hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
CNS (chemical weapon)
CNS is a mixture of chloroacetophenone, chloropicrin and chloroform that is used as a chemical warfare agent. CNS has the lachrymatory effects of chloroacetophenone and choking effects of chloropicrin. It has a flypaper-like odor.

CNS was used as a riot control agent, but it is no longer used.

Chloropicrin
Chloropicrin, also known as PS (from Port Sunlight) and nitrochloroform, is a chemical compound currently used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, and nematicide. It was used as a poison gas in World War I and the Russian military has been accused of using it in the Russo-Ukrainian War. Its chemical structural formula is Cl3C−NO2.
SMS language
Short Message Service (SMS) language or textese is the abbreviated language and slang commonly used in the late 1990s and early 2000s with mobile phone text messaging, and occasionally through Internet-based communication such as email and instant messaging. Many call the words used in texting "textisms" or "Internet slang."

Features of early mobile phone messaging encouraged users to use abbreviations. 2G technology made text entry difficult, requiring multiple key presses on a small keypad to generate each letter, and messages were generally limited to 160 bytes (or 1280 bits). Additionally, SMS language made text messages quicker to type, while also avoiding additional charges from mobile network providers for lengthy messages exceeding 160 characters.

Nenagh Kemp
Nenagh M. Kemp is a psychologist with the University of Tasmania. She is a specialist in the acquisition, development and use of spoken and written language. She is the associate editor for the Journal of Research in Reading and for Reading and Writing. She is a member of the editorial board of Scientific Studies of Reading.

She has carried out research into the effect of text messaging on literacy about which she jointly  wrote a book that was published in 2014.
Mercer (G.I. Joe)
Mercer is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is a member of the G.I. Joe Team as one of Sgt. Slaughter's Renegades and debuted in 1987.

Cobra (G.I. Joe)
Cobra (sometimes referred to as Cobra Command) is a fictional terrorist organization and the nemesis of the G.I. Joe Team in the Hasbro action figure toyline G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero and G.I. Joe: Sigma 6, as well as in related media.

Cobra was first introduced during the launch of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline in mid-1982. The toyline was accompanied by a Marvel Comics series, written by Larry Hama, and an animated television series by Sunbow and Marvel Productions. However, the origin and portrayal of Cobra has differed in each of them.

Marvel Comics invented the Cobra concept, with the name having been proposed by Archie Goodwin. When Marvel first proposed the concept, Hasbro was reluctant to make toys of the villains for fear that they would not sell. According to Jim Shooter, "later ... villains became 40% of their volume." Cobra's iconic logo was later created by Hasbro designer Ron Rudat.
Khovd Gol Mine
The Khovd Gol mine (Mongolian: Ховд гол, Khovd River) is an underground mine located in the Tsengel District, Bayan-Ölgii Province, Mongolia.

The reserves of the deposit are estimated at 26,300 tonnes of tungsten at an ore concentration of 5–19.3%.

Tsengel, Bayan-Ölgii
Tsengel (Mongolian: Цэнгэл [t͡sʰé̝ŋkɪɮ]), also referred to as Ak-Sayan (Tuvan: Ак-Саян; 'white-Sayan'), is a district of Bayan-Ölgii Province in western Mongolia. Its capital, Khushoot, is located in the west of the district.

Its inhabitants are mainly ethnic Tuvans (also known as Tsengel Tuvans), whereas the rest of Bayan-Ölgii Province is populated mainly by Kazakhs. As of 2014, it had a population of 8,744.
Dwarf black-bellied salamander
The dwarf black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus folkertsi) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
It is endemic to the United States, specifically found in the southern tip of the Blue Ridge Mountains range, near the borders of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers.

The dwarf black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus folkertsi) was originally thought to be the blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) as they appear similar and are sympatric in the areas that the dwarf black-bellied salamander is found. They can be distinguished through genetically different loci or morphologically in that D. folkertsi are smaller, have different coloration and patterns, and different proportions in body.

Blackbelly salamander
The blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to the United States. Its natural habitats are rivers, intermittent rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Mustafa Hijri
Mustafa Hijri (Kurdish: مستەفا هیجری, romanized: Mistefa Hicrî, Persian: مصطفی هجری) is an Iranian-Kurdish politician who is the current leader of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI), and a prominent figure within the Congress of Nationalities for a Federal Iran (CNFI). Hijri has been a member of the KDPI continuously since 1979.

Kurds in Iran
Kurds in Iran (Kurdish: کورد لە ئێران, romanized: Kurdên Îranê, Persian: کردها در ایران) constitute a large minority in the country with a population of around 9 and 10 million people. Most Iranian Kurds are bilingual in Kurdish and Persian.
Langley Maltings
Langley Maltings is a former maltings in Oldbury, West Midlands, England. Built in 1898, it was in operation until 2006. It was damaged by fire in 2009.

