hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1913 in poetry
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;
A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;
Upon whose bosom snow has lain; 
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

— Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918), "Trees", first published this year

Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.

— Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), from "Sacred Emily", written this year

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

Indian poetry
Indian poetry and Indian literature in general, has a long history dating back to Vedic times. They were written in various Indian languages such as Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit, Ancient Meitei, Modern Meitei, Telugu, Tamil, Odia, Maithili, Kannada, Bengali, Assamese, Hindi, Marathi and Urdu among other prominent languages. Poetry in foreign languages such as English also has a strong influence on Indian poetry. The poetry reflects diverse spiritual traditions within India. In particular, many Indian poets have been inspired by mystical experiences. Poetry is the oldest form of literature and has a rich written and oral tradition.
ISAD(G)
The General International Standard Archival Description, abbreviated as ISAD(G), defines the elements that should be included in an archival finding aid. It was approved by the International Council on Archives (ICA) as an international standard for registering archival documents produced by corporations, persons and families.

International standard
An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
Ayala Malls
Ayala Malls is a retail subsidiary of real estate company Ayala Land, an affiliate of Ayala Corporation. Founded in 1988, Ayala Malls owns a chain of large shopping malls, all located in the Philippines. It is one of the largest shopping mall retailers in the Philippines, alongside SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls.

Ayala Corporation
Ayala Corporation (Spanish: Corporación Ayala, formerly Ayala y Compañía; lit. 'Ayala & Company') is the publicly listed holding company for the diversified interests of the Ayala Group.  Founded in the Philippines in 1834 by Domingo Ureta Roxas and Antonio de Ayala during Spanish colonial rule, it is the country's oldest and largest conglomerate.  The company has a portfolio of diverse business interests, including investments in retail, education, real estate, banking, telecommunications, water infrastructure, renewable energy, electronics, information technology, automotive, healthcare, management, and business process outsourcing.

As of 2024, it is ranked by Forbes Global 2000 as the 5th largest corporation in the Philippines, and the 7th largest according to Fortune Southeast Asia 500 in terms of annual revenue.
SS584
SS 584 (also known as Multi-Tier Cloud Security (MTCS)) is an information security standard, published by Singapore Standards. The standard was last revised in 2020.

SS 584 specifies a Management system for Cloud Security, to three levels. Organizations that meet the requirements may be certified by an accredited certification body following successful completion of an audit.

ISO/IEC 27001
ISO/IEC 27001 is an information security standard. It specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system (ISMS). Organizations with an ISMS that meet the standard's requirements can choose to have it certified by an accredited certification body following successful completion of an audit. There are also numerous recognized national variants of the standard.

It was originally published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, with revisions in 2013 and 2022.
Boulevard des Italiens
The Boulevard des Italiens (French pronunciation: [bulvaʁ dez‿italjɛ̃]) is a boulevard in Paris. It is one of the 'Grands Boulevards' in Paris, a chain of boulevards built through the former course of the Wall of Charles V and the Louis XIII Wall, which were destroyed by the orders of Louis XIV. The origin of the name is the théâtre des Italiens built on it in 1783, shortly before the French Revolution on the site now occupied by the third Salle Favart.

Wall of Charles V
The wall of Charles V, built from 1356 to 1383 is one of the city walls of Paris built on orders granted by Charles V of France. It was built on the right bank of the river Seine outside the wall of Philippe Auguste. In the 1640s, the western part of the wall of Charles V was demolished and replaced by the larger Louis XIII wall, with the demolished material reused for the new wall. This new enclosure (enceinte) was completely destroyed in the 1670s and was replaced by the Grands Boulevards.
Sophia of Halshany
Sophia of Halshany (Lithuanian: Sofija Alšėniškė; Belarusian: Софья Гальшанская, romanized: Sofja Halšanskaja; Polish: Zofia Holszańska; c. 1405 – 21 September 1461 in Kraków), known simply as Sonka, was a princess of Lithuanian Alšėniškiai princely family who was Queen of Poland as the fourth and last wife of Jogaila, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania. As the mother to Władysław III and Casimir IV, she was the co-founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty.

Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)
Zbigniew Oleśnicki (Polish: [ˈzbiɡɲɛf ɔlɛɕˈɲit͡skʲi]; 5 December 1389 – 1 April 1455), known in Latin as Sbigneus, was a high-ranking Roman Catholic clergyman and an influential Polish statesman and diplomat. He served as Bishop of Kraków from 1423 until his death in 1455. He took part in the management of the country's most important affairs, initially as a royal secretary under King Władysław II Jagiełło and later as the effective regent during King Władysław III's minority. In 1439 he became the first native Polish cardinal.
Mbessa language
Mbessa (Mbesa) is a Ring language spoken in Cameroon, neighboring Kom, Oku language, Noni language. Mbessa is the language of the people of Mbessa Kingdom (Fondom) in Boyo Division in the Anglophone North-West Region of Cameroon.

