hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grand-Auverné Formation
The Grand Auverné Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Darriwilian to Sandbian (Dobrotivian in the regional stratigraphy) stages of the Ordovician period.

Darriwilian
The Darriwilian is the upper stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Dapingian and succeeded by the Upper Ordovician Sandbian Stage. The lower boundary of the Darriwilian is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Undulograptus austrodentatus around 469.4 million years ago. It lasted for about 10.8 million years until the beginning of the Sandbian around 458.2 million years ago. This stage of the Ordovician was marked by the beginning of the Andean-Saharan glaciation.
GNR Class J4
The Great Northern Railway J4 Class was a class of 322 0-6-0 steam locomotives, introduced in 1882 designed by Patrick Stirling for goods traffic. Just over half of these were rebuilt by Nigel Gresley to a design by Henry Ivatt between 1912 and 1929.

0-6-0
0-6-0 is the Whyte notation designation for steam locomotives with a wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and no trailing wheels. Historically, this was the most common wheel arrangement used on both tender and tank locomotives in versions with both inside and outside cylinders.

In the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels. Under the UIC classification, popular in Europe, this wheel arrangement is written as C if the wheels are coupled with rods or gears, or Co if they are independently driven, the latter usually being electric and diesel-electric locomotives.
Adjoint representation
In mathematics, the adjoint representation (or adjoint action) of a Lie group G is a way of representing the elements of the group as linear transformations of the group's Lie algebra, considered as a vector space. For example, if G is , the Lie group of real n-by-n invertible matrices, then the adjoint representation is the group homomorphism that sends an invertible n-by-n matrix  to an endomorphism of the vector space of all linear transformations of  defined by: .

For any Lie group, this natural representation is obtained by linearizing (i.e. taking the differential of) the action of G on itself by conjugation. The adjoint representation can be defined for linear algebraic groups over arbitrary fields.

General Leibniz rule
In calculus, the general Leibniz rule, named after Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, generalizes the product rule for the derivative of the product of two functions (which is also known as "Leibniz's rule").  It states that if  and  are n-times differentiable functions, then the product  is also n-times differentiable and its n-th derivative is given by

where  is the binomial coefficient and  denotes the j-th derivative of f (and in particular ).

The rule can be proven by using the product rule and mathematical induction.
Chi (unit)
The chi (Tongyong Pinyin chih) is a traditional Chinese unit of length. Although it is often translated as the "Chinese foot", its length was originally derived from the distance measured by a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger, and is similar to the ancient span. It first appeared during China's Shang dynasty approximately 3,000 years ago and has since been adopted by other East Asian cultures such as Japan (shaku), Korea (ja/cheok), and Vietnam (thước). Its present value is standardized at around one-third meter (1 ft 1 in), although the exact standards vary among the mainland of the People's Republic of China, its special administrative region of Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

In its ancient and modern forms, the chi is divided into 10 smaller units known as cun (the "Chinese inch"). 10 chi are equal to 1 zhàng.

Span (unit)
A span is the distance measured by a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger. In ancient times, a span was considered to be half a cubit. Sometimes the distinction is made between the great span or full span (thumb to little finger) and little span or short span (thumb to index finger, or index finger to little finger).
Murine polyomavirus
Murine polyomavirus (also known as mouse polyomavirus, Polyomavirus muris, or Mus musculus polyomavirus 1, and in older literature as SE polyoma or parotid tumor virus; abbreviated MPyV) is an unenveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family. The first member of the family discovered, it was originally identified by accident in the 1950s. A component of mouse leukemia extract capable of causing tumors, particularly in the parotid gland, in newborn mice was reported by Ludwik Gross in 1953 and identified as a virus by Sarah Stewart and Bernice Eddy at the National Cancer Institute, after whom it was once called "SE polyoma". Stewart and Eddy would go on to study related polyomaviruses such as SV40 that infect primates, including humans. These discoveries were widely reported at the time and formed the early stages of understanding of oncoviruses.

