hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quadratic residuosity problem
The quadratic residuosity problem (QRP) in computational number theory is to decide, given integers  and , whether  is a quadratic residue modulo  or not.
Here  for two unknown primes  and , and  is among the numbers which are not obviously quadratic non-residues (see below).

The problem was first described by Gauss in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae in 1801. 
This problem is believed to be computationally difficult.
Several cryptographic methods rely on its hardness, see § Applications.

An efficient algorithm for the quadratic residuosity problem immediately implies efficient algorithms for other number theoretic problems, such as deciding whether a composite  of unknown factorization is the product of 2 or 3 primes.

Jacobi symbol
The Jacobi symbol is a generalization of the Legendre symbol. Introduced by Jacobi in 1837, it is of theoretical interest in modular arithmetic and other branches of number theory, but its main use is in computational number theory, especially primality testing and integer factorization; these in turn are important in cryptography.
O Jin-u
O Jin-u (Korean: 오진우; March 8, 1917 – February 25, 1995) was a North Korean general and politician. He was a close associate of Kim Il Sung. O served under Kim in the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, and then as commander of Kim's bodyguard. He was a founding officer of the Korean People's Army (KPA), fought in the Korean War, and was a Vice-Chairman of the National Defence Commission from 1972 until dying in 1995. He was considered to be the most powerful person in North Korea after Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, a hardliner, and a strong supporter of North Korea's nuclear program.

Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea
The Presidium of the Political Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea, or simply the Presidium, and formerly known as the Standing Committee  (1946–61), is a committee consisting of the top leadership of the Workers' Party of Korea. Historically, it has been composed of one to five members, and currently has five members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo, a larger decision-making body, is not in session. While the Presidium in theory reports to the Politburo, which in turn reports to the larger Central Committee, in practice the Presidium is supreme over its parent bodies and acts as the most powerful decision-making body in North Korea. As North Korea is a one-party state, the Presidium's decisions de facto have the force of law. Its role is roughly analogous to that of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
1608 Muñoz
1608 Muñoz, provisional designation 1951 RZ, is a Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6.5 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1951, by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, in La Plata, Argentina. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.3 hours. It was named after F. A. Muñoz, one of the assistant astronomers at the discovering observatory.

Miguel Itzigsohn
Miguel Itzigsohn (1908–1978) was an Argentine astronomer and observer of comets, credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 15 asteroids between 1948 and 1954. The outer main-belt asteroid 1596 Itzigsohn, which he discovered himself, was named in his memory on 1 August 1980 (M.P.C. 5449).

Itzigsohn was a professor of spherical and practical astronomy. From 1955 to 1972, he was director of the extrameridian astronomy department at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory, specializing in astrometry and celestial mechanics. He was responsible for the surge in observational and computational activity in studies of minor planets in Argentina following World War II.
Chromatin bridge
Chromatin bridge is a mitotic occurrence that forms when telomeres of sister chromatids fuse together and fail to completely segregate into their respective daughter cells. Because this event is most prevalent during anaphase, the term anaphase bridge is often used as a substitute. After the formation of individual daughter cells, the DNA bridge connecting homologous chromosomes remains fixed. As the daughter cells exit mitosis and re-enter interphase, the chromatin bridge becomes known as an interphase bridge. These phenomena are usually visualized using the laboratory techniques of staining and fluorescence microscopy.

Homologous chromosome
Homologous chromosomes or homologs are a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci, where they provide points along each chromosome that enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis. This is the basis for Mendelian inheritance, which characterizes inheritance patterns of genetic material from an organism to its offspring parent developmental cell at the given time and area.
Bleikvasslia
Bleikvasslia is a village in Hemnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the village of Korgen, just southwest of the lake Bleikvatnet.

Bleikvasslia is a former mining community, but water started leaking into the mines therefore they no longer produce. Bleikvassli Church is located in this village. There is one gas station and store in the village. There are two dams nearby that produce hydroelectric power.

