hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gujarat under Alamgir II
The Mughal Empire's province Gujarat (now in India) was under attack of the Marathas since last half century. The chief Maratha houses, Gaikwar and Peshwa had made peace with each other and driven out the Mughal nobles under the emperor Alamgir II. One such noble, Momin Khan, had countered their advances and recovered Ahmedabad in 1756 lost to the Marathas few years ago. After a long siege, Ahmedabad fell again in hands of the Marathas. The Marathas levied tributes across Gujarat. In 1759, the English of the British East India Company captured Surat. Sadashiv Ramchandra was appointed as a viceroy by Peshwa in 1760 followed by Apa Ganesh in 1761. Following defeat of Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), the nobles briefly recovered towns from the Marathas but soon had to surrender. Thus the Marathas firmly established themselves in Gujarat.

Kathiawar
Kathiawar (Gujarati: [kɑʈʰijɑʋɑɽ]), also known as Saurashtra (Gujarati: [sɔɾɑʂʈrə]), is a peninsula in the south-western Gujarat state in India, bordering the Arabian Sea and covering about 61,000 km2 (23,500 sq mi). It is bounded by the Kutch district in the north, the Gulf of Kutch in the northwest, and by the Gulf of Khambhat in the east. In the northeast, it is connected to the rest of the state and borders on the low, fertile hinterland of Ahmedabad. It is crossed by two belts of hill country and is drained radially by nine rivers which have little natural flow aside from in monsoon months, thus dams have been built on some of these. Kathiawar ports have been flourishing centres of trade and commerce since at least the 16th century. It was formerly a state of India.
Leptochloa
Leptochloa is a widespread genus of Asian, Australian, and American plants in the grass family.

Members of the genus are commonly known as sprangletops.

The generic name is derived from the Greek words leptos, meaning "thin," and chloa, meaning "grass," referring to the inflorescences.

Pogonarthria squarrosa
Pogonarthria squarrosa, the sickle grass or cross grass, is a species of perennial grass that is native to tropical, East and southern Africa. It is a hard and unpalatable pioneer grass with very low grazing value.
Bilaspur–Nagpur section
The Bilaspur–Nagpur section is part of the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line and connects Bilaspur in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh and Nagpur in Maharashtra. Part of one of the major trunk lines in the country, it passes through a forested plateau region interspersed with fertile valleys.

Bengal Nagpur Railway
The Bengal Nagpur Railway was one of the companies which pioneered development of the railways in eastern and central India. It was succeeded first by Eastern Railway and subsequently by South Eastern Railway.
Jamishan-e Sofla
Jamishan-e Sofla (Persian: جاميشان سفلي, also Romanized as Jāmīshān-e Soflá) is a village in Horr Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 150, in 40 families.

Dinavar District
Dinavar District (Persian: بخش دینور) is in Sahneh County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Miyan Rahan. The district's name reflects the ancient city of Dinavar, the ruins of which are in the district.
Merrimack Warriors women's basketball
The Merrimack Warriors women's basketball team represents Merrimack College in North Andover, Massachusetts, United States. The school's team currently competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. They are currently led by 5th year head coach Kelly Morrone and play their home games at the Hammel court in the Merrimack Athletics Complex.

Northeast Conference
The NEC (formerly the Northeast Conference) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Teams in the NEC compete in Division I for all sports; football competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Participating schools are located principally in the Northeastern United States, from which the conference derives its name.
Total quality management
Total quality management (TQM) is an organization-wide effort to "install and make a permanent climate where employees continuously improve their ability to provide on-demand products and services that customers will find of particular value."

Total quality management (TQM) emphasizes that all departments, not just production (such as sales, marketing, accounting, finance, engineering, and design), are responsible for improving their operations. Management, in this context, highlights the obligation of executives to actively oversee quality through adequate funding, training, staffing, and goal setting.

Although there isn't a universally agreed-upon methodology, TQM initiatives typically leverage established tools and techniques from quality control. TQM gained significant prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s before being largely superseded by other quality management frameworks, such as ISO 9000, Lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma.

Joseph M. Juran
Joseph Moses Juran (December 24, 1904 – February 28, 2008) was a Romanian-born American engineer, management consultant and author. He was an advocate for quality and quality management and wrote several books on the topics. He was the brother of Academy Award winner Nathan Juran.
2023 CS Finlandia Trophy
The 2023 CS Finlandia Trophy was held on October 6–8, 2023, in Espoo, Finland. It was part of the 2023–24 ISU Challenger Series. Medals were awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance.

