hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1997 Polish constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Poland on 25 May 1997. It was decreed by then-President Aleksander Kwaśniewski on the day the National Assembly adopted the Constitution. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution, and replace the temporary constitution from 1992. It was narrowly approved, with 53.45% voting in favour. Voter turnout was 43%, below the 50% required by the 1995 Referendum Act to validate the referendum. However, the Supreme Court ruled on 15 July that the 1992 'small' constitution (which did not contain turnout requirements) took precedence over the Referendum Act and that the constitution could be introduced.

Small Constitution of 1992
The Small Constitution of 1992 (Polish: Mała Konstytucja z 1992) was a constitution regulating relations between the legislative and executive branches of the government of Poland, and local self-government. It was voted after the fall of communism, by Poland's first freely-elected Sejm (parliament).

It annulled some of the most outdated parts of the communist 1952 Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, in particular replacing statements about Poland being a socialist state with those appropriate for a liberal democracy and market economy.

The previous adjustment of the 1952 constitution was the April Novelization of 1989.

The reformed 1952 constitution was completely replaced in 1997 by the current Constitution of Poland.
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Callitropsis nootkatensis, formerly known as Cupressus nootkatensis (syn. Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), is a species of tree in the cypress family native to the coastal regions of northwestern North America. This species goes by many common names including: Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, Alaska cypress, Nootka cedar, yellow cedar, Alaska cedar, and Alaska yellow cedar. The specific epithet nootkatensis is derived from the species being from the area of Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada.  Both locations are named for the older European name Nootka, given the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation.

Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae or the cypress family is a family of conifers. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species. The family reached its peak of diversity during the Mesozoic era.
Qaim Khani Colony
Qaim Khani (Urdu: قائم خانی) is one of the neighbourhoods of SITE Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Qaimkhani or Kaimkhani (also spelled Qaim Khani and Kaim Khani) is a Muslim community that claims to be Muslim Rajputs. They converted to Islam in the 13th century.

SITE Area, Karachi
SITE Town (Urdu: سائٹ ٹاؤن), located in the southern part of Karachi, Pakistan, is named after the Sindh Industrial & Trading Estate. It was established in 2001 under the Local Government Ordinance and subdivided into nine union councils. In 2011, the town system was abolished, and SITE Town became part of Karachi West District. However, following Karachi's reorganisation into 26 towns in 2022, SITE became part of Kemari District, after Kemari District was carved out of Karachi West District in 2020.
Richard Kabonero
Richard Tumusiime Kabonero, commonly known as Richard Kabonero, is a Ugandan civil servant and diplomat.
He is the head of department of Regional Economic Cooperation, at the Uganda Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since June 2022. Before that, he served as Uganda's High Commissioner to Tanzania.

Ntungamo District
Ntungamo District is a district in Western Uganda. Like most Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Ntungamo, the location of the district headquarters. Ntungamo was elevated to a district on 5 May 1993.
I Parachute Battery (Bull's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery
I Parachute Battery (Bull's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery is the Headquarters battery of 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, part of the Royal Horse Artillery of the British Army, currently based in Merville Barracks, Colchester.

Formed in 1805, the battery took part in the Napoleonic Wars, notably in the Peninsular War and the Battle of Waterloo – for which service it was awarded its Honour Title as Bull's Troop – and the First and Second World Wars.

In 1961, it was given a parachute role as part of 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and has seen considerable active service particularly in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner), the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq.

4th Regiment Royal Artillery
The 4th Regiment Royal Artillery is a regiment of the Royal Artillery in the British Army. It was formed in 1939 as 4th Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, before being redesignated in 1961.

It is currently based at Alanbrooke Barracks in Topcliffe and serves in the light close support role, equipped with 105mm L118 light guns supporting 7 Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team. The regiment is part of NATO's Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (Land).
École Française de Banjul
École Française de Banjul is a French international school in Bakau, The Gambia, in the Banjul metropolitan area. It serves levels preschool through première; classes use the National Centre for Distance Education (CNED) beginning in sixième. It was established in 1984.

Bakau
Bakau is a town on the Atlantic coast of Gambia, west of Gambia's capital city of Banjul.  It is known for its botanical gardens, its crocodile pool Bakau Kachikally and for the beaches at Cape Point. Bakau is the first major suburb outside Banjul and the most developed town in the Gambia. Close to Bakau and Banjul is Gambia's largest city, Serekunda.
Gmina Santok
Gmina Santok is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Its seat is the village of Santok, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

The gmina covers an area of 168.3 square kilometres (65.0 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,580.

