hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shaw, Melksham Without
Shaw is a village in the civil parish of Melksham Without, Wiltshire, England. It is about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) northwest of Melksham on the A365 Melksham to Box road, where the B3353 diverges to Corsham.

Box, Wiltshire
Box is a large village and civil parish within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wiltshire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) west of Corsham and 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Bath. Box also falls in the easternmost part of the Avon Green Belt. Besides the village of Box, the parish includes the villages of Ashley and Box Hill; Hazelbury manor; and the hamlets of Alcombe, Blue Vein, Chapel Plaister, Ditteridge, Henley, Kingsdown, Middlehill, and Wadswick. To the east the parish includes much of Rudloe, formerly a hamlet but now a housing estate, and the defence establishments and related businesses on the site of the former RAF Rudloe Manor.

Occupation here dates back at least to Roman times. The area is known for its fine stone, and for centuries Box quarries were famous for their product. Today Box is perhaps better known for its Brunel-designed Box railway tunnel.

Box has been twinned with Sorigny, a commune in central France, since 2016.
2023 DFL-Supercup
The 2023 DFL-Supercup was the 14th edition of the German super cup under the name DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions. The match was played on 12 August 2023.

The match featured Bayern Munich, winners of the 2022–23 Bundesliga, and RB Leipzig, winners of the 2022–23 DFB-Pokal. It was a rematch of the 2022 edition, which Bayern won 5–3. Though usually hosted by the DFB-Pokal winners, the Deutsche Fußball Liga selected Bayern Munich to host the match at the Allianz Arena in Munich.

RB Leipzig won the match 3–0 for their first DFL-Supercup title.

Franz Beckenbauer Supercup
The Franz Beckenbauer Supercup or German Super Cup is an annual football match in Germany that features the winners of the Bundesliga championship and the DFB-Pokal. The competition is run by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (English: German Football League).
Past Masters (book series)
Past Masters is an Oxford University Press book series published from 1980. Directly inspired by Isaiah Berlin's approach to the history of ideas, the series was created by Henry Hardy in 1980, with Keith Thomas as General Editor. Its aim was to provide a brief, lively introduction to the ideas and beliefs of important thinkers from the past who have influenced the way we think today. In 1995 it was expanded to form the Very Short Introductions series, in which a number of Past Masters were subsequently republished.

Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931) is a British philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of religion, and the philosophy of Wittgenstein of whose literary estate he is an executor. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St. Thomas Aquinas in the style of analytic philosophy. He is a former president of the British Academy and the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
Kebakalan
Kebakalan (Indonesian pronunciation: [kəbaˈkalan]) is a village in the town of Mandiraja, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The village has an area of 1.031  km2. In 2010 census, had a population of 1,391.

Mandiraja, Banjarnegara
Mandiraja (Indonesian pronunciation: [mandiˈrad͡ʒa]) is a district (kecamatan) in Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The district has an area of 52.62 km², with a population of 78,090 people at the 2020 Indonesian population census, and which was officially estimated to have reached 83,462 in mid 2024. Mandiraja is also 6 km east of the General Sudirman Airport.
Hasegawa–Mima equation
In plasma physics, the Hasegawa–Mima equation, named after Akira Hasegawa and Kunioki Mima, is an equation that describes a certain regime of plasma, where the time scales are very fast, and the distance scale in the direction of the magnetic field is long. In particular the equation is useful for describing turbulence in some tokamaks. The equation was introduced in Hasegawa and Mima's paper submitted in 1977 to Physics of Fluids, where they compared it to the results of the ATC tokamak.

Magnetohydrodynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD; also called magneto-fluid dynamics or hydro­magnetics) is a model of electrically conducting fluids that treats all types of charged particles together as one continuous fluid. It is primarily concerned with the low-frequency, large-scale, magnetic behavior in plasmas and liquid metals and has applications in multiple fields including space physics, geophysics, astrophysics, and engineering.
Maria Aurelia Tasso
Maria Aurelia Tasso or Tassis (died 1750) was a Benedictine nun at the monastery of Santa Grata in Bergamo. She likely derives from the same Bergamese family as Torquato Tasso. She wrote a hagiography on Santa Grata of Bergamo, putatively a 4th century saint. In that text she comments on Bernardo Tasso's sister Dona Affra, who also was a member of the same monastery.

