hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Katherina Minola
Katherina (Kate) Minola is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. Referred to in the play as the titular  "shrew" and the "ingenue", the play focuses on Katherina's taming by Petruchio into a more conventional role of a good wife. She is the elder daughter of Baptista Minola and the sister of Bianca Minola.

Shrew (stock character)
The shrew – an unpleasant, ill-tempered woman characterised by scolding, nagging, and aggression – is a comedic stock character in literature and folklore, both Western and Eastern. The theme is illustrated in Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew.

As a reference to actual women, rather than the stock character, the shrew is considered old-fashioned, and the synonym scold (as a noun) is archaic. The term shrew is still used to describe the stock character in fiction and folk storytelling. None of these terms are usually applied to males in Modern English.

This stereotype or cliché was common in early- to mid-20th-century films, and retains some present-day currency, often shifted somewhat toward the virtues of the stock female character of the heroic virago.

Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand collected over 400 literary and oral versions of shrew stories in 30 cultural groups in Europe in the middle 20th century.
Carbenium ion
A carbenium ion is a positive ion with the structure RR′R″C+, that is, a chemical species with carbon atom having three covalent bonds, and it bears a +1 formal charge.  Carbenium ions are a major subset of carbocations, which is a general term for diamagnetic carbon-based cations.  In parallel with carbenium ions is another subset of carbocations, the carbonium ions with the formula R5+. In carbenium ions charge is localized.  They are isoelectronic with monoboranes such as B(CH3)3.

Resonance (chemistry)
In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory. It has particular value for analyzing delocalized electrons where the bonding cannot be expressed by one single Lewis structure. The resonance hybrid is the accurate structure for a molecule or ion; it is an average of the theoretical (or hypothetical) contributing structures.
George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour
George Harrison and Ravi Shankar's 1974 North American tour was a 45-show concert tour of the United States and Canada, undertaken by English musician George Harrison and Indian sitarist Ravi Shankar in November and December 1974. It is often referred to as the Dark Horse Tour, since the concerts served as a launch for Harrison's record label Dark Horse Records, to which Shankar was one of the inaugural signings, and Harrison's concurrent single was the song "Dark Horse". The release of his delayed album, also titled Dark Horse, followed towards the end of the tour. The shows featured guest spots by Harrison's band members Billy Preston and Tom Scott.

Dark Horse Records
Dark Horse Records is an independent record label founded by former Beatle George Harrison in 1974. In 2020, Harrison’s son Dhani Harrison and David Zonshine reactivated the label, making available its back catalog and becoming the new home of Yusaf Cat Stevens, Steve Perry, Billy Idol, Joe Strummer and other artists.

For a company name, Harrison used the title of a song he had written in 1973, "Dark Horse." The inspiration for the Dark Horse Records logo came from a label on a tin that Harrison found during a trip to India. The logo centers the seven-headed horse Uchchaisravas, a figure in Indian art and mythology.
NGC 296
NGC 296 is a low surface brightness unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. The designation NGC 295 is sometimes mistakenly used for NGC 296.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 296: SN 2023lzn (type II, mag. 18.5).

Unbarred spiral galaxy
An unbarred spiral galaxy is a type of spiral galaxy without a central bar, or one that is not a barred spiral galaxy.  It is designated with an SA in the galaxy morphological classification scheme. A nearby example of an unbarred spiral is the Triangulum Galaxy.

Unbarred spiral galaxies are one of three general types of spiral galaxies under the de Vaucouleurs classification system, the other two being intermediate spiral galaxy and barred spiral galaxy. Under the Hubble tuning fork, it is one of two general types of spiral galaxy, the other being barred spirals.
Erionota hiraca
Erionota hiraca is a species of Indomalayan butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in  Burma, Thailand, N.Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Nias, Batoe, Sipora, Java, Bali, Lombok and Sulawesi.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Eucalyptus × phylacis
Eucalyptus × phylacis, commonly known as the Meelup mallee, is a species of tree or a robust mallee that is endemic to a small area in the southwest of Western Australia. It has rough, hard and corky bark on the trunk and larger branches, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven, creamy white flowers and hemispherical fruit. It is possibly a hybrid between E. decipiens and E. virginea.

Mallee (habit)
Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this  growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names.
2025–26 UEFA Women's Europa Cup knockout phase
The 2025–26 UEFA Women's Europa Cup  knockout phase began on 12 November 2025 with the first leg of the round of 16 and will end with the second leg of the final on 2 or 3 May 2026 to decide the champions of the 2025–26 UEFA Women's Europa Cup.

