hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Direct agglutination test
A direct agglutination test (DAT) is any test that uses whole organisms as a means of looking for serum antibodies.  The abbreviation, DAT, is most frequently used for the serological test for visceral leishmaniasis.

Serology
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease).
Steven Weissman
Steven Weissman (born June 4, 1968, in California) is an alternative cartoonist best known for his offbeat and bizarre explorations of childhood friendships. His work has been published by Fantagraphics, and Retrofit Comics.

Box Brown
Brian "Box" Brown (born 1980) is an American cartoonist whose first work was the online comic Bellen!
He was awarded in 2011 a Xeric Grant for the comic Love is a Peculiar Type of Thing.

In 2011, Brown started a Kickstarter fundraiser to create a new publisher called Retrofit Comics, with the goal of publishing 16 alternative comic books over 16 months. Since completing this goal, Retrofit Comics has continued to publish new comic books every month or two.

Brown created a full-length graphic novel about the professional wrestler André the Giant called André the Giant: Life and Legend. It debuted as ninth bestseller on the New York Times Bestseller List for Paperback Graphic Books and remained on the list for three weeks.

In 2019, his book Is This Guy For Real? The Unbelievable Andy Kaufman won the Eisner Award for Best Reality Based Work.

He has a syndicated non-fiction comic strip, Legalization Nation.
Miltenberg
Miltenberg (German: [ˈmɪltn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a town in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the eponymous district and has a population of over 9,000.

Miltenberg (district)
Miltenberg (German: [ˈmɪltn̩ˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the city of Aschaffenburg, the districts of Aschaffenburg and Main-Spessart, and the states of Baden-Württemberg (districts of Main-Tauber and Neckar-Odenwald) and Hesse (districts of Odenwaldkreis and Darmstadt-Dieburg).
1944 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico
The 1944 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico was held on Tuesday November 7, 1944 to elect the states two At-large representatives on a General ticket. The Democratic party retained both of their at-large members in New Mexico.

This election coincided with the 1944 Presidential election and the state's Governor election. Democrats would hold both seats in the New Mexico house delegation until 1968.

1968 United States House of Representatives elections in New Mexico
The 1968 United States House of Representatives election in New Mexico was held on Tuesday November 5, 1968 to elect the state's two representatives.

This was the first election in which New Mexico elected their members using single-member districts instead of at-large districts. This was because of the Uniform Congressional District Act which dictates that members of the house of representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be single-member districts. This was the first election since 1928 in which republicans won a congressional district in New Mexico.
Wilhelmus Beekman
Wilhelmus Hendricksen Beekman (April 28, 1623 – September 21, 1707) – also known as William Beekman and Willem Beekman (or Beeckman) – was a Dutch emigrant who came to New Amsterdam (now New York City) from the Netherlands on May 27, 1647 in the same vessel, Princess, with Director-General and later Governor Peter Stuyvesant.

Beekman soon became Treasurer of the Dutch West India Company, beginning a long life in public service that included being Mayor of New York City, Governor of Delaware (1653–1664),  and Governor of Pennsylvania (1658–1663).

He is the progenitor of the Beekman family in America.

Pearl Street (Manhattan)
Pearl Street is a street in the Financial District in Lower Manhattan, running northeast from Battery Park to the Brooklyn Bridge with an interruption at Fulton Street, where Pearl Street's alignment west of Fulton Street shifts one block south of its alignment east of Fulton Street, then turning west and terminating at Centre Street.
Diffeology
In mathematics, a diffeology on a set generalizes the concept of a smooth atlas of a differentiable manifold, by declaring only what constitutes the "smooth parametrizations" into the set. A diffeological space is a set equipped with a diffeology. Many of the standard tools of differential geometry extend to diffeological spaces, which beyond manifolds include arbitrary quotients of manifolds, arbitrary subsets of manifolds, and spaces of mappings between manifolds.

Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Ancient Greek: ὁμός homós 'same, similar' and τόπος tópos 'place') if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy (/həˈmɒtəpiː/ hə-MOT-ə-pee; /ˈhoʊmoʊˌtoʊpiː/ HOH-moh-toh-pee) between the two functions. A notable use of homotopy is the definition of homotopy groups and cohomotopy groups, important invariants in algebraic topology.

In practice, there are technical difficulties in using homotopies with certain spaces. Algebraic topologists work with compactly generated spaces, CW complexes, or spectra.
Penghulu
Penghulu (Jawi: ڤڠهولو‎; also romanised as pěnghulu) is a traditional title for a headman or chief in Malay-speaking societies throughout the Malay Archipelago. Historically, the term referred to the leader of a region or community. In contemporary usage, penghulu denotes a local administrative leader in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia, typically overseeing a small territorial subdivision such as a mukim or village.

