hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thermal efficiency
In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.

For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance or COP) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.

Heat capacity ratio
In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) to heat capacity at constant volume (CV). It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by γ (gamma) for an ideal gas or κ (kappa), the isentropic exponent for a real gas. The symbol γ is used by aerospace and chemical engineers.

where C is the heat capacity,  the molar heat capacity (heat capacity per mole), and c the specific heat capacity (heat capacity per unit mass) of a gas. The suffixes P and V refer to constant-pressure and constant-volume conditions respectively.

The heat capacity ratio is important for its applications in thermodynamical reversible processes, especially involving ideal gases; the speed of sound depends on this factor.
Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg
Henry II of Münsterberg (c. 1396 – 11 March 1420) was Duke of Münsterberg (Ziębice) since 1410 until his death (as co-ruler of his brother John I).

He was the third son of Duke Bolko III of Münsterberg by his wife Euphemia, daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom.

Bolesław of Bytom
Bolesław of Bytom (1330 – c. 4 October 1355) was a duke of Koźle from 1347 and Duke of Bytom from 1352 to his death.

He was the second son of Duke Władysław of Bytom but the eldest by his second wife Ludgarda, daughter of Henry II the Lion, Prince of Mecklenburg and Lord of Stargard.
Jdeidat Artouz
Jdeidat Artouz (Arabic: جديدة عرطوز, also spelled Jdeidet Artouz) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located southwest of Damascus. Nearby localities include Qatana to the west, Artouz to the south, Khan al-Shih to the southeast, and Darayya to the northeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Jdeidat Artouz had a population of 45,000 in the 2004 census.

The presence of Druze around Mount Hermon is documented since the founding of the Druze religion in the beginning of the 11th century.

However, the town has a mixed population of Sunni Muslims, Greek Orthodox Christians, Greek Catholics, Druze and Alawites. Christians and Druze primarily live in the southern district of Jdeidat Artouz al-Balad, while Sunnis primarily live in the northern district of Jdeidat al-Fadel and also in Jdeidat Artouz al-Balad.

Qatana
Qatana (Arabic: قَطَنَا, romanized: Qaţanā) is a city in southern Syria, administratively part of the Qatana District of Rif Dimashq Governorate. Qatana has an altitude of 879 meters. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 33,996 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the Qatana Subdistrict, which contained 19 localities with a collective population of 147,451 in 2004. The population reflects Syria's general religious diversity, and is made up primarily of Sunni Muslims, with minorities of Greek Orthodox Christians, Assyrians (mostly Syriac Catholics), Druze and Alawites.
Wiprecht of Groitzsch
Wiprecht (or Wigbert) of Groitzsch (died 22 May 1124) was the Margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark from 1123 until his death. A favourite in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, Wiprecht fought against Rudolf of Rheinfelden and Pope Gregory VII and later joined in a rebellion against the imperial successor, Henry V.

James Westfall Thompson
James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941) was an American historian specializing in the history of medieval and early modern Europe, particularly of the Holy Roman Empire and France. He also made noteworthy contributions to the history of literacy, libraries and the book trade in the Middle Ages.
PGA-ASU School of Nursing
The PGA-ASU School of Nursing is a collaboration between Aklan State University and the Provincial Government of Aklan. It was envisioned to provide affordable Nursing education to the people of Aklan by then Governor Carlito Marquez.

Aklan State University
Aklan State University (ASU; Filipino: Pamantasang Pampamahalaan ng Aklan) is a provincial state university in Aklan province, Philippines. Its seat of governance is in ASU - Banga, with four other campuses across the province. ASU focuses on agriculture, fishery, arts and sciences, engineering and technology, and education.

Formerly known as the Aklan State College of Agriculture and the Aklan Agricultural College, the institution gained university status on April 4, 2001, with the signing of Republic Act 9055 by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
Maine State Route 209
State Route 209  (SR 209) is a state route in the U.S. state of Maine. It runs from the intersection of Popham Road and Sea Street in the Phippsburg community of Popham Beach to an interchange with U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Bath. The entire route is in Sagadahoc County. At its southern end, state maintenance of Popham Road continues past Sea Street to the entrance to Fort Popham.

U.S. Route 1 in Maine
U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in the U.S. state of Maine is a major north–south section of the United States Numbered Highway System, serving the eastern part of the state. It parallels the Atlantic Ocean from New Hampshire north through Portland, Brunswick, and Belfast to Calais, and then the St. Croix River and the rest of the Canada–United States border via Houlton to Fort Kent. The portion along the ocean, known as the Coastal Route, provides a scenic alternate to Interstate 95 (I-95).
FC Bakhchisaray
FC Bakhchisaray (Russian: ФК "Бахчисарай") was a football team based in Bakhchisaray, 
Crimea.

