hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Distributed constraint optimization
Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP or DisCOP) is the distributed analogue to constraint optimization.  A DCOP is a problem in which a group of agents must distributedly choose values for a set of variables such that the cost of a set of constraints over the variables is minimized.

Distributed Constraint Satisfaction is a framework for describing a problem in terms of constraints that are known and enforced by distinct participants (agents). The constraints are described on some variables with predefined domains, and have to be assigned to the same values by the different agents.

Problems defined with this framework can be solved by any of the algorithms that are designed for it.

The framework was used under different names in the 1980s. The first known usage with the current name is in 1990.

Maximum and minimum
In mathematical analysis, the maximum and minimum of a function are, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically as extrema, they may be defined either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain (the global or absolute extrema) of a function. Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions.

As defined in set theory, the maximum and minimum of a set are the greatest and least elements in the set, respectively. Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of real numbers, have no minimum or maximum.

In statistics, the corresponding concept is the sample maximum and minimum.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other primates causing amoebiasis, E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 35-50 million people worldwide. E. histolytica infection is estimated to kill more than 55,000 people each year. Previously, it was thought that 10% of the world population was infected, but these figures predate the recognition that at least 90% of these infections were due to a second species, E. dispar. Mammals such as dogs and cats can become infected transiently, but are not thought to contribute significantly to transmission.

The word histolysis literally means disintegration and dissolution of organic tissues.

Trophozoite
A trophozoite (G. trope, nourishment + zoon, animal) is the activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa such as malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and those of the Giardia group. The complementary form of the trophozoite state is the thick-walled cyst form. They are often different from the cyst stage, which is a protective, dormant form of the protozoa. Trophozoites are often found in the host's body fluids and tissues and in many cases, they are the form of the protozoan that causes disease in the host.  In the protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica it invades the intestinal mucosa of its host, causing dysentery, which aid in the trophozoites traveling to the liver and leading to the production of hepatic abscesses.
Bartang
The Bartang (Russian and Tajik: Бартанг, Persian: برتنگ) is a river of Central Asia, and is a tributary to the Panj which itself is a tributary to the Amu Darya. In its middle and upper reaches, it is respectively known as the Murghab and Aksu; it flows through the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, then through the Rushon District of the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous region, Tajikistan. The river is 528 km (328 mi) long (133 km (83 mi) excluding Aksu and Murghab) and has a basin area of 24,700 km2 (9,500 mi2).

Gorno-Badakhshan
38°0′N 73°0′E﻿ / ﻿38.000°N 73.000°E﻿ / 38.000; 73.000

Gorno-Badakhshan, officially the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains. It makes up nearly forty-five percent of the country's land area but only two percent of its population.
McNabb, Illinois
McNabb is a village in Putnam County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 census, McNabb had a population of 275. It is part of the Ottawa Micropolitan Statistical Area. Just outside of McNabb is the Clear Creek Meeting House, one of the few surviving western Quaker meeting houses. The Meeting House once hosted local abolitionists, such as Benjamin Lundy.

In 1900, the Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa Railroad wanted a station in Magnolia Township. Hon. J. M. McNabb, at that time county judge, promoted it and the resulting station and town were named after him. Today the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railroad also runs through the town.

Ottawa, Illinois
Ottawa is a city in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. It is located at the confluence of the navigable Fox River and Illinois River, the latter being a conduit for river barges and connects Lake Michigan at Chicago to the Mississippi River. The population was 18,840 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Ottawa, Illinois, micropolitan area.
Gmina Janowo
Gmina Janowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Nidzica County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Janowo, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of Nidzica and 53 km (33 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The gmina covers an area of 191.56 square kilometres (74.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 2,886.

Nidzica County
Nidzica County (Polish: powiat nidzicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Nidzica, which lies 48 kilometres (30 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn.

The county covers an area of 960.7 square kilometres (370.9 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population is 33,955, out of which the population of Nidzica is 14,761 and the rural population is 19,194.
2010 ITM Hamilton 400
The 2010 ITM Hamilton 400 was the fourth event of the 2010 V8 Supercar Championship Series and the third running of the Hamilton 400. It was held on the weekend of 16–18 April on the inner city streets of Hamilton, in New Zealand.

Hamilton 400
The Hamilton 400 was a V8 Supercar motor racing event held on the Hamilton Street Circuit, Hamilton, New Zealand. The event was held from 2008 to 2012, and is one of only three New Zealand circuits to host a championship round of V8 Supercars.
Miracles of Saint Demetrius
The Miracles of Saint Demetrius (Latin: Miracula Sancti Demetrii) is a 7th-century collection of homilies, written in Greek, accounting the miracles performed by the patron saint of Thessalonica, Saint Demetrius. It is a unique work for the history of the city and the Balkans in general, especially in relation to the Slavic invasions of the late 6th and 7th centuries, which are otherwise neglected by contemporary sources.

