hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spongiosis
Spongiosis is mainly intercellular edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis, and is characteristic of eczematous dermatitis, manifested clinically by intraepidermal vesicles (fluid-containing spaces), "juicy" papules, and/or lichenification. It is a severe case of eczema that affects the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous skin tissues. The three types of spongiotic dermatitis are acute, subacute and chronic. A dermatologist can diagnose acute spongiotic dermatitis by examining the skin during an office visit, but a biopsy is needed for an accurate diagnosis of the type.

It can be caused by several internal or external factors, such as food, an insect bite, stress, medication or cosmetics. The treatment varies depending on the type and severity; it is normally treated with topical corticosteroid cream.

Papule
A papule is a small, well-defined bump in the skin. It may have a rounded, pointed or flat top, and may have a dip. It can appear with a stalk, be thread-like or look warty. It can be soft or firm and its surface may be rough or smooth. Some have crusts or scales. A papule can be flesh colored, yellow, white, brown, red, blue or purplish. There may be just one or many, and they may occur irregularly in different parts of the body or appear in clusters. It does not contain fluid but may progress to a pustule or vesicle. A papule is smaller than a nodule; it can be as tiny as a pinhead and is typically less than 1 cm in width, according to some sources, and 0.5 cm according to others. When merged together, it appears as a plaque.

A papule's colour might indicate its cause, such as white in milia, red in eczema, yellowish in xanthoma and black in melanoma. They may open when scratched and become infected and crusty.
Creation and evolution in public education
The status of creation and evolution in public education has been the subject of substantial debate and conflict in legal, political, and religious circles. Globally, there are a wide variety of views on the topic. Most western countries have legislation that mandates only evolutionary biology is to be taught in the appropriate scientific syllabuses.

Hindu views on evolution
Some Hindus have found support for, or ideas foreshadowing evolutionary ideas, in scriptures, such as the mytheme of Dashavatara, the incarnations of Vishnu starting with a fish.

In 2023, India removed references to evolution in textbooks and stopped teaching from 10th grade and below and was moved to 12th grade. In 2025, NCERT books also saw exclusion of Darwin's evolution theory.
Kretania pylaon
Kretania pylaon, the zephyr blue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in southern Russia and the Middle East to Iran. The habitat consists of dry habitats.

This species was considered to encompass a lot of subspecies across Europe and Asia, several of which are now generally viewed as distinct species, such as Kretania hesperica (Spain), K. trappi (Alps), K. sephirus (Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor), K. zephyrinus (Caucasus, Central Asia), K. nicholli (Levant), and K. philbyi (Levant).

The wingspan is 28–34 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July.

The larvae feed on Astragalus species, including Astragalus exscapus, Astragalus dasyanthus, Astragalus parnassi cyllenus, Astragalus angustifolius and Astragalus creticus rumelicus. They are attended by ants of the Bothriomyrmex, Tapinoma, Lasius, Camponotus, Tetramorium and Formica genera.

Kretania trappi
The Alpine zephyr blue (Kretania trappi) is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Italy and Switzerland. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Żelmowo
Żelmowo [ʐɛlˈmɔvɔ] (German: Sallmow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Radowo Małe, within Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) west of Radowo Małe, 17 km (11 mi) west of Łobez, and 59 km (37 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Radowo Małe
Radowo Małe [raˈdɔvɔ ˈmawɛ] (German: Klein Raddow) is a village in Łobez County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Radowo Małe. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) west of Łobez and 63 km (39 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 1,200.
Restricted randomization
In statistics, restricted randomization occurs in the design of experiments and in particular in the context of randomized experiments and randomized controlled trials. Restricted randomization allows intuitively poor allocations of treatments to experimental units to be avoided, while retaining the theoretical benefits of randomization. For example, in a clinical trial of a new proposed treatment of obesity compared to a control, an  experimenter would want to avoid outcomes of the randomization in which the new treatment was allocated only to the heaviest patients.

