hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Lipnica
Gmina Lipnica (Kashubian: Gmina Lëpińce) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bytów County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Lipnica, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Bytów and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 309.57 square kilometres (119.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,796.

Mayor of the municipality is Andrzej Lemańczyk.

Bytów
Bytów (Polish: [ˈbɨtuf] ⓘ; Kashubian: Bëtowò; German: Bütow [ˈbyːtoː] ⓘ) is a town in the Gdańsk Pomerania region of northern Poland with 16,730 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the capital of Bytów County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

In the early Middle Ages a fortified stronghold stood near the town. In 1346 as Bütow it obtained Kulm law rights from the Teutonic Order, which controlled it since 1329. During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the town was the site of heavy fighting and changed hands over time. Eventually, King Casimir IV Jagiellon granted the town to Eric II, Duke of Pomerania, as a perpetual fiefdom. After the Partitions of Poland, Bytów became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and later also Germany, within which it remained until the end of World War II. In the final stages of the war Bytów heavily shelled by the Red Army, and more than 55% of the buildings were destroyed.
Algonquin-class patrol boat
The Algonquin-class patrol boat were a class of cutters built for the United States Coast Guard in the early 1930s. These ships were placed under United States Navy control during World War II.

The cutters in this class were:

USCGC Algonquin (WPG-75)

USCGC Comanche (WPG-76)

USCGC Escanaba (WPG-77)

USCGC Mohawk (WPG-78)

USCGC Onondaga (WPG-79)

USCGC Tahoma (WPG-80)

Escanaba was the lead ship in this class of Coast Guard cutters, but she exploded and sank while serving as part of the Greenland Patrol.

USCGC Escanaba (WPG-77)
USCGC Escanaba (WPG-77) was a 165 ft (50 m) A type United States Coast Guard cutter stationed on the Great Lakes from her commissioning in 1932 until the start of U.S. military involvement in World War II in 1941.  With the outbreak of war, Escanaba redeployed to participate in the Battle of the Atlantic, during the course of which she was ultimately lost with nearly her entire crew. Struck by either a torpedo or mine in the early morning of 13 June 1943, while serving as a convoy escort, Escanaba suffered a fiery explosion and sank within minutes, leaving only two survivors and one body out of her 105-man crew to be found on the surface by rescuers.
Loyal Parliament
The Loyal Parliament was the only Parliament of England of King James II, in theory continuing from May 1685 to July 1687, but in practice sitting during 1685 only. It gained its name because at the outset most of its members were loyal to the new king. The Whigs, who had previously resisted James's inheriting the throne, were outnumbered both in the Commons and in the Lords.

In May 1685 the Parliament treated James generously in financial matters, but by November of the same year it had developed concerns about the direction he was taking, so he prevented it from meeting again.

No other parliament was held by James before he fled the country on 18 December 1688 as a result of the Glorious Revolution.

George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys
George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys PC (15 May 1645 – 18 April 1689) was a Welsh judge and politician. He became notable during the reign of King James II, rising to the position of Lord Chancellor (and serving as Lord High Steward in certain instances). His conduct as a judge was to enforce royal policy, resulting in a historical reputation for severity and bias, earning Jeffreys the nickname of "the Hanging Judge".
Yaroslavl Higher Military School of Anti-Aircraft Warfare
Yaroslavl Higher Military School of Anti-Aircraft Warfare (Russian: Ярославское высшее военное училище противовоздушной обороны, romanized: Yaroslavskoye vyssheye voyennoye uchilishche protivovozdushnoy oborony) is a Russian higher military school conducting commissioned officer programmes (specialitet) and adjunctura programmes. It is located in Yaroslavl.