Dimitri Obolensky
Dimitri Dimitrievich Obolensky FBA FSA (Russian: Дмитрий Дмитриевич Оболенский; 1 April [O.S. 19 March] 1918 – 23 December 2001) was a Russian-British historian who was Professor of Russian and Balkan History at the University of Oxford and the author of various historical works.
Efiaimbalo
Efiaimbalo (c. 1925 – 2006) was a Malagasy sculptor.

Efiaimbalo was born in Androka, where he lived and worked. A member of the Mahafaly people, he carved aloalos, stele grave markers. He incorporated modern status symbols, such as aircraft and cars, into his designs of more traditional elements and native hardwood. His work is in the collection of Jean Pigozzi.

Mahafaly
The Mahafaly are an ethnic group of Madagascar that inhabit the plains of the Betioky-Ampanihy area. Their name means either "those who make holy" or "those who make happy", although the former is considered more likely by linguists. In 2013 there were an estimated 150,000 Mahafaly in Madagascar. The Mahafaly are believed to have arrived in Madagascar from southeastern Africa around the 12th century. They became known for the large tombs they build to honor dead chiefs and kings. Mainly involved in farming and cattle raising, they speak a dialect of the Malagasy language, which is a branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language group.
Mohammad Sufiur Rahman
Mohammad Sufiur Rahman (born 1 December 1964) is a retired Bangladeshi diplomat and former Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Office in Geneva. He is the former ambassador of Bangladesh to Switzerland. He is the  former High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Australia. He served as the ambassador of Bangladesh to New Zealand and Fiji. He is the former High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Sri Lanka.

Rahman is a Senior Research Fellow at the South Asian Institute of Policy and Governance of the North South University. He served as the Ambassador of Bangladesh to the Holy See.

Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Office in Geneva
Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations Office in Geneva is the head of the Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the UN Office and other International Organizations in Geneva. The representative is also work as an ambassador of Bangladesh to Switzerland and Holy See
Helen Lee (director)
Helen Lee (Korean: 헬렌 리) is a Korean-Canadian film director. Born in Seoul, South Korea, she emigrated to Canada at the age of four and grew up in Scarborough, Ontario. Interested in film at a young age, she took film studies at the University of Toronto and, later, New York University. While in university she was influenced by gender and minority theories, as reflected in her first film, the short Sally's Beauty Spot (1990). While continuing her studies she produced two more films before taking a five-year hiatus to live in Korea beginning in 1995. After her return, she released another short film and her feature film debut, The Art of Woo (2001). She continues to produce films, although at a reduced rate. Lee's films often deal with gender and racial issues, reflecting the state of East Asians in modern society; a common theme in her work is sexuality, with several films featuring interracial relationships.

Korean Canadians
Korean Canadians (French: Coréo-Canadiens) are Canadian citizens of full or partial Korean ancestry. As of 2016, Korean Canadians are the 8th largest group of Asian Canadians.

Korean immigration to Canada began with seminary students in the 1940s and accelerated during the 1990s. According to the 2021 Canadian Census, there were 218,140 Korean Canadians in Canada. According to South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, there were 241,750 ethnic Koreans or people of Korean descent living in Canada as of 2019, making them the fourth-largest Korean diaspora population (behind Koreans in China, Koreans in the United States, and Koreans in Japan, and ahead of Koreans in Russia, Koreans in Uzbekistan and Koreans in Australia).
Fejervarya
Fejervarya is a genus of frogs in the family Dicroglossidae found in Asia. First proposed in 1915 by István József Bolkay, a Hungarian naturalist, the genus did not see widespread adoption at first. As late as the 1990s it was generally included in Rana, but more recent studies have confirmed its distinctness.

These frogs are remarkable for being extremely euryhaline by amphibian standards. Species such as the crab-eating frog (F. cancrivora) can thrive in brackish water, and its tadpoles can even survive in pure seawater.

Dicroglossidae
The frog family Dicroglossidae occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most genera and species being found in Asia. The common name of the family is fork-tongued frogs.

The Dicroglossidae were previously considered to be a subfamily in the family Ranidae, but their position as a family is now well established.
WTWV-FM
WTWV-FM (92.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to Suffolk, Virginia, and serving Hampton Roads.  It is owned and operated by Max Media with studios on Greenwich Road in Virginia Beach near Interstate 264. WTWV-FM airs a yacht rock radio format using the branding "92.9 The Wave".

WTWV-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 50,000 watts, the maximum for most stations in this section of Virginia.  The transmitter is off Greenbrook Drive in Suffolk.

