hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
The first Judges of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights were elected on January 22, 2006 at the Eighth Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union, held in Khartoum, Sudan.  The judges, hailing from 11 of the 53 member states of the African Union, are from varying backgrounds of judicial experience and knowledge of international and human rights law.

Each judge serves for a six-year term, and can be re-elected once. The President and Vice-President  are elected to two-year terms and can only be re-elected once.

Dr. Gerard Niyungeko (President)

Modibo Tounty Guindo  (Vice-President)

Dr. Fatsah Ouguergouz

Jean Emile Somda

Sophia A.B. Akuffo

Kellelo Justina Mafoso-Guni

Hamdi Faraj Fanoush

Jean Mutsinzi

El Hadj Guissé

Bernard Ngoepe

George W. Kanyeihamba

Modibo Tounty Guindo
Modibo Tounty Guindo is a magistrate who serves the Malian Ministry of Justice and sits on the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.

He has acted as technical counsel to the Ministry of Justice and served as a member of the Malian delegation to the 2003 Conference of Governmental Structures responsible for Human Rights in the French-speaking zone.
Iron gall ink
Iron gall ink (also known as common ink, standard ink, oak gall ink or iron gall nut ink) is a purple-black or brown-black ink made from iron salts and tannic acids from vegetable sources. It was the standard ink formulation used in Europe for the 1400-year period between the 5th and 19th centuries, remained in widespread use well into the 20th century, and is still sold today.

Ink
Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, reed pen, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other materials. The components of inks serve multiple purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.
Crowd analysis
Crowd analysis is the practice of interpreting data on the natural movement of groups or objects. Masses of bodies, particularly humans, are the subjects of these crowd tracking analyses that include how a particular crowd moves and when a movement pattern changes. Researchers use the data to predict future crowd movement, crowd density, and plan responses to potential events such as those that require evacuation routes. Applications of crowd analysis can range from video game crowd simulation to security and surveillance.

Crowd psychology
Crowd psychology (or mob psychology) is a subfield of social psychology which examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group. The study of crowd psychology looks into the actions and thought processes of both the individual members of the crowd and of the crowd as a collective social entity. The behavior of a crowd is much influenced by deindividuation (seen as a person's loss of responsibility) and by the person's impression of the universality of behavior, both of which conditions increase in magnitude with size of the crowd. Notable theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Many of these theories are today tested or used to simulate crowd behaviors in normal or emergency situations. One of the main focuses in these simulation works aims to prevent crowd crushes and stampedes.
Ustrine
Ustrine is a village on the Croatian island of Cres, in Primorje-Gorski Kotar. Administratively, it is part of the town of Mali Lošinj. As of 2021, it had a population of 21. It is located 4 km south of Belej.

Cres
Cres is an Adriatic island in west Croatia. It is one of the northern islands in the Kvarner Gulf and can be reached via ferry from Rijeka, Krk island or from the Istrian peninsula (line Brestova-Porozina).

With an area of 405.78 square kilometres (156.67 mi2), Cres has the same size as the neighbouring Krk island. In 2011, Cres had a population of 3,079 people.

In the past, Cres and the neighbouring island of Lošinj used to be one island, but now they are divided by a channel and connected by a bridge that starts from the town of Osor. Cres's only freshwater source is Lake Vrana.
Manuel Schleis
Manuel Schleis (born 1979) is a German music producer and former sound designer. He is best known for publishing the Vengeance sample libraries. Computer Music said in 2020 that Vengeance Essential Clubsounds, Volume 1 would "go down in history as a library that changed the sound of dance music".

Roland Corporation
Roland Corporation (ローランド株式会社, Rōrando Kabushiki Kaisha) is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment, and software. It was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka in 1972. In 2005, its headquarters relocated to Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture. It has factories in Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. As of December 2022, it employed 2,783 people. In 2014, it was subject to a management buyout by its CEO, Junichi Miki, supported by Taiyo Pacific Partners.

Roland has manufactured numerous instruments that have had lasting impacts on music, such as the Juno-106 synthesizer, TB-303 bass synthesizer, and TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines. It was also instrumental in the development of MIDI, a standardized means of synchronizing electronic instruments manufactured by different companies. In 2016, Fact wrote that Roland had arguably had more influence on electronic music than any other company.
Xylophanes robinsonii
Xylophanes robinsonii is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1865. It is known from Cuba.

The length of the forewings is about 22 mm.  It is similar to Theretra monteironis and Xylophanes fosteri but smaller and the postmedian lines on the forewing upperside are better developed. The tegula has a golden-yellow midline. The forewing upperside is similar to Xylophanes fosteri but the discal spot has no darker dashes or a darker cloud immediately distal to it. The second postmedian line is distally double.

