hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic set
In dynamical systems theory, a subset Λ of a smooth manifold M is said to have a hyperbolic structure with respect to a smooth map f if its tangent bundle may be split into two invariant subbundles, one of which is contracting and the other is expanding under f, with respect to some Riemannian metric on M. An analogous definition applies to the case of flows.

In the special case when the entire manifold M is hyperbolic, the map f is called an Anosov diffeomorphism. The dynamics of f on a hyperbolic set, or hyperbolic dynamics, exhibits features of local structural stability and has been much studied, cf. Axiom A.

Flow (mathematics)
In mathematics, a flow formalizes the idea of the motion of particles in a fluid.  Flows are ubiquitous in science, including engineering and physics. The notion of flow is basic to the study of ordinary differential equations. Informally, a flow may be viewed as a continuous motion of points over time. More formally, a flow is a group action of the real numbers on a set.

The idea of a vector flow, that is, the flow determined by a vector field, occurs in the areas of differential topology, Riemannian geometry and Lie groups. Specific examples of vector flows include the geodesic flow, the Hamiltonian flow, the Ricci flow, the mean curvature flow, and Anosov flows.  Flows may also be defined for systems of random variables and stochastic processes, and occur in the study of ergodic dynamical systems.  The most celebrated of these is perhaps the Bernoulli flow.
Swarthmorewood, Pennsylvania
Swarthmorewood is a neighborhood in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Swarthmorewood is different from Swarthmore because, while residents have a Swarthmore mailing address, their taxes go to Ridley Township and are considered part of the Ridley School District. The neighborhood sits on the border of Springfield and Swarthmore townships. It is also bordered by the Woodlyn, Wallingford, and Grace Park neighborhoods. The terrains was woods and farmland before being developed in the 1950s. A large number of second generation home owners is part of what makes the neighborhood desirable. Public transportation, shopping and education are within walking distance. There is an active Athletic association renowned for feeding the local high school sports programs.

Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
Swarthmore (/ˈswɔːrθmɔːr/ SWORTH-mor, locally /ˈswɑːθmɔːr/ SWAHTH-mor) is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Swarthmore was originally named Westdale in honor of painter Benjamin West, who was one of the early residents of the town. The name was changed to Swarthmore after the establishment of Swarthmore College. As of the 2020 census, Swarthmore had a population of 6,543.
Jonson Clarke-Harris
Jonson Scott Clarke-Harris (born 21 July 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for TFF First League side Pendikspor.

He set a new record during his first spell at Coventry City when, aged 16 years and 21 days, he made his debut becoming the youngest player ever to play for the Coventry first team. Born in England, he plays for the Jamaica national team.

EFL Awards
The EFL Awards is an annual awards ceremony commemorating association football players, clubs and associated individuals involved in the three divisions of the English Football League (EFL).

The event was established in 2006 and is usually held at the Grosvenor House Hotel, London, in March or April of each year, towards the end of the Football League season.
Waterville Opera House and City Hall
The Waterville Opera House and City Hall is a historic civic building at Castonguay Square (Common and Front Streets) in downtown Waterville, Maine.  Built at the turn of the 20th century, it is one of a small number of multifunction civic buildings, housing both a live performance venue and municipal facilities, functions it continues to perform today.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Waterville, Maine
Waterville is a city in Kennebec County, Maine, United States, on the west bank of the Kennebec River. A college town, the city is home to Colby College, a NESCAC college, and Thomas College.

As of the 2020 census the population was 15,828. Along with Augusta, Waterville is one of the principal cities of the Augusta-Waterville, ME Micropolitan Statistical Area.
House Party (1998)
House Party - the third House Party professional wrestling supercard event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) - took place on January 10, 1998 in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. Excerpts from House Party aired on episodes #247 and #248 of the syndicated television show ECW Hardcore TV on January 14 and 21, 1998, while the full event was later released on VHS and DVD.