Max Media
Max Media is a company that owns radio stations throughout the United States. It is based in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The company also operates under the name River Radio for stations in their Illinois and Missouri Markets with offices in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, Carterville, Illinois, and Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
2004–05 VB Series
The 2004–05 edition of the VB Series (so-called because of sponsor Victoria Bitter) was a three-team One Day International men's cricket tournament held in Australia in January and February 2005, between the hosting nation's team, Pakistan, and West Indies. The teams played each other three times, with five points awarded for a win and a possible bonus point awarded either to the winners or losers depending on run rate. The top two teams on points went through to the best-of-three finals series. Five of the nine preliminary games were day-night matches, and both finals played were night matches.

Australian Tri-Series
The Australian Tri-Series was an annual one day international (ODI) cricket tournament held in Australia, and contested by Australia and two touring teams.

The series was the primary format for international one-day cricket throughout most of the early history of ODI cricket in Australia, staged during the height of the Australian cricket season, in the summer months of December, January and February. The tri-series was first held in 1979–80 and was contested every season until 2007–08. It has since been held only twice since 2007–08, and ODI cricket has since been played as bilateral ODI series against a single touring opponent.
State University of New York at Canton
The State University of New York at Canton (SUNY Canton) is a public college in Canton, New York, United States. It is part of the State University of New York. The college offers bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, and certificate programs.

National Junior College Athletic Association
The National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA or JUCO) is the governing association of community college, state college, and junior college athletics throughout the United States. Currently, the NJCAA holds 24 separate regions across 24 states, and it is divided into three divisions.
The Cupcake Girls
The Cupcake Girls is a Canadian reality television series, which premiered on W Network in 2010. The series centres on Heather White and Lori Joyce, two women who are partners in a cupcake business in Vancouver, British Columbia.

The series aired for three seasons, concluding in 2012.

The series won the Gemini Award for Best Reality Series at the 25th Gemini Awards.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Reality/Competition Series
The Canadian Screen Award for Best Reality/Competition Series is an annual Canadian television award, presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to the best Canadian reality television series. Previously presented as part of the Gemini Awards, since 2013 it has been presented as part of the Canadian Screen Awards.

The award was originally presented as Best Reality Program or Series, and did not necessarily require nominated or winning shows to be competitive in nature. As other awards were introduced for categories such as lifestyle, factual and history programming, the reality category's focus narrowed in more strongly on competition shows.
Tecomanthe speciosa
Tecomanthe speciosa (also known as the Three Kings vine or akapukaea) is a species of subtropical forest lianes. A single specimen was first discovered on Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands, 55 km (34 mi) off the northern tip of New Zealand, during a scientific survey in 1945. No other specimens have been recorded in the wild. Tecomanthe is a tropical genus otherwise unrepresented in New Zealand. Four other species of Tecomanthe occur in Queensland, Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.

Tecomanthe
Tecomanthe is a genus of 5 species of tropical or subtropical forest lianes in the family Bignoniaceae. They have attractive trumpet-like flowers and glossy leaves. They are native to Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and the Solomon Islands.
Widad Bertal
Widad Bertal (born 31 August 1999) is a Moroccan boxer competing in the bantamweight (54 kg) division. She won the gold medal in the women's 54 kg event at the 2023 African Games held in Accra, Ghana. She also won the gold medal in her event at the 2025 World Championships held in Niš, Serbia.

Bantamweight
Bantamweight is a weight class in combat sports and weightlifting. For boxing, the range is above 115 lb (52.2 kg) and up to 118 lb (53.5 kg). In kickboxing, a bantamweight fighter generally weighs between 53 and 55 kilograms (117 and 121 lb). In MMA, bantamweight is 126–135 lb (57.2–61.2 kg).

The name for the class is derived from bantam chickens. Brazilian jiu-jitsu has an equivalent Rooster weight.
Luis Raymund Villafuerte
Luis Raymund "L-Ray" Favis Villafuerte Jr. (born June 3, 1968) is a Filipino politician who is the governor of Camarines Sur since 2025; he also served in the same position from 2004 to 2013. He previously served as the Representative of Camarines Sur's 2nd district from 2016 to 2025. He was a House Deputy Speaker from 2019 until October 14, 2020.

He belongs to a family of politicians. His father is former governor Luis Villafuerte Sr., while two of his sons also served as governors of Camarines Sur: Miguel Luis Villafuerte and Luigi Villafuerte. He was born with a mixture of Bicolano and Ilocano roots, as his father Luis Villafuerte Sr., is a Bicolano, while his mother, Nelly Favis-Villafuerte, a lawyer, columnist, and a former official of Department and Trade Industry and a member of the Monetary Board of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, came from the Favis family of Vigan, Ilocos Sur.

