hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gaussian integer
In number theory, a Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. The Gaussian integers, with ordinary addition and multiplication of complex numbers, form an integral domain, usually written as  or

Gaussian integers share many properties with integers: they form a Euclidean domain, and thus have a Euclidean division and a Euclidean algorithm; this implies unique factorization and many related properties. However, Gaussian integers do not have a total order that respects arithmetic.

Gaussian integers are algebraic integers and form the simplest ring of quadratic integers.

Gaussian integers are  named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Unit (ring theory)
In algebra, a unit or invertible element of a ring is an invertible element for the multiplication of the ring. That is, an element u of a ring R is a unit if there exists v in R such that

where 1 is the multiplicative identity; the element v is unique for this property and is called the multiplicative inverse of u. The set of units of R forms a group R× under multiplication, called the group of units or unit group of R.  Other notations for the unit group are R∗, U(R), and E(R) (from the German term Einheit).

Less commonly, the term unit is sometimes used to refer to the element 1 of the ring, in expressions like ring with a unit or unit ring, and also unit matrix. Because of this ambiguity, 1 is more commonly called the "unity" or the "identity" of the ring, and the phrases "ring with unity" or a "ring with identity" may be used to emphasize that one is considering a ring instead of a rng.
1930 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1930 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in outdoor track and field for the United States.

The men's edition was held at Pitt Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and it took place 22–25 August. The women's meet was held separately at Ownby Stadium in Dallas, Texas, on 4 July.

At the men's championships, the discus world record was set by Paul Jessup. The women's competition was marked by the debut of Stella Walsh, who would go on to win 34 individual titles from 1930 to 1951.

USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The USA Track & Field Outdoor Championships is an annual track and field competition organized by USA Track & Field, which serves as the American national championships for the sport. Since the year 1992, in the years which feature a Summer Olympics, World Athletics Championships, Pan American Games, NACAC Championships, or an IAAF Continental Cup, the championships serve as a way of selecting the best athletes for those competitions.
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is a mitochondrial homodimer apoenzyme (EC. 5. 4.99.2) that focuses on the catalysis of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. The enzyme is bound to adenosylcobalamin, a hormonal derivative of vitamin B12 in order to function. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency is caused by genetic defect in the MUT  gene responsible for encoding the enzyme. Deficiency in this enzyme accounts for 60% of the cases of methylmalonic acidemia.

Methylmalonic acidemias
Methylmalonic acidemias, also called methylmalonic acidurias, are a group of inherited metabolic disorders, that prevent the body from properly breaking down proteins and fats. This leads to a buildup of a toxic level of methylmalonic acid in body liquids and tissues. Due to the disturbed branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolism, they are among the classical organic acidemias.

Methylmalonic acidemias have varying diagnoses, treatment requirements, and prognoses, which are determined by the specific genetic mutation causing the inherited form of the disorder.

The first symptoms may begin as early as the first day of life or as late as adulthood. Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening. Some forms can result in death if undiagnosed or left untreated.

Methylmalonic acidemias are found with an equal frequency across ethnic boundaries.
David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr)
David Richards (22 January 1751 – 12 May 1827), better-known by his bardic name Dafydd Ionawr, was a Welsh-language poet, born at Glanyrafon near Bryn-crug in the parish of Tywyn in Merionethshire (now Gwynedd), north-west Wales.

He took an interest in poetry as a result of his acquaintance with Evan Evans (Ieuan Brydydd Hir), who was curate of St Cadfan's Church, Tywyn, and was later sent to a school at Ystradmeurig to obtain a better education than was available locally. After a period as a junior schoolmaster in Wrexham, he spent one term at Jesus College, Oxford, before going to teach at Oswestry grammar school.  He then taught at the grammar school in Carmarthen before being appointed head of a free school in his native area.  From 1800 to 1807, he taught in Dolgellau, where he remained until his death.

Evan Evans (poet)
Evan Evans (20 May 1731 – 4 August 1788) (bardic name Ieuan Fardd, also known as Ieuan Brydydd Hir) was a Welsh-language poet, clergyman, antiquary and literary critic.

Evans, son of Jenkin Evans, was born at Cynhawdref, in the parish of Lledrod, Cardiganshire. He received his education at the grammar school of Ystrad Meurig, under the scholar and poet Edward Richard. He moved to Oxford, and entered Merton College in 1751 but left without graduating. He had conveyed a small freehold in Cardiganshire to his younger brother for £100, in order to support himself at the university.