The club was founded in 2015. The initiator of the creation of the professional football club "Bakhchisaray" was the head of the city administration of Bakhchisaray, Vladimir Verkhovod. Also at the origins of the formation of the club was a local businessman Dzhelil Bektash. The professional club was created on the basis of the municipal autonomous institution "Institute for the Development of Bakhchisaray".

In 2017, after the relegation from the Crimean Premier League, the club was moved to Simferopol.

Bakhchysarai
Bakhchysarai is a city in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Bakhchysarai Raion (district), as well as the former capital of the Crimean Khanate. Its main landmark is Hansaray, the only extant palace of the Crimean Khans, currently open to tourists as a museum. Population: 27,448 (2014 Census).

Since the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, it has been occupied by the Russian Federation.
Coca-Cola Cherry
Coca-Cola Cherry, also referred to by its original name Cherry Coke, is a cherry-flavored version of Coca-Cola. It is produced and distributed by the Coca-Cola Company and its bottlers in the United States and some international markets. Coca-Cola Cherry was originally launched in 1985, the very first flavored cola to be distributed by the company, and their second ever product extending the original Coca-Cola brand following the launch of Diet Coke in 1982. Today there are also no-calorie variants based on Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero Sugar. In addition, the drink is also available microdispensed through Coca-Cola's Freestyle vending machines.

Coca-Cola Zero Sugar
Coca-Cola Zero Sugar, also known as Coca-Cola No Sugar, commonly known as Coke Zero, is a diet soda produced by the Coca-Cola Company. The drink was introduced in 2005 as Coca-Cola Zero, designed to be a no-calorie equivalent of the company's flagship cola drink, Coca-Cola, with artificial sweeteners in place to imitate the sugar taste. It is distinct from the company's earlier Diet Coke product which was based on an entirely different formula. In 2016–2017, the drink was reformulated and the name changed to Coca-Cola Zero Sugar (with language variations for some regions), and the drink was reformulated again in 2021.
Mission Accomplished (The Wire)
"Mission Accomplished" is the 12th and final episode of the third season of the HBO original series The Wire. The episode was written by David Simon from a story by David Simon & Ed Burns and was directed by Ernest Dickerson. It originally aired on December 19, 2004.

Dennis "Cutty" Wise
Dennis "Cutty" Wise is a fictional character inspired by real-life boxing trainer Calvin Ford on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Chad Coleman. Wise is a reformed criminal who sets up a boxing gym for neighborhood children. The name "Dennis Wise" was taken from an actual Baltimore contract killer who is serving a life sentence in prison. The nickname "Cutty" originates from the character serving time in the Maryland State Penitentiary in Jessup, Maryland, which was nicknamed "The Cut".
2014 Reinert Open
The 2014 Reinert Open was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Versmold, Germany, on 30 June–6 July 2014.

Reinert Open
The Reinert Open is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $100,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Versmold, Germany, since 2008.
Freud (TV serial)
Freud, also known as Freud: the Life of a Dream, is a 1984 BBC television serial based on the life and times of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. David Suchet stars as Freud. The 6-part production is 360 minutes in duration.

Jean-Martin Charcot
Jean-Martin Charcot (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko]; 29 November 1825 – 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He worked on groundbreaking work about hypnosis and hysteria, in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes. Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at least 15 medical eponyms, including various conditions sometimes referred to as Charcot diseases.

Charcot has been referred to as "the father of French neurology and one of the world's pioneers of neurology". His work greatly influenced the developing fields of neurology and psychology; modern psychiatry owes much to the work of Charcot and his direct followers. He was the "foremost neurologist of late nineteenth-century France" and has been called "the Napoleon of the neuroses".
Hoodies All Summer
Hoodies All Summer is the sixth studio album by British rapper Kano. The album was released on 30 August 2019 by Parlophone Records and Bigger Picture Music. It follows the album Made in the Manor which was released in 2016. It includes guest appearances from Ghetts, D Double E, Popcaan, Kojo Funds and Lil Silva, with production handled by Blue May and Jodi Milliner.