Torquato Tasso
Torquato Tasso (/ˈtæsoʊ/ TASS-oh, also US: /ˈtɑːsoʊ/ TAH-soh, Italian: [torˈkwaːto ˈtasso]; 11 March 1544 – 25 April 1595) was an Italian poet of the 16th century, known for his 1581 poem Gerusalemme liberata (Jerusalem Delivered), in which he depicts a highly imaginative version of the combats between Christians and Muslims at the end of the First Crusade, during the Siege of Jerusalem of 1099.

Tasso had a mental illness and died a few days before he was to be crowned on the Capitoline Hill as the king of poets by Pope Clement VIII. His work was widely translated and adapted, and until the beginning of the 20th century, he remained one of the most widely read poets in Europe.
Languages of Guyana
English is the official language of Guyana, which is the only South American country with English as the official language.

Guyanese Creole (an English-based creole) is widely spoken in Guyana.

Guyanese Hindustani is retained and spoken by some Indo-Guyanese for cultural and religious reasons. Guyanese Bhojpuri may be used by older generations, folk songs, or in a limited way at home, while standard Hindi is used in religious service, writing, and passively through the consumption of Hindi film exports from India. Tamil was once spoken by a segment of the Indo-Guyanese community, although its usage has declined over generations, and it remains mostly in religious and cultural contexts.

A number of Amerindian languages are also spoken by a minority of the population.  These include Cariban languages such as Macushi, Akawaio and Wai-Wai; and Arawakan languages such as Arawak (or Lokono) and Wapishana.

Waiwai language
Waiwai /ˈwaɪwaɪ/ (Uaiuai, Uaieue, Ouayeone) is a Cariban language of northern Brazil, with a couple hundred speakers across the border in southern Guyana and Suriname.

Katawiana, or Parukuto, is a dialect; Karafawyana is unattested and uncontacted but may be the same.
Phoksundo Lake
Phoksundo Lake is an alpine fresh water oligotrophic lake in Nepal's Shey Phoksundo National Park at an elevation of 3,611.5 m (11,849 ft) in the Dolpa District. Phoksundo Lake is 494 ha (1.91 sq mi) in size with a water volume of 409,000,000 m3 (1.44×1010 cu ft) and a discharge of 3.715 m3/s (131.2 cu ft/s). In 2004, a survey by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology measured the maximum depth of the lake at 145 m (476 ft). In 2019, another detailed survey was carried out by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, which measured the maximum depth of the lake at 136.20 m (446.9 ft).

In September 2007, Phoksundo Lake has been designated a Ramsar site.

On the lake' southern end, the village of Ringmo sits on the 30,000- to 40,000-year-old landslide dam that formed the lake. Past the dam, the waters of the lake plunge over a 167 m (548 ft) tall waterfall.

Landslide dam
A landslide dam or barrier lake is the natural damming of a river by some kind of landslide, such as a debris flow, rock avalanche or volcanic eruption. If the damming landslide is caused by an earthquake, it may also be called a quake lake. Some landslide dams are as high as the largest existing artificial dam.
2022 BAL Sahara Conference
The Sahara Conference of the 2022 BAL season began on 5 March 2022 and ended on 15 March 2022. In a group of six teams, all team played each other one time. The top four teams in the standings advanced to the 2022 BAL Playoffs.

All games were played in the Dakar Arena in Dakar, Senegal.

2022 BAL playoffs
The 2022 BAL Playoffs was the second edition of the playoffs of the Basketball Africa League (BAL) and was the concluding tournament of the 2022 BAL season. The playoffs began on 21 May 2022 and ended on 28 May 2022 with the Finals. For a second consecutive season, all playoffs games were played at the BK Arena in Kigali, Rwanda.

