hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Death of Abisay Cruz
Abisay Cruz (March 1996 – 30 March 2025) was a Canadian citizen who died after being arrested and restrained by officers of the Montreal Police Service.

Police were called to the apartment where Cruz was living in response to reports of an individual "in crisis." Videos taken during the arrest show officers kneeling on Cruz's back while he stated he was "going to die." Cruz then lost consciousness, but paramedics were denied access until officers removed him from the building. He was transported by ambulance to hospital where he was pronounced dead.

Cruz's family members present during the incident allege police used excessive force and that racism may have influenced his treatment. The case was referred to Quebec's Bureau des enquêtes indépendantes (BEI), which investigates police misconduct. The BEI made a confidential report to the Quebec public prosecutor on 15 August 2025. As of late September 2025, the prosecutor had made no statement on the contents of the report.

Service de police de la Ville de Montréal
The Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (French pronunciation: [sɛʁvis də pɔlis də la vil də mɔ̃ʁeal], "Montreal City Police Service", abbr. SPVM) is the municipal police agency for the city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and the neighbouring communities in the urban agglomeration of Montreal. With over 4,500 officers and more than 1,300 civilian staff, it is the second-largest municipal police agency in Canada after the Toronto Police Service.
Dumb pipe
A dumb pipe or dumb network, in relation to a mobile network operator (MNO) or Internet service provider (ISP), is a simple network that has high enough bandwidth to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet without the need to prioritize content. This means it can afford to be completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses.

This is in contrast to a smart pipe where the operator affects the customer's accessibility of the Internet by either limiting the available services or applications to its own proprietary portal (like a walled garden) or offer additional capabilities and services beyond simple connectivity. A dumb pipe primarily provides simple bandwidth and network capacity which is greater than the maximum network loads expected thus avoiding the need to discriminate between packet types.

Among the commonly understood operational models for an MNO are dumb pipes, smart pipes, and the walled gardens.

Mobile network operator
A mobile network operator (MNO), also known as a mobile network provider, mobile network carrier, mobile , wireless service provider, wireless carrier, wireless operator, wireless telco, or cellular company, is a telecommunications provider of services that sells, delivers and maintains mobile telephony services to an end user.
Thy Holy Wings
"Thy Holy Wings" (originally "Bred dina vida vingar" literally "Spread your wide wings") is a Swedish metrical psalm setting with lyrics by Lina Sandell in 1860 and reworked in 1865 to a Danish or Swedish folk melody.

Metrical psalter
A metrical psalter is a kind of Bible translation: a book containing a verse translation of all or part of the Book of Psalms in vernacular poetry, meant to be sung as hymns in a church. Some metrical psalters include melodies or harmonisations. The composition of metrical psalters was a large enterprise of the Protestant Reformation, especially in its Calvinist manifestation that is still practiced today.
Affixing machine
An affixing machine is a machine that affixes postage stamps to an envelope, postcard or wrapper. Affixing machines first appeared in the 1850s but were not widely used until the early 20th century. Stamp affixing machines were brought about by the need to mechanically affix stamps for bulk processing of mail. A secondary reason for the machines was to make the theft of stamps more difficult for employees with access to a large inventory of coils. The first widespread machine was created in 1884 by Engle Frankmussler, a Norwegian, who created the ‘Postage Stamp Affixing Machine’ as it was then called, was a crank-operated machine that was effective but vulnerable to tampering.

Postcard
A postcard or post card is a piece of thick paper or thin cardboard, typically rectangular, intended for writing and mailing without an envelope. Non-rectangular shapes may also be used but are rare.

In some places, one can send a postcard for a lower fee than a letter. Stamp collectors distinguish between postcards (which require a postage stamp) and postal cards (which have the postage pre-printed on them). While a postcard is usually printed and sold by a private company, individual or organization, a postal card is issued by the relevant postal authority (often with pre-printed postage).

Production of postcards blossomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As an easy and quick way for individuals to communicate, they became extremely popular. The study and collecting of postcards is termed deltiology (from Greek deltion, small writing tablet, and the also Greek -logy, the study of).
Aspergillus neocarnoyi
Aspergillus neocarnoyi is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Aspergillus section. The species was first described in 1989. It has been reported to produce asperentins, asperflavin, auroglaucin, a bisanthron, dihydroauroglaucin, echinulins, flavoglaucin, neoechinulins, questin, questinol, tetracyclic, and tetrahydroauroglaucin.

