hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina were a Western Balkans based population descending from a mixture of Romanized pre-Slavic Romance-speaking peoples and the South Slavs. From the 14th century the ethnic meaning of the term "Vlach" was replaced with a more societal understanding, often referring to a specific lifestyle and social structure common to some local Slavic communities. These groups practiced transhumance as herdsmen, shepherds, farmers, and in time developed peculiar socio-political organizational units known as katuns. With their caravans, Vlach carried out much of the traffic between Bosnian inland and coastal cities such as Dubrovnik. They also had close contacts and militarily served various Bosnian noble families and kings.

Nahiye (Ottoman)
The nahiye or nahiya (Ottoman Turkish: ناحیه, from Arabic: nāḥiya) was an administrative division in the Ottoman Empire, a sub-district including several villages, being the smallest administrative unit of a sanjak, below that of the kaza. The governor of the nahiye was titled mütesellim, until its abolishment in 1842.
Defoe Shipbuilding Company
The Defoe Shipbuilding Company was a small ship builder established in 1905 in Bay City, Michigan, United States.  It ceased to operate in 1976 after failing to renew its contracts with the United States Navy.  The site of the former company is now being developed for business and housing on the bank of the Saginaw River.

Lake freighter
Lake freighters, or lakers, are bulk carriers operating on the Great Lakes of North America. These vessels are traditionally called boats, although classified as ships. Freighters typically have a long, narrow hull, a raised pilothouse, and the engine located at the rear of the ship.

Lakers have been used since the late 19th century to haul raw material from docks in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Seaway regions to the industrial centers of Ontario, Quebec, and the American Midwest. The navigation season typically runs from late March through next mid-January due to the formation of ice on the lakes.

The largest lake freighters can travel up to 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) and can carry as much as 78,850 long tons (80,120 t) of bulk cargo.

SS Edmund Fitzgerald, which sank in 1975, became widely known as the largest  vessel to be wrecked on the Great Lakes.
Sturgeon-class submarine
The Sturgeon class (known colloquially in naval circles as the 637 class) was a class of thirty-seven nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) in service with the United States Navy from the 1960s until 2004. They were the "workhorses" of the Navy's attack submarine fleet throughout much of the Cold War.  The boats were phased out in the 1990s and early 21st century, as their successors, the Los Angeles, followed by the Seawolf and Virginia-class boats, entered service.

Seawolf-class submarine
The Seawolf class is a class of nuclear-powered, fast attack submarines (SSN) in service with the United States Navy. The class was the intended successor to the Los Angeles class, and design work began in 1983. A fleet of 29 submarines was to be built over a ten-year period, but that was reduced to 12 submarines. The end of the Cold War and budget constraints led to the cancellation of any further additions to the fleet in 1995, leaving the Seawolf class limited to just three boats. This, in turn, led to the design of the smaller Virginia class. The Seawolf class cost about $3 billion per unit ($3.5 billion for USS Jimmy Carter), making it the most expensive United States Navy fast attack submarine and second most expensive submarine ever, after the French Triomphant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines.
Martin University Hospital
The Martin University Hospital (Slovak: Univerzitná nemocnica Martin, abbreviated to UNM) is a Slovak public university hospital located in the Martin municipality, in the county of Zilina, north-east of the Slovak capital Bratislava. It is a teaching hospital and it is the main university hospital affiliated with the Jessenius School of Medicine. The hospital has over 1,700 employees. Martin University Hospital has 900 beds in total including all sectors. 
The current director of the hospital is Dr. Dušan Krkoška, M.D., PhD., MBA.

Otorhinolaryngology
Otorhinolaryngology (/oʊtoʊˌraɪnoʊˌlærɪnˈɡɒlədʒi/ oh-toh-RY-noh-LARR-in-GOL-ə-jee, abbreviated ORL and also known as otolaryngology, otolaryngology – head and neck surgery (ORL–H&N or OHNS), or ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the surgical and medical management of conditions of the head and neck. Doctors who specialize in this area are called otorhinolaryngologists, otolaryngologists, head and neck surgeons, or ENT surgeons or physicians.

Patients seek treatment from an otorhinolaryngologist for diseases of the ear, nose, throat, base of the skull, head, and neck. These commonly include functional diseases that affect the senses and activities of eating, drinking, speaking, breathing, swallowing, and hearing. In addition, ENT surgery encompasses the surgical management of cancers and benign tumors and reconstruction of the head and neck as well as plastic surgery of the face, scalp, and neck.
Northwest, Inc. v. Ginsberg
Northwest, Inc. v. Ginsberg, 572 U.S. 273 (2014), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 preempts a state-law claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing if it seeks to enlarge the contractual obligations that the parties voluntarily adopt.

