hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sangar, Oshnavieh
Sangar (Persian: سنگر) is a village in Dasht-e Bil Rural District, in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 290, in 60 families.

Dasht-e Bil Rural District
Dasht-e Bil Rural District (Persian: دهستان دشت بيل) is in the Central District of Oshnavieh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Agh Bolagh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Nalivan, now in Oshnavieh-ye Shomali Rural District.
Hotung family
Hotung family (Chinese: 何東家族) or Ho family is a prominent Eurasian family in Hong Kong. Originated in the 1890s during British rule in Hong Kong, the family was considered one of the four big families of Hong Kong during the colonial period. While the Hotungs are no longer seen as part of the contemporary big four (popularly called the four major real estate families), they remain the most renowned and the most compelling family.

Stanley Ho, the grandnephew of Robert Hotung, founder of the family, expanded his influence through gambling industry in Macau and established his house as one of the four great families of Macau.

Daisy Ho
Daisy Ho Chiu-fung (Chinese: 何超鳳; born 1964) is a Hong Kong businesswoman who is the daughter of Macau-based businessman Stanley Ho. She is the chairman and executive director of SJM Holdings, a major owner, operator and developer of casinos in Macau. She is also an executive director of Shun Tak Holdings.
Alligator boy
An alligator boy (or girl, man, woman, as appropriate) was a common freak show and dime museum exhibit. While the act was traditionally performed by people with ichthyosis, sideshows sometimes substituted workers whose skin was covered in cracked glue, optionally supplemented with food dye and sand. As another alternative, taxidermist Julius S. Hansen advertised stuffed alligator boys for sale in 1887.

Like other freakshow performers, alligator boys were often depicted in banners and advertisements as half-human, half-animal hybrids. Their acts sometimes featured interactions with actual reptiles.

Alligator-skinned performers included:

Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis is a family of genetic skin disorders characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin. The more than 20 types of ichthyosis range in severity of symptoms, outward appearance, underlying genetic cause and mode of inheritance (e.g., dominant, recessive, autosomal or X-linked). Ichthyosis comes from Greek  ἰχθύς (ichthys) 'fish', since dry, scaly skin is the defining feature of all forms of ichthyosis.

The severity of symptoms can vary enormously, from the mildest, most common, types such as ichthyosis vulgaris, which may be mistaken for normal dry skin, up to life-threatening conditions such as harlequin-type ichthyosis.  Ichthyosis vulgaris accounts for more than 95% of cases.
Nørdre Svarthaugen
Nørdre Svarthaugen is a mountain in Skjåk Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,762-metre (5,781 ft) tall mountain is located in the Tafjordfjella mountains and inside the Reinheimen National Park, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of the village of Bismo. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Løyfthøene and Buakollen to the northeast, Skarvedalseggen to the north, and Stamåhjulet to the northwest.

Buakollen
Buakollen is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,685-metre (5,528 ft) tall mountain lies within the Reinheimen National Park, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) southwest of the mountain Digervarden and about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) west of the mountain Grønhøe. The mountain Løyfthøene lies about 3.9 kilometres (2.4 mi) to the west of Buakollen and the mountain Skarvedalseggen lies about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to the southwest. The village of Lesjaskog lies about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the mountain.
Datnioides
Datnioides is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Lobotidae. These fishes are commonly known  as tigerfish, tiger perch or freshwater tripletails. These fishes are found in the rivers of southern Asia and new Guinea.

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
Francis Buchanan FRSE FRS FLS (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish surgeon, surveyor and botanist who made significant contributions as a geographer and  zoologist while living in India. He did not assume the name of Hamilton until three years after his retirement from India.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Buch.-Ham. is applied to plants and animals he described, though today the form "Hamilton, 1822" is more usually seen in ichthyology and is preferred by Fishbase.
Darvand
In Zoroastrianism, darvand, in its original Avestan form dregvant means 'wicked'. It is an ethical appellation of unrighteous persons. Angra Mainyu, the Evil Spirit, is a dregvant or darvand or wicked, as Spenta Mainyu, the Good Spirit, is ashavan or righteous.