Gorzów County
Gorzów County (Polish: powiat gorzowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Gorzów County are Kostrzyn nad Odrą, which lies 43 km (27 mi) west of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and Witnica, 25 km (16 mi) west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

The county covers an area of 1,213.32 square kilometres (468.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 71,669, out of which the population of Kostrzyn nad Odrą is 17,778, that of Witnica is 6,747, and the rural population is 47,144.
Trade finance
Trade finance is a phrase used to describe different strategies that are employed to make international trade easier. It signifies financing for trade, and it concerns both domestic and international trade transactions. A trade transaction requires a seller of goods and services as well as a buyer. Various intermediaries such as banks and financial institutions can facilitate these transactions by financing the trade. Trade finance manifests itself in the form of letters of credit (LOC), guarantees, or insurance, and is usually provided by intermediaries.

Import
Import is the activity within international trade which involves buying and receiving goods and services produced in another country. An importer is a person, organization or country receiving imported goods which have been exported from another country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade. The seller of such goods and services is called an exporter.

In international trade, the importation and exportation of goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from the customs authority. The importing and exporting jurisdictions may impose a tariff (tax) on the goods. In addition, the importation and exportation of goods are subject to trade agreements between the importing and exporting jurisdictions.
Valsesian Autonomist Movement
The Valsesian Autonomist Movement (Movimento Autonomista Valsesiano, MAV) was a regionalist political party active in Valsesia, a valley region in Piedmont, Italy.

The party was founded in 1980 by three members of the local section of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and by the local leader of the Italian Liberal Party. The MAV elected some municipal councillors, but was soon eclipsed by the rise of broader parties such as Autonomist Piedmont, founding member of Lega Nord in 1991.

Lega Piemonte
Lega Piemonte (English: League Piedmont), whose complete name is Lega Piemonte per Salvini Premier (English: League Piedmont for Salvini Premier), is a regionalist political party active in Piedmont, Italy. Established in 1987, it was one of the founding national sections of Lega Nord (LN) in 1991 and became the regional section of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP) in Piedmont in 2020. Since 2016, its leader is Riccardo Molinari, who is also LSP leader in the Chamber of Deputies. Roberto Cota, who led the party from 2001 to 2016, was the president of Piedmont from 2010 to 2014.
Organized retail crime
Organized retail crime (ORC) refers to professional criminal enterprises ranging from regional gangs to international crime rings and other organized crime focusing on retail environments. Operations can include truckjacking, shoplifting, smash and grab, cargo theft, and cargo diversion. One person acting alone is generally not considered an example of organized retail crime. Working in teams, some may create distractions while others steal items judiciously, indiscriminately or violently. Often, they are stocking up on specified items at the request of a leader. It is not uncommon for ORC operations to involve accomplices working in the retail store or corporation.

The FBI estimated in 2010 that the losses attributed to organized retail crime were as high as $30 billion a year.

Carjacking
Carjacking is a robbery in which a motor vehicle is taken over. In contrast to car theft, carjacking is usually in the presence and knowledge of the victim. A common crime in many places in the world, carjacking has been the subject of legislative responses, criminology studies, prevention efforts as well as being heavily dramatized in major film releases. Commercial vehicles such as trucks and armored cars containing valuable cargo are common targets of carjacking attempts. Carjacking usually involves physical violence to the victim, or using the victim as a hostage. In rare cases, carjacking may also involve sexual assault.
Actifio
Actifio was a privately held information technology firm headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. The company specialised in copy data virtualization for making information technology infrastructure more efficient by reducing unnecessary duplication of data.   On December 3, 2020, Google announced it intended to acquire Actifio for an undisclosed sum.  The acquisition closed on Monday Dec 14, 2020.

Venture round
A venture round is a type of funding round used for venture capital financing, by which startup companies obtain investment, generally from venture capitalists and other institutional investors. The availability of venture funding is among the primary stimuli for the development of new companies and technologies.
Akyokuş, Ömerli
Akyokuş (Kurdish: Xirba Kermêt) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ömerli, Mardin Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Omerkan tribe and had a population of 67 in 2021.

Ömerli, Mardin
Ömerli (Arabic: معسرتي; Kurdish: Masertê; Syriac: ܡܥܨܪܬܗ, romanized: Maʿsarteh) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey. Its area is 458 km2, and its population is 13,740 (2022). The town is mostly populated by Kurds of the Bilikan tribe and Mhallamis. Other groups in the town include Kurds from other tribes, Arabs, few Syriacs and Georgians, and civil servants of Turkish roots. It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.
Erysimum capitatum
Erysimum capitatum is a species of wallflower known commonly as the sanddune wallflower, western wallflower, or prairie rocket.

