hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modern Chinese poetry
Modern Chinese poetry, including New poetry (traditional Chinese: 新詩; simplified Chinese: 新诗; pinyin: xīnshī), refers to post Qing dynasty (1644 to 1912) Chinese poetry, including the modern vernacular (baihua) style of poetry increasingly common with the New Culture and 4 May 1919 movements, with the development of experimental styles such as "free verse" (as opposed to the traditional Chinese poetry written in Classical Chinese language); but, also including twentieth and twenty-first century continuations or revivals of Classical Chinese poetry forms. Some modern Chinese poetry represents major new and modern developments in the poetry of one of the world's larger areas, as well as other important areas sharing this linguistic affinity. One of the first poets and theorist in the modern Chinese poetry mode was Hu Shih (1891–1962).

Battler poetry
Battler poetry, also referred to as migrant-worker poetry (dagong shige / 打工诗歌 in Mandarin), is a literary movement originating from migrant workers in post-1980s industrial China. Stylistically heterogeneous and often published through unofficial channels, battler poetry documents the experiences of China's approximately 280 million rural-urban internal migrant workers.

Comparisons have been drawn between battler poetry and the wider lineage of 'Chinese workers' literature', though contemporary migrant workers in Southern China's Special Economic Zones occupy a very different social status and relationship with the Chinese state to those writing in the New Culture Movement in the post-revolutionary 1920s. Many battler poets' work also references Chinese classical poetry. Writers Eleanor Goodman and Qin Xiaoyu (秦晓宇) characterise the movement as "a head-on collision of traditional Chinese culture with an explosion of capitalism".
Amerloq Fjord
Amerloq Fjord is a 36 km (22 mi) long fjord in the Qeqqata municipality in western Greenland. The fjord empties into the Davis Strait just south of Sisimiut, whose former Inuit name was also "Amerloq".

Qeqqata
Qeqqata (Greenlandic pronunciation: [qɜqːata], Danish: Centrum, lit. 'Centre') is a municipality in western Greenland, operational from 1 January 2009. The municipality was named after its location in the central-western part of the country. Its population is 9,179 as of January 2025. The administrative center of the municipality is in Sisimiut (formerly called Holsteinsborg).
Zagórze, Gmina Gidle
Zagórze [zaˈɡuʐɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gidle, within Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) north of Gidle, 10 km (6 mi) south of Radomsko, and 89 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Gidle
Gidle [ˈɡidlɛ] is a village in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Gidle. It lies approximately 13 km (8 mi) south of Radomsko and 93 km (58 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. In 2007 the village had a population of 1,540.

The previous names of the village included Gidzielice and Gidżle.

Gidle is the site of a Dominican monastery with a chapel of the miraculous figure of Mary, mother of Jesus. The sanctuary is a destination of religious pilgrimages from all over Poland.

Mary Magdalene Church, built in 1659

Carthusian Monastery

The stone figure at the main church

A roadside chapel

17th-century painted testimonies of miraculous healings

17th-century painted testimonies of miraculous healings

Main altar in the church

Details of the altar

Stained-glass window showing St. Dominic
Megan Boyd
Rosina Megan Boyd BEM (29 January 1915 – 15 November 2001) was a British fly tyer most noted for her Atlantic salmon flies. She lived most of her adult life in a small cottage in Kintradwell, near Brora, Scotland. Boyd, a renowned figure in the Scottish Highlands, was known for her fly tying skills, eccentric style, and service during World War II. Despite never fishing herself, Boyd's precision and quality in fly tying made her creations sought after by local anglers. She invented a traditional pattern called "The Megan Boyd," and her work earned her the British Empire Medal in 1971. Boyd retired at 70 due to failing eyesight but remained a major supporter of the North Atlantic Salmon Fund until her death in 2001.

