hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Noticing hypothesis
The noticing hypothesis is a theory within second-language acquisition that a learner cannot continue advancing their language abilities or grasp linguistic features unless they consciously notice the input. The theory was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990.

The noticing hypothesis explains the change from linguistic input into intake and is considered a form of conscious processing. It is exclusive from attention and understanding, and has been criticized within the field of psychology and second language acquisition. Schmidt and Frota studied noticing in Schmidt as a Portuguese language learner and collected their findings through diary study and audio recordings. The hypothesis was modified in 1994 in light of criticism.

Second-language acquisition
Second-language acquisition (SLA), second-language learning or L2 (language 2) acquisition, is the process of learning a language other than one's native language (L1). SLA research examines how learners develop their knowledge of second language.

SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives:

Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes.

Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social interaction and immersion

Linguistic studies examine the innate and learned aspects of language.

Individual factors like age, motivation, and personality also influence SLA, as seen in discussions on the critical period hypothesis and learning strategies. In addition to acquisition, SLA explores language loss, or second-language attrition, and the impact of formal instruction on learning outcomes.
Columbus Municipal Airport (New Mexico)
Columbus Municipal Airport (IATA: CUS, FAA LID: 0NM0) is an abandoned airport in New Mexico. Its origins date to 1916 when it was used by the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps as a military airfield during the Pancho Villa Expedition. It was apparently closed and abandoned in the late 1970s. Today, efforts are being made to restore it to a general aviation airport.

Columbus Municipal Airport is historically recognized as the birthplace of American air power.

Curtiss JN Jenny
The Curtiss JN "Jenny" is a series of biplanes built by the Glenn  Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York, later the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. Although the Curtiss JN series was originally produced as a training aircraft for the US Army, the "Jenny" (the common nickname derived from "JN") continued after World War I as a civilian aircraft, becoming the "backbone of American postwar [civil] aviation".

Thousands of surplus Jennys were sold at bargain prices to private owners in the years after the war, and became central to the barnstorming era that helped awaken the US to civil aviation through much of the 1920s.
Walter Schindler
Walter Gabriel Schindler (December 10, 1897 – April 3, 1991) was a highly decorated career officer in the United States Navy, who ultimately achieved the rank of vice admiral. While a commander during World War II, Schindler received a Navy Cross and a Silver Star for his service aboard the USS Yorktown, including during the Battle of the Coral Sea. He was transferred stateside later and commanded Naval Ordnance Laboratory for the duration of the war.

Following the war, Schindler was promoted to rear admiral and commanded Cruiser Division Three during the later stage of Korean War. He later served as the last commander, Naval Forces Germany, and completed his service as commandant, Eighth Naval District in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Materiel
Materiel or matériel (/məˌtɪəriˈɛl/; from French  matériel 'equipment, hardware') is supplies, equipment, and weapons in military supply-chain management, and typically supplies and equipment in a commercial supply chain context.
Ranghad (term)
The term "Ranghad" is commonly associated with Ranghars, or individuals of Rajput descent originating from Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. While a significant portion of individuals bearing this surname adhere to the Muslim faith, there also exists a considerable Hindu population among the Ranghad community in Haryana. Following the Partition of India in 1947, many Muslim Ranghads migrated to Pakistan, primarily settling in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh.

Tomaras of Delhi
The Tomaras of Delhi (also called Tomar dynasty in modern vernaculars due to schwa deletion) ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana in India during 8th–12th century. Their rule over this region is attested to by multiple inscriptions and coins. In addition, much of the information about them comes from medieval bardic legends. They belonged to the Tomar clan of the Rajputs.

They were displaced by the Chahamanas of Shakambhari in the 12th century, who took over their capital in Delhi, but who were themselves soon displaced by the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 CE.
UP Yoddhas
UP Yoddhas (Previously known as UP Yoddha) is a professional kabbadi team of Pro Kabaddi League, based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It is owned by the GMR Group. It was founded in 2017.