The concept was introduced by Frank Yates (1948) and William J. Youden (1972) "as a way of avoiding bad spatial patterns of treatments in designed experiments."

Random effects model
In econometrics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is a statistical model where the model effects are random variables. It is a kind of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. A random effects model is a special case of a mixed model.

Contrast this to the biostatistics definitions, as biostatisticians use "fixed" and "random" effects to respectively refer to the population-average and subject-specific effects (and where the latter are generally assumed to be unknown, latent variables).
Prior of Durham
The Prior of Durham was the head of the Roman Catholic Durham Cathedral Priory, founded c. 1083 with the move of a previous house from Jarrow. The succession continued until dissolution of the monastery in 1540, when the priory was replaced with a Church of England deanery church.

After the Benedictine monastery was dissolved, the last Prior of Durham, Hugh Whitehead, became the first Dean of Durham, heading the cathedral's secular chapter.

Hugh Whitehead
Christianity portal

Hugh Whitehead  (died 1551) was the last prior of the Benedictine monastery at Durham in England.  The monastery was dissolved by King Henry VIII in 1540.  Whitehead would go on to become the cathedral's first dean.
Kamocka Wola
Kamocka Wola [kaˈmɔt͡ska ˈvɔla] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Aleksandrów, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Aleksandrów, 24 km (15 mi) south-east of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 65 km (40 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Aleksandrów, Piotrków County
Aleksandrów [alɛkˈsandruf] is a village in Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Aleksandrów. It lies approximately 26 km (16 mi) south-east of Piotrków Trybunalski and 68 km (42 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
12th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Battalion, Manchester Regiment
The 12th (Service) Battalion, Manchester Regiment, was a unit of  'Kitchener's Army' formed immediately after the outbreak of the First World War. It saw action in the Ypres Salient in 1915–16, on the Somme in 1916, including actions at Mametz Wood and the Battle of Delville Wood, and in the Arras Offensive. It was then amalgamated with the dismounted cavalry of the Manchester-based Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY) to become the 12th (DLOY) Battalion, Manchester Regiment. It continued serving on the Western Front until the Armistice with Germany, including the Battle of Passchendaele, the German Spring Offensive and the final Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

Lancashire Fusiliers
The Lancashire Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that saw distinguished service through many years and wars, including the Second Boer War, and the First and Second World Wars. It had many different titles throughout its 280 years of existence.

In 1968 the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Fusilier Brigade – the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) – to form the current Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.
Coombe, Camborne
50°14′02″N 5°19′34″W﻿ / ﻿50.23394°N 5.32610°W﻿ / 50.23394; -5.32610

Coombe (Cornish: Komm) is a hamlet in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated two miles (3 km) north of the town of Camborne in the valley of the Red River at grid reference SW 629 424.

Camborne
Camborne (Cornish: Kammbronn, meaning "crooked hill") is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 23,831 and the population of the built up area was 20,450. The town lies about 2 miles (3 km) inland, but the northern boundary of the parish is the coast, including Hell's Mouth and Deadman's Cove. The coast is followed by the South West Coast Path. As well as Camborne itself, the parish also includes a number of hamlets.

Camborne was formerly one of the most significant tin mining areas in the world. It is home to the Camborne School of Mines.
Battle of Knin
The battle of Knin (Serbo-Croatian: Kninska operacija) was a major Yugoslav Partisan operation during World War II in Yugoslavia launched by the 8th Dalmatian Corps from 7 November to 9 December 1944 with the purpose of destroying German, Ustaše and Chetnik formations in North Dalmatia and the city of Knin, then part of the Independent State of Croatia. It was the final part of the 8th Corps offensive for the liberation of Dalmatia which began on 12 September 1944. The Knin operation had three phases:  Initial battles on approaches to Knin from 7 November to 25 November, main battle and liberation of Knin from 26 November to 4 December, and final battles and pursuit of retreating Axis forces to Otrić in Lika from 5 December to 9 December.