Tumor antigen
Tumor antigen is a substance produced in tumor cells that triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are used tumor markers to identify tumor cells with diagnostic tests. The broader field of cancer immunology studies tumor antigens and other ways of provoking the immune system to attack tumor cells.
Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers
The Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) is a trade association based in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, that represents over 350 American television and film production companies in collective bargaining negotiations with entertainment industry trade unions that include, among others, SAG-AFTRA, the Directors Guild of America, the Writers Guild of America West and East, the American Federation of Musicians, and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees.

Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles
Sherman Oaks is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located within the San Fernando Valley region, the neighborhood includes a portion of the Santa Monica Mountains.
2015 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2015 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 121st staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The championship ran from 30 April to 11 October 2015.

Kilmallock entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Na Piarsaigh in the semi-finals. Croom and Effin were relegated.

The final was played on 11 October 2015 at the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, between Na Piarsaigh and Patrickswell, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Na Piarsaigh won the match by 1–22 to 4–12 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title in two years.

Adare's Willie Griffin was the championship's top scorer with 3–50.

2014 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 2014 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 120th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board in 1887. The championship ran from 2 May to 19 October 2014.

Na Piarsaigh entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 19 October 2014 at the Gaelic Grounds in Limerick, between Kilmallock and Na Piarsaigh, in what was their second meeting in the championship that year, having already played each other in the group stage, but their first ever meeting in the final.  Kilmallock won the match by 1–15 to 0–14 to claim their 11th championship title overall and a first title in two years.

Ahane's Niall Moran was the championship's top scorer with 1–54.
Richard Davey
Richard Innes Davey (4 November 1938 – 13 March 2013) was an Australian actor, director and writer. He was the founder of the Round Earth Company and advocate for the understanding of the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on Sarah Island on the West Coast of Tasmania.

Earlier he had been artistic director of The Hole in the Wall Theatre in Perth, Western Australia from 1969 -1971.

West Coast, Tasmania
The West Coast of Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. It is mainly isolated rough country and is associated with wilderness, mining and tourism. It served as the location of a convict settlement in the early history of Van Diemen's Land, and contrasts sharply with the more developed and populous northern and eastern parts of the island state.
Heinrich I, Count of Pegnitz
Heinrich I, Count of Pegnitz (c. 1000 – c. 1043) is a contested early ancestor of the House of Wittelsbach. He was born in Pegnitz to allegedly either Henry von Schweinfurt, Margrave of the Nordgau or Count Berthold of Schweinfurt (and either of their respective spouses). Thus meaning he was the paternal great-grandson or grandson of Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria, making him and the House of Wittelsbach descendants of the Luitpoldings. His first wife was the daughter of Conrad, Count of Altdorf and his second wife was an unnamed Countess of Welf. Heinrich I died circa 1043 in Scheyern. He had 6 children who are as follows:

Otto I, Count of Scheyern - Founder of the House of Wittelsbach.

Konrad, Count of Lechsgemünd- Lord of Frontenhausen and of Reichspoldesberg.

Heinrich II, Count of Pegnitz.

Eberhard I von Vohburg-Schweinfurt - Bishop of Eichstätt from 1100 to 1112.

Marquis Otto of Schweinfurt.

Friedrich I, Count of Burg-Lengenfeld.

Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria
Arnulf II (birth unknown; died 14 July 937), also known as  the Bad (German: der Schlimme), the Evil (der Böse) or the Wicked, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, held the title of Duke of Bavaria from about 907 until his death in 937. He is numbered in succession to Arnulf of Carinthia, counted as Arnulf I.
Martin Strandberg
Martin Roland Strandberg  (born 2 February 1975) is a Swedish Olympic sailor. He finished 12th in the Tornado event at the 2000 Summer Olympics together with Magnus Lövdén and 14th in the Tornado event at the 2004 Summer Olympics together with Kristian Mattsson.