Adjunctura in Russia
The adjunctura (Russian: адъюнктура) is a military analogue of civilian graduate school in Russia, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of military sciences and be appointed to teaching and scientific positions in military educational and scientific research institutions.
Hold-up problem
In economics, the hold-up problem is central to the theory of incomplete contracts, and shows the difficulty in writing complete contracts. A hold-up problem arises when two factors are present:

Parties to a future transaction must make noncontractible relationship-specific investments before the transaction takes place.

The specific form of the optimal transaction (such as quality-level specifications, time of delivery, what quantity of units) cannot be determined with certainty beforehand.

The hold-up problem is a situation where two parties may be able to work most efficiently by cooperating but refrain from doing so because of concerns that they may give the other party increased bargaining power and thus reduce their own profits. When party A has made a prior commitment to a relationship with party B, the latter can 'hold up' the former for the value of that commitment. The hold-up problem leads to severe economic cost and might also lead to underinvestment.

Jean Tirole
Jean Tirole (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ tiʁɔl]; born 9 August 1953) is a French economist who is currently a professor of economics at Toulouse 1 Capitole University. He focuses on industrial organization and game theory. In particular, he focuses on the regulation of economic activity in a way that does not hinder innovation while maintaining fair rules. Tirole's work is largely theoretical and explored in mathematical models, not empirical research.

In 2014, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation.
5th Corps (Syrian rebel group)
The 5th Corps (Arabic: فيلق الخامس) was an alliance of five Syrian rebel groups that was formed during the Syrian Civil War in September 2014. All five units were affiliated with the Free Syrian Army and the Supreme Military Council, used the Syrian independence flag as their symbol, and received BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles from the US-backed Friends of Syria Group through the Military Operations Center in Reyhanlı, Turkey, near the Syrian border.

Supreme Military Council (Syria)
The Supreme Military Council (SMC) (Arabic: المجلس العسكري الأعلى, also called the Supreme Military Command) was the highest military leadership of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) from late 2012 to at least mid-2015. The establishment of the organisation was announced on 7 December 2012 with the backing of western and Arab powers as a means of financing and arming Syrian rebel forces.

The Supreme Military Council of the FSA recognized the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces as the "civil authority" of the Syrian opposition.
Oyster River (Maine)
The Oyster River is a tributary of the Saint George River in Knox County, Maine. From its source (44°11′29″N 69°09′42″W﻿ / ﻿44.1914°N 69.1617°W﻿ / 44.1914; -69.1617﻿ (Oyster River source)) in Rockport, the river runs 12.5 miles (20.1 km) south and southwest to its confluence with the Saint George. Its lower third forms the border between Warren and Thomaston.

St. George River (Maine)
The St. George River is a river in Maine with a watershed of 225 square miles (580 km2) in a unique and historic area of mountains, sea coast, lakes, tidal streams and inlets. The origin of the St. George River is the outflow of St. George Lake (44°23′42″N 69°18′41″W﻿ / ﻿44.3951°N 69.3113°W﻿ / 44.3951; -69.3113﻿ (Saint George River source)) in Liberty.  The river follows a winding course 45 miles (72 km) south to Thomaston, where the river flows into the estuary and runs about 12 miles (19 km) southwest to Muscongus Bay, forming the border between Cushing and St. George.
Green Zionism
Green Zionism is a branch of Zionism that focuses on the environment of Israel. It fuses Israeli-specific environmental concerns with support for the existence of Israel as a Jewish state.

According to the eco-Zionist ideology of A.D. Gordon,  the protection and conservation of nature in Eretz Israel is an important tool for Jewish national revival.

The term is now used by Aytzim, the first environmental organization to participate in the World Zionist Congress, the World Zionist Organization, and its constituent agencies.