2025–26 UEFA Women's Europa Cup
The 2025–26 UEFA Women's Europa Cup is the inaugural season of the UEFA Women's Europa Cup, Europe's secondary women's club football tournament organised by UEFA. The competition features a straight knockout format, with every round (including the final) played as a two-legged home-and-away tie.

The winners will automatically qualify for the third qualifying round of the champions path of the 2026–27 UEFA Women's Champions League.
Eduard Kukan
Eduard Kukan (26 December 1939 – 10 February 2022) was a Slovakian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2006. He was a candidate in the presidential election held on 3 April 2004, and although pre-election polls had suggested he would come first, he actually came in third behind the eventual President Ivan Gašparovič and former prime minister Vladimír Mečiar, thus preventing him from contesting the run-off. He was elected Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2009, a position he held until 2019.

In 1999, Kukan was appointed United Nations Special Envoy on Kosovo by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, a role he held alongside Carl Bildt.

Minister of Foreign and European Affairs
The Minister of Foreign and European Affairs (Slovak: Minister zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí) is the head of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic and handles foreign policy of the Slovak Republic.
Church history
Church history or ecclesiastical history as an academic discipline studies the history of Christianity and the way the Christian Church has developed since its inception.

Henry Melvill Gwatkin defined church history as "the spiritual side of the history of civilized people ever since our Master's coming". A. M. Renwick, however, defines it as an account of the Church's success and failure in carrying out Christ's Great Commission. Renwick suggests a fourfold division of church history into missionary activity, church organization, doctrine and "the effect on human life".

Church history is often, but not always, studied from a Christian perspective. Writers from different Christian traditions will often highlight people and events particularly relevant to their own denominational history. Catholic and Orthodox writers often highlight the achievements of the ecumenical councils, while evangelical historians may focus on the Protestant Reformation and the Great Awakenings.

Christian theology
Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice. It concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and of the New Testament, as well as on Christian tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis and argument. Theologians may undertake the study of Christian theology for a variety of reasons, such as in order to:

help them better understand Christian tenets

make comparisons between Christianity and other traditions

defend Christianity against objections and criticism

facilitate reforms in the Christian church

assist in the propagation of Christianity

draw on the resources of the Christian tradition to address some present situation or perceived need

education in Christian philosophy, especially in Neoplatonic philosophy
Trephine
A trephine (/trɪˈfaɪn/; from Greek τρύπανον, trypanon 'instrument for boring') is a surgical instrument with a cylindrical blade. It can be of one of several dimensions and designs depending on what it is meant to be used for. A trephine may be specially designed for obtaining a cylindrically shaped core of bone that can be used for tests and bone studies, cutting holes in bones (e.g., the skull), or cutting out a round piece of the cornea for eye surgery.

A cylindrically shaped core of bone (or bone biopsy) obtained with a bone marrow trephine is usually examined in the histopathology department of a hospital under a microscope. It shows the pattern and cellularity of the bone marrow as it lay in the bone and is a useful diagnostic tool in certain circumstances such as bone marrow cancer and leukemia.

Surgical instrument
A surgical instrument is a medical device used during surgery to perform specific actions, such as cutting, modifying tissue, or providing access for viewing. Over time, a broad spectrum of tools has been developed—some for general surgical use, others tailored to specialized procedures.

Classification systems help surgeons understand an instrument's function and appropriate usage. Innovation continues to drive the development of more precise, safer, and more effective instruments for modern surgery.
Ælfwine of Winchester
Ælfwine  (died 1047) was Bishop of Winchester from 1032 until his death. He was one of King Cnut's priests prior to his appointment as bishop, and became a powerful and influential figure at Cnut's court.

John Maddicott
John Robert Lewendon Maddicott (born  22 July 1943) is an English historian who has published works on the political and social history of England in the 13th and 14th centuries, and has also written a number of leading articles on the Anglo-Saxon economy, his second area of interest.

