hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gmina Ruja
Gmina Ruja is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Legnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the village of Ruja, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Legnica, and 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 73.37 square kilometres (28.3 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population was 2,639.

Legnica County
Legnica County (Polish: powiat legnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. The county covers an area  of 744.6 square kilometres (287.5 sq mi). Its administrative seat is the city of Legnica, although this city is not part of the county (it forms a separate city county, which is an enclave within Legnica County). The only towns in Legnica County are Chojnów and Prochowice.

As at 2019 the total population of the county is 55,318, out of which the population of Chojnów is 13,355, the population of Prochowice is 3,602, and the rural population is 38,361. The majority of the population is polish but there is a small German minority at 0.02% of the population mostly in Koiszków (Koischkau).
Sculpture with a D
Sculpture with a "D" is an abstract sculpture by Sam Gilliam, designed in 1980 and installed in 1983. It is located at Davis (MBTA station), Somerville, Massachusetts. Painted aluminum shapes connect to one another and to a supporting grid, forming a composite 44 feet long that hangs above the platform.  These were described by a critic as "a burst of painted abstract shapes", and include elements evoking letters which spell out the name of the station.

The work was commissioned as one of the first twenty works of the Arts on the Line program.

Arts on the Line
Arts on the Line was a program devised to bring art into the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) subway stations in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Arts on the Line was the first program of its kind in the United States and became the model for similar drives for art across the country. The first twenty artworks were completed in 1985 with a total cost of US$695,000, or one half of one percent of the total construction cost of the Red Line Northwest Extension, of which they were a part.: 5

After the first 20 artworks were installed, Arts on the Line continued facilitating the installation of artwork in or around at least 12 more stations on the MBTA as well as undertaking a temporary art program for stations under renovation, known as "Artstops". Artworks are included in the six new Green Line Extension stations as well.
Australian State Netball League
The Australian State Netball League was Australia's premier netball league before the era of the Commonwealth Bank Trophy. The league is currently running as the State Champs, but now with more regions. The big league ran from 1993 until 1996. It included all six states and the Northern Territory.

Commonwealth Bank Trophy
The Commonwealth Bank Trophy, also referred to as the National Netball League, was the top level national Australian netball league between 1997 and 2007. The league was organized by Netball Australia. Its main sponsor was the Commonwealth Bank. Melbourne Phoenix were the competition's most successful team, winning five premierships. Sydney Swifts were the second most successful team, winning four premierships. Between them, Phoenix and Swifts played in every grand final, except in 1999 when Adelaide Thunderbirds won the second of their two premierships. Ahead of the 2008 season, the Commonwealth Bank Trophy league effectively merged with New Zealand's National Bank Cup to form the ANZ Championship.
Criticism of C++
Although C++ is one of the most widespread programming languages, many prominent software engineers criticize C++ (the language and its compilers) arguing that it is overly complex and fundamentally flawed. Among the critics have been: Rob Pike, Joshua Bloch, Linus Torvalds, Donald Knuth, Richard Stallman, and Ken Thompson. C++ has been widely adopted and implemented as a systems language through most of its existence. It has been used to build many pieces of important software such as operating systems, runtime systems, programming language interpreters, parsers, lexers, compilers, etc.

C++20
C++20 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language. C++20 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, called C++17, and was later replaced by C++23. The standard was technically finalized by WG21 at the meeting in Prague in February 2020, had its final draft version announced in March 2020, was approved on 4 September 2020, and published in December 2020.
Threading (manufacturing)
In manufacturing, threading is the process of creating a screw thread. More screw threads are produced each year than any other machine element. There are many methods of generating threads, including subtractive methods (many kinds of thread cutting and grinding, as detailed below); deformative or transformative methods (rolling and forming; molding and casting); additive methods (such as 3D printing); or combinations thereof.

Selective laser sintering
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing (AM) technique that uses a laser as the power and heat source to sinter powdered material (typically nylon or polyamide), aiming the laser automatically at points in space defined by a 3D model, binding the material together to create a solid structure. It is similar to selective laser melting; the two are instantiations of the same concept but differ in technical details.  SLS (as well as the other mentioned AM techniques) is a relatively new technology that so far has mainly been used for rapid prototyping and for low-volume production of component parts. Production roles are expanding as the commercialization of AM technology improves.
Broadway Tunnel (San Francisco)
The Broadway Tunnel (officially the Robert C. Levy Tunnel) is a roadway tunnel in San Francisco, California. The tunnel opened in 1952, and serves as a high-capacity conduit for traffic between Chinatown and North Beach to the east and Russian Hill and Van Ness Avenue to the west. In a proposal of the city's 1948 Trafficways Plan, the tunnel was to serve as a link between the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway.