Adults are probably on wing year round.

The larvae possibly feed on Psychotria panamensis, Psychotria nervosa and Pavonia guanacastensis.

Xylophanes fosteri
Xylophanes fosteri is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from Paraguay, but is probably also found in Argentina.

The length of the forewings is about 30 mm for males and 33 mm for females. It is similar to Xylophanes turbata. Differences in the forewing upperside are two short dashes distal to the discal spot which are blurred into a diffuse patch. The first and second postmedian lines are merged into a broad band at the inner margin of the wing, gradually diverging towards the apex but disappearing later. The fourth and fifth postmedian lines are parallel at first, but divergent later and then disappearing. The fourth line is represented only by vein dots.

Adults are probably on wing year-round.

The larvae possibly feed on Psychotria panamensis, Psychotria nervosa and Pavonia guanacastensis.
Jörn Lenz
Jörn Lenz (born 12 April 1969) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Lenz had four different spells with BFC Dynamo during his professional playing career and has continued to serve as part of the club's backroom staff since retiring in 2008. Lenz played a total of 374 matches for BFC Dynamo between 1988 and 2008. He made two appearances for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners' Cup.

2000–01 NOFV-Oberliga
The 2000–01 season of the NOFV-Oberliga was the seventh season of the league at tier four (IV) of the German football league system.

The NOFV-Oberliga was split into two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd. The champions of each, BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg, entered into a play-off against each other for the right to play in the 2001–02 Regionalliga Nord. 1. FC Magdeburg won 5–2 over two legs and thus gained promotion.
Ezequiel Garay
Ezequiel Marcelo Garay González (Spanish pronunciation: [eseˈkjel ɣaˈɾaj]; born 10 October 1986) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

He started his career with Newell's Old Boys but moved to Spain at the age of 19, going on to amass La Liga totals of 201 games and 21 goals over ten seasons with Racing de Santander, Real Madrid and Valencia. In 2011 he signed with Benfica, winning four major titles, most notably the domestic treble in 2013–14.

Garay represented Argentina at the 2014 World Cup and two Copa América tournaments.

2014–15 Russian Premier League
The 2014–15 Russian Premier League was the 23rd season of the Russian football championship since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 13th under the current Russian Premier League name.

The season began on August 1, 2014, when Rubin Kazan opened its season at home against Spartak Moscow. The season ended on May 29, 2015. Zenit won the championship, on 17 May, 2 rounds before the season ended.
Battle of Dragoslavele
The Battle of Dragoslavele was a military engagement fought between Romanian forces on one side and Central Powers forces (Germany and Austria-Hungary) on the other. It was part of the Romanian Campaign of World War I. The battle resulted in a Romanian victory and the effective end of Central Powers advances in the area.

Rucăr–Bran Pass
The Rucăr–Bran Pass, also called in English the Bran Pass (German: Törzburger Pass, Hungarian: Törcsvári-szoros), is a mountain pass in Romania, linking the counties of Brașov and Argeș. It has some of the most spectacular natural views in Romania, looking over the Bucegi Mountains of the Southern Carpathians.

The Pass starts in the commune of Rucăr, Argeș County, and runs for about 34 kilometres (21 miles) in a northeasterly direction. The communes of Fundata (including Șirnea village) and Moieciu, both in Brașov County, lie within the Pass, which ends in Bran. National road DN73 runs through the Pass, connecting the city of  Pitești, 76 km (47 mi) southwest of Rucăr, to the city of Brașov, 29 km (18 mi) northeast of Bran. The Pass reaches a maximum elevation of 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Fundata.
Savannakhet
Savannakhet (Lao: ສະຫວັນນະເຂດ, pronounced [sā.wǎn.nā(ʔ).kʰȅːt]; , officially named Kaysone Phomvihane (Lao: ໄກສອນ ພົມວິຫານ); since 2005 and previously known as Khanthaboury (Lao: ຄັນທະບູລີ), is a city in western Laos. It is the capital of Savannakhet Province. With a population of 125,760 (2018), it is the second-largest city in Laos, after Vientiane. The annual per capita income of Kaysone Phomvihane City is US$2,041 (2018).

Savannakhet has a large 15th-century Buddhist temple, Wat Sainyaphum, a Chinese temple, the Catholic Co-Cathedral of St. Therese and a mosque. The Second Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge over the Mekong connects to Mukdahan Province in Thailand.

Vientiane
Vientiane{{efn|/viˌɛntiˈɑːn/ vee-EN-tee-AHN; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ, Viangchan, pronounced [wíaŋ tɕàn] is the capital of Laos. Comprising the 5 urban districts of Vientiane Prefecture, the city is located on the banks of the Mekong, close to the border with Thailand. Vientiane was the administrative capital during French rule. The city had a population of 840,000 as of the 2023 census.