Federal preemption
In the law of the United States, federal preemption is the invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law.  The rules of preemption seek to restrict it to only where it is explicit or necessary. In the course of adjudicating cases, the issue of preemption may be heard in either state or federal court.
Prussian P 8
The Prussian Class P 8 of the Prussian state railways (DRG Class 38.10-40 of the Deutsche Reichsbahn) was a 4-6-0 steam locomotive built from 1906 to 1923 by the Berliner Maschinenbau (previously Schwartzkopff) and twelve other German factories. The design was created by Robert Garbe. It was intended as a successor to the Prussian P 6, which was regarded as unsatisfactory.

National Railway Company of Belgium
The National Railway Company of Belgium (Dutch: Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen, NMBS; French: Société nationale des chemins de fer belges, SNCB; German: Nationale Gesellschaft der Belgischen Eisenbahnen) is the national railway company of Belgium. The company formally styles itself using the Dutch and French abbreviations NMBS/SNCB. The corporate logo designed in 1936 by Henry van de Velde consists of the linguistically neutral letter B in a horizontal oval.
1st Delaware Infantry Regiment
The 1st Delaware Infantry Regiment, later known as the 1st Delaware Veteran Infantry Regiment was a United States volunteer infantry regiment raised for Union Army service in the American Civil War. Part of the II Corps it served in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

II Corps (Union army)
There were five corps in the Union Army designated as II Corps (Second Army Corps) during the American Civil War. These formations were the Army of the Cumberland II Corps commanded by Thomas L. Crittenden from October 24, 1862, to November 5, 1862, later renumbered XXI Corps; the Army of the Mississippi II corps led by William T. Sherman from January 4, 1863, to January 12, 1863, renumbered XV Corps; Army of the Ohio II Corps commanded by Thomas L. Crittenden from September 29, 1862, to October 24, 1862, transferred to Army of the Cumberland; Army of Virginia II Corps led by Nathaniel P. Banks from June 26, 1862, to September 4, 1862, and Alpheus S. Williams from September 4, 1862, to September 12, 1862, renumbered XII Corps; and the Army of the Potomac II Corps from March 13, 1862, to June 28, 1865.

Of these five, the one most widely known was the Army of the Potomac formation, the subject of this article.
The Thugs
The Thugs was a professional wrestling tag team that consisted of "The Dirty White Boy" Tony Anthony and Tracy Smothers. The team wrestled in Smoky Mountain Wrestling. It debuted on March 23, 1995, and existed until SMW's final show held on November 26, 1995.

Feud (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a feud is a staged rivalry between multiple wrestlers or groups of wrestlers. They are integrated into ongoing storylines, particularly in events which are televised. Feuds may last for months or even years; conversely, they may be resolved with implausible speed, perhaps during a single match.
1982 Fresno State Bulldogs softball team
The 1982 Fresno State Bulldogs softball team represented California State University, Fresno in the 1982 NCAA Division I softball season.  The Bulldogs were coached by Donna Pickel, who led her fifth season.  The Bulldogs finished with a record of 43–11.  They competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference, where they finished first with a 17–3 record.

The Bulldogs were invited to the 1982 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the Northwest Regional and then completed a run to the title game of the Women's College World Series where they fell to champion UCLA.

1982 UCLA Bruins softball team
The 1982 UCLA Bruins softball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1982 college softball season.  The Bruins were coached by Sharron Backus, who led her eighth season.  The Bruins played their home games at Sunset Field and finished with a record of 33–7–2.  They competed in the Western Collegiate Athletic Association, where they finished second with a 15–4–1 record.

The Bruins were invited to the 1982 NCAA Division I softball tournament, where they swept the Central Regional and then completed an undefeated run through the Women's College World Series to claim the first NCAA Women's College World Series Championship.  The Bruins had earlier claimed an AIAW title in 1978.
Karl Hopf (serial killer)
Karl Hopf (26 March 1863 – 23 March 1914) was a German serial killer. He was sentenced to death by a Frankfurt jury on 19 January 1914 for the murder of his wives, father, and daughter, as well as for other, attempted murders.

Eschborn
Eschborn (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʃbɔʁn] ⓘ) is a town in the Main-Taunus district, Hesse, Germany. It is part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area and has a population of 21,488 (2018). Eschborn is home to numerous corporations due to its proximity to Frankfurt and relatively low business tax rate.
Bernard Laiboldt
Bernard Laiboldt or Bernard Laibold (b. c. 1827) commanded the 2nd Missouri Infantry Regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in Germany, Laiboldt came to the United States with his family as a child. He joined a Missouri infantry unit during the Mexican–American War. At the start of the Civil War, he became lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Missouri and led the regiment at Pea Ridge. He commanded a brigade at the Siege of Corinth and the Battle of Perryville. He assumed command after the brigade commander was killed at Stones River and led the brigade at Chickamauga. He led the 2nd Missouri at Missionary Ridge, Calhoun, Rocky Face Ridge, and Dalton. He was never promoted to brigadier general and he left the army in December 1864. He was St. Louis Police Commissioner in 1865–66 and later County Marshal.

