barrier
A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in communication experienced by people or groups originally speaking or writing  different languages (or different dialects in some cases).

Language barrier impedes the formation of interpersonal relationships and can cause misunderstandings that lead to various kinds of serious consequences. These can include conflict, frustration, medical distress, offenses of a criminal nature, violence, and the useless spent of time, effort money, and human life.

International student
International students or exchange students, also known as foreign students, are students who undertake all or part of their secondary or tertiary education in a country other than their own.

In 2022, there were over 6.9 million international students, up from 5.12 million in 2016. The most popular destinations were in the Anglosphere. Three countries in particular received 39% of international students: the United States (with 1,126,690 international students), Canada (842,760 students), and the United Kingdom (758,855 students).
Messier 90
Messier 90 (also known as M90 and NGC 4569) is an intermediate spiral galaxy exhibiting a weak inner ring structure about 60 million light-years away[a] in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781.

Intermediate spiral galaxy
An intermediate spiral galaxy is a galaxy that is in between the classifications of a barred spiral galaxy and an unbarred spiral galaxy. It is designated as SAB in the galaxy morphological classification system devised by Gerard de Vaucouleurs, and is also known as a weakly barred spiral galaxy. Subtypes are labeled as SAB0, SABa, SABb, or SABc, following a sequence analogous to the Hubble sequence for barred and unbarred spirals. The subtype (0, a, b, or c) is based on the relative prominence of the central bulge and how tightly wound the spiral arms are.
Tylosurus
Tylosurus is a genus of needlefish, one of ten in the family Belonidae. They are found worldwide in tropical and warmer temperate seas and two species have been recorded as Lessepsian migrants in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

Needlefish
Needlefish (family Belonidae) or long toms are piscivorous fishes primarily associated with very shallow marine habitats or the surface of the open sea. Some genera include species found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments (e.g., Strongylura), while a few genera are confined to freshwater rivers and streams, including Belonion, Potamorrhaphis, and Xenentodon. Needlefish closely resemble North American freshwater gars (family Lepisosteidae) in being elongated and having long, narrow jaws filled with sharp teeth, and some species of needlefishes are referred to as gars or garfish despite being only distantly related to the true gars. In fact, the name "garfish" was originally used for the needlefish Belone belone in Europe and only later applied to the North American fishes by European settlers during the 18th century.
Omaya SC
Omaya Sports Club (Arabic: نادي أمية الرياضي) is a Syrian football club located in the province of Idlib. Omaya SC last played in the Syrian Premier League. The club won the Second Division and was promoted for the first time in 1991. From 2015 until late 2024, the club withdrew from the Syrian Premier League because of the Syrian civil war., before being promoted again in after the 2024–2025 season.

Syrian Premier League
Prime Premier League (Arabic: دوري برايم للمحترفين), formerly known as the Syrian Premier League, is a professional association football league in Syria and the top division of the Syrian football league system. The league comprises 16 teams and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Syrian League 1st Division. The league was founded in 1966 and, as of 2025, operates under a new name and branding as part of a wider restructuring and modernization process.

The first team to win the title was Al-Ittihad Ahli in 1967, whilst Al-Jaish has the record with 17 league titles. Their closest rivals, Al-Karamah, have won the league 8 times.

In the beginning, the main tournament was the first division, then the Syrian Football Association developed the competition in a historic step that allowed the participation of foreign players to turn the competition into a professional league.
1880s
The 1880s (pronounced "eighteen-eighties") was the decade that began on January 1, 1880, and ended on December 31, 1889.

The period was characterized in general by economic growth and prosperity in many parts of the world, especially Europe and the Americas, with the emergence of modern cities signified by the foundation of many long-lived corporations, franchises, and brands and the introduction of the skyscraper. The decade was a part of the Gilded Age (1874–1907) in the United States, the Victorian Era in the British Empire and the Belle Époque in France. It also occurred at the height of the Second Industrial Revolution and saw numerous developments in science and a sudden proliferation of electrical technologies, particularly in mass transit and telecommunications.

The last living person from this decade, María Capovilla, died in 2006.

Johannes Spieß
Johannes Spieß (25 July 1888 – 30 March 1972) was an Imperial German Navy U-boat commander during World War I.

After the war ended, he retired from the navy in 1920, and lived through the interwar period of the Weimar Republic, the rise of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the subsequent division of Germany.
Glossary of computer science
This glossary of computer science is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in computer science, its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including terms relevant to software, data science, and computer programming.

Computer hardware
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), random-access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers.

