hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yao Chong
Yao Chong (Chinese: 姚崇; pinyin: Yáo Chóng; 650 – September 28, 721), born Yao Yuanchong (姚元崇), known 700s–713 by the courtesy name Yuanzhi (元之), posthumous name Duke Wenxian of Liang (梁文獻公), was an official of the China's Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties, serving as chancellor under four sovereigns—Wu Zetian, her sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong, and her grandson Emperor Xuanzong. After his resignation in 716, he still had great influence inside the imperial government, and his opinions often influenced the decisions of Emperor Xuanzong and the succeeding chancellors.

Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong
Zhang Yizhi (張易之; died 20 February 705), formally the Duke of Heng (恆公), nickname Wulang (五郎) and Zhang Changzong (張昌宗; died 20 February 705), formally the Duke of Ye (鄴公), nickname Liulang (六郎), were two brothers who served as officials of Wu Zetian's Wu Zhou dynasty and became very powerful late in her reign. Both brothers were killed in a coup that overthrew Wu Zetian in 705.
Internationale Filmschule Köln
The ifs internationale filmschule köln gmbh (international film school cologne) is a privately funded film school in Cologne, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany. The film school was founded by Filmstiftung NRW.

In the German film school ranking of Focus (issue 22/2006), the international filmschool cologne—together with the Academy of Media Arts Cologne and the dffb—were ranked as second after the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg. Evaluation criteria were the reputation of the university, the support for the students, the technical equipment and the number of awards won.

Academy of Media Arts Cologne
The Academy of Media Arts Cologne (KunstHochschule für Medien Köln) is the art and film school of the state of North Rhine Westphalia. It was founded 1989 in Cologne, Germany. Notable artists and filmmakers who studied or taught at the academy include Rosa Barba, VALIE EXPORT, Karen Eliot, Marcel Odenbach, Jürgen Klauke, Phil Collins, Peter Lilienthal, Sophie Maintigneux, Julia Scher, Anthony Moore, Johannes Wohnseifer, Werner Nekes, Hans Weingartner, Jacob Kirkegaard, Sebastian Strasser, Li Yang, Beate Gütschow, Ubermorgen, Varvara & Mar, Joana Moll.
Plerogyridae
Plerogyridae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Scleractinia.

Genera:

Blastomussa Wells, 1968

Nemenzophyllia Hodgson & Ross, 1982

Physogyra Quelch, 1884

Plerogyra Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848

Plerogyra
Plerogyra is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the order Scleractinia.

The species of this genus are found in the Indian and the Atlantic Ocean, as well as in the Suez Canal.

Species:

Plerogyra cauliformis Ditlev, 2003

Plerogyra diabolotus Ditlev, 2003 - Devil's Bubble Coral

Plerogyra discus Veron & Fenner, 2000

Plerogyra eurysepta Nemenzo, 1960

Plerogyra multilobata Ditlev, 2003

Plerogyra simplex Rehberg, 1892 - Branching Bubble Coral

Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) - Bubble Coral
Non-government reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine led to widespread international condemnation by political parties and international organisations, as well as by people and groups in the areas of entertainment, media, business, and sport, where boycotts of Russia and Belarus also took place.

Ukrainian Red Cross Society
The Ukrainian Red Cross Society (Ukrainian: Товариство Червоного Хреста України, romanized: Tovarystvo Chervonoho Khresta Ukrayiny) is a non-profit humanitarian and charitable association of Ukraine. It operates in disaster management, health and care, tracing service, youth activities/volunteers, and activities related to the protection of human dignity. Since 1993, the Ukrainian Red Cross Society has been a member of the International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies.
Herreria (plant)
Herreria is a genus of flowering plants native to South America. In the APG III classification system, the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae (formerly the family Agavaceae).

Agavoideae
Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae, and by 2020, several sources had restored the taxonomic status of Agavaceae as an independent family.

The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves and yuccas (including the Joshua tree). About 640 species are placed in around 23 genera; they are widespread in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions of the world.
Social cycle theory
Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history generally repeat themselves in cycles.

Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there cannot be any social progress. In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long-term ("secular") political-demographic cycles, an explicit accounting is made of social progress.

