hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oswaldo Vigas
Oswaldo Vigas (August 4, 1923 – April 22, 2014) was a Venezuelan artist who worked as a painter, muralist, and sculptor. His body of work encompassed paintings, prints, drawings, ceramics, and tapestries. He integrated pre-Columbian with modernist and contemporary artistic currents. He lived and worked in France and Venezuela.

Central University of Venezuela
The Central University of Venezuela (Spanish: Universidad Central de Venezuela; UCV) is a public university located in Caracas, Venezuela. Founded in 1721, it is the oldest university in Venezuela and one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere.

The main university campus, Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and it is considered a masterpiece of urban planning and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.
2012 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco
The 2012 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco was the third round of the 2012 World Touring Car Championship season and the third running of the FIA WTCC Race of Morocco. It was held on 15 April 2012 at Marrakech Street Circuit in Marrakesh, Morocco. Both races were won by Chevrolet with Alain Menu winning race one and Yvan Muller winning race two.

FIA WTCR Race of Morocco
The FIA WTCR Race of Morocco (سباق المغرب) is a round of the World Touring Car Championship, held on the temporary Marrakech Street Circuit in the city of Marrakesh in Morocco.

The race was first run in May 2009 on a purpose-built track. It was the first international car race in Morocco since the 1958 Moroccan Grand Prix at the Ain-Diab Circuit in Casablanca. It is also the only WTCC race to ever take place in Africa. The race was scheduled to be the season opener for the 2014 season for the first time, taking the place of the FIA WTCC Race of Italy.

Moroccan driver Mehdi Bennani has taken the independents' victory twice when he finished ninth in both race one in 2009 and race two in 2012.
2002 Protection One 400
The 2002 Protection One 400 was the 29th stock car race of the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the second iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, September 29, 2002, before a crowd of 78,000 in Kansas City, Kansas, at Kansas Speedway, a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) permanent D-shaped oval racetrack. The race took the scheduled 267 laps to complete. At race's end, Jeff Gordon, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, would pull away on the final restart with three laps to go to win his 61st career NASCAR Winston Cup Series win and his third and final win of the season. To fill out the podium, Ryan Newman and Rusty Wallace, both driving for Penske Racing, would finish second and third, respectively.

Sterling Marlin suffered a neck injury from a crash during the race, which resulted in him missing the rest of the season.

Hollywood Casino 400
The Hollywood Casino 400 (known for sponsorship reasons as the Hollywood Casino 400 presented by ESPN BET) is a 400.5-mile (644.5 km) NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at Kansas Speedway in Kansas City, Kansas. This race is the fourth of ten races in the NASCAR Chase.

Chase Elliott is the defending winner of the race.
Successive-approximation ADC
A successive-approximation ADC (or SAR ADC) is a type of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that digitizes each sample from a continuous analog waveform using a binary search through all possible quantization levels.

Analog signal
An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any signal, typically a continuous-time signal, representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies in a manner analogous to the pressure of the sound waves.

In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized numeric values, typically but not necessarily in the form of a binary value. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization noise.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.
Relic of an Emissary
Relic of an Emissary (Chinese: 洪武三十二; literally "Hongwu 32") is a 2011 Hong Kong historical fiction television drama serial produced by TVB.

The 30-episode drama premiered 4 April 2011 on Hong Kong's TVB Jade and TVB HD Jade channels, airing five days a week. Wong Wai-sing, who produced TVB's The Academy trilogy series, serves as the drama's executive producer.

The drama is loosely based on the Jingnan campaign of the Ming Dynasty, a coup d'état that ended the Jianwen Emperor's brief four-year reign over Ming China. The Chinese title of the drama literally means "Hongwu 32", the 32nd year of the Hongwu Emperor's reign.

Empress Xu (Ming dynasty)
Empress Renxiaowen (仁孝文皇后; 5 March 1362 – 6 August 1407), of the Xu clan, was the empress consort to the Yongle Emperor and the third empress of the Chinese Ming dynasty. She was well educated, compiling bibliographies of virtuous women, an activity connected with court politics.
French ship Triomphant (1675)
The Triomphant was a ship of the line of the French Royal Navy. One of two sisterships designed and built by Laurent Hubac (the other was the Belliqueux). Started as Brave in Brest and launched on 20 June 1675, she was renamed Constant six days later, and completed in 1676; she was renamed Triomphant on 28 June 1678. She took part in the Battle of Beachy Head on July 10, 1690, and in the Battle of Barfleur on May 29, 1692.