River Brora
The River Brora (Scottish Gaelic: Brùra) is an east-flowing river in Sutherland in the Highlands of Scotland. It is formed where its headwater streams, Allt Gobhlach and Allt nan Con-uisge meet. As a part of the Loch Shin Hydro Scheme, some of its flow is now diverted at Dalnessie into the Féith Osdail, a tributary of the River Tirry. It then flows southeastwards down Strath Brora to Dalreavoch. The river then briefly turns northeast and then east, before turning southeastwards once again to pass through the three distinct basins of Loch Brora to enter the Moray Firth on the North Sea at the town of Brora. Its one principal tributary is the Black Water which enters on its left bank at Balnacoil. The Black Water is itself fed by the River Skinsdale and the Coirefrois Burn.
Howle, Shropshire
Howle, also spelt Howl, is a small village in Shropshire, England, in a rural area some five miles to the north-west of the town of Newport. Although it is part of the civil parish of Chetwynd, the nearest village is Child's Ercall.

The village name has been variously suggested as being derived from the Old English personal name element Hyge- or from a word meaning "hill". In the Domesday Book survey it was recorded as the manor of Hugle.

Howle is on the edge of Ercall Heath, which was largely forested until World War I and has been partly brought into cultivation since; the River Meese flows nearby. There is a holy well, formerly used by those seeking cures, south of Howle near the road to Tibberton.

Child's Ercall
Child's Ercall (/ɑːrkəl/ AR-kəl) is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, England. It is located in a rural area between the towns of Market Drayton and Newport: the civil parish had a total population of 599 at the 2001 census, rising to 732 at the 2011 Census.  The closest neighbouring village is Ollerton, around 1 mile to the west.
A Short Film About Killing
A Short Film About Killing (Polish: Krótki film o zabijaniu) is a 1988 drama film directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski and starring Mirosław Baka, Krzysztof Globisz, and Jan Tesarz. Written by Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz, the film was expanded from Dekalog: Five of the Polish television series Dekalog. Set in Warsaw, Poland, the film compares the senseless, violent murder of an individual to the cold, calculated execution by the state. A Short Film About Killing won both the Jury Prize and the FIPRESCI Prize at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, as well as the European Film Award for Best Film.

Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
The Jury Prize (French: Prix du Jury) is an award of the Cannes Film Festival bestowed by the jury of the festival on one of the competing feature films. According to American film critic Dave Kehr, the award is "intended to recognize an original work that embodies the spirit of inquiry."
Cårrujavrit Hydroelectric Power Station
The Cårrujavrit Hydroelectric Power Station (Norwegian: Cårrujavrit kraftverk or Čårrujavrit kraftverk) is a hydroelectric power station in Kvænangen Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It utilizes a drop of 305 meters (1,001 ft) between its intake reservoir on the Njemenaiko River (Norwegian: Njemenaikoelva, Kven: Niemenaikunjoki, Northern Sami: Njemenjáikojohka) and Little Lakes (Norwegian: Småvatnan, Kven: Pikkujärvet, Northern Sami: Čorrojávrrit), which is also the reservoir for the Kvænangsbotn Hydroelectric Power Station. Lake Tjoika (Kven: Sueikkajärvi or Hyttysenjärvi, Northern Sami: Šuoikkatjávri) serves as the reservoir for the plant and is regulated at a level between 529 m (1,736 ft) and 516 m (1,693 ft). The plant has a Francis turbine and operates at an installed capacity of 1.7 MW, with an average annual production of about 11 GWh. The plant is controlled by Kvænangen Kraftverk AS, with a 48.2% share owned by Troms Kraft.

Kven language
Kven (kvääni; kainu; Finnish: kveeni; Norwegian: kvensk) is a Finnic language spoken in the northernmost parts of Norway by the Kven people. It is closely related to Meänkieli, spoken in Torne Valley in Sweden, and to the Peräpohjola dialects of Finnish. The status of Kven as a distinct language versus a dialect of Finnish has been debated. In 2005, Kven received the status of a minority language in Norway under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