Aytzim
Aytzim (meaning "trees" in Hebrew), formerly the Green Zionist Alliance (GZA), is a New York–based Jewish environmental organization that is a U.S.-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. A grassroots all-volunteer organization, Aytzim is active in the United States, Canada and Israel. The organization is a former member of the American Zionist Movement and has worked in partnership with Ameinu, the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life (COEJL), Hazon, Interfaith Moral Action on Climate, Interfaith Oceans, GreenFaith, Mercaz/Masorti (Conservative Judaism), the National Religious Coalition on Creation Care, and the Jewish National Fund (JNF)—although Aytzim has long criticized JNF for not prioritizing sustainability and environmental justice in its actions. Aytzim's work at the nexus of Judaism, environmentalism and Zionism has courted controversy from both Jewish and non-Jewish groups (see below section on criticism).
Nordre Vartdal
Nordre Vartdal is a village in Ørsta Municipality in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. The village is located along the Vartdalsfjorden about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northeast of the village of Vartdal. The village sits at the entrance to the Ådalen valley, at the mouth of the Storelva river. The European route E39 highway runs through Nordre Vartdal, right past Vartdal Church, which sits on the shore of the fjord.

Vartdalsfjorden
Vartdalsfjorden is a fjord (more technically, a strait) in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It begins at the Storfjorden and Sulafjorden in the northeast and flows through Hareid Municipality and Ulstein Municipality on the northern shore of the fjord and through Ørsta Municipality and Volda Municipality on the southern shore.

The 20-kilometre (12 mi) long fjord has one road crossing, the Eiksund Tunnel. The deepest part of the fjord reaches 365 metres (1,198 ft) below sea level. The village of Vartdal lies on the southern shore of the fjord in Ørsta Municipality.
Charles Kirkconnell International Airport
Sir Captain Charles Kirkconnell International Airport (IATA: CYB, ICAO: MWCB) is an airport serving Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands. It is one of the hubs for Cayman Airways with flights to Owen Roberts International Airport on Grand Cayman, and Edward Bodden Airfield on Little Cayman. It is the only airport on Cayman Brac.

The runway is on the southwestern end of Cayman Brac, and parallels the south shoreline. Approaches and departures are over the water. The Cayman Brac non-directional beacon (Ident: CBC) is located 1.0 nautical mile (1.9 km) off the approach threshold of Runway 27.

In 2012, the airport was renamed Charles Kirkconnell International Airport, in memory of Captain Charles Leonard Kirkconnell, a prominent local businessman with strong ties to the Sister Islands. Its previous name was Gerrard-Smith International Airport.

Owen Roberts International Airport
Owen Roberts International Airport (IATA: GCM, ICAO: MWCR) is an airport serving Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. It is the main international airport for the Cayman Islands as well as the main base for Cayman Airways. The airport is named after British Royal Air Force (RAF) Wing Commander Owen Roberts, a pioneer of commercial aviation in the country, and is one of the two entrance ports to the Cayman Islands.

Owen Roberts International Airport was the only international airport remaining in the Caribbean to have an open-air observation "waving gallery" until January 2017 when it was closed due to reconstruction. The upgraded Owen Roberts International Airport passenger terminal no longer has an outdoor observation "waving gallery".

The runway length includes a 130 metres (430 ft) displaced threshold on Runway 26. The Grand Cayman VOR/DME (Ident: GCM) is located 0.25 nautical miles (460 m) short of Runway 08.
Sport Club São Paulo
Sport Club São Paulo, commonly referred to as São Paulo-RS, is a Brazilian football club based in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. It currently plays in Campeonato Gaúcho Série B, the third level of the Rio Grande do Sul state football league. They competed in the Série A three times (1979, 1980 and 1982).

Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2
The Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2 (Gaucho Championship Series A2) is the second tier of the professional state football league in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is run by the Rio Grande do Sul Football Federation (FGF).
2014 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team
The 2014 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team represented North Carolina A&T State University as a member of Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Rod Broadway, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 9–3 with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, placing in a five-way tie for the MEAC title with Bethune–Cookman, Morgan State, North Carolina Central, and South Carolina State. Morgan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I Football Championship. None of the other co-champions earned an at-large bid. North Carolina A&T played home games at Aggie Stadium in Greensboro, North Carolina.

