hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Birman–Schwinger principle
In  mathematics the Birman–Schwinger principle is a useful technique to reduce the eigenvalue problem for an unbounded differential operator (such as a Schrödinger operator) to an eigenvalue problem for a bounded integral operator. It originates from independent work by M. Sh. Birman and J. Schwinger in 1961.

The Birman–Schwinger principle has found numerous applications in deriving bounds on the discrete eigenvalues of differential operators. One of its most prominent uses is in the original proof of the Lieb–Thirring inequality.

Differential operator
In mathematics, a differential operator is an operator defined as a function of the differentiation operator. It is helpful, as a matter of notation first, to consider differentiation as an abstract operation that accepts a function and returns another function (in the style of a higher-order function in computer science).

This article considers mainly linear differential operators, which are the most common type. However, non-linear differential operators also exist, such as the Schwarzian derivative.
Daechwita
Daechwita (Korean: 대취타; lit. Great Blowing and Hitting) is a genre of Korean traditional music consisting of military music played by wind and percussion instruments, generally performed while marching or as a static performance.

Traditional music of Korea
Korea has produced music (Korean: 음악; Hanja: 音樂; RR: eumak; MR: ŭmak) for thousands of years, into the modern day. After the division of Korea in 1945, both North and South Korea have produced their own styles of music.

Traditional music (국악; 國樂; gugak; lit. national music) produced by Korea includes court music, folk music, poetic songs, and religious music used in shamanistic and Buddhist traditions.

Modern music includes K-pop (케이팝; keipap), the popular music of South Korea. North Korea also produces its own popular music, as well as music that's inspired by traditional music.
Portrait of Anne Hathaway
The only surviving image that may depict Anne Hathaway (1555/56 – 6 August 1623), the wife of William Shakespeare, is a portrait line-drawing made by Sir Nathaniel Curzon in 1708, referred to as "Shakespear's Consort". It was probably traced from a lost Elizabethan original. The drawing is currently located in the Colgate University Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives, Hamilton, NY.

The image of the young woman with a 16th-century cap and ruff is contained on the verso of the original title page in the Colgate collection's copy of the Third Folio (1663) of Shakespeare's works. Beneath it is inscribed "Delin N.C. 1708". "Delin" is an abbreviation of the Latin "delineavit", meaning "drawn by".

Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)
Anne Shakespeare (née Hathaway; 1556 – 6 August 1623), commonly known as Anne Hathaway and sometimes referred to as Agnes Hathaway (from her father's will), was the wife of William Shakespeare, the English poet, playwright and actor. They were married in 1582, when Hathaway was pregnant at 26 years old and Shakespeare was 18. Some writers, such as Samuel Schoenbaum, have assumed that she was rather old for an Elizabethan bride, but in fact it was normal for her contemporaries to marry in their 20s, although legally they could marry earlier. Shakespeare, on the other hand, was young for an Elizabethan bridegroom.

She outlived her husband by seven years. Very little is known about her life beyond a few references in documents. Her personality and relationship to Shakespeare have been the subject of much speculation by many historians and writers.
Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater
The Ivan Franko National Academic Drama Theater (Ukrainian: Національний академічний драматичний театр імені Івана Франка, romanized: Natsionalnyi akademichnyi dramatychnyi teatr imeni Ivana Franka), located in Kyiv, was founded in 1920. It plays an important role in the history of Ukrainian culture. Real masters worked here and continue to delight their fans: actors, directors, composers, set designers. The repertoire is based on national and World Classics. You can watch performances both on the main stage and in the chamber. Each performance is a separate world, a variety of ways of artistic solution, and unusual productions. Bohdan Benyuk, Anatoly Khostikoev, Ostap Stupka, Natalia Sumskaya work on the stage of this theater.

Volodymyr Vynnychenko
Volodymyr Kyrylovych Vynnychenko (Ukrainian: Володимир Кирилович Винниченко; July 28 [O.S. July 16] 1880 – March 6, 1951) was a Ukrainian statesman, political activist, writer, playwright and artist who served as the first prime minister of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Prior to his entry onto the stage of Ukrainian politics, he was a long-time political activist, who lived abroad in Western Europe from 1906 to 1914 escaping persecution by Russian authorities.

