hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Paul Kraus (Arabist)
Eliezer Paul Kraus (11 December 1904 – 10 or 12 October 1944) was a Jewish Arabist born in Prague. He is the author of a number of seminal works on early Arabic philosophy, with a special focus on Arabic alchemy and chemistry. Some of his writings on this subject are still standard reference works in the field today.

Having been educated in Prague and Berlin (where he studied under Julius Ruska), the rise of the Nazis in 1930s Germany forced him to move first to Paris and later to Cairo, where he died in 1944. He allegedly committed suicide or, according to family claims, was politically assassinated.

Rémi Brague
Rémi Brague (born 8 September 1947) is a French historian of philosophy specializing in Islamic, Jewish, and Christian thought of the Middle Ages. He is professor emeritus of Arabic and religious philosophy at the Sorbonne and Romano Guardini chair of philosophy (emeritus) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.

Twin-boom aircraft
A twin-boom aircraft has two longitudinal auxiliary spars, or "auxiliary booms" , that may contain ancillary components such as fuel tanks and/or provide a supporting structure for other items. Typically, twin tailbooms support the tail surfaces, although on some types such as the Rutan Model 72 Grizzly the booms run forward of the wing. The twin-boom configuration is distinct from twin-fuselage designs in that it retains a central fuselage.
Dusty Donovan and Lucy Montgomery
Dustin "Dusty" Donovan and Lucinda Marie "Lucy" Montgomery are fictional characters from the long running CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns, and have been deemed a very popular couple during their time together. Dusty, a character who's been with the show on and off since 1983,  was the older bad boy on the show, and Lucy, daughter of legacy characters Craig Montgomery and Sierra Esteban, was the spoiled younger brat. These aspects made them very popular among the fans.

Craig Montgomery
Craig Montgomery is a fictional character on the CBS soap opera As the World Turns. He has been portrayed by Scott Bryce from 1982 to 1991, 1993 to 1994 and 2007 to 2008, Hunt Block from 2000 to 2005, Jeffrey Meek from 2006 to 2007, and Jon Lindstrom from 2008 to 2010.
Kowloon East Cluster
Kowloon East Cluster (Chinese: 九龍東醫院聯網) is one of the seven hospital clusters managed by Hospital Authority in Hong Kong. It consists of three public hospitals and eight general outpatient clinics to provide public healthcare services for the population of Kwun Tong and part of Sai Kung Districts (including Tseung Kwan O). In mid-2012, the population was 1,012,000. The current Cluster Chief Executive is Dr Tom Kam-tim.

Hospital Authority
The Hospital Authority is a statutory body managing all the government hospitals and institutes in Hong Kong. It is under the governance of its board and is under the monitor of the Secretary for Health of the Hong Kong Government. Its chairman is Henry Fan.
Absolut Vodka
Absolut Vodka is a brand of vodka, produced near Åhus, in southern Sweden. Absolut is a part of the French group Pernod Ricard. Pernod Ricard bought Absolut for €5.63 billion in 2008 (equivalent to €7.59 billion in 2023) from the Swedish state. Absolut is one of the largest brands of spirits in the world (after Smirnoff and Bacardi) and is sold in 126 countries.

Smirnoff
Smirnoff (/ˈsmɪərnɒf/; Russian: [smʲɪrˈnof]) is a brand of vodka owned and produced by the British company Diageo. The Smirnoff brand began with a vodka distillery founded in Moscow by Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (1831–1898), but its modern incarnation traces back to the 1930s, by American liquor distributor Heublein. Distributed in 130 countries, it is manufactured in different countries depending on market, but is not currently produced in Russia or anywhere in Eastern Europe.

Smirnoff products include vodka, flavoured vodka, and malt beverages. In 2014, Smirnoff was the best selling vodka around the world.

The vodka is unaged, made using a traditional filtration method developed by P. A. Smirnov. Recipe No. 21 was created by Smirnov's son Vladimir after escaping Russia during the October Revolution.
Le Rêve (novel)
Le rêve (The Dream) is the sixteenth novel in the Rougon-Macquart series by Émile Zola. It is about an orphan girl who falls in love with a nobleman, and is set in the years 1860–1869.

The novel was published by Charpentier in October 1888 and translated into English by Eliza E. Chase as The Dream in 1893 (reprinted in 2005). Other recent translations are by Michael Glencross (Peter Owen 2005), Andrew Brown (Hesperus Press 2005), and Paul Gibbard (Oxford World's Classics 2018).

