hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reginald Bray (politician)
Reginald Arthur Bray (20 May 1869 - 31 July 1950) was a British politician who served on London County Council.

In 1903, he was co-opted to the London School Board, but served only until the following year, when it was abolished.  He then stood in the 1904 London County Council election in Camberwell North, for the Progressive Party.  He won election, and served until 1919.

Bray joined the Fabian Society in 1903, and served on its executive committee for a couple of years in the 1910s.

London School Board
The School Board for London, commonly known as the London School Board (LSB), was an institution of local government and the first directly elected body covering the whole of London.

The Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) was the first to provide for education for the whole population of England and Wales. It created elected school boards, which had power to build and run elementary schools where there were insufficient voluntary school places; they could also compel attendance. In most places, the school boards were based on borough districts or civil parishes, but in London the board covered the whole area of the Metropolitan Board of Works – the area today known as Inner London.

Between 1870 and 1904, the LSB was the single largest educational provider in London and the infrastructure and policies it developed were an important influence on London schooling long after the body was abolished.
2025 Schwaben Open
The 2025 Schwaben Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2025 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Augsburg, Germany between 18 and 23 August 2025.

Schwaben Open
The Schwaben Open by Great2Stay is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the ATP Challenger Tour. It is held annually in Augsburg, Germany since 2019, replacing the IsarOpen.
Marcelo Martins Moreno
Marcelo Martins Moreno (born 18 June 1987), known as Marcelo Martins in Bolivia and as Marcelo Moreno in other countries, is a Bolivian professional footballer. He is considered one of the greatest Bolivian players of all time. With 108 caps and 31 goals, he is the national team's all-time capped player and all-time top goalscorer.

2008 Copa Libertadores
The 2008 Copa Libertadores de América was the 49th edition of the Copa Libertadores, CONMEBOL's premier annual international club tournament. This marked the first year the competition was sponsored by Spanish bank Santander. As such, the competition is officially the 2008 Copa Santander Libertadores de América for sponsorship reasons. The draw took place on December 19, 2007, in Asunción.

Ecuadorian club LDU Quito won the competition for the first time in a final decided on penalties. It is the first time a team from Ecuador has won the competition. LDU Quito earned a berth in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and 2009 Recopa Sudamericana.
Temenggong Abdul Jamal
Temenggong Tun Abdul Jamal bin Bendahara Tun Abbas Al-Aidaroos (1720 – 1802) was the first Temenggong of Johor. He is noted to be the direct ancestor to the current Sultan of Johor and the descendants of the House of Temenggong.

Malay styles and titles
The Malay language has a complex system of styles, titles and honorifics which are used extensively in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.

Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, few provinces in the Philippines and several provinces in Indonesia regularly award honorary and life titles. What follows in this article is specific to the Malaysian system. References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent.

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women. Every title has a form of address which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.
Habaraduwa railway station
Habaraduwa railway station (Sinhala: හබරදුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානය) is a railway station located at Habaraduwa, on the coastal railway line of Sri Lanka.

The station is situated between Koggala and Taple railway stations and is 127.4 kilometres (79.2 mi) along the railway line from the Colombo Fort Railway Station. The trains run multiple services to Colombo Fort and Matara daily.

The railway station was opened on 26 November 2017 by Minister of Transport, Nimal Siripala de Silva.

Fort railway station
Fort railway station is a major rail hub in Colombo, Sri Lanka.  The station is served by Sri Lanka Railways, with many inter-city and commuter trains entering each day.  Fort Station is the main rail gateway to central Colombo; it is the terminus of most intercity trains in the country.
Itoh Emi 16
The Itoh Emi 16 Fuji-go  (Fuji), built in 1920, was intended as a cheap and simple general purpose civil biplane but gained publicity  with exhibition flights and successful speed and altitude contests against higher-powered fighter aircraft.

Rotary engine
The rotary engine is an early type of internal combustion engine, usually designed with an odd number of cylinders per row in a radial configuration. The engine's crankshaft remained stationary in operation, while the entire crankcase and its attached cylinders rotated around it as a unit. Its main application was in aviation, although it also saw use in a few early motorcycles and automobiles.

This type of engine was widely used as an alternative to conventional inline engines (straight or V) during World War I and the years immediately preceding that conflict. It has been described as "a very efficient solution to the problems of power output, weight, and reliability".

By the early 1920s, the inherent limitations of this type of engine had rendered it obsolete.
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven
Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven PC (20 October 1660 – 26 July 1723), styled 17th Baron Willoughby de Eresby between 1666 and 1701, and known as 4th Earl of Lindsey between 1701 and 1706, and as 1st Marquess of Lindsey between 1706 and 1715, was a British statesman and nobleman.

Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds
Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, KG (20 February 1632 – 26 July 1712) was an English Tory statesman. During the reign of Charles II of England, he was the leading figure in the English government for roughly five years in the mid-1670s. Osborne fell out of favour due to corruption and other scandals. He was impeached and eventually imprisoned in the Tower of London for five years until James II of England acceded in 1685. In 1688, he was one of the Immortal Seven who invited William of Orange to depose James II during the Glorious Revolution. Osborne was again the leading figure in England's government for a few years in the early 1690s before dying in 1712.
Artem Volvich
Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (Russian: Артём Александрович Вольвич, IPA: [ɐrˈtʲɵm ˈvolʲvʲɪtɕ]; born 22 January 1990) is a Russian volleyball player, a member of Russia men's national volleyball team and Russian club VC Zenit-Kazan.

Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's tournament in volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the 14th edition of the event at the Summer Olympics, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 7 to 21 August 2016.

Brazil won the gold medal after a 3–0 win over Italy. The United States defeated Russia 3–2 to win the bronze medal.

The medals for the competition were presented by Shamil Tarpishchev, Russia; Habu Gumel, Nigeria; and Bernard Rajzman, Brazil; Members of the International Olympic Committee and Carlos Arthur Nuzman, Honorary member of the International Olympic Committee and President of the Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, and the gifts were presented by Ary Graça, Dr. Rafael Lloreda Currea and Dr. Amr Elwani, President and Executive Vice-Presidents of the FIVB.
1942 Williams Ephs football team
The 1942 Williams Ephs football team represented the Williams College as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In Charlie Caldwell's 15th and final year at Williams, the Ephs compiled a 7–1 record, shutting out three teams, and outscored opponents 256 to 46. After winning their first seven contests, the Ephs made a quick appearance on the AP Poll for the first and only time in program history. Williams lost the last game of the season against rival Amherst and fell from the rankings.

Williams was ranked at No. 95 (out of 590 college and military teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1942.

1942 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team
The 1942 Amherst Lord Jeffs football team was an American football team that represented Amherst College as a member of the Little Three Conference during the 1942 college football season. In their 11th year under head coach Lloyd Jordan, the Lord Jeffs compiled a 7–0 record, won the Little Three championship, shut out four of seven opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 175 to 31.

The 1942 season was the first perfect season in the history of Amherst's football program. Others followed in  1964, 1984, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015.

The team played its home games at Pratt Field in Amherst, Massachusetts.
Mount Booth
Mount Booth (77°26′S 161°46′E﻿ / ﻿77.433°S 161.767°E﻿ / -77.433; 161.767) is a peak, 1,575 metres (5,170 ft) high, surmounting the junction of mountain ridges at the southwest end of Murphy Valley in the Olympus Range, McMurdo Dry Valleys. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2004 after John F. (Johan) Booth, a science technician who wintered eight times at the United States Antarctic Program Palmer Station and South Pole Station between 1994 and 2004.

The above paragraph was taken from the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) as written when Mount Booth was originally named in January 2004. This database is currently offline. As of 2022, Johan Booth (who died on 29 June 2022) had wintered in Antarctica a total of 20 times — six times at Palmer Station between 1994 and 2004, and 14 times at the South Pole Station between 1995 and 2020.

Olympus Range
The Olympus Range (77°29′S 161°30′E﻿ / ﻿77.483°S 161.500°E﻿ / -77.483; 161.500﻿ (Olympus Range)) is a primarily ice-free mountain range of Victoria Land, Antarctica, with peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, between Victoria Valley and McKelvey Valley on the north and Wright Valley on the south.
It is south of the Clare Range and north of the Asgard Range.
Geography of Qatar
Qatar is a peninsula in the east of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia in a strategic location near major petroleum and natural gas deposits. The State of Qatar occupies 11,571 km2 (4,468 sq mi) on a peninsula that extends about 160 km (99 mi) north into the Persian Gulf from the Arabian Peninsula.

Varying in width between 55 and 90 km (34 and 56 mi), the land is mainly flat (the highest point is 103 m (338 ft)) and rocky. Notable features include coastal salt pans, elevated limestone formations (the Dukhan anticline) along the west coast under which lies the Dukhan oil field, and massive sand dunes surrounding Khor Al Adaid, an inlet of the Persian Gulf in the southeast known to local English speakers as the Inland Sea.

Hawar Islands
The Hawar Islands (Arabic: جزر حوار; transliterated: Juzur Ḥawār) are an archipelago of desert islands; all but one are owned by Bahrain, while the southern, small, and uninhabited Jinan Island (Arabic: جزيرة جينان; transliterated: Jazirat Jinan) is administered by Qatar as part of its Al-Shahaniya municipality. The archipelago is situated off the west coast of Qatar in the Gulf of Bahrain of the Persian Gulf.
Hilbert's fifth problem
Hilbert's fifth problem is the fifth mathematical problem from the problem list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, and concerns the characterization of Lie groups.

