hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heteroclinic cycle
In mathematics, a heteroclinic cycle is an invariant set in the phase space of a dynamical system. It is a topological circle of equilibrium points and connecting heteroclinic orbits. If a heteroclinic cycle is asymptotically stable, approaching trajectories spend longer and longer periods of time in a neighbourhood of successive equilibria.

In generic dynamical systems heteroclinic connections are of high co-dimension, that is, they will not persist if parameters are varied.

Phase space
The phase space of a physical system is the set of all possible physical states of the system when described by a given parameterization. Each possible state corresponds uniquely to a point in the phase space. For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of the position and momentum parameters. It is the direct product of direct space and reciprocal space. The concept of phase space was developed in the late 19th century by Ludwig Boltzmann, Henri Poincaré, and Josiah Willard Gibbs.
Petrinci
Petrinci (pronounced [pɛˈtɾiːntsi]) is a settlement in the hills west of Sodražica in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Together with the villages of Betonovo, Kračali, Janeži, and Kržeti it comprises the community and Parish of Gora nad Sodražico, also known as Gora.

The local church is dedicated to the Our Lady of the Snows. It was a medieval chapel to which a nave was added in the 18th century.

Sodražica
Sodražica (pronounced [ˈsoːdɾaʒitsa]; German: Soderschitz) is a town in southern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Sodražica. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
Jin Jingdao
Jin Jingdao (Chinese: 金敬道; pinyin: Jīn Jìngdào; Korean: 김경도; born 18 November 1992) is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. In 2024, he was banned from football-related activities for life over allegations of match-fixing and other forms of corruption.

2021 Chinese Super League
The 2021 Chinese Super League, officially known as the 2021 Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 2021中国平安中国足球协会超级联赛) for sponsorship reasons, was the 18th season since the establishment of the Chinese Super League. The league title sponsor is Ping An Insurance.

Jiangsu were the defending champions, but they folded on 28 February 2021, and were disqualified by the Chinese Football Association on 29 March 2021.
121st Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 121st Infantry Division (121. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on March 25, 1915, and organized over the next several weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919, during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

The division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of regular infantry divisions that were being triangularized. The 60th Infantry Regiment was formerly part of the 31st Infantry Division, the 7th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 9th Reserve Division, and the 56th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 13th Reserve Division.  The division was mainly composed of Westphalians.

9th Reserve Division (German Empire)
The 9th Reserve Division (9. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on the mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The division was disbanded during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was a reserve division of the V Reserve Corps and was raised primarily in the Province of Posen and the Province of West Prussia.
Xiayunling Township
Xiayunling Township (Chinese: 霞云岭乡; pinyin: Xiáyúnlǐng Xiāng) is a township located inside of Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Qingshui, Shijaiying and Fozizhuang Towns in its north, Nanjiao and Zhoukoudian Towns in its east, Hancunhe, Zhangfang and Shidu Towns in its south, Puwa and Beibianqiao Towns in its west. In 2020, the population of Xiayunling was 4,885.

Shidu, Beijing
Shidu Town (Chinese: 十渡镇; pinyin: Shídù Zhèn) is a town in Fangshan District in far southwestern Beijing, around 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the border with Hebei. Shidu, literally the "Tenth Ferry", is located in the valley of the meandering Juma River and so named because accessing the town is said to require crossing the river ten times. Shidu is known for the surrounding karst landscape, the largest in northern China, that is created by the Juma River cutting through the Taihang Mountain. The elevation of Shidu varies from 84.2 to 1,210.8 metres (276 to 3,972 ft) above the sea level. As of 2020, it had a total population of 9,132.

The Beijing–Yuanping Railway has a station in Shidu.
Informal logic
Informal logic encompasses the principles of logic and logical thought outside of a formal setting (characterized by the usage of particular statements). However, the precise definition of "informal logic" is a matter of some dispute. Ralph H. Johnson and J. Anthony Blair define informal logic as "a branch of logic whose task is to develop non-formal standards, criteria, procedures for the analysis, interpretation, evaluation, criticism and construction of argumentation." This definition reflects what had been implicit in their practice and what others were doing in their informal logic texts.

Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, the thinking skills movement and the interdisciplinary inquiry known as argumentation theory. Frans H. van Eemeren writes that the label "informal logic" covers a "collection of normative approaches to the study of reasoning in ordinary language that remain closer to the practice of argumentation than formal logic."