Following the latter battle, she retreated in a battered condition to Cherbourg, along with two larger warships - the Soleil Royal and Admirable. There the three ships were attacked by English warships on 1 June 1692. This attack was beaten off, but on the following day the English employed fireships and the Admirable was set alight and burnt by the English fireship HMS Woolf.

French ship Admirable (1691)
Admirable was a First Rank three-decker ship of the line of the French Royal Navy. She was intended to be armed with 88 guns (like the similar Orgueilleux built alongside her at Lorient), but was modified during construction and completed with 82 guns, comprising six huge 48-pounders plus eighteen 36-pounder guns on the lower deck, twenty-eight 18-pounder guns on the middle deck, and twenty-four 8-pounder guns on the upper deck, with six 6-pounder guns on the quarterdeck.

Designed and constructed by Laurent Coulomb, she was begun at Lorient Dockyard in September 1690 and launched on 10 September of the following year. She was completed in March 1692 and took part in the Battle of Barfleur on 29 May 1692; damaged in that battle, she was run ashore at Cherbourg where she was burnt by boats from Englkish warships on 1 June 1692. A replacement for her was built at Lorient later the same year by Laurent Coulomb.
Category of compactly generated weak Hausdorff spaces
In mathematics, the category of compactly generated weak Hausdorff spaces, CGWH, is a category used in algebraic topology as an alternative to the category of topological spaces, Top, as the latter lacks some properties that are common in practice and often convenient to use in proofs. There is also such a category for the CGWH analog of pointed topological spaces, defined by requiring maps to preserve base points.

The articles compactly generated space and weak Hausdorff space define the respective topological properties. For the historical motivation behind these conditions on spaces, see Compactly generated space#Motivation. This article focuses on the properties of the category.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Manjhi – The Mountain Man
Manjhi – The Mountain Man is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language biographical film based on the life of Dashrath Manjhi widely known as the "Mountain Man", was a poor labourer in Gehlaur village, near Gaya in Bihar, India, who carved a path 9.1 metres (30 ft) wide and 110 metres (360 ft) long through a hill 7.6 metres (25 ft) high, using only a hammer and chisel. The film is directed by Ketan Mehta, jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and NFDC India. Upon release the film received positive critical acclaim.

Nawazuddin Siddiqui enacted the role of Dashrath Manjhi, while Radhika Apte played Manjhi's wife. The film was released worldwide on 21 August 2015. Prior to its release preview copy of movie leaked on the web on 10 August 2015. The Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) cyber police station had registered a case against few accused of leaking the movie. The Bihar State Government declared the film tax-free on 30 July 2015.

Viacom18 Studios
Viacom18 Studios was an Indian film distribution and production company. It was a subsidiary of JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Based in Mumbai, it was one of the first studio model based motion picture & content production business in India, with an operation that involves acquisition, production, syndication, marketing and worldwide distribution of full-length feature films as well as digital only films, web series, short films.

Due to Viacom being one of the partners in the company at that time, they also distribute films from Paramount Pictures in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka since 2011, starting with Transformers: Dark of the Moon.

Following the merger of Viacom18 and Disney Star, the company was merged with Star Studios, Disney Star's production company, to form Star Studio18.
Narambuenatitan
Narambuenatitan is a genus of lithostrotian titanosaur sauropod from late Cretaceous (lower-middle Campanian stage) deposits of northern Patagonia of Argentina. Narambuenatitan is known from the holotype MAU-Pv-N-425, an incomplete skeleton. It was collected in 2005 and 2006 from the Anacleto Formation (Neuquén Group) in northern Patagonia. It was first named by Leonardo S. Filippi, Rodolfo A. García and Alberto C. Garrido in 2011 and the type species Narambuenatitan palomoi. The generic name refers to Puesto Narambuena. The specific name honours the discoverer, Salvador Palomo.

Narmabuenatitan was assigned to the clade Lithostrotia in a trichotomy with Epachthosaurus and the more derived clade Eutitanosauria.

Anacleto Formation
The Anacleto Formation is a geologic formation with outcrops in the Argentine Patagonian provinces of Mendoza, Río Negro, and Neuquén. It is the youngest formation within the Neuquén Group and belongs to the Río Colorado Subgroup. Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Anacleto Formation was known as the Anacleto Member.

The type locality of this formation lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city of Neuquén. At its base, the Anacleto Formation conformably overlies the Bajo de la Carpa Formation, also of the Río Colorado Subgroup, and it is in turn unconformably overlain by the Allen Formation of the younger Malargüe Group.