Republic (Plato)
The Republic (Ancient Greek: Πολιτεία, romanized: Politeia; Latin: De Republica) is a Socratic dialogue authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice (dikaiosúnē), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and one of the world's most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.

In the dialogue, Socrates discusses with various Athenians and foreigners the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. He considers the natures of existing regimes and then proposes a series of hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), a utopian city-state ruled by a class of philosopher-kings. They also discuss ageing, love, theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society. The dialogue's setting seems to be the time of the Peloponnesian War.
Ukilla
Ukilla (Quechua for a medical plant whose seed is used to dye, Hispanicized spelling Uquilla) is a 5,092-metre-high (16,706 ft) volcano in the Bolivian Andes. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Nor Lípez Province, Quemes Municipality. Ukilla lies south of the Uyuni salt flat in a volcanic field known as Pampa Luxsar.

Pampa Luxsar
Pampa Luxsar is a little known volcanic field located in Bolivia, southwest of the Salar de Uyuni.

It consists of a field of lava flows that cover a surface area of 45 by 45 kilometres (28 mi × 28 mi). Cones are also found within the field, although vents are difficult to discern. The lava flows partly coalesce and are of uniform appearance, despite differences in their albedo. The field is constructed by basaltic andesite and andesite. The activity of the field may have been controlled by faults, which were later buried by lava flows.

The field surrounds the older stratovolcanoes Cerro Luxsar and Cerro Uquila, which are heavily eroded. It was erupted over several stages, with the youngest being of Pleistocene or Holocene age. One vent known as Cerro Negro is a maar and probably formed under the influence of paleolakes such as Lake Minchin or Lake Tauca, which have left lake terraces in the region.
1990 Labatt Brier
The 1990 Labatt Brier, the Canadian men's curling championship, was held from March 4 to 11 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Ed Werenich of Ontario defeated Jim Sullivan of New Brunswick to win his second Brier.

The runner-up finish by New Brunswick was their best Brier finish since the inaugural Brier back in 1927 where they also finished runner-up.

1927 Macdonald Brier
The 1927 Macdonald Brier Tankard, the Canadian men's national curling championship, was held March 1–3 at the Granite Club in Toronto. This edition of the Brier would be the first, with it also being the first time it was hosted in Ontario, and the first time it was hosted in Toronto's Granite Club.

Skip Murray MacNeill, skip of the Nova Scotia champion Halifax rink would win the inaugural tournament, leading his rink of skips (his original team couldn't make the trip) to victory.

The event began with an opening banquet with Ontario Lieutenant Governor William Donald Ross and Ontario Premier Howard Ferguson welcoming players.
Boston Beer Company
The Boston Beer Company is an American brewery founded in 1984 by James "Jim" Koch and Rhonda Kallman. Boston Beer Company's first brand of beer was named Samuel Adams after Founding Father Samuel Adams, an American revolutionary patriot. Since its founding, Boston Beer has started several other brands, and in 2019 completed a merger with Dogfish Head Brewery.

The Boston Beer Company is the fourth largest brewer in the United States, with products available throughout the United States and internationally.

Shandy
Shandy is beer or cider mixed with a lemon flavoured beverage, usually half lemonade and half beer or cider, resulting in a lower ABV for the finished drink. Shandies are popular in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Caribbean, and Canada.

In some jurisdictions, the low alcohol content of shandies exempts them from laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages.
Brereton Hall
Brereton Hall is an Elizabethan prodigy house north of Brereton Green, next to St Oswald's Church in the civil parish of Brereton, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. Brereton is not open to the public.

Aston Hall
Aston Hall is a Grade I listed Jacobean house in Aston, Birmingham, England, designed by John Thorpe and built between 1618 and 1635. It is a leading example of the Jacobean prodigy house.

In 1864, the house was bought by Birmingham Corporation, the first historic country house to pass into municipal ownership, and is still owned by Birmingham City Council. It is now a community museum managed by the Birmingham Museums Trust and, following a major renovation completed in 2009, is open to the public.
Rubroshorea revoluta
Rubroshorea revoluta (called, along with some other dipterocarp species, light red meranti) is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a tree endemic to Borneo.