The main event of House Party, a Stairway to Hell match between Sabu and The Sandman, gained a degree of notoriety after Sabu sustained a broken jaw upon executing a plancha and inadvertently striking the guard rail with his chin. Sabu continue to wrestle for several minutes, at one point wrapping his heavily bleeding jaw in duct tape. The event also featured the return of 2 Cold Scorpio to ECW for one night only.

ECW House Party
House Party was a professional wrestling supercard event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). It was held annually in January in from 1996 to 1999. The name of the event was a reference to the tag team The Public Enemy, who departed ECW after wrestling in the main event of the inaugural event.
Zir Daj
Zir Daj (Persian: زيردج, also Romanized as Zīr Daj; also known as Cher Daj, Daj, Jerdaj, and Jīrdaj) is a village in Pir Sohrab Rural District, in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 203, in 34 families.

Pir Sohrab Rural District
Pir Sohrab Rural District (Persian: دهستان پيرسهراب) is in Pir Sohrab District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Owraki Bozorg-e Olya. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Pir Sohrab.
Laboe
Laboe (German pronunciation: [laˈbøː] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Plön, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated on the Baltic Sea coast, approximately 10 km northeast of Kiel. The Laboe Naval Memorial is located within the municipality, as is the U-boat U-995.

The city coat of arms depicts a swan and is based on its name, as Laboe means "swan" in the extinct Slavic Polabian language.

Plön (district)
Plön (German pronunciation: [ˈpløːn] ⓘ) is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Ostholstein and Segeberg, the city of Neumünster, the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, the city of Kiel and the Baltic Sea.
Salif Diao
Salif Alassane Diao (born 10 February 1977) is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Diao moved from Senegal to France when he was seventeen and started his career at Monaco, with whom he helped with the Trophée des Champions and Division 1. He failed to hold down a regular place at Monaco and moved to Sedan in 2000. Diao then had an impressive 2002 World Cup with Senegal, which attracted the attention of several Premier League sides. It was Liverpool who won the race and signed Diao for £5 million in 2002.

His time at Liverpool was unsuccessful and he was sent out on loan to Birmingham City, Portsmouth and Stoke City. He joined the latter Stoke permanently on a free transfer in 2007 and helped the club to promotion to the Premier League in 2008.

2002 African Cup of Nations
The 2002 African Cup of Nations was the 23rd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Mali. Just like in 2000, the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four. Cameroon won its fourth championship (repeating as champions), beating Senegal on penalty kicks 3–2 after a goalless draw.
River Ridge Institute
River Ridge Institute is located on a 722-acre working landscape situated within the Sierra Nevada Foothills of the Central Valley of California, in Tulare County. It serves as a field site for scientific research, and functions as a working landscape, formed around sustainable land practices and conservation. Along with being an ecologically important site, River Ridge Institute also serves as an accessible space for the public to experience nature.

Tule River
The Tule River, also called Rio de San Pedro or Rio San Pedro, is a 71.4-mile (114.9 km) river in Tulare County in the U.S. state of California. The river originates in the Sierra Nevada east of Porterville and consists of three forks, North, Middle and South. The North Fork and Middle Fork meet above Springville. The South Fork meets the others at Lake Success. Downstream of Success Dam, the river flows west through Porterville. The river used to empty into Tulare Lake, but its waters have been diverted for irrigation. The river reaches Tulare Lake during floods. Tulare Lake is the terminal sink of an endorheic basin that historically also received the Kaweah and Kern Rivers as well as southern distributaries of the Kings.
Dawn Bonfield
Dawn Bonfield is a materials engineer and founder and director of Towards Vision, a company which aims to work towards a vision of diversity and inclusion in engineering.  She is past president and former chief executive of the Women's Engineering Society (WES), and in 2018 was an ambassador for the Year of Engineering, promoting engineering careers through a roadshow aimed at meeting parents.

Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a British engineering institution with activities including promotion of the development of materials science.