Noni language
The Noni language, also called Noone, is an Eastern Beboid language of the Niger–Congo family in Cameroon. The Noone, Ncane, and Mungong varieties are sometimes considered three distinct Noni languages. Ethnologue reports that Ncare is 88% lexically similar with Noone, and 84% with Saari (Nsari).

Noni is the native language to 40,000 people in the country, particularly in the North West Province, the Bui Division and the northwest Kumbo Subdivision. Noone proper was used as the secret language in Indiana Jones.
Balkan Athletics U20 Championships
The Balkan Athletics U20 Championships is an annual track and field competition for athletes under-20 years old from the Balkans. Formerly known as the Balkan Athletics Junior Championships, it was first held in 1970 and is organised by Balkan Athletics. It is one of the oldest youth athletics championships, being created in the same year at the European Athletics Junior Championships, though predated by the South American U20 Championships in Athletics.

European Athletics U20 Championships
The European Athletics U20 Championships (formerly named the European Athletics Junior Championships up to 2015) are the European championships for athletes who are under-20 athletes, which is the age range recognised by World Athletics as junior athletes. The event is currently organized by the European Athletic Association.
USS Tortuga (LSD-26)
USS Tortuga (LSD-26) was a Casa Grande-class dock landing ship in the United States Navy.  She was the first Navy ship to be named for the Dry Tortugas, a group of desert coral islets 60 miles west of Key West, Florida, which were discovered in 1513 by Spanish explorer Ponce de Leon.

Tortuga was laid down on 16 October 1944 by the Boston Navy Yard; launched on 21 January 1945; sponsored by Mrs. George T. Paine; and commissioned on 8 June 1945.

Long Beach Naval Shipyard
The Long Beach Naval Shipyard (Long Beach NSY or LBNSY), which closed in 1997, was located on Terminal Island between the city of Long Beach and the San Pedro district of Los Angeles, approximately 23 miles south of the Los Angeles International Airport. The primary role of NSY Long Beach at the time of its closure was overhaul and maintenance of conventionally-powered US Navy surface ships, but it also had served as the homeport for several auxiliary ships during its operating history.
Annales ducum Boiariae
The Annales ducum Boiariae is a Latin chronicle detailing the history of Bavaria, written between 1519 and 1521 by Johannes Aventinus (1477–1534), the first official historiographer of Bavaria. Aventinus also authored numerous shorter works focusing on Bavarian monasteries and cities. His writings received widespread acclaim from humanists and scholars across Germany.

Louis X, Duke of Bavaria
Louis X (German: Ludwig X, Herzog von Bayern), (Grünwald, 18 September 1495 – 22 April 1545 in Landshut) was Duke of Bavaria (1516–1545), together with his older brother William IV, Duke of Bavaria. His parents were Albert IV and Kunigunde of Austria, a daughter of Emperor Frederick III.
309 BC
Year 309 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Dictatorship of Cursor (or, less frequently, year 445 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 309 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Qin (state)
Qin (CHIN, /tʃɪn/, or Ch'in) was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. It is traditionally dated to 897 BC. The state of Qin originated from a reconquest of western lands that had previously been lost to the Xirong. Its location at the western edge of Chinese civilisation allowed for expansion and development that was not available to its rivals in the North China Plain.

After extensive reform during the 4th century BC, Qin emerged as one of the dominant powers among the Seven Warring States. It unified the seven states of China under Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC. This unification established the Qin dynasty, which, despite its short duration, had a significant influence on later Chinese history. Accordingly, the state of Qin before the Qin dynasty was established is also referred to as the "predynastic Qin" or "proto-Qin".
National Patriotic Front of Liberia
The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL) was a Liberian rebel group that initiated and participated in the First Liberian Civil War from 24 December 1989 to 2 August 1997. The NPFL emerged out of rising ethnic tensions and civil unrest due to the Liberian government that was characterized by totalitarianism, corruption, and favoritism towards ethnic Krahns. The NPFL invaded Liberia through Ivory Coast's border with Nimba County in Liberia under the direction of Charles Taylor, a former Liberian politician and guerrilla leader who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003.

