hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Toeplitz matrix
In linear algebra, a Toeplitz matrix or diagonal-constant matrix, named after Otto Toeplitz, is a matrix in which each descending diagonal from left to right is constant. For instance, the following matrix is a Toeplitz matrix:

Any  matrix  of the form

is a Toeplitz matrix. If the  element of  is denoted  then we have

A Toeplitz matrix is not necessarily square.

Invertible matrix
In linear algebra, an invertible matrix (non-singular, non-degenerate or regular) is a square matrix that has an inverse. In other words, if a matrix is invertible, it can be multiplied by its inverse matrix to yield the identity matrix. Invertible matrices are the same size as their inverse.

The inverse of a matrix represents the inverse operation, meaning if a matrix is applied to a particular vector, followed by applying the matrix's inverse, the result is the original vector.
God the Father
God the Father is a title given to God in Christianity. In mainstream trinitarian Christianity, God the Father is regarded as the First Person of the Trinity, followed by the Second Person, Jesus Christ the Son, and the Third Person, the Holy Spirit. Since the second century, Christian creeds included affirmation of belief in "God the Father (Almighty)", primarily in his capacity as "Father and creator of the universe".

Christians take the concept of God as the father of Jesus Christ metaphysically further than the concept of God as the creator and father of all people, as indicated in the Apostles' Creed where the expression of belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" is immediately, but separately, followed by "and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood.

Prosopon
Prosopon is a theological term used in Christian theology as designation for the concept of a divine person. The term has a particular significance in Christian triadology (study of the Trinity), and also in Christology.

In English language, the form prosopon is used mainly in scholarly works, related to theology, philosophy or history of religion, while it is also commonly translated as person, both in scholarly or non-scholarly writings. The term prosopon should not be confused with the term hypostasis, which is related to similar theological concepts, but differs in meaning.

The Latin term for prosopon, traditionally used in Western Christianity, and from which the English term person is derived, is persona.
Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (referred to as the LAB by geophysicists) represents a mechanical difference between layers in Earth's inner structure. Earth's inner structure can be described both chemically (crust, mantle, and core) and mechanically. The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary lies between Earth's cooler, rigid lithosphere and the warmer, ductile asthenosphere. The actual depth of the boundary is still a topic of debate and study, although it is known to vary according to the environment. The following overview follows the chapters in the research monograph by Irina Artemieva on "The Lithosphere".

Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.  All terrestrial planets (including Earth), half of the giant planets, specifically ice giants, a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles.
Fox Lake Correctional Institution
The Fox Lake Correctional Institution is a medium-security state prison for men located in Fox Lake, Dodge County, Wisconsin, owned and operated by the Wisconsin Department of Corrections.

In 2008, the facility had a rated capacity of 691 inmates but an actual population of 1,033.

In 2024,  the facility's official capacity had increased to 979; however, the actual population had already grown to 1,365.

The facility first opened in September 1962.

Wisconsin Department of Corrections
The Wisconsin Department of Corrections (WIDOC) is an administrative department in the executive branch of the state of Wisconsin responsible for corrections in Wisconsin, including state prisons and community supervision. The secretary is a cabinet member appointed by the governor of Wisconsin and confirmed by the Wisconsin Senate.

Divisions of the Wisconsin Department of Corrections include: the Division of Juvenile Corrections (DJC), the Division of Adult Institutions (DAI), the Division of Community Corrections (DCC) and Division of Management Services (DMS). WIDOC is headquartered in Madison.
Shirley Clarke Franklin Park
Shirley Clarke Franklin Park (formerly Westside Park) is a park in Atlanta, Georgia located on the site of the former Bellwood Quarry. The park is between Johnson Road and Donald Lee Hollowell Parkway and between the neighborhoods of Bankhead, Grove Park, and Knight Park/Howell Station. Westside Park at Bellwood Quarry was a major green space project of the Atlanta Beltline master plan and connects to the Proctor Creek Greenway Trail.

Shirley Franklin
Shirley Clarke Franklin (born May 10, 1945) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party who served as the 58th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, from 2002 to 2010. She currently serves as a member on the board of directors for both Delta Air Lines and Mueller Water Products.

The 58th mayor of Atlanta, she was the first woman to hold the post and the first black woman to be elected mayor of a major Southern city. Franklin was Atlanta's fourth African-American mayor. In July 2009, Mayor Franklin (along with Frances Townsend and Judge William H. Webster) was appointed to an ad hoc Department of Homeland Security special task force for 60-day review of the Homeland Security Advisory System.
Björn Kuipers
Björn Kuipers (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈbjʏrəŋ ˈkœypərs; ˈbjʏrn -]; born 28 March 1973) is a former Dutch football referee. He was a FIFA listed referee from 2006 to 2021 and an UEFA Elite group referee from 2009 to 2021. He was assisted during international matches by Sander van Roekel and Erwin Zeinstra.