It has been a registered charity governed by a royal charter and a member of the United Kingdom's Science Council, since 2002. In 2019, the IOM3 celebrated the 150-year anniversary of the establishment of the Iron and Steel Institute which the IOM3 now encompasses. In 2022, it had a gross income of £3.99 million.
JHQ Rheindahlen
JHQ (Joint Headquarters) Rheindahlen was a military base in Mönchengladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany active from 1954 to 2013. It functioned as the main headquarters for British forces in Germany and for the NATO Northern Army Group. Latterly it was also known as the Rheindahlen Military Complex, part of Rheindahlen Garrison. It was named after the local village of Rheindahlen, part of the city borough of Mönchengladbach.

Second Allied Tactical Air Force
Second Allied Tactical Air Force (2 ATAF) was a NATO military formation under Allied Air Forces Central Europe tasked with providing air support to NATO's Northern Army Group (NORTHAG). 2 ATAF commanded all flying units based within its sector and all reinforcements flying into its sector, as well as ground-based radar systems and stations, air defense units and the airfields in its sector.
2013 Italian presidential election
The 2013 Italian presidential election was held in Italy on 18–20 April 2013. The result was the re-election of Giorgio Napolitano, the first time a president had been elected for a second term.

Only members of Parliament and regional delegates were entitled to vote, most of these electors having been elected in the 2013 general election. As head of state of the Italian Republic, the president has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution, in the framework of a parliamentary system.

President of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)
The president of the Senate of the Republic (Italian: presidente del Senato della Repubblica) is the presiding officer of the Italian Senate. The President of the Senate is the second highest-ranking office of the Italian Republic (after the president of the Republic).

Since 13 October 2022, the role has been held by Ignazio La Russa.
Droyer's Point
Droyer's Point is a section of Jersey City, New Jersey, at Newark Bay that was the site of the Jersey City Airport and later of Roosevelt Stadium, both of which were demolished. It has become a residential and commercial district.

Bergen Hill
Bergen Hill refers to the lower Hudson Palisades in New Jersey, where they emerge on Bergen Neck, which in turn is the peninsula between the Hackensack and Hudson Rivers, and their bays. In Hudson County, it reaches a height of 260 feet.
2001 Grand Prix of Mosport
The 2001 Gran Turismo 3 Grand Prix of Mosport was an American Le Mans Series professional sports car race held at Mosport International Raceway near Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada from August 17 to the 19, 2001. It is named after Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, a racing game released on July 10, 2001, a month prior to this event. It was the seventh round of the 2001 American Le Mans Series season and the 16th IMSA / Professional SportsCar Racing sanctioned sports car race held at the facility.

2001 American Le Mans Series
The 2001 American Le Mans Series season was the third season for the IMSA American Le Mans Series, and the 31st overall season of the IMSA GT Championship.  It was a series for Le Mans Prototypes (LMP) and Grand Touring (GT) race cars divided into 4 classes: LMP900, LMP675, GTS, and GT.  It began March 4, 2001 and ended October 6, 2001 after 10 races.

This season shared events with the new European Le Mans Series, with two events being held in Europe.
Volckerinckhove
Volckerinckhove (French pronunciation: [vɔlkəʁɛ̃kɔv]; Dutch: Volkerinkhove) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is part of the arrondissement of Dunkirk and the canton of Wormhout.

Arrondissement of Dunkirk
The arrondissement of Dunkirk (French: Dunkerque, Dutch: Duinkerke) is an arrondissement of France in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region. It has 111 communes. Its population is 371,736 (2021), and its area is 1,442.7 km2 (557.0 sq mi).

It roughly corresponds to the French Westhoek (part of French Flanders), where traditionally French Flemish is spoken.
Giuseppe Antonio Petrini
Giuseppe Antonio Petrini (23 October 1677 - c. 1755–9) was a painter of the late-Baroque, active mainly in Lugano, present-day Switzerland.