Village head
A village head, village headman or village chief is the leader of a village, hamlet, or other type of settlement too small to have their own mayor.

Unlike the position of mayor, denoting a leader of a city, town or other large settlements with its own incorporated government, the title of village head may be purely ceremonial or even entirely unofficial, simply denoting an individual which commands sizeable political and social influence in a given area. This is especially the case in the modern era, as increased urbanization and advances in communication mean that most villages are subject to some form of local government already, and thus the need for local chiefs has decreased. However, in some countries, village heads continue to exist as an official government position analogous to that of a mayor, or at the very least as a consultative or representative role that mediates between small communities and higher levels of government.
Stability constants of complexes
In coordination chemistry, a stability constant (also called formation constant or binding constant) is an equilibrium constant for the formation of a complex in solution. It is a measure of the strength of the interaction between the reagents that come together to form the complex. There are two main kinds of complex: compounds formed by the interaction of a metal ion with a ligand and supramolecular complexes, such as host–guest complexes and complexes of anions. The stability constant(s) provide(s) the information required to calculate the concentration(s) of the complex(es) in solution. There are many areas of application in chemistry, biology and medicine.

Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2. This colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor is a basic amine. It is a widely used building block in chemical synthesis, with approximately 500,000 tonnes produced in 1998. Ethylenediamine is the first member of the so-called polyethylene amines.
HSwMS Wrangel (25)
HSwMS Wrangel was the lead ship of her class of two destroyers built for the Royal Swedish Navy during World War I. At the beginning of World War II in 1939 she was assigned to the Gothenburg Squadron. The ship was stricken in 1947 and was subsequently used as a pilot and target ship. Wrangel sunk as a target in 1960.

Target ship
A target ship is a vessel — typically an obsolete or captured warship — used as a seaborne target for naval gunnery practice or for weapons testing. Targets may be used with the intention of testing effectiveness of specific types of ammunition; or the target ship may be used for an extended period of routine target practice with specialized non-explosive ammunition. The potential consequences of a drifting wreck require careful preparation of the target ship to prevent pollution, or a floating or submerged collision risk for maritime navigation.
Avianca Honduras
Isleña de Inversiones S.A. de C.V. branded Avianca Honduras is a regional airline based in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. It offered mostly scheduled and chartered passenger flights out of its hub at Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport. It was formerly one of the airlines part of Grupo TACA. It is one of the seven nationally branded airlines (Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca Ecuador, etc.) in the Avianca Group of Latin American airlines.

San Pedro Sula
San Pedro Sula (Spanish pronunciation: [sam ˈpeðɾo ˈsula]) is the capital of Cortés Department, Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country in the Sula Valley, about 50 kilometers (31 miles) south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean Sea. With a population of 701,200 in the central urban area (2023 calculation) and a population of 1,445,598 in its metropolitan area in 2023, it is the nation's primary industrial center and second largest city after the capital Tegucigalpa, and the largest city in Central America that is not a capital city.
Royal Mausoleum (Brunei)
The Royal Mausoleum (Malay: Kubah Makam Diraja) in Batu Satu, Bandar Seri Begawan, is a significant historical and cultural landmark in Brunei. Located along the Brunei River, it lies beyond Kampong Ayer and on the route from Bandar Seri Begawan to the Istana Nurul Iman. This site serves as the final resting place for several Bruneian sultans and members of the royal family, with Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I, who died in 1795, being the first monarch interred here.

Although the mausoleum holds immense significance in Brunei's monarchical history—particularly during the 19th and 20th centuries—and in its interactions with the British, it remains relatively off the main tourist trail and is less visited by foreign tourists. Despite this, it is a notable destination for domestic visitors, offering a peaceful setting with ample parking and a refreshment shop for convenience.

Vizier (Brunei)
The Wazir (English: Vizier; Jawi: وزير) are a group of royal dignitaries within the Sultanate of Brunei whose position ranks the second-highest official in the country behind the Sultan. The Wazir had formerly held the position of the Sultan's highest official in the administration of the then-reigning government throughout Brunei's history, particularly during the times prior to and after the British protectorate (British Resident and Assistant British Resident). The core of Brunei's nobility consisted of this class of governmental offices, and it consists of a Perdana Wazir, and Wazir Empat under him. Notably, they are sometimes referred to as and acted as Senior Ministers.
Pir Murad
Pir Murad (Persian: پيرمورد, also Romanized as Pīr Mūrad) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, Bahmai-ye Garmsiri District, Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 6 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ شمالي) is in Mombi District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Gerd-e Kuchak. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh Mombi, now a city.
2022 Zavarovalnica Sava Portorož
The 2022 WTA Slovenia Open (also known as the Zavarovalnica Sava Portorož for sponsorship purposes) is a WTA 250 tournament play on outdoor hard courts. It is the 8th edition of the Slovenia Open. The 2022 event took place at the Tennis Club Portorož in Portorož, Slovenia from 12 to 18 September 2022.

