hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2009 Afghan presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Afghanistan on 20 August 2009. The election resulted in victory for incumbent president Hamid Karzai, who received 49.7% of the vote, while his main rival Abdullah Abdullah finished second with 30.6% of the vote.

The elections were characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, low awareness of the people about the electoral process, widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud. A second round run-off vote, announced under heavy U.S. and ally pressure, was originally scheduled for 7 November 2009, but cancelled after Abdullah refused to participate, and Hamid Karzai was declared president for another five-year term.

The elections were the second under the 2004 constitution and were held on the same day as elections for 34 provincial council seats. The Taliban called for a boycott of the election, describing it as a "program of the crusaders" and "this American process".

Kandahar Province
Kandahar is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southern part of the country, sharing a border with Balochistan, Pakistan, to the south. It is surrounded by Helmand in the west, Uruzgan in the north and Zabul Province in the east. Its capital is the city of Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city, located on the Arghandab River. The greater region surrounding the province is called Loy Kandahar. The Emir of Afghanistan sends orders to Kabul from Kandahar making it the de facto capital of Afghanistan, although the main government body operates in Kabul. All meetings with the Emir take place in Kandahar, meetings excluding the Emir are in Kabul.

The province contains about 18 districts, over 1,000 villages, and approximately 1,431,876 people (the 6th most populous province), which is mostly tribal and a rural society. The main inhabitants of Kandahar province are the ethnic Baloch people followed by Tajiks, Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Turkmens and Hazaras.
Quadratic sieve
The quadratic sieve algorithm (QS) is an integer factorization algorithm and, in practice, the second-fastest method known (after the general number field sieve). It is still the fastest for integers under 100 decimal digits or so, and is considerably simpler than the number field sieve. It is a general-purpose factorization algorithm, meaning that its running time depends solely on the size of the integer to be factored, and not on special structure or properties. It was invented by Carl Pomerance in 1981 as an improvement to Schroeppel's linear sieve.

Pollard's rho algorithm
Pollard's rho algorithm is an algorithm for integer factorization. It was invented by John Pollard in 1975. It uses only a small amount of space, and its expected running time is proportional to the square root of the smallest prime factor of the composite number being factorized.
Figure skating at the 2011 Winter Universiade
Figure skating was competed at the 2011 Winter Universiade. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating. The competitions took place at the GSIM Yenişehir Ice Hockey Hall between February 1 and 5, 2011.

Figure skating at the Winter World University Games
Figure skating is a part of the FISU World University Games. It was first held as part of the Universiade in 1960. Medals may be awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dancing, and synchronized skating.
Fazalpur
Fazalpur is a village in Nakodar in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 10 km from Nakodar, 30 km from Kapurthala, 28 km from district headquarter Jalandhar and 166 km from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).

Nakodar
Nakodar is a town and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab.

The city is almost 365 km from Delhi, 25 km from Jalandhar, 49 km from Ludhiana, and about 101 km from Amritsar. Surrounding villages include Chak Mughlani, Maheru, Allowal, Mehatpur (Haripur) (Bhullar) Nawan Pind Jattan, Heran, Bir Pind, (Aulakh), Shankar, Nur Pur Chatha, Sarih, Malri, Khanpur Dhadda, Uggi, and Malhian Kalan.

The town is well paved and currently forms a Tehsil of District Jalandhar. Outside the town, there are two large tombs dating from the times of Emperor Jahangir, later one of them is said to be the burial place of the adviser of Emperor Shah Jahan, but it is not known who stand buried in the earlier tomb.
Canada Cement Company
The Canada Cement Company, Limited, and from 1970 onwards Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd., was a Canadian Portland cement company that existed from 1909 to 1988. The company was created by the Lord Beaverbrook through the merger of ten existing cement companies. Canada Cement was, along with Stelco and Canadian Car and Foundry, one of three major corporate combinations formed by Beaverbrook. In 1970, Canada Cement was acquired by Lafarge and renamed Canada Cement Lafarge Ltd. The company remained in existence until 1988, when it was renamed Lafarge Canada Inc.

Lafarge (company)
Lafarge is a French industrial company specialising in cement, construction aggregates, and concrete. It is the world's largest cement manufacturer. It was founded in 1833 by Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge and is a part of the Holcim Group.

In 2015, Lafarge merged with Holcim and a new company was formed under the name of LafargeHolcim. It was renamed to Holcim Group in 2021.