There are many cabins scattered around the Bleikvasslia area that people from Korgen use as vacation homes. The 218-square-kilometre (84 sq mi) lake Røsvatnet lies just south of the village along the municipal border.

Røsvatnet
Røsvatnet (Norwegian) or Reevhtse (Southern Sami) is a lake and reservoir in Hattfjelldal Municipality and Hemnes Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It has been the site of human occupation since the Stone Age. Its area of 219 square kilometres (85 sq mi) makes it the second largest lake in Norway by surface area. Without the dam which has regulated the lake since 1957, it would be 190 square kilometres (73 sq mi) and the third largest lake in Norway. Its depth is 240 metres (790 ft), its volume is estimated at 15 cubic kilometres (3.6 cu mi), and its surface elevation is 374 metres (1,227 ft) above sea level.
Les Saisons (Hong Kong)
22°17′02″N 114°13′29″E﻿ / ﻿22.28377°N 114.22476°E﻿ / 22.28377; 114.22476

Les Saisons (Chinese: 逸濤灣) is a private estate in Hong Kong. Located in Sai Wan Ho of the Eastern District, Hong Kong Island, the property was co-developed by Swire Properties, China Motor Bus and Sun Hung Kai Properties. The estate was completed in October 2001. There is a total of 4 residential buildings with 866 car park spaces provided. More than half of the flats enjoy the sea view of Lei Yue Mun Strait.

Swire Properties
Swire Properties Limited (Chinese: 太古地產) is a property developer, owner and operator of mixed-use, principally commercial properties in Hong Kong and mainland China. Founded and headquartered in Hong Kong in 1972, Swire Properties is a property developer in Hong Kong, and is listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. Including subsidiaries, it employs around 4,500 people. The company is, in turn, a subsidiary of the publicly listed Swire Pacific Limited (part of Swire Group).
Post-Soviet studies
Post-Soviet studies, also known as post-Soviet area studies or Former Soviet Union (FSU) studies, is a field of study within sociology and political science that emerged out of Soviet studies and Sovietology following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The field encompasses a broad range of studies in the area of the former Soviet Union, including within Slavic studies and Central Eurasian studies, and the study of specific post-Soviet states, including: Armenianology, Baltic studies, Belarusian studies, Central Asian studies, Georgian studies, Russian studies, Ukrainian studies, and others.

Broader themes in post-Soviet studies include the role of postcolonial analysis, and the relevance of analysis in context of the former Soviet Union as studies of the region progress into the post-Soviet era.

Kartvelian studies
The Kartvelian studies (Georgian: ქართველოლოგია) also referred as Kartvelology or Georgian studies  is a field of humanities covering the history, languages, religion and/or culture of Georgia and the Georgian people.

In a narrower sense, the term usually refers to the research activities conducted on these problems outside Georgia.
Hydraulic hooklift hoist
Hydraulic hooklift hoists are mounted on heavy duty trucks to enable hauliers to change out flatbeds, dumpster bodies, and similar containers. Primarily used in conjunction with tilt frame bodies and specialised roller containers, generally designed for the transportation of materials in the waste, recycling, scrap and demolition industries, as well as for disposal of construction debris.

The system employs a series of hydraulic rams to hook, lift and hoist the container onto the chassis of the truck. There are several configuration options, and strict guidelines which must be followed to ensure that the container is secured on the truck in transit.

Flatbed truck
A flatbed truck (or flatbed lorry in British English) is a type of truck the bodywork of which is just an entirely flat, level 'bed' with no sides or roof. 
This allows for quick and easy loading of goods, and consequently they are used to transport heavy loads that are not delicate or vulnerable to rain, and also for abnormal loads that require more space than is available on a closed body. Flatbed trucks can be either articulated or rigid.
Tea processing
Tea processing is the method in which the leaves from the tea plant Camellia sinensis are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing tea.

The categories of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo. In its most general form, tea processing involves different manners and degrees of oxidation of the leaves, stopping the oxidation, forming the tea and drying it.

