hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glaciovolcanism
Glaciovolcanism is volcanism and related phenomena associated with glacial ice. The ice commonly constrains the erupted material and melts to create meltwater. Considerable melting of glacial ice can create massive lahars and glacial outburst floods known as jökulhlaups.

Meltwater
Meltwater (or melt water) is water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is often found during early spring when snow packs and frozen rivers melt with rising temperatures, and in the ablation zone of glaciers where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be produced during volcanic eruptions, in a similar way in which the more dangerous lahars form. It can also be produced by the heat generated by the flow itself.

When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds. As the weather gets colder, meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can also collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes, can form due to geothermal heat and friction. Melt ponds may also form above and below Arctic sea ice, decreasing its albedo and causing the formation of thin underwater ice layers or false bottoms.
Fallisia
Fallisia is a genus of the family Plasmodiidae.

The genus was created by Lainson, Landau and Shaw in 1974. A revision of the genus Plasmodium by Levine in 1985 considered this subgenus to be a synonym of Plasmodium. The description of a new species Plasmodium siamense by Telford in 1986 lead to a resurrection of this as a subgenus. Further revision of its taxonomic status has led to its elevation to genus status.

Species in this genus infect birds and lizards.

Plasmodiidae
The Plasmodiidae are a family of apicomplexan parasites, including the type genus Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria. This family was erected in 1903 by Mesnil and is one of the four families in the order Haemospororida.
Neurotrophic hypothesis of depression
The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposes that major depressive disorder (MDD) is caused, at least partly, by impaired neurotrophic support. Neurotrophic factors (also known as neurotrophins) are a family of closely related proteins which regulate the survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (Bdnf), or abrineurin, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from a pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain Barde and Hans Thoenen.

BDNF activates the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor.
NHS e-Referral Service
The NHS e-Referral Service (ERS) is an electronic referral system developed for the Health and Social Care Information Centre by IT consultancy BJSS. It is used by NHS England and it replaced the Choose and Book service on 15 June 2015. The launch of the e-Referral service is intended to be a step towards achieving paperless referrals in the English NHS.

NHS England
NHS England is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health and Social Care. It oversees the budget, planning, delivery and day-to-day operation of the commissioning side of the National Health Service in England as set out in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. It directly commissions NHS general practitioners, dentists, optometrists and some specialist services.

NHS England is due to be absorbed into the Department of Health and Social Care, in a two-year process begun in 2025.
Montferrat
Montferrat (UK: /ˌmɒntfəˈræt/ US: /-ˈrɑːt/; Italian: Monferrato [moɱferˈraːto]; Piedmontese: Monfrà, locally [mʊŋˈfrɒ]; Latin: Mons Ferratus) is a historical region of Piedmont, in northern Italy. It comprises roughly (and its extent has varied over time) the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Montferrat is one of the most important wine districts of Italy. It also has a strong literary tradition, including the 18th-century Asti-born poet and dramatist Vittorio Alfieri and the Alessandrian Umberto Eco.

The territory is cut in two by the river Tanaro. The northern part (the Basso Monferrato, "Low Montferrat"), which lies between that river and the Po, is an area of rolling hills and plains. The southern part (the Alto Monferrato, "High Montferrat") rises from the banks of the Tanaro into the mountains of the Apennines and the water divide between Piedmont and Liguria.

On 22 June 2014, Montferrat was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Aleramo, Marquis of Montferrat
Aleram (Italian: Aleramo; died 991) was the first Marquis of Montferrat and Liguria (the marca Aleramica) in Northern Italy until his death. He was son of William I of Montferrat and is mentioned in documents for the first time in 933 when he received a fief near Vercelli by Hugh of Italy. In 955 he was invested of lands in what is now the province of Alessandria.
Henry Cisneros payments controversy
The Henry Cisneros payments controversy was a lengthy investigation begun in 1995 into allegations that Henry Cisneros, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development during the Presidency of Bill Clinton, had lied to the FBI background check investigators about payments he had made to his former mistress.  Independent Counsel David Barrett was appointed to investigate the matter.  In 1995 Cisneros was indicted; in 1997 he pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor; in 2001 he was pardoned by President Bill Clinton.  The Independent Counsel investigation continued, however, focusing on allegations of obstruction of justice by the Clinton administration.  It issued a final report, known as the Barrett Report, in 2006 that did little to resolve matters.

United States Department of Justice Office of Special Counsel
The Office of Special Counsel was an office of the United States Department of Justice established by provisions in the Ethics in Government Act that expired in 1999. The provisions were replaced by Department of Justice regulation 28 CFR Part 600, which created the successor office of special counsel. The current regulations were drafted by former acting solicitor general Neal Katyal.