Vynnychenko's works reflect his immersion in the Ukrainian revolutionary milieu, as well as his life both among impoverished working-class people, and among émigrés living in Western Europe. He is recognized as a leading Ukrainian modernist writer of the pre-revolutionary era, and an author of short stories, novels, and plays. In Soviet Ukraine between the 1930s and mid-1980s Vynnychenko's works, like those of many other Ukrainian writers, were forbidden.
1985 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic
The 1985 Maybelline Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Bonaventure Racquet Club in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the sixth and last edition of the tournament and was held from September 30 through October 6, 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won her second consecutive singles title at the event.

Maybelline Classic
The Maybelline Classic, also known as the Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic, is a defunct women's tennis tournament created by tennis promoter George Liddy which was first held in 1980 and played every year until 1985. It was held at the Deer Creek Racquet Club in Deerfield Beach, Florida (1980–1983) and at the Bonaventure Racquet Club in Fort Lauderdale, Florida (1984–1985), in the United States and played on outdoor hard courts.
Amir Shurush
Amir Shurush (Arabic: أمير شوروش, Hebrew: אמיר שורוש; born 9 July 1984) is an Arab-Israeli actor and comedian.

In 2021, he won the Best Actor – Comedy Series award at the Awards of the Israeli Television Academy.

He appeared in the Israeli comedy series Checkout, which aired on Kan 11, and offered satirical impressions of Mansour Abbas, Ayman Odeh and Youseph Haddad in the Israeli  sketch comedy show Eretz Nehederet which airs on Channel 12 (Israel).

Yoseph Haddad
Yoseph Haddad (Arabic: يوسف حداد; Hebrew: יוסף חדאד; born (1985-09-03)3 September 1985) is an Arab-Israeli journalist and activist who advocates for Israel on social media and international speaking tours. He is the founder of Together – Vouch for Each Other which works to integrate Arab Israelis into larger Israeli society. Since the beginning of the Gaza war, Haddad has become more widely known in Israel. He has been recognized by Israeli media and the Israeli Foreign Ministry for his pro-Israel advocacy.
San Antonio Zoo
The San Antonio Zoo is a 57-acre (23 ha) zoo located in Brackenridge Park in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It is home to over 750 species, some of which are endangered or extinct in the wild, and has an annual attendance of more than 1 million. The zoo also hosts the Richard Friedrich Aquarium, which opened in 1948. It was the only aquarium in the city until SeaWorld San Antonio opened in 1988. It also runs non-animal attractions, such as the San Antonio Zoo Train, which first opened in 1956.

Sulawesi ground dove
The Sulawesi ground dove (Gallicolumba tristigmata), also known as the yellow-breasted ground dove, is a medium-sized (approximately 35 cm), ground-dwelling dove. It is mostly olive-brown with a golden forehead, iridescent bluish-green crown and nape, purple patch on the side of the neck, yellow breast, dark brown tail, white underparts, and red legs. Both sexes are similar.

An Indonesian endemic, this elusive species is distributed in primary rainforests of Sulawesi in Wallacea. The Sulawesi ground dove is a terrestrial bird. Its diet consists mainly of seeds and fallen fruits. The female lays a single white egg.

The Sulawesi ground dove is evaluated as of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Baltimore Police Department
The Baltimore Police Department (BPD) is the municipal police department of the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Dating back to 1784, the BPD, consisting of 2,935 employees in 2020, is organized into nine districts covering 80.9 square miles (210 km2) of land and 11.1 square miles (29 km2) of waterways. The department is sometimes referred to as the Baltimore City Police Department to distinguish it from the Baltimore County Police Department.

Governor of Maryland
The governor of the State of Maryland is the head of government of Maryland, and is the commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard units. The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state and has a broad range of appointive powers in both the state and local governments, as specified by the Maryland Constitution (1867, and revisions/amendments).