There are about 1,500 to 10,000 known native speakers, most of whom are over the age of 60. Middle-aged speakers tend to have a passing knowledge of the language. They use it occasionally, but not frequently enough to keep it off the endangered list. People under the age of 30 rarely speak or know the language. However, children in the community of Børselv can learn Kven in their primary schools.
Namiestnik of Poland
The Namiestnik (or Namestnik, Viceroy) of the Kingdom of Poland (Polish: namiestnik Królestwa Polskiego, Russian: наместник Царства Польского) was the deputy of the Emperor of Russia who, under the Congress Kingdom of Poland (1815–1915), was styled "King of Poland". Between 1874 and 1914, the title Namiestnik was replaced by that of Governor-General of Warsaw (Polish: generał-gubernator warszawski).[a]

Emperor of Russia
The emperor and autocrat of all Russia was the official title of the Russian monarch from 1721 to 1917.

The title originated in connection with Russia's victory in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) and appeared as an adaptation of the tsar's title under the accepted system of titling in Europe. The title was transformed from the previous title of tsar and grand prince of all Russia. The old title tsar (or tsaritsa) continued to be popularly used to refer to the emperor (or empress) until the monarchy was abolished in 1917.
Oium
Oium was a name for Scythia, or a fertile part of it, roughly in modern Ukraine, where the Goths, under a legendary King Filimer, settled after leaving Gothiscandza, according to the Getica by Jordanes, written around 551.

It is generally assumed that the story reproduced by Jordanes contains a historical core, although several scholars have suggested that parts of it are fictional.

Omeljan Pritsak
Omeljan Yosypovych Pritsak (Ukrainian: Омелян Йосипович Пріцак; 7 April 1919 – 29 May 2006) was the first Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of Ukrainian History at Harvard University and the founder and first director (1973–1989) of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
Northwest Tri-County Intermediate Unit
The Northwest Tri-County Intermediate Unit, also known as IU5, is one of the 29 intermediate units in Pennsylvania. This regional educational service agency was created by the state's General Assembly in 1971, and is headquartered in Edinboro, Pa. The unit serves 
Crawford,
Erie, and
Warren counties.

Intermediate units in Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania, intermediate units are regional educational service agencies, established by the Pennsylvania General Assembly. Intermediate units are public entities and serve a given geographic area's educational needs and function as a step of organization above that of a public school district, but below that of the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
2011 Fed Cup World Group play-offs
The World Group play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group first round and the winning nations of the World Group II. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2012 World Group, while losing nations joined the 2012 World Group II.

2011 Fed Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Fed Cup competition in 2011. Eight nations competed in a three-round knockout competition. Italy was the two-time defending champion, but they were defeated in the semifinals by four-time former champion Russia.

The Russians were defeated in the final by Czech Republic, 3–2, in their first final and title since 1988.
Charente-Maritime's 3rd constituency
The 3rd constituency of Charente-Maritime (French: Troisième circonscription de la Charente-Maritime) is one of five electoral districts in the department of Charente-Maritime, each of which returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁɑ̃t maʁitim] ⓘ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Chérente-Marine; Occitan: Charanta Maritima) is a department in the French region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, on the country's west coast. Named after the river Charente, its prefecture is La Rochelle. As of 2019, it had a population of 651,358 with an area of 6,864 square kilometres (2,650 sq mi).
Marina Markova
Marina Alekseevna Markova (Russian: Марина Алексеевна Маркова, born January 27, 2001 in Saint Petersburg, Russia) is a Russian volleyball player. She is 199 cm (6.53 ft) tall at 74 kg (163 lb) and plays in the outside hitter position. She plays for VakıfBank of the CEV Champions League and Sultanlar Ligi.

Italian Women's Volleyball League
The Italian Women's Volleyball League Serie A1 (Italian: Lega Pallavolo Serie A Femminile), is the highest women's volleyball league in Italy. It is organized and administered by the Italian Volleyball Federation (FIPAV). It is considered one of the oldest women's top national leagues in European volleyball, being established in 1946, and its clubs have achieved significant success in the continental European club competitions.
Hel van het Noorden
The Hel van het Noorden (Hell of the North) is a rowing race over the distance of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The Groninger Studenten Roeivereniging Aegir (Groningen Student Rowingclub Aegir) has organised the head race annually since 1975. 
As the race takes place in the last weekend of November the weather is often cold and stormy, hence the name 'Hell of the North'.