The innate flavor of the dried tea leaves is determined by the type of cultivar of the tea bush, the quality of the plucked tea leaves, and the manner and quality of the production processing they undergo. After processing, a tea may be blended with other teas or mixed with flavourants to alter the flavor of the final tea. When producing black, pu'erh and oolong teas there is an additional purpose of processing: to encourage oxidization, which further develops flavour and aroma compounds.

Phenolic content in tea
The phenolic content in tea refers to the phenols and polyphenols, natural plant compounds which are found in tea.  These chemical compounds affect the flavor and mouthfeel of tea. Polyphenols in tea include catechins, theaflavins, tannins, and flavonoids.

Polyphenols found in green tea include, but are not limited to, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin; flavanols such as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricitin are also found in green tea.
Space Surveillance Telescope
The Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) is a Southern Hemisphere-based United States Space Force telescope used for detecting, tracking, and cataloguing satellites, near-Earth objects, and space debris.

In 2011, SST achieved first light at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, United States. In 2017, the SST was dismantled and moved to the Harold E. Holt Naval Communication Station, Exmouth, Western Australia to a site with an altitude of around 65 metres (213 ft). From there it began  observing the Southern Celestial Hemisphere and collecting data for the US Space Surveillance Network. The repositioned SST achieved first light in Australia on 5 March 2020. The SST entered initial operational capability on 4 October 2022  and was originally operated by the Royal Australian Air Force's, 1 Remote Sensor Unit under the command and control (C2) of the U.S. Space Force. No. 1 Space Surveillance Unit assumed responsibility for operating the SST in early 2023.

First light (astronomy)
In astronomy, first light is the first practical use of a new instrument, typically a telescope to take an astronomical image after it has been constructed. This is often not the first viewing using the telescope because optical tests have likely been performed to adjust the components.
Wadgera, Yadgir
Wadgera  is a Town panchayat in the southern state of Karnataka, India. Administratively, Wadgera is under the Wadgera Taluka of Yadgir district in Karnataka. Wadgera is 23 km by road south of the town of Yadgir and 39 km by road southeast of the town of Shahapur. The nearest rail station is Narayanpet Road Station and the nearest railhead is in Yadgir.

There is one village in the gram panchayat: Wadgera.

Yadgir
Yadgiri, also spelled as Yādagiri, is a city and the administrative headquarters of Yadgir district in the Indian state of Karnataka.  It is also the administrative headquarters of Yadgir Taluku, one of the six taluks of Yadgir.
GUS Band
The GUS Band is a world-famous brass band, based in Kettering, England.  Originally known as the Munn and Felton Works Band, it was formed by Fred Felton in 1933 in Kettering, England.  Since then, the band has won many prizes and competitions over the years.

Kettering
Kettering is a market and industrial town in the North Northamptonshire district of Northamptonshire, England. It lies 45 miles (72 km) west of Cambridge, 31 miles (50 km) south-west of Peterborough, 28 miles (45 km) south-east of Leicester and 15 miles (24 km) north-east of Northampton; it is west of the River Ise, a tributary of the River Nene. The name means "the place (or territory) of Ketter's people (or kinsfolk)".

At the 2021 census, Kettering had a population of 63,150. It is part of the East Midlands, along with the rest of Northamptonshire.
Luis Amaranto Perea
Luis Amaranto Perea Mosquera (born 30 January 1979) is a Colombian former footballer, currently assistant manager of the Colombia national team. Gifted with incredible stamina and pace, the central defender could also be adapted at right-back.

He spent most of his senior career with Atlético Madrid, appearing in 314 competitive matches over eight La Liga seasons. In 2012, he signed with Cruz Azul.

Perea earned 72 caps for the Colombia national team in more than one decade.