Kuipers has officiated at two World Cups and three European Championship tournaments. It was announced on 29 July 2021 that Kuipers would be retiring from refereeing, officiating his final match between Ajax and PSV on 7 August in the 2021 Johan Cruyff Shield.

2009 Johan Cruyff Shield
The fourteenth edition of the Johan Cruyff Shield (Dutch: Johan Cruijff Schaal) was held on 25 July 2009 at the Amsterdam Arena. The match featured the 2008–09 Eredivisie champions AZ and 2008–09 KNVB Cup winners SC Heerenveen. The match inaugurated the 2009–10 season in Dutch football.
Waqf guardian
The Guardian of the Waqf (Arabic: ناظر الوقف, romanized: nāẓir al-waqf) or the Custodian of the Waqf (Arabic: قيّم الوقف, romanized: ḳayyim al-waqf) is the individual responsible for managing a waqf (charitable endowment), safeguarding its assets and proceeds, and fulfilling the stipulations set forth by the founder of the waqf. Jurists unanimously agree on the obligation to adhere to the conditions stipulated by the founder regarding the appointment of the waqf's guardian. For instance, Ali ibn Abi Talib stipulated in his waqf that the guardianship would pass to his son Hasan and then to his son Husayn.

Central Waqf Council
Central Waqf Council  is an Indian statutory body operated by the Government of India under The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, a subordinate of the Waqf Act, 1995.

The Waqf boards in the Indian subcontinent were formed in 1913 during the British rule. The Mussalman Waqf Act 1923 was established for the purpose of advising it on matters pertaining to the working of the State Waqf Boards and proper administration of the Waqfs in the country. Waqf is a permanent dedication of movable or immovable properties given by philanthropists for religious, pious or charitable purposes as recognized by Muslim Law. The grant is known as mushrut-ul-khidmat, while a person making such dedication is known as Wakif.
Order of Setia Negara Brunei
The Most Blessed Order of Setia Negara Brunei (Malay: Darjah Setia Negara Brunei Yang Amat Bahagia), also translated as The Most Blessed Order of Loyalty to the State of Brunei, is an order of Brunei Darussalam.  It was established on 29 November 1959 by Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III.

Hassanal Bolkiah
Hassanal Bolkiah Muiz'zaddin Wad'daulah (born 15 July 1946) is Sultan of Brunei, reigning since 1967, and has also served as Prime Minister of Brunei since its independence from British rule in 1984. He is among the world's few remaining absolute monarchs.

The eldest son of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III and Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit, he is the 29th sultan to ascend to the Bruneian throne, following the abdication of his father in 1967. The Sultan has been ranked among the wealthiest individuals in the world. As of 2023, Hassanal Bolkiah is said to have a net worth of $50 billion. He is the world's longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state. On 5 October 2017, Bolkiah celebrated his Golden Jubilee to mark the 50th year of his reign.
Siege of Fellin
The siege of Fellin took place between 25 March and 17 May 1602 during the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611). Polish and Lithuanian forces led by Grand Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski besieged the Swedish-held town of Fellin (present-day Viljandi in Estonia). The large Polish–Lithuanian army of around 5,000 troops first took the town, while the Swedish defenders, numbering around 800, retreated to the city's castle. After a second frontal attack on the castle, during which the Voivode of Wenden Jerzy Farensbach was killed, the Swedish garrison capitulated, although a group of Finnish soldiers refused to surrender and blew themselves up in the castle's tower. Fellin was later recaptured by the Swedes in a siege in 1608.

Viljandi
Viljandi (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈvilʲːjɑnʲːdi]) is a city and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,255 in 2024. It is the capital of Viljandi County and is geographically located between two major Estonian cities, Pärnu and Tartu.

The town was first mentioned in 1283, upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe. The town became a member of the Hanseatic League at the beginning of the 14th century, and is one of five Estonian cities and cities in the league. The once influential Estonian newspaper Sakala was founded in Viljandi in 1878.
Serhiy Kryvtsov
Serhiy Andriyovych Kryvtsov (Ukrainian: Сергі́й Андрі́йович Кривцо́в; born 15 March 1991) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender for the Ukraine national team. He is currently a free agent.

2011–12 Ukrainian Premier League
The 2011–12 Ukrainian Premier League season was the 21st since its establishment and fourth since its reorganisation. The season began on 8 July 2011 when newly promoted PFC Oleksandria visited FC Vorskla Poltava. FC Shakhtar Donetsk were the defending champions, having won their 6th league title in the 2010–11 season and they successfully defended their title by winning the championship in the last round of the competition.

A total of sixteen teams participated in the league, the best fourteen sides of the 2010–11 season and two promoted clubs from the 2010–11 Ukrainian First League.