Aspergillus
Aspergillus (/ˌæspərˈdʒɪləs/) is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli. Viewing the fungi under a microscope, Micheli was reminded of the shape of an aspergillum (holy water sprinkler), from Latin spargere (to sprinkle), and named the genus accordingly. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. While some species of Aspergillus are known to cause fungal infections, others are of commercial importance.
Shanti Kali (Shanti Tripura)
Gurudev Santi Kali or Santi Tripura (died 27 August 2000) was a Hindu priest who was shot to death inside his ashram near Jirania under the Sadar subdivision in the Indian state of Tripura. Police reports regarding the incident unidentified ten members of the organization National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) as being responsible for the murder.

Jirania
Jirania is a small town in the Indian state of Tripura on the banks of river Saidra (Haora). It is a Nagar Panchayat and also the headquarters of Jirania Rural Development Block. It is also the headquarters of Jirania Sub Division. It lies on National Highway 8 (Assam-Agartala Highway). The Jirania market is of great importance for the local business and its sustainance. The brick factories in and around Jirania are very famous, it serves for the town and its hinterland. There are more than 100 brick factories in Jirania Block. Jirania is the connecting link with the town of Khumulwng and Mandwi with the National highway. Other nearby towns include Ranirbazar and Champaknagar. One more thing that makes it famous is National Institute of Technology Agartala.
The PTA Disbands
"The PTA Disbands" is the twenty-first episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series, The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 16, 1995. In the episode, Bart Simpson manipulates Edna Krabappel into organizing a strike of Springfield Elementary's teachers union to protest Principal Skinner's miserly school spending, so Bart can skip class. Lisa Simpson craves the structure of school.

The episode was written by Jennifer Crittenden and directed by Swinton O. Scott III, with David Mirkin serving as show-runner.  It received favorable mention in books on The Simpsons and media reviews, and was cited by academicians, who analyzed portions of the episode from physics and psychology perspectives.

Gary Russell
Gary Russell (born 18 September 1963) is a British freelance writer, producer and former child actor. As a writer, he is best known for his work in connection with the television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs in other media. As an actor, he is best known for playing Dick Kirrin in the British 1978 television series The Famous Five.
Malsch
Malsch (German pronunciation: [malʃ]) is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 15 km south of Karlsruhe, and 10 km east of Rastatt, at the eastern border of the Upper Rhine Plain.

Beside the main town, it consists of the incorporated villages Sulzbach, Waldprechtsweier and Völkersbach, the latter located higher in the Black Forest.

Karlsruhe (district)
Karlsruhe is a Landkreis (district) in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north clockwise) Rhein-Neckar, Heilbronn,
Enz, Calw, Rastatt, Germersheim, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis and the district-free city Speyer. The urban district Karlsruhe (Stadtkreis Karlsruhe), which contains the City of Karlsruhe, is located in the middle of the district, and partially cuts it into a northern and a southern part.
Allium thunbergii
Allium thunbergii, Thunberg's chive Thunberg garlic or sanbuchu, is an East Asian species of wild onion native to Japan (incl Bonin + Ryukyu Islands), Korea, and China (incl. Taiwan). It grows at elevations up to 3000 m. The Flora of China recognizes A. tunbergii and A. stenodon as separate species, but more recent sources combine the two.

Allium thunbergii produces one or two egg-shaped bulbs up to 20 mm in diameter. Scapes are up to 50 cm tall. Leaves are longer than the scape, hollow, triangular in cross-section. Umbels are crowded with many red or purple flowers.

The specific epithet thunbergii references the Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Varieties

Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.T.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh - Gayasan National Park in Korea

Allium thunbergii var. teretifolium H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh - Korea

Allium thunbergii var. thunbergii - China, Japan, Korea

Wild onion
Wild onion can refer to

any uncultivated species in the genus Allium, especially:
Allium bisceptrum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Allium validum
Allium vineale
Allium ochotense

Asphodelus tenuifolius

Cyperus bulbosus

Bulbine semibarbata
Joe Mercer
Joseph Mercer (9 August 1914 – 9 August 1990) was an English footballer and manager. He played as a defender for Everton and Arsenal and managed Aston Villa and Manchester City, and served as caretaker manager of the England national football team.

1969–70 Football League Cup
The 1969–70 Football League Cup was the tenth season of the Football League Cup, a knockout competition for England's top 92 football clubs. The competition started on 12 August 1969 and ended with the final on 7 March 1970.

The final was contested by First Division team Manchester City and First Division side West Bromwich Albion at Wembley Stadium in London. Jeff Astle opened the scoring for Albion after five minutes, becoming the first player to score in the final of both the League Cup and FA Cup at Wembley. He had already scored in the first leg of the 1966 League Cup Final four years previously at West Ham United's Boleyn Ground. City equalised through Mike Doyle to send the game into extra-time, and eventually won 2–1, with Glyn Pardoe scoring the winner.

