hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intentional tort
An intentional tort is a category of torts that describes a civil wrong resulting from an intentional act on the part of the tortfeasor (alleged wrongdoer).  The term negligence, on the other hand, pertains to a tort that simply results from the failure of the tortfeasor to take sufficient care in fulfilling a duty owed, while strict liability torts refers to situations where a party is liable for injuries no matter what precautions were taken.

Negligence
Negligence (Latin: negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate care expected to be exercised in similar circumstances.

Within the scope of tort law, negligence pertains to harm caused by the violation of a duty of care through a negligent act or failure to act. The concept of negligence is linked to the obligation of individuals to exercise reasonable care in their actions and to consider foreseeable harm that their conduct might cause to other people or property. The elements of a negligence claim include the duty to act or refrain from action, breach of that duty, actual and proximate cause of harm, and damages. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss.
Lawrence of St Martin
Lawrence of St Martin (or Laurence de Sancto Martino) was a medieval Bishop of Rochester.

Lawrence was a royal clerk and held prebends in the dioceses of Chichester and Salisbury. He was also archdeacon of the diocese of Coventry.

Lawrence was elected on 19 October 1250 and consecrated on 9 April 1251. He was enthroned at Rochester Cathedral after 24 October 1251.

Lawrence died on 3 June 1274.

Bishop of Rochester
The Bishop of Rochester is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Rochester in the Province of Canterbury.

The town of Rochester has the bishop's seat, at the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, which was founded as a Catholic cathedral in 604. After the English Reformation, during the late 17th and 18th centuries, it was customary for the Bishop of Rochester to also be appointed Dean of Westminster. The practice ended in 1802.  The diocese covers two London boroughs and West Kent, which includes Medway and Maidstone.

The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt in Rochester. His Latin episcopal signature is: "(firstname) Roffen", Roffensis being the genitive case of the Latin name of the see. The office was created in 604 at the founding of the diocese in the Kingdom of Kent under King Æthelberht.

Jonathan Gibbs has served as Bishop of Rochester since the confirmation of his election, on 24 May 2022.
Calyptridium
Calyptridium is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Montiaceae.

Its native range is Northern America, Southern South America.

Species:

Calyptridium hesseae (J.H.Thomas) Hershk., syn. Calyptridium parryi var. hesseae J.H.Thomas

Calyptridium martirense (Guilliams, M.G.Simpson & Rebman) Hershk.

Calyptridium monandrum Nutt.

Calyptridium monospermum Greene

Calyptridium nevadense (J.T.Howell) Hershk.

Calyptridium parryi A.Gray, including Calyptridium arizonicum (J.T.Howell) M.G.Simpson, M.Silveira & Guilliams, syn. Calyptridium parryi var. arizonicum

Calyptridium pulchellum (Eastw.) Hoover

Calyptridium pygmaeum Parish ex Rydb.

Calyptridium quadripetalum S.Watson

Calyptridium roseum S.Watson

Calyptridium umbellatum (Torr.) Greene

Calyptridium parryi
Calyptridium parryi, synonym Cistanthe parryi, is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae. It is known by the common name Parry's pussypaws. It is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California. It is a small annual herb producing spreading stems up to about 11 centimeters long. There is a basal rosette of small, thick, spoon-shaped leaves no more than about 3 centimeters long, with many along the stems as well. The inflorescence is a cluster a few centimeters wide, with each bearing three white petals surrounded by a few thin sepals. The fruit is a capsule less than a centimeter wide.
Naria cernica
Naria cernica is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

Subspecies

Naria cernica cernica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1870)

Naria cernica leforti (Senders & P. Martin, 1987)

Naria cernica viridicolor (C. N. Cate, 1962)

Naria cernica marielae (Cate, 1960): synonym of Naria cernica cernica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1870)

Naria cernica ogasawarensis (Schilder, 1944): synonym of Naria cernica cernica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1870)

Naria cernica tomlini (Schilder, 1930): synonym of Naria cernica cernica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1870)

Cypraeidae
Cypraeidae, commonly named the cowries (sg. cowry or cowrie), is a taxonomic family of small to large sea snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies.
Gibson's law
In public relations,
and in the practice of law, Gibson's law holds that "For every PhD there is an equal and opposite PhD."
The term specifically refers to the conflict between testimony of expert witnesses called by opposing parties in a trial under an adversarial system of justice.
It is also applied to conflicting scientific opinion injected into policy decisions by interested parties creating a controversy to promote their interests.