The independent counsel was an independent prosecutor—distinct from the attorney general of the United States Department of Justice—who provided reports to the United States Congress under 28 U.S.C. § 595.
Steinar Sulheim
Steinar Sulheim (1815–1856) was a Norwegian farmer and mountain tourism pioneer. He is known for the first recorded ascent of Galdhøpiggen in 1850, along with Ingebrigt Flotten and Lars Arnesen.

He was also one of the first people in Norway to commercialise mountain hiking and guided tours of the region. Sulheim had a farm in Bøverdalen, called Sulheim.  (Thereby his name) He  was also the owner of the mountain farm Spiterstulen in Visdalen, where he built an annex for providing lodging for visitors to Jotunheimen.

Sulheim died in 1856, at the age of 41. Around 1860 his widow sold the farm in Bøverdalen and the Spiterstulen mountain farm to Rolv Larsen, who adopted the name Rolv Sulheim, and whose descendants developed Spiterstulen further for tourists.

Spiterstulen
Spiterstulen is a former mountain farm, now a tourist station in the valley Visdalen in Lom Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. Spiterstulen lies about 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level, between the two highest mountains in Norway, Galdhøpiggen and Glittertinden. It is the largest tourist cabin in Jotunheimen, with around 230 beds. It is reachable by car between March and October.

Spiterstulen was originally a cabin for shepherds. In 1836 it was extended for guests for the first time, since one of the paths used to cross the mountain was nearby (the Visdalen path reaches an elevation of 1,490 metres (4,890 ft), slightly higher than the present Norwegian County Road 55). In 1881, a proper tourist station was built, which has been extended several times.
Mare Undarum
Mare Undarum /ʌnˈdɛərəm/ (Latin undārum, the "sea of waves") is a shallow, irregular lunar mare located just north of Mare Spumans on the lunar near side, between the crater Firmicus and the eastern limb. It lies within a trough between the third and fourth raised rings formed by the impact that created the Mare Crisium. The selenographic coordinates of this mare are 7.5° N, 68.7° E. It has a maximum diameter of 245 km.

There are five known lunar domes within the mare. The surrounding basin material is of the Nectarian epoch, with the mare basalt being of the Upper Imbrian epoch. The crater Dubyago can be seen on the southern edge of the mare. On the northeastern edge of the mare is the crater Condorcet P.

When Mädler observed this area in the 1830s, he noted variations in the curved dark streaks that form this mare, leading him to speculate that the changes were caused by vegetation.

Nectarian
The Nectarian Period of the lunar geologic timescale was from 3.920 billion years ago to 3.850 billion years ago. It is the period during which the Nectaris Basin and other major basins were formed by large impact events. Ejecta from Nectaris form the upper part of the densely cratered terrain found in lunar highlands. The period ended with the formation of the Imbrium basin, which initiated the Imbrian Period. Magnetic anomalies found in some Nectarian Period basins suggest that the Moon possessed a core dynamo magnetic field at that time.
10th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The 10th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2010 made by people over the age of 50 and were announced on January 14, 2011. The ceremony was hosted by actors Dana Delany and Peter Gallagher on February 7, 2011 at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Los Angeles. Robert Redford was the winner of the annual Career Achievement Award, and Helen Mirren won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for her performance in Red.

AARP Movies for Grownups Awards
The AARP Movies for Grownups Awards are awards given out to "champion films made by and for grownups." Given annually by the AARP, they began in 2002 with the goal of encouraging Hollywood to make more movies by and about people over the age of 50. The first awards were announced in an issue of AARP the Magazine, before transitioning to an annual ceremony in 2006. Since 2018, the awards have been telecast throughout the United States on PBS.
Drosera macrophylla
Drosera macrophylla, the showy sundew, is a perennial tuberous species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It grows in a rosette with leaves 4 cm (2 in) long and 2 cm (1 in) wide. It is a common species east of Perth. It grows in loam soils. It flowers from June to October. D. macrophylla was first described by John Lindley in his 1839 publication A sketch of the vegetation of the Swan River Colony. In 1992, Allen Lowrie and Sherwin Carlquist described a new subspecies, D. macrophylla subsp. monantha, which is distinguished from D. macrophylla subsp. macrophylla by its single-flowered or rarely biflowered inflorescences. Subspecies monantha is abundant in the Bruce Rock/Merredin region. The specific epithet macrophylla originates from Greek words makros (large) and phyllon (leaf) meaning 'large-leaved'.

Drosera
Drosera, which is  commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surfaces. The insects are used to supplement the poor mineral nutrition of the soil in which the plants grow. Various species, which vary greatly in size and form, are native to every continent except Antarctica.

