hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Țara Hațegului
Țara Hațegului ("Hațeg Land"; German: Wallenthal, Hungarian: Hátszegvidék, Latin: terra Harszoc) is a historical and ethnographical area in Hunedoara County, Romania, in the south-western corner of Transylvania. It is centered in the town of Hațeg.

Țara Hațegului is located in the Depression of Hațeg. Here there are: the site of Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (the capital of the Roman Dacia, established in the 2nd century A.D.), the Densuș Church and palaeontological remains (see Hațeg Island and Hatzegopteryx).

Under the Kingdom of Hungary, the Hátszeg District was part of Hunyad County.

The region is composed of one town and ten communes: Hațeg, Baru, Densuș, General Berthelot, Pui, Răchitova, Râu de Mori, Sarmizegetusa, Sălașu de Sus, Sântămăria-Orlea and Totești.

General Berthelot
General Berthelot (Fărcădinul de Jos until 1923, Berthelot between 1923 and 1964, Unirea between 1965 and 2001; Hungarian: Alsófarkadin; German: Unterwolfsdorf) is a commune in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Crăguiș (Kraguis), Fărcădin (Felsőfarkadin), General Berthelot, Livezi (Gauricsa), and Tuștea (Tustya).

In 1923 and again in 2001, the commune was named after Henri Mathias Berthelot, a French general who was rewarded by King Ferdinand I of Romania for his role during World War I with properties in the village confiscated from the Nopcsa family.
885 Naval Air Squadron
885 Naval Air Squadron (885 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. First formed on 1 March 1941, the squadron served as a fighter squadron during the Second World War. It operated in the Mediterranean in 1942–43, where it took part in Operation Torch, the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa, the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy. In 1944 it took part in the Allied invasion of Normandy, spotting for Allied artillery bombardments and in 1945, was deployed as part of the British Pacific Fleet. It was disbanded for the last time on 27 September 1945.

HMS Ruler
HMS Ruler was the lead ship of her class of escort carrier of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. She was built in the United States as the Bogue-class carrier St. Joseph (AVG/CVE/ACV-50) for Lend-Lease to the United Kingdom.
Poincaré plot
A Poincaré plot, named after Henri Poincaré, is a graphical representation used to visualize the relationship between consecutive data points in time series to detect patterns and irregularities in the time series, revealing information about the stability of dynamical systems, providing insights into periodic orbits, chaotic motions, and bifurcations. It plays a role in controlling and predicting the system's long-term behavior, making it an indispensable tool for various scientific and engineering disciplines. It is also known as a return map. Poincaré plots can be used to distinguish chaos from randomness by embedding a data set in a higher-dimensional state space.

Given a time series of the form

a Poincaré map in its simplest form first plots dots in a scatter plot at the positions , then plots , then  , and so on.

State space (computer science)
In computer science, a state space is a discrete space representing the set of all possible configurations of a system. It is a useful abstraction for reasoning about the behavior of a given system and is widely used in the fields of artificial intelligence and game theory.

For instance, the toy problem Vacuum World has a discrete finite state space in which there are a limited set of configurations that the vacuum and dirt can be in. A "counter" system, where states are the natural numbers starting at 1 and are incremented over time has an infinite discrete state space. The angular position of an undamped pendulum is a continuous (and therefore infinite) state space.
Municipio VII
Municipio Roma VII is the seventh administrative subdivision of the Municipality of Rome (Italy).

It was established by the Municipal Assembly, with Resolution nr. 11 of 11 March 2013, following the unification of Municipio Roma IX (formerly Circoscrizione IX) and Municipio Roma X (formerly Circoscrizione X). It is the most populous Municipio in the city, the only one with more than 300,000 inhabitants.

San Giovanni (Rome Metro)
San Giovanni is an underground interchange station on Lines A and C of the Rome Metro.

The station is located in Piazzale Appio at the beginning of Via Appia Nuova, beside the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, from which the station takes its name.

It opened in 1980 on Line A. On May 12, 2018, Line C was extended to the station. It serves as the westernmost terminus of Line C, pending its extension to Colosseo, which is currently under construction.

San Giovanni is the first stop on the Rome Metro which is part of the Archeostation circuit. Archaeological finds discovered during the works of the new Line C are exhibited inside the stations.
Lifetime Learning Credit
The Lifetime Learning Credit, provided by 26 U.S.C. § 25A(b), is available to taxpayers in the United States who have incurred education expenses. For this credit to be claimed by a taxpayer, the student must attend school on at least a part-time basis. The credit can be claimed for education expenses incurred by the taxpayer, the taxpayer's spouse, or the taxpayer's dependent.