The species was first described as Shorea revoluta by Peter Shaw Ashton in 1962. In 2022 Ashton and Jacqueline Heckenhauer placed the species in genus Rubroshorea as R. revoluta.

Rubroshorea
Rubroshorea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It includes 71 species of trees native to Borneo, Caroline Islands, Java, Malaya, Maluku, the Philippines, Sumatra and Thailand.

The genus corresponds to the Red meranti group in the Dipterocarp timber classification system.
Jamleck Irungu Kamau
Jamleck Irungu Kamau, also known as "Kabisa Kabisa" (born on 10 May 1965), was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 2007 to 2017 representing Kigumo Constituency, a sub-county in Murang'a County, Central Kenya. He is the son of Kamau Muchunu from Kigumo.

Kigumo
Kigumo is a village in Muranga County, Kenya, 15 kilometres west of Maragua town and 30 kilometres south of Othaya, and 10 kilometers north of the small town of Kandara. Kigumo village is between two other villages, Karega village at the east and Mariira village at the west.

It was part of Muranga District until 1996, when Maragua District was split from Muranga District. Kigumo was made the headquarters of Kigumo division, which is one of four administrative divisions of Maragua District. Kigumo division has the following three locations: Kangari, Kigumo and Kinyona. Kigumo is located within Maragua County Council. Kigumo Division was later made a district with its headquarters at Kigumo town. In 2010, these districts were merged into Muranga County.
Benson & Hedges Challenge
The Benson and Hedges Challenge (also known as The Perth Challenge by non-commercial broadcasters such as ABC Local Radio) was a one-off one-day international cricket tournament played at the WACA Ground in Perth, Western Australia from 30 December 1986 to 7 January 1987 as part of the 1987 America's Cup Festival of Sport.

The tournament was won by England who defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets in the final. West Indies and host nation Australia also took part.

Phillip DeFreitas
Phillip Anthony Jason "Daffy" DeFreitas (born 18 February 1966) is an English former cricketer. He played county cricket for Leicestershire, Lancashire and Derbyshire, as well as appearing in 44 Test matches and 103 ODIs. Cricket writer Colin Bateman noted that "DeFreitas was an explosive hitter when the mood took him, an aggressive pace bowler, inclined to pitch everything short and a spectacular fielder". He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup and as runners-up at the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

DeFreitas is the only player in the history of the County Championship to take a five-wicket haul against each of the 18 first-class counties.
Political repression in Imperial Japan
Political repression in Imperial Japan lasted from the Meiji period to the fall of the Empire of Japan after the end of World War II. Throughout this period, dissidence was curtailed by laws, and police, and dissidents became political prisoners.

Several laws were passed to curtail dissidence in Imperial Japan, including the Public Peace Police Law in 1900, and the Peace Preservation Law in 1925.

The earliest secret police in Imperial Japan was the Danjodai, established in May 1869. The Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu (Tokko) was established in 1911 following the Great Treason Incident of 1910.

High Treason Incident
The High Treason Incident (大逆事件, Taigyaku Jiken), also known as the Kōtoku Incident (幸徳事件, Kōtoku Jiken), was a socialist-anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910, leading to a mass arrest of leftists, as well as the execution of 12 alleged conspirators in 1911. Another 12 conspirators who were initially condemned to death had their sentences commuted to life in prison. Two others received prison sentences of 8 and 11 years.
Louis L. Collins
Louis Loren Collins (October 6, 1882 – June 24, 1950) was the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota. Born in St. Cloud, Minnesota and became Lieutenant Governor under Governor J. A. O. Preus from January 4, 1921 – January 6, 1925. He died in 1950 in St. Cloud, Minnesota.

J. A. O. Preus
Jacob Aall Ottesen Preus (/prɔɪs/ PROYSS; August 28, 1883 – May 24, 1961) was an American politician. He served as the 8th state auditor of Minnesota from January 5, 1915, to January 5, 1921, and as the 20th governor of Minnesota from January 5, 1921, to January 6, 1925. He was a Republican.
Niangziguan Town
Niangziguan (simplified Chinese: 娘子关; traditional Chinese: 娘子關; pinyin: Niángzǐguān) is a town located in north-east of Pingding County, Shanxi, near the location of the Niangzi Pass and the border with Hebei and situated 27 kilometres (17 mi) northeast of the county seat. The pass itself is a famous pass in the Great Wall known as the ninth pass under the heaven.