The NPLF was responsible for a vast array of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including mass murder, rape, sexual slavery, conscription of child soldiers, torture, and political assassinations. Over 60,000 human rights violations committed by the NPFL were formally recorded by the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Dan people
The Dan or Mano-Dan are a Mande ethnic group from northwestern Ivory Coast and neighbouring Liberia. There are approximately 700000  members of the group and their largest settlement is Man, Ivory Coast. Neighboring peoples include the Krahn, Kpelle and Mano. They are officially known as Yacouba (or Yakouba). In Liberia, they are also known as Gio (Bassa for "slave"), which is considered a derogatory exonym.

They speak the Dan language, a Southern Mande language and are closely related to the Maghan people of the Ghana Empire and of the Gbara of the Mali Empire. The Dan are known for their art, especially their mask rituals (Ge or Gle), as well as their secret society, Gor. Gor (Dan for "leopard") is a peacemaking society, not to be confused with the brutal Ekpe (leopard) society of Nigeria.
Scandale Beck
Scandale Beck arises in Lake District National Park, in England, on Bakestones Moss, west of Kirkstone Pass, Cumbria, and flows south for much of its length of six and a half kilometers.

It flows under High Sweden Bridge, a 17th-century packhorse bridge, past High Sweden Coppice and Low Sweden Coppice, before turning west for a short distance north of Papermill Coppice, and turning south to join the River Rothay east of Ambleside. The Rothay flows only a short distance south before emptying into Windermere, the largest natural lake in England.

Windermere
Windermere (historically Winder Mere) is a ribbon lake in Cumbria, England. It is within the Lake District and is the largest lake in England by length, area, and volume, although considerably smaller than the largest Scottish lochs and Northern Irish loughs.

Windermere is about 11 miles (18 km) in length and 1 mile (1.6 km) at its widest, has a maximum depth of 64 metres (210 ft), and has an elevation of 39 metres (128 ft) above sea level. Its outflow is the River Leven, which drains into Morecambe Bay. For administrative purposes the lake is in the unitary authority area of Westmorland and Furness, and it historically formed part of the boundary between Westmorland and Lancashire.

The lake has been popular with tourists since the Kendal and Windermere Railway's branch line opened in 1847. The Freshwater Biological Association was established on the shore of Windermere in 1929 and much of the early work on lake ecology, freshwater biology and limnology was conducted here.
Grivița (vehicle manufacturer)
Compania Industrială Griviţa (former Atelierele Leonida and Întreprinderea de Reparații Auto (IRA) Grivița București) is a bus manufacturer based in Chitila, Ilfov county, Romania. The company is also specialized in vehicle servicing and spare parts production. Their main production line is the coach bus called Grivbuz.

Roman (vehicle manufacturer)
ROMAN (with the DAC division) is a truck and bus manufacturer from Brașov, Romania. It was established after World War II on the foundation of the old ROMLOC automotive factory built in 1921. In 1948, the industrial plant was named Steagul Roșu ('Red Flag'), and later Intreprinderea de Autocamioane Brașov ('Brașov Truck Works'). In 1990, it became ROMAN SA. The company has a special truck division, under the DAC brand name.
Women in economics
Women are under-represented in the economics profession worldwide.  This has wide social and material implications, as economists work in banks and government, and have a direct role in policy making.  Studies have shown that decisions made and executed by diverse teams delivered 60% better results. While many other fields, including STEM fields, have seen growth in the share of professors and students who are women, economics has stagnated with little improvement at any level in the last 15 years.

American Economic Association
The American Economic Association (AEA) is a learned society in the field of economics, with approximately 23,000 members. It publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Review, and the Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Static efficiency
Static efficiency belongs within neoclassical economics, which argues that explicit theoretical rationale of liberalisation is to achieve an efficient (static) allocation of resources.  In order to achieve this situation, there are three central assumptions within neoclassical economics that are indispensable for achieving an optimal allocation. These assumptions include that people are rational, both individuals and firms maximise utility, and everybody has full and relevant information, which they act upon independently.

Graphically, static efficiency is obtained when the net benefit is maximised. This means that the marginal benefit (MB) is equal to the marginal cost (MC).

Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model. According to this line of thought, the value of a good or service is determined through a hypothetical maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production. This approach has often been justified by appealing to rational choice theory.

Neoclassical economics is the dominant approach to microeconomics and, together with Keynesian economics, formed the neoclassical synthesis which dominated mainstream economics as "neo-Keynesian economics" from the 1950s onward.
2012 Hypo-Meeting
The 38th edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on 26 and 27 May 2012 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition, featuring a men's decathlon and a women's heptathlon event was part of the 2012 IAAF World Combined Events Challenge. Hans van Alphen and Jessica Ennis led the men's and women's competition, respectively, after the first day.  Ennis (6906 points) and van Alphen (8516 points) were the winners of the events overall. Ennis' score was a British record.