The competition had a winter break which began on 11 December 2011 and the season resumed on 3 March 2012. The season concluded on 10 May 2012.
Senior Bowl
The Senior Bowl is a post-season college football all-star game played annually in late January or early February in Mobile, Alabama, which showcases the best NFL draft prospects of those players who have completed their college eligibility. Produced by the non-profit Mobile Arts & Sports Association, the game is also a charitable fund-raiser, benefiting various local and regional organizations with over US$7.8 million in donations over its history. The game is sponsored by Panini America and is televised by the NFL Network.

2021 Senior Bowl
The 2021 Senior Bowl was a college football all-star game played on January 30, 2021, at 1:30 p.m. CST, at Hancock Whitney Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. The game featured prospects for the 2021 draft of the professional National Football League (NFL), predominantly from the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), rostered into "National" and "American" teams. It was one of the final 2020–21 bowl games concluding the 2020 FBS football season. Sponsored by Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, the game was officially known as the Reese's Senior Bowl, with television coverage provided by NFL Network.

On January 11, 2021, bowl organizers announced that the teams would be coached by personnel from the Miami Dolphins and Carolina Panthers, coaching the National team and American team, respectively. This was the first Senior Bowl to be played at Hancock Whitney Stadium, after the 1951–2020 editions were held at Ladd–Peebles Stadium, also in Mobile.
Francesca Jones (tennis)
Francesca Jones (born 19 September 2000) is a British professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of No. 69 by the WTA achieved on 12 January 2026. Jones has won two WTA 125 titles and eight titles on the ITF circuit, breaking into the top 100 after winning 2025 Palermo Ladies Open in Italy. She had a career-high ITF juniors ranking of world No. 31, achieved on 1 May 2017.

Yuliia Starodubtseva
Yuliia Volodymyrivna Starodubtseva (Ukrainian: Юлія Володимирівна Стародубцева; born 17 February 2000) is a Ukrainian tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 63, achieved on 11 August 2025, by the WTA, and peaked at No. 144 in the WTA doubles rankings on 9 May 2024.

Starodubtseva has won four singles titles and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

She played college tennis at Old Dominion University.
Ramganga Dam
The Ramganga Dam, also known as the Kalagarh Dam, is an embankment dam on the Ramganga River 3 km (2 mi) upstream of Kalagarh in Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India. It is located within the Jim Corbett National Park.

Pauri Garhwal district
Pauri Garhwal district is a district in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Its headquarters is in the town of Pauri. It is sometimes referred to simply as Garhwal district, though it should not be confused with the larger Garhwal region of which it is only a part of.
Fishing industry in the United States
As with other countries, the 200 nautical miles (370 km) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off the coast of the United States gives its fishing industry special fishing rights. It covers 11.4 million square kilometres (4.38 million sq mi), which is the second largest zone in the world, exceeding the land area of the United States.

According to the FAO, in 2005, the United States harvested 4,888,621 tonnes of fish from wild fisheries, and another 471,958 tonnes from aquaculture. This made the United States the fifth leading producer of fish, after China, Peru, India, and Indonesia, with 3.8 percent of the world total.

National Marine Fisheries Service
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), informally known as NOAA Fisheries, is a United States federal agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that is responsible for the stewardship of U.S. national marine resources. It conserves and manages fisheries to promote sustainability and prevent lost economic potential associated with overfishing, declining species, and degraded habitats.
Dorsey station
Dorsey station is a passenger rail station on the MARC Camden Line between Washington, DC and Baltimore's Camden Station in Dorsey, Maryland. The station is located at Exit 7 on Maryland Route 100, a.k.a.; the Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway. It was built by MARC in 1996 as a replacement for a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station located on Route 103 east of Station House Drive. The former B&O station site is now a condominium development.

Camden Line
The Camden Line is a MARC commuter rail line that runs for 39 mi (63 km) between Washington Union Station in Washington, D.C., and Camden Station in  Baltimore, Maryland, over the CSX Capital Subdivision and Baltimore Terminal Subdivision. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began running commuter service from Baltimore to Ellicott City over part of the current line's trackage on May 24, 1830, making this corridor one of the country's oldest rail routes still in operation. The line was extended to Washington on August 25, 1835. The Camden Line is the shortest MARC line. As of 2019, the Camden Line is a weekday-only service.
Slum Rehabilitation Act 1995
The Slum Rehabilitation Act 1995 was passed by the government of the Indian state Maharashtra to protect the rights of swamp dwellers and promote the development of swamp areas.  The Act protected from eviction, anyone who could produce a document proving they lived in the city of Mumbai before January 1995, regardless if they lived on the swamp or other kinds of marsh land.  The ACT was the result of policy development that included grassroots slum dweller organisations, particularly SPARC.