The current governor is Wes Moore, who has been in office since 2023.
Calochortus striatus
Calochortus striatus, known by the common name alkali mariposa lily, is a species of mariposa lily native to California and into Nevada.

It is a vulnerable species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants.

Calochortus
Calochortus /ˌkæləˈkɔːrtəs, -loʊ-/ is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family. The group includes herbaceous, perennial and bulbous species, all native to North America (primarily the Western United States).

The genus Calochortus includes mariposas (or mariposa lilies) with open wedge-shaped petals, globe lilies and fairy lanterns with globe-shaped flowers, and cat's ears and star tulips with erect pointed petals. The word Calochortus is derived from Greek and means "beautiful grass".
2012 Copa Libertadores knockout stage
The knockout stages of the 2012 Copa Santander Libertadores de América consisted of four stages:

Round of 16 (first legs: April 25, May 1–3; second legs: May 8–10)

Quarterfinals (first legs: May 16–17; second legs: May 23–24)

Semifinals (first legs: June 13–14; second legs: June 20–21)

Finals (first leg: June 27; second leg: July 4)

Three points for a win
Three points for a win is a standard used in many sports leagues and group tournaments, especially in association football, in which 3 points are awarded to the team winning a match, with no points awarded to the losing team. If the game is drawn, each team receives 1 point. Many leagues and competitions originally awarded 2 points for a win and 1 point for a draw, before switching to the three points for a win system. The change is significant in league tables, where teams typically play 30–40 games per season. The system places additional value on wins compared to draws so that teams with a higher number of wins may rank higher in tables than teams with a lower number of wins but more draws.
Vincent Michael Brown
Vincent Michael Brown (3 December 1971) is an English artist and portrait painter, composer and musician, and co-founder of Browns' Arts Centre, an art school and studio located at The Clock Tower Association in Warmley, Bristol.

Holburne Museum
The Holburne Museum (formerly known as the Holburne of Menstrie Museum and the Holburne Museum of Art) is located in Sydney Pleasure Gardens, Bath, Somerset, England. The city's first public art gallery, the Grade I listed building is home to fine and decorative arts built around the collection of Sir William Holburne. Artists in the collection include Gainsborough, Guardi, Stubbs, Ramsay and Zoffany.

The museum also provides a programme of temporary exhibitions, music performances, creative workshops, family events, talks and lectures. There is a bookshop and a café that opens out onto Sydney Gardens. The museum reopened in May 2011 after restoration and an extension designed by Eric Parry Architects, supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Hugh Ashdown
Christianity portal

Hugh Edward Ashdown (5 July 1904 – 26 December 1977) was an eminent Anglican clergyman in the mid 20th Century.

Ashdown was educated at St. John's School, Leatherhead, and Keble College, Oxford, his first post after ordination was as a curate at St Mary’s Portsea, Portsmouth. He was then a chaplain and lecturer at Lincoln Theological College and then the  perpetual curate of St Aidan’s, West Hartlepool and after that Rector of Houghton-le-Spring. From 1948 he was the provost of Southwark Cathedral. After his nomination on 15 March, he was consecrated to the episcopate on 1 May 1957 as the 8th bishop of Newcastle, a post he held for 16 years until his 2 October 1972 retirement. He died on Boxing Day 1977.

St John's School, Leatherhead
St John's School in Leatherhead, Surrey is a fully co-educational private school for pupils aged 11 to 18. The school offers day, weekly and flexible boarding for approximately 800 pupils.

St John's was founded in 1851 to educate the sons of the clergy, and was moved from St John's Wood, London to its current site in Surrey in 1872. Set in 50 acres (20 ha), the school's site is a mixture of old and new, with mid-Victorian architecture complemented by a Science Centre, and modern classroom blocks and boarding houses.
Manolo (footballer, born 1965)
Manuel Sánchez Delgado (born 17 January 1965), known as Manolo, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a striker.

Over nine seasons, he amassed La Liga totals of 292 matches and 96 goals, mainly with Atlético Madrid with whom he won two major titles. He also competed at that level with Murcia.

