hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chabauty topology
In mathematics, the Chabauty topology is a certain topological structure introduced in 1950 by Claude Chabauty, on the set of all closed subgroups of a locally compact group G.   It is closely related to the Fell topology on the set of all closed subets of G and to the Hausdorff distance.

Intuitively, two closed subgroups of G are close in the Chabauty topology if, within any compact subset of G, every point of one subgroup is close to some point of the other, and vice versa.  For instance, if  is a sequence of positive real numbers, then the sequence of lattices  in the additive group 
converges to

if  with ,

if ,

the trivial subgroup  if .

Chabauty's original motivation was to study limit groups of lattices in .

Locally compact group
In mathematics, a locally compact group is a topological group G for which the underlying topology is locally compact and Hausdorff. Locally compact groups are important because many examples of groups that arise throughout mathematics are locally compact and such groups have a natural measure called the Haar measure. This allows one to define integrals of Borel measurable functions on G so that standard analysis notions such as the Fourier transform and  spaces can be generalized.

Many of the results of finite group representation theory are proved by averaging over the group. For compact groups, modifications of these proofs yields similar results by averaging with respect to the normalized Haar integral. In the general locally compact setting, such techniques need not hold. The resulting theory is a central part of harmonic analysis. The representation theory for locally compact abelian groups is described by Pontryagin duality.
Cat B25
The Cat B25 is a mobile phone introduced in 2013 created by Bullitt Group with the license from Caterpillar Inc. as the first phone in the Cat phones line. The objective of the phone is to be a rugged and resilient option to be used with minimal damage.

It is a slight redesign of the JCB Sitemaster 2, another phone by Bullitt released in 2012 for their former licensee JCB, changing the color from yellow to grey, and modifying the rubber grip around the phone to the appearance to a continuous track.

Bullitt Group
Bullitt Group Ltd was a British-based international mobile phone and consumer electronics business.  Founded in 2009 by Colin Batt, David Floyd and Richard Wharton; Bullitt designed, manufactured, marketed, and sold consumer electronic devices in partnership with global brands.  It was the worldwide licensee of Caterpillar Inc. for 'rugged' mobile devices and accessories, and Motorola for outdoor-orientated consumer electronics.

Bullitt's products were sold in more than 75 countries, and the company had a presence in key markets around the world, including China (Shenzhen), the United Kingdom (Reading), and the United States of America (New York).  Manufacturing was primarily in China.
Christmas Bowl
The Christmas Bowl (クリスマスボウル, Kurisumasu Bōru) is the annual Japanese high-school American football championship game. As with most American Football leagues, the league setup is split into two regions — Kantō and Kansai — and the champions of each region play in the Christmas Bowl. It takes place on even years in Kansai, and on odd years in Kantō. Since 2001, the matches in Kantō have taken place in Ajinomoto Stadium.

Surprisingly, the competition has been going on for almost as long as the Super Bowl, being only four contests behind.

The Christmas Bowl in the manga and anime series Eyeshield 21 is based on this competition.

Kansai region
The Kansai region (関西地方, Kansai Chihō; [kaꜜɰ̃.sai, kaɰ̃.sai tɕiꜜ.hoː] ⓘ) (also known as the Kinki region (近畿地方, Kinki Chihō; Japanese pronunciation: [kʲiꜜŋ.ki, kʲiŋ.ki̥ tɕiꜜ.hoː])) is a region of Japan that lies in the southern-central portion of Japan's main island, Honshū. The region consists of the prefectures of Hyōgo, Kyoto, Mie, Nara, Osaka, Shiga, and Wakayama.  Additionally, the prefectures of Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori are sometimes associated with Kansai.

Kansai is the second-most populated region of Japan (after Kantō), and contains the metropolitan region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto (Keihanshin region), which is the second-most populated metropolitan region in Japan (after the Greater Tokyo Area).
Pakistan Engineering Council
The Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) is an independent federal agency under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) whose mission is to regulate engineering profession and practices while providing the accreditation of engineering education in Pakistan.

Besides accredition of engineering degrees, the PEC registers and grants licenses to engineers to provide engineering consultany to the active firms as well as taking steps in promoting the engineering education in the country.

Washington Accord (credentials)
The Washington Accord is an international accreditation agreement for undergraduate professional engineering academic degrees and postgraduate professional
 engineering academic degrees between the bodies responsible for accreditation in its signatory countries. The full signatories as of January 2024 are Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Peru, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
2007 Cantabrian regional election
The 2007 Cantabrian regional election was held on Sunday, 27 May 2007, to elect the 7th Parliament of the autonomous community of Cantabria. All 39 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was held concurrently with regional elections in 12 other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.

