hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology is the work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including (among others) sensation, perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these.

Just-noticeable difference
Circles in the upper row grow in arithmetic progression: each one is larger by 10 units than previous one. They make an impression of growing initially fast and then slower and slower (the difference between 10 and 20 seems larger than between 60 and 70).

Circles in the lower row grow in geometric progression: each one is larger by 40% than previous one. They make an impression of growing by the same amount at each step.

In psychophysics, a just-noticeable difference (JND) is the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time. This limen is also known as the difference limen, difference threshold, or least perceptible difference.
NGC 3311
NGC 3311 is a super-giant elliptical galaxy (a type-cD galaxy) located about 190 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer John Herschel on March 30, 1835. NGC 3311 is the brightest member of the Hydra Cluster and forms a pair with NGC 3309 which along with NGC 3311, dominate the central region of the Hydra Cluster.

NGC 3311 is surrounded by a rich and extensive globular cluster system rivaling that of Messier 87 in the Virgo Cluster.

Dwarf galaxy
A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of about 1000 up to several billion stars, as compared to the Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, which closely orbits the Milky Way and contains over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy; others consider it a full-fledged galaxy. Dwarf galaxies' formation and activity are thought to be heavily influenced by interactions with larger galaxies. Astronomers identify numerous types of dwarf galaxies, based on their shape and composition.
Cyclobutene
Cyclobutene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6. It is a cycloalkene. It is a colorless gas that easily condenses. It is of interest in research but currently has no practical applications. A modern synthesis involves the 2-step dehydration of cyclobutanol. The compound was first prepared by thermolysis of the ammonium salt [C4H7N(CH3)3]OH (cyclobutyltrimethylammonium hydroxide).

Cyclobutene thermally isomerizes to 1,3-butadiene. This strongly exothermic reaction reflects the dominance of ring strain. In contrast, the corresponding equilibrium for hexafluorocyclobutene disfavors hexafluorobutadiene.

Hexafluorocyclobutene
Hexafluorocyclobutene is the organofluorine compound with the formula (CF2)2(CF)2.  A colorless gas, it is a precursor to a variety of compounds, including squaric acid. Hexafluorocyclobutene is prepared in two steps from chlorotrifluoroethylene.  The thermal dimerization gives 1,2-dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane.  Dechlorination of the latter gives hexafluorocyclobutene:

C4F6Cl2  +  Zn → C4F6  +  ZnCl2
Monkey Puss (Live in London)
Monkey Puss (Live in London) is a live album by Swedish band Entombed recorded during the 1992 Gods of Grind tour in London. It was released in 1999 on Earache Records.

Also a video version is available, which is the only official live video of early Entombed.
Originally it was released on VHS cassette, it was later re-released in 2001 on DVD. The VHS and DVD version contain five additional non-live videos (Left Hand Path, Stranger Aeons, Hollowman, Wolverine Blues and Night of the Vampire).

Monkey Puss can be seen during video as being written with feltpen on Nicke Andersson's snare drum, as well as on one of the band member's guitars, hence the album name.

Wolverine Blues
Wolverine Blues is the third studio album by Swedish death metal band Entombed, released on 31 August 1993 by Earache Records. It saw the return of vocalist LG Petrov, who had appeared on the band's debut album.

The album displays a completely different sound from previous releases, incorporating elements of hard rock and heavy metal while still retaining much of their traditional death metal roots, in a style that would later be known as death 'n' roll. The band also adopted a mid-tempo groove metal style for this release, similar to that of American band Pantera.
West End Wash
West End Wash is an ephemeral stream or wash in Clark County, Nevada. Its mouth is at its confluence with the Callville Wash of Lake Mead at an elevation 1,250 feet (380 meters) at when Lake Mead is at its full level. Currently as the reservoir is at a much lower level its mouth is found at approximately 36°08′24″N 114°42′57″W﻿ / ﻿36.14000°N 114.71583°W﻿ / 36.14000; -114.71583. Its source is at 36°15′55″N 114°43′58″W﻿ / ﻿36.26528°N 114.73278°W﻿ / 36.26528; -114.73278 at 3,083 feet (940 meters) in the Gale Hills.

West End Wash was originally a tributary of Callville Wash, known as West Fork Callville Wash, whose confluence with Callville Wash is now under Callville Bay. Following the creation of Lake Mead it now flows into Callville Bay, at 36°08′24″N 114°42′57″W﻿ / ﻿36.14000°N 114.71583°W﻿ / 36.14000; -114.71583 and was renamed West End Wash.