The Anacleto Formation varies between 60 and 90 metres (200 and 300 ft) thick, and consists mainly of claystones and mudstones, purple and dark red in color, deposited in fluvial, lacustrine and floodplain environments. Geodes are often found scattered throughout this formation.
Rohde & Schwarz
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG  (/ˈroʊdə ... ˈʃwɔːrts/ ROH-də ... SHWORTS, German: [ˈʁoːdə ʔʊnt ˈʃvaʁts]) is a German multinational electronics group specializing in the fields of electronic test equipment, broadcast & media, cybersecurity, radiomonitoring and radiolocation, and radiocommunication. The company also provides products for wireless communications, the electronics industry, aerospace and defense, homeland security and critical infrastructures.

In addition to the Munich headquarters, there are regional headquarters in the United States (Columbia, Maryland) and in Asia (Singapore). Worldwide the company has a total of more than 15,000 employees in over 70 countries.

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
Index of law articles
This collection of lists of law topics collects the names of topics related to law. Everything related to law, even quite remotely, should be included on the alphabetical list, and on the appropriate topic lists.  All links on topical lists should also appear in the main alphabetical listing. The process of creating lists is ongoing – these lists are neither complete nor up-to-date – if you see an article that should be listed but is not (or one that shouldn't be listed as legal but is), please update the lists accordingly. You may also want to include Wikiproject Law talk page banners on the relevant pages.

Indictment
An indictment (/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ in-DYTE-mənt) is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offense is a felony. Jurisdictions that do not use that concept often use that of an indictable offence, which is an offence that requires an indictment.
Lynovytsia
Lynovytsia (Ukrainian: Линовиця) is a rural settlement in Pryluky Raion, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine. The Lynovytsia is located in the southern part of the Chernihiv Oblast, within the Dnieper Lowland. The village was first mentioned in 1629. It hosts the administration of Lynovytsia settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population is 2,574 (2022 estimate).

Pyriatyn
Pyriatyn (Ukrainian: Пирятин, pronounced [pɪˈrʲɑtɪn]) is a city in Poltava Oblast, Ukraine. It served as the administrative center of Pyriatyn Raion until its abolishment in 2020. The city is located on the Dnieper Lowland, in the forest-steppe natural zone. The city of Pyriatyn is an important industrial center of Poltava region. Population: 14,988 (2022 estimate).
Environmental issues in Georgia (country)
Situated in the South Caucasus Region bordered by the Black Sea to the West, the Russian Federation to the North, Azerbaijan to the East, Turkey to the Southwest, and Armenia to the South, Georgia is a small country supplied with profitable natural resources, heavenly scenes, copious water assets, rich living spaces, and ecosystems that are of local and worldwide significance.

Economic development is a reason for the country's welfare, which may affect the environment and natural resources negatively. The experience of developed countries has proven that pursuit for economic growth can exacerbate environment and natural resource problems. Some major environmental issues include: land and forest degradation, pollution, and waste management that lead to climate change and biodiversity loss. Georgia implements policies to help alleviate their environmental problems.

Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.

Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Degrading land, emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events.
Powdery mildew (oaks)
Oaks (plants in the genus Quercus) have likely been hosts of powdery mildews since the pathogens first evolved in the Late Cretaceous. As a result, there is a very high diversity of powdery mildews on these hosts, with human trade in the host plant ensuring powdery mildew on oak can be found on every continent bar Antarctica.

Quercus toumeyi
Quercus toumeyi, the Toumey oak, is a North American species of tree in the beech family. It is found in northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It grows in Sonora, Chihuahua, Arizona, New Mexico, and the extreme westernmost tip of Texas (Franklin Mountains north of El Paso).

Quercus toumeyi is a deciduous or subevergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray, almost black. The leaves are tiny for the genus, rarely more than 3 centimetres (1+1⁄4 inches) long, green and shiny on the top, and dull gray on the underside.
Pioneer MRT station
Pioneer MRT station is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is part of the East–West Line and serves the residential estate of Pioneer. The station is located along Jurong West Street 63 and provides a convenient mode of transportation for residents and visitors to the area.

Despite its name, Pioneer station is not physically located within the Pioneer planning area. Rather, its name was derived from Pioneer Road North, a major road to the west of the station that travels in the north–south direction. Pioneer station is currently the nearest MRT station to the Nanyang Technological University until 2029 when Nanyang Gateway and Nanyang Crescent stations along the Jurong Region Line opens.

It is one of two above-ground stations on the MRT network with a privacy screen built along the track of the eastbound platform to ensure the privacy of nearby residents; the other station is Marsiling MRT station.