Hypo-Meeting
The Hypo-Meeting is an annual athletics competition that takes place in the Mösle stadium in Götzis in Vorarlberg (Austria) held in the spring (late May, early June). In its history, a total of three world records have been set: 1980 and 1982 by Daley Thompson (8648 and 8730 points), and 2001 by Roman Šebrle (9026 points).

Organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), it is one of the athletics meetings that make up the IAAF Combined Events Challenge. Male and female athletes compete in the decathlon or heptathlon, respectively, and points scored at the Hypo-Meeting count towards a yearly total for the parent competition.
Urban Tales
Urban Tales  is a Portuguese rock music project based in Lisbon, with acoustic, heavy metal and gothic influences in their sound. Formed in 2005 by frontman Marcos César, the band quickly became one of the top metal acts in their native country, Portugal. Their name was influenced by the Brazilian band Legião Urbana.

Their discography includes two full-lengths albums, Diary of a No (2007), Loneliness still is the friend (2011) a 3-song EP, Alive (2008) and 4 singles "The Name of Love" (2016), "The Start feat Loren Dayle" (2017), "All Said and Done feat Sofia Pires" (2017), and "A Loucura No Amor feat Victor Espadinha" (2018), which will all be included on a yet to be released album, already named Reborn.

Marcos, mentioned in an interview that the new work will be very different from the previous one, and that will be sung in Portuguese and English.

Optical disc packaging
Optical disc packaging is the packaging that accompanies CDs, DVDs, and other formats of optical discs. Most packaging is rigid or semi-rigid and designed to protect the media from scratches and other types of exposure damage.
Grigoriy Yemets
Grigoriy Yemets (Russian: Григорий Емец; born 8 October 1957) is a Ukrainian former track and field athlete who competed in the triple jump for the Soviet Union.

His greatest achievement came at the 1984 European Athletics Indoor Championships, where he won the gold medal in the final with a European indoor record jump of 17.33 m (56 ft 10+1⁄4 in). This was the best indoor performance that year. It stood as the championship for only two years, as fellow Soviet Māris Bružiks cleared 17.54 m (57 ft 6+1⁄2 in) to win the title in 1986.

Later in 1984 he set an outdoor career best of 17.30 m (56 ft 9 in) in Donetsk. He was chosen to represent the Soviet Union at the Friendship Games, but managed only eighth place. In the 1983 season, his highest global ranking was ninth and, after 1985 he dropped out of the global top 25.

Māris Bružiks
Māris Bružiks (born 25 August 1962 in Pļaviņas, Latvia) is a retired triple jumper who represented the USSR, and later, following its dissolution, Latvia.

He first won the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 1986, setting a championship record (CR) with 17.54 metres. The record stood until 2011, when it was broken by Teddy Tamgho of France, who set a world record of 17.92 m. Outdoor Bružiks reached 17.56 metres, in September 1988.

He was New York City-based former model Ines Misan's first husband.
Dihydroactinidiolide
Dihydroactinidiolide is a volatile terpene.  It has a sweet, tea-like odor and is used as a fragrance.  Dihydroactinidiolide occurs naturally in black tea, fenugreek, fire ants, mangoes, and tobacco.  It has also been prepared synthetically.

Dihydroactinidiolide is a pheromone for a variety of insects; for example, it is one of the three components of the pheromone for queen recognition of the workers of the red fire ant.

Pheromone
A pheromone (from Ancient Greek  φέρω (phérō) 'to bear' and  hormone) is a chemical that is secreted or excreted by an organism, which triggers a social response in members of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates, plants and ciliates communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of chemical ecology.
Simulfix
In linguistics, a simulfix is a type of affix that changes one or more existing phonemes (usually vowels) in order to modify the meaning of a morpheme.

Examples of simulfixes in English are generally considered irregularities, surviving results of Germanic umlaut. They include:

man → men, woman → women

louse → lice, mouse → mice

foot → feet, tooth → teeth

The transfixes of the Semitic languages may be considered a form of discontinuous simulfix.

In Javanese and colloquial Indonesian, simulfixation productively occurs to form active verbs and to derive verbs from noun bases. For example:

cuci → nyuci (to wash)

tulis → nulis (to write)

kopi (coffee) → ngopi (to drink coffee)

sapu (broom) → nyapu (to sweep)

tongkrong (hangout) → nongkrong (to hang out)

pacul (hoe) → macul (to hoe)

Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes,  such as un-, -ation, anti-, pre- etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. -(e)s), or present simple tense into present continuous or past tense by  adding -ing, -ed to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.