hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chromosome condensation
Chromosome condensation refers to the process by which dispersed interphase chromatin is transformed into a set of compact, rod-shaped structures during mitosis and meiosis (Figure 1).

The term "chromosome condensation" has long been used in biology. However, it is now increasingly recognized that mitotic chromosome condensation proceeds through mechanisms distinct from those governing "condensation" in physical chemistry (e.g., gas-to-liquid phase transitions) or the formation of "biomolecular condensates" in cell biology. Consequently, some researchers have argued that the term "chromosome condensation" may be misleading in this context. For this reason, alternative terms such as "chromosome assembly" or "chromosome formation" are also commonly used.

Type II topoisomerase
Type II topoisomerases are topoisomerases that cut both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to manage DNA tangles and supercoils. They use the hydrolysis of ATP, unlike Type I topoisomerase. In this process, these enzymes change the linking number of circular DNA by ±2. Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes, found in all living organisms.

In animals, topoisomerase II is a chemotherapy target. In prokaryotes, gyrase is an antibacterial target. Indeed, these enzymes are of interest for a wide range of effects.
Obręczna
Obręczna [ɔˈbrɛnt͡ʂna] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sadowie, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) north of Sadowie, 8 km (5 mi) north-west of Opatów, and 54 km (34 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Sadowie, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Sadowie [saˈdɔvjɛ] is a village in Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Sadowie. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north-west of Opatów and 54 km (34 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
Hodgson's bat
Hodgson's bat (Myotis formosus), also called the copper-winged bat or black-and-orange myotis, is a species of vesper bat in the genus Myotis, the mouse-eared bats. Favouring mountain forests, it is found throughout Central, Southeast, and East Asia, from Afghanistan to Taiwan. It is about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and is distinguished from most other species of bat in this range by its yellowish colouration.

Mouse-eared bat
The mouse-eared bats or myotises are a diverse and widespread genus (Myotis) of bats within the family Vespertilionidae. The noun "myotis" itself is a Neo-Latin construction, from the Greek "muós (meaning "mouse") and "oûs" (meaning ear), literally translating to "mouse-eared".
JW Bible College
JW Bible College (JW) is a Bible college in Lighthouse Point, Florida, affiliated with the Assembly of God Bethlehem Ministry. The school was first founded in Lighthouse Point, Florida in 1998.

The school primarily offers instruction in theology. The Assembly of God Bethlehem Ministry, Florida - USA, with the support of Confradeb - Fraternal Convention of Ministers of the Assemblies of God of Brazil in the United States, constantly expanding, has seen the need to invest in knowledge and systematic theological knowledge. The JW Bible College is a non-profit corporation duly registered in the State of Florida in the United States.

Lighthouse Point, Florida
Lighthouse Point, officially the City of Lighthouse Point, is a suburb of Fort Lauderdale located in Broward County, Florida, United States. The suburb was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse, which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach. The city is a part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,486.
Gemini Docking Mechanism
The Gemini spacecraft was equipped with a non-androgynous mechanism for docking with the Agena target vehicle or Augmented Target Docking Adapter. It was the first American craft that could dock to another in space.

Docking and berthing of spacecraft
Docking and berthing of spacecraft is the joining of two space vehicles. This connection can be temporary, or partially permanent such as for space station modules.

Docking specifically refers to joining of two separate free-flying space vehicles. Berthing refers to mating operations where a passive module/vehicle is placed into the mating interface of another space vehicle by using a robotic arm. Because the modern process of un-berthing requires more crew labor and is time-consuming, berthing operations are unsuited for rapid crew evacuations in the event of an emergency.
Willie Thomas (rugby union)
William Henry Thomas (22 March 1866 – 11 October 1921) was a Welsh international rugby union player who played club rugby for Llanelli and London Welsh. He was capped 11 times for Wales and captained the team on two occasions. In 1888, Thomas was chosen to tour New Zealand and Australia as part of the first British Isles team. This unofficial tour did not play any international opposition and no caps were awarded.