The event was held on the second consecutive year in the alternative sporting calendar, however, it was one of the six tournaments that were given single-year WTA 250 licenses in September and October 2022 due to the cancellation of tournaments in China during the 2022 season because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the suspension of tournaments in China following former WTA player Peng Shuai's allegation of sexual assault against a Chinese government official.

WTA Slovenia Open
The Slovenia Open was a women's tennis tournament held in Portorož, Slovenia, originally from 2005 until 2010, and returned to the tour in 2021 and 2022. The WTA Tour event was a WTA International category, and then transitioned to its most recent variant, the WTA 250 category. It was played on outdoor hardcourts.

Katarina Srebotnik finished runner-up in the singles finals of 2005 and 2007, and in the doubles final in 2005.
Streaming Songs
The Streaming Songs chart is released weekly by Billboard magazine and lists each week's top streamed radio songs, on-demand songs and videos on leading online music services in the United States. The chart represents one of the three components, along with airplay (Hot 100 Airplay) and sales (Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Sales), that determine the chart positions of songs on the Billboard Hot 100, which ranks the most popular songs in the United States.

Billboard editorial director Bill Werde said that "Harlem Shake"'s success prompted them to enact the chart policy after two years of discussions with YouTube". The first number-one song on the chart was "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz on January 19, 2013.

Digital Song Sales
The Digital Song Sales (previously named Digital Songs and Hot Digital Songs) ranks the most downloaded songs in the United States, as compiled by Luminate and published by Billboard magazine. Although it originally started tracking song sales the week of October 30, 2004, it officially debuted in the issue dated January 22, 2005, and merged all versions of a song sold from digital music distributors. Its data was incorporated in the Hot 100 three weeks later. Since October 2004, digital sales have been incorporated into many of Billboard's music singles charts. The decision was based on the dramatic increase of the digital market while commercial single sales in a physical format were becoming negligible.

The first number one song on the Digital Song Sales chart was "Just Lose It" by Eminem. The chart's current number one as of the issue dated July 26, 2025 is 
"Ordinary" by Alex Warren.
Vazaha
Vazaha is a monotypic genus of East African araneomorph spiders in the family Cyatholipidae containing the single species, Vazaha toamasina. It was first described by C. E. Griswold in 1997, and has only been found in Madagascar.

Cyatholipidae
Cyatholipidae is a family of spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1894. Most live in moist montane forest, though several species, including Scharffia rossi, live in dry savannah regions. They occur in Africa, including Madagascar, New Zealand and Australia, and one species (Pokennips dentipes) in Jamaica. Most members of this family hang beneath sheet webs. Fossil species occur in the Eocene aged Bitterfield and Baltic Ambers, suggesting a wider geographic distribution in the past.
Khurshid of Tabaristan
Khurshid (Book Pahlavi: hwlšyt'; Tabari/Persian: اسپهبد خورشید, Spāhbed Khōrshīd 'General Khorshid'; 734–761), erroneously designated Khurshid II by earlier scholars, was the last Dabuyid ispahbadh of Tabaristan. He succeeded to the throne at an early age, and was supervised by his uncle as regent until he reached the age of fourteen. Khurshid  supported various rebellions and maintained diplomatic contacts with Tang China. Finally, the Abbasids conquered his country in 759–760, and captured most members of his family. Khurshid fled to Daylam, where he ended his life.

Wilferd Madelung
Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies. He was appreciated in Iran for his "knowledgeable and fair" treatment of the Shia perspective. In the obituary of the Institute of Ismaili Studies (London) where Madelung worked his last years, it reads: "With particular reference to religious schools and movements in early Islam, his studies, based on a vast array of primary sources, have enriched the discipline’s understanding of almost every major Muslim movement and community – not only early Imami Shi‘ism and the later developments of Twelver, Ismaili and Zaydi Islam but also the lesser known aspects of Sunni, Khariji and the Mu‘tazili schools of theology and philosophy."
Pakistan–United States relations
Pakistan and the United States established relations on 15 August 1947, a day after the independence of Pakistan, when the United States became one of the first nations to recognise the country.