Made in the Manor
Made in the Manor is the fifth studio album by English rapper Kano. The album was released on 4 March 2016 by Parlophone Records and Bigger Picture Music. It is Kano's first album release for six years following Method to the Maadness (2010), featuring guest appearances from Wiley, Giggs, Jme and Damon Albarn. The production was handled by frequent collaborators Mikey J, Fraser T Smith, Blue May and Damon Albarn, alongside Jodi Milliner, Kwes, Mele, Rustie, Sam Beste, Swifta Beater and Zeph Ellis.

The album received positive reviews from critics and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 8, becoming Kano's highest-charting album in his career. It was shortlisted for the Mercury Prize in 2016. It also won 'Best Album' in the 2016 MOBO Awards.
Standing start
A standing start is a type of start in auto racing events, in which cars are stationary when the race begins (different to the rolling start, where cars are paced). Some categories of land speed record also require a standing start, although the absolute land speed record uses a flying start, where the vehicle has reached its top speed by the starting point of the timer.

Off-road racing
Off-road racing is a form of motorsports consisting of specially-modified vehicles including cars, SUVs, trucks, motorbikes, quadbikes and buggies racing in off-road environments (e.g. snow, dirt, mud, etc.).
Kārākāt
Kārākāt is a village and corresponding Community Development Block in Rohtas district of Bihar, India. As of 2011, the village of Karakat has a population of 2563, in 400 households; the total population of Karakat block is 209,284.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Portmanteau (luggage)
A portmanteau is a piece of luggage, usually made of leather and opening into two equal parts. Some are large, upright, and hinged at the back and enable hanging up clothes in one half, while others are much smaller bags (such as Gladstone bags) with two equally sized compartments.

The word derives from the French word portemanteau (from porter, "to carry", and manteau, "coat") which nowadays means a coat rack but was in the past also used to refer to a traveling case or bag for clothes. By metaphorical extension, originating with the author Lewis Carroll, the portmanteau now lends its name to a type of word composing two merged parts.

Baggage
Baggage, or luggage, consists of bags, cases, and containers which hold a traveler's personal articles while the traveler is in transit. A modern traveler can be expected to have packages containing clothing, toiletries, small possessions, trip necessities. On the return trip, travelers may have souvenirs and gifts. For some people, baggage and the style thereof is 
representative of the owner's wealth and status. Baggage is constructed to protect the items during travel either with a hard shell or a durable soft material. Baggage often has internal subdivisions or sections to aid in securing items. Handles are typically provided to facilitate carrying, and some baggage may have wheels and/or telescoping handles or leashes to make moving them easier.

Baggage (not luggage), or baggage train, can also refer to the train of people and goods, both military and of a personal nature, which commonly followed pre-modern armies on campaign.
Mannenji Temple
Mannenji temple is a  temple dedicated to the Jodo sect of Buddhism. It is located in the town of Iwamizawa, Japan. It is known to house the haunted doll Okiku. There are many versions of how the doll arrived at the temple, but all involve a girl dying and her family leaving the doll there.

Iwamizawa
Iwamizawa (岩見沢市, Iwamizawa-shi) is a city in Sorachi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital of Sorachi Subprefecture.

As of July 31, 2023, the city had an estimated population of 75,949 and the density of 158 persons per km2. The total area is 481.02 km2 (186 sq mi).

On March 27, 2006, the town of Kurisawa, and the village of Kita (both from Sorachi District, Sorachi Subprefecture) merged into Iwamizawa.
Minnesota's 1A House of Representatives district
District 1A of Minnesota is one of 134 districts in the Minnesota House of Representatives. Located in northwest Minnesota, the district comprises all of Kittson, Marshall, Pennington, and Roseau counties. The district is represented by Republican John Burkel since January 2021.

District 1A is located within Minnesota's 1st Senate district, alongside district 1B.

Roseau County, Minnesota
Roseau County (/roʊˈzoʊ/) is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota, along the Canada–U.S. border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,331. Its county seat is Roseau. Roseau County borders the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Part of the Red Lake Indian Reservation is in Roseau County.
Bruno Frick
Bruno Frick (born 31 May 1953) is a Swiss politician of the Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC). Frick has been a member of the Swiss Council of States for the Canton of Schwyz since 1991. In 2005, he was president of the Council of States.

Council of States (Switzerland)
The Council of States is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, the other house  being the National Council. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism.