Manolo represented Spain at the 1990 World Cup.

1985–86 Segunda División
The 1985–86 Segunda División season saw 20 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league. Real Murcia, CE Sabadell FC and RCD Mallorca were promoted to Primera División. Albacete Bp., Deportivo Aragón, CD Tenerife and Atlético Madrileño were relegated to Segunda División B.
Fabrice André
Fabrice André is a French medical oncologist specializing in breast cancer. He is the Director of Research at Gustave Roussy in Villejuif, France, and a Professor of Medicine at the University of Paris-Saclay. André also serves as the President of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) for the 2025-2026 term.

American Association for Cancer Research
The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is the world's oldest and largest professional association related to cancer research. Based in Philadelphia, the AACR focuses on all aspects of cancer research, including basic, clinical, and translational research into the etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Founded in 1907 by 11 physicians and scientists, the organization now has more than 58,000 members in 142 countries and territories. The mission of the AACR is to prevent and cure cancer through research, education, communication, collaboration, science policy and advocacy, and funding for cancer research.
Bushfires in Victoria
The state of Victoria in Australia has had a long history of catastrophic bushfires.

The most deadly of these, the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009 claiming 173 lives. Legislation, planning, management, and suppression are the responsibilities of the Victorian State Government

Black Thursday bushfires
The Black Thursday bushfires were a devastating series of fires that swept the Port Phillip District (now the state of Victoria) in Australia, on 6 February 1851, burning up 5 million hectares (12 million acres; 50,000 square kilometres; 19,000 square miles), or about a quarter of the state's area.  Twelve people died, along with one million sheep, thousands of cattle and countless native animals.

"The temperature became torrid, and on the morning of the 6th of February 1851, the air which blew down from the north resembled the breath of a furnace. A fierce wind arose, gathering strength and velocity from hour to hour, until about noon it blew with the violence of a tornado. By some inexplicable means it wrapped the whole country in a sheet of flame – fierce, awful, and irresistible."
Harbury
Harbury is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England. It is about 3 miles (5 km) west-southwest of Southam and about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Royal Leamington Spa. The parish includes the hamlet of Deppers Bridge. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 2,420. The village is on a ridge of lias up to 390 feet (119 m) high that runs roughly northeast – southwest. The parish covers 3,397 acres (1,375 ha). It is bounded by the River Itchen to the east, Fosse Way to the northwest, a minor road to the south and field boundaries on its other sides. Adjoining parishes are Bishop's Itchington, Bishop's Tachbrook, Chesterton, Ladbroke and Southam. The A425 road and the Chiltern Main Line pass through the parish just north of Harbury village. Junction 12 on the M40 motorway is about 3 miles (5 km) south of the village.

Southam
Southam (/ˈsaʊðəm/) is a market town and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England, located about 6+1⁄2 miles (10 km) east-southeast of Leamington Spa. In the 2021 census, the population of Southam was 8,114.
Arma Tactics
Arma Tactics (stylized as ARMA TACTICS) is a turn-based tactics video game for mobile devices that run iOS and Android, developed by Bohemia Interactive. The game was released in May 2013 for the Nvidia Shield. Unlike the previous Arma games , this is a turn-based tactical game where the player controls a squad of several so called "operatives".

Arma (series)
Arma (sometimes stylized as ArmA) is a series of first- and third-person military tactical shooters developed by Czech game developer Bohemia Interactive and originally released for Microsoft Windows. The series centers around realistic depictions of modern warfare (1980's cold-war era to speculative near-future settings) various perspectives. Combined arms warfare is depicted, and while the series primarily focuses on infantry, the games have a wide selection of usable vehicles, including combat vehicles, armored fighting vehicles, military helicopters, multirole combat aircraft, motorboats, and civilian passenger vehicles. Arma was originally conceived as a spiritual successor to Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis after Bohemia Interactive lost the intellectual rights to the series. The first installment was released in 2006 and the most recent in 2022.
Smith Falls Jr. Bears
The Smith Falls Jr Bears are a Junior "B" ice hockey team in Smith Falls, Ontario.  The franchise originated as the Westport Rideaus and played in the Eastern Ontario Junior Hockey League (EOJHL). Between 2014-15 and the end of the 2019–2020 seasons, the EOJHL and the CCHL set a new agreement in an attempt to create a better player development model. This resulted in the league re-branding itself as the Central Canada Hockey League Tier 2 (CCHL2), and shrinking to 16 teams and two divisions. The league reverted to the Eastern Ontario Junior Hockey League for 2021. As of the 2025-2026 season, the league currently has 13 teams.

