hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hintikka set
In mathematical logic, a Hintikka set is a set of logical formulas whose elements satisfy the following properties:

An atom or its conjugate can appear in the set but not both,

If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "conjuctive-type", then its two operands appear in the set,

If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "disjuntive-type", then at least one of its two operands appears in the set.

The exact meaning of "conjuctive-type" and "disjunctive-type" is defined by the method of semantic tableaux.

Hintikka sets arise when attempting to prove completeness of propositional logic using semantic tableaux. They are named after Jaakko Hintikka.

Well-formed formula
In mathematical logic, propositional logic, and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet, constructed following the defined grammar of a formal language.

The abbreviation wff is pronounced "woof", or sometimes "wiff", "weff", or "whiff".

A formal language can be identified with the set of formulas in the language. A formula is a syntactic object that can be given a semantic meaning by means of an interpretation. Two key uses of formulas are in propositional logic and predicate logic.
Puffin
Puffins are any of three species of small alcids (auks) in the bird genus Fratercula. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the tufted puffin and horned puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage, a stocky build, and large beaks that get brightly colored during the breeding season. They shed the colorful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique underwater. In the air, they beat their wings rapidly (up to 400 times per minute) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean's surface.

Horned puffin
The horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) is an auk found in the North Pacific Ocean, including the coasts of Alaska, Siberia and British Columbia. It is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish. It nests in colonies, often with other auks.

It is similar in appearance to the Atlantic puffin, its closest relative of the North Atlantic, but differs by a "horn" of black skin located above the eye, present in adult birds.
The Presidential Papers
The Presidential Papers is a collection of essays, interviews, poems, open letters to political figures, and magazine pieces written by Norman Mailer, published in 1963 by G.P. Putnam's Sons. It is, by Mailer's own admission, similar in structure and purpose to Advertisements for Myself, albeit with a relatively stronger focus on contemporary politics, although many other topics are touched upon. The book covers such topics as scatology, totalitarianism, aesthetics, fascism, the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, Jean Genet's 1958 play The Blacks, juvenile delinquency, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Fidel Castro, masturbation, and others.

G. P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. The publisher was founded in 1838 and features books by authors such as Renée Ahdieh, C. J. Box, Edgar Allan Poe, and many others. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group.
Karimabad, Kardeh
Karimabad (Persian: كريم اباد, also Romanized as Karīmābād) is a village in Kardeh Rural District, in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 83, in 24 families.

Kardeh Rural District
Kardeh Rural District (Persian: دهستان كارده) is in the Central District of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kardeh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Mareshk.
Children's literature criticism
The term children's literature criticism includes both generalist discussions of the relationship between children's literature and literary theory and literary analyses of a specific works of children's literature.  Some academics consider young adult literature to be included under the rubric of 'children's literature.'

Nearly every school of theoretical thought has been applied to children's literature, most commonly reader response (Chambers 1980) and new criticism.  However, other schools have been applied in controversial and influential ways, including Orientalism (Nodelman 1992), feminist theory (Paul 1987), postmodernism (Stevenson 1994), structuralism (Neumeyer 1977), post-structuralism (Rose, 1984, Lesnik-Oberstein, 1994) and many others.

Structuralism
Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

Alternatively, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, structuralism is:

"The belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract structure."
Stachystemon virgatus
Stachystemon virgatus is a species of flowering plant in the family Picrodendraceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a compact monoecious shrub with elliptic or narrowly oblong leaves and small yellow flowers arranged singly in upper leaf axils.

Picrodendraceae
Picrodendraceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 80 species in 25 genera. These are subtropical to tropical and found in New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, Madagascar, continental Africa, and tropical America. Its closest relatives are Phyllanthaceae.

This family used to be known as the subfamily Oldfieldioideae of the Euphorbiaceae.
Igor Kopystiansky
Igor Kopystiansky (born (1954-12-16)16 December 1954 in Lviv) is an American artist, active in New York City since 1988. He has a multimedia practice, including painting, photography, film, and video, with an investigation of painting as his primary paradigm. On works in media of film and video, he collaborates with his wife Svetlana Kopystiansky. His  independent works and their joint works are shown internationally and held in American, European and Australian museum collections. Archives of works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are located at the Centre Pompidou, Kandinsky Library.