Pingding County
Pingding County (Chinese: 平定县; pinyin: Píngdìng Xiàn) is a county in the east of Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei to the east. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Yangquan, occupying its southeast corner.
Pirate Round
The Pirate Round was a sailing route followed by certain, mainly English, pirates, during the late 17th century and early 18th century.  The course led from the western Atlantic, parallel to the Cape Route around the southern tip of Africa, stopping at Madagascar, then on to targets such as the coast of Yemen and India. The Pirate Round was briefly used again during the early 1720s.  Pirates who followed the route are sometimes referred to as Roundsmen. The Pirate Round was largely co-extensive with the routes of the East India Company ships of Britain and other nations.

Nosy Boraha
Nosy Boraha [ˈnuʃ buˈrahə̥], also known as Sainte-Marie, main town Ambodifotatra, is an island off the east coast of Madagascar. The island forms an administrative district within Analanjirofo Region, and covers an area of 222 km2. 
It has a population estimated at 30,000.

Nosy Boraha is known for its preserved character, whale watching, beautiful beaches, and history as a pirate haven.
Lidcombe Oval
Lidcombe Oval is a playing field and velodrome in the Western Sydney suburb of Lidcombe and is part of Wyatt Park. It was first opened in 1933 with a completely flat track velodrome. Within a year the velodrome was rebuilt to include the banking that we see today. It is situated in the western end of Church Street, on the northern side of the railway line. The outfield  has a capacity of approximately 15,000 spectators, with past crowds of more than 15000 being allowed to access the velodrome bike track. While the venue has been used for a number of sports over the years, velodrome has been in continuous use for track cycling events. Lidcombe-Auburn Cycle Club since 1947, and Neo Cycling Club since 2015.

The infield is used mainly for NSW Cup Rugby League matches. Since 2023 there have been seven matches per season scheduled for Lidcombe Oval.

Velodrome
A velodrome is an arena for track cycling. Modern velodromes feature steeply banked oval tracks, consisting of two 180-degree circular bends connected by two straights. The straights transition to the circular turn through a moderate easement curve.
Yiram of Magdiel
Yiram of Magdiel (Hebrew: יראם המגדיאלי‎, fl. tenth century) was a minor Italian Jewish commentator on the Bible, active in Rome. The term Magdiel, which appears in Genesis 36:43, was apparently interpreted as Rome (see Rashi on that verse), so that his name was really Yiram of Rome.

Yiram was a younger contemporary of Saadia Gaon and perhaps even his student. He apparently wrote a commentary on the Books of Chronicles, which is only known from a handful of quotes by the Commentary on Chronicles Attributed to a Student of Saadia Gaon.

Saadia Gaon
Saʿadia ben Yosef Gaon or Said bin Yusuf al-Fayyumi (892–942) was a prominent rabbi, gaon, Jewish philosopher, and exegete who was active in the Abbasid Caliphate.

Saadia is the first important rabbinic figure to write extensively in Judeo-Arabic. Known for his works on Hebrew linguistics, Halakha, and Jewish philosophy, he was a student of the philosophical school known as "Jewish Kalam". In this capacity, his philosophical work entitled The Book of Beliefs and Opinions represents the first systematic attempt to integrate Jewish theology with components of ancient Greek philosophy. Saadia was also very active in opposition to Karaite Judaism in defense of Rabbinic Judaism.
Mandel, Germany
Mandel (German pronunciation: [ˈmandl̩] ⓘ) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Rüdesheim, whose seat is in the municipality of Rüdesheim an der Nahe. Mandel is a winegrowing village.