Gale Hills
Gale Hills, formerly considered part of the Muddy Range (1879), and later the South Muddy Mountains (1980s), are a range of hills southwest of the Muddy Mountains and about three miles north of the Boulder Basin of Lake Mead, in Clark County, Nevada. It is bounded on the east by Callville Wash; on the south by the Black Mesa lava flows; on the northwest by the valley of Gypsum Wash. Its highpoint is at 36°15′32″N 114°43′12″W﻿ / ﻿36.25889°N 114.72000°W﻿ / 36.25889; -114.72000 which lies at 3,756 feet (1,145 meters).

The Gale Hills were named in 1964 for Hoyt S. Gale (1876–1952), a geologist who conducted the first field examinations of the area. The "Gale anticline" a prominent-structural feature in the area, was first reported by him.
La conferencia secreta del Toto's Bar
La conferencia secreta del Toto's Bar is the third studio album by Uruguayan rock band Los Shakers. It was released in December 1968 on the Odeon Pops label.

It has been called the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band of Latin America and widely considered one of the most important albums in the history of rock en español.

Astor Piazzolla
Astor Pantaleón Piazzolla (Latin American Spanish: [asˈtoɾ pjaˈsola], Italian: [pjatˈtsɔlla]; March 11, 1921 – July 4, 1992) was an Argentine tango composer, bandoneon player, and arranger. His works revolutionized the traditional tango into a new style termed nuevo tango, incorporating elements from jazz and classical music. A virtuoso bandoneonist, he regularly performed his own compositions with a variety of ensembles.
In 1992, American music critic Stephen Holden described Piazzolla as "the world's foremost composer of Tango music".
Turgor pressure
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

It is also called hydrostatic pressure, and is defined as the pressure in a fluid measured at a certain point within itself when at equilibrium. Generally, turgor pressure is caused by the osmotic flow of water and occurs in plants, fungi, and bacteria. The phenomenon is also observed in protists that have cell walls. This system is not seen in animal cells, as the absence of a cell wall would cause the cell to lyse when under too much pressure. The pressure exerted by the osmotic flow of water is called turgidity. It is caused by the osmotic flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a volume with a low solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration is called osmotic flow. In plants, this entails the water moving from the low concentration solute outside the cell into the cell's vacuole.

Sap
Sap is a fluid transported in the xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant.  These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Sap is distinct from latex, resin, or cell sap; it is a separate substance, separately produced, and with different components and functions.

Insect honeydew is called sap, particularly when it falls from trees, but is only the remains of eaten sap and other plant parts.
2015 Suzhou Ladies Open
The 2015 Suzhou Ladies Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and part of the 2015 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Suzhou, China, on 19–25 October 2015.

Suzhou Ladies Open
The Suzhou Ladies Open is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor hard courts. The event is held in Suzhou, China, since 2012 until 2019 and starting again in 2025. It was classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament in 2012 and from 2015 until 2019. It was part of the WTA 125K series from 2013 to 2014 and came back to the WTA 125 Tour in 2025.
October 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 16 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 18

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 30 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on October 4.

October 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
October 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - October 5

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on October 17 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For October 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on September 21.
Louis Puech
Louis Puech (1 May 1851, in Gavernac, Bozouls, Aveyron – 15 July 1947, in Aubignac, Aveyron) was a député of the French Third Republic and Minister of Public Works in the second government of Aristide Briand from 3 November 1910 to 24 February 1911.  During his 30 years in office he was inscribed with the group of Républicains de gauche. He was the brother of the sculptor Denys Puech, director of the Villa Médicis (1921–33).

Aveyron
Aveyron (French: [avɛʁɔ̃] ⓘ; Occitan: Avairon [aβajˈɾu]) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southern France. It was named after the river Aveyron. Its inhabitants are known as Aveyronnais (masculine) or Aveyronnaises (feminine) in French. The inhabitants of Aveyron's prefecture, Rodez, are called Ruthénois, based upon the first settlers in the area, the Ruteni. With an area of 8,735 square kilometres (3,373 sq mi) and a population of 279,595, Aveyron is a largely rural department with a population density of 32 people/km2 (83 people/mi2).
Christow railway station
Christow railway station, previously known as Teign House, served the villages of Christow, Bridford and Doddiscombsleigh in  Devon, England. It was a stop on the Teign Valley line between Newton Abbot and Exeter St Thomas. The station was located in the parish of Doddiscombsleigh, as the parish boundary is the River Teign.

Newton Abbot railway station
Newton Abbot railway station serves the market town of Newton Abbot, in Devon, England. It is on the Exeter–Plymouth line, 214 miles 5 chains (345 km) from London Paddington, via Box. The station is managed by Great Western Railway, which also provides services along with CrossCountry. It is the junction for the line to Paignton but, for many years, it was also the junction for the branch line to Moretonhampstead and the site of a large locomotive workshop.
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene. It is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of DNA-binding transcription factors. The protein functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor by forming heterodimers with other C/EBP members, preventing their DNA binding activity. The protein is implicated in adipogenesis and erythropoiesis and has an important role in the cell's stress response.