While born in Carona in Canton Ticino and died in Lugano, both in Switzerland, Petrini belongs to the Northern Italian or Lombard heritage of baroque painting. He possibly apprenticed with Bartolomeo Guidobono after 1700. While some works can be found in Como and Bergamo, most are located in Lugano and the surrounding area. He is also listed between 1711 and 1753 as fabbriciere of the church of Madonna d’Onegro in Carona. He often painted "portraits" of historical figures including saints, philosophers, and scientists for patrons. One of his more prominent examples is his depiction of an auster St. Peter emerging from the shadows to pinpoint some lines in the gospel. He painted another St. Peter for the parish church of Dubino. Pietro Ligari classified him among the speculative painters, since these portraits, by nature, were imagined.

Bartolomeo Guidobono
Bartolomeo Guidobono (1654–1709) was an Italian painter known for his scenes with angelic looking figures bathing in soft lighting, which show the influence of Correggio.  His elegant and graceful style was very popular in Genoa. He is also known as il Prete di Savona (Priest of Savona) or Prete Bartolomeo da Savona (Priest Bartolomeo of Savona).
Stibinidene
Stibinidenes are a class of organoantimony compounds in which the antimony center exhibits a formal oxidation state of +1. The parent stibinidenes have the formula R–Sb, with the antimony center possessing two lone pairs of electrons and a vacant 5p orbital (Figure 1). Reflecting their unusual low coordination number (i.e., 1) at antimony, stibinidines cannot be isolated.  Instead, their oligomers or their adducts are often robust.

Organoantimony chemistry
Organoantimony chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a carbon to antimony (Sb) chemical bond. Relevant oxidation states are SbV and SbIII. The toxicity of antimony limits practical application in organic chemistry.
Operation Blue Nose
Operation Blue Nose was a 1947 U.S. Naval mission to explore under the Polar ice cap in the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic using submarines.  The operation consisted of the submarines USS BOARFISH (SS-327), USS CAIMAN (SS-323), and USS CABEZON (SS-334), and submarine tender USS NEREUS (AS-17) took part in CTG 17.3. Operation Blue Nose operated under-ice in the Chukchi Sea were under the command of RADM Allan R. McCann, Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific or COMSUBPAC.

USS BOARFISH was the flagship and was specially equipped and trained in the U.S. Navy's effort to explore and develop submarine under-ice operational capability in the harsh arctic environment. Special sonar developed by the Arctic Submarine Laboratory was installed on USS BOARFISH.  Dr. Waldo K. Lyon, ASL founder was on board to operate the sonar and to conduct other testing for the operation.

Chukchi Sea
The Chukchi Sea (Russian: Чуко́тское мо́ре, romanized: Chukótskoye móre, IPA: [tɕʊˈkotskəjə ˈmorʲe]), sometimes referred to as the Chuuk Sea, Chukotsk Sea or the Sea of Chukotsk, is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which lies the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The principal port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea from northwest to southeast. It is displaced eastwards to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.
Surface Pro 4
The Surface Pro 4 is the fourth-generation Surface-series 2-in-1 detachable, designed, developed, and marketed by Microsoft. The Surface Pro 4 was announced on October 6, 2015, alongside the Surface Book. In the U.S. and Canada, the Surface Pro 4 was released on October 26, 2015.

The Surface Pro 4 is an update over its predecessor, featuring Skylake CPUs, more RAM and SSD options, and a 12.3-inch display with a greater resolution. At the same time, the device is compatible with most of its predecessor's accessories.

The device's successor, the 2017 Surface Pro, was announced in May 2017, ahead of a release the following month.

The Surface Laptop 4 is a separate line of Surface devices from Microsoft, released in April 2021.

Mini DisplayPort
The Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) is a miniaturized version of the DisplayPort audio-visual digital interface.

It was announced by Apple in October 2008, and by early 2013 all new Apple Macintosh computers had Mini DisplayPort, as did the LED Cinema Display. However, in 2016 Apple began phasing out the port and replacing it with the new USB-C connector. The Mini DisplayPort is also fitted to some PC motherboards, video cards, and some PC notebooks from Asus, Microsoft, MSI, Lenovo, Toshiba, HP, Dell, and other manufacturers.

Apple offers a no fee license for the Mini DisplayPort but the license automatically terminates should the licensee "commence an action for patent infringement against Apple".
Morphological skeleton
In digital image processing, morphological skeleton is a skeleton (or medial axis) representation of a shape or binary image, computed by means of morphological operators.