The theory of Lie groups describes continuous symmetry in mathematics; its importance there and in theoretical physics (for example quark theory) grew steadily in the twentieth century. In rough terms, Lie group theory is the common ground of group theory and the theory of topological manifolds. The question Hilbert asked was an acute one of making this precise: is there any difference if a restriction to smooth manifolds is imposed?

The expected answer was in the negative (the classical groups, the most central examples in Lie group theory, are smooth manifolds). This was eventually confirmed in the early 1950s. Since the precise notion of "manifold" was not available to Hilbert, there is room for some debate about the formulation of the problem in contemporary mathematical language.

Continuous symmetry
In mathematics, continuous symmetry is an intuitive idea corresponding to the concept of viewing some symmetries as motions, as opposed to discrete symmetry, e.g. reflection symmetry, which is invariant under a kind of flip from one state to another. However, a discrete symmetry can always be reinterpreted as a subset of some higher-dimensional continuous symmetry, e.g. reflection of a 2-dimensional object in 3-dimensional space can be achieved by continuously rotating that object 180 degrees across a non-parallel plane.
Flag of Denison, Texas
The city flag of Denison, Texas was designed in 1873, and formally approved on November 13, 1968. It composed of a bicolor of green and white separated by a red stripe, with a black vertical stripe and white star at the center.

Denison, Texas
Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Texas–Oklahoma border. Its population was 24,479 at the 2020 census, up from 22,682 at the 2010 census. Denison is part of the Texoma region and is one of two principal cities in the Sherman–Denison metropolitan statistical area. It is the birthplace of 34th U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Francis Baylie
Francis Baylie (also variously spelt Bayley or Bailey) was a shipbuilder based in Bristol, England, during the 17th century, a well established merchant shipbuilder who also built warships for the English Royal Navy.

Wharf
A wharf (pl. wharves or wharfs), quay (/kiː/ kee, also /keɪ, kweɪ/ k(w)ay), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring locations), and may also include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the ships. Wharves are often considered to be a series of docks at which boats are stationed. A marginal wharf is connected to the shore along its full length.
Dürer (crater)
Dürer is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 195 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Durer is named for the German artist Albrecht Dürer, who lived from 1471 to 1528.

Dürer is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury. Hollows are present within Dürer on and around the central peak ring.

Erté crater is north of Dürer, and Glinka is to the southeast.

Approximate color image of Dürer crater

Another view from MESSENGER with Dürer in the foreground

Detail of hollows in Dürer crater

Glinka (crater)
Glinka is a pit-floored crater on Mercury, which was discovered in 1974 by Mariner 10 spacecraft.  It was named by the IAU in 2008, after Russian composer Mikhail Glinka.

Its floor is covered by the smooth plain material and displays a kidney-shaped collapse feature, which is also called a central pit. The size of the pit, which was first noticed in MESSENGER images obtained in January 2008, is 20 × 8.5 km. It is surrounded by a bright pyroclastic deposit. Such a feature may have resulted from collapse of a magma chamber underlying the central part of the crater. The collapse feature is an analog of Earth's volcanic calderas.

Glinka crater

Closeup of the central pit
Odontological Society of Great Britain
The Odontological Society of Great Britain was a learned society formed in 1863 by the merger of the Odontological Society of London and the College of Dentists of England, both of which had been founded within a day of each other in 1856. In 1907 it joined the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and other specialist medical societies to form the Royal Society of Medicine.

Medical and Chirurgical Society of London
The Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London (RMCS), created in 1805 as the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, was a learned society of physicians and surgeons, that received a Royal charter in 1834, and a supplement charter in 1907 to create the newly merged Royal Society of Medicine.
Nieuwendijk, South Holland
Nieuwendijk is a hamlet in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hoeksche Waard and lies about 9 km south of Spijkenisse.

Nieuwendijk was severely damaged during the North Sea flood of 1953, and 36 emergency houses were donated by Norway to the village. It has a little church, but it has been vacant since 2018.

Nieuwendijk is not a statistical entity, and considered part of Zuid-Beijerland and Goudswaard. It has no place name signs, and consists of about 150 houses.

Hoeksche Waard (municipality)
Hoeksche Waard (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦuksə ˈʋaːrt]) is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, consisting of the eponymous Hoeksche Waard and Tiengemeten islands.

The municipality was formed on 1 January 2019 by the merger of the municipalities Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, Oud-Beijerland, and Strijen.
Eugenia Ravasio
Eugenia Ravasio, OLA (4 September 1907 – 10 August 1990), born Eugenia Elisabetta Ravasio, was an Italian Catholic nun in the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of the Apostles and a mystic, best known for treating leprosy and for having reported visions and revelations from God the Father.