2013–14 CONCACAF Champions League
The 2013–14 CONCACAF Champions League was the 6th edition of the CONCACAF Champions League under its current name, and overall the 49th edition of the premier football club competition organized by CONCACAF, the regional governing body of North America, Central America and the Caribbean. Monterrey were the three-time defending champions, but were unable to defend their title as they failed to qualify for the tournament.

Cruz Azul won a record-setting sixth CONCACAF club title (and their first during the Champions League era), after winning an all-Mexican final over Toluca on away goals. As a result, they qualified as the CONCACAF representative at the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup.
Gisborne Central
Gisborne Central is the central business district and central suburb of Gisborne, in the Gisborne District of New Zealand's North Island. It is located east of Elgin, south of Whataupoko and west of Kaiti.

Gisborne City AFC
Gisborne City Association Football Club was an association football club in Gisborne, New Zealand. Founded in 1939 as Eastern Union, the club changed its name to Gisborne City after winning the Central Districts League at the first attempt in 1967.
Mother Joan of the Angels
Mother Joan of the Angels (Polish: Matka Joanna od Aniołów, also known as The Devil and the Nun) is a 1961 Polish religious horror art film on demonic possession, directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz, based on a novella of the same title by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, loosely based on the 17th century Loudun possessions. The film won the Special Jury Prize at the 1961 Cannes Film Festival.

Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
The Jury Prize (French: Prix du Jury) is an award of the Cannes Film Festival bestowed by the jury of the festival on one of the competing feature films. According to American film critic Dave Kehr, the award is "intended to recognize an original work that embodies the spirit of inquiry."
Advanced Professional Video
Advanced Professional Video (APV) developed by Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., is a royalty-free video codec designed for professional-level high-quality video recording and post production. It has been proposed to IETF and is supported across a variety of devices.

Video codec
A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.

The compressed data format usually conforms to a standard video coding format. The compression is typically lossy, meaning that the compressed video lacks some information present in the original video. A consequence of this is that decompressed video has lower quality than the original, uncompressed video because there is insufficient information to accurately reconstruct the original video.

There are complex relationships between the video quality, the amount of data used to represent the video (determined by the bit rate), the complexity of the encoding and decoding algorithms, sensitivity to data losses and errors, ease of editing, random access, and end-to-end delay (latency).
Jabo Ibehre
Jabo Oshevire Michael Ibehre (born 28 January 1983) is an English former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Ibehre made over 200 appearances for Leyton Orient between 2000 and 2008, before moving onto Walsall. A successful season with Walsall resulted in a move to Milton Keynes Dons in 2009. Ibehre's spell with the Dons saw him in and out of the first-team as he was sent out on loan on three occasions with Southend United, Stockport County and Colchester United. After an impressive loan stint with Colchester, Ibehre permanently signed for the U's in January 2013. He was later loaned out by Colchester to Oldham Athletic and Barnsley, and then Carlisle United on a permanent basis in 2015. Ibehre has been capped by England at youth level.

Colchester United F.C. Player of the Year
Colchester United Football Club is an English association football club based in Colchester, Essex that currently competes in Football League One. The Colchester United Player of the Year award is voted for annually by Colchester United's supporters to name a player who has been the club's best performer over the course of a campaign.

Mike Walker won the award three times, in 1980, 1981 and 1982, and was also the first to win the award in consecutive seasons. Tom Eastman matched this feat in 2018, having also won in 2014 and 2015. He surpassed this record to win a fourth award in 2020. Five other players have won the award twice since the inaugural award in 1965.

Three players who won the award later went on to manage the club, including Steve Wignall, Mike Walker and Steve Whitton.
Anti Social Social Club
Anti Social Social Club (sometimes stylized as ASSC and AntiSocialSocialClub) is a Los Angeles–based streetwear brand founded by Andrew Buenaflor, who goes by the pseudonym Neek Lurk. As of May 2022, the brand is wholly owned by Marquee Brands.

Anti Social has collaborated with A Bathing Ape, Rimowa, Dover Street Market, Playboy, Hello Kitty, Hot Wheels, DHL, Formula 1, FaZe Clan, Goodsmile Racing and Gran Turismo.