It comprises 46 members. Twenty of the country's cantons are represented by two councillors each. Six cantons, traditionally called "half cantons", are represented by one councillor each for historical reasons. These are Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden. The councillors serve for four years, and are not bound in their vote to instructions from the cantonal authorities.
Euro-Skulptur
The Euro-Skulptur (German for Euro sculpture) by Ottmar Hörl set up at Willy-Brandt-Platz in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is one of two copies of the work that have been put on public display. It is a 14-metre (46 ft) tall electronic sign that shows a Euro sign and twelve stars around, weighing 50 tonnes (55 short tons).

Euro sign
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone. The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. It consists of a stylized letter E (or epsilon), crossed by two lines instead of one. Depending on convention in each nation, the symbol can either precede or follow  the value, e.g., €10 or 10 €, often with an intervening space.
Mianus River Bridge
The Mianus River Bridge is a span that carries Interstate 95 (Connecticut Turnpike) over the Mianus River, between Cos Cob and Riverside, Connecticut. It is the second bridge on the site. The original bridge collapsed in 1983, resulting in the deaths of three motorists. The replacement span is officially named the Michael L. Morano Bridge, after a state senator Michael L. Morano who represented Greenwich, was completed in 1992.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Muttumon
Muttumon is a village in Koipuram panchayat. It is a part of Thiruvalla taluk and Pathanamthitta district and is considered a part of Kumbanad town. Pullad is just two km away. Muttumon is located on the Thiruvalla-Kumbazha highway, also known as Sh-07.

Kumbanad
Kumbanad is a small Town in Thiruvalla Sub-District. It is part of Thiruvalla Taluk & Thiruvalla Revenue Division of Pathanamthitta district in the State of Kerala.
It is an important town situated on T.K. Road, equidistant  from Eraviperoor and Pullad; which are at a distance of 3 km.
Chortiatis massacre
The Chortiatis Massacre (Greek: Σφαγή του Χορτιάτη) was a violent reprisal by the Greek collaborationist Security Battalions and German army troops during the Axis Occupation of Greece. On 2 September 1944, a platoon of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) fighters ambushed a government water supply column outside Chortiatis village. Several hours later an Axis punitive expedition into the area led to the destruction of the village and the parallel execution of 146 of its citizens, most of whom were women and children.

Asvestochori, Thessaloniki
Asvestochori (Greek: Ασβεστοχώρι) is a small town and a community of the Pylaia-Chortiatis municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Chortiatis, of which it was a municipal district. The 2021 census recorded 6,551 inhabitants in the community. The community of Asvestochori covers an area of 34.344 km2.

Under the Turkish rule name of the town was called Kireç (lit. lime). It is reported that during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey a guest house that can accommodate 5000 immigrants was built by Red Crescent in Kireç.
New Medium Helicopter
The New Medium Helicopter (NMH) is a British military programme to procure up to 44 medium-lift support helicopters to replace the Westland Puma HC2 and initially, the Bell 412 Griffin operated by the Royal Air Force; and the Bell 212 and Airbus AS365 Dauphin operated by the British Army. It is expected the new aircraft will enter service during the late-2020s. By the mid 2020s, only the Puma HC2 is intended for replacement, the other types have already been retired or will remain in service.

Three manufacturers originally competed for the contract, Airbus Helicopters offering the H175M, Leonardo Helicopters offering the AW149 and Lockheed Martin offering the S-70M Blackhawk. In August 2024, only Leonardo had submitted a bid by the required deadline. The bid is expected to be reviewed during 2025, when a contract is also expected to be awarded.

Sikorsky Aircraft
Sikorsky Aircraft is an American aircraft manufacturer based in Stratford, Connecticut. It was established by the Russian-American aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky in 1923, and was among the first companies to manufacture helicopters for civilian and military use. It also produced seaplanes for passenger transport and surface vehicles such as trains and boats.

Sikorsky was owned by United Technologies Corporation until November 2015, when it was sold to Lockheed Martin.
Nuri Kino
Nuri Kino, (born February 25, 1965, in Tur Abdin), is a Swedish-Assyrian award-winning investigative journalist, documentary filmmaker, author and human rights expert. He is the author of several nonfiction books, and hundreds of stories and reports from the Middle East, western and eastern Europe as well as Africa over the past two decades. He has won awards for his reporting on human-rights issues, and is the founder of human rights organization A Demand For Action (ADFA) which advocates for persecuted minorities in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and elsewhere in the Middle East.

Jenny Nordberg
Jenny Nordberg is a New York-based, Swedish journalist best known for her book The Underground Girls of Kabul: In Search of a Hidden Resistance in Afghanistan (ISBN 978-0307952493) published by Crown Publishing Group (New York, NY) in 2014.