Thomas was born in Fishguard in 1866 to E. B. Thomas of Pembrokeshire. He was educated at Llandovery College before graduating to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1885.

Llandovery College
Llandovery College (Welsh: Coleg Llanymddyfri) is a coeducational independent boarding and day school in Llandovery, Carmarthenshire, Wales. The college consists of Gollop Preparatory, Senior School and Sixth Form. It was previously known as "Welsh College, Llandovery" and "Collegiate Institute" at various periods of its history.
Swan Lake (Nicollet County, Minnesota)
Swan Lake is a shallow lake in Nicollet County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Dakota people named the lake Marrah Tanka, their word for swan. Trumpeter swans are native to Minnesota and nest on Swan Lake. Tundra swans migrate through the area in spring and fall, but do not nest on the lake.

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, or Minnesota DNR, is the agency of the U.S. state of Minnesota charged with conserving and managing the state's natural resources. The agency maintains areas such as state parks, state forests, recreational trails, and recreation areas as well as managing minerals, wildlife, and forestry throughout the state. The agency is divided into six divisions - Ecological & Water Resources, Enforcement, Fish & Wildlife, Forestry, Lands & Minerals, and Parks & Trails.
Ernest Ferdinand Ritz
Ernest Ferdinand Ritz (5 March 1848 – 4 June 1890) was a Swedish-American photographer in Boston, Massachusetts during the 19th century.

Ritz was born in Stockholm. He came to the United States in November 1859, settling with his parents, Johanna and Oscar, in Boston. He became a citizen in 1876.

He learned photography working  for Abraham Bogardus in New York City. From 1865 until 1884,  he worked in partnership with George F. Hastings (1852–1931) at the Ritz & Hastings photography studio, located on Temple Place in Boston. The studio devoted itself exclusively to portrait work. In 1881 Ritz & Hastings showed work at the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association exhibit and in 1883 at the Professional Photographers of America conference in Milwaukee.

He died in Boston, aged 42.

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association
The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association (est.1795) of Boston, Massachusetts, was "formed for the sole purposes of promoting the mechanic arts and extending the practice of benevolence." Founders included Paul Revere, Jonathan Hunnewell, and Benjamin Russell. Through much of the 19th century, the association organized conferences and exhibitions devoted to innovation in the mechanical arts.
Garmian Region
Garmian or Garmiyan (Kurdish: گەرمیان) is a region in the Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq, it's historically considered to be a Kurdish province, the center of the region is located about (62 km) south of Sulaymaniyah City and (104 km) east of Kirkuk city and it includes Kalar, Kifri, Darbandikhan and Chamchamal district, and unofficially the district of Tuz Khurmatu and sometimes the district of Khanaqin.  Kalar is the administrative center of the Garmiyan district. Some historic maps includes Kirkuk and Daquq to the region of Germiyan.

Khanaqin
Khanaqin (Arabic: خانقين; Kurdish: خانەقین, romanized: Xaneqîn) is the central city of Khanaqin District in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, near the Iranian border (8 km) on the Alwand tributary of the Diyala River. The town is populated by Kurds who speak the Southern Kurdish dialect. Khanaqin is situated on the main road which Shia pilgrims use when visiting holy Islamic cities. The city is rich in oil, and the first Iraqi oil refinery and oil pipeline was built nearby in 1927. The main tribes of Khanaqin include Kalhor, Feyli, Zand, Malekshahi Suramiri, Arkavazi and Zangana.

The city experienced Arabization during the Saddam era, but this has been substantially reversed after the fall of the regime in 2003 and remains disputed.
Willem Piso
Willem Piso (in Dutch  Willem Pies, in Latin Gulielmus Piso, also called Guilherme Piso in Portuguese)  (1611 in Leiden – 28 November 1678 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch physician and  naturalist who participated as an expedition doctor in Dutch Brazil from 1637 – 1644, sponsored by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and the Dutch West India Company. Piso became one of the founders of tropical medicine.