Kreisstraße
A Kreisstraße (German pronunciation: [ˈkʁaɪsˌʃtʁaːsə], lit. 'district road' or 'county road') is a class of road in Germany. It carries traffic between the towns and villages within a Kreis or district or between two neighbouring districts. In importance, the Kreisstraße ranks below a Landesstraße (or, in Bavaria and Saxony, a Staatstraße, i.e. a state road), but above a Gemeindestraße or "local road". Kreisstraßen are usually the responsibility of the respective rural district (Landkreis) or urban district (Kreisfreie Stadt), with the exception of high streets through larger towns and villages. Kreisstraßen are usually dual-lane roads but, in a few cases, can be built as limited-access dual carriageways in densely populated areas.
Butuan (historical polity)
Butuan, sometimes referred to as the Rajahnate of Butuan (Filipino: Kaharian ng Butuan; Butuanon: Gingharian hong Butuan; Cebuano: Gingharian sa Butuan; Chinese: 蒲端國; pinyin: Púduānguó), was a precolonial Bisaya Hindu polity (lungsod) centered around northeastern Mindanao island in present-day Butuan, Philippines. It was known for its gold mining, gold jewelry and other wares, and its extensive trade network across maritime Southeast Asia and elsewhere. Over its long history the lungsod had direct trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of China, Champa, Đại Việt, Pon-i (Brunei), Srivijaya, Majapahit, Kambuja, and even Persia as well as areas now comprised in Thailand.

The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad River (the old Agusan River) have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result, Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the precolonial era.

Agusan River
The Agusan River is third longest river in the Philippines, located in the north-eastern part of Mindanao island, draining majority of the Caraga region and some parts of Davao de Oro. It is the country's third largest river (after the Cagayan River and Rio Grande de Mindanao) with a total drainage area of 11,937 square kilometres (4,609 sq mi) and an estimated length of 349 kilometres (217 mi) from its origin.
Tupou Faireka
Tupou Alfred Faireka is a Cook Islands politician and former deputy leader of the Cook Islands Party. He was an MP for 13 years and served as a Cabinet Minister.

Faireka was first elected to Parliament in 1993, representing the constituency of Tupapa-Maraerenga.  He served as Leader of the House in the coalition government of Robert Woonton, before being appointed as a Parliamentary Undersecretary in October 2002.  He was appointed to the coalition Cabinet of Jim Marurai as Minister of Justice, Agriculture and Marine Resources in December 2004, but was sacked in September 2005 after a coalition realignment.

In 2006, shortly before the 2006 election, Faireka was elected deputy leader of the Cook Islands Party.  He subsequently lost his seat to Democratic Party member John Tangi.

Cook Islands Party
The Cook Islands Party is a nationalist political party in the Cook Islands.  It was the first political party founded in the Cook Islands, and one of the two major parties of the islands' politics since 1965.

From 1999 until 2005, it sometimes participated in coalition governments. In the 2006 elections, it came runner-up and largest opposition party in the islands. The party won both the 2010 and 2014 elections and currently forms the government. As a result of the 2018 elections, it is the second largest party in the Cook Islands Parliament. The leader of the party is the Prime Minister Mark Brown.
Monkswood Valley
Monkswood Valley (grid reference ST754710) is a 30.7-hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) near the village of Cold Ashton, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1990.

Monkswood Reservoir, built in 1896 and now owned by Wessex Water, is situated in the valley of the SSSI. The SSSI is woodland and grassland on the sloping land north and south of the reservoir and its tributary.

The woodlands contain Fraxinus excelsior – Acer campestre – Mercurialis perennis (Ash–field Maple–Dog's Mercury) areas, which has limited distribution in Great Britain.

The SSSI has four areas: Monk Woods, Hunterwick Wood & Hartley Wood, Frys Farm and Valley. St. Catherine's Valley SSSI is immediately to the north-east.

The Gloucestershire–Somerset border runs through the reservoir and SSSI. The SSSI is adjacent to the Limestone Link long-distance footpath.

St. Catherine's Valley
St. Catherine's Valley (grid reference ST760725) is a 156.1 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest southwest of the village of Marshfield, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1997.

At the Marshfield end of the valley, a large naturalised population of Dragon's Teeth (Tetragonolobus maritimus), a species not native to Britain, is present; it was first found by Rev. E. Ellman in 1927.