hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
YΔ- and ΔY-transformation
In graph theory, ΔY- and YΔ-transformations (also written delta-wye and wye-delta) are a pair of operations on graphs. A ΔY-transformation replaces a triangle by a vertex of degree three; and conversely, a YΔ-transformation replaces a vertex of degree three by a triangle. The names for the operations derive from the shapes of the involved subgraphs, which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ.

A YΔ-transformation may create parallel edges, even if applied to a simple graph. For this reason ΔY- and YΔ-transformations are most naturally considered as operations on multigraphs. On multigraphs both operations preserve the edge count and are exact inverses of each other. In the context of simple graphs it is common to combine a YΔ-transformation with a subsequent normalization step that reduces parallel edges to a single edge. This may no longer preserve the number of edges, nor be exactly reversible via a ΔY-transformation.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
Qiaozi
Qiaozi Town (simplified Chinese: 桥梓镇; traditional Chinese: 橋梓鎮; pinyin: Qiáozǐ Zhèn), is a town in southern Huairou District, Beijing, China. It shares border with Bohai Town in the north, Hauirou and Miaocheng Towns in the east, Beishicao and Xingshou Towns in the south, as well as Yanshou and Jiuduhe Towns in the west. Its population was 25,076 as of 2020.

Beishicao
Beishicao Town (simplified Chinese: 北石槽镇; traditional Chinese: 北石槽鎮; pinyin: Běishícáo Zhèn) is a town located within Shunyi District, Beijing. It borders Qiaozi Town in its north, Miaocheng Town in its east, Zhaoquanying Town in its south, and Xingshou Town in its west. In 2020, the census counted 15,109 residents for this town.

The name Beishicao (Chinese: 北石槽; lit. 'North Rock Trench') was taken from its location north of a stone ditch during the Yuan dynasty.
Outline of Georgia (U.S. state)
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Georgia:

Georgia – ninth most populous of the 50 states of the United States of America. Georgia borders the North Atlantic Ocean in the Southeastern United States. Georgia was the fourth of the original 13 states to approve the Constitution of the United States of America on January 2, 1788. Georgia joined the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865, and was readmitted to the Union in 1870.

History of slavery in Georgia
Slavery in Georgia is known to have been practiced by European colonists. During the colonial era, the practice of slavery in Georgia soon became surpassed by industrial-scale plantation slavery.

The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. However, it was legalized by royal decree in 1751, in part due to George Whitefield's support for the institution of slavery.
2020 European Women's Team Badminton Championships squads
This article lists the latest women's squads lists for badminton's 2020 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships. Ranking stated are based on world ranking date for 21 January 2020 as per tournament's prospectus.

2020 European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships
The 2020 edition of the European Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships was held in Liévin, France, from 11 to 16 February 2020. This tournament also serves as European qualification for the 2020 Thomas & Uber Cup.
The Garden of Sinners: The Hollow Shrine
The Garden of Sinners: The Hollow Shrine (空の境界 第四章 伽藍の洞, Kara no Kyōkai Dai-Yonshō: Garan no Dō) is a 2008 Japanese animated film produced by ufotable based on The Garden of Sinners novels by Kinoko Nasu. It is the fourth installment in the series, preceded by Remaining Sense of Pain (2008) and followed by Paradox Spiral (2008). Chronologically, the events that occur in The Garden of Sinners: The Hollow Shrine are the second in the timeline of the series.

Ufotable
Ufotable, Inc. (Japanese: ユーフォーテーブル有限会社, Hepburn: Yūfōtēburu yūgen-gaisha) is a Japanese animation studio founded in October 2000 by former Telecom Animation Film producer Hikaru Kondō and located in Shinjuku, Tokyo.

A unique hallmark seen in many of their works (Ninja Nonsense, Futakoi Alternative, Coyote Ragtime Show, Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight!, Tales of Symphonia, The Garden of Sinners) is a claymation sequence.

They have had a long relationship with Type-Moon, having produced adaptations of their works such as Fate/Zero, Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works, and The Garden of Sinners, as well as Bandai Namco Entertainment, for whom they have produced an opening animation and cutscenes for many of their games, primarily in the Tales and God Eater series.
2016 European Curling Championships
The 2016 European Curling Championships were held from November 18 to 26 in Braehead, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Scotland last hosted the European Curling Championships in 2009 in Aberdeen. The Group C competitions will be held in April in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

At the conclusion of the championships, the top eight women's teams will go to the 2017 World Women's Curling Championship in Beijing, and the top eight men's teams will go to the 2017 Ford World Men's Curling Championship in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

European Curling Championships
The European Curling Championships are annual curling tournaments held in Europe between various European nations. The European Curling Championships are usually held in early to mid December. The tournament also acts as a qualifier for the World Championships, where the top eight nations qualify. Starting in the 2026–27 curling season, the event changed into a standalone event, where the top 10 European member associations in previous season’s World Championships qualify.