An early mention of "Gibson's Rule" comes from Ivan Preston who wrote "The problem of having opposing sides present opposite pictures of the consumer and of the research process was nicely distilled in a statement made by Fletcher Waller while representing General Mills in the children’s rulemaking. Waller quoted what he called Gibson’s Rule,
which is that for every Ph.D. there is an equal and opposite Ph.D."

Expert witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
I.G. Brown Air National Guard Training and Education Center
The I.G. Brown Training and Education Center is a detachment of the Air National Guard Readiness Center and is located at McGhee Tyson Air National Guard Base near Knoxville, Tennessee. The TEC conducts an average of 16 Enlisted Professional Military Education courses and 40 Professional Continuing Education sessions throughout the year. Typically, the TEC accommodates 11,000 service members on campus annually from the Total Force, United States Coast Guard, and partner nation armed forces. TEC also manages the ANG's Warrior Network; a $7 m satellite broadcast enterprise with more than 186 downlink sites, providing training, education and command information nationwide. In addition, the studio and multimedia facilities support ANG video productions, senior leader conferences and general-to-career field-specific training.

Air National Guard Readiness Center
The Air National Guard Readiness Center (ANGRC) is based at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland, and performs operational and technical functions to ensure combat readiness of Air National Guard units and is a channel of communication between the National Guard Bureau and the states on Air National Guard operational activities.

The commander is responsible for four detachments and 23 operating locations with an authorized strength of 734 military and civilian personnel. Its mission is to provide service and support to the Air National Guard and help accomplish its total Air Force mission.

It was established as the Air National Guard Support Center, and activated as a direct reporting unit, on 1 June 1979. Effective 5 February 1991, its status was changed from a direct reporting unit to a field operating agency. It was re-designated as Air National Guard Readiness Center on 1 June 1992
ISO 3166-2:AW
ISO 3166-2:AW is the entry for Aruba in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Aruba. The territory has no defined subdivisions.

Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code AW. Moreover, it is also assigned the ISO 3166-2 code NL-AW under the entry for the Netherlands.

ISO 3166
ISO 3166 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, special areas of geographical interest, and their principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions.
Abdelkarim Hassan
Abdelkarim Hassan Al Haj Fadlalla (Arabic: عَبْد الْكَرِيم حَسَن الْحَاجّ فَضْل الله; born 28 August 1993) is a Qatari professional footballer who plays as a left-back or center-back for Qatar Stars League club Al-Wakrah and the Qatar national team.

Abdelkarim won the Asian Footballer of the Year award in 2018.

2011 AFC Champions League
The 2011 AFC Champions League was the 30th edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 9th under the current AFC Champions League title. The winners, Al-Sadd qualified for the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan.
Mississippi River campaigns
The Mississippi River campaigns, within the Western and
Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, were a series of military actions by the Union Army during which Union troops, helped by Union Navy gunboats and river ironclads, took control of the Cumberland River, the Tennessee River, and the Mississippi River, a main north-south avenue of transport.

The campaign on and along the Mississippi River started in February 1862 with Union forces pushing down from Cairo, Illinois into disputed territory in Missouri and Kentucky and Confederate territory in Tennessee.  It ended with the surrender of the last Confederate strongholds on the Mississippi River, Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 4, 1863 and of Port Hudson, Louisiana on July 9, 1863.  Flag Officer Foote initially commanded the Union naval forces, which were later led by Farragut and Porter. Union ground forces were primarily under the command of General Grant.

Mississippi River Squadron
The Mississippi River Squadron was the Union brown-water naval squadron that operated on the western rivers during the American Civil War. It was initially created as a part of the Union Army, although it was commanded by naval officers, and was then known as the Western Gunboat Flotilla and sometimes as the Mississippi Flotilla. It received its final designation when it was transferred to the Union Navy at the beginning of October 1862.
Puppet Animation Scotland
Puppet Animation Scotland, now known as Manipulate Arts, is a Scottish organisation that promotes and develops puppetry and animation as art forms. They hold an annual festival, the Manipulate Visual Theatre Festival (since 2008), and formerly held the Puppet Animation Festival (1984–2022). In November 2023 the organisation became known as Manipulate Arts. 2024 was the body's fortieth year. As of 2024, Puppet Animation Scotland/Manipulate Arts is supported by Creative Scotland with an annual grant of £180,000. It has three full-time employees; the artistic director is Dawn Taylor.