The Yoddhas play their home matches at Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium, Lucknow. The team made it to the playoffs in every season since its inception in 2017 until 2023-24 PKL.

2019 Pro Kabaddi League
The 2019 Vivo Pro Kabaddi League was the seventh season of Pro Kabaddi League. The season began on 20 July 2019 and concluded on 19 October 2019. The zonal system present in the previous seasons was removed, and each team played against all the other teams twice.

Bengal Warriors defeated Dabang Delhi in the final match to win their maiden title.
Magnar
Magnar is a somewhat common forename for men in Norway. The name is known in Norway from the late 19th century. The name may be derived from the Norse word magn meaning "Strength" or possibly from the Latin name Magnus.

Magnus
Magnus, meaning "Great" in Latin, was used as cognomen of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the first century BC. The best-known use of the name during the Roman Empire is for the fourth-century Western Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus.
Koilamasuchus
Koilamasuchus is an extinct genus of indeterminate archosauriform from the Triassic of Argentina. It is based on an external mold of a partial postcranial skeleton from the Quebrada de los Fósiles Formation. Due to its incomplete nature, the relationships of this reptile are difficult to establish. Originally described as a non-archosaur archosauriform, later studies tentatively considered it a doswelliid or a suchian archosaur.

Pubis
In vertebrates, the pubis or pubic bone (Latin: os pubis) forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone. The pubis is the most forward-facing (ventral and anterior) of the three bones that make up the hip bone. The left and right pubic bones are each made up of three sections; a superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body.
Melissa Tancredi
Melissa Palma Julie Tancredi (born December 27, 1981) is a Canadian retired soccer forward who played for the Canada women's national soccer team. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Olympics when Canada defeated France 1–0 in the bronze medal match. Tancredi won bronze again after Canada defeated Brazil 2–1 at the 2016 Olympics.  Her nickname is "Tanc".

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup competition, the world championship for women's national football teams. It was held from 26 June to 17 July 2011 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in October 2007. Japan won the final against the United States on a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw after extra time and became the first Asian team to win a senior FIFA World Cup.

The matches were played in nine stadiums in nine host cities around the country, with the final played at the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt. Sixteen teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in 2009. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These eight teams advanced to the knockout stage, where two rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final.
Kafr Thulth
Kafr Thulth (Arabic: كفر ثلث) is a Palestinian town located on high, flat land south of Azzoun, 28 kilometers (17 mi) south of Tulkarm in the Qalqilya Governorate. The average elevation is 270 meters (890 ft) above sea level. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town's population was 5,606 in the 2017 census.

Tulkarm
32°18′45″N 35°1′36″E﻿ / ﻿32.31250°N 35.02667°E﻿ / 32.31250; 35.02667

Tulkarm or Tulkarem (Arabic: طولكرم, Ṭūlkarm) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine and the capital of the Tulkarm Governorate. Netanya is to the west in Israel, while Nablus and Jenin are to the east. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2017 Tulkarm had a population of 64,532. Tulkarm is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority.
1973–74 MJHL season
In Winnipeg on April 5, 1974, the Selkirk Steelers won the MJHL title claiming the Turnbull Memorial Trophy. There was no stopping the Selkirk Steelers on April 19, 1974, in Prince Albert, as the Steelers defeated the Prince Albert Raiders of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League winning the Anavet Cup. On May 1, 1974, with a 5-2 win over Kelowna Buckaroos of the British Columbia Hockey League in the seventh and deciding game, held in Kelowna, the Steelers captured the Abbott Cup and advanced into the national final for the Centennial Cup. In the seventh and deciding game, on May 14, 1974, in Ottawa, the Selkirk Steelers scored a dramatic 1-0 overtime victory over the Smiths Falls Bears of the Central Junior A Hockey League to capture the Centennial Cup, emblematic of junior A hockey supremacy in Canada.