Lafarge was embroiled in the Lafarge scandal, in which it was convicted of financing terrorism and complicity in crimes against humanity by the US Department of Justice for paying $5.92 million to the terrorist groups ISIS and al-Nusra Front between 2013 and 2014 to keep its cement plant in Syria operating.
Hundred of Dalrymple
The Hundred of Dalrymple is a cadastral unit of hundred in South Australia on the southern Yorke Peninsula. It is one of the 16 hundreds of the County of Fergusson. Proclaimed on 20 June 1872, it is officially thought to be named after Dalrymple, East Ayrshire, Scotland.

The townships of Stansbury and Wool Bay, as well as the north eastern part of the modern bounded locality of Yorketown, are within the hundred boundaries.

Dalrymple substation, midway between Stansbury and Wool Bay at Hayward Corner, is named for the hundred.

Yorketown, South Australia
Yorketown is a town and a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located in the southern Yorke Peninsula about 91 kilometres (57 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) south of the municipal seat of Maitland.
Stonor Park
Stonor Park is a historic country house and private deer park situated in a valley in the Chiltern Hills at Stonor, about four miles (6.4 km) north of Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, England, close to the county boundary with Buckinghamshire.

The house has a 12th-century private chapel. The remains of a prehistoric stone circle are in the grounds. It is the ancestral home and seat of the Stonor family, Baron Camoys.  The current Lord Camoys is William Stonor.

Henley-on-Thames
Henley-on-Thames (/ˌhɛnli-/ ⓘ HEN-lee) is a town and civil parish on the River Thames, in the South Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, 9 miles (14 km) northeast of Reading, 7 miles (11 km) west of Maidenhead, 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Oxford and 37 miles (60 km) west of London (by road), near the tripoint of Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The population at the 2021 census was 12,186.
Haval H1
The Haval H1 (formerly the Great Wall Haval M4) is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by the Chinese manufacturer Great Wall. It was essentially a rebadged and lifted Great Wall Florid, until the second generation which is a rebadged Great Wall Voleex C20R. The Great Wall Haval M4 was renamed to Haval H1 after Great Wall launched Haval into an individual sub-brand in 2013.

Haval (marque)
Haval (Chinese: 哈弗; pinyin: Hāfú; stylized in all caps) is an automotive brand owned by the Chinese automaker Great Wall Motor (GWM) that specializes in crossovers and SUVs. Haval was spun-off from a product line of GWM to a standalone brand in March 2013. As of 2024, Haval is the most popular among all brands owned by GWM such as Tank, Ora, and Wey.
Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela
Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela C.A. is a state-owned airline of Venezuela based in Torre Polar Oeste in Caracas. It operates domestic services and international services in the Caribbean. Its main base is Simón Bolívar International Airport. The airline ceased operations on September 24, 2017, after 88 years of service due to its financial position. On August 8, 2018, the company announced that it would begin scheduled service again, first to Havana, Cuba, with three weekly flights.

Vickers Viscount
The Vickers Viscount is a retired British medium-range turboprop airliner first flown in 1948 by Vickers-Armstrongs. A design requirement from the Brabazon Committee, it entered service in 1953 and was the first turboprop-powered airliner.

The Viscount was well received by the public for its cabin conditions, which included pressurisation, reductions in vibration and noise, and panoramic windows. It became one of the most successful and profitable of the first postwar transport aircraft; 445 Viscounts were built for a range of international customers, including in North America.
Rochelle Downtown Historic District
The Rochelle Downtown Historic District is a national historic district in downtown Rochelle, Illinois. The district includes 56 buildings, most of which are commercial buildings. Commercial development in Rochelle began in the 1850s, but several fires burned down all of the earliest buildings; the oldest surviving buildings in the district were built in 1871. Development in the district continued through the mid-twentieth century. While a variety of architectural styles can be found in the district, Italianate and vernacular commercial designs are the most common. Noteworthy non-commercial buildings in the district include the City and Town Hall, U.S. Post Office, Masonic Temple, and Chicago & North Western Railway depot.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 2018.

Rochelle, Illinois
Rochelle is a city in Ogle and Lee counties, Illinois, United States. The population was 9,446 at the 2020 census. Rochelle is approximately 80 miles (130 km) west of Chicago and 25 miles (40 km) south of Rockford.
Robust optimization
Robust optimization is a field of mathematical optimization theory that deals with optimization problems in which a certain measure of robustness is sought against uncertainty that can be represented as deterministic variability in the value of the parameters of the problem itself and/or its solution. It is related to, but often distinguished from, probabilistic optimization methods such as chance-constrained optimization.