Creative Scotland
Creative Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba Chruthachail [ˈal̪ˠapə ˈxɾuhəxal]; Scots: Creative Scotlan) is the development body for the arts and creative industries in Scotland. Based in Edinburgh, it is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government.
Dzięgielów
Dzięgielów is a village in Gmina Goleszów, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, near the border with the Czech Republic. It lies in the Silesian Foothills and in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

Dzięgielów is one of the most Protestant municipalities of the region. Centre for mission and evangelization of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church is located here. Every year evangelization week occurs on the football field.

Silesian Foothills
Silesian Foothills (Polish: Pogórze Śląskie, Czech: Slezské podhůří, Silesian: Pogōrze Ślōnske) are foothills located in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

It has an area of 545 km2. Its western border is Olza river, eastern Skawa. Other main rivers that cut the foothills are from west to east: Vistula, Biała and Soła. To the south are Silesian Beskids and Little Beskids, in north it converts into Ostrava Basin and Oświęcim Basin. The towns located on the foothills are: Cieszyn, Skoczów, Bielsko-Biała, Kęty, Andrychów and Wadowice.
Pachyonomastus
Pachyonomastus is a monotypic genus of East African jumping spiders containing the single species, Pachyonomastus kittenbergeri. It was first described by Lodovico di Caporiacco in 1947, and is only found in Africa. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek παχύς ("pachys"), meaning "thick", and the related genus Onomastus. The species is named in honor of Kálmán Kittenberger, who collected the species.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Báruè District
Báruè District is a district of Manica Province in western Mozambique. Its most populous town and administrative centre is Catandica. The district is located in the west of the province, and borders with Guro District in the north, Macossa District in the east, Gondola District in the southeast, Manica District in the south, and with the Nyanga District of Zimbabwe in the west. The area of the district is 5,743 square kilometres (2,217 sq mi). It has a population of 137,582 as of 2007.

Gondola District
Gondola District is a district of Manica Province in western Mozambique. The principal town is Gondola. The area of the district is 5,739 square kilometres (2,216 mi2). It has a population of 262,412 as of 2007.
Intervention forces
The intervention forces (German: Eingreifkräfte or EK) are one of the three categories of force within the German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), the others being stabilisation forces and support forces. The formations within the intervention forces which have a total of 35,000 soldiers are primarily intended for crisis intervention and provide the German contributions to the intervention forces such as the NATO Response Force and the forces for rescue and evacuation operations that are fundamentally a national responsibility.

1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)
52°22′11.31″N 9°46′11.77″E﻿ / ﻿52.3698083°N 9.7699361°E﻿ / 52.3698083; 9.7699361

The 1st Panzer Division (German: "1. Panzerdivision", short: "1. PzDiv") is an armoured division of the German Army. Its headquarter is based in Oldenburg. In the course of the last reorganisation of the Bundeswehr it became part of the Heavy Forces. The division is equipped and trained for high intensity combat operations against militarily organized enemies as well as peacekeeping missions. The majority of all German troops assigned to EU-Battlegroups and Nato Response Forces will come from this division.

The 43rd Mechanized Brigade of the Royal Netherlands Army is integrated into the 1st Panzer Division since 2016.
2014–15 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2014–15 Scottish Challenge Cup, known as the Petrofac Training Cup due to sponsorship reasons with Petrofac, was the 24th season of the competition. It was competed for by 32 clubs, which included the 30 members of the 2014–15 Scottish Championship-League Two, the top Highland League club with a valid SFA club licence (Brora Rangers) and the highest placed team from the previous season in the Lowland League with a valid SFA club licence (Spartans).

The defending champions were Raith Rovers, who had defeated Rangers in the 2014 final. Raith were eliminated by Dunfermline Athletic in the first round of the North Section.

2014–15 Scottish League Two
The 2014–15 Scottish League Two is the 21st season in the current format of 10 teams in the fourth tier of Scottish football. The last placed team entered a play-off with the winners of the Highland League (Brora Rangers) and Lowland League (Edinburgh City) to determine which team entered League Two in the 2015–16 season.
Pravdinsk
Pravdinsk (Russian: Пра́вдинскⓘ, prior to 1946 known by its German name Friedland, Polish: Frydląd, Lithuanian: Romuva), is a town and the administrative center of Pravdinsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It is on the Lava River and is 30 kilometers (19 mi) east of Bagrationovsk and 53 kilometers (33 mi) southeast of Kaliningrad. Population figures:  4,323 (2010 census); 4,480 (2002 census); 4,143 (1989 Soviet census).