Krka (Adriatic Sea)
The Krka (pronounced [ˈkr̩ka]) is a river in Croatia's Dalmatia region, known for its numerous waterfalls.  It is 73 km (45 mi) long and its basin covers an area of 2,088 km2 (806 mi2). It was known in ancient Greek as Kyrikos, or maybe also as Catarbates (literally "steeply falling") by the ancient Greeks, it was known to the ancient Romans as Titius, Corcoras, or Korkoras.
Combe Raleigh
Combe Raleigh (/kuːm ˈrɑːli/) is a village and civil parish in the county of Devon, England. The village lies about 1.5 miles north of the town of Honiton, and the parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Luppitt, Honiton, Awliscombe and Dunkeswell.

The word 'Combe' is of Celtic origin meaning 'valley' (the same as cwm) whilst the name 'Raleigh' comes from the Raleigh family's ownership of the village in the thirteenth century.

The 15th-century parish church (St. Nicholas) has six bells and its minister is shared with the nearby village of Awliscombe. The village has no shops.

In the past twenty to thirty years agriculture has declined considerably in the area, but the village does have three horticulture-based businesses. The most recently opened business being St. Isidore Agriculture Ltd.

Honiton
Honiton (/ˈhɒnitən/) is a market town and civil parish in East Devon, situated close to the River Otter, 17 miles (27 km) north east of Exeter in the county of Devon. Honiton has a population estimated at 12,154 (based on 2021 census).
GloToven
GloToven is the first in a series of collaborative mixtapes by American rapper Chief Keef and American producer Zaytoven. It was released on March 15, 2019, through Glo Gang and RBC Records. It follows Chief Keef's The Leek Vol. 7 mixtape and Zaytoven's 2018 album with Usher, A. The mixtape was preceded by the single "Spy Kid".

A (Usher and Zaytoven album)
A is a collaborative studio album by American singer Usher and record producer Zaytoven, the latter of which entirely handling the album's production. Released on October 12, 2018, the album is an homage to the city of Atlanta, where Usher and Zaytoven grew up, featuring guest appearances from fellow Atlanta-based musicians Future and Gunna.

A peaked at number 31 on the US Billboard 200, and received mixed to negative reviews by critics.
Ulmus × hollandica
Ulmus × hollandica Mill. , often known simply as Dutch elm, is a natural hybrid between wych elm (U. glabra) and field elm (U. minor) which commonly occurs across Europe wherever the ranges of the parent species overlap. In England, according to the field-studies of R. H. Richens, "The largest area [of hybridization] is a band extending across Essex from the Hertfordshire border to southern Suffolk. The next largest is in northern Bedfordshire and adjoining parts of Northamptonshire. Comparable zones occur in Picardy and Cotentin in northern France". Crosses between U. × hollandica and either of the parent species are also classified as U. × hollandica.

The botanical name hollandica was first used for an elm variety by Plukenet in 1697 in describing a cultivar of this group now called 'Major'. Elms exported from the Netherlands to Germany in 1634 as 'Dutch elms' may have been 'Major'.

Arnold Arboretum
The Arnold Arboretum is a botanical research institution and free public park affiliated with Harvard University and located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston.

Established in 1872, it is the oldest public arboretum in North America. The landscape was designed by Charles Sprague Sargent and Frederick Law Olmsted and is the second largest "link" in the Emerald Necklace. The Arnold Arboretum's collection of temperate trees, shrubs, and vines has an emphasis on the plants of the eastern North America and eastern Asia, where Arboretum staff and colleagues are sourcing new material on plant collecting expeditions. The Arboretum supports research in its landscape and in its Weld Hill Research Building.
Mandaeans in Sweden
Sweden is home to one of the largest communities of the Mandaean ethnoreligious group, numbering between 10,000-20,000 people (2019). By comparison, there are now only about 3,000 Mandaeans in Iraq. Several thousand Swedish Mandaeans were granted asylum status as refugees from persecution in Iraq and Syria. Sweden is currently home to the largest Mandaean community in Europe.