August 2022, it was announced that the Junior B Rideaus were being relocated to Smith Falls and become the Jr. Bears.  The junior C franchise that was re-locate from Bytown to Westport would continue the name Rideaus as they compete in the National Capital Hockey League. The Junior "B" Bears play their home games at the Smiths Falls Memorial Community Centre.

Smiths Falls
Smiths Falls is a town in Eastern Ontario, Canada, 78 kilometres (48 mi) southwest of Ottawa. As of the 2021 census it has  a population of 9,254. It is in the Census division for Lanark County, but is administratively separated from the county. The Rideau Canal waterway passes through the town, with four separate locks in three locations and a combined lift of over 15 metres (49.2 ft).

The town's name was previously spelled Smith's Falls, and the spelling Smith Falls has been used, but "Smiths Falls" is the official correct form.
Ana Anderson
Ana Carrizosa Anderson is a Colombian-American microbiologist who is a professor at the Harvard Medical School. Her research combines transcriptomics and systems biology to understand T-cell response to chronic disease.

Vijay Kuchroo
Vijay K. Kuchroo is an Indian-American immunologist and entrepreneur. He is the Samuel L. Wasserstrom Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, and the founding Director of The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation at Brigham & Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. He is also a member of the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Kuchroo is known for his research in autoimmunity, neuroimmunology, and cancer immunology. Seminal work from the Kuchroo laboratory include discovery of the co-inhibitory receptor TIM-3, and other TIM family of genes, and a pathogenic immune cell subset that drives autoimmune neuroinflammation called Th17 cells.
Windsor Nature Park
Windsor Nature Park is a nature park in Singapore.  It was opened on 22 April 2017.  The park forms a green buffer zone between Central Catchment Nature Reserve and the urbanized areas of Singapore.  The park contains three hiking trails and a canopy walkway.

Several species of birds live in Windsor Nature Park, including the greater racket-tailed drongo.  Mammals living in the park include the endangered Sunda pangolin.  A group of bachelor Raffles' banded langur monkeys also lives in the park.

Nature park
A nature park, or sometimes natural park, is a designation for a protected area by means of long-term land planning, sustainable resource management and limitation of agricultural and real estate developments. These valuable landscapes are preserved in their present ecological state and promoted for ecotourism purposes.

In most countries nature parks are subject to legally regulated protection, which is part of their conservation laws.

In terms of level of protection, a category "Nature Park" is not the same as a "National Park", which is defined by the IUCN and its World Commission on Protected Areas as a category II protected area. 
A "Nature Park" designation, depending on local specifics, falls between category III and category VI according to IUCN categorization, in most cases closer to category VI.
However some nature parks have later been turned into national parks.
World Solar Challenge 2013
The 2013 World Solar Challenge was one of a biennial series of solar-powered car races, covering 3,022 km (1,878 mi) through the Australian Outback, from Darwin, Northern Territory to Adelaide, South Australia.

In all, 37 teams competed of which 16 completed the course. There were three classes: Cruiser, Challenge and Adventure. The Cruiser class was won by Eindhoven University of Technology of the Netherlands; the Challenge class by Nuon Solar Team of the Netherlands; and the Adventure class by the Australian Aurora team.

Solar car racing
Solar car racing refers to competitive races of electric vehicles which are powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car (solar cars). The first solar car race was the Tour de Sol in 1985 which led to several similar races in Europe, US and Australia. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students' engineering and technological skills, but many business corporations have entered competitions in the past. A small number of high school teams participate in solar car races designed exclusively for high school students.