hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rotated letter
In the days of printing with metal type sorts, it was common to rotate letters and digits 180° to create new symbols. This was a cheap way to extend the alphabet that didn't require purchasing or cutting custom sorts. The method was used for example with the Palaeotype alphabet, the International Phonetic Alphabet, the Fraser script, and for some mathematical symbols. Perhaps the earliest instance of this that is still in use is turned e for schwa.

In the eighteenth-century Caslon metal fonts, the British pound sign (£) was set with a rotated swash uppercase J.

Swash (typography)
A swash is a typographical flourish, such as an exaggerated serif, terminal, tail, entry stroke, etc., on a glyph.
The use of swash characters dates back to at least the 16th century, as they can be seen in Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi's La Operina, which is dated 1522. As with italic type in general, they were inspired by the conventions of period handwriting. Arrighi's designs influenced designers in Italy and particularly in France.
Anthoceros agrestis
Anthoceros agrestis, commonly called field hornwort, is a bryophyte of the family Anthocerotaceae. A. agrestis is considered the model species for hornwort biology  and is used to study some of the unique traits that hornworts possess, such as their symbiotic relationship with nostoc and their use of pyrenoids to enhance photosynthesis.

Anthocerotaceae
The Anthocerotaceae is the only family of hornworts in the order Anthocerotales. Anthocerotaceae is characterized by irregular or dichotomous lobing or branching, and a gametophyte lacking distinct pores.
Andaz (1949 film)
Andaz (transl. Style) is a 1949 Indian Hindi language romantic drama film, directed by Mehboob Khan, with music by Naushad. The film stars Dilip Kumar, Nargis, and Raj Kapoor in a love triangle, with Cukoo and Murad in supporting roles. The film's music was provided by Naushad and lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri. It is the only film to feature Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor together onscreen.

At the time of its release, Andaz was the highest-grossing Indian film ever, until its record was broken by Raj Kapoor's Barsaat that same year.

Dilip Kumar's performance was profoundly appreciated by the critics of the time and was credited for drawing public to cinema halls for an otherwise alien subject.

Naushad
Naushad Ali (25 December 1919 – 5 May 2006) was an Indian composer for Hindi films. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest and foremost music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is respectfully remembered as "Moseeqar-e-azam" (
The great musician) in the Hindi film industry. He is particularly known for popularising the use of classical music in films.

His first film as an independent music director was Prem Nagar in 1940. His first musically successful film was Rattan (1944), followed by 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award and the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and 1992 respectively for his contribution to the Hindi film industry.
Gmina Pacyna
Gmina Pacyna is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Gostynin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pacyna, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of Gostynin and 89 km (55 mi) west of Warsaw.

The gmina covers an area of 90.85 square kilometres (35.1 sq mi) and in 2017 its total population was 3614. According to data from 2009 84% of the area is agricultural land.

Gostynin County
Gostynin County (Polish: powiat gostyniński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Gostynin, which lies 107 kilometres (66 mi) west of Warsaw.

The county covers an area of 615.56 square kilometres (237.7 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population was 43,099, out of which the population of Gostynin was 18,588, and the rural population was 24,511.
Norbert Eder
Norbert Alban Eder (7 November 1955 – 2 November 2019) was a German footballer who played mainly as a defender.

In a 14-year professional career, he played in 433 games (33 goals) both major levels of German football combined (286/11 in the Bundesliga), representing 1. FC Nürnberg and Bayern Munich.

Eder appeared with West Germany at the 1986 World Cup.

1986–87 Bundesliga
The 1986–87 Bundesliga was the 24th season of the Bundesliga, the premier football league in West Germany. It began on 8 August 1986 and ended on 17 June 1987. FC Bayern Munich were the defending champions.
Member institutions of the University of London
Member institutions of the University of London are colleges and universities that are members of the federal University of London.

The University of London was initially configured as an examining board for affiliated colleges, but was reconfigured as a teaching university for London, with many London colleges becoming schools of the university, in 1900. Since the 1990s it has trended towards much greater autonomy for its colleges. Common assessment standards by subject no longer exist across the university nor is shared teaching or cross-registration commonplace.

Courtauld Institute of Art
The Courtauld Institute of Art (/ˈkɔːrtəʊld/) is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation.

The art collection is known particularly for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings, and is housed in the Courtauld Gallery. The Courtauld is based in Somerset House, in the Strand in London. In 2019, the Courtauld's teaching and research activities temporarily relocated to Vernon Square, London, while its Somerset House site underwent a major regeneration project.
2018 Welsh Open (snooker)
The 2018 Welsh Open (officially the 2018 ManBetX Welsh Open) was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that took place from 26 February to 4 March 2018 at the Motorpoint Arena in Cardiff, Wales. It was the sixteenth ranking event of the 2017/2018 season and a part of the Home Nations Series.

The defending champion Stuart Bingham lost 1–4 to Matthew Stevens in the last 32.