Stability radius
In mathematics, the stability radius  of an object (system, function, matrix, parameter) at a given nominal point is the radius of the largest ball,  centered at the nominal  point,  all of whose elements satisfy pre-determined stability conditions. The picture of this intuitive notion is this:

where  denotes the nominal point,   denotes the space of all possible values of the object , and the shaded area, ,  represents the set of points that satisfy the stability conditions. The radius of the blue circle, shown in red, is the stability radius.
ATC code A01
ATC code A01 Stomatological preparations is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup A01 is part of the anatomical group A Alimentary tract and metabolism.

Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QA01. National issues of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.

ATC code A
ATC code A Alimentary tract and metabolism is a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products.

Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QA. National issues of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.
Cobhams Asuquo
Cobhams Asuquo (Efik pronunciation: [ˈko̞bʱäms äsˈuːku:wo̞]) (born January 6, 1981) is a Nigerian musician, producer, and songwriter. After working as Head of Audio Productions at a local label, Questionmark Entertainment, he set up his own recording facility in 2006. He is the former CEO/Head of Productions of CAMP (Cobhams Asuquo Music Productions), which he co-managed with Bez Idakula and Stan Iyke.

Banky W.
Olubankole Wellington// ⓘ (born 27 March 1981), popularly known by his stage name Banky W and credited in film as Banky Wellington, is a Nigerian-American singer, rapper, actor, entrepreneur and politician.
William Simon U'Ren
William Simon U'Ren (January 10, 1859 – March 8, 1949) was an American lawyer and political activist. U'Ren promoted and helped pass a corrupt practices act, the presidential primary, and direct election of U.S. senators. As a progressive, U'Ren championed the initiative, referendum, and recall systems. These measures were also designed to promote democracy and weaken the power of backstage elites.  His reforms in Oregon were widely copied in other states. He supported numerous other reforms, such as the interactive model of proportional representation, which was not enacted.  He had little success in battles for a Georgist "Single Tax" on the unimproved value of land.

Constitution of Oregon
The Oregon Constitution is the governing document of the U.S. state of Oregon, originally enacted in 1857. As amended the current state constitution contains eighteen Articles, beginning with a bill of rights. This contains most of the rights and privileges protected by the United States Bill of Rights and the main text of the United States Constitution. The remainder of the Oregon Constitution outlines the divisions of power within the state government, lists the times of elections, and defines the state boundaries and the capital as Salem.
2021 Delta State Statesmen football team
The 2021 Delta State Statesmen football team represented Delta State University as a member of the Gulf South Conference (GSC) during the 2021 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by ninth-year head coach Todd Cooley. The Statesmen played their home games at Parker Field at Horace McCool Stadium in Cleveland, Mississippi.

Gulf South Conference
The Gulf South Conference (GSC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level, which operates in the Southeastern United States.
Flow tracer
A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track the flow velocity (i.e., flow magnitude and direction) and circulation patterns.  Tracers can be chemical properties, such as radioactive material, or chemical compounds, physical properties, such as density, temperature, salinity, or dyes, and can be natural or artificially induced. Flow tracers are used in many fields, such as physics, hydrology, limnology, oceanography, environmental studies and atmospheric studies.

Conservative tracers remain constant following fluid parcels, whereas reactive tracers (such as compounds undergoing a mutual chemical reaction) grow or decay with time. Active tracers dynamically alter the flow of the fluid by changing fluid properties which appear in the equation of motion such as density or viscosity, while passive tracers have no influence on flow.

Flow velocity
In continuum mechanics the flow velocity in fluid dynamics, also macroscopic velocity in statistical mechanics, or drift velocity in electromagnetism, is a vector field used to mathematically describe the motion of a continuum. The length of the flow velocity vector is scalar, the flow speed.
It is also called velocity field; when evaluated along a line, it is called a velocity profile (as in, e.g., law of the wall).
Pulse~Link
Pulse~LINK is a privately held fabless integrated circuit semiconductor corporation headquartered in Carlsbad, California, located just north of  San Diego California, in the United States. Pulse~LINK commercializes ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, for both wireless and wired networks.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.
Fresno River Viaduct
The Fresno River Viaduct is a bridge to carry California High-Speed Rail (CAHSR) over Route 145, the Fresno River, and Raymond Road in Madera County, California.

It was completed in 2018, the first permanent structure built for CAHSR. The site is just east of the city limits of Madera, California, about 20 miles northwest of the planned Fresno high-speed rail station and about 10 miles southeast of the planned Chowchilla Wye. Because the site is downstream from the John Franchi Diversion Dam, the riverbed is normally dry unless heavy rains cause the dam to overtop. The bridge is 1,600 feet long and 25 feet high, and runs parallel to the BNSF Railway bridge over the Fresno River.