Tornado (sailboat)
The Tornado is a double handed multihull class recognised as an International Class by the International Sailing Federation. It was used for the Catamaran discipline at the Olympic Games from 1976 to 2008.
Sias Koen
Sias Koen (born 1 January 1994) is a South African rugby union player for the AS Béziers Hérault in Pro D2 on loan from Griquas in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge. He is a utility forward that can play as a flanker, number eight or a lock.

Border Bulldogs
The Border Bulldogs (Grens Bulldogs) is a South African professional rugby union team based in East London that participates in the annual Currie Cup competitions. They are governed by the Border Rugby Union (BRU).
Chilean Australians
Chilean Australians (Spanish: chilenos australianos) are Australians of Chilean descent or Chileans who have obtained Australian citizenship. Chileans are the largest group of Hispanic American Australians, as well as being the second largest group of Latin American Australians (behind Brazilian Australians) residing in the country. The biggest Chilean Australian communities are primarily found in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra.

Brazilian Australians
Brazilian Australians (Portuguese: Brasileiro-Australiano) refers to Australian citizens of Brazilian birth or descent.

According to the 2021 Census, 46,720 people in Australia were born in Brazil while 24,377 claimed Brazilian ancestry.

According to the Brazilian consulate, almost 60,000 Brazilians are living in Australia as of 2020 (making around 0.25% of the country's population).
Singles Box
Singles Box is a compilation album by the Clash. It includes all the singles that they released in the UK, with their original mixes and edits and B-sides, as well as single releases from different parts of the world.

The discs are packaged in a sleeve which reproduces the design of the original single, and they come in a protective sleeve. The CDs themselves are designed to look like vinyl records, with a textured top to look like a record with grooves and the data side being black, and a reproduction of the record label in the center of the disc.

Rock the Casbah
"Rock the Casbah" is a song by the English punk rock band the Clash, released in 1982 as the second single from their fifth album, Combat Rock (1982). It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States (their only top 10 single in that country) and, along with the track "Mustapha Dance", it also reached number eight on the dance chart.
2008 Latvian Higher League
The 2008 Virslīga season was the 17th Virslīga  season. It began on 5 April 2008 with the first round of games and ended on 9 November 2008 with the final matches of the championship and relegation rounds. Ventspils were the defending champions.

2009 Latvian Higher League
Latvian Higher League 2009 (Latvian: Virslīga) was the 18th season of top-tier football in Latvia. It began on 14 March 2009 with the first round of games and ended on 8 November 2009 with the 36th round of matches. Ventspils were the defending champions.

Due to numerous pre-season team changes, such as club mergers and withdrawals, the format of the league was changed. Since there are only 9 clubs that participate in 2009 Virslīga, every team plays 4 times against every other team, what will make every team playing 32 games. Contrary to the previous season, there is not Championship and Relegation pool.
Laška Vas, Laško
Laška Vas (pronounced [ˈlaːʃka ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Laška vas) is a settlement in the hills southeast of Laško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the Municipality of Laško in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Laško
Laško (pronounced [ˈláːʃkɔ] ⓘ; German: Tüffer) is a spa town in eastern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The town is located at the foothills of Hum Hill on the Savinja River. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1227 and was granted town privileges in 1927. It is known to have been settled since the Iron Age and Roman archaeological finds are common in the area, though the precise location of the Roman settlement is not known. Today the town is best known for its annual Festival of Beer & Flowers (Pivo - Cvetje) and the local Laško Brewery, the largest brewery in the country. In 2010, Laško was heavily affected by flooding. The town's coat of arms depicts three white fleurs-de-lis on a blue field.
Serrano language
Serrano (Serrano: Maarrênga'twich) is a language in the Serran branch of the Uto-Aztecan family spoken by the Serrano people of Southern California. The language is closely related to Tongva, Tataviam, Kitanemuk and Vanyume, which may be a dialect of Serrano. Serrano has free word order with the only rule being that verbs usually come last.

Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation
The Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation is a federally recognized tribe of Serrano people in San Bernardino County, California.

They are made up of the Yuhaaviatam tribe of Serrano people, who have historically lived in the San Bernardino Mountains. The tribe was formerly named the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians.

The other federally recognized Serrano tribe is the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, located in San Bernardino County, California.
Horse racing in Japan
Horse racing (競馬, keiba) is a popular equestrian sport in Japan, with more than 21,000 horse races held each year. Three types of racing take place in Japan - flat racing, jump racing, and Ban'ei Racing (also called Draft Racing).

In Japan, horse racing is organized by the Japan Racing Association (JRA) and the National Association of Racing (NAR). The JRA is responsible for horseracing events at ten major racecourses in metropolitan areas, while the NAR is responsible for various local horseracing events throughout Japan. This system of administration of horse racing is unique to Japan.

Japan's top stakes races are run in the spring, autumn, and winter; the top race is the Japan Cup.

Ban'ei
Ban'ei kyōsō (ばんえい競走; lit. "pull race") is a form of Japanese horse racing in which draft horses pull heavy sleds up sand ramps, urged-on by jockeys balancing on the sleds. The horses used in the races are often either purebred or crosses of Percheron, Breton, and Belgian breeds.

As the popularity of the races has waned in recent years, regular ban'ei races are only held at the Obihiro, Hokkaido racecourse.

However, betting ticket sales on the Internet have been strong recently, and their popularity is recovering. In 2021, 15 years after it was held in Obihiro alone, gambling ticket sales quadrupled from 2007 sales.
Independence Plaza
Independence Plaza is a highrise office building located in downtown Midland, Texas.  It is the city's fourth tallest building after the Bank of America Building, the Wilco Building and Centennial Tower.  Floors two through seven are parking garage in the building and floors eight through 16 are office.  The building also has a seven-level parking garage attached to it on its north side.  Independence Plaza was constructed during Midland's building boom when the city experienced rapid growth and a need for office space in the early 80's due to an oil boom.  Today, a local bank occupies the lobby of the building and various companies are tenants on floors eight through sixteen.

Bank of America Building (Midland)
The Bank of America Building, originally known as the First National Bank Building, is a highrise located in downtown Midland, Texas.  It is designed by Texas architect George Dahl in 1952 and completed in 1978. It is notable for its marble 2-story banking lobby. It remains the tallest building in the city at 24 stories 332 feet (101 m).  The building is located at 303 W. Wall St. and currently houses various oil and gas companies as well as Bank of America, Midland.
Home Grown
Home Grown is an American punk rock band formed in 1994 in Orange County, California. They released three full-length albums and several EPs before disbanding in 2005. Their music is often characterized as pop-punk, lyrically favoring humor and silly or satirical subjects.

In June 2024, the band reunited in Los Angeles, California for their first show in 19 years. Another show was announced in Pomona, California at the Glasshouse, which was the band's first headlining show since their reunion. On March 7, 2025, John Tran confirmed that the band was recording new music.

In 2025, Terry Bezer of Screen Rant included the band in his list of "10 Forgotten Pop-Punk Bands Who Deserve To Be Better Remembered".

Limbeck
Limbeck is an American rock band that formed in Southern California, in 1999. The group featured Robb MacLean on lead vocals and guitar, Patrick Carrie guitar and backing vocals, Justin Entsminger on bass, and Jon Phillip, who replaced Matthew Stephens on drums in 2005. Their sound was a mix of alternative country with pop punk origins.