2007 Spanish regional elections
Regional elections were held in Spain during 2007 to elect the regional parliaments of thirteen of the seventeen autonomous communities: Aragon, Asturias, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile and León, Castilla–La Mancha, Extremadura, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre and the Valencian Community; and the two autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. 812 of 1,206 seats in the regional parliaments were up for election, as well as the 50 seats in the regional assemblies of the autonomous cities. The elections were held on 27 May (concurrently with local elections all across the country).

The results saw few changes overall, with most incumbent governments remaining in power. The only exception was the People's Party (PP) government in the Balearic Islands, which was replaced by a coalition led by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
1984 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The 1984 NCAA Division I lacrosse tournament was the 14th annual tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team champion of men's college lacrosse among its Division I programs, held at the end of the 1984 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse season.

Johns Hopkins defeated previously unbeaten Syracuse in the championship game, 13–10. This was the third finals where two undefeated champions met for the title and the last time this has occurred.

The championship game was played at Delaware Stadium at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware, with 17,253 fans in attendance.

NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament
The NCAA Division I men's lacrosse tournament is an annual tournament organized by the NCAA to determine the national champion of men's collegiate field lacrosse among its Division I members in the United States. It has been held every year since 1971, except 2020.

From 1936 through 1970, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy annually to the collegiate champion based on regular season records.

Syracuse has been the most successful program since 1970 with 10 national titles, followed by Johns Hopkins with 9 national titles in the NCAA era.

Cornell is the reigning national champion, winning the school's fourth title in 2025.
Tustumena 200
The Tustumena 200 Sled Dog Race is a dog sled race on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska covering 200 miles. Established in 1983, the race is run each year on the last weekend in January, and has grown in reputation to draw competitive distance mushers from Alaska, the lower 48, and international locations. The Tustumena 200 (known locally as the T200) boasts one of the highest purses for a dog sled race in its class.  The minimum guaranteed purse is $25,000 and has been as high as $30,000. The Bogus Creek 150, a companion event to the Kuskokwim 300, based in Bethel, Alaska, has a guaranteed annual purse of $60,000.

Sled dog racing
Sled dog racing (sometimes termed dog sled racing) is a winter dog sport most popular in the Arctic regions of the United States, Canada, Russia, Greenland and some European countries. It involves the timed competition of teams of sled dogs that pull a sled with the dog driver or musher standing on the runners. The team completing the marked course in the least time is judged the winner.

Sled dogs, known also as sleighman dogs, sledge dogs, or sleddogs, are a highly trained dog type that are used to pull a dog sled, a wheel-less vehicle on runners, over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines.
1960 Louisiana gubernatorial election
The 1960 Louisiana gubernatorial election was held on April 19, 1960.

Primary elections were held in two rounds on December 5, 1959, and January 9, 1960.  After defeating Chep Morrison, then the mayor of New Orleans, in a Democratic primary which featured some of the most racist campaign rhetoric in Louisiana political history, Jimmie Davis was elected to his second nonconsecutive term as governor after defeating the Republican candidate, Francis Grevemberg, in the general election.

The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate
The Times-Picayune | The New Orleans Advocate is an American newspaper published in New Orleans, Louisiana. Ancestral publications of other names date back to January 25, 1837. The current publication is the result of the 2019 acquisition of The Times-Picayune (which was the result of the 1914 union of The Picayune with the Times-Democrat) by the New Orleans edition of The Advocate in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

The Times-Picayune was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1997 for its coverage of threats to the world’s fisheries  and in 2006 for its coverage of Hurricane Katrina. Four of The Times-Picayune's staff reporters also received Pulitzers for breaking news reporting for their storm coverage. The paper funded the Edgar A. Poe Award for journalistic excellence, which was presented annually by the White House Correspondents' Association from 1990 to 2019.
Nicoll Highway
Nicoll Highway (/ˈnɪkoʊl/ NIK-ohl, Chinese: 尼诰大道, Malay: Lebuhraya Nicoll, Tamil: நிகோல் நெடுஞ்சாலை) is a major arterial road in Singapore which links the junctions of Guillemard Road, Sims Way and Mountbatten Road in Kallang to the junctions of Esplanade Drive, Raffles Avenue and Stamford Road in the city. En route, it passes through the areas of Kallang, Kampong Glam and Marina Centre.