The official schedule was announced on 8 February 2022.
Reginald III, Count of Burgundy
Reginald III (French: Renaud; c. 1087 – 1148), son of Stephen I and Beatrice of Lorraine, was the count of Burgundy between 1127 and 1148. Previously, he had been the count of Mâcon since his father's death in 1102, with his brother, William of Vienne. His mother, Beatrice of Lorraine, was the daughter of Gerard, Duke of Lorraine. Pope Callixtus II was Reginald's paternal uncle.

Reginald proclaimed independence from Emperor Lothair III, but was defeated by King Conrad III of Germany and forced to relinquish all his lands east of the Jura. The name of the region Franche-Comté is derived from his title, franc-compte, meaning "free count".

About 1142, Reginald married Agatha, daughter of Duke  Simon I of Lorraine. They had a daughter, Beatrice I.

In 1148, Reginald was traveling in France when he fell ill with multiple illnesses. He died so suddenly that he could not even appoint a regent for his young daughter, Beatrice I, who succeeded him.

Conrad III of Germany
Conrad III (German: Konrad; Italian: Corrado; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III, and from 1138 until his death in 1152 King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and Agnes, a daughter of Emperor Henry IV.

His reign saw the start of the conflicts between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He was involved in the failed Second Crusade with Louis VII, where he would fight and lose at Doryleum and would later fall ill and return to Constantinople. After recuperating, he went to Jerusalem but would experience a string of failed sieges. Later returning from the Crusade, he was entangled in some conflicts with Welf VI's claim to the Duchy of Bavaria. On his deathbed, he designated his nephew Frederick Barbarossa as his successor instead of his son, Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia.
Stephens Island (Torres Strait)
Stephens Island, called Ugar in the local Meriam language, lies in the eastern group of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago of Queensland, Australia. The island is within the locality of Ugar Island within the local government area of the Torres Strait Island Region.

Torres Strait Islanders
Torres Strait Islanders (/ˈtɒrɪs/ TORR-iss) are the Indigenous Melanesian peoples of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today, many more Torres Strait Islander people live in mainland Australia than on the islands.

Five distinct peoples exist within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir comprise the two main Indigenous language groups; Yumplatok is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuan, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. Torres Strait Islanders exhibit a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.
History of aviation in Alaska
Aviation in Alaska is central to the vast, lightly populated state with severe weather issues. The short highway system links a few major population centers; railroads are of even lesser importance. Ocean ports, islands, and river towns are served by ocean-going vessels. Air service makes up the rest.  Air service by "bush pilots" to the Interior and western Alaska, as well as the Aleutian Islands, allowed for the influx of settlers, the year-round contact of villages with the state's larger cities and services, mail and supplies, and rapid transportation of people and goods throughout the state.

Bush flying
Bush flying refers to aircraft operations carried out in the bush. Bush flying involves operations in rough terrain where there are often no prepared landing strips or runways, frequently necessitating that bush planes be equipped with abnormally large tires, skis, skids or any other equipment necessary for unpaved runway operation. It is the only viable way of delivering people and supplies into more difficult to reach, remote locations.
UP Fighting Maroons
The UP Fighting Maroons are the collegiate varsity teams of the University of the Philippines Diliman. The teams play in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), the Philippines' premier college sports league.

UP is one of four member-universities that participate in all 15 sporting events of the league.

UAAP overall championships
The University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) Overall Championship is awarded to the school with the highest point total in the different UAAP events. It was first awarded in UAAP Season 10. Member universities currently compete in fifteen sports to vie for the overall championship, namely, badminton, baseball, basketball, beach volleyball, chess, fencing, football, judo, softball, swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

The University of Santo Tomas holds the distinction of having the most overall championships with 72 titles wherein it won 48 collegiate division overall championships in the 77 seasons that the title was awarded and 24 high school division overall championships out of 29 seasons.
Irvington Group
The Irvington Group was a group of artists residing in Irvington, a suburb on the east side of Indianapolis, Indiana, during the 1920s and 1930s. This group of artists included some of the most well-known Hoosier artists, such as William Forsyth and Clifton Wheeler. Fifteen other professional resident artists belonged to the Irvington group, including Simon Baus, Paul Baus, Carolyn Bradley, Alice Cook, Robert Craig, Constance Forsyth, Martha Lee Frost, Helene Hibben, William Kaeser, Dorothy Morlan, Frederick Polley, Robert Selby, Hilah Wheeler, and Charles Yeager.