It is a Grade II listed building, listed on 18 March 1974. It has been named by the Victorian Society as a heritage building at risk of disrepair.

Malt house
A malt house, malt barn, or maltings, is a building where cereal grain is converted into malt by soaking it in water, allowing it to sprout and then drying it to stop further growth. The malt is used in brewing beer, whisky and in certain foods. The traditional malt house was largely phased out during the twentieth century in favour of more mechanised production. Many malt houses have been converted to other uses, such as Snape Maltings, England, which is now a concert hall.
Nanded Airport
Nanded Airport (IATA: NDC, ICAO: VAND), officially known as Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport, is a domestic airport serving the city of Nanded, in the state of Maharashtra, India. It was inaugurated on 4 October 2008 by the former Minister of Civil Aviation, Praful Patel, and the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Vilasrao Deshmukh, with Kingfisher Airlines flying a special commemorative flight to the airport using its ATR-72 turboprop aircraft. It is named after Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and the last Sikh Guru.

Sindhudurg Airport
Sindhudurg Airport (IATA: SDW, ICAO: VOSR), also known as Chipi Airport, is a domestic airport serving the city of Sindhudurg, Maharastra, India. It is located at Chipi-Parule in Vengurla taluka, located 21 km (13 mi) from the nearest city of Malvan and 31 km (19 mi) from Sindhudurg. It has scheduled commercial flights to Mumbai, Bangalore and Hyderabad.
The infernal names
The Infernal Names is a compiled list of adversarial or antihero figures from mythology intended for use in Satanic ritual. The following names are as listed in The Satanic Bible (1969), written by Church of Satan founder Anton Szandor LaVey. When calling the names, all of them may be recited, or a given number of those most significant to the respective working may be chosen.

Baal Berith
Baʿal Berith (Hebrew: בעל ברית, lit. 'Baʿal of the Covenant') and El Berith (Hebrew: אל ברית, lit. 'God of the Covenant') are titles of a god or gods worshiped in Shechem, in ancient Canaan, according to the Bible.

The term for "covenant" (Hebrew: ברית, romanized: bərīt) appears also in Ugaritic texts (second millennium BCE) as brt (𐎁𐎗𐎚), in connection with Baʿal, and perhaps as Beruth in Sanchuniathon's work.
Maryland Legislative District 7
Maryland's Legislative District 7 is one of 47 districts in the state for the Maryland General Assembly. The district currently consists of parts of Baltimore County and Harford County. The district includes the communities of Bel Air North, Bel Air South, Bowleys Quarters, Edgewood, Fallston, Jarrettsville, Joppatowne, Kingsville, Middle River, Pleasant Hills, Rossville, and White Marsh. The district was established in 1975.

The district is represented by one State Senator and three State Delegates all of which serve four year terms elected during the Maryland Gubernatorial Elections.

Harford County, Maryland
Harford County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 260,924. Its county seat is Bel Air. Harford County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state.
Highly structured ring spectrum
In mathematics, a highly structured ring spectrum or  -ring is an object in homotopy theory encoding a refinement of a multiplicative structure on a cohomology theory. A commutative version of an -ring is called an -ring. While originally motivated by questions of geometric topology and bundle theory, they are today most often used in stable homotopy theory.

Jacob Lurie
Jacob Alexander Lurie (born December 7, 1977) is an American mathematician who is a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 2014, Lurie received a MacArthur Fellowship. Lurie's research interests are algebraic geometry, topology, and homotopy theory.
Farooq Feroze Khan
Farooq Feroze Khan (17 August 1939 – 9 October 2021), also known as Feroze Khan, was a Pakistani four-star air officer who served as the sixth Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force from 1991 to 1994 and eighth Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1994 to 1997.

His career in the Air Force is subjected to distinction as he was the only air force officer whose career spanned more than 40 years of military service.: 355  He was also the only Air Force officer to be appointed Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.

Air marshal
Air marshal (Air Mshl or AM) is an air-officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by the air forces of many countries which have historical British influence, including many Commonwealth nations. The rank is usually equivalent to a vice admiral or a lieutenant general.

Air marshal is immediately senior to the rank of air vice-marshal and immediately subordinate to the rank of air chief marshal. Officers in the rank of air marshal typically hold very senior appointments such as commander-in-chief of an air force or a large air force formation. Officers in the ranks of air chief marshal and air vice-marshal are also referred to generically as air marshals. Occasionally, air force officers of marshal rank are considered to be air marshals.
2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II – Pool A
Group A of the 2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group II of the 2006 Fed Cup. Three teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom two teams proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top teams played for advancement to Group I, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group III.