Nanyang Gateway MRT station
Nanyang Gateway MRT station is a future elevated Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the Jurong Region Line in Western Water Catchment, Singapore. The station will be located within the Nanyang Technological University (NTU).
Istishab
Istiṣḥāb (Arabic: استصحاب transl. continuity) is an Islamic term used in the jurisprudence to denote the principle of the presumption of continuity. It is derived from an Arabic word suhbah meaning accompany. It is one of the fundamental principles of the legal deduction that presumes the continuation of a fact. It is based on probability and can be applied in the absence of other proofs.

Istishab, an initiative of ash-Shafii, is the rationalistic principle of extracting a legal solution according to which changes are not considered to occur until clear signs of these changes are apparent. It serves as the basis for many legal rulings such as the presumption of innocence—the person is regarded as innocent unless proven guilty. Malik ibn Anas and ash-Shafii regarded it to be a proof until it is contradicted. Several classical jurists differed over this principle with some Hanafi jurists refusing to regard it as an evidence. It is now widely employed by the contemporary scholars.

Al-Shafi'i
Al-Shafi'i (Arabic: الشَّافِعِيّ, romanized: al-Shāfiʿī; IPA: [a(l) ʃaːfiʕiː] ⓘ;767–820 CE) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, muhaddith, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He is known to be the first to write a book upon the  principles of Islamic jurisprudence, having authored one of the earliest work on the subject: al-Risala. His legacy and teaching on the matter provided it with a systematic form, thereby "fundamentally influencing the succeeding generations which are under his direct and obvious impact,": 270  and "beginning a new phase of the development of legal theory.": 239–273

Born in Gaza, Palestine, to the Banu Muttalib clan of the Quraysh tribe, he relocated at the age of two and was raised in Mecca. He later resided in Medina, Yemen, Baghdad in Iraq, and Egypt, and also served as a judge for some time in Najran.
Velazquez v. Bondi
Velazquez v. Bondi, 604 U.S. 712, is a United States Supreme Court case holding that voluntary departure deadlines that end on a weekend or public holiday are automatically extended to the following business day for the purposes of filing a post-decision motion to reopen or reconsider immigration removal proceedings.

Title 8 of the United States Code
Title 8 of the United States Code is a non-positive law title of the United States Code with the heading "Aliens and Nationality."  The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 is principally editorially codified to chapter 12 of Title 8.  The heading of the title was originally "Aliens and Citizenship" (1926) but it was changed to its current heading, "Aliens and Nationality," starting with the 1940 edition of the U.S. Code.
1983 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1983 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships took place between June 18–20 at IUPUI Track and Soccer Stadium on the campus of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis in Indianapolis, Indiana. The meet was organized by The Athletics Congress.

The Marathon championships were the San Francisco Marathon for men and the Avon International Marathon for women.

In addition to being the National Championship, it was the selection meet to international teams including for the 1983 World Championships in Athletics.

This meet is famous for Carl Lewis' 200 meters, where after clearly separating from his competitors. he began celebrating more than 10 meters from the finish.  Presumed to have slowed because of the celebration, Lewis missed Pietro Mennea's altitude assisted world record by .03.  While he won the Olympic gold medal the following year, Lewis would never run faster.

1983 World Championships in Athletics
The 1st World Championships in Athletics (Finnish: Yleisurheilun maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 1983; Swedish: Världsmästerskapen i friidrott 1983) were run under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations and were held at the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki, Finland between 7 and 14 August 1983. Despite the existence of previously held championship events in both 1976 and 1980, this 1983 championship was marked as the inaugural World Championship.
Gamhariya, Nepal
Gamhariya was a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.

Just before the 2017 Nepalese local elections, it was merged with five other village development committees—Samanpur, Sangrampur, Bahuwa Madanpur, Dharampur, and Bariyarpur—to form Gadhimai Municipality.

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3851 people living in 729 individual households.

After Panchayat Kaal, the official name of this village development committee became "Gamhariya" but still not amended in some statistics data and refers it as Gamhariya Parsa.

The village development committee has nine wards. Half of Ward 1 comprises in Parsa village, rest of ward 1 and wards 2,3,4 and 5 in Gamhariya village and remaining wards 6,7,8 and 9 in Laxmipur village as sub locality.

In 2012, the estimated population of this VDC was around 5000.

Dharampur, Rautahat
Dharampur  was a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal.

Just before 2017 Nepalese local elections, it was merged with other 5 Village development committees  samanpur, Sangrampur, Bahuwa Madanpur, Gamhariya and Bariyarpur to form Gadhimai Municipality.

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 7600 people living in 1561 individual households. Mostly Yadav caste in dharampur village.