Superior general (Christianity)
A superior general or general superior is the leader or head of an 'order' of religious persons (nuns, priests, friars, etc) or, in other words, of a 'religious institute' in the Catholic Church, and in some other Christian denominations. The superior general usually holds supreme 'executive' authority in the religious community, subject only to the Pope in the case of Catholic orders, while the general chapter has 'legislative' authority. Many Catholic superiors general are elected (directly or indirectly) by their order's membership, and are based in Rome, and thus facilitate their order's engagement with other elements of church leadership (the Pope; the Roman Curia; other orders' leadership).
Pes anserinus (leg)
Pes anserinus ("goose foot") refers to the conjoined tendons of three muscles of the thigh. Pes means 'foot' in Latin. In Latin, anser means 'goose', and anserinus means 'goose-like'.

Pes anserinus inserts onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal tibia. The muscles are the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus sometimes referred to as the guy ropes. The name "goose foot" arises from the three-pronged manner in which the conjoined tendon inserts onto the tibia.

Thigh
In anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb.

The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee.
Lampropholis
Lampropholis is a genus of skinks, commonly known as sunskinks, in the lizard subfamily Eugongylinae of the family Scincidae. The genus Lampropholis was previously found to belong to a clade with the genera Niveoscincus, Leiolopisma and others of the Eugongylus group within Lygosominae. All species of Lampropholis are endemic to Australia. For similar skinks see genera Bassiana, Pseudemoia, and Niveoscincus.

Leiolopisma
Leiolopisma is a genus of skinks. Most species occur in the region of New Caledonia-New Zealand, and they are related to other genera from that general area, such as Emoia; these and others form the Eugongylus group. One living and two extinct taxa represent a clade endemic to the Mascarenes.(Austin & Arnold 2006)
History of Oakland, California
The history of Oakland, a city in the county of Alameda, California, can be traced back to the founding of a settlement by Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon in the 19th century. The area now known as Oakland had seen human occupation for thousands of years, but significant growth in the settlements that are now incorporated into the city did not occur until the Industrial Revolution. Oakland was first incorporated as a town in 1852.

Jack London Square
Jack London Square is a neighborhood on the waterfront of Oakland, California, United States. Named after the author Jack London and owned by the Port of Oakland, it is the home of stores, restaurants, hotels, Amtrak's Jack London Square station, a San Francisco Bay Ferry ferry dock, the historic Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, the (re-located) cabin where Jack London lived in the Klondike, and a movie theater. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip.
Chelepteryx chalepteryx
Chelepteryx chalepteryx, the white-stemmed wattle moth or white-stemmed acacia moth, is a moth of the family Anthelidae. The species was first described by Rudolf Felder in 1874. It is found in Australia.

The wingspan of reaches up to 10 cm. Males have a more intense colouration. The caterpillars of this species feed mainly on wattles and gymea lilies.

Anthelidae
Anthelidae is a family of Australian lappet moths in the order Lepidoptera. It had earlier been considered to be part of the Lasiocampoidea superfamily, but a 2008 molecular phylogenetic study, supported by a 2011 study, resulted in reincluding the Anthelidae in the superfamily Bombycoidea.
Nocturnal dialysis
In medicine, nocturnal dialysis, refers to (renal) dialysis done at night.  It usually is a reference to nocturnal hemodialysis, but could also refer to peritoneal dialysis which is typically done at night.

Nocturnal hemodialysis was conceived by the late Dr. Robert Uldall at Wellesley Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The first patient trained was in April 1994.  Conventional hemodialysis consists of a patient traveling to a clinic three times per week for a four-hour treatment.  With nocturnal hemodialysis patients are trained to provide the treatments in their home six or seven nights per week for six to eight hours per treatment.  There are some scientific studies which show benefits for patients using nocturnal hemodialysis versus conventional treatments, as well as many benefits that have not been studied yet.

Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of dialysis that uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove toxins in those with kidney failure. Peritoneal dialysis has better outcomes than hemodialysis during the first two years. Other benefits include greater flexibility and better tolerability in those with significant heart disease.
Klaas
Klaas is a Dutch male given and surname. It is the Dutch short form of Nicholas, a Greek name ultimately meaning victory of the people. A traditionally common name in the Netherlands, its popularity declined some 20-fold since 1950. Archaic spellings include Claas and Claes. Among its female derivatives are Klaasje, Clasien, Clasina, Clasine, Clazien, Klasien, Klasina and Klaziena. Klaas also exists as a patronymic surname, though the forms Klaasen, Klaassen, Claassen, Claessen, and Claessens are more common.

Klaas's cuckoo
Klaas's cuckoo (Chrysococcyx klaas) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae which is native to the wooded regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The specific name honours Klaas, the Khoikhoi man who collected the type specimen.