In November 1974, a six-nations tournament was held in Zürich, Switzerland which included Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, and Norway. In March 1975, it was decided that the championships would be competed in December.  At the semi-annual general meeting in Gävle, Sweden in April 2004, a new competition called the European Mixed Curling Championships was formed.
Trichadenotecnum circularoides
Trichadenotecnum circularoides is a species of common barklouse in the family Psocidae. It is found in Africa, Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), North America, South America, and Southern Asia.

Psocidae
Psocidae is a family of barklice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera).

Members of this family are recognized by their wing-venation, where the areola postica is fused to the M-vein, giving rise to the so-called discoidal cell. This family is closely related to Myopsocidae. The family is widespread, including New Zealand.
William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville (25 October 1759 – 12 January 1834) was a British Pittite Tory politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1806 to 1807, but was a supporter of the Whigs for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars. As prime minister, his most significant achievement was the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. However, his government failed to either make peace with France or to accomplish Catholic emancipation and it was dismissed in the same year.

First Lord of the Treasury
The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom. Traditional convention holds that the office of First Lord is held by the Prime Minister. 10 Downing Street is technically the official home of the First Lord, although it is now entirely associated with the Prime Minister's office. The office is not the United Kingdom's finance minister; this role is instead held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who is the Second Lord of the Treasury.
David Rutherford (ice hockey)
David Rutherford (born 30 April 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who last played for Diables Rouges de Briançon in the Ligue Magnus. Rutherford was previously with the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL).

Central Hockey League
The Central Hockey League (CHL) was a North American mid-level minor professional ice hockey league which operated from 1992 until 2014. It was founded by Ray Miron and Bill Levins and later sold to Global Entertainment Corporation, which operated the league from 2000 to 2013, at which point it was purchased by the individual franchise owners.  As of the end of its final season in 2014, three of the 30 National Hockey League teams had affiliations with the CHL: the Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild, and Tampa Bay Lightning.

Several teams of defunct leagues joined the CHL along its history, including the Southern Hockey League, Western Professional Hockey League and International Hockey League. After two teams suspended operations during the 2014 offseason, the ECHL accepted the remaining seven teams as members in October 2014, meaning the end for the CHL after 22 seasons.
Miss Dominican Republic 1980
Señorita República Dominicana 1980 was held on April 19, 1979. There were 18 candidates who competed for the national crown. The winner represented the Dominican Republic at the Miss Universe 1980 . The Señorita República Dominicana Mundo entered the Miss World 1980 pageant. The Señorita República Dominicana Internacional would have entered Miss International 1980.  The Señorita República Dominicana Café would have entered Reinado Internacional del Café 1980.

Miss World 1980
Miss World 1980, the 30th anniversary of the Miss World pageant, was held on 13 November 1980 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, United Kingdom, televised for the first time by Thames Television for ITV. The winner was Gabriella Brum from West Germany. She was crowned by Miss World 1979, Gina Swainson of Bermuda. First runner-up was Kimberley Santos representing Guam, second was Patricia Barzyk from France, third was Anat Zimmermann of Israel, and fourth was Kim Ashfield from the United Kingdom.
Stonebridge Press
Stonebridge Press, Inc. is a privately held newspaper company based in Southbridge, Massachusetts. It was formed October 27, 1995, to operate the newspapers acquired through the purchase of a various newspapers.

In addition to its Massachusetts operations, the company owns the Salmon Press group of weekly newspapers of New Hampshire and also publishes four weekly newspapers in Northeastern Connecticut under the name Villager Newspapers. In total, Stonebridge Press, Inc. publishes 23 newspapers reaching households in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.  The company also publishes niche publications, including "Summer Guide" and "Winter Guide." All Stonebridge Press and Salmon Press products are also available online.

Stonebridge Press is headquartered at the historic Southbridge News building, 25 Elm Street, Southbridge.

Community Newspaper Company
Community Newspaper Company, or CNC, was the largest publisher of weekly newspapers in eastern Massachusetts in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. It also published several daily newspapers in Greater Boston.