Musée d'art moderne (Saint-Étienne)
The Musée d'art moderne et contemporain (Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art), or MAMC, is an art museum in Saint-Étienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France.
It was inaugurated as a separate museum in 1987. It has one of the largest collections of its type in France.
Kaligandaki Rural Municipality, Gulmi
Kaligandaki is a Rural municipality located in the eastern part of the Gulmi District of the Lumbini Province of Nepal.
The rural municipality spans 101.04 square kilometres (39.01 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 18,876 according to the 2011 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Harmichaur, Phoksing, Arbani, Jayakhani, Purtighat, Khadgakot and Bhurtung VDCs were merged to form Kaligandaki Rural Municipality.
Kaligandaki is divided into 7 wards, with Purtighat declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

Purtighat
Purtighat is a village and municipality in Gulmi District in the Lumbini Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a male population 904, female population 1140 & total population of 2044 persons living in 436 individual households.
BTSB anti-D scandal
In 1994, the Irish Blood Transfusion Service Board (BTSB) informed the Minister for Health that a blood product they had distributed in 1977 for the treatment of pregnant mothers had been contaminated with the hepatitis C virus.
Following a report by an expert group, it was discovered that the BTSB had produced and distributed a second infected batch in 1991.
The Government established a Tribunal of Inquiry to establish the facts of the case and also agreed to establish a tribunal for the compensation of victims but seemed to frustrate and delay the applications of these, in some cases terminally, ill women.

This controversy also sparked an examination of the BTSB's lax procedures for screening blood products for the treatment of haemophilia and exposed the infection of many haemophiliacs with HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

The Coombe Hospital
The Coombe Hospital (/ˈkuːm/; Irish: Ospidéal an Chúim) is a voluntary teaching hospital providing a range of medical services to both women and newborn infants in Dublin, Ireland. It is managed by Dublin Midlands Hospital Group.
Adib Shishakli
Adib ash-Shishakli (1909 – 27 September 1964, Arabic: أديب الشيشكلي, romanized: ʾAdīb aš-Šīšaklī) was a Syrian military officer who served as President of Syria briefly in 1951 and later from 1953 to 1954. He was overthrown and later assassinated.

Syrian Communist Party
The Syrian Communist Party (Arabic: الحزب الشيوعي السوري, romanized: al-Ḥizb aš-Šuyūʿī as-Sūrī) was a political party in Syria founded in 1944 as a division of the Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party, which later split into the Syrian Communist Party and the Lebanese Communist Party.

In 1972, it became a member of the National Progressive Front, the coalition of parties sanctioned by the Ba'athist regime. The party split in two in 1986 with two separate parties claiming to represent the original Syrian Communist Party; the Syrian Communist Party (Unified) and the Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash).
1992 Stanford Cardinal football team
The 1992 Stanford Cardinal football team represented Stanford University as a member of the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Bill Walsh, who returned after having coached Stanford in 1977 and 1978, the Cardinal compiled an overall record of 10–3 with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, sharing the Pac-10 title with Washington. Stanford was invited to the Blockbuster Bowl, were the Cardinal defeated Penn State. The team played home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.

1992 Washington Huskies football team
The 1992 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season.  In its eighteenth and final season under head coach Don James, the defending national champion Huskies won their first eight games and took the Pacific-10 Conference title for the third consecutive season.

Attempting to win a third straight Rose Bowl, the Huskies lost to Michigan Wolverines football team by seven points and finished with a 9–3 record. Washington outscored its opponents 337 to 186.

Dave Hoffmann was selected as the team's most valuable player. Hoffmann, Mark Brunell, Lincoln Kennedy, and Shane Pahukoa were the team captains.
Amino sugar
In organic chemistry, an amino sugar is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group.  More than 60 amino sugars are known, with one of the most abundant being N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar), which is the main component of chitin.

Derivatives of amine containing sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid, whose nitrogens are part of more complex functional groups rather than formally being amines, are also considered amino sugars. Aminoglycosides are a class of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. These compounds are conjugates of amino sugars and aminocyclitols.

Glycal
Glycal is a name for cyclic enol ether derivatives of sugars having a double bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of the ring. The term "glycal" should not be used for an unsaturated sugar that has a double bond in any position other than between carbon atoms 1 and 2.
Kingdom of Burgundy
Kingdom of Burgundy named after the Germanic tribe of Burgundians, was a name given to various successive kingdoms centered in the historical region of Burgundy during the Middle Ages. The heartland of historical Burgundy correlates with the border area between France and Switzerland, and includes the major modern cities of Geneva and Lyon.