2014 South Carolina State Bulldogs football team
The 2014 South Carolina State Bulldogs football team represented South Carolina State University in the 2014 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by 13th-year head coach Oliver Pough and played their home games at Oliver C. Dawson Stadium. They were a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 8–4, 6–2 in MEAC play to finish in a five-way tie for the MEAC championship. However, they did not earn the conference's automatic bid to the FCS playoffs and did not receive an at-large bid.
Shuangluan, Changde
Shuangluan District (simplified Chinese: 双滦区; traditional Chinese: 雙灤區; pinyin: Shuāngluán Qū) is a district of Chengde, Hebei province, China. As of 2020, it has a population of 187,361 residing in an area of 250 km2 (97 sq mi).

Chengde
Chengde, formerly known as Jehol and Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated about 225 kilometres (140 mi) northeast of Beijing. It is best known as the site of the Mountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by the Qing emperors as summer residence. Its local dialect is also known for being the closest to Standard Chinese, which took several inspirations from the Chengde dialect. The permanent resident population is approximately 3,473,200 in 2017. At the end of 2024, the total resident population of the city was 3,285,700, a decrease of 16,500 from the end of the previous year. The urbanization rate of the resident population is 59.77%.
God the Father in Western art
For about a thousand years, in obedience to interpretations of specific Bible passages, pictorial depictions of God the Father had been avoided by Christian artists. At first only the Hand of God, often emerging from a cloud, was portrayed. Gradually, portrayals of the head and later the whole figure were depicted, and by the time of the Renaissance artistic representations of God the Father were freely used in the Western Church.

God the Father can be seen in some late Byzantine Cretan School icons, and ones from the borders of the Catholic and Orthodox worlds, under Western influence, but after the Russian Orthodox Church came down firmly against depicting the Father in 1667, he can hardly be seen in Russian art. Protestants generally disapprove of the depiction of God the Father, and originally did so strongly.

Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit, otherwise known as the Holy Ghost, is a concept within the Abrahamic religions. In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is understood as the divine quality or force of God manifesting in the world, particularly in acts of prophecy, creation and guidance. In Nicene Christianity, this conception expanded in meaning to represent the third person of the Trinity, co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father and God the Son. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as an agent of divine action or communication. In the Baha’i Faith, the Holy Spirit is seen as the intermediary between God and man and "the outpouring grace of God and the effulgent rays that emanate from His Manifestation".
Directed information
Directed information is an information theory measure that quantifies the information flow from the random string   to the random string . The term directed information was coined by James Massey and is defined as

where  is the conditional mutual information .

Directed information has applications to problems where causality plays an important role such as the capacity of channels with feedback, capacity of discrete memoryless networks, capacity of networks with in-block memory, gambling with causal side information, compression with causal side information, real-time control communication settings, and statistical physics.

Conditional mutual information
In probability theory, particularly information theory, the conditional mutual information is, in its most basic form, the expected value of the mutual information of two random variables given the value of a third.
1940–41 Serie A
The 1940-41 Serie A was the forty-first edition of the Italian Football Championship and its twelfth since 1929 re-branding to create Serie A. It was the eighteenth season from which the Italian Football Champions adorned their team jerseys in the subsequent season with a Scudetto. Bologna were champions for the sixth time in their history. This was their sixth scudetto since the scudetto started being awarded in 1924 and their fourth win contested as Serie A. This completed the twice Ambrosiana-Inter punctuated run of four Bologna wins from six consecutive Serie A competitions.