Commissioner of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
The Police Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Department – City of St. Louis (SLMPD) is the Highest Ranking Member of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department.

The post is currently held by Commissioner Robert J. Tracy who was appointed on  December 14, 2022 and assumed office on January 9, 2023.
Jal Mahal
Jal Mahal (meaning "Water Palace") is a palace in the middle of the Man Sagar Lake in Jaipur city, the capital of the state of Rajasthan, India. The palace was originally constructed around 1699; the building and the lake around it were later renovated and enlarged in the early 18th century by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Amber.

Amber, India
Amber or Amer, is a city near Jaipur city in Jaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation.

The picturesque situation of Amber at the mouth of a rocky mountain gorge, in which nestles a lake, has attracted the admiration of travellers, including Victor Jacquemont and Reginald Heber. It is seen to be a remarkable example for its combined Rajput-Mughal architecture. The Amber Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the top tourist attraction in the Jaipur area.
1898 U.S. National Championships – Women's singles
Juliette Atkinson won the singles tennis title of the 1898 U.S. Women's National Singles Championship by defeating challenger Marion Jones 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5 in the Challenge Round, surviving five matchpoints in the final set. It was Atkinon's third singles title, after 1895 and 1897,  which gave her permanent ownership of the Wissahickon Inn Challenge Cup. Jones had won the right to challenge Atkinson by defeating Helen Crump 6–4, 7–5, 6–4 in the final of the All Comers' competition. The event was played on outdoor grass courts and held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Wissahickon Heights, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia from June 14 through June 18, 1898.

Philadelphia Cricket Club
The Philadelphia Cricket Club is a country club in Pennsylvania, United States, being the oldest of its kind in the country.

The club was established in 1854 in southeastern Pennsylvania, and has two locations, one in Chestnut Hill and the other in Flourtown, north-northwest of downtown Philadelphia.

Sports practised at the club include cricket, golf, squash, swimming, tennis, platform tennis, pickleball, and padel.
Hui Chiu-yin
Scouting portal

Hui Chiu-yin BBS (Chinese: 許招賢), also known as John Hui, is the director and general manager of New World First Ferry in Hong Kong after his retirement from the post of Chief Superintendent  of Marine Regional in Hong Kong Police Force in 1996. He had been the Chief Commission of The Scout Association of Hong Kong from 1997 to 2003.

Hong Kong Police Force
The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) is the primary law enforcement, investigative agency, and largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong.

Pursuant to the one country, two systems principle, the HKPF is officially independent of the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, which under usual circumstances may not interfere with Hong Kong’s local law enforcement matters. All HKPF officers are employed as civil servants and therefore required to pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Basic Law.

The HKPF consists of approximately 34,000 officers, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force, civil servants, and its Marine Region (3,000 officers and 143 vessels as of 2009).
2009 Letterkenny Town Council election
An election to all 9 seats on Letterkenny Town Council took place on 5 June 2009 as part of the 2009 Irish local elections. Councillors were elected in Letterkenny for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

It was the last election for the town council, as all town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014.

2009 Irish local elections
The 2009 Irish local elections were held in all the counties, cities and towns of Ireland on Friday, 5 June 2009, on the same day as the European Parliament election and two by-elections (Dublin South and Dublin Central).
Exclaustration
In the canon law of the Catholic Church, exclaustration is the official authorization for a member of a religious order (known as a religious) bound by perpetual vows to live for a limited time outside their religious institute, usually with a view to discerning whether to depart definitively.

Religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common."

A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life; the other is the secular institute, where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.
June 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
June 21 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 23

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on July 5 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For June 22nd, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on June 9.

Saint Alban
Saint Alban (/ˈɔːlbən, ˈæl-/; Latin: Albanus) is venerated as the first-recorded British Christian martyr, for which reason he is considered to be the protomartyr of Britain. Along with fellow Saints Julius and Aaron, Alban is one of three named martyrs recorded at an early date from Roman Britain (Amphibalus was the name given much later to the priest he was said to have been protecting). He is traditionally believed to have been beheaded in Verulamium (modern-day St Albans) sometime during the 3rd or 4th century, and has been celebrated there since ancient times.
Stein-Bockenheim
Stein-Bockenheim (German pronunciation: [ˈʃtaɪn ˈbɔkn̩haɪm]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Alzey-Worms
Alzey-Worms (German pronunciation: [ˈaltsaɪˈvɔʁms]) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the district Groß-Gerau (Hesse), the city of Worms and the districts of Bad Dürkheim, Donnersbergkreis, Bad Kreuznach and Mainz-Bingen.
Agios Panteleimonas railway station
Agios Panteleimonas railway station (Greek: Άγιος Παντελεήμονας) is a railway halt in Agios Panteleimonas, a village in West Macedonia, Greece. The station is located about 300 metres (330 yd) north from the center of the settlement, on the Thessaloniki–Bitola railway, 152.2 kilometres (94.6 mi) from Thessaloniki, and is served by Line T2 of the Thessaloniki Regional Railway (formerly the Suburban Railway).