XBP1
X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene. The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while a closely related pseudogene has been identified and localized to chromosome 5. The XBP1 protein is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes important to the proper functioning of the immune system and in the cellular stress response.
Pepeu Gomes
Pedro Anibal de Oliveira Gomes, better known as Pepeu Gomes (born February 7, 1952, in Salvador, Bahia state) is an accomplished Brazilian guitar player, multi-instrumentalist and composer. He was one of the members of Novos Baianos.
Pepeu has already been considered by the magazine Guitar World in 1988 as one of the ten best guitarists in the world in the category world music.

Choro
Choro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʃoɾu], "cry" or "lament"), also popularly called chorinho ("little cry" or "little lament"), is an instrumental Brazilian popular music genre which originated in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Despite its name, the music often has a fast and happy rhythm. It is characterized by virtuosity, improvisation and subtle modulations, and is full of syncopation and counterpoint. Choro is considered the first characteristically Brazilian genre of urban popular music. The serenaders who play choros are known as chorões.
The Golden One (novel)
The Golden One is the 14th in a series of historical mystery novels, written by Elizabeth Peters and featuring fictional sleuth and archaeologist Amelia Peabody. It was first published in 2002. The story is set in the 1916–1917 dig season in Egypt.

Amelia Peabody
Amelia Peabody Emerson is the protagonist of the Amelia Peabody series, a series of historical mystery novels written by author Elizabeth Peters (a pseudonym of Egyptologist Barbara Mertz, 1927–2013). Peabody is married to Egyptologist Radcliffe Emerson and has one biological child, Walter "Ramses" Peabody Emerson.
Occipital gyri
The occipital gyri (OcG) are three gyri in parallel, along the lateral portion of the occipital lobe, also referred to as a composite structure in the brain. The gyri are the superior occipital gyrus, the middle occipital gyrus, and the inferior occipital gyrus, and these are also known as the occipital face area. The superior and inferior occipital sulci separates the three occipital gyri.

The intraoccipital sulcus, also known as the superior occipital sulcus, stems from the intraparietal sulcus and continues until the sulcus reaches the transverse occipital sulcus, separating the superior occipital gyrus from the middle occipital gyrus. The transverse occipital sulcus comes down along the lateral occipital surface or the inferior occipital sulcus.

Transverse occipital sulcus
The transverse occipital sulcus is a sulcus in the occipital lobe.

The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietooccipital fissure.
Sugar candy
Sugar candy is any candy whose primary ingredient is sugar. The main types of sugar candies are hard candies, fondants, caramels, jellies, and nougats. In British English, this broad category of sugar candies is called sweets, and the name candy or sugar-candy is used only for hard candies that are nearly solid sugar.

Sugar candy is a sub-type of candy, which includes sugar candies as well as chocolates, chewing gum and other sweet foods.  Candy, in turn, is a sub-type of confectionery, which also includes sweet pastries and sometimes ice cream.

Marshmallow
Marshmallow (UK: /ˌmɑːrʃˈmæloʊ/, US: /ˈmɑːrʃˌmɛloʊ, -mæl-/) is a confection made from sugar, water and gelatin whipped to a solid-but-soft consistency. It is used as a filling in baking or molded into shapes and coated with corn starch. This sugar confection is inspired by a medicinal confection made from Althaea officinalis, the marsh-mallow plant.
Julia Boyer Reinstein
Julia Boyer Reinstein (November 3, 1906 – July 18, 1998) was an American teacher and historian who grew up in western New York and began her career teaching in Deadwood, South Dakota. After more than a decade of teaching, she became a founder of the Erie County Historical Federation and the first historian of Cheektowaga, New York. Committed to preserving the history of the area and educating citizens about their heritage, she and her husband were instrumental in donating properties for the establishment of a nature preserve, several libraries and to higher education. She was a subject of an anthropological study evaluating gender fluidity and the nature of being public about one's sexuality in the 1990s.

Cheektowaga, New York
Cheektowaga (/ˌtʃiːktəˈwɑːɡə/ CHEEK-tə-WAH-gə; Seneca: Chictawauga) is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town has grown to a population of 89,877. The town is in the north-central part of the county, and is an inner ring suburb of Buffalo. The town is the second-largest suburb of Buffalo, after the Town of Amherst.

The town of Cheektowaga contains the village of Sloan and half of the village of Depew. The remainder, outside the villages, is a census-designated place also named Cheektowaga. The town is home to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Erie County's principal airport.