John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
John Maurice of Nassau (Dutch: Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen [ˈjoːɦɑ ˈmʌurɪts fɑ ˈnɑsʌu ˈsiɣə(n)]; German: Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen; Portuguese: João Maurício de Nassau-Siegen; French: Jean-Maurice de Nassau-Siegen; 17 June 1604 – 20 December 1679), called "the Brazilian" for his fruitful period as governor of Dutch Brazil, was Count and (from 1664) Prince of Nassau-Siegen. He served as Herrenmeister (equivalent to Grand Master) of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg) from 1652 until his death in 1679.

The former residence of John Maurice in The Hague, Netherlands, is now the home of the Royal Cabinet of Paintings, named Mauritshuis, which means "Maurice House" in Dutch.
Eden (magazine)
Web Comic EDEN (ウェブコミックエデン, Uebu Komikku Eden) is a free manga and light novel web magazine published by Mag Garden and formerly distributed by Yahoo! Comics Japan (Now MAGCOMI). It was launched on September 18, 2009, under the name EDEN & Blade Comic Archive (EDEN＆ブレイドコミックアーカイブ, EDEN & Bureido Komikku Aakaibu), about a year after on October 8, 2010, the name was changed to EDEN. EDEN (short for Everybody Delightful Entertainment Network) distributes original manga and light novel content, while Blade Comic Archive redistributes selected works published from Monthly Comic Blade to be viewed online for a limited time. The development of the web magazine also led Mag Garden to collaborate on a joint project with Toei Animation.

Currently it is distributed on Mag Gardens free manga site called MAGCOMI, and functions as a label.

Tamayura
Tamayura (たまゆら) is a Japanese anime series written and directed by Junichi Sato. The initial four-episode original video animation (OVA) series was produced by Hal Film Maker and released over two Blu-ray Disc and DVD volumes in November and December 2010. A 12-episode anime television series produced by TYO Animations, titled Tamayura: Hitotose, aired in Japan between October and December 2011. A second TV anime season, Tamayura: More Aggressive, aired between July and September 2013. A four-part animated film series, Tamayura: Sotsugyō Shashin, was released between April 4, 2015, and April 6, 2016. Two manga adaptations illustrated by Momo have been published by Mag Garden.
Renix
Renix (Renix Electronique) was a joint venture by Renault and Bendix that designed and manufactured automobile electronic ignitions, fuel injection systems, electronic automatic transmission controls, and various engine sensors. Major applications included various Renault and Volvo vehicles. The name became synonymous in the U.S. with the computer and fuel injection system used on the AMC/Jeep 2.5 L I4 and 4.0 L I6 engines.

Bendix Corporation
Bendix Corporation is an American manufacturing and engineering company founded in 1924 and subsidiary of Knorr-Bremse since 2002.

During various times in its existence, Bendix made automotive brake shoes and systems, vacuum tubes, aircraft brakes, aeronautical hydraulics and electric power systems, avionics, aircraft and automobile fuel control systems, radios, televisions and computers. A line of home clothes washing machines in the mid-20th century were marketed as Bendix, though those were produced by a partner company that licensed its name. As of 2025, the company focuses on the trucking and automotive industries.
Cartington
Cartington is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Thropton, in Northumberland, England. It is about 11 miles (18 km) south west of Alnwick, and about 2 miles (3 km) north west of Rothbury. In 2019 it had an adult population of 95, after having returned a population of 97 in 2001.

Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox
Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (8 October 1515 – 7 March 1578), born Lady Margaret Douglas, was the daughter of the Scottish queen dowager Margaret Tudor and her second husband Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and thus the granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and the half-sister of King James V. She was the grandmother of King James VI and I.