By 1754 he had been ordained as a priest, and he served as curate in at least eighteen different parishes, including at Newick in Sussex, at Tywyn in Merionethshire, at Llanberis and Llanllechid in Carnarvonshire, and at Llanfair Talhaiarn in Denbighshire.
Betelguese, a Trip Through Hell
Betelguese, a Trip Through Hell is a 1908 lyrical poem book written by Jean Louis De Esque. The publication includes a preface by the author with two poetic works, "When I am Gone" and "Betelguese." The latter poem has been called a "classic" work that utilized off-beat language, considered to be a delight to the philologist. It has been compared to the poetic works of George Sterling and Kenneth Patchen.

The book was published during the height of the nature fakers controversy, and it has been suggested that De Esque elected to release Betelguese, a Trip Through Hell while Theodore Roosevelt was on a trip to Africa in an effort to avoid potential conflict that might have resulted from Roosevelt's awareness of its content.

The Salt Lake Tribune
The Salt Lake Tribune is a newspaper published in the city of Salt Lake City, Utah. The Tribune is owned by The Salt Lake Tribune, Inc., a non-profit corporation. The newspaper's motto is "Utah's Independent Voice Since 1871."
USM Alger in African football
USM Alger, an Algerian professional association football club, has gained entry to Confederation of African Football (CAF) competitions on several occasions. They have represented Algeria in the Champions League on seven occasions, the Confederation Cup  on Three separate occasions, the now-defunct Cup Winners' Cup five separate occasions, and the now-defunct CAF Cup one occasions. At the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA), they participated several times, They have represented Algeria in the Arab Champions League on five occasions, and the now-defunct Maghreb Cup Winners Cup two occasions.

Algerian Football Federation
The Algerian Football Federation (AFF); (Arabic: الاتحادية الجزائرية لكرة القدم) is the governing body of football in Algeria. Formed in 1962 and was based in the capital Algiers. It has jurisdiction on the Algerian football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. Although an unofficial national team had played fixtures since 1958, the first recognized international took place in January 1963, some six months after independence. In 2021, twenty structures were added to the Algerian Football Federation. The Algerian Football Federation is considered a member of FIFA.
Raouf Boutaba
Raouf Boutaba (born December 31, 1966) is an Algerian Canadian computer scientist. His research interests are in resource, network and service management in wired and wireless networked systems. His work focuses on network virtualization, network softwarization, cloud computing, and network security.

He has been a full professor in the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science since 2007. In 2016, he became the associate dean of research in the University of Waterloo’s Faculty of Mathematics, and in July 2019 was appointed its first associate dean of innovation and entrepreneurship.  On July 1, 2020, he became the eighth director of the David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. He holds a university research chair at the University of Waterloo, and an INRIA International Chair in France.

Pierre and Marie Curie University
Pierre and Marie Curie University (French: Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie [ynivɛʁsite pjɛʁ e maʁi kyʁi], UPMC), also known as Paris VI, was a public research university in Paris, France, from 1971 to 2017. The university was located on the Jussieu Campus in the Latin Quarter of the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France. UPMC merged with Paris-Sorbonne University into the new Sorbonne University in 2017.
Kirkwall (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Kirkwall in Orkney was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.

After the Acts of Union 1707, Kirkwall, Dingwall, Dornoch, Tain and Wick formed the Tain district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)
A commissioner was a legislator appointed or elected to represent a royal burgh or shire in the Parliament of Scotland and the associated Convention of the Estates. Member of Parliament (MP) and Deputy are equivalent terms in other countries.

The Scottish Parliament (also known as the Three Estates) and the Convention of the Estates were unicameral legislatures, so commissioners sat alongside prelates (the first estate) and members of the nobility (the second estate).
Venosa Cathedral
Venosa Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Venosa; Concattedrale di Sant'Andrea) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Venosa, Basilicata, Italy, dedicated to Saint Andrew. It was constructed between 1470 and 1502, at the behest of Pirro del Balzo. Formerly the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Venosa, since 1986 it has been a co-cathedral in the Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa.

Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa
The Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa (Latin: Dioecesis Melphiensis-Rapollensis-Venusina, Italian: Diocesi di Melfi-Rapolla-Venosa) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Basilicata, southern Italy. In 1986 the historic Diocese of Melfi-Rapolla was united with the Diocese of Venosa. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Potenza-Muro Lucano-Marsico Nuovo. The Abbey of the Santissima Trinità at Venosa comes under the Diocese.
1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Tokyo, Japan that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships World Championship Series and the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was held from 18 October through 24 October 1982. Jimmy Arias and Laura Arraya won the singles titles.

1982 WTA Tour
The 1982 WTA Tour was the 10th season since the foundation of the Women's Tennis Association. It commenced on 4 January 1982, and concluded on 19 December 1982, after 36 events. The WTA Tour was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The tour consistent of two major circuits, the Avon Championships World Championship Series and the Toyota Series. It included the four Grand Slam tournaments and a series of other events. ITF tournaments were not part of the tour, although they awarded points for the WTA World Ranking.
Radiolysis
Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules caused by ionizing radiation. The high-energy flux results in cleavage of one or more chemical bonds. Radiolysis is distinguished from other dissociations by the type of radiation involved: it is not photodissociation using lower-energy ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum or other high-energy processes such as an electric discharge. The chemistry of concentrated solutions under ionizing radiation is extremely complex. Radiolysis can locally modify redox conditions, and therefore the speciation and the solubility of the compounds.