North Beach, San Francisco
North Beach is a neighborhood in the northeast of San Francisco adjacent to Chinatown, the Financial District, and Russian Hill. The neighborhood is San Francisco's "Little Italy" and has historically been home to a large Italian American population, largely from Northern Italy. It still has many Italian restaurants and a sizeable Italian community, though many other ethnic groups currently live in the neighborhood. It was also the historic center of the beatnik subculture and has become one of San Francisco's main nightlife districts as well as a residential neighborhood populated by a mix of young urban professionals, families, and Chinese immigrants.

The American Planning Association (APA) has named North Beach as one of ten "Great Neighborhoods in America".
Nohen
Nohen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Birkenfeld district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Birkenfeld, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Birkenfeld (district)
Birkenfeld (German pronunciation: [ˈbɪʁkŋ̍fɛlt]) is a district (Landkreis) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Its seat is the town of Birkenfeld. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Sankt Wendel (Saarland), Trier-Saarburg, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Rhein-Hunsrück, Bad Kreuznach and Kusel.
Bødalen, Asker
59°46′N 010°28′E﻿ / ﻿59.767°N 10.467°E﻿ / 59.767; 10.467

Bødalen is a village in Røyken in Asker municipality of Akershus, Norway.

Bødalen is situated adjacent to Slemmestad. It is located about 35 km south of  Oslo  and 25 kilometers east of Drammen. For statistical purposes, it is regarded as a part of the Oslo metropolitan urban area.  North of Bødalen and its vicinities is a continuous residential area that continues throughout Asker and Bærum to Oslo.

Bødalen forms part of the Oslo Geological Region (Oslofeltet). This area is located in the escarpment between bedrock to the south and sedimentary rocks in the north. It forms part of the geological area Oslo Graben.

Asker Municipality
Asker Municipality is a municipality in Akershus county, Norway, that was established in 2020 by the merger of Asker in Akershus and Røyken and Hurum in Buskerud county. Asker proper (also called Askerbygda) constitutes the northern fourth of the municipality, while Røyken and Hurum constitute the southern three quarters. It is part of the Greater Oslo Region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Asker.
Psoriatic erythroderma
Psoriatic erythroderma  represents a form of psoriasis that affects all body sites, including the face, hands, feet, nails, trunk, and extremities.: 410–411 : 195   This specific form of psoriasis affects 3 percent of persons diagnosed with psoriasis. First-line treatments for psoriatic erythroderma include immunosuppressive medications such as methotrexate, acitretin, or ciclosporin.

Keratinocyte
Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.  In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as basal keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, water loss, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. A number of structural proteins, enzymes, lipids, and antimicrobial peptides contribute to maintain the important barrier function of the skin. Keratinocytes differentiate from epidermal stem cells in the lower part of the epidermis and migrate towards the surface, finally becoming corneocytes and eventually being shed, which happens every 40 to 56 days in humans.
Langa (ruler)
Langa was an early precolonial Embo-Nguni chief in the Maputaland-Lubombo region of Southern Africa. He ruled a chiefdom within the Tembe Kingdom.

His followers within the  Embo groups were referred to as  Emalangeni ("people of Langa"), Embo-Dlamini or Nguni-Dlamini, as they were later called during the reign his son Dlamini I, and Amahlubi, descendants of his elder son Prince Hlubi.

Embo-Nguni
Embo-Nguni is a historiographical term used to describe a cluster within the broader  Embo identity of historic Nguni-speaking community that migrated to the Maputo-Lubombo region of coastal Southern Africa during the Bantu expansion.
1992 Metro Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1992 Metro Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 13–15 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky.

UNC Charlotte defeated Tulane in the championship game, 64–63, to win their first Metro men's basketball tournament.

Although the conference was not granted an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament, four of its teams (Charlotte, Louisville, South Florida, and Tulane) received at-large bids.

Metro Conference men's basketball tournament
The Metro Conference men's basketball tournament was the conference championship tournament in men's basketball for the Metro Conference. The tournament was held annually between 1976 and 1996, when the Metro Conference was absorbed into Conference USA in 1996.

The winner of the tournament was guaranteed a spot in the NCAA basketball tournament each year.
Shehu Ahmadu Musa
Shehu Ahmadu Musa, GCON, CFR (16 January 1935 – 19 November 2008) was a public administrator and chieftains holder of Makaman Nupe. He was the Secretary to the Government of the Federation of Nigeria during the Nigerian Second Republic between 1979 and 1983.