This species can be found in regions across North America, from the Great Lakes to the West Coast of the United States.  Some varieties have an extremely narrow distribution, especially those endemic to California.

Erysimum
Erysimum, or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. Erysimum is characterised by star-shaped (and/or two-sided) trichomes growing from the stem, with yellow, red, pink or orange flowers and multiseeded seed pods.
Sevai
Sevai (Hindi: सेवई), also called shavige, semiya, (Kannada: ಶಾವಿಗೆ), saemia (Telugu: సేమియా) and santhakai (Tamil: சந்தகை), is a type of rice vermicelli dish popular in India. While typically made from rice, varieties made from other food grains like wheat, ragi, and others can also be found.

Dumpling
Dumplings are a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of cooked dough (made from a variety of starchy sources), often wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, wheat or other flours, or potatoes, and it may be filled with meat, fish, tofu, cheese, vegetables, or a combination. Dumplings may be prepared using a variety of cooking methods and are found in many world cuisines.

One of the earliest mentions of dumplings comes from the Chinese scholar Shu Xi who mentions them in a fu poem 1,700 years ago. In addition, archaeologically preserved dumplings have been found in Turfan, Xinjiang, China dating back over 1,000 years.
Prizzi
Prizzi is a town and comune of 5,711 inhabitants in the Italian Metropolitan City of Palermo, on the island of Sicily.  It is located 84 km (52 mi) south of the city of Palermo at an altitude of 1045 m (3,428 ft) above sea level on a hill in the upper valley of the River Sosio.  Prizzi is surrounded by the comuni of Campofelice di Fitalia, Castronovo di Sicilia, Lercara Friddi, Palazzo Adriano, Vicari, and the city of Corleone.

Palazzo Adriano
Palazzo Adriano (IPA: [pa'latʦo adriˈano], Arbëreshë Albanian: Pallaci, Sicilian: U Palazzu) is a town and comune of Arbëresh origin in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy.

Located in the heart of Sicania on the northern slopes of Monte delle Rose, almost equidistant from Palermo and Agrigento, it is a town of Arbëreshë origin. Although the inhabitants have abandoned the use of the Arbëresh language, the town's inhabitants preserve the Byzantine rite in their liturgy.

Palazzo Adriano is best known internationally for being among the filming locations of the Oscar-winning film Cinema Paradiso. The local economy is primarily dedicated to agriculture.
CD Os Foguetões
Clube Desportivo Os Foguetões (Capeverdean Crioulo, ALUPEC or ALUPEK: Fogetonys or Fogetois, also in the São Vicente Crioulo) is a football club that had played in the Premier division and plays in the Santo Antão Island League South Zone in Cape Verde.  It is based in the settlement of Eito in Paul in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão.

Eito
Eito is a village in the northeastern part of the island of Santo Antão, Cape Verde, part of the municipality of Paul. It is situated 1 km southwest of Pombas, 2 km northeast of Figueiral and 15 km northeast of the island capital Porto Novo. Its population was 979 in 2010.
Indian National Students Organisation
Indian National Students Organization (INSO) is the leading and the fastest growing Students Organization in the North India, especially in the states of Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Rajasthan and Punjab. It is an affiliate of Jannayak Janta Party, and founded by Ajay Singh Chautala.

INSo set a Guinness World Record on 1 December 2013 for maximum number of Eye Donation Pledge made by 10450 individuals at "student conference" organised at Rohtak in Haryana.

Jannayak Janta Party
The Jannayak Janta Party, abbreviated as, JJP is an Indian state-level political party in Haryana, India. JJP is a recognized state political party. JJP was founded on 9 December 2018 by Dushyant Chautala with the ideology of Devi Lal, who served as Deputy Prime Minister of India.
Besiekiery Castle
Besiekiery Castle (Polish: Zamek w besiekierach) is a castle in the Polish village of Besiekiery. It was built by the Łęczyca voivod Lawrence Sokolowski at the end of the 15th century. The knights' headquarters had a tower and was surrounded by a moat, the remains of which are visible today.