Les Rougon-Macquart
Les Rougon-Macquart (French pronunciation: [le ʁuɡɔ̃ makaʁ]) is a literary cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola. Subtitled Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire (Natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire), it follows the lives of the members of the two titular branches of a fictional family living during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) and is one of the most prominent works of the French naturalism literary movement.
Jogi ministry
The Ajit Jogi ministry was the inaugural Council of Ministers of the state of Chhattisgarh, formed after its separation from Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 2000. Led by Chief Minister Ajit Jogi, the ministry was composed of leaders from the Indian National Congress. The government remained in power until 7 December 2003, when it was succeeded by the First Raman Singh ministry following the state's first general assembly elections.

Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, is an Act of the Parliament of India which enabled the creation of Chhattisgarh state out of Madhya Pradesh. The law was introduced by the NDA government headed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to fulfil its election promise.
Diorama (Efteling)
The Diorama is a miniature world in Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands. The highly detailed mountainous world, or Diorama, was designed by Anton Pieck and opened in 1971, in honour of the 20th birthday of Efteling.

The visitors can walk around a 60 metre long show-case with mountains, little villages, castles and churches, moving trains and automobiles and flowing water. Most of the Diorama is set in day-time, but a smaller part is devoted to night-time

The landscape has been built entirely out of styrofoam. The Diorama is the first attraction with contributions of Ton van de Ven, the creative director of Efteling at that time. He made some sketches for it, but they weren't used for the Diorama; years later they were used for one of the scenes in the dark-ride Dreamflight.

The attraction was completely renovated in 2007, all rail tracks were replaced, switching mechanisms for the signals are removed and there are seven small attractions from the "real efteling" where added.

Ton van de Ven
Ton van de Ven (1 January 1944 – 16 September 2015) was a Dutch industrial designer. He is best known as the creative director at the Efteling theme park.

Van de Ven was born in Eindhoven, Netherlands, where he also studied at the Design Academy.
Efforts to impeach Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (often referred to as GMA) served as president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. During and after her presidency she faced multiple impeachment complaints (2005-2008), three high-profile military uprisings or coup attempts (the Oakwood mutiny, Oplan HACKLE, and the Manila Peninsula siege), and large protest moments tied to controversies such as EDSA III, the Hello Garci scandal, and the NBN–ZTE deal corruption scandal. None of the impeachment complaints advanced to a Senate trial; the  House of Representatives dismissed them at various stages.

Oplan HACKLE
Oplan HACKLE was a supposed plot by rebel soldiers in the Philippines to overthrow the Arroyo administration, foiled by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on February 24, 2006 (see Philippines under state of emergency, 2006).  Allegedly, the four-phase plot included a mass jailbreak of Magdalo mutineers and the unfolding of anti-government posters during a Philippine Military Academy reunion.

The rebel Magdalo soldiers are said to be working with the New People's Army, a communist military organization — The AFP claims "HACKLE" is an abbreviated form of "hammer and sickle".
Yuncheng County
Yuncheng (simplified Chinese: 郓城; traditional Chinese: 鄆城; pinyin: Yùnchéng) is a county in the southwest of Shandong province, China. It is the northernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Heze. It borders the Yellow River and Henan (Taiqian County and Fan County) to the north, Liangshan County to the northeast, Jiaxiang County to the east, Juye County to the southeast, and Mudan District to the southwest, and Juancheng County to the west. It stretches 44 km (27 mi) from north to south and 36 km (22 mi) from east to west.

Jiaxiang County
Jiaxiang County (simplified Chinese: 嘉祥县; traditional Chinese: 嘉祥縣; pinyin: Jiāxiáng Xiàn) is a county in the southwest of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Jining City.

The population was 871,920 in 2011.

The cultural heritage site of the Carved Stones in the Tombs of the Wu Family is in this county. In 1961, it was added to the list of national historical and cultural monuments. The county is also home to the temple of Zengzi, a Confucian disciple and philosopher. The Jining Qufu Airport is located in the southern part of the county.
West Elk Mountains
The West Elk Mountains are a high mountain range in the west-central part of the U.S. state of Colorado. They lie primarily within the Gunnison National Forest, and part of the range is protected as the West Elk Wilderness. The range is primarily located in Gunnison County, with small parts in eastern Delta and Montrose counties.

The West Elks are surrounded by tributaries of the Gunnison River. The range is bounded on the north by the North Fork of the Gunnison and on the east by the East River, another tributary of the Gunnison. On the south and west it is contiguous with Black Mesa and Fruitland Mesa, both part of the uplift in which sits the Black Canyon of the Gunnison. On the northeast it is contiguous with the Elk Mountains, being separated from them by Anthracite Creek and Coal Creek. Nearby towns include Gunnison, Paonia, and the ski resort of Crested Butte.