Centennial Cup
The Centennial Cup is an annual ice hockey tournament organized by Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL), which determines the national champion of junior A ice hockey. It consists of a ten-team round robin featuring the winners of all nine CJHL member leagues as well as a pre-selected host city.

The championship has also been known as the National Junior A Championship in 2019, it was formerly known as the Royal Bank Cup from 1996 to 2018 and the Manitoba Centennial Cup from 1971 to 1995. It is currently branded as the Centennial Cup after Tim Hortons, the title sponsor of the 2022 tournament, withdrew future sponsorship in response to the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal.
Bucket and spade
Bucket and spade sets are traditional British seaside paraphernalia that can be bought cheaply from any beachside vendor. They usually consist of a small plastic bucket with a handle and a small shovel, sometimes decorated with a variety of bright colours and patterns. In North America, they are called shovels with pails.

These are sometimes, but not always, accompanied by a variety of moulds, with which one can make sand sculptures. Most traditionally, these are associated with sandcastles, although they are also often used to gather objects such as seashells and pebbles.

A larger spade and bucket are useful when foraging for organisms that dwell in sand or mud, such as razor clams, lugworms and spoon worms.

Bucket
A bucket is typically a watertight, vertical cylinder or truncated cone or square, with an open top and a flat bottom that is attached to a semicircular carrying handle called the bail.

A bucket is usually an open-top container. In contrast, a pail can have a top or lid and is a shipping container. In non-technical usage, the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Glossary of Japanese swords
This is the glossary of Japanese swords, including major terms the casual reader might find useful in understanding articles on Japanese swords. Within definitions, words set in boldface are defined elsewhere in the glossary.

Classification of swords
The English language terminology used in the classification of swords is imprecise and has varied widely over time. There is no historical dictionary for the universal names, classification, or terminology of swords; a sword was simply a single-edged or double-edged knife that grew incrementally longer and more complex with technological advances.

Historical terms without a universal consensus of definition (e.g. "arming sword", "broadsword", "long sword", etc.) were used to label weapons of similar appearance but of different historical periods, regional cultures, and fabrication technology. These terms were often described in relation to other unrelated weapons, without regard to their intended use and fighting style. In modern history, many of these terms have been given specific, often arbitrary meanings that are unrelated to any of their historical meanings.
Rakeeranbeg
Rakeeranbeg (/rəˌkɪərənˈbɛɡ/, locally /ɹəˌciəɹənˈbeːɟ/), or Rathkeeranbeg (/ræθˌkɪərənˈbɛɡ/, locally /ɹaθˌciəɹənˈbeːɟ/; Irish: Ráth Caorthainn Beag, meaning 'little fort of the rowan') is a townland in the Dromore area in County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. It is situated in the barony of Omagh East and the civil parish of Dromore and covers an area of 180 acres.

Dromore, County Tyrone
Dromore (from Irish An Droim Mór, meaning 'the large ridge') is a town, townland and civil parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is nine miles (14 km) south west of Omagh on the A32 and sixteen miles (26 km) from Enniskillen. The population of Dromore was 1,198 at the 2011 Census.
Myrmecocystus
Myrmecocystus is a North American genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae. It is one of five genera that includes honeypot ants. Worker ants keep and tend plerergates, which are other ants that store large quantities of nutritious fluid in their abdomens to feed the colony during famine times. Some species engage in highly territorial tournaments, which can result in intraspecific slavery. During the raids, they carry off larvae, workers, and plerergates. The genus has three subgenera, namely Myrmecocystus, Endiodioctes, and Eremnocystus.

Formicinae
The Formicinae are a subfamily within the Formicidae family containing ants of moderate evolutionary development.

Formicines retain some primitive features, such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups. Extreme modification of mandibles is rare, except in the genera Myrmoteras and Polyergus. However, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding hemipterans. Finally, all formicines have very reduced stings and enlarged venom reservoirs, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.