From 1928 to 1935, the Irvington Group held an annual exhibition featuring local art. "Eight of these ten exhibitions were held at Carr’s Hall. The first and ninth of the ten exhibitions were held on Carr’s first-floor auto showroom and in five of the contributing artists' homes/studios, respectively."

Helene Hibben
Helene Hibben (November 18, 1882– March 18,1968) was an American artist from Indianapolis. Hibben was a sculptor and is a confirmed participant in the Indianapolis City Hospital Project. She created a large bronze statue for the creation of the Burdsal Units. It can still be seen on the campus of Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital. She spent a large portion of her life in childcare, caring for children during World War II and teaching at her own school.  In 1917, Hibben founded the Hibben school for kindergarten and primary grades.
George Logothetis
George Michael Logothetis (Greek: Τζορτζ Μάικλ Λογοθέτης; born 18 January 1975) is a Greek-American businessman. He was born into a Greek shipping family. Logothetis grew up in London and has lived in New York City since 2004. He is a US citizen.

Logothetis is the executive chairman of Libra Group, a diversified international privately owned company that he founded in 2003. As of 2023, Libra Group owns and operates 20 subsidiary companies around the world, mainly in six industries: aerospace, renewable energy, hotels and hospitality services, real estate, diversified investments, and maritime.

Archbishop Iakovos of America
Archbishop Iakovos of North and South America (Greek: Ιάκωβος; born Demetrios Koukouzis (Δημήτριος Κουκούζης); July 29, 1911 – April 10, 2005) was the primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America (now the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America) from 1959 until his resignation in 1996.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1863
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1863, adopted unanimously on January 16, 2009, after recalling resolutions 733 (1992), 751 (1992), 1356 (2001), 1425 (2002), 1519 (2003), 1725 (2006), 1744 (2007), 1772 (2007), 1801 (2008), 1811 (2008), 1814 (2008), 1831 (2008) and 1844 (2008) on the situation in Somalia, the Council its intention to establish a peace-keeping force in war-torn Somalia and called on Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to develop, by April 15, 2009, a mandate for the proposed mission, which would replace the existing African Union force in the country (AMISOM).

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1725, adopted unanimously on December 6, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Somalia, particularly resolutions 733 (1992), 1356 (2001) and 1425 (2002), the Council authorised the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and African Union to establish a protection and training mission in the country.

The resolution was implemented in 2007. States that bordered Somalia would not deploy troops to the IGAD-African Union mission.
Joseph William Sutton
Joseph William Sutton (21 October 1844 – 21 February 1914), identified in the print media as J. W. Sutton, was an Australian engineer, shipbuilder, inventor, pioneer in electric lighting and x-ray pioneer in Queensland.

Foundry
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals processed are aluminium and cast iron. However, other metals, such as bronze, brass, steel, magnesium, and zinc, are also used to produce castings in foundries. In this process, parts of desired shapes and sizes can be formed.

Foundries are one of the largest contributors to the manufacturing recycling movement, melting and recasting millions of tons of scrap metal every year to create new durable goods. Moreover, many foundries use sand in their molding process. These foundries often use, recondition, and reuse sand, which is another form of recycling.
Bulgarian toponyms in Antarctica (U)
Ugain Point, Rugged Island