Michael Scriven
Michael John Scriven (/ˈskrɪvən/; 28 March 1928 – 28 August 2023) was a British-born Australian polymath and academic philosopher, best known for his contributions to the theory and practice of evaluation.
2012–13 Damehåndboldligaen
The 2012–13 Damehåndboldligaen (known as the GuldBageren ligaen for sponsorship reasons) was the 77th season of the Damehåndboldligaen, Denmark's premier Handball league. Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub were the promoted team from the 1st Division for the first time in club history. The reigning champions were Randers HK.

FC Midtjylland won the title, when they beat Team Tvis Holstebro in the final. SønderjyskE Håndbold were relegated, when they finished last in the regular season. Slagelse DH were administratively relegated to the 2nd Division (third tier), when they declared bankruptcy. There were no other relegated teams. After the season had ended, Aalborg DH were declared bankrupt, and Ringkøbing Håndbold were offered their place in the league, which they accepted.

Danish 1st Division (handball)
1st Division is the name of the second highest handball league for both genders. The top-ranking teams each wins promotion to Damehåndboldligaen and Danish Handball League, while the bottom finishers get relegated to the Danish 2nd Divisions. The men's division consists of 14 teams that meet each opponent once away and once at home, while the women's division consists of 12 teams.
Aga Khan Music Initiative in Central Asia
The Aga Khan Music Initiative in Central Asia was established in 2000 by His Highness the Aga Khan with the aim of assisting in the preservation of Central Asia's musical heritage by ensuring its transmission to a new generation of artists and audiences, both inside the region and beyond its borders. It is an initiative of the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network.

Silkroad (arts organization)
Silkroad, formerly the Silk Road Project, Inc., is a not-for-profit organization, initiated by the cellist Yo-Yo Ma in 1998, promoting collaboration among artists and institutions, promoting multicultural artistic exchange, and studying the ebb and flow of ideas. The project was first inspired by the cultural traditions of the historical Eurasian Silk Road trade routes and now encompasses a number of artistic, cultural and educational programs focused on connecting people and ideas from around the world. It has been described as an "arts and educational organization that connects musicians, composers, artists and audiences around the world" and "an initiative to promote multicultural artistic collaboration."

In July 2020, Rhiannon Giddens took over from Yo-Yo Ma as artistic director.
2025 Queensland International
The 2025 Brisbane QTC Tennis International was a professional tennis tournament played on hardcourts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour and 2025 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Brisbane, Australia between 27 January and 2 February 2025.

2025 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2025 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2025 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 217 tournaments with prize money ranging from $60,000 up to $250,000. It was the 48th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 17th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Zanzibar Trade Union Congress
The Zanzibar Trade Union Congress (ZATUC) is a national trade union center in Tanzania. It was formed in 2002 from a merger of 9 unions in the Zanzibar region.

The ZATUC is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation.

International Trade Union Confederation
The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC; French: Confédération syndicale international, CSI; German: Internationaler Gewerkschaftsbund, IGB; Spanish: Confederación Sindical Internacional, CSI) is the world's largest trade union federation.
Magritte Award for Best Sound
The Magritte Award for Best Sound (French: Magritte du meilleur son) is an award presented annually by the Académie André Delvaux. It is one of the Magritte Awards, which were established to recognize excellence in Belgian cinematic achievements.

The 1st Magritte Awards ceremony was held in 2011 with Benoît Biral, Valene Leroy, Julien Paschal, and Fred Pie receiving the award for their work in A Town Called Panic. As of the 2022 ceremony, Mathieu Cox, Corinne Dubien, Thomas Grimm-Landsberg, and David Vranken are the most recent winners in this category for their work in Playground.

1st Magritte Awards
The 1st Magritte Awards ceremony, presented by the Académie André Delvaux, honored the best films of 2010 in Belgium and took place on 5 February 2011 at the Square in the historic site of Mont des Arts, Brussels, beginning at 7:30 p.m. CET. During the ceremony, the Académie André Delvaux presented Magritte Awards in twenty categories. The ceremony, televised in Belgium by BeTV, was produced by José Bouquiaux and directed by Vincent J. Gustin. Film director Jaco Van Dormael presided the ceremony, while actress Helena Noguerra hosted the evening. The pre-show ceremony was hosted by film director Fabrice Du Welz.

