hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Calvo (staggered) contracts
A Calvo contract is the name given in macroeconomics to the pricing model that when a firm sets a nominal price there is a constant probability that a firm might be able to reset its price which is independent of the time since the price was last reset. The model was first put forward by Guillermo Calvo in his 1983 article "Staggered Prices in a Utility-Maximizing Framework".  The original article was written in a continuous time mathematical framework, but nowadays is mostly used in its discrete time version.  The Calvo model is the most common way to model nominal rigidity in new Keynesian DSGE macroeconomic models.

Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium
Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling (abbreviated as DSGE, or DGE, or sometimes SDGE) is a macroeconomic method which is often employed by monetary and fiscal authorities for policy analysis, explaining historical time-series data, as well as future forecasting purposes. DSGE econometric modelling applies general equilibrium theory and microeconomic principles in a tractable manner to postulate economic phenomena, such as economic growth and business cycles, as well as policy effects and market shocks.
Boneyard Creek
Boneyard Creek is a 3.3-mile-long (5.3 km) waterway that drains much of the cities of Champaign and Urbana, Illinois, United States. It is a tributary of the Saline Branch of the Salt Fork Vermilion River, which is a tributary of the south-flowing Vermilion River and the Wabash River. The creek flows through the northern sections of the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The newsletter of the university's ACM chapter is Banks of the Boneyard, named after the creek.

Urbana, Illinois
Urbana (/ɜːrˈbænə/ ur-BAN-ə) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2020 census, Urbana had a population of 38,336. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020. Urbana is notable for sharing the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Champaign.
Saturday Live Again!
Saturday Live Again! was a one-off live special of the comedy variety show Saturday Live, broadcast on 1 December 2007.

It was commissioned by Paul Jackson, the Director of Comedy and Entertainment for ITV, and the originator of Saturday Live, after realising that it had been 21 years since the show had first aired. The show was shot in the same studio as Saturday Live, with the same inflatables, and with Ben Elton among the contributors.

Hosted by Marcus Brigstocke, the show featured performances from Mitchell and Webb, Bon Jovi, Jimmy Carr, and Lee Mack, among others. The full lineup included performances from Jo Caulfield, Justin Edwards, Ben Elton, Jocelyn Jee Esien, Pete Firman, Hard Fi, The Human Slinky, Lee Mack, David Mitchell, Robert Webb, We Are Klang (Greg Davies, Steve Hall and Marek Larwood), Bon Jovi, and Myleene Klass. The show was directed by Geoff Posner for Pozzitive Television and produced by Geoff Posner and David Tyler (producer).

Lee Mack
Lee Gordon McKillop (born 4 August 1968), known by his stage name Lee Mack, is an English comedian and actor. Mack created, co-writes and stars in the sitcom Not Going Out, and is a regular team captain on the panel show Would I Lie to You?. In 2022 he began hosting the game show The 1% Club.
Gladys Millard
Gladys Millard (July 1891 - 15 October 1964) was provincial secretary for the Canadian Girl Guides Association in the 1930s and 1940s. She was also president of the Headmistresses’ Association of Canada. She was a recipient of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour.

Silver Fish Award
The Silver Fish Award is the highest adult award in Girlguiding. It is awarded for outstanding service to Girlguiding combined with service to world Guiding. The award has changed greatly since it first appeared in 1911, initially being awarded to girls on completion of a number of badges, then via numerous stages to the highest award in the Guiding movement worldwide, and then on to its position as a Girlguiding award.
Pegasus A.F.C.
Pegasus Association Football Club was an English amateur football club that ran from 1948 to 1963, based in Oxford and composed of Oxbridge (Oxford and Cambridge) university students. While the club saw success in the 1950s, they disbanded the following decade after defections to rival clubs.