As a political entity, Burgundy existed in a number of forms with different boundaries. During the 9th century, it was divided into Upper and Lower Burgundy and Provence. Two of these entities, the first established around the 6th century and the second around the 11th century, were called the Kingdom of Burgundy. Later successors to this state included the Kingdom of Provence, the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy.

East Francia
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of the Carolingian Empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911. It was established through the 843 Treaty of Verdun which divided the former kingdom of Francia into three kingdoms: Francia Orientalis (the East Frankish kingdom); Francia Media (the Middle Frankish kingdom); and Francia Occidentalis (the West Frankish kingdom).

The east–west division with the Treaty of Verdun, enforced by the Germanic-Latin language split, "gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms", with East Francia becoming (or being) the Kingdom of Germany, and West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France.
Phenocopy
In phenomics, a phenocopy is a variation in phenotype (generally referring to a single trait) which is caused by environmental conditions (often, but not necessarily, during the organism's development), such that the organism's phenotype matches a phenotype which is determined by genetic factors. It is not a type of mutation, as it is non-hereditary.

The term was coined by German geneticist Richard Goldschmidt in 1935. He used it to refer to forms, produced by some experimental procedure, whose appearance duplicates or copies the phenotype of some mutant or combination of mutants.

Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.
Heydarabad-e Marali
Heydarabad-e Marali (Persian: حيدرآباد مرالي, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād-e Marālī) is a village in Nurali Rural District, in the Central District of Delfan County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 155, in 34 families.

Nurali Rural District
Nurali Rural District (Persian: دهستان نورعلي) is in the Central District of Delfan County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Deh Firuzvand-e Vosta. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Azizabad-e Pain.
Hugill & Blatherwick
Hugill & Blatherwick was an architectural firm based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and active throughout the state of South Dakota. It was founded by architects George C. Hugill and Wilfred F. Blatherwick in 1921. Their successors managed the firm, under other names, until its dissolution in 2009.

Perkins & McWayne
Perkins & McWayne was an architectural firm based in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and active throughout the state of South Dakota. It was established in 1917 by architects Robert A. Perkins and Albert McWayne.
Wing Cheong Estate
Wing Cheong Estate (Chinese: 榮昌邨) is a public housing estate in Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It composes two Y-shaped residential blocks completed in 2013, between Fu Cheong Estate and the West Kowloon Corridor, on Sai Chuen Road. It provides about 1500 public rental flats. The main contractor for the estate's construction was Paul Y. Engineering.

To mitigate the noise nuisance of the adjacent West Kowloon Corridor, the flats facing this motorway are equipped with "acoustic balconies". The balcony parapet incorporates an inclined glass panel to deflect noise, and the walls and ceiling of the balconies are faced with sound-absorbing panels.

Sham Shui Po
Sham Shui Po (Chinese: 深水埗) is an area of Kowloon, Hong Kong, situated in the northwestern part of the Kowloon Peninsula, north of Tai Kok Tsui, east of Cheung Sha Wan and south of Shek Kip Mei (石硤尾). It is located in and is the namesake of the Sham Shui Po District.

A predominately lower-income neighborhood, Sham Shui Po is one of the densest and most vibrant neighbourhoods in Hong Kong. It has a diverse mix of migrants from rural China, working-class families and seniors, with many living in cage homes, subdivided flats and public housing estates. Sham Shui Po has many lively street markets, electronics outlets, fabric stores, restaurants and food vendors. It is famous for its Golden Computer Shopping Arcade for bargain electronics and accessories.
Kōen Station
Kōen Station (公園駅, Kōen-eki) is a people mover station in Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Yamaman Yūkarigaoka Line, serving the planned community of Yūkarigaoka. Trains run roughly every 20 minutes.

After Kōen Station, the Yūkarigaoka Line splits into two and forms a loop. Trains headed towards the loop section proceed to Joshidai Station, while trains returning from the loop proceed to Chiku Center Station.

Chiku Center Station
Chiku Center Station (地区センター駅, Chiku-Sentā-eki) is a people mover station in Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is on the Yamaman Yūkarigaoka Line, serving the planned community of Yūkarigaoka. Trains run roughly every 20 minutes.
Hôtel de Brouckère
The Hôtel de Brouckère (French: Hôtel de Brouckère; Dutch: Huis de Brouckère) is a historic town house in Brussels, Belgium. It was designed by the architect Octave van Rysselberghe, in collaboration with Henry van de Velde, for Florence de Brouckère, mother-in-law of Louis de Brouckère, and built in 1898, in Art Nouveau style.