Route of California High-Speed Rail
The California High-Speed Rail system will be built in two major phases. Phase I, about 520 miles (840 km) long using high-speed rail through the Central Valley, will connect San Francisco to Los Angeles. In Phase 2, the route will be extended in the Central Valley north to Sacramento, and from east through the Inland Empire and then south to San Diego. The total system length will be about 800 miles (1,300 km) long. Phase 2 currently has no timeline for completion.

The Interim Initial Operating Segment currently under construction will connect the downtowns of Merced and Bakersfield. Its completion date is estimated to be between 2030 and 2033.

The route of Phase 1 has been selected, however, the route for Phase 2 has not been finalized.
James Cumming (Royal Navy officer)
Admiral James Cumming (16 April 1738 – 19 August 1808) was a British Royal Navy officer. He sailed with John Byron as part of a circumnavigation of the world in 1764. He fought in the American Revolutionary War and eventually rose to the rank of Admiral before his death in 1808.

John Byron
Vice-Admiral of the White John Byron (8 November 1723 – 1 April 1786) was a Royal Navy officer, explorer and colonial administrator. He earned the nickname "Foul-Weather Jack" in the British press due to his frequent encounters with bad weather at sea. As a midshipman, Byron sailed in a squadron under George Anson on his voyage around the world, though Byron's ship, HMS Wager, made it only to southern Chile, where it was wrecked. He returned to England with the captain of the ship.

Byron was appointed governor of Newfoundland following Hugh Palliser, who left in 1768. He circumnavigated the world as a commodore with his own squadron in 1764–1766. Byron fought in several battles of the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence, and rose to vice admiral before his death in 1786. His grandsons include the poet Lord Byron and the admiral and explorer George Byron, 7th Baron Byron. One of Byron's great-granddaughters was the mathematician and informatics pioneer Ada Lovelace.
Carbon paste electrode
A carbon-paste electrode (CPE) is made from a mixture of conducting graphite powder and a pasting liquid. These electrodes are simple to make and offer an easily renewable surface for electron exchange.  Carbon paste electrodes belong to a special group of heterogeneous carbon electrodes. These electrodes are widely used mainly for voltammetric measurements; however, carbon paste-based sensors are also applicable in coulometry (both amperometry and potentiometry).

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution).

When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. In electrochemical reactions, unlike in other chemical reactions,  electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the aforementioned electric circuit. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a conventional chemical reaction.
William Carew Hazlitt
William Carew Hazlitt (22 August 1834 – 8 September 1913), known professionally as W. Carew Hazlitt, was an English lawyer, bibliographer, editor and writer. He was the son of the barrister and registrar William Hazlitt, a grandson of the essayist and critic William Hazlitt, and a great-grandson of the Unitarian minister and author William Hazlitt. William Carew Hazlitt was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1861.

William Hazlitt (Unitarian minister)
William Hazlitt (18 April 1737 – 16 July 1820) was a Unitarian minister and author, and the father of the Romantic essayist and social commentator of the same name. He was an important figure in eighteenth-century English and American Unitarianism, and had a major influence on his son's work.
Hollywood Lie (album)
Hollywood Lie is the fourth studio album of original material by American rock band Missing Persons, and seventh release overall. The album was released November 10, 2023, on Cleopatra Records. It's the band's first studio album of original material since Color in Your Life (1986).

The single, "Ice Blue Eyes", preceded the release of the album.

Color in Your Life
Color in Your Life is the third studio album by American band Missing Persons, released in 1986. It was the band's last studio album with the original line-up, with the sole exception of Chuck Wild, who left the group in 1985 and was not replaced. The album was produced by Bernard Edwards.
Craig Kusick
Craig Robert Kusick (September 30, 1948 – September 27, 2006) was an American professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter. He played in Major League Baseball for the Minnesota Twins and Toronto Blue Jays.

Designated hitter
The designated hitter (DH) is a baseball player who bats in place of the pitcher. Unlike other players in a team's lineup, they generally only play as an offensive player and usually do not play defense as a fielder or a pitcher during a game. Due to their specialized offensive-only role, the designated hitter is generally expected to produce above average offensive stats and production compared to other players who play defense.

In Major League Baseball, the position is authorized by Rule 5.11 of the Official Baseball Rules. It was adopted by the American League in 1973 and by the National League in 2022, making it universal in MLB. Within that time frame, nearly all amateur, collegiate, and professional leagues worldwide adopted the designated hitter or some variant, a major exception being Nippon Professional Baseball's Central League, which plans to adopt it in 2027.