Secretary to the Government of the Federation
The Secretary to the Government of the Federation or SGF is the official title of the political appointee responsible for ensuring the effective coordination and monitoring of the implementation of government policies and programmes in the hierarchy of Nigerian government.
Halecostomi
fish portal

Halecostomi is the name of a group of neopterygian fish uniting the halecomorphs (represented by the living bowfin and many extinct groups) and the teleosts, the largest group of extant ray-finned fish.

The Halecostomi hypothesis and the Holostei hypothesis are two competing hypotheses explaining the evolutionary relationships of living ray-finned fish. The Holostei hypothesis is better supported, rendering the Halecostomi a paraphyletic group (i.e., rejecting the Halecostomi hypothesis).

The Holostei hypothesis posits that Ginglymodi (gars and their fossil relatives) and Halecomorphi form a clade, called Holostei, and that the Holostei are the sister group to the Teleostei.

Neopterygii
Neopterygii (from Ancient Greek νέος (néos), meaning "new", and πτέρυξ (ptérux), meaning "wing, fin") is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant fishes, and over half of all living vertebrate species. While living holosteans include only freshwater taxa, teleosts are diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. Many new species of teleosts are scientifically described each year.

The potentially oldest known neopterygian is the putative "semionotiform" Acentrophorus varians from the Middle Permian of Russia; however, one study incorporating morphological data from fossils and molecular data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, places this divergence date at least 284 mya (million years ago), during the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian. Another study suggests an even earlier split (360 myr ago, near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary).
Shosh, Nagorno-Karabakh
Shosh (Armenian: Շոշ) or Shushikend (Armenian: Շուշիքենդ; Azerbaijani: Şuşikənd, Russian: Шушике́нд) is a village in the Khojaly District of Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Until 2023 it was controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. The village had an ethnic Armenian-majority population until the expulsion of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh by Azerbaijan following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Khachkar
A khachkar (also spelled as khatchkar) or Armenian cross-stone (Armenian: խաչքար, pronounced [χɑtʃʰˈkʰɑɾ], խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs. Khachkars are characteristic of medieval Christian Armenian art.

Since 2010, khachkars, their symbolism and craftsmanship are inscribed in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Bill George (baseball)
William M. George (also known as Bill George) (January 27, 1865 – August 23, 1916)  was an American professional baseball player for the New York Giants and the Columbus Solons. He played with the Giants from 1887 to 1889, and played one year with the Columbus Solons of the American Association in 1889. He was born on January 27, 1865, in Bellaire, Ohio, and he died on August 23, 1916, in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is buried in the Mount Calvary Cemetery in Wheeling, West Virginia. He batted right-handed and threw left-handed.

Columbus Solons
The Columbus Solons were a professional baseball team in the American Association from 1889 to 1891. In three seasons, they won 200 games and lost 209 for a winning percentage of .489. Their home games were played at Recreation Park in Columbus, Ohio.

The Solons were managed by Al Buckenberger (99–119), Gus Schmelz (99–89), and Pat Sullivan (2–1). Some of their top players were pitchers Mark Baldwin, Ice Box Chamberlain, and Hank Gastright, catcher Jack O'Connor, first baseman Dave Orr, third baseman Lefty Marr, and outfielders Charlie Duffee and Spud Johnson.
Diocese of Jaipur
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Jaipur (Dioecesis Iaipurensis) in India was created on 20 July 2005, when the Diocese of Ajmer and Jaipur was split. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Agra. The parish church Our Lady of the Annunciation at Malviya Nagar is now the cathedral for the diocese.

The diocese covers 21 districts of the state of Rajasthan. Neighboring dioceses are the Diocese of Ajmer to the south, the Archdiocese of Delhi, the Diocese of Jalandhar and the Diocese of Simla-Chandigarh to the north, the Archdiocese of Agra and the Diocese of Gwalior to the east and Pakistan to the west.

Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh
The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh (Latin: Simlen(sis) et Chandigarhen(sis)) is a Latin Catholic diocese located in the cities of Simla and Chandigarh in the ecclesiastical province of Delhi in India.
Zavacephale
Zavacephale (meaning "origin head") is an extinct genus of pachycephalosaurian dinosaurs known from the Early Cretaceous Khuren Dukh Formation of Mongolia. The genus contains a single species, Zavacephale rinpoche, known from a partial articulated skeleton including a nearly complete skull. It is both the oldest definitive pachycephalosaur known, as well as the most complete. Its skull bears a well-developed dome structure, as seen in most members of the clade.

Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
This glossary explains technical terms commonly employed in the description of dinosaur body fossils. Besides dinosaur-specific terms, it covers terms with wider usage, when these are of central importance in the study of dinosaurs or when their discussion in the context of dinosaurs is beneficial. The glossary does not cover ichnological and bone histological terms, nor does it cover measurements.
Third Portuguese Republic
The Third Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: Terceira República Portuguesa) is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic republic installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. It was initially characterized by constant instability and was threatened by the possibility of a civil war during the early post-revolutionary years. A new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and major Estado Novo institutions were closed. Eventually the country granted independence to its African colonies and began a process of democratization that led to the accession of Portugal to the EEC (today's European Union) in 1986.

Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Aníbal António Cavaco Silva GCC GColTE GColL GColIH (European Portuguese: [ɐˈniβɐl ɐ̃ˈtɔni.u kɐˈvaku ˈsilvɐ, - ɐ̃ˈtɔnju -]; born 15 July 1939) is a Portuguese economist and politician who served as the president of Portugal, from 9 March 2006 to 9 March 2016, and as prime minister of Portugal, from 6 November 1985 to 25 October 1995. His 10-year tenure was the longest of any prime minister since Salazar, and the longest for a freely elected prime minister in Portugal's republican history. He was the first Portuguese prime minister to win an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (dating to 1974). He is most recognized for guiding Portugal into the European Union, liberalizing the Portuguese economy and improving infrastructures across the country.
Lawrie Metcalf
Lawrence James Metcalf (1928–2017) was a New Zealand horticulturalist, botanist, conservationist and author of gardening and plant identification books. Metcalf popularized and advocated for the planting of native or indigenous plant species in both public and private gardens and pioneered their propagation techniques (horticulture). In 1991 the British Royal Horticultural Society recognized his work on the cultivation of New Zealand's native plants, with the Gold Veitch Memorial Medal.

Christchurch Botanic Gardens
The Christchurch Botanic Gardens, located in the central city of Christchurch, New Zealand, were founded in 1863 when an English oak was planted to commemorate the solemnisation of the marriage of Prince Albert and Princess Alexandra of Denmark.
The gardens sprawl over an area of 21 hectares and lie adjacent to the loop of the Avon River next to Hagley Park. The Christchurch Botanic Gardens have a variety of collections of exotic and local plants of New Zealand, several conservatories, a nursery, playground and Climatological Station.
Štravberk
Štravberk (pronounced [ˈʃtɾaːu̯bɛɾk]) is a small dispersed settlement in the hills north of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Novo Mesto
Novo Mesto (pronounced [ˈnɔ̀ːʋɔ ˈmèːstɔ] ⓘ; Slovene: Novo mesto; also known by alternative names) is the seventh-largest city of Slovenia. It is the economic and cultural centre of the traditional region of Lower Carniola (southeastern Slovenia) and the seat of the City Municipality of Novo Mesto. It lies on a bend of the Krka River, close to the border with Croatia.
Manga Time Original
Manga Time Original (まんがタイムオリジナル, Manga Taimu Orijinaru) is a Japanese monthly yonkoma seinen manga magazine published by Houbunsha since July 1982. The magazine celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2012.

Yonkoma
Yonkoma manga (4コマ漫画; "four cell manga" or 4-koma for short) is a comic strip format that generally consists of gag comic strips within four panels of equal size, following a structure known as kishōtenketsu.
Avala
Avala (Serbian Cyrillic: Авала, pronounced [âv̞ala]) is a mountain in Serbia, overlooking Belgrade. It is situated in the south-eastern corner of the city and provides a great panoramic view of Belgrade, Vojvodina and Šumadija, as the surrounding area on all sides is mostly lowlands. It stands at 511 metres (1,677 ft) above sea level, which means that it enters the locally defined mountain category just by 11 m (36 ft).

Piste
A piste (/piːst/) is a marked trail or path down a mountain for snow skiing, snowboarding, or other mountain sports.

This term is French ("trail", "track") and synonymous with 'trail', 'slope', or 'run' in North America. The word is pronounced using a long "e" sound so that it rhymes with "beast".

North Americans employ its antonym, 'off piste', to describe backcountry skiing, especially when referring to skiing outside officially approved areas of a ski resort.
2004 Arkansas Republican presidential primary
The 2004 Arkansas Republican presidential primary was held on May 18, 2004, as part of the 2004 Republican Party primaries for the 2004 presidential election. 35 delegates to the 2004 Republican National Convention were allocated to the presidential candidates. The contest was held alongside primaries in Kentucky and Oregon.

Incumbent President George W. Bush won 35 delegates won this contest.

Uncommitted (voting option)
"Uncommitted" is a voting option in some United States presidential primaries. This option is listed along with the names of individuals running for the position and is often described as "none of the above". Depending on state and party thresholds, voting uncommitted may allow states to send uncommitted delegates to a party's nominating convention.