Hellenic Railways Organisation
The Hellenic Railways Organisation or OSE (Greek: Οργανισμός Σιδηροδρόμων Ελλάδος, romanized: Organismos Sidirodromon Ellados or Greek: Ο.Σ.Ε.) was the Greek national railway company which owned, maintained and operated all railway infrastructure in Greece with the exception of Athens' rapid transit lines from 1971 to 2025. Services on these lines are run by Hellenic Train, a former OSE subsidiary, Rail Cargo Logistics Goldair, Pearl and Grup Feroviar Român.
Öxnadalsheiði
Öxnadalsheiði is a plateau (which includes a valley of the same name) in between Norðurárdalur in Skagafjörður and Öxnadalur in Eyjafjörður, Iceland. Route 1 between Skagafjörður and Akureyri goes through the plateau, which is quite snowy and used to be a difficult route to travel.

Eyjafjörður
Eyjafjörður (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈeiːjaˌfjœrðʏr̥] ⓘ, Island Fjord) is one of the longest fjords in Iceland. It is located in the central north of the country. Situated by the fjord is the country's fourth most populous municipality, Akureyri.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო, romanized: sakartvelos sagareo sakmeta saminist'ro) is a governmental body of Georgia responsible for protecting and promoting Georgia's interest and its persons and entities abroad. The Ministry is led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Georgia as a member of cabinet. The position is currently held by Maka Bochorishvili, in office since 25 November 2024.

Maka Bochorishvili
Maka Bochorishvili (Georgian: მაკა ბოჭორიშვილი; born 15 August 1978) is a Georgian diplomat and Georgian Dream politician. She has been a member of Parliament of Georgia since 2020, and has served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs since November 2024.
City Hall Ferry Pier
City Hall Ferry Pier (Chinese: 大會堂碼頭) was a barge pier at the east of ex-Queen's Pier outside Hong Kong City Hall, Edinburgh Place, Central, Hong Kong. It had hydrofoil service to Tsim Sha Tsui East. Due to the Central and Wan Chai Reclamation, both Queen's Pier and City Hall Ferry Pier were closed and relocated to Central Piers No.7 and 8 (Star Ferry Pier) on 11 November 2006.

Edinburgh Place
Edinburgh Place is a public square in Central, Hong Kong, adjacent to the Victoria Harbour. The Hong Kong City Hall is located in the square. In addition, the Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier and Queen's Pier were also located in the square before they were demolished in early 2007.
Timeline of solar cells
In the 19th century, it was observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current – the photoelectric effect. This discovery laid the foundation for solar cells. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable.

As the invention was brought out it made solar cells as a prominent utilization for power generation for satellites. Satellites orbit the Earth, thus making solar cells a prominent source for power generation through the sunlight falling on them. Solar cells are commonly  used in satellites in today's times.

Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE (or Fraunhofer ISE) is an institute of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Located in Freiburg, Germany, the Institute  performs applied scientific and engineering research and development for all areas of solar energy. Fraunhofer ISE has three external branches in Germany which carry out work on solar cell and semiconductor material development: the Laboratory and Service Center (LSC) in Gelsenkirchen, the Technology Center of Semiconductor Materials (THM) in Freiberg, and the Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics (CSP) in Halle. From 2006 to 2016 Eicke Weber was the director of Fraunhofer ISE. With over 1,100 employees, Fraunhofer ISE is the largest institute for applied solar energy research in Europe. The 2012 Operational Budget including investments was 74.3 million euro.
Murton, Tyne and Wear
Murton is a small village in the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside, in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear, England. The village is separated by fields from the nearby areas of West Monkseaton, New York, Earsdon and Shiremoor. Until 1974 Murton was in Northumberland. Murton was a civil parish between 1866 and 1935. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1164.

The village contains a public house, the Robin Hood, and an equestrian centre.

Murton Farmhouse on the New York Road is a Grade II listed building, with parts dating from the 18th century.

North Tyneside
North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, England. It forms part of the greater Tyneside conurbation. North Tyneside Council is headquartered at Cobalt Park, Wallsend.

North Tyneside is bordered by Newcastle upon Tyne to the west, the North Sea to the east, the River Tyne to the south and Northumberland to the north. Within its bounds are the towns of Wallsend, North Shields, Killingworth, Tynemouth and Whitley Bay, which form a continuously built-up area contiguous with Newcastle upon Tyne.