By contrast, software is a set of written  instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware derived its name from the fact it is hard or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is soft because it is easy to change.

Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.
Tony Brown (darts player)
Anthony Brown (1 April 1945 – 22 September 2022) was an English professional darts player. He came close to winning the world championship on a number of occasions, reaching the World Professional Darts Championships semi-finals four times, losing twice to Eric Bristow and twice to John Lowe.

1984 BDO World Darts Championship
The 1984 BDO World Darts Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as The 1984 Embassy World Darts Championship) was held from 31 December 1983 to 7 January 1984 at Jollees Cabaret Club in Stoke-on-Trent.

Eric Bristow made up for his defeat against Keith Deller in the previous year's final by winning his third world title having dropped just one set in the entire tournament. He beat Finn Jensen, Rick Ney, Peter Locke and John Lowe before defeating Dave Whitcombe in the final by 7 sets to 1.

Deller suffered a shock first-round defeat to 1978 semi-finalist Nicky Virachkul, who eventually lost to Whitcombe in the quarter-finals. Whitcombe then came from 4–2 down to beat Jocky Wilson 6–5 in the semi-finals. In a famous moment at the end of the match, Wilson drunkenly fell down on the stage before congratulating Whitcombe.
Dejang-e Bala
Dejang-e Bala (Persian: دجنگ بالا) is a village in, and the former capital of, Taftan-e Jonubi Rural District of the Central District of Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. The capital of the rural district has been transferred to the village of Tamandan.

Central District (Taftan County)
The Central District of Taftan County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان تفتان) is in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Deh-e Pabid, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 1,213 people in 341 households.
2024 Laois Senior Hurling Championship
The 2024 Laois Senior Hurling Championship was the 131st staging of the Laois Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Laois County Board in 1888. The draw for the group stage placings took place on 29 February 2024. The championship ran from 17 July to 6 October 2024.

Camross entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Clough–Ballacolla in the semi-final stage. No team was relegated as a result of the championship expanding to 10 teams in 2025.

The final was played on 6 October 2024 at Laois Hire O'Moore Park in Port Laoise, between Clough–Ballacolla and Rathdowney–Errill, in what was their second meeting in the final overall and a first meeting in 12 years. Clough–Ballacolla won the match by 2–22 to 0–22 to claim their 12th championship title overall and a first title in two years.

Rathdowney–Errill's Ross King was the championship's top scorer with 1-47.

2022 Laois Senior Hurling Championship
The 2022 Laois Senior Hurling Championship was the 129th staging of the Laois Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Laois County Board in 1888. The draw for the group stage placings took place on 24 February 2022. The championship ran from 14 July to 2 October 2022.

Clough–Ballacolla entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 2 October 2022 at MW Hire O'Moore Park in Port Laoise, between Clough–Ballacolla and Camross, in what was their third meeting in the final and a first in five years. Clough–Ballacolla won the match by 1–24 to 0–16 to claim their 11th championship title overall and a third title in succession.

Clough–Ballacolla's Stephen Maher was the championship's top scorer with 1-57.
Cephalota deserticola
Cephalota deserticola is a species of tiger beetle that can be found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Iran, Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, and northern part of China. The species is green coloured and is 11 millimetres (0.43 in) in length

Tiger beetle
Tiger beetles or the Cicindelidae are a family of beetles known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second. As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics. While historically treated as a subfamily of ground beetles (Carabidae) under the name Cicindelinae, several studies since 2020 indicated that they should be treated as a family, the Cicindelidae, a sister group to Carabidae, within the Adephaga.
1939 AAA Championships
The 1939 AAA Championships was the 1939 edition of the annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA). It was held from 7 to 8 July 1939 at White City Stadium in London, England. The attendance was 20,300.

AAA Championships
The AAA Championships was an annual track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association of England. It was the foremost domestic athletics event in the United Kingdom during its lifetime, despite the existence of the official UK Athletics Championships organised by the then governing body for British athletics, the British Athletics Federation between 1977 and 1993, and again in 1997. It was succeeded by the British Athletics Championships, organised by the BEF's replacement (successor), UK Athletics under its brand name British Athletics.
1993 Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 1993 Japan Open Tennis Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hardcourts at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the Championship Series of the 1993 ATP Tour and of Tier III of the 1993 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 5 April through 11 April 1993. Pete Sampras and Kimiko Date won the singles titles.

1993 WTA Tour
The 1993 WTA Tour, also known by its sponsored name Kraft General Foods World Tour, was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour included the four Grand Slam tournaments, the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events.  ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.