The company's properties were assembled by Fidelity Investments in the 1980s; Fidelity founded the company and then sold it to the Boston Herald in 2001. Five years later, the chain was purchased by, and immediately became the largest single component of, GateHouse Media. GateHouse gradually phased out CNC branding in favor of "WickedLocal.com", the company's website, and GateHouse Media New England; this process was complete by 2011, when staff email addresses dropped the "@cnc.com" domain.
Operation Atlantic Resolve
Operation Atlantic Resolve refers to military activities in response to Russian operations in Ukraine, mainly the War in Donbas. It was funded under the European Deterrence Initiative until 2022, and partly by USAI since. In the wake of Russia's 2014 invasion of Ukraine, the US and the UK took several immediate steps to enhance the deterrence posture along the eastern flank of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), including augmenting the air, ground and naval presence in the region, and enhancing previously scheduled exercises.

The US described the activities as taking measures to enhance NATO military plans and defense capabilities and maintaining a persistent presence in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Atlantic Resolve rotations are overseen by a regionally aligned headquarters there.
As reported by USEUCOM in the first quarter of 2025, there were no mission objectives and endstate alterations to the Operation after U.S. administration change.: 5 Infobox

Vilseck
Vilseck (German pronunciation: [ˈfɪlzɛk] ⓘ) is a town and municipality (German: Gemeinde) in the Oberpfalz region of northeastern Bavaria, Germany, situated on the river Vils, a tributary of the Naab river. As of December 31, 2022, Vilseck's population was 6,768 citizens, who live within an area of 64.71 km2 (24.98 sq mi) consisting of Vilseck town proper and 35 other hamlets and villages. The town is 402 meters (1,300 feet) above sea level.

The town’s name comes from Vilseck castle built in 920.  Eck is the German word for corner.  The Vils river has a tight bend where the castle (German: Burg) is located: thus the name Vilseck.

The town is geographically separate from a nearby large American military base known as the Rose Barracks, but more commonly referred to as Vilseck. The base, built in 1937–1938, was captured during World War II from the Germans, whose name for it was Südlager.
Hamid Bey Yusifbeyli
Hamid Bey Yusifbeyli, Yusifbeyov or Usubbeyov (October 13, 1873, Elizavetpol, Elizavetpol Uezd, Elizavetpol Governorate, Russian Empire – 1942 at the earliest, unknown) — Azerbaijani politician, educator, teacher. One of the founders of the Ganja committee of the Turkic Social-Federal Revolutionary Qeyrat Party, the Turkic Federalist Party and the Difai Party. Chairman of the Qeyrat party.

During both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled for his political activities. The last time he was arrested by the USSR NKVD. In 1942, the decision to exile him was issued, but there is no information about his fate after that. It is assumed that he died in one of the prisons.

He is the son of Yusif Bey Yusifbeyli, a lawyer and court advisor, and the brother of Nasib Bey Yusifbeyli, the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the first chairman of Ganja Branch of the Musavat Party.

Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja (/ˈɡændʒə/; Azerbaijani: Gəncə [ɟænˈdʒæ] ⓘ) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 335,600. The city has been a historic and cultural center throughout most of its existence. It was the capital of the Ganja Khanate until 1804; after Qajar Iran ceded it to the Russian Empire following the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, it became part of the administrative divisions of the Georgia Governorate, Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, and Elizavetpol Governorate. Following the dissolution of the Russian Empire and the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, it became a part of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, followed by the Azerbaijan SSR, and, since 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Shutdown (economics)
A firm will choose to implement a shutdown of production when the revenue received from the sale of the goods or services produced cannot even cover the variable costs of production. In that situation, the firm will experience a higher loss when it produces, compared to not producing at all.

Technically, shutdown occurs if average revenue is below average variable cost at the profit-maximizing positive level of output. Producing anything would not generate enough revenue to offset the associated variable costs; producing some output would add further costs in excess of revenues to the costs inevitably being incurred (the fixed costs). By not producing, the firm loses only the fixed costs.

Sunk cost
In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. In other words, a sunk cost is a sum paid in the past that should no longer be relevant to decisions about the future. Even though economists argue that sunk costs are no longer relevant to future rational decision-making, people in everyday life often take previous expenditures in situations, such as repairing a car or house, into their future decisions regarding those properties.
Premiership of Justin Trudeau
The premiership of Justin Trudeau began on November 4, 2015, when the first Cabinet headed by Justin Trudeau was sworn in by Governor General David Johnston. Trudeau was invited to form the 29th Canadian Ministry and become Prime Minister of Canada following the 2015 federal election, where Trudeau led his Liberal Party to win a majority of seats in the House of Commons of Canada, defeating the Conservative majority government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Trudeau's Liberals were reduced to minority governments in the federal elections of 2019 and 2021, with his party losing the national popular vote twice.

On March 14, 2025, Trudeau resigned as prime minister, being succeeded by Mark Carney.