In her youth she was high in the favour of her uncle, Henry VIII, but later incurred his anger for her unauthorised engagement to Lord Thomas Howard, who died imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1537. In 1544, she married Scottish nobleman Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox. Her son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, married her niece Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of James VI and I.
1992 British Formula Two Championship
The 1992 British Formula Two Championship was the fourth season of the British Formula 3000 Championship. This year the series was renamed British Formula 2, but the series was in decline with smaller grids than previous years. Champion of 1992 was Yvan Muller who drove for Omegaland. He would later race in International Formula 3000 for the same team, before becoming multiple ice racing champion and touring car star in France and Britain. Britain's Jason Elliott was second for Madgwick, with Peter Kox finishing third overall for Weylock. Future series champ José Luis Di Palma finished fourth in the standings. Other drivers making appearances included Vincenzo Sospiri and Pedro Diniz. Kiwi Craig Baird competed in an ex-Japanese F3000 Dome F102.

British Formula 3000
The British Formula 3000 championship, alternatively known as the British Formula Two Championship, was a competition for Formula 3000 held in the United Kingdom, active from 1989 to 1994 and in 1996. Several attempts to restart the series since then have met with failure.
Dmitry Shipov
Dmitry Nikolaevich Shipov (14 May 1851 – 14 January 1920) was a Russian liberal Slavophile politician of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Shipov acted as a political mentor of Georgy Lvov, Russia's future first Prime Minister. According to Solzhenitsyn in “November 1916”, Shipov was not, or ought not to have been considered a ‘Slavophile’, a slandering term at the time assigned to him by his radically leftist opponents—one which appears to have ‘tarred’ him, inaccurately, to this day!"

State Council (Russian Empire)
The State Council (Russian: Госуда́рственный сове́т, romanized: Gosudarstvennyy sovet, IPA: [ɡəsʊˈdarstvʲɪn(ː)ɨj sɐˈvʲet]) was the supreme state advisory body to the tsar in the Russian Empire. From 1906, it was the upper house of the parliament under the Russian Constitution of 1906.
Astro pop (cocktail)
An astro pop cocktail is a layered cocktail, mixed drink or shooter so named because it resembles the Astro Pop lollipop candy brand. Various recipes exist that use liquor and liqueurs to produce the drink. A version of the drink exists that is layered with red, white, and blue colors and served in a shot glass. It is a popular alcoholic beverage in some drinking establishments.

Shot (drink)
A shot (sometimes shooter) is a small serving of spirits or a mixed drink (usually about 1.0–1.5 US fluid ounces or 30–44 millilitres), typically consumed quickly, often in a single gulp. It is common to serve a shot as a side to a larger drink.

Shots can be shaken, stirred, blended, layered, or simply poured. Shot glasses or sherry glasses are the usual drinkware in which shots are served. They are most commonly served at bars, and some bartenders have their own signature shot.

The ingredients of shots vary from bartender to bartender and from region to region. Two shots can have the same name but different ingredients, resulting in two very different tastes.
Tachikawa, Tokyo
Tachikawa (立川市, Tachikawa-shi) is a city located in the western portion of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 March 2021, the city had an estimated population of 184,383 in 93,428 households, and a population density of 7,600 persons per km2.  The total area of the city is  24.36 square kilometres (9.41 sq mi).

Western Tokyo
Western Tokyo (東京都西部, Tōkyō-to seibu), known as the Tama area (多摩地域, Tama chiiki), Tama region (多摩地方, Tama-chihō) or toka (都下) locally, in the Tokyo Metropolis consists of 30 ordinary municipalities (cities (市 shi), towns (町 machi) and one village (村 mura)), unlike the eastern part which consists of 23 special wards.

Before it was transferred to Tokyo in 1893, the Tama area, then also still often referred to as the "three Tama" (三多摩, san-Tama) (referring to the West, North and South Tama counties it consisted of) had formed the Northern part of Kanagawa Prefecture.
Kachujor railway station
Kachujor railway station is a railway station of Andal–Sainthia branch line of the Asansol railway division connecting from Andal to Sainthia on the Sahibganj loop line. This is under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. It is situated at Nimtikuri, Kachujor, Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Sainthia Junction railway station
Sainthia Junction railway station is one of the oldest stations in India serves Sainthia city of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a "NSG-5" category railway station. The railway station is on the Bardhaman-Rampurhat Section under the administrative control of Howrah division of Eastern Railway. Sainthia Junction comes under the jurisdiction of Sainthia GRP Police Station. There is a total of 55 train arrivals and departures per day happening at this railway station. Sainthia Junction the 3rd busiest railway station in Birbhum district. This railway station is the busiest "NSG-5" category railway station in Howrah division and 6th busiest in all of NSG category railway stations in Howrah division. It also serves as the originating station of 4 important trains. In this station the famous Sainthia train collision took place between Uttar Banga Express and Vananchal Express
Schulerud
Schulerud is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ingrid Schulerud (born 1959), Norwegian diplomat