Villa Maria College, Empire State University, and the Walden Galleria are in Cheektowaga.
Canada Davis Cup team
The Canada men's national tennis team represents Canada in Davis Cup tennis competition since 1913. They are overseen by Tennis Canada, the governing body of tennis in Canada.

The team won their first Davis Cup in 2022, beating Australia 2–0 in the final. In its first appearance in 1913 it had reached the World Group final, losing to the United States 0–3.

South Africa Davis Cup team
The South Africa men's national tennis team represents South Africa in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis South Africa. South Africa won the Davis Cup in 1974 by default as India withdrew from the finals as a protest against apartheid policies. They currently compete in Group II of the Europe/Africa Zone. They competed in the World Group from 1995 to 1998.
NGC 6670
NGC 6670 is a pair of interacting galaxies within the Draco constellation, which lie around 401 million light-years from Earth. Its shape resembles a leaping dolphin. NGC 6670 was discovered by Lewis A. Swift on July 31, 1886. NGC 6670 is a combination of two colliding disc galaxies which are known as NGC 6670E and NGC 6670W. The galaxy is 100 billion times brighter than the Sun. The galaxies have already collided once before and they are now moving towards each other again nearing a second collision. Its apparent magnitude is 14.3, its size is 1.0 arc minutes.

Draco (constellation)
Draco is a constellation in the far northern sky. Its name is Latin for dragon. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century Greek astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations today. The north pole of the ecliptic is in Draco. Draco is circumpolar from northern latitudes, meaning that it never sets and can be seen at any time of year.
Deaths in April 2024
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2024.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

South Dakota Senate
The South Dakota Senate is the upper house of the South Dakota Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The lower house is the South Dakota House of Representatives. It consists of 35 members, one representing each legislative district, who can serve up to four consecutive two-year terms. It meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Possible Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe
Because Juan Diego did not speak Spanish, it has been proposed by multiple authors that the name "Guadalupe", referring to the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, was likely derived from a word in Nahuatl. While it is not the ultimate origin of the name, as prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire it was already associated with the veneration of Mary at the Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura in Guadalupe, Cáceres, Spain, some authors have proposed that a similar-sounding Nahuatl word was interpreted by the Spanish as "Guadalupe" due to the connection.

Guadalupe, Cáceres
Guadalupe is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura. It has a total area of 68.19 km2 (23¼ sq. mi.) and, as of 1 January 2021, a registered population of 1,822. The monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe is situated here.
Stržišče, Tolmin
Stržišče (pronounced [stəɾˈʒiːʃtʃɛ]) is a settlement in the hills north of Hudajužna in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia.

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Oswald and belongs to the Diocese of Koper.

Hudajužna
Hudajužna (pronounced [xudaˈjuːʒna]; Italian: Villa Iùsina) is a village in the valley of the Bača River in the Municipality of Tolmin in the Littoral region of Slovenia. The Bohinj Railway line runs through the settlement.
Gorenje Zabukovje
Gorenje Zabukovje (pronounced [ɡɔˈɾeːnjɛ zaˈbuːkɔu̯jɛ]; German: Obersabukuje) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno in southeastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills west of Trebelno in the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Trebelno
Trebelno (pronounced [tɾɛˈbéːu̯nɔ]) is a village in the Municipality of Mokronog-Trebelno in the traditional region of Lower Carniola of southeastern Slovenia. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

The parish church, built on a slight elevation in the centre of the settlement, is dedicated to the Holy Cross and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It dates to the 16th century and was largely rebuilt in the late 18th century.
Erika Ida
Erika Ida (Kanji:井田 恵里香, born 20 October 1994) is a Japanese cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter. She was a member of the Japanese cricket team which won the bronze medal at the 2010 Asian Games. She also competed at the 2014 Asian Games representing the national team.

Kurumi also featured in the national team at the 2013 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier.

Japan women's national cricket team
The Japan women's national cricket team represents Japan in international women's cricket matches.

In April 2018, the International Cricket Council (ICC) decided to grant full Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Japan women and other ICC members since 1 July 2018 have the full WT20I status.
Polyvinyl fluoride
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or –(CH2CHF)n– is a polymer material mainly used in the flammability-lowering coatings of airplane interiors and photovoltaic module backsheets. It is also used in raincoats and metal sheeting. Polyvinyl fluoride is a thermoplastic fluoropolymer with a repeating vinyl fluoride unit, and it is structurally very similar to polyvinyl chloride.

Thermal stability
In thermodynamics, thermal stability describes the stability of a water body and its resistance to mixing. It is the amount of work needed to transform the water to a uniform water density. The Schmidt stability "S" is commonly measured in joules per square meter (J/m2).