1929–30 Serie A
The 1929-30 Serie A was the thirtieth edition of the Italian Football Championship. It was also the seventh season from which the Italian Football Champions adorned their team jerseys in the subsequent season with a Scudetto. Replacing Divisione Nazionale, this was the first season of the Italian Football Championship after its landmark fourth re-brand that created Serie A. Serie A was the first Italian football nationwide round robin to decide Italy's champion club. Secondary division Serie B was created the same season, facilitating meritocratic promotion and relegation between two Italian nationwide divisions. Internazionale were inaugural Serie A winners, and thus were Italian national champions for the third time. This was their first win since the Scudetto started being awarded from 1924. At the time Inter were named Ambrosiana.
Jayville, New York
Jayville was a hamlet located in the southwest part of St. Lawrence County, New York, in the United States. The hamlet started as a mining community in 1850 on what eventually became the Carthage and Adirondack Railroad. Its existence was short lived as its non-favorable mineral composition and difficult ore availability was abandoned in favor of neighboring Benson Mines, located 14 miles (23 km) down the railroad to the east. After mining stopped in the community, other industries such as saw mills kept the population busy. Ultimately, these business were short lived. A further attempt to reopen the mines in 1914 failed and an eventual fire ended the existence of the hamlet of Jayville. Today remnants of the hamlet can be found off the now abandoned railroad station located on New York State owned land southeast of Harrisville on Jayville Road.

Pitcairn, New York
Pitcairn is a town in St. Lawrence County, New York, United States. The population was 846 at the 2010 census. The name is from that of Joseph Pitcairn, an early landowner and diplomat.

The Town of Pitcairn is in the southwestern part of the county and is south of Canton.
Military history of Barbados
The military history of Barbados comprises hundreds of years of military activity on the island of Barbados, as well as international military and peacekeeping operations in which Barbadians took part.

West India Regiments
The West India Regiments (WIR) were a group of line infantry regiments of the British Army raised and normally stationed in the British West Indies between 1795 and 1927. In 1888 the two West India Regiments then in existence were reduced to a single regiment of two battalions. This regiment differed from similar forces raised in other parts of the British Empire in that it was a part of the British Army. In 1958 a new regiment was raised following the creation of the Federation of the West Indies with the establishment of three battalions, however, the regiment's existence was short-lived and it was disbanded in 1962 when its personnel were used to establish other military units in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Throughout their history, the WIR were involved in a number of campaigns in the West Indies and Africa, and also took part in the First World War, where they served in the Middle Eastern and East African theatres.
1966 South African Grand Prix
The 1966 South African Grand Prix, formally titled the 12th International RAC Grand Prix of South Africa (Afrikaans: 12de Internasionale RAC Grand Prix van Suid-Afrika), was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 1 January 1966 at Prince George Circuit, East London, South Africa. The race, run over 60 laps of the circuit, was won by British driver Mike Spence in a works Lotus-Climax. Spence won by two laps from the private Brabham-BRM of Swiss driver Jo Siffert, with fellow Briton Peter Arundell third in the other works Lotus-Climax. The Grand Prix in South Africa  had been relegated to non-championship status for 1966 as cars with 1.5 litre engines had been permitted  to enter the race against 1966 World Championship regulations which only permitted teams to use cars with 3 litre engines.

Prince George Circuit
Prince George Circuit is a race circuit in East London in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. On this course the South African Grand Prix was hosted in 1934, and 1936 to 1939 when racing was halted due to World War II, and then in 1960–1966.
Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award is the highest honor bestowed by the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. The award is given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide."

Until her death, the award was given by former first lady Nancy Reagan on behalf of her husband, who died in June 2004. The award was first given in 1992, by former president Ronald Reagan himself. In 1994, Nancy Reagan presented the award instead as her husband had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease that year and was unable to attend the ceremony.

In order to receive the award, the potential recipient had to "have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide", as well as "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference".

Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the presidential library and burial site of Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the United States (1981–1989), and his wife Nancy Reagan. Located in Simi Valley, California, the library is administered by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

The library opened in 1991 and houses the repository of presidential records from the Reagan administration. The library contains millions of documents, photographs, films and tapes. It also contains memorabilia and a permanent exhibit of Ronald Reagan's life.