Charles Darwin performed much of the early research into Drosera, engaging in a long series of experiments with Drosera rotundifolia, which were the first to confirm carnivory in plants.  In an 1860 letter, Darwin wrote, "...at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all the species in the world".
Corregidor (position)
A corregidor (Spanish: [korexiˈðoɾ]) was a local administrative and judicial official in the Spanish Empire. Corregidors were the representatives of the royal jurisdiction over a town and its district. The name comes from the Spanish word corregir, meaning "to correct". Monarchs used corregidors to strengthen royal authority in their colonies or districts, and because of the ties to the crown they were often seen as oppressive.

A corregidor held the position of highest authority over a corregimiento. In the Spanish Americas and the Spanish Philippines, a corregidor was often called an alcalde mayor. Also in Spanish America, the magistrate of an Indian community was called corregidor de Indios, and these positions were bought from the Spanish government. They began to be appointed in Pre-Spanish Imperial fourteenth century Castile.

Repartimiento
The Repartimiento (Spanish pronunciation: [repaɾtiˈmjento]) (Spanish, "distribution, partition, or division") was a colonial labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. In concept, it was similar to other tribute-labor systems, such as the mit'a of the Inca Empire or the corvée of the Ancien Régime de France: Through the pueblos de indios, the Amerindians were drafted work for cycles of weeks, months, or years, on farms, in mines, in workshops (obrajes), and public projects.
Suleman octuplets
The Suleman octuplets are six males and two females, conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequently born to Nadya Suleman on January 26, 2009, in Bellflower, California. Residing in Lancaster, California, they are the first known octuplets to survive their infancy. The extremely controversial circumstances of their high-order multiple birth have led to debates in the field of assisted reproductive technology and an investigation by the Medical Board of California of the fertility specialist involved in the case.

Nadya Suleman
Natalie Denise Suleman (born Nadya Denise Doud-Suleman; July 11, 1975), known as Octomom in the media, is an American media personality who came to international attention when she gave birth to the first surviving octuplets in January 2009. The circumstances of their high-order multiple birth led to controversy in the field of assisted reproductive technology as well as an investigation by the Medical Board of California of the fertility specialist involved.

Suleman conceived the octuplets and her six older children via in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Stewardson Township, Pennsylvania
Stewardson Township is a township in Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 64 at the 2020 census. Ole Bull State Park, a Pennsylvania state park, is located in Stewardson Township.

Township (Pennsylvania)
A township, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities, boroughs, and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions.

In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities, and tend to be located in suburban, exurban, or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government.
Naresh Chander Chaturvedi
Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi (30 April 1928 – 29 November 1999) was an Indian writer, politician and poet, predominantly writing in Hindi language. He was born in Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his M. A. in Hindi from the Jabalpur University.

Chaturvedi was the member of Indian National Congress, and was elected to the 8th Lok Sabha from the Kanpur constituency. He was the general secretary of All India Congress Committee. In 1999, he was the member of National Commission for SC and ST. Chaturvedi died in Kanpur on 29 November 1999, at the age of 71.

8th Lok Sabha
The 8th Lok Sabha ran from 31 December 1984 to 27 November 1989. Politicians were elected in December 1984, taking office by the end of the month. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the bicameral Parliament of India. 9 sitting members from Rajya Sabha were elected to 8th Lok Sabha after the Indian general election, in 1984.

Rajiv Gandhi of Indian National Congress continued as Prime Minister till 2 December 1989. In this 8th Lok Sabha, INC party had 30 more seats than previous 7th Lok Sabha.

The next 9th Lok Sabha was formed on 2 December 1989, after the 1989 Indian general election.
Platno Lake (South Shetland Islands)
Platno Lake (Bulgarian: езеро Платното, romanized: ezero Platnoto, IPA: ['ɛzɛro plɐt'nɔto]) is the 410 m long in southwest–northeast direction and 170 m wide lake on Long Beach, Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It has a surface area of 4.2 ha and is separated from the waters of Bransfield Strait by a 40 to 110 m wide strip of land. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a sail ('platno' in Bulgarian).

Long Beach (Nelson Island)
Long Beach (Bulgarian: бряг Лонг, romanized: bryag Long, IPA: [ˈbrʲak ˈlɔŋ]) is the ice-free beach on the southwest coast of Nelson Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, extending 1 km northwards from Ross Point. Its surface area is 24.7 ha. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The beach is named after the American missionary Albert Long (1832-1901) who contributed greatly to the Bulgarian National Revival, and together with Elias Riggs organized the first translation (by Neofit Rilski), printing and dissemination of the Bible in modern Bulgarian language; in association with other Bulgarian historical names in the area.
55th Baeksang Arts Awards
The 55th Baeksang Arts Awards (Korean: 제55회 백상예술대상) ceremony, organised by Ilgan Sports and JTBC Plus, took place on May 1, 2019, at Hall D, COEX, Seoul, beginning at 9:00 p.m. KST. It was hosted by Shin Dong-yup, Bae Suzy and Park Bo-gum for the second consecutive year and was broadcast live on JTBC. One of South Korea's major awards shows, the annual awards ceremony recognizes excellence in film and television.