This credit allows for a 20% non-refundable tax credit for first $10,000 of qualified tuition and expenses to be fully creditable against the taxpayer's total tax liability. The maximum amount of the credit is $2000 per household. The credit is available for net tuition and fees (less grant aid) paid for post-secondary enrollment. The credit is available on a per-taxpayer (family) basis, and is phased out at the same income levels as the Hope credit.

Tax credit
A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state. It may also be a credit granted in recognition of taxes already paid or a form of state "discount" applied in certain cases. Another way to think of a tax credit is as a rebate.
Jaunlutriņi Parish
Jaunlutriņi Parish (Latvian: Jaunlutriņu pagasts) is an administrative unit of Saldus Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. It borders with Šķēde, Lutriņi and Zirņi parishes of its county. The center of the parish is Jaunlutriņi. The parish is administered by the joint Jaunlutriņi and Šķēde parish administration.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
Monika Mościbrodzka
Monika Mościbrodzka (pronounced: [mɔɕt͡ɕiˈbrɔt͡ska]) is a Polish astrophysicist who is a professor at Radboud University Nijmegen. She is an expert in general relativistic plasma dynamics and numerical astrophysics. She was part of the Event Horizon Telescope team who contributed to the first direct image of a black hole, supermassive black hole M87*. She was awarded the 2022 Dutch Research Council Athena Prize and the 2023 Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Heino Falcke
Heino Falcke (born 26 September 1966 in Cologne) is a German professor of radio astronomy and astroparticle physics at the Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands). His main field of study is black holes, and he is the originator of the concept of the 'black hole shadow'. In 2019, Falcke announced the first Event Horizon Telescope results at the EHT Press Conference in Brussels.
Silvia Carrera
Silvia Carrera Concepción (born 1970 in Cerro Pelado) is the current General Cacique of the Ngöbe-Buglé Comarca autonomous indigenous territory of western Panama. She was elected in September 2011.

She has received global attention after representing her people in discussions with the Government of Panama concerning mineral mining within the Comarca. She also received additional notoriety by publicly refusing an invitation from President Ricardo Martinelli of Panama to dine with him at the Presidential Palace in Panama City to discuss permitting copper mining in the Ngöbe-Buglé Comarca.

Ricardo Martinelli
Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal (born 11 March 1951) is a Panamanian politician and businessman who served as the 36th President of Panama from 2009 to 2014.

In 2024, Martinelli was sentenced to ten years in prison for embezzlement of public funds and money laundering related to his use of public money to buy several Panamanian media outlets in 2010. He was implicated in several other corruption cases during his presidency (Odebrecht, New Business, Financial Pacific, Blue Apple, among others); as of February 2024, he is facing several trials.
William Froude
William Froude (/fruːd/; 28 November 1810 – 4 May 1879) was an English engineer, hydrodynamicist and naval architect. He was the first to formulate reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships (such as the hull speed equation) and for predicting their stability.

Royal Institution of Naval Architects
The Royal Institution of Naval Architects (also known as RINA) is a professional institution and global governing body for naval architecture and maritime engineering. Members work in industry, academia, and maritime organisations worldwide, participating in the design, construction, repair, and operation of ships, boats, and marine structures in over 90 countries.

The Patron of the Institution was Queen Elizabeth II but is now King Charles III.
Amblysomus
Amblysomus (also narrow-headed golden mole or South African golden mole) is a  genus of the golden mole family, Chrysochloridae, comprising five species of the small, insect-eating, burrowing mammals endemic to Southern Africa. All five species can be found in South Africa and some are also found in Eswatini and Lesotho.

Placentalia
Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia /plæsənˈteɪliə/) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer, considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less-developed young, which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's pouch. Placentalia represents the only living group within Eutheria, which contains all mammals that are more closely related to placentals than they are to marsupials.
Feda Church
Feda Church (Norwegian: Feda kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Kvinesdal Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Feda, on the shore of the Fedafjorden. It is the church for the Feda parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in an empire style cruciform design in 1802 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect. The church seats about 240 people.

Fedafjorden
Fedafjorden is a fjord  in Agder county, Norway.  The 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) is located in the municipalities of Kvinesdal, Flekkefjord, and Farsund.  The long, narrow fjord runs south from the mouth of the river Kvina to the Listafjorden.

The fjord is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long and only about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide.  The village of Feda is located at the northwestern side of the fjord, just west of the Fedafjord Bridge on the European route E39 highway.  Near the mouth of the fjord, at the south end, lies the island of Andabeløya.  The majority of the fjord lies in Kvinesdal municipality, but the mouth of the fjord is split between the municipalities of Flekkefjord and Farsund.