Head race
A head race is a time-trial competition in the sport of rowing. Head races are typically held in the fall, winter and spring seasons. These events draw many athletes as well as observers. In this form of racing, rowers race against the clock where the crew or rower completing the course in the shortest time in their age, ability and boat-class category is deemed the winner.
Francis Aidan Gasquet
Francis Aidan Gasquet OSB (born Francis Neil Gasquet; 5 October 1846 – 5 April 1929) was an English Benedictine monk and historical scholar. He controversially challenged what he regarded as the anti-Catholic narrative of the English history of his age, and uncovered the extent of the Black Death in England. He was created a cardinal in 1914.

Shane Leslie
Sir John Randolph Leslie, 3rd Baronet (24 September 1885 – 14 August 1971), commonly known by his nickname, Shane Leslie, was an Anglo-Irish diplomat and writer. He was a first cousin of Sir Winston Churchill.  In 1908, Leslie became a Roman Catholic and supported Irish Home Rule.
Biribiri State Park
The Biribiri State Park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual de Biribiri) is a state park in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
It protects a mountainous region of cerrado. 
The park contains an abandoned village, once home to workers in a textile factory, which is now a tourist attraction.

State park (Brazil)
A state park (Portuguese: Parque Estadual) in Brazil is a legally defined type of protected area operated by one of the states.
Their goal is to preserve important or beautiful natural ecosystems.
Public access is allowed subject to regulations defined by the responsible agency.
1945 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1945 Norwegian Football Cup was the 40th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. This was the first cup in five years, due to  the Second World War. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was contested by the defending champions Fredrikstad and the four-time former winners Lyn. It took two replays to decide a winner, and in the third final Lyn won 4–0 securing their fifth title and the first title in 34 years, having last won in 1911.

1911 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1911 Norwegian Football Cup was the tenth season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1911 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions, and the defending champion, Lyn. Lyn won their fourth consecutive title, having beaten Urædd in the final.
Fairy Creek old-growth logging protests
Protests against old-growth logging in the southern Vancouver Island region of British Columbia (BC), Canada, escalated through later 2020 and into 2021. These events, many coalescing around the Fairy Creek watershed northeast of Port Renfrew, represent a critical moment in BC's recurring history of conflict related to ecological values and the forest industry, recalling the Clayoquot Protests (or "War in the Woods") of the early 1990s. With 1,188 arrests made by December 2021, it is the largest act of civil disobedience in Canadian history.

Pacheedaht First Nation
The Pacheedaht First Nation (lit. 'People of the Seafoam', formerly Pacheena) is a band government of the Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation, based near Port Renfrew on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. They are one of 14 Nuu-chah-nulth band governments, though they are not a member of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council.

The government has 4 reserve lands for a total of approximately 180 hectares: Pacheena #1, Gordon River #2, Cullite #3, Queesidaquah #4. As of March 2025, they have 301 registered band members, though only 97 live on reserve.

As of 2024, Pacheedaht, alongside the Ditidaht First Nation, is in stage 5 of the BC Treaty Process. They signed an agreement-in-principle in 2019, stating that the First Nation will have 1,897 hectares (18.97 km2) of land, including former reserve land.
Roller mill
Roller mills are mills that use cylindrical rollers, either in opposing pairs or against flat plates, to crush or grind various materials, such as grain, ore, gravel, plastic, and others. Roller grain mills are an alternative to traditional millstone arrangements in gristmills. Roller mills for rock complement other types of mills, such as ball mills and hammermills, in such industries as the mining and processing of ore and construction aggregate; cement milling; and recycling.

Millstone
Millstones or mill stones are stones used in gristmills, used for triturating, crushing or, more specifically, grinding wheat or other grains. They are sometimes referred to as grindstones or grinding stones.

Millstones come in pairs: a stationary base with a convex rim known as the bedstone (or nether millstone) and a concave-rimmed runner stone that rotates. The movement of the runner on top of the bedstone creates a "scissoring" action that grinds grain trapped between the stones. Millstones are constructed so that their shape and configuration help to channel ground flour to the outer edges of the mechanism for collection.