Spent nuclear fuel
Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant). It is no longer useful in sustaining a nuclear reaction in an ordinary thermal reactor and, depending on its point along the nuclear fuel cycle, it will have different isotopic constituents than when it started.

Nuclear fuel rods become progressively more radioactive (and less thermally useful) due to neutron activation as they are fissioned, or "burnt", in the reactor. A fresh rod of low-enriched uranium pellets (which can be safely handled with gloved hands) will become a highly lethal gamma emitter after 1–2 years of core irradiation, unsafe to approach unless under many feet of water shielding. This makes their invariable accumulation and safe temporary storage in spent fuel pools a prime source of high-level radioactive waste and a major ongoing issue for future permanent disposal.
Shawal Anuar
Muhammad Shawal bin Anuar  (born 29 April 1991) is a Singaporean professional footballer who plays either as a winger or a forward for Malaysia Super League club Kuching City and the Singapore national team.

Shawal also holds the record for scoring the fastest goal in the history of the AFC Champions League Two in 18 seconds.

Singapore Community Shield
The Singapore Community Shield (formerly the Charity Shield), officially known as the AIA Community Shield for sponsorship reasons, is an annual match in Singapore football contested between the champions of the previous Singapore Premier League season and the Singapore Cup winners. If the same team wins both the league and the Singapore Cup, the match is played against the Singapore Premier League runners-up. The fixture is recognised as a competitive super cup by the Football Association and Asian Football Confederation.
1962 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1962 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was a FIM event held on 6 May 1962 at Montjuïc circuit. It was the first round of the 1962 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season and the 100th World Championship Grand Prix held since the championship began in 1949.

Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
The Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix is a motorcycling event that is part of the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing season that takes place at Circuito de Jerez – Ángel Nieto outside Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia. In addition to this event, three other World Championship motorcycling events take place in Spain as of the 2025 season: the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, the Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix and the Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix, in the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia respectively.
John Allen (hurler)
John Allen (born 1955) is an Irish former hurler and Gaelic footballer who played as a forward in both codes for the Cork senior teams.

A dual player at the highest level, Allen spent three season with the Cork senior hurling team. During that time he won one All-Ireland winners' medal and one Munster winners' medal. Allen also spent five seasons with the Cork senior football team, during which time he won one Munster winners' medal and one National Football League winners' medal.

At club level Allen is a dual All-Ireland medalist with St Finbarr's, while he also collected several provincial and club championship winners' medals in both codes.

In retirement from playing Allen turned his hand to coaching and team management. A successful few years as masseuse and selector with the Cork senior hurling team led to the beginning of a two-year tenure as team manager. From 2011 until 2013, Allen was the manager of the Limerick senior hurling team.

1986–87 All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship
The 1986–87 All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship was the 17th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1970-71.

Burren were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Castleblayney Faughs in the Ulster Club Championship.

On 17 March 1987, St Finbarr's won the championship following a 0–10 to 0–07 defeat of Clann na nGael in the All-Ireland final at Croke Park. It was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1981.
Astroscopus zephyreus
Astroscopus zephyreus, the pacific stargazer, is a species of electric stargazer (Astroscopus) found off the coast of Southern California to Peru. The pacific stargazer is a bottom-dwelling fish that can be found at depths of 15 to 385 metres (50 to 1,260 ft) . Like other Astroscopus, pacific stargazers have an electric organ located vertically behind the eyes.

Stargazer (fish)
The stargazers are a family, Uranoscopidae (from Ancient Greek οὐρανός (ouranós), meaning "sky, heaven", and σκοπέω (skopéō), meaning "to look"), of perciform ray-finned fish that have eyes on top of their heads (hence the name). The family includes about 51 species (one extinct) in eight genera, all marine and found worldwide in shallow and deep saltwaters.
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad
The original Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (CRI&P RW, sometimes called Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway) (reporting marks CRI&P, RI, ROCK) was an American Class I railroad. It was also known as the Rock Island Line, or, in its final years, The Rock.

At the end of 1970, it operated 7,183 miles of road on 10,669 miles of track; that year it reported 20,557 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 118 million passenger miles. (Those totals may or may not include the former Burlington-Rock Island Railroad.)

"Rock Island Line", a folk song from the late 1920s, first recorded in 1934, was inspired by the railway.