Oxbridge
Oxbridge is a portmanteau of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest, wealthiest, and most prestigious universities of the United Kingdom. The term is used to refer to them collectively, in contrast to other British universities, and more broadly to describe characteristics reminiscent of them, often with implications of superior social or intellectual status or elitism.
Carrier current
Carrier current transmission, originally called wired wireless, employs guided low-power radio-frequency signals, which are transmitted along electrical conductors. The transmissions are picked up by receivers that are either connected to the conductors, or a short distance from them. Carrier current transmission is used to send audio and telemetry to selected locations, and also for low-power broadcasting that covers a small geographical area, such as a college campus. The most common form of carrier current uses longwave or medium wave AM radio signals that are sent through existing electrical wiring, although other conductors can be used, such as telephone lines.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Chambelona War
The Chambelona War, or the Chambelona Revolution (Spanish: la Revolución de La Chambelona), was an armed conflict in Cuba in 1917, triggered by a dispute over the legitimacy of the 1916 presidential elections. The war was fought primarily between the Liberal Party, which alleged electoral fraud, and the Conservative government of President Mario García Menocal. The conflict derived its name from the popular song La Chambelona, which became an anthem for the Liberal rebels. The war occurred within the broader context of the Sugar Intervention, and U.S. political and economic influence in Cuba following the Platt Amendment, which granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. The Chambelona War was contained mostly to the Eastern provinces of Cuba, and did not touch provinces in the West of Cuba.

Sugar Intervention
The Sugar Intervention was a series of events in Cuba from August 25, 1917, to February 15, 1922, when the United States Marine Corps was stationed on the island in response to instability that threatened sugar production.
Johnny Cisneros
Johnny Cisneros (born February 5, 1980) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2010, he has also competed for King of the Cage and Bellator MMA.

2014 in Bellator MMA
2014 in Bellator MMA was the tenth season for Bellator MMA, a mixed martial arts promotion. It began on February 28, 2014 and aired on Spike TV.

The season included tournaments for the Heavyweight, Welterweight, Featherweight, Light Heavyweight, and Lightweight weight classes. At the end of the season, Bellator held its first pay-per-view event, Bellator 120, on May 17, 2014.
Avenues Twin Peaks
The Twin Peaks are a pair of high points located within the Wasatch Range foothills in Salt Lake City, Utah. They are usually referred to as the Avenues Twin Peaks, to distinguish them from the nearby and much-higher Broads Fork Twin Peaks and American Fork Twin Peaks. With a maximum elevation of 6,283 feet (1,915 m), neither high point has the prominence to be considered a true summit. The Avenues Twin Peaks are a popular hiking destination.

Wasatch Range
The Wasatch Range (/ˈwɑːsætʃ/ WAH-satch) or Wasatch Mountains is a mountain range in the western United States that runs about 160 miles (260 km) from the Utah–Idaho border south to central Utah. It is the western edge of the greater Rocky Mountains, and the eastern edge of the Great Basin region. The northern extension of the Wasatch Range, the Bear River Mountains, extends just into Idaho, constituting all of the Wasatch Range in that state.

In the language of the native Ute people, wasatch means "mountain pass" or "low pass over high range." According to William Bright, the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term wasattsi, meaning "blue heron". In 1926, Cecil Alter quoted Henry Gannett from 1902, who said that the word meant "land of many waters," then posited, "the word is a common one among the Shoshones, and is given to a berry basket" carried by women.
Søllerød Gold Diggers
The Søllerød Gold Diggers are an american football team from Rudersdal, Denmark. The club was founded in 2003.

Søllerød Gold Diggers are members of the Danish American Football Federation (DAFF) and compete in the National Ligaen, the highest division of American football in Denmark.

Rudersdal Municipality
Rudersdal Municipality (Danish: Rudersdal Kommune) is a part suburban, part rural municipality (Danish, kommune) located on the northern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 73 km2 and has a population of 57,342 (1 January 2025). The distance from Copenhagen City Hall Square is approximately 20 km. The western part of the municipality is served by the Hillerød radial of the S-train network while the eastern part is served by the Coast Line. Administratively Rudersdal Municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden.

On 1 January 2007 Rudersdal municipality was created as the result of 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, consisting of the former municipalities of Søllerød and Birkerød.