2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II – play-offs
The play-offs of the 2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II were the final stages of the Group II Zonal Competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Using the positions determined in their pools, the seven teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2006 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II. The top two teams advanced to Group I, and the bottom two teams were relegated down to the Group III for the next year.
Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metre backstroke
The women's 100 metre backstroke was a swimming event held as part of the swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event, which was established in 1924. The competition was held on Tuesday 9 August 1932, and on Thursday 11 August 1932.

Twelve swimmers from seven nations competed.

Swimming at the 1932 Summer Olympics
At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The competitions were held from Saturday, August 6, to Saturday, August 13, 1932.  There was a total of 128 participants from 20 countries competing.
K-topology
In mathematics, particularly in the field of topology, the K-topology, also called Smirnov's deleted sequence topology, is a topology on the set R of real numbers which has some interesting properties. Relative to the standard topology on R, the set  is not closed since it doesn't contain its limit point 0. Relative to the K-topology however, the set K is declared to be closed by adding more open sets to the standard topology on R.  Thus the K-topology on R is strictly finer than the standard topology on R.  It is mostly useful for counterexamples in basic topology.  In particular, it provides an example of a Hausdorff space that is not regular.

Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker. It primarily reissues books that are out of print from their original publishers. These are often, but not always, books in the public domain. The original published editions may be scarce or historically significant. Dover republishes these books, making them available at a significantly reduced cost.
Keeper of the Flame Tour
The Keeper of the Flame Tour was the sixth headlining concert tour by American country music artist Miranda Lambert. It began on April 30, 2016, in Austin, Texas, and finished on September 10, 2016, in West Palm Beach, Florida. In between dates on this tour, Lambert opened up for Kenny Chesney on his Spread the Love Tour. The tour was first announced on Lambert's website in January 2016. The last three shows were cancelled due to Lambert being put on mandated vocal rest.

Spread the Love Tour
The Spread the Love Tour was the fifteenth headlining concert tour by American country music artist Kenny Chesney, in support of his seventeenth studio album Cosmic Hallelujah (2016). It began on April 23, 2016 in Auburn, Alabama and finished on September 9, 2016 in Bristol, Tennessee. The tour was first announced in October 2015.
Cem Sultan
Cem Sultan (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈdʒem sulˈtaːn]; 22 December 1459 – 25 February 1495) was a claimant to the Ottoman throne in the 15th century.

Cem was the third son of Sultan Mehmed II and younger half-brother of Sultan Bayezid II, and thus a half-uncle of Sultan Selim I of Ottoman Empire. After being defeated by Bayezid, Cem went into exile in Egypt and Europe, under the protection of the Mamluks, the Knights Hospitaller on the island of Rhodes, and ultimately the Pope.

Qaitbay
Sultan Abu Al-Nasr Sayf ad-Din Al-Ashraf Qaitbay (Arabic: السلطان أبو النصر سيف الدين الأشرف قايتباي; c. 1416/1418 – 7 August 1496) ruled the Mamluk Sultanate from 1468 to 1496 (872 – 901 AH in the Islamic calendar).

As the eighteenth Sultan of Egypt of the Burji dynasty, Qaitbay stabilized the Mamluk state and economy. He consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire after a series of wars between 1485 and 1491, and engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities.

Qaitbay was Circassian by birth, and was purchased by sultan Barsbay (1422 – 1438) before being freed by Barsbay's successor Jaqmaq (1438 – 1453).

A veteran of sixteen campaigns, Qaitbay was also a great patron of architecture. He commissioned building projects in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, Alexandria, and in every quarter of Cairo and endowed the religious works with waqfs. He was also known for his piety.
1923–24 Lancashire Cup
The 1923–24 Lancashire Cup competition was the sixteenth competition in the regional Lancashire Cup tournament. The trophy was won by St Helens Recs who beat Swinton in the final at Central Park, Wigan, by a score of 17–0. The attendance was a new record for the competition final at the time, being 25,656 and receipts £1,450. The triumph by St Helens Recs was the first time the club had won the competition and also the first time that winning club were not one of the original clubs who formed the Northern Union.

RFL Lancashire Cup
The RFL Lancashire Cup, usually referred to as the Lancashire Cup, was a British rugby league football knock-out competition founded in 1905. Organised by the Rugby Football League (RFL), the competition was open to all professional clubs in the Lancashire region, but also included a number of clubs based in Cumbria.

The tournament was held annually and was usually played over four rounds, with the fixtures normally being played during the early part of the season. The tournament was scrapped along with the Yorkshire Cup after the 1992–93 season.