Morphological skeletons are of two kinds:

Those defined by means of morphological openings, from which the original shape can be reconstructed,

Those computed by means of the hit-or-miss transform, which preserve the shape's topology.

Binary image
A binary image is a digital image that consists of pixels that can have one of exactly two colors, usually black and white. Each pixel is stored as a single bit — i.e. either a 0 or 1.

A binary image can be stored in memory as a bitmap: a packed array of bits. A binary image of 640 × 480 pixels has a file size of only 37.5 KiB, and most also compress well with simple run-length compression. A binary image format is often used in contexts where it is important to have a small file size for transmission or storage, or due to color limitations on displays or printers.

It also has technical and artistic applications, for example in digital image processing and pixel art. Binary images can be interpreted as subsets of the two-dimensional integer lattice ⁠⁠⁠; the field of morphological image processing was largely inspired by this view.
2018–19 Colorado State Rams men's basketball team
The 2018–19 Colorado State Rams men's basketball team represented Colorado State University during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Niko Medved in his first season. The Rams played their home games at Moby Arena on CSU's main campus in Fort Collins, Colorado as members of the Mountain West Conference. They finished the season 12–20, 7–11 in Mountain West play to finish in a three-way tie for seventh place. They lost in the first round of the Mountain West tournament to Boise State.

Niko Medved
Niko Medved (born August 10, 1973) is an American college basketball coach, currently the head men's basketball coach at the University of Minnesota. Prior to becoming head coach at Minnesota, he was head coach at Colorado State, Drake, and Furman.
Đồng Khởi Street
Đồng Khởi Street (Vietnamese: Đường Đồng Khởi), formerly known as Rue Catinat and Tự Do Street, is a street in Saigon, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The street stretches from Nguyễn Du Street, across from the Paris Commune Square, to Tôn Đức Thắng Boulevard and Bạch Đằng Quay, Saigon River waterfront.

Tôn Đức Thắng Boulevard
Tôn Đức Thắng Boulevard (Vietnamese: Đường Tôn Đức Thắng) is a thoroughfare in District 1, Downtown Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

The boulevard stretches from Lê Duẩn Boulevard to the north end of the Khánh Hội Bridge, with more than half of its length running along the west bank of the Saigon River.
Symphony No. 5 (Enescu)
The Symphony No. 5 in D major is a large-scale composition for orchestra, tenor soloist, and female choir by the Romanian composer George Enescu, using a text by the Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu. Drafted in 1941 and partially orchestrated at some later date, the symphony was left unfinished at Enescu's death, but has been completed posthumously, first partially by Cornel Țăranu in 1970–1972 and 1990, then in complete form by Pascal Bentoiu in 1995.

D major
D major is a major scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F♯, G, A, B, and C♯. Its key signature has two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor and its parallel minor is D minor.

The D major scale is:

Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The D harmonic major and melodic major scales are:
Horstmann suspension
Horstmann suspension, also known as Horstman, Vickers-Horstman and rarely Slow Motion, is a type of tracked suspension devised by British tank designer John Carden and worked into a production design by engineer Sidney Horstmann.

First used on the A6E3 Medium Tank prototype in 1935, it proved far superior to previous suspensions from Vickers. It was widely used on World War II-era tank designs but in the post-war era was increasingly limited to British tanks as newer systems emerged in other countries. The last tank to use this basic mechanism was the Chieftain, designed in the late 1950s.

Horstman Defence Systems remains a tank suspension specialist to this day and makes a range of systems based mostly on torsion systems with hydrodynamic damping. They are also referred to as "Horstman suspensions" although they have no details in common with their earlier designs.

Shock absorber
A shock absorber or damper is a mechanical or hydraulic device designed to absorb and damp shock impulses. It does this by converting the kinetic energy of the shock into another form of energy (typically heat) which is then dissipated. Most shock absorbers are a form of dashpot (a damper which resists motion via viscous friction).