Vientiane is the home of Pha That Luang, an icon of Buddhism in Laos. Other Buddhist temples can be found there, such as Haw Phra Kaew, which formerly housed the Emerald Buddha.

The city is rated as 'suffiency' by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
Diamond norm
In quantum information, the diamond norm, also known as completely bounded trace norm, is a norm on the space of quantum operations, or more generally on any linear map that acts on complex matrices. Its main application is to measure the "single use distinguishability" of two quantum channels. If an agent is randomly given one of two quantum channels, permitted to pass one state through the unknown channel, and then measures the state in an attempt to determine which operation they were given, then their maximal probability of success is determined by the diamond norm of the difference of the two channels.

Although the diamond norm can be efficiently computed via semidefinite programming, it is in general difficult to obtain analytical expressions and those are known only for a few particular cases.

Quantum channel
In quantum information theory, a quantum channel is a communication channel that can transmit quantum information, as well as classical information.  An example of quantum information is the general dynamics of a qubit.  An example of classical information is a text document transmitted over the Internet.

Terminologically, quantum channels are completely positive (CP) trace-preserving maps between spaces of operators.  In other words, a quantum channel is just a quantum operation viewed not merely as the reduced dynamics of a system but as a pipeline intended to carry quantum information.  (Some authors use the term "quantum operation" to include trace-decreasing maps while reserving "quantum channel" for strictly trace-preserving maps.)
4 Scorpii
4 Scorpii is a single star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. With an apparent visual magnitude of +5.6, it is dimly visible to the naked eye under good viewing conditions. The distance to this star can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of 7.99±0.77 mas, which yields a value of around 410 light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −29 km/s and will reach perihelion in about two million years at an estimated distance of 280 ly (86 pc).

The stellar classification of 4 Scorpii is A3 V, indicating this is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star. It has 2.6 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating around 92 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 8,356 K.

A-type main-sequence star
An A-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen burning) star of spectral type A. The spectral luminosity class is V. These stars have spectra defined by strong hydrogen Balmer absorption lines. They measure between 1.7 and 2.1 solar masses (M☉), have surface temperatures between 7,600 and 10,000 K, and live for about a quarter of the lifetime of the Sun. Bright and nearby examples are Altair (A7), Sirius A (A1), and Vega (A0). A-type stars do not have convective zones and thus are not expected to harbor magnetic dynamos. As a consequence, because they do not have strong stellar winds; they lack a means to generate X-ray emission.
Strini Moodley
Strinivasa Rajoo "Strini" Moodley (29 October 1946 – 27 April 2006) was a founding member of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa with Steve Biko and Aubrey Mokoape, among others. In 1976, he was convicted of terrorism in a trial involving members of the South African Students' Organisation and the Black People's Convention, and imprisoned on Robben Island.

He became deputy news editor at the Natal Witness. Upon release from Robben island in 1982, Strini delivered a paper on The State of the Oppressed at the Black Consciousness Movement organized Forum in Hammanskraal. He was then Publicity Secretary of the Azanian People's Organisation.

South African Students' Organisation
The South African Students' Organisation (SASO) was a body of black South African university students who resisted apartheid through non-violent political action. The organisation was formed in 1969 under the leadership of Steve Biko and Barney Pityana and made vital contributions to the ideology and political leadership of the Black Consciousness Movement. It was banned by the South African government in October 1977, as part of the repressive state response to the Soweto uprising.
West Ealing
West Ealing is a district in the London Borough of Ealing, in West London. The district is about three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) west of Ealing Broadway. Although there is a long history of settlement in the area, West Ealing in its present form is less than one hundred years old. West Ealing falls under the postcode district W13 and neighbours Hanwell, Ealing, Perivale and Northfields

West Ealing railway station
West Ealing railway station is on the Great Western Main Line in Ealing, situated in west London. It is 6 miles 46 chains (10.6 km) down the line from London Paddington and is situated between Ealing Broadway to the east and Hanwell to the west. Its three-letter station code is WEA.

Most trains serving the station are operated by the Elizabeth line running between Abbey Wood and Heathrow Terminal 4. Services on the Greenford branch line to Greenford are operated by Great Western Railway.
Joseph of Damascus
Joseph of Damascus (May 15, 1793 – July 10, 1860), born Joseph George Haddad Firzli (Arabic: جوزيف جورج حداد الفرزلي), was an Orthodox priest and educator who was glorified as a saint in 1993.

He is also known as "Father Joseph" in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch.

1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, also known as the 1860 Christian–Druze war, was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians.