The house is located at 34, rue Jacques Jordaens/Jacob Jordaensstraat, at the corner of the Rue De Crayer/De Crayerstraat, and a few steps from the Avenue Louise/Louizalaan.

Avenue Louise
The Avenue Louise (French, pronounced [avny lwiz]) or Louizalaan (Dutch, pronounced [luˈizaˌlaːn]) is a major thoroughfare in Brussels, Belgium. It is located in the southern part of the City of Brussels, on the border with the municipalities of Saint-Gilles and Ixelles, where it runs south–east from the Place Louise/Louizaplein to the Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos, covering a distance of 2.7 km (1.7 mi). It is named in honour of both Queen Louise, the first Queen of the Belgians and wife of King Leopold I, and Princess Louise, King Leopold II's eldest daughter.

The Avenue Louise is one of the most prestigious and expensive avenues in Brussels, lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques. It also houses many embassies and offices. The avenue is served by Louise/Louiza metro station at one end (on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels Metro), as well as the tram lines 8 and 93, which run its entire length.
Police of Poland
The Police (Polish: Policja, [pɔˈlit͡sja] ⓘ) is the national civilian police service of Poland. It is the country’s primary law enforcement agency, responsible for public security and order as well as the prevention and investigation of crime. It operates under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration.

Polish Police is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of Police, subordinate to the Minister of the Interior and Administration. The Police is supported by municipal forces of city guards, having less legal authority and with jurisdiction only over prosecuting contraventions.

Opel Astra
The Opel Astra is a compact car/small family car (C-segment) developed and produced by the German automaker Opel since 1991, currently at its sixth generation. It was first launched in September 1991 as a direct replacement to the Opel Kadett. As of 2025, the car slots between the smaller Corsa supermini and the larger Frontera subcompact crossover SUV.
2013 ANZ Championship season
The 2013 ANZ Championship season  was the sixth season of the ANZ Championship. The 2013 season began on 24 March and concluded on 14 July. With a team  captained by Natalie von Bertouch and featuring Erin Bell, Carla Borrego, Renae Hallinan, Rebecca Bulley and Sharni Layton, the Adelaide Thunderbirds won both the minor premiership and the overall championship. Having previously won the 2010 ANZ Championship, the Thunderbirds became the first team to win a second championship.
The Thunderbirds secured the minor premiership with a 64–48 win over Northern Mystics in Round 13. They subsequently defeated Melbourne Vixens 49–39 in the major semi-final and	Queensland Firebirds 50–48 in the grand final to win the championship.

Melbourne Vixens
Melbourne Vixens is an Australian professional netball team based in Melbourne, Victoria. Since 2017 they have represented Netball Victoria in Super Netball. Between 2008 and 2016, they played in the ANZ Championship. The team was formed in 2007 when Netball Victoria merged its two former Commonwealth Bank Trophy league teams, Melbourne Phoenix and Melbourne Kestrels. Vixens have won four premierships, in 2009, 2014, 2020, and 2025.
Roberts Regional Recreation Area
37°48′46.05″N 122°10′28.75″W﻿ / ﻿37.8127917°N 122.1746528°W﻿ / 37.8127917; -122.1746528

Roberts Regional Recreation Area (RRRA) is an area adjacent to Redwood Regional Park located in Alameda County next to Oakland, CA and is part of the East Bay Regional Parks (EBRPD). It is across Skyline Drive from the City of Oakland's Joaquin Miller Park. Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp.  adopted Roberts Park in 1979, under the newly-developed Adopt-a-Park program, which promised continued funding. This was the first park in EBRPD to be so adopted.

Roberts Regional Recreational Area has picnic tables, playground and a seasonal pool with lifeguard.

East Bay Regional Park District
The East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) is a special district operating in Alameda County and Contra Costa County, California, within the East Bay area of the San Francisco Bay Area.  It maintains and operates a system of regional parks which is the largest urban regional park district in the United States. The administrative office is located in Oakland.

As of 2020, EBRPD spans 124,909 acres (50,549 ha) with 73 parks and over 1,330 miles (2,140 km) of trails. Some of these parks are wilderness areas; others include a variety of visitor attractions, with opportunities for swimming, boating and camping.  The trails are frequently used for non-motorized transportation such as biking, hiking, and horse riding. More than 200 miles (320 km) of paved trails (identified as Interpark Regional Trails) through urban areas link the parks together.