The runner stone is supported by a cross-shaped metal piece (millrind or rynd) fixed to a "mace head" topping the main shaft or spindle leading to the driving mechanism of the mill (wind, water (including  tide), or other means).
2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Occitanie
The 2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds, Occitanie was the qualifying competition to decide which teams from the leagues of the Occitanie region of France took part in the main competition from the seventh round.

2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds
The 2018–19 Coupe de France preliminary rounds made up the qualifying competition to decide which teams took part in the main competition from round 7. This was the 102nd season of the main football cup competition of France. The competition was organised by the French Football Federation (FFF) and was open to all clubs in French football, as well as clubs from the overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia (qualification via 2018 New Caledonia Cup), Tahiti (qualification via 2017–18 Tahiti Cup), Réunion, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon).
1929–30 Southern Football League
The 1929–30 season was the 32nd in the history of the Southern League. The league consisted of Eastern and Western Divisions. Aldershot Town won the Eastern Division and Bath City won the Western Division. Aldershot were declared Southern League champions after winning a championship play-off 4–2.

Three clubs from the Southern League applied to join the Football League, with Thames Association being successful. They replaced Merthyr Town, who rejoined the Southern League the following season. In addition to Thames, a total of 12 clubs left the Southern League at the end of this season.

1924–25 Southern Football League
The 1924–25 season was the 27th in the history of the Southern League. As in the previous season, the league was split into Eastern and Western Divisions. Southampton II won the Eastern Division and Swansea Town II won the Western Division. Southampton were declared Southern League champions after defeating Swansea 2–1 in a championship play-off.

Mid Rhondda United, who finished fifth in the Western Division, were the only club to apply to join the Football League, but were unsuccessful in the vote. Seven clubs left the league at the end of the season.
Kappa curve
In geometry, the kappa curve or Gutschoven's curve is a two-dimensional algebraic curve resembling the Greek letter ϰ (kappa). The kappa curve was first studied by Gérard van Gutschoven around 1662. In the history of mathematics, it is remembered as one of the first examples of Isaac Barrow's application of rudimentary calculus methods to determine the tangent of a curve.   Isaac Newton and Johann Bernoulli continued the studies of this curve subsequently.

Differential (mathematics)
In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions.

The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Hurmiz Malik Chikko
Hurmiz Malik Chikko (Syriac: ܗܘܪܡܘܙ ܡܵܠܸܟ ܟ̰ܝܟܘ; 1934 - December 2, 1963) was an Iraqi Assyrian rebel leader and insurgent. He led the Assyrian armed struggle against successive Iraqi governments from the late 1950s–primarily during the First Iraqi–Kurdish War–until his death in 1963. He also promoted Assyrian autonomy in the Nineveh Plains.

Kurdification
Kurdification is a cultural change in which people, territory, or language gradually become Kurdish. Historically, Kurdification has happened naturally, as in Turkish Kurdistan, or as a deliberate government policy (as in Iraqi Kurdistan after 2003 invasion of Iraq).

The notion of Kurdification is different from country to country. In Turkish Kurdistan, many ethnic Armenians had Kurdified after converting to Islam, while many ethnic Bulgarians, Circassians, Chechens, Ingushs, and Ossetians were Kurdified as a result of fleeing to the region and having subsequently assimilated to the Kurdish culture and language.
Enrico Martini
Enrico Martini (nom de guerre "Mauri") Mondovì, 29 January 1911 – Turkey, 19 September 1976) was an Italian soldier and partisan, an Alpini Major, founder of the 1 Group Alpine Divisions in the Italian Resistance, and a recipient of the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

Alba, Piedmont
Alba (Piedmontese: Arba; Latin: Alba Pompeia) is a town and comune of Piedmont, Italy, in the Province of Cuneo. It is one of the main cities in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato. The town is famous for its white truffle and wine production. The confectionery group Ferrero is based there. The city joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in October 2017.