Governor of Camarines Sur
The governor of Camarines Sur (Filipino: Punong Lalawigan ng Camarines Sur) is the chief executive of the Philippine province of Camarines Sur.

Previously located in Naga City, the seat of the Governor has been located in Pili, Camarines Sur since 1955, after the transfer of the provincial capital there due to the inauguration of Naga as an independent city.
Nightwolf
Nightwolf (/ˈnaɪtˌwʊlf/ NIGHT-wulf) is a supporting character from the video game series Mortal Kombat, created by Midway Games. He debuted in Mortal Kombat 3 (1995) as a Native American shaman selected to defend the Earth against invading forces from the savage realm of Outworld. In addition to his fighting prowess, Nightwolf possesses magical abilities that allow him to enhance his strength and create weapons.

The character has appeared in various media outside of the games, including as one of the central heroes in the animated series Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm (1996), and as a supporting character in the film Mortal Kombat Annihilation. While his portrayal in the franchise has been criticized as a stereotype of Native Americans, his depiction in the rebooted games has received a mixed reception.

VideoGames & Computer Entertainment
VideoGames & Computer Entertainment (abbreviated as VG&CE) was an American magazine dedicated to covering video games on computers, home consoles and arcades. It was published by LFP, Inc. from the late 1988 until the mid-1990s. Offering game reviews, previews, game strategies and cheat codes as well as coverage of the general industry, VG&CE was also one of the first magazines to cover both home console and computer games. The magazine gave out annual awards in a variety of categories, divided between the best of home video games and computer video games. The magazine featured original artwork by Alan Hunter and other freelance artists.
Austin Lightning
Austin Lightning was an amateur American soccer team. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2007, when the team left the league and the franchise was terminated.

St. Stephen's Episcopal School (Austin, Texas)
St. Stephen's Episcopal School is a private coeducational preparatory boarding and day school in Austin, Texas. Enrollment for the 2019–20 academic year is approximately 694, with 487 students in grades 9–12 and 207 in grades 6–8. Of the school's 694 students, 523 are day students and 171 are boarding students. The school's campus overlooks Lake Austin and is spread across 370 acres (1.5 km2) of the Texas Hill Country. The school is accredited by The Association of Boarding Schools, Independent Schools Association of the Southwest, the Southwestern Association of Independent Schools, the National Association of Episcopal Schools, the National Association of Independent Schools, National Association for College Admission Counseling, and the Association of College Counselors in Independent Schools.
Sinking of Maceió
The sinking of Maceió is a geological process of soil subsidence in several neighborhoods of the Brazilian city of Maceió, capital of the state of Alagoas, of an anthropogenic nature, caused by the inadequate exploitation and consequent collapse of the rock salt mines of the Brazilian mining company Braskem.

The city is undergoing a slow process of soil subsidence that is causing damage to various structures, such as streets, houses and urban infrastructure. Around 60,000 people have been forced to leave their homes and properties. Entire neighborhoods are at risk of destruction, such as Pinheiro, Bom Parto, Mutange, Bebedouro and part of Farol.

Maceió
Maceió (Portuguese pronunciation: [masejˈjɔ]), formerly anglicised as Maceio, is the capital and the largest city of the coastal state of Alagoas, Brazil. The name "Maceió" is an Indigenous term for a spring.

Most maceiós flow to the sea, but some get trapped and form lakes ("lagoas", in Portuguese). There are numerous maceiós and lakes in this part of Brazil; because of this, the city was named Maceió, and the state, Alagoas. The new Zumbi dos Palmares International Airport connects Maceió with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights. The city is home to the Federal University of Alagoas.
Myrtle Sarrosa
Myrtle Abigail Porlucas Sarrosa (born December 7, 1994) is a Filipino actress, cosplayer, and recording artist who rose to prominence after winning Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4 (2012). Sarrosa started her career as a  cosplayer where she was launched as one of the "Star Magic Angels". She is currently managed and under contract with GMA's Sparkle Artist Center.

Philippine Association of the Record Industry
The Philippine Association of the Record Industry (Filipino: Kapisanan ng Industriya ng Plaka ng Pilipinas, abbreviated as PARI) is a non-profit and private trade organization, that represents the recording industry distributors in the Philippines.

The PARI was formed on February 10, 1972, and today is composed of 14 corporate members and 13 associate members. Since then, the association had worked with the Congress on drafting music copyright laws and had helped conduct raids on music pirates with the National Bureau of Investigation, Philippine National Police, Criminal Investigation and Detection Group and Optical Media Board.

It is also responsible for awarding music recording certifications in the Philippines. Annually, PARI organizes different music events such as the Awit Awards.