Łęczyca
Łęczyca (pronounced [wɛnˈt͡ʂɨt͡sa]; in full the Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; German: Lentschitza; Yiddish: לונטשיץ, romanized: Lintshits, Luntshits) is a town of 13,587 inhabitants in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the Łęczyca County. Łęczyca is a capital of the historical Łęczyca Land.
Sawangan, Sulawesi
Sawangan in a village in North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is known for the waruga archaeological park sarcophagi found in the area. Sawangan is located in Airmadidi, North Minahasa Regency province of North Sulawesi. There are also plantations and rice fields. It borders the villages of Airmadidi Down and Rap-Rap.

Airmadidi
Airmadidi is the capital of the North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Airmadidi is home to Universitas Klabat (Klabat University). There is also a well-known Airmadidi market.

The word Airmadidi means boiling water and the area is home to mineral springs. There are also waruga sarcophagi in the area.
Dutertenomics
Dutertenomics is a catch-all term referring to the socioeconomic policies of Rodrigo Duterte, the 16th president of the Philippines. A significant part of these policies include the development of infrastructure and industries in the Philippines.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (lit. 'Central Bank of the Philippines'; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English) is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on January 3, 1949, and then re-established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 as amended by Republic Act 11211 or the New Central Bank Act of 2019. The principal author was Senator Franklin Drilon. It was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte.
Villa of Torre de Palma
The Villa Lusitano-Romana de Torre de Palma, sometimes Villa Cardillio or Vila Cardílio (not to be confused with the Villa Cardillio on Torres Novas) is a Roman villa near Monforte in Portugal, which was in Roman times part of the province of Lusitania. It is considered one of the largest in the Iberian Peninsula. The prosperity of these latifundia in the region is often evidenced by shrines in the courtyard (such as in the Roman Villa of Milreu). In addition to the extensive living areas, a basilica and a seven-roomed baptistery have been uncovered in Torre de Palma.

Roman ruins of Milreu
The Roman ruins of Milreu (Portuguese: Ruinas Romanas de Milreu) are the remains of an important Roman villa rustica located in the civil parish of Estói in the municipality of Faro, Portugal, classified as a Monumento Nacional (National Monument). The Milreu ruins constitute the most prominent and well preserved evidence of Roman presence in the Algarve. They are mainly composed of the remnants of a once luxurious villa with annexed thermae and several surrounding buildings, including a temple, mausoleum and industrial and commercial structures. The archaeological site still preserves part of the once exuberant mosaics (mostly maritime motifs) that decorated the floor and walls of the villa. A 16th century house is also located in the area, alongside an interpretation centre.
Armand Louis de Gontaut
Armand Louis de Gontaut (French pronunciation: [aʁmɑ̃ lwi də ɡɔ̃to]), duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron, and usually referred to by historians of the French Revolution simply as Biron (13 April 1747 – 31 December 1793), was a French soldier and politician, known for the part he played in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1773, he was Grand second warden of Grand Orient de France.

Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French Royal Army officer who played a critical role in the American victory at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. He was commander-in-chief of the Expédition Particulière, the French expeditionary force sent to North America during the conflict. He worked closely and well with George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
Black box
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). The term can be used to refer to many inner workings, such as those of a transistor, an engine, an algorithm, the human brain, or an institution or government.

To analyze an open system with a typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box. The usual representation of this "black box system" is a data flow diagram centered in the box.

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box").

Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine is a book written by Norbert Wiener and published in 1948. It is the first public usage of the term "cybernetics" to refer to self-regulating mechanisms. The book laid the theoretical foundation for servomechanisms (whether electrical, mechanical or hydraulic), automatic navigation, analog computing, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, and reliable communications.

A second edition with minor changes and two additional chapters was published in 1961.
Axel-Springer-Preis
The Axel-Springer-Preis is an annually awarded prize. The Award is given to young journalists in the categories print, TV, radio, and online journalism due to the decisions of the Axel-Springer-Akademie.

Stern (magazine)
Stern (pronounced [ʃtɛʁn] ⓘ, German for "Star", stylized in all lowercase) is an illustrated, broadly left-liberal, weekly current affairs magazine published in Hamburg, Germany, by Gruner + Jahr, a subsidiary of Bertelsmann. Under the editorship (1948–1980) of its founder Henri Nannen, it attained a circulation of between 1.5 and 1.8 million, the largest in Europe's for a magazine of its kind.

Unusually for a popular magazine in post-war West Germany, and most notably in the contributions to 1975 of Sebastian Haffner, Stern investigated the origin and nature of the preceding tragedies of German history. In 1983, however, its credibility was seriously damaged by its purchase and syndication of the forged Hitler Diaries. A sharp drop in sales anticipated the general fall in newsprint readership in the new century.  By 2019, circulation had fallen under half a million.