Mr. Nobody won six awards, including Best Film and Best Director for Jaco Van Dormael. Other winners included Illegal, Private Lessons, and A Town Called Panic with two awards each, and The Barons, The Boat Race, Looking for Eric, Paths of Memory, Sleepless Night, and Soeur Sourire with one.
Custom Flight North Star
The Custom Flight North Star is a Canadian amateur-built aircraft, designed by Morgan Williams and produced by Custom Flight of Tiny, Ontario. The aircraft is based on the Piper PA-18 Super Cub and is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Piper PA-18 Super Cub
The Piper PA-18 Super Cub is a two-seat, single-engine monoplane.  Introduced in 1949 by Piper Aircraft, it was developed from the PA-11 Cub Special, and traces its lineage back through the J-3 Cub to the Taylor E-2 Cub of the 1930s. In close to 40 years of production, over 10,000 were built. Super Cubs are commonly found in roles such as bush flying, banner towing and glider towing.
Self-adhesive stamp
A self-adhesive stamp is a postage stamp with a pressure-sensitive adhesive that does not require moistening in order to adhere to paper. They are usually issued on a removable backing paper.

Stamp collectors have criticized the format, because the rubber-based adhesive used tends to yellow the stamps progressively. It makes stamps difficult to remove from covers, however various household solvents can be used to separate used self-adhesive stamps from their envelopes.

Cover (philately)
In philately, the term cover pertains to the outside of an envelope or package with an address, typically with postage stamps that have been cancelled and is a term generally used among stamp and postal history collectors. The term does not include the contents of the letter or package, although they may add interest to the item if still present. Cover collecting plays an important role in postal history as many covers bear stamps, postmarks and other markings along with names and addresses all of which help to place a cover at a given time and place in history.
Dumka–Ranchi Intercity Express
The 13319 / 20 Dumka - Ranchi Junction Intercity Express is a Intercity express train belonging to Indian Railways East Central Railway zone that runs between Dumka and Ranchi Junction in India.

It operates as train number 13319 from Dumka to Ranchi Junction and as train number 13320 in the reverse direction serving the states of  Jharkhand.

Jasidih Junction railway station
Jasidih Junction (station code: JSME) is the busiest railway station of Jharkhand, in terms of train frequency and fourth in terms of footfalls after Dhanbad, Tatanagar and Ranchi and serving as the satellite station of Deoghar city in the Deoghar district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. Many premium trains halt here like Howrah Rajdhani (via Patna), Howrah - New Delhi Duronto, Poorva Express, Kolkata - Patna Garib Rath, Shalimar Patna Duronto Express and recently launched Patna-Howrah Vande Bharat Express and Varanasi–Deoghar Vande Bharat Express. It has also been included under the Amrit Bharat Station Scheme and is waiting to be upgraded with world-class services.
1967 European Baseball Championship
The 1967 European Baseball Championship was held in Antwerp, Belgium and was won by Belgium. Great Britain, in its first continental championship, finished in second place. It was the best-ever finish for either team, with the British also finishing second in 2007 and 2023.

The two dominant European teams, the Netherlands and Italy, winners of every other title from 1956 through 2023, did not compete. Both teams had left the Confederation of European Baseball over how the federation's president was elected. Both countries returned for the 1969 championship.

It was the last edition of the tournament held in Belgium until 2025, when Antwerp hosted part of the first round of the championship.

1956 European Baseball Championship
The 1956 European Baseball Championship was held in Rome, Italy and was won by the Netherlands, in its tournament debut. Belgium finished as runner-up. The games were played at the Motovelodromo Appio, the former home stadium of AS Roma.

By winning tournament, the Netherlands qualified for the 1956 Global World Series, held in Milwaukee in the United States.
2019 Marinduque local elections
Local elections were held in Marinduque on May 13, 2019, as part of the 2019 Philippine general election. Voters selected candidates for all local positions: a town mayor, vice mayor and town councilors, as well as members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, a vice-governor, a governor and a representative for the lone district of Marinduque in the House of Representatives.

In this election, a number of provincial-level officials sought reelection, including incumbent congressman Lord Allan Jay Velasco. This was the first election since the 1970s where Carmencita Reyes, who had previously served both as congressman and governor, did not running for office, having died in January 2019.

2019 Philippine general election
The 2019 Philippine general election was conducted on May 13, 2019. A midterm election, those elected therein took office on June 30, 2019, midway through the term of President Rodrigo Duterte.

The following positions were contested:

12 seats in the Senate of the Philippines

All seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines

All governors, vice governors and regular members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Councils) in the provinces of the Philippines

All mayors, vice mayors and regular members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils) or Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils) in the cities or municipalities of the Philippines

Under the Local Government Code and the 1987 constitution, all terms start on June 30, 2019, and end on June 30, 2022, except for elected senators, whose terms shall end on June 30, 2025. The Commission on Elections administered the election.
HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst
HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst is a German association football club from the city of Hamburg. The club played as a second and third division side from the early 1960s on into the early 1980s before fading from sight into lower-tier competition.