"Thou Ahura Mazda, most recognize only two classes among mankind, the 'ashavan' or righteous and the 'dregvant,' 'darvand' or wicked to whatever religion they may belong. Those alone among Zoroastrians, who think good thoughts, speak good words and do good deeds are 'ashavan' or righteous in thy sight. Those who don Sudrah and Kusti, the sacred shirt and girdle, and call themselves the Mazda worshipping Zoroastrians yet think evil thoughts and speak evil words and do evil deeds, are 'darvands' or wicked. Those that profess to be good Mazdayasnians, but whose conduct gives the lie to their profession, are themselves 'darvands,' wicked indeed."— http://www.avesta.org/dhalla/history2.htm

Ahriman
Angra Mainyu (/ˈæŋrə ˈmaɪnjuː/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎, romanized: Aŋra Mainiiu) is the Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the Spenta Mainyu, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism. The Middle Persian equivalent is Ahriman (/ˈɑːrɪmən/; Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭧𐭫𐭬𐭭𐭩, romanized: Ahreman). The name can appear in English-language works as Ahrimanes.
Rock Island District
The Rock Island District (RID or RI) is a Metra commuter rail line from Chicago, Illinois, southwest to Joliet. Metra does not refer to its lines by color, but the timetable accents for the Rock Island District line are "Rocket Red" in honor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad's Rocket passenger trains.

Its Beverly Branch (also called the Suburban Branch or Suburban Line) branches to the west of the main line at 89th Street to make local stops in the communities of Washington Heights, Beverly, Morgan Park and Blue Island, before merging back onto the main line at Blue Island/Vermont Street station.

Morgan Park, Chicago
Morgan Park, located on the far south side of the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, is one of the city's 77 official community areas. Morgan Park is located south of the Beverly neighborhood and north of the Chicago city border, and includes Mount Greenwood Cemetery. The community, settled in the mid-19th century, was initially known as North Blue Island, being located close to the existing town of Blue Island to the south. As of 2013, Morgan Park was majority-black, with approximately 22,924 residents in 2015.
Harry Turpie
Henry Spence Turpie (9 September 1875 – 18 December 1945)  was a Scottish-American professional golfer. He had two top-10 finishes in golf major championship tournaments. Turpie finished T5 in the 1909 Western Open, shooting a course record tying 69 in the final round.

Old Course at St Andrews
The Old Course at St Andrews, also known as the Old Lady or the Grand Old Lady, is considered the oldest golf course in the world. It is a public course over common land in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, and is held in trust by the St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews clubhouse sits adjacent to the first tee, although it is but one of many clubs (St Andrews Golf Club, the New Golf Club, St Regulus Ladies Golf Club and the St Rule Club are the others with clubhouses) that have playing privileges on the course, along with some other non-clubhouse owning golf clubs and the general public. Originally known as the "golfing grounds" of St Andrews, it was not until the New Course was opened in 1895 that it became known as the Old Course.
Orcinus
Orcinus is a genus of Delphinidae, the family of carnivorous marine mammals known as dolphins, in the infraorder Cetacea. It includes the largest (and only extant) delphinoid species, Orcinus orca, known as the orca or killer whale. Two extinct species are recognised, Orcinus paleorca and O. citoniensis, describing fossilised remains of the genus. The other extinct species O. meyeri is disputed.

Globicephalinae
Globicephalinae is a subfamily of oceanic dolphins that includes the pilot whales (Globicephala spp.), the pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), the false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and the snubfin dolphins (Orcaella spp.).
Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford
Henry Thurstan Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford, GCMG, PC (3 August 1825 – 29 January 1914), known as Sir Henry Holland, Bt, from 1873 to 1888 and as The Lord Knutsford from 1888 to 1895, was a British Conservative politician, best known for serving as Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1887 to 1892.

Secretary of State for the Colonies
The secretary of state for the colonies or colonial secretary was the Cabinet of the United Kingdom's minister in charge of managing certain parts of the British Empire.

The colonial secretary never had responsibility for the provinces and princely states of India, which had its own secretary of state.

From 1768 until 1966, the secretary of state was supported by an under-secretary of state for the colonies (at times an under-secretary of state for war and the colonies), and latterly by a minister of state.
Spectral theory
In mathematics, spectral theory is an inclusive term for theories extending the eigenvector and eigenvalue theory of a single square matrix to a much broader theory of the structure of operators in a variety of mathematical spaces. It is a result of studies of linear algebra and the solutions of systems of linear equations and their generalizations. The theory is connected to that of analytic functions because the spectral properties of an operator are related to analytic functions of the spectral parameter.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Optioservus browni
Optioservus browni is a species in the family Elmidae ("riffle beetles"), in the suborder Polyphaga ("water, rove, scarab, long-horned, leaf and snout beetles"). The species is known generally as the "Brown's optioservus riffle beetle".
It is found in North America.

Elmidae
Elmidae, commonly known as riffle beetles, is a family of beetles in the superfamily Byrrhoidea described by John Curtis in 1830. Both adults and larvae are usually aquatic, living under rocks in fast-flowing shallow areas of streams, such as riffles, feeding on algae and biofilms. There are more than 150 genera and 1,500 described species in Elmidae. The oldest record of the group is Cretohypsilara from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber.
Dibrova, Saranchuky rural hromada, Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast
Dibrova (Ukrainian: Діброва) is a village in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Saranchuky rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Dibrova belonged to Berezhany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Berezhany Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.