The most successful club was Wigan, who won the trophy on 21 occasions.
Sport Victoria
Sport Victoria is a Peruvian football club representing the city of Ica, Peru. 
The club was founded in 1916 and currently plays in the Peruvian Segunda División which is the second division of the Peruvian league.

2011 Copa Perú
The 2011 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 2011), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football, started on February.

The tournament has 5 stages. The first four stages are played as mini-league round-robin tournaments, except for third stage in region IV, which is played as a knockout stage. The final stage features two knockout rounds and a final four-team group stage to determine the two promoted teams.

The 2011 Peru Cup started with the District Stage (Spanish: Etapa Distrital) on February.  The next stage was the Provincial Stage (Spanish: Etapa Provincial) which started on June. The tournament continued with the Departamental Stage (Etapa Departamental) on July. The Regional Stage follow in September. The National Stage (Etapa Nacional) starts in November. The winner of the National Stage will be promoted to the First Division and the runner-up will be promoted to the Second Division.
Salif Keïta (Malian footballer)
Salif Keïta Traoré (6 December 1946 – 2 September 2023), known as Keita, was a Malian footballer who played as a striker. He was also the first person to receive the African Footballer of the Year award in 1970. He was nicknamed the 'Black Panther'.

1972 African Cup of Nations
The 1972 African Cup of Nations was the eighth edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Cameroon, in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala. Just like in 1970, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. The People's Republic of the Congo won its first championship, beating Mali in the final 3−2.
Hecyra (beetle)
Hecyra is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.

Hecyra marmorata Breuning, 1972

Hecyra obscurator (Fabricius, 1801)

Hecyra tenebrioides Fåhraeus, 1872

Hecyra terrea (Bertoloni, 1849)

Hecyra terrea
Hecyra terrea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bertoloni in 1849. It is known from Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Glossary of structural engineering
This glossary of structural engineering terms pertains specifically to structural engineering and its sub-disciplines. Please see Glossary of engineering for a broad overview of the major concepts of engineering.

Most of the terms listed in glossaries are already defined and explained within itself.  However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together.  You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.

Rafter
A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members such as steel beams that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof shingles, roof deck, roof covering and its associated loads. A pair of rafters is called a couple. In home construction, rafters are normally made of wood. Exposed rafters are a feature of some traditional roof styles.
Al Shaheen Oil Field
The Al Shaheen Oil Field is a production oil and gas field off the north east coast of Qatar in the Persian Gulf, 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Doha. The oil field lies above the North Gas Field, one of the largest gas fields in the world. The field has been operated by Maersk Oil Qatar AS of Denmark until July 2017 under a production sharing agreement with QatarEnergy, on behalf of the state of Qatar. As of June 2016, QatarEnergy and the French major TotalEnergies established a new company known as North Oil Company. The new company is 70% owned by QatarEnergy and 30% by TotalEnergies. North Oil Company took over field operations on 14 July 2017.

Maersk Oil
Maersk Oil (Danish: Mærsk Olie og Gas A/S) was a Danish oil and gas company owned by the  A. P. Moller-Maersk Group. with a maximum operated production of 550,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day. Production came from Denmark, the UK, Qatar, Kazakhstan, the US Gulf of Mexico, Algeria and Brazil. The company had exploration activities in Angola, Norway, Greenland, Kurdistan Region of Iraq and in the producing countries.
Preston Richard
Preston Richard is a civil parish in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England. It includes the village of Endmoor, and the hamlets of Crooklands, Birkrigg Park, Milton, Low Park, and Summerlands.

In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,307, decreasing slightly at the 2011 census to 1,305.

There are 16 grade II listed buildings in the parish, including several milestones, bridges and a privy.

In 1870-1872 it was described as "a township in Heversham parish" with a population of 504 and a gunpowder works. From 1974 to 2023 it was in South Lakeland district.

South Lakeland
54°18′43″N 2°52′48″W﻿ / ﻿54.312°N 2.880°W﻿ / 54.312; -2.880

South Lakeland was a local government district in Cumbria, England, from 1974 to 2023. Its council was based in Kendal. The district covered the southern part of the Lake District region, as well as northwestern parts of the Yorkshire Dales. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 103,658, an increase from 102,301 at the 2001 Census.

The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It was formed from the Kendal borough, Windermere urban district, most of Lakes urban district, South Westmorland Rural District, from Westmorland, Grange and Ulverston urban districts and North Lonsdale Rural District from Lancashire, and Sedbergh Rural District from the West Riding of Yorkshire.

In April 2023, Cumbria was reorganised into two unitary authorities. South Lakeland District Council was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Westmorland and Furness unitary authority.