Oberliga Hamburg
The Oberliga Hamburg, sometimes referred to as Hamburg-Liga, is the highest league in the German state of Hamburg, incorporating some of its surrounding districts. It is one of fourteen Oberligen in German football, the fifth tier of the German football league system.
Kamysakty
The Kamysakty (Kazakh: Қамысақты; Russian: Камысакты) is a river in the Aiyrtau and Esil districts, North Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan. It is 106 kilometres (66 mi) long and has a catchment area of 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi).

Until 1865 the Kamysakty formed the uppermost stretch of the Kamyshlov, a former left tributary of the Irtysh. Its ancient valley can be traced by a residual chain of lakes for almost 500 kilometers (310 mi) all the way to the Irtysh. The river is currently part of the Ishim Water Management Basin.

Esil District, North Kazakhstan Region
Esil District (Kazakh: Есіл ауданы, Esıl audany) is a district of North Kazakhstan Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is Yavlenka. Population: 26,615 (2013 estimate); 28,552 (2009 census results); 38,236 (1999 census results).
WARW (FM)
WARW is a Christian worship formatted radio station, licensed to Port Chester, New York, and is the Air 1 radio affiliate for Westchester County and the Connecticut Panhandle. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation and its transmitter is located in New Rochelle, New York.

Port Chester, New York
Port Chester is a village in the U.S. state of New York and the largest part of the town of Rye in Westchester County by population. At the 2010 U.S. census, the village had a population of 28,967 and was the fifth-most populous village in New York State. In 2019, its population grew to a census-estimated 29,342 residents. Located in southeast Westchester, Port Chester forms part of the New York City metropolitan statistical area. Port Chester borders Connecticut and the town of Greenwich to the east. It is one of only 12 villages in New York still incorporated under a charter; other villages either incorporated or reincorporated under the provisions of Village Law.

The village of Port Chester is nicknamed the "Gateway to New England" and serves as a transportation hub between New England states and New York. Its economy is primarily stimulated by small businesses, the local government and several national chain stores.
Hall's Tavern (Cheshire, Massachusetts)
Hall's Tavern is a historic tavern at 41 North Street in Cheshire, Massachusetts.  Built in 1804, it is a prominent local example of Federal period architecture, and an important local meeting place in the 19th century.  Now a private residence, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Cheshire, Massachusetts
Cheshire is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 3,258 at the 2020 census. It contains the census-designated place of the same name.
Budapest 2nd constituency
The 2nd constituency of Budapest (Hungarian: Budapesti 02. számú országgyűlési egyéni választókerület) is one of the single member constituencies of the National Assembly, the national legislature of Hungary. The constituency standard abbreviation: Budapest 02. OEVK.

Since 2022, it has been represented by Anna Orosz of the Momentum party.

István Simicskó
István Simicskó (born 29 November 1961) is a Hungarian politician of the governing Fidesz–KDNP coalition. He has been a Member of the National Assembly since 1998. He served as Minister of Defence from 10 September 2015 to 18 May 2018.
Halstead and Emily Lindsley House
Halstead and Emily Lindsley House is a national historic site located at 1300 West 13th Street, Boca Grande, Florida in Lee County. Built in Mediterranean Revival, it was designed by F. Burrall Hoffman, who also designed Villa Vizcaya.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Boca Grande, Florida
Boca Grande is a small residential community on Gasparilla Island in southwest Florida. Gasparilla Island is a part of both Charlotte and Lee counties, while the actual village of Boca Grande, which is home to many seasonal and some year-round residents, is entirely in the Lee County portion of the island. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Boca Grande is known for its historic downtown, sugar sand beaches, blue water and world class fishing.
2010 China Open Super Series
The 2010 China Open Super Series was a top level badminton competition which was held from 30 November–5 December 2010 at the Yuanshen Gymnasium in Shanghai, China. It was the eleventh BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule. The total purse for the event was $250,000.

China Open (badminton)
The China Open (Chinese: 中国羽毛球公开赛) is an annual badminton tournament held in People's Republic of China. It became part of the BWF Super Series tournaments in 2007. BWF categorised China Open as one of the three BWF World Tour Super 1000 events in the BWF events structure since 2018.
Büchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction
The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885  and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907.  Two German chemists also preceded Schlotterbeck in discovery of the reaction, Hans von Pechmann in 1895 and Viktor Meyer in 1905.   The reaction has since been extended to the synthesis of β-keto esters from the condensation between aldehydes and diazo esters.  The general reaction scheme is as follows:

The reaction yields two possible carbonyl compounds (I and II) along with an epoxide (III).  The ratio of the products is determined by the reactant used and the reaction conditions.

Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, e.g., testosterone, and the solvent acetone.