The old municipality of Feda, which existed from 1900 until 1963, encompassed the 66-square-kilometre (25 sq mi) area surrounding both sides of the Fedafjorden.
Green Moor
Green Moor is a village near Wortley in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England, in the parish of Hunshelf and close to Penistone and Oxspring. Green Moor used to be a stone quarry in the last century but has since become a predominantly commuter and retirement village. Green Moor is also the site of activity centre used by the Sheffield and District Boys' Brigade Battalion.

Oxspring
Oxspring is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England.  At the 2001 census it had a population of 1,048, increasing to 1,225 at the 2011 Census.  The civil parish includes the hamlets of Clays-Green, Roughbirchworth and Storrs.  It is situated on the River Don with the main village being between the Sheffield Road (B6462) and the route of the Trans Pennine Trail. On the other (NE) side of the river is the A629, part of which is called Oxspring Lane, indicating the position of the original hamlet (now High Oxspring Farm).
The parish has a post office, a combined C of E church and community hall, St Aidan's, a primary school and three public houses, the Waggon and Horses on the B6462, The Smithy Arms on Bower Hill and the Travellers Inn on the A629.  There is a small amount of industry at the north west end.
Abu Nuwas
Abu Nuwas (أبو نواس, Abū Nuwās) (756-8 – c. 814) was a classical Arabic poet, and the foremost representative of the modern (muhdath) poetry that developed during the first years of the Abbasid Caliphate. He also entered the folkloric tradition, appearing several times in One Thousand and One Nights.

Of mixed Arab and Persian heritage, he studied in Basra and al-Kufah, first under the poet Waliba ibn al-Hubab, and later under Khalaf al-Ahmar. He also studied the Qur'an, Hadith, and grammar. He earned the favour of the Abbasid caliphs Harun ar-Rashid and al-Amin. He is best known for his wine poetry, and Diwan, his collected volume of poetry that explored religion, pleasure, and homoeroticism.

Pederasty
Pederasty (or paederasty in Commonwealth English) (/ˈpɛdəræsti/) refers to same-sex sexual relationships between an adult man and an adolescent boy; some authors also use the term to refer to same-sex female relationships with a similar age gap. Pederasty existed as a socially acknowledged and accepted practice in some premodern societies.

In most countries today, the local age of consent determines whether a person is considered legally competent to consent to sexual acts, and whether such contact is child sexual abuse or statutory rape. An adult engaging in sexual activity with a minor is considered abusive by authorities for a variety of reasons, including the age of the minor and the psychological and physical harm they may endure.
City Hall station (Seoul)
City Hall Station is a station on Seoul Subway lines 1 (Blue Line) and 2 (Green Line). Despite being regarded as a terminus of Line 2, it is not actually true terminus despite its position as the first station of Line 2. As its name suggests, Seoul City Hall is located right next to the station. Deoksugung, a historic palace of the Joseon dynasty, is on the other side of the boulevard named Taepyeongno.

Seoul Subway Line 2
Seoul Subway Line 2 (Korean: 서울 지하철 2호선), also known as the Circle Line, is a circular line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. The line running clockwise is called the "inner circle line" and the counter-clockwise line is called the "outer circle line". This is Seoul's most heavily used line, and consists of the main loop (48.8 km (30.3 mi)), the Seongsu Branch (5.4 km (3.4 mi)) and the Sinjeong Branch (6.0 km (3.7 mi)) for a total line length of 60.2 km (37.4 mi). The Line 2 loop is the third longest subway loop in the world after Moscow Metro Bolshaya Koltsevaya line and Beijing Subway Line 10. In 2019, Line 2 had an annual ridership of 812 million passengers or 2.2 million passengers per day.

Headways on the line vary from 2 minutes 18 seconds on peak periods  and 5–6 minutes off-peak periods. The line connects the city centre to Gangnam, Teheran Valley and the COEX/KWTC complex.
Ali Askari, Iran
Ali Askari (Persian: علي عسكري, also Romanized as ‘Alī ‘Askarī; also known as ‘Alī ‘Asgarī and Deh ‘Alī ‘Asgarī) is a village in Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, Bahmai-ye Garmsiri District, Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 28 families.

Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District
Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District (Persian: دهستان بهمئي گرمسيرئ شمالي) is in Mombi District of Bahmai County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Gerd-e Kuchak. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh Mombi, now a city.
2020–21 Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball team
The 2020–21 Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball team represented Wake Forest University during the 2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Demon Deacons were led by first-year head coach Steve Forbes and played their home games at the Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Winston-Salem, North Carolina as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference.