Its mayor as of 2022 is Ann Sofie Orth. She is a member of the Conservative Party political party. Rudersdal Town Hall (formerly Søllerød Town Hall), completed in 1942, was designed by Arne Jacobsen and Flemming Lassen.
USS George Eastman
USS George Eastman (YAG-39), a "Liberty-type" cargo ship, was laid down under Maritime Commission contract on 24 March 1943 by Permanente Metals Corp., Yard 2, Richmond, California; launched on 20 April 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Ann Troutman; and delivered under charter from War Shipping Administration to Pacific-Atlantic Steamship Co., Vancouver, Washington, on 5 May 1943.

Research vessel
A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship or boat designed, modified, or equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles which can be combined into a single vessel but others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the demanding nature of the work, research vessels may be constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters.
2015 Women's Africa Cup Sevens
The 2015 Women's Africa Cup Sevens was a women's rugby sevens tournament for the continental championship of Africa and a qualification tournament for rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics. The competition was held in Kempton Park, South Africa on 26–27 September 2015. It was the fifth all-continental African Women's Sevens Championship, hosting teams from both Northern and Southern Africa.

South Africa, as the tournament winner, qualified directly for the Olympic Games but their National Olympic Committee decided not to send a team so the runner-up, Kenya, took their place. The next three place-getters, Tunisia, Zimbabwe and Tunisia progressed to the final qualifying competition to play-off for inclusion in the 2016 Games.

Africa Women's Sevens
The Africa Women's Sevens is the continental championship for women's international rugby sevens in Africa. The tournament sanctioned and sponsored by Rugby Africa (previously CAR) which is the rugby union governing body for the continent.
Gmina Strzelce
Gmina Strzelce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Strzelce, which lies 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Kutno and 59 km (37 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 90.11 square kilometres (34.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population was 4,178.

Kutno County
Kutno County (Polish: powiat kutnowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kutno, which lies 51 kilometres (32 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. The county also contains the towns of Żychlin, lying 18 km (11 mi) east of Kutno, and Krośniewice, 14 km (9 mi) west of Kutno.

The county covers an area of 886.29 square kilometres (342.2 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 104,124, out of which the population of Kutno was 47,557, that of Żychlin is 8,880, that of Krośniewice was 4,647, and the rural population was 43,040.
Justice
In its broadest sense, justice is the treatment of individuals fairly. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the Institutes of Justinian, a 6th-century codification of Roman law, where justice is defined as "the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due".

A society where justice has been achieved would be one in which individuals receive what they "deserve". The interpretation of what "deserve" means draws on a variety of fields and philosophical branches including ethics, rationality, law, religion, and fairness. The state may pursue justice by operating courts and enforcing their rulings.

Morality
Morality (from Latin  moralitas 'manner, character, proper behavior') is a doctrine or system of moral conduct which involves evaluative judgments about agents and actions, including assessments of actions as moral or immoral behavior and of character traits as virtues or vices, such as honesty or cruelty.

Immorality is the active opposition to morality (i.e., opposition to that which is moral or immoral), while amorality is variously defined as an unawareness of, indifference toward, or disbelief in any particular set of moral standards or principles.
Nemunėlis
Nemunėlis (Latvian: Mēmele) is a river in northern Lithuania and southern Latvia. It originates 6 km south of Rokiškis. It is 191 kilometres long (75 km in Lithuania, 76 km on the Latvia–Lithuania border and 40 km in Latvia) before its confluence with the Mūša, near Bauska, forming the Lielupe.

Latvia–Lithuania border
The Latvia–Lithuania border is the state border between the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Lithuania. The length of the land border is 588.1 km (365.4 mi) with additional 22.2 km (13.8 mi) of sea border. It is an internal border of the European Union and the Schengen Zone.