Mentz Schulerud (1915–2003), Norwegian author, radio personality, and theatre director

Anne-Cath. Vestly, born Schulerud

Scandinavian family name etymology
Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms (father's name plus an affix denoting relationship), which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - ( Miller ) naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation.
Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.
Battle of Kheli Hama
The Battle of Kheli Hama was an ambush on the PUK by Ansar al-Islam in the village of Kheli Hama in the Halabja Governorate. It took place 13 days after the September 11 attacks, although there was no connection between them.

Halabja Governorate
Halabja Governorate (Kurdish: پارێزگای ھەڵەبجە, romanized: Parêzgay Helebceyê, Arabic: محافظة حلبجة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalabja) is a governorate in the semi-autonomous region of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The governorate was established in 2014, splitting off from Sulaymaniyah Governorate and becoming the fourth governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Its capital is the city of Halabja. Halabja Governorate is the least populated governorate.

Although officially recognized by Kurdistan Regional Government, the Iraqi government had not officially recognized it until April 14th 2025 due to postponing of the hearing regarding its status multiple times by the Council of Representatives of Iraq, which is the only legislature in Iraq capable of declaring it as such.

On April 14, 2025, the Iraqi government officially recognized Halabja as its 19th province of Iraq. The Kurdistan Region has also recognized it as the 4th Governorate of the Kurdistan Region before.
Chester (CDP), Vermont
Chester is a census-designated place (CDP) in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,005 at the 2010 census. The CDP is a statistical area encompassing three distinct places: the urbanized center of the town of Chester; a locale known as Chester Depot, which is separated from the town center by the tracks of the former Rutland Railroad; and the village of North Chester.

For many years, the Steamtown rail collection ran train excursions on these tracks between Chester Depot and Bellows Falls before relocating to Pennsylvania. Today, Vermont Rail System operates freight trains along the line, and the depot is still visited by passengers riding the Green Mountain Flyer, also operated by VTR.

Chester Depot is known for the Stone Village, a street with several stone houses built in similar style. Stone was an uncommon building material in rural Vermont.

Stone Village Historic District
The Stone Village Historic District encompasses a distinctive collection of stone buildings on Vermont Route 103 in Chester, Vermont, United States.  Dating to the first half of the 19th century are a remarkable concentration of buildings constructed in a regionally distinctive snecked ashlar technique brought to the area by Scottish masons.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
2011 Imola Superbike World Championship round
The 2011 Imola Superbike World Championship round was the eleventh round of the 2011 Superbike World Championship. It took place on the weekend of September 23–25, 2011 at Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Imola, Italy.

2011 Superbike World Championship
The 2011 Superbike World Championship was the twenty-fourth season of the Superbike World Championship. It began on 27 February at Phillip Island and finished on 16 October in Portimão after 13 rounds.

The knockout system introduced for Superpole in 2009 was revised as the number of riders admitted to the first two sessions was reduced from twenty to sixteen and from sixteen to twelve respectively.

Ducati no longer competed with a factory team in 2011, after 23 seasons which had brought the marque a total of 29 riders' and manufacturers' championship titles, instead limiting its participation to privateer teams running their works bikes. Aprilia's gear-driven camshafts on its RSV4 motorcycle – which won the title in 2010 with Max Biaggi – was banned for the 2011 season.

After dominating since the season opening, Carlos Checa won his first championship and Ducati's 17th manufacturer title.