The Demon Deacons finished the season 6–16, 3–15 in ACC play, to finish in fourteenth place.  They lost to Notre Dame in the first round of the ACC tournament.  They were not invited to either the NCAA tournament or NIT.

Steve Forbes (basketball)
Steve Forbes (born March 22, 1965) is an American men's college basketball head coach for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons. His Division I experience includes five years at East Tennessee State, two seasons at Texas A&M, one year at Illinois State, three years at Louisiana Tech, and two years at Idaho.
Smyrna and Delaware Bay Railroad
The Smyrna and Delaware Beach Railroad (S&DBR) was a railroad company that operated in the US states of Delaware and Maryland from 1873 to 1883. It first connected to the previously existing Delaware Railroad (DRC) at Clayton, extending a line to Smyrna, Delaware and then to Woodland Beach, Delaware (aka Pierceson's Cove or Bombay Hook) in New Castle County, Delaware. It later connected to Massey's Crossroad via Kent County Railroad (KCRR) trackage. On May 12, 1883, it merged with the KCRR to form the Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad.

Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad
The Baltimore and Delaware Bay Railroad, originally part of the Central Railroad of New Jersey's route from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland via central Delaware, was later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system.
Petra Pfaff
Petra Pfaff (born 16 October 1960 in Hoyerswerda) is a retired East German 400 metres hurdler.

In 1980, a special edition of the World Championships was staged in Sittard, holding events not yet on the Olympic programme. Pfaff won the bronze medal in the 400 m hurdles behind compatriots Bärbel Broschat and Ellen Neumann. Pfaff later won the silver medal in the women's 400 m hurdles at the 1982 European Championships behind Sweden's Ann-Louise Skoglund.

In 1983 she finished fourth at the World Championships. Her result was 54.64 seconds, the best time she had in her career.
 Pfaff represented the sports club SC Cottbus, and became East German champion in 1980.

Pfaff is 1.72 metres tall; during her active career she weighed 58 kg.

Ann-Louise Skoglund
Eva Ann-Louise Skoglund (born 28 June 1962) is a retired track and field hurdler from Sweden. She is best known for winning the gold medal in the women's 400m hurdles at the 1982 European Championships, and she set the world best year performance in her event in 1982.
Jewish American literature
Jewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing about Jewishness in America, many writers resist being pigeonholed as "Jewish voices." Also, many nominally Jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example being Isaac Asimov. Modernism and speculative fiction are major focuses in post-Holocaust Jewish American literature.

Jonathan Safran Foer
Jonathan Safran Foer (/fɔːr/; born February 21, 1977) is an American novelist. He is known for his novels Everything Is Illuminated (2002), Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (2005), Here I Am (2016), and for his non-fiction works Eating Animals (2009) and We Are the Weather: Saving the Planet Begins at Breakfast (2019). He teaches creative writing at New York University.
Branches of the House of Romanov
The Russian Imperial Family was split into four main branches named after the sons of Emperor Nicholas I:

The Alexandrovichi (descendants of Emperor Alexander II of Russia) (with further subdivisions named The Vladimirovichi and The Pavlovichi after two of Alexander II’s younger sons)

The Konstantinovichi (descendants of Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich of Russia)

The Nikolaevichi (descendants of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia)

The Mikhailovichi (descendants of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia)

The headship of the Imperial Family is in dispute between Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia of the Vladimirovich (Alexandrovichi) and Prince Andrew Andreevich of Russia of the Mikhailovichi branch.

In the family trees, a ≈ sign represents a union causing an illegitimate child.

Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (born 1831)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Великий князь Николай Николаевич; 8 August 1831  –  25 April 1891) was the third son and sixth child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Alexandra Feodorovna. He may also be referred to as Nicholas Nikolaevich the Elder to tell him apart from his son, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929). Trained for the military, as a Field Marshal he commanded the Russian army of the Danube in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878.
Camille Sandorfy
Camille Sandorfy, OC CQ FRSC (9 December 1920 – 6 June 2006) was a Hungarian - Canadian quantum chemist.

Born in Budapest, Hungary, he received his Bachelor of Science in 1943 and Ph.D. in chemistry in 1946 from the University of Szeged. In 1949, he received his second doctorate, a D.Sc., from the Sorbonne.

In 1954, he emigrated to Canada for a National Research Council of Canada postdoctoral fellow at the Université de Montréal. From 1954 to 1956, he was an assistant professor at Université de Montréal. From 1956 to 1959, he was an associate professor at Université de Montréal. In 1959, he became a Professor.

He was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". As of 2020, there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:

Honorary fellows (a title of honour)

Regularly elected fellows

Specially elected fellows

Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)