The border starts from the triple junction of the borders with Belarus to the north of Lake Drūkšiai (55°40′50.17″N 26°37′49.79″E﻿ / ﻿55.6806028°N 26.6304972°E﻿ / 55.6806028; 26.6304972) and stretches to the coast of the Baltic Sea, where it ends between Palanga and Rucava. For 30 km (19 mi) the border follows the Šventoji River.
SS D. G. Kerr (1903)
SS D. G. Kerr was a lake freighter, launched in 1903, for the Provident Steamship Company. She was renamed Harry R. Jones, in 1916, when a larger vessel was given the name D.G. Kerr.

She was sold for scrap in 1960.  She was lost at sea, on her way to Scottish ship breakers, when her tow parted.

SS D. G. Kerr (1916)
D. G. Kerr was a lake freighter, launched in 1916, for the Pittsburg Steamship Company.  Ownership was transferred to US Steel, in 1952.
She is considered to be a "600 footer", a vessel whose design was based on the J. Pierpont Morgan, built in 1903.

In 1921 the DG Kerr set a record, loading her entire capacity of 12,507 tons of ore, in just 16 and a half minutes.

She ran aground in 1970, and was permanently laid up in 1975.
She was lost, off the Azores, while under tow to a Spanish ship breaker's yard.
Kamegaoka Stone Age Site
The Kamegaoka Site (亀ヶ岡石器時代遺跡, Kamegaoka sekki-jidai iseki) is an archaeological site in what is now part of the city of Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan, containing the ruins of a Jōmon period settlement. The remains were designated a National Historic Site in 1944 by the Japanese government.  It is also referred to as the "Kamegaoka Stone Age Site", although the remains discovered are from the final Jōmon period (1,000 – 300 BC), rather than the Japanese Paleolithic period, as the name would imply. It is located approximately 20 minutes by car from Goshogawara Station.

Dogū
Dogū (Japanese: 土偶; IPA: [doɡɯː]; literally "earthen figure") are small humanoid and animal figurines made during the later part of the Jōmon period (14,000–400 BC) of prehistoric Japan. Dogū come exclusively from the Jōmon period, and were no longer made by the following Yayoi period. There are various styles of dogū, depending on the exhumation area and time period.

The National Museum of Japanese History estimates that the total number of dogū is approximately 15,000, while The Japan Times places the figure at approximately 18,000. Dogū were made across all of Japan, except Okinawa. Most of the dogū have been found in eastern Japan and it is rare to find one in western Japan. The purpose of the dogū remains unknown and should not be confused with the clay haniwa funerary objects of the Kofun period (250 – 538 C.E.).

Everyday ceramic items from the period are called Jōmon pottery.
Maming Sheng
Maming Sheng (Chinese: 馬鳴生 "Master Horse-neigh", fl. c. 100 CE) was a legendary Han dynasty Daoist alchemist and xian ("transcendent; immortal"). He was a disciple of the transcendent and fangshi ("master of methods") Anqi Sheng, who transmitted a secret waidan external alchemical scripture to him. Maming refined this elixir of immortality, but rather than take a full dose and immediately ascend to heaven, he only took half and lived for over 500 years as a secret dìxiān (地仙; "earthbound transcendent"). Master Horse-neigh was a key figure in the Daoist Taiqing (太清; "Grand Purity") alchemical tradition. Furthermore, in Chinese Buddhism, Maming (馬鳴; "Horse-neigh") translates the name of the 2nd-century CE Indian Buddhist monk and polymath Aśvaghoṣa (from Sanskrit áśva अश्व, "horse" and ghoṣa घोष, "cry; sound"), so-called because when teaching the Dharma his words were intelligible even to animals.

Waidan
Waidan, translated as 'external alchemy' or 'external elixir', is the early branch of Chinese alchemy that focuses upon compounding elixirs of immortality by heating minerals, metals, and other natural substances in a luted crucible. The later branch of esoteric neidan 'inner alchemy', which borrowed doctrines and vocabulary from exoteric waidan, is based on allegorically producing elixirs within the endocrine or hormonal system of the practitioner's body, through Daoist meditation, diet, and physiological practices. The practice of waidan external alchemy originated in the early Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), grew in popularity until the Tang (618–907), when neidan began and several emperors died from alchemical elixir poisoning, and gradually declined until the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
Andhun of Sussex
Andhun was an Ealdorman of Sussex under King Æðelwealh, who was slain by the Wessex prince Cædwalla, who invaded and ravaged Sussex. Berhthun and Andhun succeeded in driving Caedwalla from the Kingdom.