Born in Exeter, Devon, he was educated at Worcester College, Oxford. He has written a biography of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, and one on Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. In Hilary term 2004, he delivered the Ford Lectures, the most prestigious history lectures in Oxford University, on the topic of the genesis of the English Parliament.
He taught at the University of Manchester and was a fellow and tutor in history at Exeter College, Oxford, from 1969 until 2006. An elected Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), he was also joint editor of the English Historical Review from 1990 to 2000. In 2001 he delivered the British Academy's Raleigh Lecture on History.
Andrew Webster (rugby league)
Andrew Webster (born 17 January 1982) is an Australian professional rugby league football coach who is the head coach of the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League (NRL).

Webster has been on the coaching staff at Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League and the Warriors, Wests Tigers and the Penrith Panthers in the National Rugby League. He coached Wests and Penrith over a handful of first-grade games.

He is the younger brother of former Wakefield Trinity and Hull Kingston Rovers head coach James Webster.

S. G. Ball Cup
The S. G. Ball Cup is a junior rugby league football competition played predominantly in New South Wales, between teams made up of male players aged under 19. Teams from Canberra and Melbourne, and Auckland also participate. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales a team from Perth (West Coast) also participated. The competition is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, and includes both junior representative teams of NRL and NSWRL clubs that do not field a team in the NRL.

The S. G. Ball Cup is named after S. G. "George" Ball, one of the five people responsible for the formation of South Sydney, and who was club secretary for over fifty years.
Koyasan Buddhist Temple
Koyasan Beikoku Betsuin (高野山米国別院, Kōyasan Beikoku Betsuin; "Koyasan United States Branch Temple"), also known as Koyasan Buddhist Temple, is a Japanese Buddhist temple in the Little Tokyo district of Downtown Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1912, it is one of the oldest existing Buddhist temples in the North American mainland  region. The temple is a branch of Koyasan Shingon Buddhism and is the  North America regional headquarters for the school.

Mount Kōya
Mount Kōya (高野山, Kōya-san) is a large temple settlement in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan to the south of Osaka. In the strictest sense, Mount Kōya is the mountain name (sangō) of Kongōbu-ji Temple, the ecclesiastical headquarters of the Kōyasan sect of Shingon Buddhism.
Powalice, Świdwin County
Powalice [pɔvaˈlit͡sɛ] (German Petershagen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sławoborze, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) west of Sławoborze, 17 km (11 mi) north-west of Świdwin, and 84 km (52 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Sławoborze
Sławoborze [swavɔˈbɔʐɛ] (German: Stolzenberg) is a village in Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Sławoborze. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) north of Świdwin and 92 km (57 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 2,009.
Unametsa
Unametsa (locally, Unamõtsa) is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities, the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. It is located 27 km (16.7 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi and 5.8 km (3.6 miles) southeast of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Suislepa and Soe.  As of 2021, the population of Unametsa was 41, a decrease of a population of 76 in the 2000 census.

Soe, Viljandi County
Soe is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. Soe is 26 km (16 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi near the western shore of Võrtsjärv lake. As of 2011, it had a population of 261, a decrease from 315 in the 2000 census.
Bombylius canescens
Bombylius canescens, commonly known as the western bee-fly, is a species of bee-fly belonging to the family Bombyliidae.

Bombylius canescens is a Palearctic species with limited distribution in Europe, usually found in arid to semi-arid habitats.

Bombyliidae
The Bombyliidae are a family of flies, commonly known as bee flies. Some are colloquially known as bomber flies. Adults generally feed on nectar and pollen, some being important pollinators. Larvae are mostly parasitoids of other insects.
Nimmitabel
Nimmitabel (/ˈnɪmitəˌbɛl/ NIM-ee-tə-bel) is a small town in the Monaro region in southeast New South Wales, Australia, in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council local government area.  At the 2021 census, Nimmitabel had a population of 324.

Snowy Monaro Regional Council
The Snowy Monaro Regional Council is a local government area located in the Snowy Mountains and Monaro regions of New South Wales, Australia. The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a forced merger of the Bombala, Cooma-Monaro and Snowy River shires.

The council comprises an area of 15,162 square kilometres (5,854 sq mi) and occupies the higher slopes of the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range between the Australian Capital Territory to the north and the state boundary with Victoria to the south. At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 20,707. Its population at the 2021 census was 21,666.

The Mayor of the Snowy Monaro Regional Council is Chris Hanna since 21 September 2023.
BBC Studios Productions
BBC Studios Productions Limited is a British content production company and is BBC Studios' national production division, producing a wide range of programmes such as Top Gear and Strictly Come Dancing. BBC Studios Productions is responsible for producing programmes while BBC Studios is in charge of ventures like UKTV and the distribution and selling of formats of BBC programmes. BBC Studios Productions is the biggest content producer in the United Kingdom.