Despite what its name may suggest, the speed limit on the highway is less than that of an expressway. The highway also has traffic light junctions at some of its intersections with roads such as Bras Basah Road and Esplanade Drive, which are not found in expressways.

Kampong Glam
Kampong Glam  (IPA: /ˈɡlɑːm/ GLAHM; Malay: Kampung Gelam; Jawi: کامڤوڠ ڬلم ; Chinese: 甘榜格南; pinyin: Gānbǎnggénán; Tamil: கம்போங் கிளாம்) is a neighbourhood and ethnic enclave in Singapore. It is located north of the Singapore River, in the planning area of Rochor, known as the Malay-Muslim quarter.
2016 Brisbane Broncos season
The 2016 Brisbane Broncos season is the 29th in the club's history. Coached by Wayne Bennett, and captained by Corey Parker, they compete in the NRL's 2016 Telstra Premiership. Prior to the start of the Premiership season, the Broncos competed in the 2016 Auckland Nines, finishing last in their pool. During the mid-season 2016 State of Origin series six Broncos players were selected for Queensland.

Corey Parker (rugby league)
Corey Parker (born 5 May 1982) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL. A Queensland State of Origin and Australia international representative, Parker played in the lock, second-row and prop positions. Parker played his entire professional career at the Broncos club, with whom he won the 2006 NRL Premiership. He also fulfilled goal kicking duties for the Broncos.
Chronic Respiratory Disease
Chronic Respiratory Disease is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research in the field of respiratory disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory failure, and obstructive sleep apnea. The editors-in-chief are Mike Morgan (Glenfield Hospital), Carolyn Rochester (Yale University), and Sally Singh (Glenfield Hospital). It was established in 2004 and is published by SAGE Publications.

Glenfield Hospital
Glenfield Hospital, formally known as Glenfield General Hospital, is situated near Glenfield, on the outskirts of Leicester. It is one of England's main hospitals for coronary care and respiratory diseases. It is a tertiary referral university teaching hospital, with a strong international reputation for medical research in cardiac and respiratory health. It is managed by the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust.
Duvalia elegans
Duvalia elegans (the "elegant Duvalia") is a small succulent plant species, in the family Apocynaceae. It is the type species of the genus Duvalia, and it is endemic to the Western Cape Province, South Africa.

Duvalia
Duvalia is a succulent plant genus in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, in the family Apocynaceae (dogbane).

The genus was first described in 1812, named after the French physician and botanist Henri-Auguste Duval (1777-1814).
Satellite imagery in North Korea
Satellite imagery in North Korea is a knowledge-building tool in the field of North Korean studies. It enables researchers to produce data-based analyses in the agricultural, humanitarian, economic and military fields, in a country where access to the field is limited.

Satellite imagery
Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Apple Maps and Google Maps.
2022 FIM Motocross World Championship
The 2022 FIM Motocross World Championship was the 66th FIM Motocross World Championship season.

In the MXGP class, Jeffrey Herlings started the season as the reigning champion after picking up his fifth world title in 2021. The reigning MX2 world champion, Maxime Renaux did not defend his title as he moved into the MXGP category after he picked up his maiden world title in the previous year.

2021 FIM Motocross World Championship
The 2021 FIM Motocross World Championship was the 65th FIM Motocross World Championship season.

In the MXGP class, Tim Gajser started the season as the reigning champion after picking up his fourth world title in 2020. In MX2, Tom Vialle was the defending champion as he picked up his maiden world title in the previous year. The 2021 season saw the debut of Beta as a manufacturer in the MXGP class.
Chapman–Enskog theory
Chapman–Enskog theory provides a framework in which equations of hydrodynamics for a gas can be derived from the Boltzmann equation. The technique justifies the otherwise phenomenological constitutive relations appearing in hydrodynamical descriptions such as the Navier–Stokes equations.  In doing so, expressions for various transport coefficients such as thermal conductivity and viscosity are obtained in terms of molecular parameters. Thus, Chapman–Enskog theory constitutes an important step in the passage from a microscopic, particle-based description to a continuum hydrodynamical one.

The theory is named for Sydney Chapman and David Enskog, who introduced it independently in 1916 and 1917.