In 686, the South Saxons attacked Hlothhere, King of Kent, in support of his nephew Eadric, but soon after Berhthun was killed and the kingdom subjugated for a time by Caedwalla, who had now become King of Wessex.

Ealdorman
Ealdorman (/ˈɔːldərmən/ AWL-dər-mən or /(eɪ)ˈældərmən/ (ay-)AL-dər-mən, Old English: [ˈæɑɫdorˌmɑn]) was an office in the government of Anglo-Saxon England. During the 11th century, it evolved into the title of earl.
Great Bardfield
Great Bardfield is a village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. It is approximately 9 mi (14 km) northwest of the town of Braintree, and approximately 12 mi (19 km) southeast of Saffron Walden. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,374.

The village came to national attention during the 1950s as home to the Great Bardfield Artists.

Saffron Walden
Saffron Walden is a market town and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England, 12 miles (19 km) north of Bishop's Stortford, 15 miles (24 km) south of Cambridge and 43 miles (69 km) north of London. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings of the medieval period. As well as the town itself, the parish also includes Little Walden and Audley End. At the 2021 census, the built up area had a population of 16,610, and the parish had a population of 17,022.
1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC–OFC play-off)
The 1998 FIFA World Cup AFC–OFC qualification play-off was a two-legged home-and-away tie between the winners of the Oceania qualifying tournament, Australia, and the losing team in the AFC play-off from the Asian qualifying tournament, Iran. The games were played on 22 and 29 November 1997 in Tehran and Melbourne respectively. Australia was hoping to play in the FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1974 and Iran in 1978.

1998 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)
Listed below are the dates and results for the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds for the Asian zone (AFC). For an overview of the qualification rounds, see the article 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification.
Trevor Vincent
Trevor Anthony Vincent, OAM (born 27 April 1938) is a former Australian long-distance runner, specialising in the 3000 metres steeplechase. In 1962 he competed for his native country at the Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia, winning the gold medal in the 3000m steeplechase event, setting an inaugural Commonwealth Games record and breaking his own Australian record. He also competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan in the 3000 metres steeplechase event.

Steeplechase (athletics)
A steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics which derives its name from the steeplechase in horse racing. The foremost version of the event is the 3000 metres steeplechase. The 2000 metres steeplechase is the next most common distance. In youth athletics, a distance of 1000 metres is occasionally used for steeplechase races.
Agha Jan Akhtar
Agha Jan Akhtar is a retired officer of the Pakistan Administrative Service who served in BPS-21 grade as the Chairman of the Port Qasim Authority under the Ministry of Maritime Affairs from 2013 to 2017. Prior to that, he served as a provincial secretary in the Government of Sindh including as Principal Secretary to Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah.

He has a bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California and holds a master's in business administration in management from Pepperdine University, California.

Agha Jan Akhtar belongs to the 15th Common and is batchmates with Shoaib Mir Memon, Hussain Asghar, Rizwan Ahmed, Fawad Hasan Fawad and Jawad Rafique Malik.

Fawad Hasan Fawad
Fawad Hasan Fawad (Urdu:  فواد حسن فواد) is a Pakistani public policy practitioner, former civil servant who served in BPS-22 grade as the Principal Secretary to two Prime Ministers Nawaz Sharif and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi; and later as caretaker Federal Minister for Privatisation and  Federal Minister for Inter Provincial Coordination.

His work during his tenure as the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of Pakistan from November 2015 to June 2018 was largely focused on the fruition of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, effectively spearheading multiple infrastructure and energy projects and directing sector-wide investment across the nation.

Fawad was promoted to the rank of Federal Secretary in December 2017.