All members of the Formicinae "have a one-segmented petiole in the form of a vertical scale".
Pilatus Bank
Pilatus Bank Plc was a bank established in Ta' Xbiex, Malta. The bank was created in 2013 to provide private and commercial banking services to high net-worth individuals and was closed down in 2018, after major local and international money laundering scandals. The bank was also involved in major local political controversies involving former energy minister Konrad Mizzi, former OPM chief of staff Keith Schembri, and businessman and murder suspect Yorgen Fenech.

Konrad Mizzi
Konrad Mizzi (born 4 November 1977) is a Maltese politician and served as a Member of Parliament until 2022. He served as Minister for Energy and the Conservation of Water between 2013 and 2014, Minister for Energy and Health from 2014 until 2016, and as a Minister within the Office of the Prime Minister in April 2016.

Mizzi was re-elected on 3 June 2017 by four times as many votes as the 2013 election. He was then appointed by Prime Minister Joseph Muscat to serve as the Minister for Tourism from 9 June 2017 until his 2019 resignation.
Becky Barrett
Rebecca Catherine Barrett (May 1, 1942 – January 26, 2024) was an American-born Canadian politician. She served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1990 to 2003, and was a cabinet minister in the New Democratic Party (NDP) government of Gary Doer from 1999 to 2003.

Minister of Labour and Immigration (Manitoba)
The Minister of Labour and Immigration of the Canadian province of Manitoba is a member of the Executive Council of Manitoba, which is informally known as the Cabinet. This position was formerly known as the Minister of Labour. The Current Minister of Labour and Immigration is Malaya Marcelino.

From January 13, 2012, to October 18, 2013, the responsibilities of this portfolio were redistributed between the Minister of Family Services and Labour and the Minister of Immigration and Multiculturalism.
Female sexual arousal disorder
Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) is a disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent inability to attain sexual arousal or to maintain arousal until the completion of a sexual activity. The diagnosis can also refer to an inadequate lubrication-swelling response normally present during arousal and sexual activity. The condition should be distinguished from a general loss of interest in sexual activity and from other sexual dysfunctions, such as the orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is characterized as a lack or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity for some period of time.

Although female sexual dysfunction is currently a contested diagnostic, it has become more common in recent years to use testosterone-based drugs off-label to treat FSAD. It is a subtype of female sexual dysfunction. It occurs in distress due to the inability to attain or maintain adequate vaginal lubrication.

Anorgasmia
Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.6%) than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopausal. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration.
Moviya
Moviya is a village located in  Rajkot district in the state of Gujarat, India. The village is located at about 42 km from the District, Rajkot. The village follows the Panchayati raj system. The village has undergone transformation under the panchayat. There has been use of advanced technology in education. Efforts have been made for empowerment of women and increasing the security in the village. Some of the facilities provided by the panchayat include local, gutter project, health care centre, banking facility.

Rajkot
Rajkot (Hindi: [ˈraːdʒkoːʈ] ⓘ) is the fourth-largest city in the western Indian state of Gujarat, after Ahmedabad, Surat, and Vadodara. It is in the centre of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Rajkot is the 35th-largest metropolitan area in India, with a population of more than 2 million as of 2021. Rajkot is the 6th cleanest city of India, and it is the 22nd fastest-growing city in the world as of March  2021. It is located on the banks of the Aji and Nyari rivers. Rajkot was the capital of the Saurashtra State from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956, before its merger with Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was reincorporated into Gujarat State on 1 May 1960.
Slovak Sign Language
The Slovak Sign Language (Slovak: Slovenský posunkový jazyk, SPJ) is the sign language of the deaf community in Slovakia. It belongs to the French sign-language family. Bickford (2005) found that Slovak, Czech, and Hungarian Sign formed a cluster with Romanian, Bulgarian, and Polish Sign.

Despite the similarity of oral Slovak and Czech, SSL is not particularly close to Czech Sign Language.