This was the first season in which all ninety-two football league clubs competed in the tournament.
Pępice, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Pępice [pɛmˈpit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mniów, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south of Mniów and 13 km (8 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Mniów
Mniów [mɲuf] is a village in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Mniów. It lies approximately 17 km (11 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.
Q'ara Quta (La Paz)
Q'ara Quta (Aymara q'ara bare, bald, quta lake, "bare lake", Hispanicized spellings Karakota, Khara Khota, Khara Kkota, K'arakota) is a lake on the western side of the Cordillera Real of Bolivia located in the La Paz Department, Los Andes Province, Batallas Municipality, Comunidad Alto Peñas. It lies north-west of the Kunturiri massif, between the lakes Wichhu Quta (5 km) in the south-west and Khotia Quta and Janq'u Quta in the north-east. The lakes are connected by Jach'a Jawira, a river which originates near the mountain Wila Lluxita and flows down to Lake Titicaca. Q'ara Quta is situated at a height of about 4,400 metres (14,400 ft), about 5 km long and 0,65 km at its widest point.

Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (/tɪtɪˈkɑːkə/; Spanish: Lago Titicaca [ˈlaɣo titiˈkaka]; Quechua: Titiqaqa and Aymara: Titiqaqa) is a large lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. It is often listed as a freshwater lake, though its waters are slightly brackish.  Titicaca is the largest lake in South America, both in terms of the volume of water and surface area. It is the 18th largest lake in the world.  It has a surface elevation of 3,812 m (12,507 ft).
Bakhtiyarpur Junction railway station
Bakhtiyarpur Junction, station code BKP, is a railway station in the Danapur railway division of East Central Railway Zone. Bakhtiyarpur is connected to metropolitan areas of India, by the Delhi–Kolkata main line via Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction-Patna route. Bakhtiyarpur Junction is located in Bakhtiarpur city in Patna district is about 46 km away from Patna in the Indian state of Bihar. Due to its location on the Howrah–Patna–Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction main line many trains from Patna and Barauni bound express trains coming from Howrah, Sealdah stop here.

Danapur railway division
Danapur railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of East Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It is located in Danapur of the Indian state of Bihar. The other railway divisions are Sonpur, Samastipur, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya and Dhanbad. The division's revenue for the 2014–15 fiscal year was ₹900 crore (US$110 million).
Uyukpa Rigpai Sengge
Uyukpa Rigpai Sengge (Tibetan:  'U yug pa rigs pa'i seng ge) in the 13th century was a Tibetan monk. He was disciple of  Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen (1182–1251, the fourth of the Five Sakya Forefathers (sa skya gong ma lnga), and is regarded as the foremost disciple of him in the field of epistemology (pramāṇa, tshad ma).

His collected works (gsung ’bum) were recently published in the Tibetan book series mes po'i shul bzhag (Chinese: Xianzhe yishu 先哲遗书) in 3 volumes.

His Commentaries on Treasury of Valid Cognition (tshad ma rigs gter) are regarded as one of  "the classics of Sakya School”.

In the Sakya tradition it was said that Tawen Lodro Gyaltsen, the Fifteenth Sakya Trizin (c. 1332 – c. 1364), was an expert in Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika, his mastery surpassed only by  Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen and Uyukpa Rigpai Sengge.

Sakya
The Sakya (Tibetan: ས་སྐྱ་, Wylie: sa skya, 'pale earth') school is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the others being the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. It is one of the Red Hat Orders along with the Nyingma and Kagyu.
Hatena Satena
Hatena Satena (ハテナサテナ) is a Game Boy Advance puzzle video game by Japanese developer Hudson Soft with design elements by Framegraphics of Japan in courtesy of Super Lovers. The gameplay can be described as a mix of nonogram puzzles and Minesweeper, whereas the design is similar to that of Super Milk Chan.

Puzzle video game
Puzzle video games make up a broad genre of video games that emphasize puzzle solving. The types of puzzles can test problem-solving skills, including logic, pattern recognition, sequence solving, spatial recognition, and word completion. Many puzzle games involve a real-time element and require quick thinking, such as Tetris (1985) and Lemmings (1991).
Afrikaans Protestant Church
The Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk (APK; Afrikaans Protestant Church), also known as AP Kerk, is a South African conservative Reformed Church federation with about 35,000 adherents. The federation consists of 103 congregations, mostly in South Africa, although the APK also includes 7 congregations in Namibia.

Belhar Confession
The Belhar Confession (Afrikaans: Belydenis van Belhar) is a Christian statement of belief written in Afrikaans in 1982.  It was adopted (after a slight adjustment) as a confession of faith by the Dutch Reformed Mission Church (DRMC) in South Africa in 1986.
Thoggen
Thoggen is a DVD ripper for Linux within the GNOME project. It is based on GStreamer and GTK+. Thoggen can back up DVDs by re-encoding them using the Ogg Theora video codec.