Their first album, This Chapter Is Called Titles, was released in 2000. Their sound had shifted by the release of Hi, Everything's Great in 2003 to showcase a more country-indebted sound. The group toured heavily, often supporting or touring alongside bands such as Motion City Soundtrack and the All-American Rejects. Their third album, Let Me Come Home saw release in 2005, and the band issued their final, self-titled release in 2007. Though the band largely ceased touring and recording by 2010, they have continued to reunite for several shows and mini-tours.
Nataliya Smal
Nataliya Nikolayevna Smal (Ukrainian: Наталія Николаевна Смаль; born 10 March 1983 in Koriukivka Raion, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian judoka and sambist. She competed in the 70 kg event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she lost in the third round to Annett Böhm, and the 2012 Summer Olympics where she lost in the first round to Cecilia Blanco.

Cecilia Blanco
Cecilia Blanco García (born 23 February 1979 in Madrid) is a Spanish judoka. She competed in two Summer Olympics: in 2004 in Athens in the 70 kg event where she lost the repechage semifinals to Qin Dongya and in 2012 in London in the 70 kg event where she lost her second match to Raša Sraka. Blanco won three silver medals (2001, 2004, 2011) and one bronze medal (2010) at the European Judo Championships.
2012 Maryland Question 4
Question 4 is a referendum that appeared on the general election ballot for the U.S. state of Maryland to allow voters to approve or reject the Maryland Dream Act, a state law that allowed undocumented students to pay in-state tuition rates at Maryland colleges and universities. The referendum was approved by 58.9% of the voters on November 6, 2012.

The Maryland Dream Act, along with the Civil Marriage Protection Act, were the first bills to be petitioned to a statewide referendum since 1992. In passing the bill, Maryland became the first state to approve legislation expanding in-state tuition to undocumented immigrant students via popular vote.

1992 Maryland Question 6
Question 6 was a voter referendum to allow voters to approve or reject a law passed by the Maryland General Assembly in 1991 to codify the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade. The referendum was approved by 61.7% of voters on November 3, 1992.
Psathyrella echiniceps
Psathyrella echiniceps is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described under the name Hypholoma echiniceps by George F. Atkinson in 1909, it was transferred to the genus Psathyrella by Alexander H. Smith in 1972. It is found in the US states of California, Idaho, Maryland, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington, where it grows in small groups around hardwood stumps.

Psathyrella
Psathyrella is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Coprinus and Panaeolus, usually with a thin cap and white or yellowish white hollow stem. The caps do not self digest as do those of Coprinellus and Coprinopsis. Some also have brown spores rather than black. These fungi are often drab-colored, difficult to identify, and all members are considered inedible or worthless (for eating) and so they are often overlooked. However they are quite common and can occur at times when there are few other mushrooms to be seen. The first report of a gilled mushroom fruiting underwater is Psathyrella aquatica.

The genus name Psathyrella is a diminutive form of Psathyra, derived from the Greek word ψαθυρος, psathuros 'friable'.  The type species of Psathyrella is Psathyrella gracilis, which is now known as Psathyrella corrugis.
Mellonius
Saint Mellonius (229-314) was an early 4th-century Bishop of Rotomagus (now Rouen) in the Roman province of Secunda Provincia Lugdunensis (now Normandy in France). He is known only from a 17th-century 'Life' of little historical value, meaning the historicity of his existence is uncertain.

Archdiocese of Rouen
The Archdiocese of Rouen (Latin: Archidioecesis Rothomagensis; French: Archidiocèse de Rouen) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. As one of the fifteen Archbishops of France, the Archbishop of Rouen's ecclesiastical province comprises the greater part of Normandy. The Archbishop of Rouen is currently Dominique Lebrun.

In 2022, in the Archdiocese of Rouen there was one priest for every 6,238 Catholics.
Araguaia State Park
The Araguaia State Park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual do Araguaia) is a state park in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
It protects an area of annually flooded cerrado in the transition to Amazon rainforest, and is rich in biodiversity.

State park (Brazil)
A state park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual) in Brazil is a legally defined type of protected area operated by one of the states.
Their goal is to preserve important or beautiful natural ecosystems.
Public access is allowed subject to regulations defined by the responsible agency.