Gunnison, Colorado
Gunnison is a home rule municipality that is the county seat of and the most populous municipality in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 6,560 at the 2020 United States census. The city was named in honor of John W. Gunnison, a United States Army officer who surveyed for a transcontinental railroad in 1853. Gunnison is a college town, home to Western Colorado University.
Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł
Prince Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł (Lithuanian: Dominykas Mikalojus Radvila; 1643–1697) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic) and politician.

He was son of Court and Grand Marshal Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł and Princess Lucrezia Maria Strozzi. He married Anna Marianna Połubienska on 11 October 1660, and in 1692 the daughter of Grand Marshal and Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Anna Krystyna Lubomirska.

He was Ordynat of Kleck, Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania since 1681 and Grand Chancellor of Lithuania since 1690. He was also Starost of Lida, Radom, Pińsk, Tuchola and Gniew.

Through his son Jan, he was the great-grandfather of Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł.

Grand Chancellor of Lithuania
The Grand Chancellor of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos didysis kancleris) was one of the highest offices in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The office functioned from the middle of the 15th century until the end of the real union with the Kingdom of Poland in 1795 and its subsequent partition among Prussia, Russia and Austria. The chancellor possessed the Great Seal of Lithuania and had the Lithuanian Metrica at his disposal.
Snyder equal-area projection
Snyder equal-area projection is a polyhedral map projection used in the ISEA (Icosahedral Snyder Equal Area) discrete global grids. It is named for John P. Snyder, who developed the projection in the 1990s.

It is a modified Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection, most often applied to a polyhedral globe consisting of an icosahedron.

Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection
The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection is a particular mapping from a sphere to a disk. It accurately represents area in all regions of the sphere, but it does not accurately represent angles. It is named for the Swiss mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert, who announced it in 1772. "Zenithal" being synonymous with "azimuthal", the projection is also known as the Lambert zenithal equal-area projection.

The Lambert azimuthal projection is used as a map projection in cartography. For example, the National Atlas of the US uses a Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection to display information in the online Map Maker application, and the European Environment Agency recommends its usage for European mapping for statistical analysis and display. It is also used in scientific disciplines such as geology for plotting the orientations of lines in three-dimensional space. This plotting is aided by a special kind of graph paper called a Schmidt net.
Philosophical Topics
Philosophical Topics is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering all major areas of philosophy. Each thematic issue consists entirely of invited papers. Recent issues have been concerned with perception, agency, modern philosophy, identity, and free will. The journal is published by the University of Arkansas philosophy department and the University of Arkansas Press. The editor-in-chief is Ashley Purdy.

Philosophical Topics was established in 1970 as The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy and obtained its current title in 1981. All issues of both journals are available in electronic format from the Philosophy Documentation Center.

Philosophy Documentation Center
The Philosophy Documentation Center (PDC) is a non-profit publisher and resource center that provides access to scholarly materials in applied ethics, classics, philosophy, religious studies, and related disciplines. It publishes academic journals, conference proceedings, anthologies, and online research databases, often in cooperation with scholarly and professional associations. It also provides membership management and electronic publishing services, and hosts electronic journals, series, and other publications from several countries.
Ranfjorden
Ranfjorden is a fjord in the Helgeland district of Nordland county, Norway. The largest part of the fjord is in Rana Municipality, but the fjord also passes through the municipalities of Hemnes, Vefsn, Leirfjord, Nesna, and Dønna.

The Ranelva river meets the Ranfjord in at the town of Mo i Rana at the innermost part of the fjord. It then flows to the west for about 68 kilometres (42 mi) to where it meets the sea along the border of Dønna Municipality and Nesna Municipality.

The inner part of the fjord is lush, forested, and more heavily populated. The western parts of the fjord are narrow with steep sides and that area has few inhabitants. There is a narrow strait that connects to the Sørfjorden and Elsfjorden at the village of Hemnesberget. Two large rivers flow into the fjord: Ranelva and Røssåga. The European route E6 highway follows the part of the southern coast of the fjord on its way to Mo i Rana.

Vefsn Municipality
Vefsn (Southern Sami: Vaapste) is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Helgeland traditional region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Mosjøen (population: 9,843). Some of the notable villages in Vefsn include Drevvassbygda, Elsfjord, and Husvik.

The 1,929-square-kilometre (745 sq mi) municipality is the 41st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vefsn Municipality is the 91st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 13,469. The municipality's population density is 7 inhabitants per square kilometre (18/sq mi) and its population has increased by 1.4% over the previous 10-year period.
Standard test image
A standard test image is a digital image file used across different institutions to test image processing and image compression algorithms.  By using the same standard test images, different labs are able to compare results, both visually and quantitatively.