Railroad classes
Railroad classes are the system by which freight railroads are designated in the United States. Railroads are assigned to Class I, II or III according to annual revenue criteria originally set by the Surface Transportation Board in 1992. With annual adjustments for inflation, the 2019 thresholds were US$504,803,294 for Class I carriers and US$40,384,263 for Class II carriers. (Smaller carriers were Class III by default.)

There are six Class I freight railroad companies in the United States: BNSF Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, CPKC, Norfolk Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad. Canadian National also operates in Canada and CPKC operates in Canada and Mexico.

In addition, the national passenger railroad in the United States, Amtrak, would qualify as Class I if it were a freight carrier, as would Canada's Via Rail passenger service. Mexico's Ferromex freight railroad would also qualify as Class I, but it does not operate in the United States.
Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son
"Storm-Bogatyr, Ivan the Cow's Son" (Russian: Буря-богатырь Иван коровий сын) is a Russian fairy tale (skazka) #136 collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki, categorized as Aarne-Thompson  type 300 A and 519.

"Blast Bogatyr Ivan the Cow's Son" or "Ivan the Cow's Son" are alternative English titles given by other translators.

Russian Fairy Tales
Russian Fairy Tales (Russian: Народные русские сказки, variously translated; English titles include also Russian Folk Tales) is a collection of nearly 600 fairy and folktales, collected and published by Alexander Afanasyev between 1855 and 1863.  The collection contained fairy and folk tales from Ukraine and Belarus alongside Russian stories.  In compiling the work, Afanasyev's editing was informed by the German Grimm's Fairy Tales, Slovak tales collected by Pavol Dobšinský, Božena Němcová's work, Vuk Karadžić's Serbian tales, and other Norwegian, French, and Romanian research.

Vladimir Propp drew heavily on this collection for his analyses in his Morphology of the Folktale.
Riesa
Riesa (German pronunciation: [ˈʁiːza] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Ryzawa) is a town in the district of Meißen in Saxony, Germany. It is located on the river Elbe, approximately 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Dresden.

Meissen (district)
Meissen (German: Meißen) is a district (Kreis) in Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the state of Brandenburg, the district of Bautzen, the urban district Dresden, the districts Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, Mittelsachsen and Nordsachsen.
Müllheim im Markgräflerland station
Müllheim im Markgräflerland station is a small railway junction in Müllheim in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, where the Müllheim–Mulhouse railway branches off the Mannheim–Karlsruhe–Basel railway (Rhine Valley Railway). From 1896 to 1955, the station was the terminus of the tramway-like Müllheim-Badenweiler railway.

Neuenburg am Rhein
Neuenburg am Rhein (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏənˌbʊʁk ʔam ˈʁaɪn], lit. 'Neuenburg on the Rhine'; High Alemannic: Neiburg am Rhi) is a town in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
2022 South Dakota Senate election
The 2022 South Dakota Senate elections were held on November 8, 2022, as part of the biennial 2022 United States elections. All 35 seats in the South Dakota Senate were up for election. Primary elections were held on June 7, 2022. The elections coincided with elections for other offices in South Dakota, including the US Senate, US House, South Dakota Governor, South Dakota Secretary of State, South Dakota Attorney General, and the South Dakota House.

Following the 2022 elections, Republicans maintained their supermajority by losing only one seat, giving them a 31-to-4 member advantage over Democrats.

2022 United States Senate election in South Dakota
The 2022 United States Senate election in South Dakota was held on November 8, 2022, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of South Dakota. Incumbent three-term Republican U.S. Senator John Thune, who was the Senate Minority Whip, was first elected in 2004, defeating Democratic incumbent Tom Daschle, the then-Senate Minority Leader. He ran for reelection to a fourth term. The Democratic nominee was 26-year Navy, Air Force JAG Corps veteran, and former college professor Brian Bengs. Thune was ultimately reelected, becoming the first Senator from South Dakota to be elected to a fourth term since Karl Mundt in 1966, and only the second to do so after Mundt.
Ebon Fisher
Ebon Fisher is an internationally recognized media artist whose pioneering works explored the cultivation of living systems. He taught at MIT’s Media Lab at its inception and later became a leading figure in the Brooklyn Immersionists arts movement that revived a struggling industrial neighborhood in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in the 1990s. The artist’s immersive strategies of creation, and his cultivation of living networks, have challenged both the 20th century paradigm of human self expression, and the distancing aesthetics of postmodernism. Fisher’s manifesto from 1988, You Sub Mod, introduced “submodernism,” a philosophy of deep environmental participation.

Post-postmodernism
Post-postmodernism is a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture which are emerging from and reacting to postmodernism.

While there are varied definitions of post-postmodernism, common themes include a focus on sincerity, trust, and faith. This is in contrast to the irony commonly found in postmodernism.