2023–24 ISU Challenger Series
The 2023–24 ISU Challenger Series was held from September to December 2023. It was the tenth season that the ISU Challenger Series, a group of senior-level international figure skating competitions, was held.
St Gabriel's Church, Aldersbrook
St Gabriel's Church is a Church of England parish church in the Aldersbrook estate area of Wanstead in the London Borough of Redbridge, dedicated to the archangel Gabriel. It began in 1903 as an iron building before a permanent brick church by Charles Spooner in the Perpendicular iteration of the neo-Gothic style was completed in 1914, the same year as St Gabriel's was granted its own parish, taking areas from the parishes of St Mary the Virgin, Wanstead, and St Mary's Church, Little Ilford.

St Mary the Virgin, Wanstead
St Mary the Virgin, Wanstead is a Church of England church in Wanstead, east London. It is located on Overton Drive and now shares its parish with Christ Church, Wanstead. It is the only Grade I listed building in the London Borough of Redbridge.

The parish is first recorded in 1208, but its medieval church was replaced 70 foot to the north by the present building between 1787 and 1790, on a plot donated from his estate by James Tylney-Long. It was designed by architect Thomas Hardwick. Its foundation stone was laid on 13 July 1787, followed by a reception at Wanstead House, and it was completed on 24 June 1790, with a consecration ceremony led by Beilby Porteus, bishop of London. After the new church was completed, its medieval predecessor was demolished, though the latter's large monument to Josiah Child was moved to the new church.

The sculptor Joseph Wilton and the Royal Navy Vice-Admiral Robert Plampin are buried in the churchyard.
Epidendrum rigidum
Epidendrum rigidum is an epiphytic reed-stemmed Epidendrum orchid common throughout the Neotropical lowlands, below 600 m (2,000 ft).  (The Flora of North America recognizes a distinct species, E. cardiophorum Schltr., which replaces E. rigidum in Mexico and Central America; Kew lists E. cardiophorum Schltr. as a synonym for E. rigidum.)

Rudolf Schlechter
Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids.

He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America and Australia.

His vast herbarium was destroyed during the bombing of Berlin in 1945.
Texas Aircraft Colt
The Texas Aircraft Colt is an American light-sport aircraft built by Texas Aircraft Manufacturing, a company headed by Brazilian Matheus Grande.

Designed by the Brazilian Caio Jordão, the Colt was publicly introduced at AirVenture, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in July 2019. The aircraft is supplied ready-to-fly.

The design first flew in 2018 and met the ASTM standards as a light-sport aircraft in September 2019. The first customer delivery was in January 2020.

Light-sport aircraft
A light-sport aircraft (LSA), or light sport aircraft, is a category of small, lightweight aircraft that are simple to fly. LSAs tend to be heavier and more sophisticated than ultralight (aka "microlight") aircraft, but LSA restrictions on weight and performance separates the category from established GA aircraft. There is no standard worldwide description of an LSA.
Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor
"Decolonization is Not a Metaphor" is an academic paper published in 2012 by scholars Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang. The paper argues that decolonization refers specifically to the return of land to the Indigenous, criticizing the view that decolonization can be used as a broader term for social activism. It is considered influential in the field of decolonial studies.

Decoloniality
Decoloniality (Spanish: decolonialidad) is a school of thought that aims to delink from Eurocentric knowledge hierarchies and ways of being in the world in order to enable other forms of existence on Earth. It critiques the perceived universality of Western knowledge and the superiority of Western culture, including the systems and institutions that reinforce such perceptions. Decolonial perspectives understand colonialism as the basis for the everyday function of capitalist modernity and of imperialism.: 168-174

Decoloniality emerged as part of a South America movement examining the role of the European colonization of the Americas in establishing Eurocentric modernity/coloniality — according to Aníbal Quijano (1928-2018), who defined the term and its reach.
Berlin (play)
Berlin is a 2009 play by David Hare, in the form of a 55-minute monologue on Berlin and its history. It was first performed in March 2009 at the Royal National Theatre by the author himself, directed by Stephen Daldry.

History of Berlin
The history of Berlin starts with its foundation in the 12th century. It became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1237, and later of Brandenburg-Prussia, and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia grew about rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries and formed the basis of the German Empire in 1871. The empire would survive until 1918 when it was defeated in World War I.

After 1900 Berlin became a major world city, known for its leadership roles in science, the humanities, music, museums, higher education, government, diplomacy and military affairs. It also had a role in manufacturing and finance.