Saranchuky rural hromada
Saranchuky rural territorial hromada (Ukrainian: Саранчуківська територіальна громада, romanized: Saranchukivska silska terytorialna hromada) is a hromada in Ukraine, in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast. The administrative center is the village of Saranchuky. Its population is 6,308 (2022 estimate) Established on 10 August 2017.
Kiærskou
Kiærskou is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Frederik Christian Kiærskou (1805–1891), Danish landscape painter

Hjalmar Kiærskou (1835–1900), Danish botanist

Lotte Kiærskou (born 1975), Danish team handball player

Scandinavian family name etymology
Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.
Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.
Indian FTR
The Indian FTR (formerly FTR 1200) is a standard motorcycle manufactured by Polaris Inc. under the Indian Motorcycle marque since 2019. In early 2025, it was announced the FTR had been discontinued.

The FTR1200 and its derivative, the FTR1200S, have been noted as having design cues from the sport of flat track racing, including the airbox location, dual exhaust pipes, lightweight appearance, in contradistinction to the usual American cruiser motorcycle, and "directly target[s] enthusiast riders who currently have traditionally favored the Ducati Monster, Triumph Speed Triple and BMW R nineT". The "sport" model FTR1200S has electronic stability control and wheelie control, with gyroscopic input to the ABS and other systems to make them lean sensitive.

BMW R nineT
The BMW R nineT is a standard motorcycle made by BMW Motorrad since 2014. It is a retro styled roadster marketed by BMW to custom builders and enthusiasts as a "blank canvas for customizing".

All models have anti-lock braking systems (ABS). Automatic stability control (ASC) is available as an option.
Languages of Guatemala
Spanish is the official language of Guatemala, and is spoken by 93% of the population. Guatemalan Spanish is the local variant of the Spanish language.

Twenty-two Mayan languages are spoken, especially in rural areas, as well as two non-Mayan Amerindian languages: Xinca, an indigenous language, and Garifuna, an Arawakan language spoken on the Caribbean coast. According to the Language Law of 2003, the languages of Mayas, Xincas, and Garifunas are recognized as national languages.

German is spoken by more than 5,000 Germans citizens living permanently in Guatemala, as well as several thousand Guatemalans of German descent.

Xincan languages
Xinca (or Xinka, Sinca, or Szinca) is a small extinct family of Mesoamerican languages; formerly, the language was regarded as a single language isolate. Xinca was once spoken by the Indigenous Xinca people in southeastern Guatemala, parts of El Salvador, and Honduras.

They have also historically been referred to as Popoluca or Popoluca-Xinca; Popoluca being a Nahuatl term for unintelligible speech.
Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
Legio I Isaura Sagitaria was a pseudocomitatensis Roman legion. The legion was probably created by emperor Probus. It is possible that in the beginning it, together with the II and III Isaura, it was used to defend the Isauria region, The legion campaigned against the tribes of Cilicia. As its name suggests, its legionaries could be used also as archers, an uncommon feature for Roman legions. According to Notitia Dignitatum, in the beginning of the 5th century the I Isaura was under the command of the Magister Militum per Orientem.

Roman legion
The Roman legion (Latin: legiō, Latin: [ˈɫɛɡioː]) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of Roman citizens serving as legionaries. During the Roman Republic the manipular legion comprised 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. In late Republican times the legions were formed of 5,200 men and were restructured around 10 cohorts, the first cohort being double strength. This structure persisted throughout the Principate and middle Empire, before further changes in the fourth century resulted in new formations of around 1,000 men.
Sgorio Cymru
Sgorio Cymru is a Welsh-language football television programme on S4C, featuring comprehensive highlights from the Welsh Premier League and the Welsh Cup. The show is broadcast every Monday night throughout the season. Several live matches are broadcast throughout the year.

Morgan Jones and Alun Williams present the weekly highlights show on a rotating basis with main match commentary from Bryn Tomos, reports on other games from Emyr Davies, Mike Davies, Llyr Huws Gruffydd & Gary Pritchard and a regular news round-up from Malcolm Allen.

The show was previously known as Y Clwb Pel Droed until previous producers BBC Cymru lost the rights to Welsh domestic football to S4C. During the season, an interactive service was introduced on digital satellite for English-language commentary, produced by Sunset and Vine Cymru.

BBC Cymru Wales
BBC Cymru Wales is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Wales.

It is one of the four BBC national regions, alongside the BBC English Regions, BBC Northern Ireland and BBC Scotland. Established in 1964, BBC Cymru Wales is based in Cardiff and directly employs some 1,200 people to produce a range of programmes for television, radio and online services in both English and Welsh.