Thoggen is designed to be easy and straightforward to use. It attempts to hide the complexity many other transcoding tools expose and tries to offer sensible defaults that work well for most people most of the time.

GTK
GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit and GTK+) is a free open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) targeted at Linux and specifically GNOME (though with some use in other desktop environments). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it.

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis. GTK 4 and GTK 3 are actively maintained, while GTK 2 is no longer supported. GTK 1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.
Hoseynabad, Kashan
Hoseynabad (Persian: حسين اباد, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād; also known as Husainābād) is a village in Qohrud Rural District, Qamsar District, Kashan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79, in 25 families.

Qamsar District
Qamsar District (Persian: بخش قمصر) is in Kashan County, Isfahan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Qamsar. A mine in the area has been an important source of cobalt probably since ancient times.
1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 27, 1870, to elect the governor of West Virginia.

This was the last election of a governor to a 2-year term. Starting in 1872, West Virginia would elect its governor to a 4-year term.

1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 8, 1872, to elect the governor of West Virginia.

Incumbent John Jeremiah Jacob was denied renomination by the Democratic Party, which was controlled by Camden. Jacob ran on the ad hoc "People's Independent" ticket with Republican support. He was re-elected by 2400 votes for a four-year term. Camden's men controlled the legislature, and passed "ripper" laws that stripped Jacob of his appointment powers.

West Virginia began electing its governor to a 4-year term, starting this election. Previously the governor was elected to a 2-year term.
HomeLink Wireless Control System
The HomeLink Wireless Control System is a radio frequency (RF) transmitter integrated into some automobiles that can be programmed to activate devices such as garage door openers, RF-controlled lighting, gates and locks, including those with rolling codes.

The system typically features three buttons, most often found on the driver-side visor or on the overhead console, which can be programmed via a training sequence to replace existing remote controls.  It is compatible with most RF-controlled garage door openers, as well as home automation systems such as those based on the X10 protocol.

HomeLink is compatible with radio frequency devices operating between 288 and 433 MHz. Select 2007 and newer vehicles are compatible up to 433 MHz.

Home automation
Home automation or domotics is building automation for a home. A home automation system will monitor and/or control home attributes such as lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems.

The phrase smart home refers to home automation devices that have internet access.  Home automation, a broader category, includes any device that can be monitored or controlled via wireless radio signals, not just those having internet access.  When connected with the Internet, home sensors and activation devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things ("IoT").

A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central smart home hub (sometimes called a "gateway"). The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet.
Belus (Egyptian)
In Greek mythology, Belus (Ancient Greek: Βῆλος, romanized: Bêlos) was a king of Egypt and father of Aegyptus and Danaus and (usually) brother to Agenor. The wife of Belus has been named as Achiroe or Side (eponym of the Phoenician city of Sidon).

Antoninus Liberalis
Antoninus Liberalis (Greek: Ἀντωνῖνος Λιβεράλις) was an Ancient Greek mythographer who probably flourished in the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE.  He is known as the author of The Metamorphoses, a collection of tales that offers new variants of already familiar myths as well as stories that are not attested in other ancient sources.
Gender reform in Esperanto
Gender asymmetry is an aspect of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto which has been challenged by numerous proposals seeking to regularize both grammatical and lexical gender.

In the text below, when a proposed word or usage is not grammatically correct according to the standard rules of Esperanto grammar, it will be marked with an asterisk (*).

Back-formation
Back-formation is the process or result of creating a new word via morphology, typically by removing or substituting actual or supposed affixes from a lexical item, in a way that expands the number of lexemes associated with the corresponding root word. James Murray coined the term back-formation in 1889. (Oxford English Dictionary Online preserves its first use of 'back-formation' from 1889 in the definition of to burgle; from burglar.)

For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was then back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the -ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latin words in the form of verb and verb+-ion pairs, such as opine/opinion. These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc.
2024 Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship
The 2024 Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship was the 21st edition of the Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship, the biennial international men's under-21 field hockey championship of Europe organised by the European Hockey Federation.

It was hosted by Atlètic Terrassa Hockey Club at Can Salas in Terrassa, Spain alongside the women's tournament from 14 to 20 July 2024. The top six teams qualified for the 2025 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup.

The Netherlands were the defending champions, winning their tenth title by defeating the defending champions Germany 3–1 in the  2022 final. They could not keep their title this time as the hosts Spain defeated the Netherlands 3–1 in final to win their fourth title. Belgium won the bronze medal by defeating Germany 4–3.

Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship
The Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship is a men's international under-21 field hockey tournament organized by the European Hockey Federation. The tournament has been held since 1977 and serves as a qualification tournament for the Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup.

In June 2023, the tournament was renamed from the Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship to the Men's EuroHockey U21 Championship.