During World War II, bombing, artillery, and ferocious street-by-street fighting destroyed large parts of Berlin. Berlin was subsequently divided among the four major Allied powers and for over four decades it encapsulated the Cold War confrontation between West and East.  With the reunification of Germany in 1990, Berlin was restored as the capital and as a major world city.
Chevrolet Corsica
The Chevrolet Corsica (named after Corsica, France) is a front-wheel drive compact car that was produced by Chevrolet from 1987 until 1996. The Corsica was built upon the L-body platform. It shared the L-body with the 2-door Beretta, and the rebadged revival of the Pontiac Tempest which was essentially the same car, but was only sold in Canada and Middle East. The Corsica came in two styles and four trims. Sold initially only as a 4-door sedan, it was also available as a 5-door hatchback from model years 1989 until 1991. Corsicas were built alongside the Beretta by both the Wilmington Assembly in Delaware and Linden Assembly in New Jersey.

Hatchback
A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to the main interior of the car as a cargo area rather than just to a separated trunk. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second-row seating, where the interior can be reconfigured to prioritize passenger or cargo volume.

While early examples of the body configuration can be traced to the 1930s, the Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the term itself to 1970. The hatchback body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis to small family cars, as well as executive cars and some sports cars. They are a primary component of sport utility vehicles.
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".

Measure word
In linguistics, measure words are words (or morphemes) that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some noun. Many languages use measure words, and East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean use them very extensively in the form of number classifiers.
Optimal network design
Optimal network design is a problem in combinatorial optimization. It is an abstract representation of the problem faced by states and municipalities when they plan their road network. Given a set of locations to connect by roads, the objective is to have a short traveling distance between every two points. More specifically, the goal is to minimize the sum of shortest distances, where the sum is taken over all pairs of points. For each two locations, there is a number representing the cost of building a direct road between them. A decision must be made about which roads to build with a fixed budget.

Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.
2018 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships – Women's 5000 m
The women's 5000 meter at the 2018 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships took place in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice skating rink on Wednesday 29 October 2017. Although this tournament was held in 2017, it was part of the 2017–2018 speed skating season.

There were 13 participants with one withdrawal.

Title holder was Carien Kleibeuker.

2018 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships
The 2018 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships were held at the Thialf skating rink in Heerenveen from Friday 27 October 2017 to Sunday 29 October 2017. Although the tournament was held in 2017 it was the 2018 edition as it was part of the 2017–2018 speed skating season.
Ojstrica, Dravograd
Ojstrica (pronounced [ˈoːi̯stritsa]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills north of Dravograd in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia.

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to John the Baptist and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maribor. It dates to 1480 with various later additions.

Dravograd
Dravograd (pronounced [ˈdɾáːʋɔɡɾat] ⓘ; German: Unterdrauburg) is a small town in northern Slovenia, close to the border with Austria. It is the seat of the Municipality of Dravograd. It lies on the Drava River at the confluence with the Meža and the Mislinja. It is part of the traditional Slovenian provinces of Carinthia and the larger Carinthia Statistical Region.
Godscall Paleologue
Godscall Paleologue or Paleologus (12 January 1694 – ?) was the last recorded living member of the Paleologus family, and through them possibly the last surviving member of the Palaiologos dynasty, rulers of the Byzantine Empire from 1259 to its fall in 1453. The posthumous daughter of privateer Theodore Paleologus, the only surviving source on Godscall is her baptismal records. Nothing is known of her life.

The meaning of her name is unknown. It might be an English equivalent of the Greek name Theocletiane (Θεοκλητιανή), a reference to the child possibly being sickly, a surname derived from one of her mother's ancestors, or might derive from one or both of her parents being Puritans (though there is no evidence that they were), who in the 17th century commonly gave godly names to their children.

Patrick Leigh Fermor
Sir Patrick Michael Leigh Fermor DSO OBE (11 February 1915 – 10 June 2011) was an English writer, scholar, soldier and polyglot. He played a prominent role in the Cretan resistance during the Second World War, and was widely seen as Britain's greatest living travel writer, on the basis of books such as A Time of Gifts (1977). A BBC journalist once termed him "a cross between Indiana Jones, James Bond and Graham Greene".
Klosterøy
Klosterøy is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The 1.7-square-kilometre (0.66 sq mi) island lies on the south side of the Boknafjorden in the Rennesøy island group.  It lies immediately north of the island of Fjøløy and immediately west of the island of Mosterøy.  All three islands are connected by bridges and Mosterøy is connected to the island of Sokn which in turn is connected to the city of Stavanger on the mainland by the Byfjord Tunnel.