The highest honors of the night, Grand Prize (Daesang), were awarded to actor Jung Woo-sung of Innocent Witness in the film division and actress Kim Hye-ja of The Light in Your Eyes in the television division.

Baeksang Arts Awards
The Baeksang Arts Awards (Korean: 백상예술대상), also known as the Paeksang Arts Awards, are awards for excellence in film, television and theatre in South Korea. The awards were introduced in 1965 by Chang Key-young, the founder of the newspaper Hankook Ilbo, whose art name was "Baeksang". It was established for the development of Korean popular culture and art and for enhancing the morale of artists. They are regarded as one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea.

Baeksang Arts Awards are annually presented at a ceremony organised by JoongAng Group in the second quarter of each year. Until 2021, it was organised by Ilgan Sports before its acquisition by eDaily, a subsidiary of KG Group. It is the only comprehensive awards ceremony in the country, recognising excellence in film, television and theatre.
Inchmore, Strathfarrar
Inchmore is a small hamlet at the foot of Glen Strathfarrar, in Inverness-shire in the Scottish Highlands of Scotland. It is situated 1 km (0.62 mi) north west of Struy, and 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of Beauly, and in the Highland council area. It is on the north bank of the River Farrar, and is the location of a locked gate that restricts access along the private road up the glen. Inchmore is the usual starting point for climbing Beinn a' Bhathaich Àrd, a Corbett to the north west.

Beauly
Beauly (/ˈbjuːli/ ⓘ BEW-lee; from French  beau lieu 'beautiful place'; Scottish Gaelic: A' Mhanachainn) is a village in Scotland's Highland area, on the River Beauly, 12 miles (19 km) west of Inverness by the Far North railway line. The town is historically within Kilmorack Parish of the County of Inverness.

The land around Beauly is fertile - historically corn was grown extensively and more recently fruit has successfully been farmed. The village  historically traded in coal, timber, lime, grain, and fish.
Carex obscura
Carex obscura is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia from Pakistan in the west to China in the east.

It was described by the botanist Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck in 1834 as published in Contributions to the Botany of India.

Carex
Carex is a vast genus of over 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges; however, those of genus Carex may be called true sedges. Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family. The study of Carex is known as caricology.
Viranşehir
Viranşehir (Kurdish: Wêranşar) is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,297 km2, and its population is 207,315 (2022). It is a market town serving a cotton-growing area, 93 km east of the city Şanlıurfa and 53 km north-west of Ceylanpınar at the Syrian border. In Late Antiquity, it was known as Constantina or Constantia (Greek: Κωνσταντίνη) by the Romans and Byzantines, and Tella by the local Assyrian/Syriac population.

Kaymakam
Kaymakam, also known by many other romanizations, was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire, including acting grand viziers, governors of provincial sanjaks, and administrators of district kazas. The title has been retained and is sometimes used without translation for provincial or subdistrict governors in various Ottoman successor states, including the Republic of Turkey, Kuwait, Iraq, and Lebanon.
Renard R.36
The Renard R.36 was a Belgian all-metal fighter aircraft designed by Alfred Renard to replace the Fairey Firefly IIM within the Belgian Air Force. Designed to improve on the Renard Epervier, which was never adopted by the Belgian government, the prototype R.36 first flew on 5 November 1937. Following testing the R.36 was selected by the Belgian Air Force in late 1938, with 40 aircraft provisionally ordered, to be delivered in two years.

However, on 17 January 1939 the prototype, OO-ARW, crashed near Nivelles, killing pilot Lt. Viscount Eric de Spoelberch. The official investigation was inconclusive, no evidence of material failure being discovered, with the most probable causes being radio equipment coming loose during a high-G manoeuvre, jamming the controls, or the pilot becoming incapacitated.  The airframe had accumulated 75:30 hours' flight time. The order was then dropped in favour of licence production of the Hawker Hurricane by SABCA.

Renard Epervier
The Renard Epervier was a Belgian prototype single-seat all-metal fighter monoplane designed by Alfred Renard at the Societé Anonyme Avions et Moteurs Renard for a government-sponsored design contest in 1928. The Epervier Type 2 was built and flown in 1928, by Belgian aircraft manufacturer Stampe et Vertongen. It carried an armament of two synchronised 7.7mm guns and was lost in September 1928 after failing to recover from a flat spin. A second prototype, the Epervier Type 2bis, introduced revised streamlined fairings for the cantilever mainwheel legs, mainwheel spats and cylinder aft-fairings and was built by SABCA (Société Anonyme Belge de Constructions Aéronautiques).