A Bathing Ape
A Bathing Ape (Japanese: ア・ベイシング・エイプ, Hepburn: A beishingu eipu), also known as BAPE, is a Japanese fashion  brand founded by Nigo (Tomoaki Nagao) in Ura-Harajuku in 1993. The brand specializes in men's, women's and children's lifestyle and street wear, running 19 stores in Japan, including Bape Stores, Bape Pirate Stores, Bape Kids Stores, Bapexclusive Aoyama, and Bapexclusive Kyoto. The Kyoto store also includes Bape Gallery, a space used for various events and art shows sponsored by Bape. The brand also has stores in Hong Kong, Taipei, Beijing, and elsewhere.

The company previously operated (Busy Work Shop), Bape Cuts hair salon, Bape Café, BABY MILO and The cay Soldier. Nigo also founded the secondary lines AAPE (by A Bathing Ape) and BAPY (Busy Working Lady). In 2011, the company was sold to Hong Kong fashion conglomerate I.T Group for about $2.8 million. Nigo left the brand in 2013.
Right to life
The right to life is the belief that a human (or other animal) has the right to live and, in particular, should not be killed by another entity. The concept of a right to life arises in debates on issues including: capital punishment, with some people seeing it as immoral; abortion, with some considering the killing of a human embryo or fetus immoral; euthanasia, in which the decision to end one's life outside of natural means is seen as incorrect; meat production and consumption, in which the breeding and killing of animals for their meat is seen by some people as an infringement on their rights; and in killings by law enforcement, which are seen by some as an infringement on those persons' right to live. However, individuals may disagree in which of these areas the principle of a right to life might apply.

Deadly force
Deadly force, also known as lethal force, is the use of force that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed.

Firearms, bladed weapons, explosives, and vehicles are among those weapons the use of which is considered deadly force. The use of non-traditional weapons in an offensive manner, such as a baseball bat, sharp pencil, tire iron, or other, may also be considered deadly force.
Al-Sarhan SC
Al-Sarhan Sports Club (Arabic: نادي السرحان الرياضي), also known as Sama Al-Sarhan (Arabic: سما السرحان), is a Jordanian professional football club based in Badiah Gharbiyah, Jordan. It currently competes in the Jordanian Pro League, the top flight of Jordanian football.

Mafraq Governorate
Mafraq (Arabic: محافظة المفرق Muhāfaẓat al-Mafraq, local dialects Mafrag or Mafra' ) is one of the governorates of Jordan, located to the north-east of Amman, capital of Jordan. It has a population of 637,000 (2021 estimate) making up 5.8% of Jordan's population. Its capital is Mafraq, which is known for its military bases.
National Democratic Front (Bangladesh)
The National Democratic Front (Bengali: জাতীয় গণতান্ত্রিক ফ্রন্ট, romanised: Jātīẏô Gôṇôtāntrik Phrônṭ, abbreviated: NDF) is a Bangladeshi multi-party political alliance led by the Anisul faction of the Jatiya Party (Ershad) and the Jatiya Party (Manju). It was founded on 8 December 2025, ahead of the 2026 general election.

Resignation of Sheikh Hasina
On 5 August 2024, at around 2:25 p.m., Sheikh Hasina resigned from her position as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and fled the country on a helicopter with her sister, Sheikh Rehana, to India, arriving in Delhi via Agartala.
AN/MPN
AN/MPN is the US Military prefix designation for a group of mobile ground-controlled approach (GCA) radars first introduced during World War II. "MPN" is the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS) nomenclature for mobile (M, ground mobile systems), radar (P), navigational aid (N). The AN/MPN designation is then followed by a hyphen and a number to denote the sequence in which that particular system was developed and manufactured.

Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min, or r⋅min−1) is a unit of rotational speed (or rotational frequency) for rotating machines.
One revolution per minute is equivalent to ⁠1/60⁠ hertz.