Tarmida
A tarmida (singular form in Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡀ, lit. 'disciple', plural form in Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡉࡀ tarmidia; Persian: ترمیدا; Arabic: ترميذة; Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [tarˈmida]) is a junior priest in Mandaeism. Ganzibras, or head priests, rank above tarmidas.
Brouwersgracht
The Brouwersgracht is a canal in Amsterdam that connects the Singel with the Singelgracht. 
The canal marks the northwestern border of the Grachtengordel (canal belt). 
Between the Prinsengracht and the Singelgracht the Brouwersgracht forms the northern border of the Jordaan neighborhood.

The house numbers of the Lijnbaansgracht, the Prinsengracht, the Keizersgracht, the Herengracht and the Singel start to count from the Brouwersgracht. 
The Herenmarkt is located between Brouwersgracht no. 62 and no. 68, near the West-Indisch Huis (West Indies House).

In 2007 Brouwersgracht was voted the most beautiful street in Amsterdam by readers of Het Parool out of 150 nominations.

Singelgracht
The Singelgracht (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈsɪŋəlˌɣrɑxt]) is a semi-circular waterway that borders the entire city centre of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The canal runs along the Nassaukade, Stadhouderskade and Mauritskade streets.
Formerly part of the ramparts, it formed the outer defenses of the city.
Acinetactis
Acinetactis is a possible genus of protist first described in 1886 by A.C. Stokes, who also described the type species A. mirabilis. In 1928, Valkanov reported the discovery of a second species, A. arnaudovii. The most recently recorded specimen of A. mirabilis was reported in 1940, no Acinetactis specimens have been reported since.

The validity and classification of this genus is contested. In 1914, Adolf Pascher cast doubt on Acinetactis, suggesting that it was a junior synonym of Dimorpha mutans. Cavalier-Smith classified Acinetactis as a heliomonad in 1993. Bass et al. suggested in 2009 that the genus was a cercozoan in the class Granofilosea.

Cercozoa
Cercozoa (now synonymised with Filosa) is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes. They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level, and are instead united by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin. They were the first major eukaryotic group to be recognized mainly through molecular phylogenies. They are the natural predators of many species of bacteria. They are closely related to the phylum Retaria, comprising amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together form a supergroup called Rhizaria.
Tây Ninh Combat Base
Tây Ninh Combat Base (also known as Tây Ninh Base Camp and Tây Ninh West) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and current People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) base west of Tây Ninh in southern Vietnam.

14th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 14th Infantry Regiment ("Golden Dragons" ) is a United States Army light infantry regiment. It has served in the American Civil War, Boxer Rebellion, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Restore Hope,  Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Joint Guard, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Gothic Serpent, Operation New Dawn, Operation Resolute Support, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Inherent Resolve, and Operation Freedom Sentinel. The 14th Infantry Regiment did not take part in combat during World War I. It has also conducted peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Sinai Peninsula, Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, Bosnia, and Kosovo.

Only the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Infantry Regiment is currently active, assigned to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York.
Kashiwabara-juku
Kashiwabara-juku (柏原宿) was the sixtieth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto in Edo period Japan. It was located in the present-day city of Maibara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan.