The images are in many cases chosen to represent natural or typical images that a class of processing techniques would need to deal with.  Other test images are chosen because they present a range of challenges to image reconstruction algorithms, such as the reproduction of fine detail and textures, sharp transitions and edges, and uniform regions.

Digital image processing
Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more), digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); and third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased.
Mathematical coincidence
A mathematical coincidence is said to occur when two expressions with no direct relationship show a near-equality which has no apparent theoretical explanation.

For example, there is a near-equality close to the round number 1000 between powers of 2 and powers of 10:

Some mathematical coincidences are used in engineering when one expression is taken as an approximation of another.

Narcissistic number
In number theory, a narcissistic number (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), an Armstrong number (after Michael F. Armstrong) or a plus perfect number) in a given number base  is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
Life Sciences Research Office
Life Sciences Research Organization (LSRO) is a non-profit organization based in Maryland, United States, that specializes in assembling "ad hoc" expert panels to evaluate scientific literature, data, systems, and proposals in the biomedical sciences.

Generally recognized as safe
Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) is a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts under the conditions of its intended use. An ingredient with a GRAS designation is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements.

Some examples of substances recognized as GRAS include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid, and salt, which are all commonly used in food preservation and flavoring. The concept of food additives being "generally recognized as safe" was first described in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and all additives introduced after this time had to be evaluated by new standards.
10th arrondissement of Marseille
The 10th arrondissement of Marseille is a district (arrondissement) in the city of Marseille. The district is located east of the city. It borders the 5th and 12th arrondissement in the north, the 11th in the east, the 9th in the south, the 8th in the southwest and the 6th in the west. It is governed locally together with the 9th arrondissement, with which it forms the 5th sector of Marseille.

12th arrondissement of Marseille
The 12th arrondissement of Marseille (French: 12e arrondissement de Marseille, "douzième", [duzjɛm‿aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃ də maʁsɛj]), commonly known as Marseille 12, is one of the 16 arrondissements of Marseille. It is governed locally together with the 11th arrondissement, with which it forms the 6th sector of Marseille.
Vladimir Vlasov
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Vlasov (Russian: Владимир Александрович Власов; 7 January 1903, Moscow – 7 September 1986, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian composer and conductor. He studied at the Moscow Conservatory from 1924 to 1931 under such teachers as Georgy Catoire, Abram Yampolsky, and Nikolai Zhilyayev. In 1936 he founded the Music and Drama Theatre in Frunze, working as the company's artistic director until 1942. He worked as the artistic director of the Moscow PO from 1942 to 1949. He was made a People's Artist of the RSFSR and of the Kirghiz SSR.

As a composer, Vlasov is known for his numerous operas, six of which were written in a Soviet government assigned collaboration with Vladimir Fere and Abdylas Maldybaev. The collective is usually hyphenated as Vlasov-Fere-Maldybaev, which also composed the Kirghiz national anthem.

Nikolai Zhilyayev (musicologist)
Nikolay Sergeyevich Zhilyayev (Russian: Никола́й Серге́евич Жиля́ев, Nikolaj Sergejevič Žiljajev; 18 November (N.S.) 1881 – 20 January 1938), was a musicologist, and the teacher of several 20th-century composers. He was a victim of political repression in the Soviet Union.

He was a pupil of Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov and Sergei Taneyev at the Moscow Conservatory in around 1904. He went on to teach there himself. His pupils included the composers Yevgeny Golubev, Aram Khachaturian, Lev Knipper, Alexei Fedorovich Kozlovsky, Alexei Vladimirovich Stanchinsky, Anatoly Nikolayevich Alexandrov and Samuil Evgenyevich Feinberg.

He was a member of the Russian Academy of Art-Sciences and of the State Institute of Musical Science. He wrote many essays.
London Detective Mysteria
London Detective Mysteria is a 2013 otome visual novel video game for the PlayStation Portable created by Karin Entertainment and published by Marvelous in Japan.

In 2016, Karin Entertainment self-published a PlayStation Vita port known as English Detective Mysteria: The Crown (英国探偵ミステリア: The Crown, Eikoku Tantei Mysteria: The Crown). This version includes extra scenarios, a slightly different voice cast and a new artist. This version of the game was released by Xseed Games in North America and Europe for PlayStation Vita and Microsoft Windows in 2019.

Xseed Games
Marvelous USA Inc., (formerly Xseed Games), is an American video game company founded in 2004 by former members of Square Enix USA with the goal to localize Japanese games for American market.

Xseed Games later became a subsidiary of Japanese game company Marvelous in 2011, providing the localization and publishing services for video games and related materials.

In 2024, the company only retained the Xseed Games brand for third-party published titles.