Studio AKA
Studio AKA is a British animation studio producing television commercials, TV programmes and short films. The company was founded in 1989 (as Pizzaz Pictures). Notable productions include Hey Duggee, a TV series aimed at 2 to 5 year olds produced for CBeebies, which was recommissioned for a second and third series and which was awarded an International Emmy in 2017 and a BAFTA, and Lost and Found, an animated short film based on the children’s picture book by Oliver Jeffers, which won a BAFTA in 2009.
Pacte Progressista
The Pacte Progressista (English: Progressive Pact, Pacte), officially the Pacte Progressista d'Eivissa (English: Progressive Pact of Ibiza), is an electoral alliance formed in Ibiza by the Socialist Party of the Balearic Islands, United Left of Ibiza, The Greens of Ibiza, Entesa Nacionalista i Ecologista (English: Nationalist and Ecologist Agreement of Ibiza) and Republican Left of Catalonia to contest the 1999 and 2003 regional elections. Previously, it had contested the 1996 Senate election in the Ibiza–Formentera constituency as Eivissa i Formentera al Senat (English: Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate), and it would also contest the 2000 Senate election as the Pacte per Eivissa i Formentera (English: Pact for Ibiza and Formentera).

The alliance would be reestablished as "Eivissa i Formentera al Senat" ahead of the 2023 Spanish general election with PSOE, Sumar, EU and Ara Eivissa as its components.

United Left of the Balearic Islands
United Left of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Esquerra Unida de les Illes Balears, EUIB) is the Balearic federation of the Spanish left wing political and social movement United Left. Juan José Martínez Riera is the current General Coordinator. The Communist Party of the Balearic Islands (PCIB-PCE, Balearic federation of PCE) is the major member of the coalition.
Labour Rate
The Labour Rate was a system of poor relief (outdoor relief), used in England from 1832 to 1834, where workers were paid at a given rate. If this was not met then the rest had to be made up by the parish's poor relief. It was authorised by the Agricultural Labourers Act 1832, and adopted in about 1 in 5 parishes until it was replaced by the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834.

Outdoor relief
Outdoor relief, an obsolete term originating with the Elizabethan Poor Law (1601), was a programme of social welfare and poor relief. Assistance was given in the form of money, food, clothing or goods  to alleviate poverty without the requirement that the recipient enter an institution. In contrast, recipients of indoor relief were required to enter an almshouse, orphanage, workhouse or poorhouse. Outdoor relief consisted of hot meals and provision of blankets and things necessary for homeless persons. Outdoor relief was also a feature of the Scottish Poor Laws and the Irish Poor Laws.
Lean consumption
Lean consumption is based on lean manufacturing, also known as lean production. Lean Manufacturing was pioneered by Toyota founder Taiichi Ohno, and revolutionized and streamlined the manufacturing industry. Whereas lean manufacturing set out ways to streamline manufacturing processes, lean consumption "minimizes customers' time and effort by delivering exactly what they want when and where they want it". Processes are focused on eliminating waste, while increasing productivity, speed of operation and improving customer interaction.

Six Sigma
Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It was introduced by American engineer Bill Smith while working at Motorola in 1986.

Six Sigma strategies seek to improve manufacturing quality by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. This is done by using empirical and statistical quality management methods and by hiring people who serve as Six Sigma experts. Each Six Sigma project follows a defined methodology and has specific value targets, such as reducing pollution or increasing customer satisfaction.

The term Six Sigma originates from statistical quality control, a reference to the fraction of a normal curve that lies within six standard deviations of the mean, used to represent a defect rate.
Jose Gozar
Jose Protacio Cangco Gozar (April 8, 1918 – 1942) was a Filipino military aviator and a flight officer of the Philippine Army Air Corps, who was awarded at the outbreak of World War II the Distinguished Service Cross.

Camp Aguinaldo
Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo (CGEA; formerly Camp Murphy), also known as Camp Aguinaldo, is the site of the general headquarters (GHQ) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).

It is located in Quezon City along EDSA, a major thoroughfare of the metropolis, to which it is across Camp Crame, the national headquarters (NHQ) of the Philippine National Police (PNP). The military installation is named after Philippine revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo, who became the first Philippine president and fought in the Philippine Revolution, the Spanish–American War, and the Philippine–American War.