Romanian Sign Language
The Romanian Sign Language (Romanian: Limba semnelor române, LSR) is the sign language used by deaf people in Romania. In Romania, the first organization dedicated to people with hearing impairments was the Romanian Society of the Deaf-Mute, established on 9 November 1919. It was continued by the Romanian Association of the Deaf-Mute (1952), and the National Association of the Deaf from Romania (Asociația Națională a Surzilor din România, ANSR, 1995).
Oliver Backhouse
Admiral Oliver Backhouse, CB (5 June 1875 – 25 March 1943) was a Royal Navy officer.

Backhouse was the son of the banker Sir Jonathan Backhouse, 1st Baronet, and the younger brother of Sir Edmund Backhouse, 2nd Baronet. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Backhouse, First Sea Lord from 1938 to 1939, was his younger brother.

Sir Edmund Backhouse, 2nd Baronet
Sir Edmund Trelawny Backhouse, 2nd Baronet (20 October 1873 – 8 January 1944) was a British oriental scholar, Sinologist, and linguist whose books exerted a powerful influence on the Western view of the last decades of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Since his death, however, it has been established that the major source of his China Under the Empress Dowager, Diary of His Excellency Ching Shan, is a forgery, most likely by Backhouse himself.

His biographer, Hugh Trevor-Roper, unmasked Backhouse as "a confidence man with few equals", who had also duped the British government, Oxford University, the American Bank Note Company and John Brown & Company. Derek Sandhaus, the editor of Backhouse's memoirs Décadence Mandchoue, argues that they are also an undoubted confabulation but contain plausible recollections of scenes and details.
Brock Road landfills
Brock Road landfills are a series of landfills used by Toronto (acquired by Metro Toronto in 1969) from 1975 to 1990s. The North and West site are in Pickering, while the South site is in Ajax.

Only Brock North and Brock West were used as dumps, whereas Brock South site was acquired and left unused.

Several factors led to the closure of the landfill sites, including: sites reaching capacity; public pressure to discontinue using these sites for Toronto's garbage; and the proximity of these sites to nearby farms, residential areas, and to sensitive or protected areas such as Grand Valley Park, Greenwood Conservation Area, and First Nations sites discovered in the Duffins Creek watershed to the west and east.

Pickering, Ontario
Pickering (2021 population 99,186) is a city located in Southern Ontario, Canada, immediately east of Toronto in Durham Region.

Beginning in the 1770s, the area was settled by primarily British colonists. An increase in population occurred after the American Revolutionary War, when the Crown resettled Loyalists and encouraged new immigration. Many of the smaller rural communities have been preserved and function as provincially significant historic sites and museums. The city also includes the Pickering Casino Resort, a multi-billion-dollar casino complex.
Lyceum (classical)
The Lyceum (/ˌlaɪˈsiːəm/, Ancient Greek: Λύκειον, romanized: Lykeion /lý.keː.on/) was a temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god").

It was best known for the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded there by Aristotle in 334 BC.  Aristotle fled Athens in 323 BC, and the university continued to function after his lifetime under a series of leaders until the Roman general Sulla destroyed it during his assault on Athens in 86 BC.

The remains of the Lyceum are now in a park in modern Athens; they were discovered in 1996.

Mount Lycabettus
Mount Lycabettus (/ˌlaɪkəˈbɛtəs/), also known as Lycabettos, Lykabettos or Lykavittos (Greek: Λυκαβηττός, pronounced [likaviˈtos]), is a Cretaceous limestone hill in the Greek capital Athens. At 277 meters (908 feet) above sea level, its summit is the highest point in Central Athens and pine trees cover its base. The name also refers to the residential neighbourhood immediately below the east of the hill.

The hill is a tourist destination and can be ascended by the Lycabettus Funicular, a funicular railway which climbs the hill from a lower terminus at Kolonaki (The railway station is at Aristippou street). At its two peaks are the 19th century Chapel of St. George, a theatre, and a restaurant.