Minister of Finance (Canada)
The minister of finance (French: ministre des Finances) is the minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet, who is responsible for overseeing the Department of Finance and presenting the federal government's budget each year. It is one of the most important positions in the Cabinet.

François-Philippe Champagne is the 42nd and current finance minister, assuming the role March 14, 2025 as a member of the new 30th Canadian Ministry of Mark Carney.
Seal of the president of Ireland
The presidential seal (Irish: séala an uachtaráin) is a seal used by the president of Ireland to authenticate their signature on official documents. The Constitution of Ireland requires certain documents to be issued under the president's "hand and seal", and in other cases the seal is mandated by act of the Oireachtas. It is a single-sided "dry seal" impressed directly onto the fabric of the document, leaving a relief of its design without sealing wax or ink.

The Republic of Ireland Act 1948
The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (No. 22 of 1948) is an Act of the Oireachtas which declares that the description of Ireland is the Republic of Ireland, and vests in the president of Ireland the power to exercise the executive authority of the state in its external relations, on the advice of the Government of Ireland. The Act was signed into law on 21 December 1948 and came into force on 18 April 1949, Easter Monday, the 33rd anniversary of the beginning of the Easter Rising.

The Act ended the remaining statutory role of the British monarchy in relation to Ireland, by repealing the 1936 External Relations Act, which had vested in George VI, in his capacity as a symbol of the cooperation of the nations that were members of the Commonwealth with which Ireland associated itself, and his successors those functions which the Act now transferred to the President.
TAT-7
TAT-7 was the seventh transatlantic telephone cable, in operation from 1983 to 1994, initially carrying 4,000 3 kHz telephone circuits between New Jersey, United States and Porthcurno in southwest England. It was owned by AT&T, British Telecom and France Telecom, and was the last copper cable to be laid across the Atlantic.

Although optical fiber had been invented in 1970, this cable was still using coaxial cable technology.

Transatlantic communications cable
A transatlantic telecommunications cable is a submarine communications cable connecting one side of the Atlantic Ocean to the other. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, each cable was a single wire. After mid-century, coaxial cable came into use, with amplifiers. Late in the 20th century, all cables installed use optical fiber as well as optical amplifiers, because distances range thousands of kilometers.
Stylidium inconspicuum
Stylidium inconspicuum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus Stylidium (family Stylidiaceae). It is an annual plant that grows from 5 to 20 cm tall. Obovate or elliptical leaves, about 5-30 per plant, are scattered along the elongate, glabrous stem. The leaves are generally 4–8 mm long and 2–5 mm wide. Petioles and scapes are absent. Inflorescences are 5–8 cm long and produce pink or red flowers. S. inconspicuum is endemic to Java and is one of the few Stylidium species that are not native to Australia. Its habitat is recorded as being moist areas in grass-dominated fields at an altitude of 20–30 metres.

Stylidium
Stylidium (the triggerplants or trigger plants) is a genus of dicotyledonous plants that belong to the family Stylidiaceae. The genus name Stylidium is derived from the Greek στύλος or stylos (column or pillar), which refers to the distinctive reproductive structure that its flowers possess. Pollination is achieved through the use of the sensitive "trigger", which comprises the male and female reproductive organs fused into a floral column that snaps forward quickly in response to touch, harmlessly covering the insect in pollen. Most of the approximately 300 species are only found in Australia, making it the fifth largest genus in that country. Triggerplants are considered to be protocarnivorous or carnivorous because the glandular trichomes that cover the scape and flower can trap, kill, and digest small insects with protease enzymes produced by the plant. Recent research has raised questions as to the status of protocarnivory within Stylidium.
Pixel buffer
Pixel buffer or pBuffer is a feature in OpenGL and OpenGL ES platform interfaces which allows for off-screen rendering. It is specified as an extension to WGL API, and a core feature of GLX & EGL.

When using pBuffers, a user can bind an OpenGL context to offscreen surfaces, effectively allowing for off-screen rendering to a default framebuffer, allocated by OpenGL itself.

The pBuffer functionality has been superseded by the usage of FBOs (Framebuffer Objects). However, pBuffers can be still used with modern OpenGL drivers.

pBuffers should not be confused with Pixel buffer objects (also named PBOs), which are non-renderable buffers containing raw pixel data.

WGL (API)
WGL or Wiggle is an API between OpenGL and the windowing system interface of Windows.  WGL is analogous to EGL, which is an interface between rendering APIs such as OpenCL, OpenGL, OpenGL ES or OpenVG and the native platform, as well as to CGL, which is the OS X interface to OpenGL.