Through the Act, pavement dwellers were for the first time accepted into the classification of households that are entitled to land for relocation. Following the enactment of this legislation, the government of Maharashtra and the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai set out a special policy for planning the relocation of the 20,000 households, using the information from a census Mahila Milan and NSDF completed in 1995.

Pavement dwellers
Pavement dwellers refers to informal housing built on the footpaths/pavements of city streets. The structures use the walls or fences which separate properties from the pavement and street outside. Materials include cloth, corrugated iron, cardboard, wood, plastic, and sometimes also bricks or cement.
BMW 8 Series
The BMW 8 Series is a range of grand tourer coupes and convertibles produced by BMW.

The 8 Series was introduced in 1990 under the E31 model code and was only available as a two-door coupé. It is powered by a range of naturally aspirated V8 and V12 petrol engines. The E31 started production just as E24 6 Series production ended; however, it is not considered a direct successor. The E31 was discontinued in 1999 due to poor sales.

The model range was later reintroduced in 2018 with the second generation, G15 8 Series. It launched in coupé (G15), convertible (G14), and four-door Gran Coupé (G16) body styles, as the successor to the F06/F12/F13 6 Series lineup. The G15 8 Series introduces an inline-six diesel engine, and a high-performance BMW M8 trim later joined the lineup as well as the luxury inspired Alpina B8.

Grand tourer
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of car that is designed for high speed, long-distance driving with luxury specifications. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons or sedans. Some models, such as the Ferrari 250 GT, Jaguar E-Type, and Aston Martin DB5, are considered classic examples of gran turismo cars.

The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.
Digidogheadlock
Digidogheadlock is the seventh album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets and their first to receive a European release. The album explored the sound that would later be used on their following album, Osc-Dis. TORUxxx stepped in on guitar for this album, although Takeshi Ueda recorded guitar on the track "Asphalt Beach". This album gained the band recognition by Digital Hardcore Recordings founder and Atari Teenage Riot frontman Alec Empire, who remixed two tracks and invited the band to tour with ATR. The album was released two years before the breakthrough album Osc-Dis, but there was little international interest at the time. The song "3:31" is a reference to vocalist Kyono's birthdate.

According to CD Journal, the album has sold more than 100,000 copies.

Osc-Dis
Osc-Dis or Oscillator in Distortion is the eighth album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in Japan in 1999 and released outside Japan in 2001. Osc-Dis was the band's breakthrough album and finally got them recognized overseas, with the single "Pulse". The album mixes industrial metal, industrial rock and punk rock with various kinds of electronic music. It was more melodic than their previous album and included elements of pop punk. There are vocal contributions from Hirosuke from Balzac, Yamada from Geronimo, and Katsya from NND. This album also saw the birth of the band's mascots The White Crusher and The Cyborn.

The song "Pulse" appears on the in-game soundtrack to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 and in Jonny Moseley Mad Trix.
NGC 1546
NGC 1546 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Dorado. The galaxy lies about 55 million light years away from Earth, which means, given its apparent dimensions, that NGC 1546 is approximately 60,000 light years across. It was discovered by John Herschel on December 5, 1834. It is a member of the Dorado Group.

Lenticular galaxy
A lenticular galaxy (denoted S0) is a type of galaxy intermediate between an elliptical (denoted E) and a spiral galaxy in galaxy morphological classification schemes. It contains a large-scale disc but does not have large-scale spiral arms.  Lenticular galaxies are disc galaxies that have used up or lost most of their interstellar matter and therefore have very little ongoing star formation. They may, however, retain significant dust in their disks. As a result, they consist mainly of aging stars (like elliptical galaxies).  Despite the morphological differences, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties like spectral features and scaling relations. Both can be considered early-type galaxies that are passively evolving, at least in the local part of the Universe.  Connecting the E galaxies with the S0 galaxies are the ES galaxies with intermediate-scale discs.
Anatoli Golovnya
Anatoli Dmitrievich Golovnya (Russian: Анатолий Дмитриевич Головня; 20 January 1900, Simferopol – 25 June 1982, Moscow) was a Soviet cinematographer, renowned for his work with Vsevolod Pudovkin (with whom he was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1951). In 1969 he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. He was a professor at Moscow's renowned Institute of Cinema (VGIK). One of his students at VGIK was Mikhail Vartanov.

Mikhail Vartanov
Mikhail Vartanov (Russian: Михаил Вартанов, Armenian: Միքայել Վարդանով, February 21, 1937 – December 29, 2009) was a Soviet filmmaker and cinematographer who made significant contribution to world cinema with the documentary films Parajanov: The Last Spring and Seasons of the Year.

He is considered an important cinematographer and documentarian of his generation, noted for artistic collaborations with Sergei Parajanov and such influential documentary films as Parajanov: The Last Spring, The Seasons (directed by Artavazd Peleshyan), The Color of Armenian Land, and a series of essays including Unmailed Letters.