Thermophoresis
Thermophoresis (also thermomigration, thermodiffusion, the Soret effect, or the Ludwig–Soret effect) is a phenomenon observed in mixtures of mobile particles where the different particle types exhibit different responses to the force of a temperature gradient. This phenomenon tends to move light molecules to hot regions and heavy molecules to cold regions. The term thermophoresis most often applies to aerosol mixtures whose mean free path  is comparable to its characteristic length scale , but may also commonly refer to the phenomenon in all phases of matter.  The term Soret effect normally applies to liquid mixtures, which behave according to different, less well-understood mechanisms than gaseous mixtures. Thermophoresis may not apply to thermomigration in solids, especially multi-phase alloys.
Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. It was the nation's nineteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, although the Trinidad and Tobago athletes previously attended four other editions under the British colony and under the West Indies Federation.

Jereem Richards ultimately fell short of his Olympic podium finish, finishing 4th in the Men's 400 metres. As a result, Trinidad and Tobago failed to earn any Olympic medals, the first being in the 2020 Summer Olympics where the country left the Summer Olympics without any medals.

Trinidad and Tobago at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's eighteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, although it previously competed in four other editions as a British colony, and as part of the West Indies Federation.

The 2020 Olympics were somewhat of a disappointment for Trinidad and Tobago, as it was the first Olympics since 1992 that they failed to win any medals.
Credit score in the United States
A credit score is a number that provides a comparative estimate of an individual's creditworthiness based on an analysis of their credit report.  It is an inexpensive and main alternative to other forms of consumer loan underwriting.

Lenders, such as banks and credit card companies, use credit scores to evaluate the risk of lending money to consumers. Lenders contend that widespread use of credit scores has made credit more widely available and less expensive for many consumers. Under the Dodd-Frank Act passed in 2010, a consumer is entitled to receive a free report of the specific credit score used if they are denied a loan, credit card or insurance due to their credit score.

Equifax
Equifax Inc. is an American multinational consumer credit reporting agency headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the three largest consumer credit reporting agencies, along with Experian and TransUnion (together known as the "Big Three").   Equifax collects and aggregates information on more than 800 million individual consumers and more than 88 million businesses worldwide. In addition to credit and demographic data and services to business, Equifax sells credit monitoring and fraud prevention services directly to consumers.

Equifax operates or has investments in 24 countries in the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific. With more than 14,000 employees worldwide, Equifax has nearly US$5 billion in annual revenue and is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol EFX.
Closed geodesic
In differential geometry and dynamical systems, a closed geodesic on a Riemannian manifold is a geodesic that returns to its starting point with the same tangent direction. It may be formalized as the projection of a closed orbit of the geodesic flow on the tangent space of the manifold.

Tangent space
In mathematics, the tangent space of a manifold is a generalization of tangent lines to curves in two-dimensional space and tangent planes to surfaces in three-dimensional space in higher dimensions. In the context of physics, the tangent space to a manifold at a point can be viewed as the space of possible velocities for a particle moving on the manifold.
Anne Canteaut
Anne Canteaut is a French researcher in cryptography, working at the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) in Paris.  She studies the design and cryptanalysis of symmetric-key algorithms and S-boxes.

International Association for Cryptologic Research
The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization that furthers research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference.
Damba Zhalsarayev
Damba Zodbich Zhalsarayev (Russian: Дамба Зодбич Жалсараев; 5 December 1925 – 21 January 2002) was a Soviet and Buryat poet who wrote the Buryat lyrics for the Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia. He was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers.

Buryat language
Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
Stone Child College
Stone Child College (SCC) is a public tribal land-grant community college in Box Elder, Montana. SCC is affiliated with the Chippewa Cree Tribe and located on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation in north central Montana; it is one of seven Tribal Colleges in Montana. In 2008–2009, SCC had an enrollment of 511, of whom 98 percent were American Indian descent; 20 percent were bilingual or of limited English proficiency. SCC students range in age from 17 to 72, with the average age at 30. The college retention rate is 47 percent and the graduation rate is 20 percent.

Chippewa Cree
The Chippewa Cree Tribe (Officially in Cree: ᐅᒋᐻᐤ ᓀᐃᔭᐤ, romanized: ocipwêw nêiyaw) is a Native American tribe on the Rocky Boy's Reservation in Montana who are descendants of Cree who migrated south from Canada and Chippewa (Ojibwe) who moved west from the Turtle Mountains in North Dakota in the late 19th century. The two different peoples spoke related but distinct Algonquian languages. They are federally recognized as the Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation.

This tribe is the southernmost Cree tribe in North America.

Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation is located in Hill and Chouteau counties in northeastern Montana, about 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–United States border. It has a total land area of 171.4 square miles (443.9 km2), which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The population was 3,323 at the 2010 census. The Bureau of Indian Affairs' Labor Force Report of 2005 reported 5,656 enrolled members of the tribe.