BBC Cymru Wales operates two TV channels (BBC One Wales, BBC Two Wales) and three radio stations (BBC Radio Wales, BBC Radio Cymru and BBC Radio Cymru 2). The total budget for BBC Cymru Wales (including S4C's £76 million) is £151 million, £31 million of which is for BBC-produced television productions.
Phil Mahre
Phillip Ferdinand Mahre (born May 10, 1957) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer. Mahre competed on the World Cup circuit from 1976 to 1984. Starting with the 1978 season, Mahre finished in the top three in the World Cup overall standings for six consecutive seasons, winning the title in the final three (1981, 1982, and 1983). His total of 27 World Cup race wins is fourth among Americans, only behind Mikaela Shiffrin, Lindsey Vonn, and Bode Miller.

Alpine skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Alpine Skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics consisted of six alpine skiing events.  The races were held February 14–23 at Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York, northeast of host Lake Placid.

This was the first Olympics in which the women's giant slalom consisted of two runs, rather than one, and both GS events ran only one run per day. This was the last Olympics which also served as World Championships for alpine skiing.
Gliese 667 Cc
Gliese 667 Cc (also known as GJ 667 Cc, HR 6426 Cc, or HD 156384 Cc) is an exoplanet orbiting within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C, which is a member of the Gliese 667 triple star system, approximately 23.62 light-years (7.24 parsecs; 223.5 trillion kilometres) away in the constellation of Scorpius. The exoplanet was found by using the radial velocity method, from radial-velocity measurements via observation of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planet's parent star. Gliese 667 Cc is sometimes considered as the first confirmed exoplanet with potential habitability.

Scorpius
Scorpius is a zodiac constellation located in the Southern celestial hemisphere, where it sits near the center of the Milky Way, between Libra to the west and Sagittarius to the east. Scorpius is an ancient constellation whose recognition predates Greek culture; it is one of the 48 constellations identified by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second century.
Romeo Island
Romeo Island is a rocky island lying off the north coast of Greenwich Island and west of Aitcho Islands in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Extending 1.35 km (0.84 mi) in west-northwest direction and 470 m (510 yd) wide, with a surface area of 44 hectares (110 acres).  The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.

The feature is named after the British sealing ship Romeo under Captain James Johnson, which visited the South Shetlands in 1821–22, and moored in Clothier Harbour in March 1822.

Aitcho Islands (South Shetland Islands)
The Aitcho Islands (‘Aitcho’ standing for ‘H.O.’ i.e. ‘Hydrographic Office’) are a group of minor islands on the west side of the north entrance to English Strait separating Greenwich Island and Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, which are situated between Dee Island to the south and Table Island to the north.  The group is separated from Dee Island and Sierra Island to the southwest by Villalón Passage (62°24′48.3″S 59°46′12.3″W﻿ / ﻿62.413417°S 59.770083°W﻿ / -62.413417; -59.770083).   The area was visited by early 19th century sealers operating from nearby Clothier Harbour.  During the austral summer the islands are often visited by Antarctic cruise ships with tourists who land to watch wildlife.

The islands were mapped in 1935 during the oceanographic investigations carried out by the Discovery Committee, and named after the Hydrographic Office of the UK Admiralty.  Some of the island names were given by Chilean Antarctic expeditions between 1949 and 1951.
Frederick A. Halsey
Frederick Arthur Halsey (July 12, 1856 – October 20, 1935) was an American mechanical engineer and economist, who was long-time editor of the American Machinist magazine, and particularly known for his 1891 article titled "The premium plan of paying for labor."

Henry Metcalfe (military officer)
Captain Henry Metcalfe (October 29, 1847 – August 17, 1927) was an officer in the United States Army Ordnance Corps, inventor and early organizational theorist, known for his 1873 invention of a detachable magazine for small arms, for his work on modern management accounting, the development of the "time card" and his theory on the role of middle management.
Pirometer Plant
Pirometer Plant (Russian: Завод «Пирометр») is a company based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is part of the Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies holding (Rostec group).

The Pirometer Plant makes many types of electronic products with uses in a wide range of applications, including infrared electronics and electronic warning signaling equipment. It is part of the NPO Elektroavtomatika.

Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies
Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies (CRET) (Russian: Концерн Радиоэлектронные технологии, КРЭТ (KRET)) is a holding company within the Russian state-owned Rostec group that develops and manufactures military specialized radio-electronic, state identification, aviation and radio-electronic equipment, multi-purpose measuring devices, detachable electrical connectors and a variety of civil products.

The Corporate Group has developed one of the two existing state radiolocation identification systems.