The relationship between the two nations has been described as a "roller coaster" characterised by close coordination and lows marked by deep bilateral estrangement. Despite its troubled history, the Pakistani military once occupied an important place in American geopolitical strategy, and has been a major non-NATO ally since 2002. After Pakistan's participation in the Afghan peace process and the Taliban takeover in Afghanistan in 2021, a sizeable number of US policy makers are revisiting the United States' relations with Pakistan. At the same time, the strategic convergence of the United States and India has also brought greater pressure on Pakistani diplomacy.

Henry A. Byroade
General Henry Alfred Byroade (July 24, 1913 – December 31, 1993) was an American military engineer and later a career diplomat. Over the course of his career, he served in Egypt (1955–1956), South Africa (1956–1959), Afghanistan (1959–1962), Burma (1963–1968), the Philippines (1969–1973), and Pakistan (1973–1977). A 1937 graduate of West Point, he served in the China-Burma-India Theater during World War II, and oversaw the construction of airfields in India and in China for the Fourteenth Air Force and the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers of the Twentieth Air Force as part of Operation Matterhorn. After the war he was chief of staff to George C. Marshall with the Marshall Mission to China.
Central European Summer Time
Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year. It corresponds to UTC+02:00, which makes it the same as Eastern European Time, Central Africa Time, South African Standard Time, Egypt Standard Time and Kaliningrad Time in Russia.

Kaliningrad Time
Kaliningrad Time (KALT; Russian: калининградское время, romanized: kaliningradskoye vremya) is the time zone two hours ahead of UTC (UTC+02:00) and one hour behind Moscow Time (MSK−1). It is used in Kaliningrad Oblast.

Until 2011, Kaliningrad Time was identical to Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00; UTC+03:00 with daylight saving time). On 27 March 2011, Russia moved to permanent DST, switching Kaliningrad time permanently to UTC+03:00. On 26 October 2014, this law was reversed but daylight saving time was not reintroduced, so Kaliningrad is now permanently set to UTC+02:00.

Main cities:

Kaliningrad

Sovetsk

Chernyakhovsk
Avest
Avest (Dutch: [ˈaːvəst]; Achterhoeks: Auste; also Aves, Oves) is a hamlet in the municipality of Berkelland in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It is originally a hamlet that fell within the heerlijkheid of Borculo, the kerspel Groenlo and the voogdij of Beltrum. In 1552, Rosier van Bronckhorst was named as voogd of Eibergen, Neede, and Beltrum. From this voogdij, the municipality of Beltrum arose in the Batavian-French period, which was dissolved in 1819 and added to the municipality of Eibergen. Since January 1, 2005, Avest has been part of the municipality of Berkelland. The hamlet is located south of the Hupselse Beek. The Oude (Grolse) Beek runs through it. Part of the new regional industrial estate De Laarberg is located on land that once belonged to the marke of Avest.

Groenlo
Groenlo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣrunloː] ⓘ) is a city in the municipality of Oost Gelre, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands, on the German border, within a region in the province of Gelderland called the Achterhoek (literally: "back corner"). Groenlo was a municipality until 1 January 2005, when it merged with Lichtenvoorde. Until 19 May 2006 Groenlo was the official name of Oost Gelre. As of 1 January 2006 Groenlo, including its hamlet Zwolle, counted a population of 10,067. Groenlo is known locally and historically as Grolle, Groll or Grol.

Today, Groenlo is known primarily for its beer brewery Grolsch (literal meaning: "from Grol"), which was in business since 1615, but has been closed in 2004 when it moved to Boekelo. Grolsch produces many specialty beers (including beers for each season) and its beer is exported all over the world. Groenlo's military history is less well known today.
Back in the USSA
Back in the USSA is a 1997 collection of seven short stories by English writers Eugene Byrne and Kim Newman, which was published by Mark V. Ziesing Books.
The title is a reference to the song "Back in the U.S.S.R." by The Beatles. The stories are linked through their setting, an alternate history of the twentieth century in which the United States experienced a communist Second Revolution in 1917 and became a communist superpower, whereas Russia did not. Six of the stories first appeared in Interzone magazine, and the concluding story in the sequence, "On the Road", was written especially for the collection.

The Grapes of Wrath
The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award
and Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962.

Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes, and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work. Due to their nearly hopeless situation, and in part because they are trapped in the Dust Bowl, the Joads set out for California on the "mother road", along with thousands of other "Okies" seeking jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy. A Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was released in 1940.