Shukuba
Shukuba (宿場) were staging post stations during the Edo period in Japan, generally located on one of the Edo Five Routes or one of its sub-routes. They were also called shuku-eki (宿駅). These stage stations, or "stage station towns (宿場町, shukuba-machi)" developed around them, were places where travelers could rest on their journey around the nation. They were created based on policies for the transportation of goods by horseback that were developed during the Nara and Heian periods.
Seborga
Seborga (Ligurian: A Seborca/A Seburca) is a small village in the Italian region of Liguria near the French border. Administratively, it is a comune of the Italian province of Imperia, but since 1963 it has also been claimed as the Principality of Seborga, an unrecognized micronation. The main economic activities are horticulture and tourism. The population is 283 as of 2025. It is on the register of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

Floriculture
Floriculture (from  Latin: floris + culture) is the study of the efficient production of the plants that produce showy, colourful and even edible flowers and foliage. It is a commercially successful branch of horticulture and agriculture found throughout the world. Efficient production practices have been developed over the years, for the hundreds of plant taxa used in the floral industry, increasing the overall knowledge of whole plant biology. Plant breeding and selection have produced tens of thousands of new genotypes for human use.
Lafayette Aviators
The Lafayette Aviators are a summer collegiate baseball team based in Lafayette, Indiana. They are a member of the Eastern Conference of the summer collegiate Prospect League. The Aviators play at Loeb Stadium in Columbian Park in Lafayette, which opened in May 2021.

The Aviators won their first Prospect League championship in 2017, defeating the Butler BlueSox in a best-of-3 series.

The Aviators play in the Prospect League's Eastern Conference – Northeast Division along with the Champion City Kings, Chillicothe Paints, and Johnstown Mill Rats.

Butler BlueSox
The Butler BlueSox were a collegiate summer baseball team based in Butler, Pennsylvania, in the United States. They were members of the Tri-State Collegiate League and formerly a member of the East Division of the summer collegiate Prospect League. The team will play its 2025 season at Highlands High School Field in Natrona Heights, Pennsylvania. New named to be announced soon.
Bad Copy
Bad Copy are a hip-hop trio group from Belgrade, Serbia known for their humorous lyrics and slang. The members are Ajs Nigrutin (stage name of Vladan Aksentijević), Wikluh Sky (Đorđe Miljenović) and Timbe (Rašid Kurtanović). Miki Boj, born Milan Šaponja, was active in the band until his death in 1999. They have released several albums as a group and as solo artists and helped the popularization of hip-hop in Serbia and Ex-Yugoslavia in the new millennium.

Beogradski Sindikat
Beogradski Sindikat (Serbian Cyrillic: Београдски Синдикат, English: Belgrade Syndicate) is a Serbian hip-hop collective from Belgrade, Serbia. Beogradski Sindikat is one of the pioneers of the second wave of Serbian hip-hop. The band is known for its socially critical lyrics, especially in relation to political corruption, propaganda and bad governance in Serbia and the Balkans. Other main themes are the idealization of friendly togetherness, a sense of belonging to the city of Belgrade, and patriotism towards Serbian culture and the Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as the rejection of foreign political influence on Serbia. Due to their critical nature, Milo Đukanović, the president of Montenegro, called the group's lyrics an insult to honor.
John Robinson Hamilton
John Robinson Hamilton, QC (March 5, 1808 – December 24, 1870) was a lawyer and political figure in Lower Canada and then the Province of Canada. He represented the electoral district of Bonaventure 1832 to 1834 in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. Following the creation of the Province of Canada, he again represented Bonaventure from 1841 to 1844 in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.  He opposed the union of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada, and supported the reform movement, which favoured responsible government.

Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general.

Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed  until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created.
Ludlow Buttercross
The Buttercross in Ludlow, Shropshire, England, is a market hall dating from 1746. Such market halls, or crosses, may derive from the high crosses or free-standing stones of the Early Mediaeval period. In the Middle Ages they were often used as gathering points in the centres of communities, generally as venues for regular markets. Beneath the hall was an open arcade, now partly enclosed, where stalls selling produce could be set up. The Buttercross was designed by a local architect, William Baker of Audlem, and is a Grade I listed building.

John Newman (architectural historian)
John Arthur Newman FSA (14 December 1936 – 19 April 2023) was an English architectural historian. He was the author of several of the Pevsner Architectural Guides and was the advisory editor to the series.