Bagrationovsk
Bagrationovsk (Russian: Багратио́новск; German: Preußisch Eylau, lit. 'Prussian Eylau'; Polish: Pruska Iława or Iławka; Lithuanian: Ylava or Prūsų Ylava) is a town and the administrative center of Bagrationovsky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located close to the border with Poland, 37 kilometers (23 mi) south of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast. It has a population of 6,400 (2010 Census).
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force, officially known as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air and Space Force (IRGCASF; Persian: نیروی هوافضای سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی, romanized: niru-ye havâfazây-e sepâh-e pâsdârân-e enghelâb-e eslâmi, acronymed in Persian as NEHSA), is the strategic missile, air, and space force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). It was renamed from the IRGC Air Force to the IRGC Aerospace Force in 2009.

The force's commander, Amir Ali Hajizadeh, was killed along with 20 other senior officers during the series of Israeli strikes launched on 13 June 2025. The role was vacant for a day before being filled by Majid Mousavi.

Janes Information Services
Janes Information Services, commonly known as Janes, is a global open-source intelligence company specialising in military, national security, aerospace, and transport topics. Its name derives from British author Fred T. Jane.
Jai Hatam
Jai Hatam (Persian: جاي حاتم, also Romanized as Jāī Hātam) is a village in Itivand-e Jonubi Rural District, Kakavand District, Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 132, in 27 families.

Itivand-e Jonubi Rural District
Itivand-e Jonubi Rural District (Persian: دهستان ایتیوند جنوبی) is in Itivand District of Delfan County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Qomesh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Kahriz-e Varvasht.
Barbara L
Barbara L (1947–1977) was an American Quarter Horse that raced during the early 1950s and often defeated some of the best racehorses of the time. She earned $32,836 (equivalent to $390,000 in 2025) on the race track in 81 starts and 21 wins, including six wins in stakes races. She set two track records during her racing career. After retiring from racing in 1955, she went on to become a broodmare and had 14 foals, including 11 who earned their Race Register of Merit with the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA). Her offspring earned more than $200,000 in race money. She died in 1977 and was inducted into the AQHA's American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame in 2007.

American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame
The American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame and Museum was created by the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), based in Amarillo, Texas. Ground breaking construction of the Hall of Fame Museum began in 1989. The distinction is earned by people and horses who have contributed to the growth of the American Quarter Horse and "have been outstanding over a period of years in a variety of categories". In 1982, Bob Denhardt and Ernest Browning were the first individuals to receive the honor of being inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame. In 1989, Wimpy P-1, King P-234, Leo and Three Bars were the first horses inducted into the AQHA Hall of Fame.
2016 FIBA Asia Challenge qualification
Qualifying for the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge is currently being held to determine the eight teams that will participate in the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge, aside from the host team Iran and 2015 FIBA Asia Championship winners China. Qualification is via FIBA Asia zone, with each zone having an automatic one berth, plus additional berths from the teams' zones of the second and third runners-up in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship.

2016 FIBA Asia Challenge
The 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge was the 6th FIBA Asia Challenge, an international basketball tournament of FIBA Asia which was hosted by Iran from 9–18 September 2016. This tournament served as the first step in determining the process of the qualifiers for the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup which will feature teams from both FIBA Asia and FIBA Oceania for the first time. Iran are the defending champion from 2014.

The top five teams earned their respective sub-confederations an extra berth for the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup which is formerly named as the FIBA Asia Championship. The 2017 tournament is not an edition of the FIBA Asia Challenge, which was formerly named as FIBA Asia Cup until 2014.
Kovalam Assembly constituency
Kovalam is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala in southern India. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. As of the 2021 Assembly elections, the current MLA is M. Vincent of INC.

Kerala Legislative Assembly
The Kerala Legislative Assembly, popularly known as the Kerala Niyamasabha, is the State Assembly of Kerala, one of the 28 states in India. The Assembly is formed by 140 elected representatives, one from each of the 140 constituencies within the borders of Kerala, referred to as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).
Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell
Camberwell was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in south London, England. Camberwell was an ancient parish in the county of Surrey, governed by an administrative vestry from 1674. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of Camberwell became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council. In 1965 the borough was abolished and its former area became part of the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London.

Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London
Metropolitan boroughs were subdivisions of the County of London from 1900 to 1965. The 28 boroughs were created by the London Government Act 1899. In 1965 they were abolished and replaced by larger London boroughs within the new area of Greater London.

The City of London, indicated no. 1 on the map, was not a metropolitan borough. It predated the metropolitan boroughs and is still in existence.