Klosterøy island is notable since it is the location of the historic Utstein Abbey and the 800-year old Utstein Church.  Most of the island is agricultural land, with most residents living on the far eastern end of the island, along the small channel separating the island from Mosterøy.

Sokn
Sokn is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The 1.31-square-kilometre (0.51 sq mi) island lies in a group of islands on the south side of the Boknafjorden, just east of the city of Stavanger. There are several islands surrounding Sokn: Bru to the southwest, Åmøy to the southeast, and Mosterøy to the north.  All three islands are connected to Sokn by bridges, and the undersea Byfjord Tunnel has its northern terminus on the island, connecting all these islands to the mainland.

Most of the island is covered with farms or moorland, with most of the population living along the southeastern shore.
2024 European Aquatics Super Cup
The 2024 European Aquatics Super Cup was the 42nd edition of the annual trophy organised by European Aquatics and contested by the reigning champions of the two European competitions for men's water polo clubs. The match was played between European champions FTC-Telekom (winners of the 2023–24 LEN Champions League) and Jug AO Dubrovnik (winners of the 2023–24 LEN Euro Cup). The match was held on 5 October. FTC-Telekom won their fifth title with 13–9 win over Jug AO Dubrovnik.

2023–24 LEN Euro Cup
The 2023–24 LEN Euro Cup is the 32nd edition of the water polo competition organised by the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN). This is the first season under the new changes made by LEN.

The defending champions were A-Híd Vasas Plaket, but they were eliminated by Jug AO Dubrovnik in the eight-finals.

The winners were Jug AO Dubrovnik, who defeated Primorje Erste Bank Rijeka 12–6 in an all-Croatian final.
Visit by Pope Francis to Indonesia
Pope Francis made a pastoral and state visit to Jakarta, Indonesia, from 3 to 6 September 2024. He became the third pontiff to visit the country, following Paul VI on 3‒4 December 1970 and John Paul II on 8‒12 October 1989. The theme of his visit was "Faith, Fraternity, and Compassion" (Indonesian: Iman, Persaudaraan dan Bela Rasa).

Apostolic Nunciature to Indonesia
The Apostolic Nunciature to Indonesia (Indonesian: Nunsiatur Apostolik untuk Indonesia), unofficially known as the Vatican Embassy in Jakarta (Indonesian: Kedutaan Besar Vatikan di Jakarta) is a diplomatic position within the Vatican, equivalent to an embassy. It is located at Jalan Merdeka Timur 18 in Central Jakarta.

The apostolic nuncio of the Holy See to the Republic of Indonesia serves both as the ambassador of the pope (as head of state of Vatican City) to the president of Indonesia, and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in Indonesia and the pope (as head of the church).
2010 Sparta Prague Open
The 2010 Sparta Prague Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was part of the 2010 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place at TK Sparta Prague in Prague, Czech Republic between 10 and 16 May 2010 with a $50,000 prize money.

2010 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2010 ITF Women's Circuit was the 2010 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. It was organised by the International Tennis Federation and was a tier below the WTA Tour. The ITF Women's Circuit included tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000. The list of tournaments is split into January–March, April–June, July–September and October–December due to the number of tournaments.
Leendert G. Westerink
Leendert Gerrit Westerink (2 November 1913 – 24 January 1990) was a Dutch philologist and university professor, emeritus at the Department of Classics of the University of New York at Buffalo.

He was a specialist of Ancient Greek philosophical literature in prose, and widely studied its transmission and reception through Late antiquity and Byzantine Empire.

Theophylact Simocatta
Theophylact Simocatta (Byzantine Greek: Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάτ(τ)ης Theophýlaktos Simokát(t)ēs; Latin: Theophylactus Simocatta) was an early seventh-century Byzantine historiographer, arguably ranking as the last historian of Late Antiquity, writing in the time of Heraclius (c. 630) about the late Emperor Maurice (582–602).
41st United States Congress
The 41st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871, during the first two years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1860 United States census. Both chambers had a Republican majority.

United States Senate Committee on Claims
The United States Senate Committee on Claims was among the first standing committees established in the Senate.  It dealt generally with issues related to private bills and petitions.  After reforms in the 1880s that created judicial and administrative remedies for petitioners, it declined in importance, and were abolished in 1946. The United States House of Representatives also had a Committee on Claims until 1946, when both the Senate and House duties were absorbed by the United States House Committee on the Judiciary.