Ugarchin Point, Robert Island

Ugorelets Point, Low Island

Urania Cove, Two Hummock Island

Urda Ridge, Clarence Island

Urdoviza Glacier, Livingston Island

Urguri Nunatak, Trinity Peninsula

Urovene Cove, Graham Coast

Urvich Wall, Livingston Island

Ushi Cliffs, Oscar II Coast

Ushlinova Peak, Graham Coast

Ustina Point, Tower Island

Ustra Peak, Livingston Island

Utus Peak, Trinity Peninsula

Ushi Cliffs
Ushi Cliffs (Bulgarian: скат Уши, ‘Skat Ushi’ \'skat u-'shi\) are the precipitous rocky cliffs extending 2.7 km in northwest-southeast direction and 600 m wide, rising to 1500 m on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land.  They are situated in the south foothills of Roundel Dome, surmounting upper Flask Glacier to the south.  Named after the settlement of Ushi in Western Bulgaria.
Julio Martínez (journalist)
Julio Martínez Prádanos (Temuco, Chile, June 23, 1923 – Santiago, Chile, January 2, 2008) was a Chilean sports commentator specializing in football who had a long career in the written press, radio and television. He won the 1995 National Prize for Journalism, awarded by the Chilean Ministry of Education. He belongs to a generation of ever-lasting emblematic Chilean sports commentators, along with Sergio Livingstone, Pedro Carcuro, Alberto Fouillioux, Néstor Isella and Milton Millas.

Martínez died of terminal prostate cancer on January 2, 2008, after years of failing health.

Sergio Livingstone
Serjio Robert "Sergio" Livingstone Pohlhammer (26 March 1920 – 11 September 2012) was a Chilean goalkeeper, who later became a well-regarded journalist. He was nicknamed "El Sapo" ("the toad") for his typical posture in the goal. From 1938 to 1959 he played primarily for CD Universidad Católica in Santiago. With Chile he took part in seven Copa América and one FIFA World Cup, earning 52 caps. IFFHS rated him as the 9th greatest South American keeper of the 20th century.
Coñocranra
Coñocranra (possibly from Quechua quñuq warm, lukewarm, ranra stony, stony place) is a mountain of Peru located in the Ancash Region, Santa Province. It is the highest mountain in the Cordillera Negra at (5181 m).

From its summit is the scenery of the Andes mountain range around. To the west, is the profile of the coast, usually in a misty background. To the east, is the Cordillera Blanca where the highest peaks of  Peru can be seen, especially Huascarán (6768 m). Between the two mountain ranges, runs the Santa River, which gives life to the Callejón de Huaylas. Then the two mountain ranges come close to giving birth to the Canyon del Pato. Finally the Santa River, after cutting the Cordillera Negra, flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Huascarán
Huascarán (Spanish pronunciation: [waskaˈɾan], wass ka RAHN; Quechua: Waskaran), Nevado Huascarán or Mataraju is a mountain located in Yungay Province, Ancash Department, Peru. It is situated in the Cordillera Blanca range of the western Andes. The southern summit of Huascarán (Huascarán Sur), which reaches 6,768 metres (22,205 ft), is the highest point in Peru, the northern Andes (north of Lake Titicaca), and in all of the Earth's tropics. It is the fourth highest mountain in South America after Aconcagua, Ojos del Salado, and Monte Pissis. Huascarán is ranked 25th by topographic isolation.
Bitcoin Satoshi Vision
Bitcoin Satoshi Vision (BSV) is a cryptocurrency that is a hard fork of Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin Satoshi Vision was created in November 2018 by a group of individuals led by Craig Steven Wright, who has claimed since 2015 to be Satoshi Nakamoto, the creator of the original bitcoin.

Double-spending
Double-spending is the unauthorized spending of the same money (either digital or conventional) more than once. As with counterfeit money, double-spending leads to supply inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. It can also devalue the currency and diminish user trust in the currency.

There are many fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending while preserving anonymity in a transaction, including the introduction of a centralized authority (proof-of-authority) for blind signatures and, particularly in offline systems, secret splitting.. Other methods to mitigate the double-spend problem include decentralized consensus protocols such as proof-of-work and proof-of-stake.
Philippe Meunier
Philippe Meunier (French pronunciation: [filip mønje]; born 16 March 1966 in Bron, Rhône) is a former member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented the Rhône department,  and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

Rhône (department)
Rhône (French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Arpitan: Rôno) is a French department located in the east-central administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Rhône, its prefecture is Lyon. Its sole subprefecture is Villefranche-sur-Saône. Including the Lyon Metropolis, it had a population of 1,875,747 in 2019.