Following decisive Druze victories and massacres of the Christians, the conflict spilled over into other parts of Ottoman Syria, particularly Damascus, where thousands of Christian residents were killed by Druze fighters and local Muslim groups. The fighting precipitated a French-led international military intervention.
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nature
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nature, formerly the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nature Recovery and the Domestic Environment and the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Natural Environment and Land Use, is a junior ministerial position in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The incumbent holder is Member of Parliament (MP) Mary Creagh.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is a ministerial department of the government of the United Kingdom. The department is responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England. Concordats set out agreed frameworks for cooperation, between it and the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations.

Defra also leads for the United Kingdom on agricultural, fisheries and environmental matters in international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change, although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility; later transferred to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister in July 2016.
Patronymic
A patronymic, or patronym, is a personal name, or component of a personal name, based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (more specifically an avonymic), or an earlier male ancestor. It is the male equivalent of a matronymic.

Patronymics are used, by custom or official policy, in many countries worldwide, although elsewhere their use has been replaced by or transformed into patronymic surnames. Examples of such transformations include common English surnames such as Johnson (son of John).

Dali Kingdom
The Dali Kingdom, also known as the Dali State (traditional Chinese: 大理國; simplified Chinese: 大理国; pinyin: Dàlǐ Guó; Bai: Dablit Guaif), was a Bai dynastic state situated in modern Yunnan province, China, from 937 to 1253. In 1253, it was conquered by the Mongols. However, descendants of its ruling house continued to administer the area as tusi chiefs under Yuan dynasty rule until the Ming conquest of Yunnan in 1382. The former capital of the Dali Kingdom remains known as Dali in modern Yunnan Province today.
Álvaro XI of Kongo
Álvaro XI (died 1779) was ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (1764–1779) from the Kinlaza house.

He overthrew the rule of first Pedro V, who had opposed the rotatioal succession imposed by Pedro IV. As Pedro V continued his claim to the throne after being overthrown, Álvaro's death set off another showdown between the Nkondo branch of the Kinlaza, who favoured José I, and the Mbamba Lovata faction, the main branch of the Kimpanzu house who still favored Pedro V.

Kimpanzu
The Kimpanzu were members of the Mpanzu kanda also known as the House of Kimpanzu, one of the lineages from which the kings of Kongo were chosen during the 17th century and following Kongo's reunification under Pedro IV. They are remembered in tradition and are evoked in a proverb, still current in the 1920s Nkutama a mvila za makanda "Kinlaza, Kimpanzu ye Kinlaza makukwa matatu malambila Kongo" (Kinkanga, Kimpanzu and Kinlaza are the three stones on which Kongo cooked).
Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics
The Alabama Crimson Tide gymnastics is a Division I gymnastics team representing the University of Alabama in NCAA competition. The Tide hosts its home matches in Coleman Coliseum on the university's Tuscaloosa, Alabama campus.  One of only eight gymnastics teams to win the national title, the Crimson Tide has won six NCAA championships, ten SEC championships, and an NCAA-record 32 Regional championships.  The team is led by head coach Ashley Priess-Johnston, who succeeded Dana Duckworth following the 2022 season.

Coleman Coliseum
Coleman Coliseum is a 15,383-seat multi-purpose arena in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on the campus of the University of Alabama. It is the current home of the Alabama Crimson Tide men's and women's basketball and women's gymnastics teams, and previously served as the home of the women's volleyball program.  Opened in 1968 as Memorial Coliseum as a replacement for Foster Auditorium (the current name was adopted in 1988), the coliseum is located at the center of the University of Alabama's athletic complex, which also includes Sewell-Thomas Stadium, Sam Bailey Track & Field Stadium, the Hank Crisp Indoor Facility, the Mal M. Moore Athletic Facility and the football building and practice fields.

In addition to its primary duties as an athletic facility, the coliseum has on numerous occasions served as a venue for artistic performances, musical concerts, and presidential appearances.
Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2011
Nuestra Belleza El Salvador 2011 took place on June 30, 2011 at the Teatro Nacional de El Salvador in San Salvador.

Nuestra Belleza Universo 2010, Sonia Cruz; and Nuestra Belleza Mundo 2010, Gabriela Molina crowned their respective successors at the end of the event. 16 women participated in the event, which commemorated El Salvador's bicentenary. For the first time, 17-year-olds were allowed to participate, and a national costume showcase was also added to the event. The co-winners represented El Salvador at Miss Universe 2011 and Miss World 2011.

Miss World 2011
Miss World 2011 was the 61st edition of the Miss World pageant, held at the Earls Court Two in London, United Kingdom, on 6 November 2011.

Alexandria Mills of the United States crowned Ivian Sarcos of Venezuela as her successor at the end of the event. She is the sixth Venezuelan to win Miss World - currently tied with India for the most wins in the competition's history.