John Higgins won a record fifth Welsh Open title, and his 30th ranking title overall, beating Barry Hawkins 9–7 in the final.

Home Nations Series
The Home Nations Series (officially the BetVictor Home Nations Series for sponsorship reasons) is a series of ranking snooker tournaments organised by the World Snooker Tour, held throughout the season in each of the four home nations in the United Kingdom under the names of English Open, Welsh Open, Scottish Open and Northern Ireland Open. The series was devised in 2015 by Barry Hearn, the chairman of the tour at the time, and started its first edition during the 2016–17 snooker season.

The series features an inclusion of two wildcard spots for the local amateur players in each event, selected by the respective national governing bodies. The best-performing player of the series is entitled to the Home Nations Bonus (BetVictor Bonus), a £150,000 bonus prize awarded on top of the player's winnings. Jack Lisowski is the current series champion.
Panama disease
Panama disease (or Fusarium wilt) is a plant disease that infects banana plants (Musa spp.). It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The pathogen is resistant to fungicides, and its control is limited to phytosanitary measures.

During the 1950s, an outbreak of Panama disease almost wiped out commercial Gros Michel banana production. The Gros Michel banana was the dominant cultivar of bananas, and Fusarium wilt inflicted enormous costs and forced producers to switch to other, disease-resistant cultivars. Since the 2010s, a new outbreak of Panama disease caused by the strain Tropical Race 4 (TR4) has threatened the production of the Cavendish banana, today's most popular cultivar.

Department of Primary Industries (Queensland)
The Department of Primary Industries is the Queensland Government department responsible for developing Queensland's primary industries. The section known as Biosecurity Queensland is responsible for biosecurity matters within the state.

The department was called the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries prior to November 2024.
Alfonso Pedraza
Alfonso Pedraza Sag (Spanish pronunciation: [alˈfonso peˈðɾaθa ˈsaɣ]; born 9 April 1996) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back or left winger for La Liga club Villarreal.

Brought up at Villarreal, he went on to play as a senior for that club as well as Lugo, Leeds United, Alavés and Betis. He won the 2020–21 Europa League with Villarreal.

Pedraza won the 2019 European Under-21 Championship with Spain. He made his full debut in 2023.

UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply the Euro Under-19, is an annual football competition, contested by the European men's under-19 national teams of the UEFA member associations.

Spain is the most successful team in this competition, having won twelve titles. Netherlands are the current champions.
Ijimaia dofleini
Ijimaia dofleini, often called the Ô-shachiburi in Japanese, is a species of ray-finned fish within the family Ateleopodidae. The species is known from four localities in the Pacific Ocean. These localities were in marine waters of the Sagami Sea, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and Society Islands at depths of 300 to 500 meters, living near benthopelagic environments on outer continental shelfs and slopes. The species can grow up to lengths of 124 to 170 centimeters. It has been assessed as 'Data deficient' by the IUCN Red List in 2018 due to there being limited information on its distribution, population, and ecology.

Jellynose fish
The jellynose fishes or tadpole fishes are the small order Ateleopodiformes. This group of ray-finned fish is monotypic, containing a single family Ateleopodidae. It has about a dozen species in four genera, but these enigmatic fishes are in need of taxonomic revision.

The scientific name means "Ateleopus-shaped", from Ateleopus (the type genus) + the standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek atelēs (ἀτελής, "imperfect") + pous (πούς, "foot") + Latin forma ("external form"), the Greek part in reference to the reduced pectoral and ventral fins of the jellynoses.
University of Baltimore
The University of Baltimore (UBalt, UB) is a public university in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is part of the University System of Maryland. UBalt consists of four colleges in applied arts and sciences, business, law, and public affairs. The University of Baltimore School of Law is one of Maryland's two law schools.

Maryland's 2nd congressional district
Maryland's 2nd congressional district elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives every two years.  The district comprises parts of Carroll and Baltimore counties, as well as a sliver of Baltimore City. The seat has been represented by Johnny Olszewski of the Democratic Party since 2025.
Fauna of England
The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas British Isles and lies within the Palearctic realm. England's fauna is mainly made up of small animals and is notable for having few large mammals, but in similarity with other island nations; many bird species.

England for the most part has an oceanic climate, which lacks extremes of heat or cold and provides plentiful rainfall making the country a rather 'green' environment and providing much food for small and grazing animals.

England is different in respect to Scotland in its wildlife due to its slightly warmer climate, lower land levels and more dense populations, and whilst this is bad for some species of animals, it is good for others.

The fauna of England is also very diverse since its landscapes are very different from each other and so this is represented in the fauna.

Continental Europe
Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by some, simply as the Continent. When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Europe is treated both as a continent and subcontinent.
Cornelius Sullivan House
The Cornelius Sullivan House, in Hillsboro, New Mexico, was built in 1893.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

It is located on the southwest corner of the junction of Elenora and 1st Ave. in Hillsboro.

It is an adobe, one-story, L-shaped, New Mexico Vernacular house.

New Mexico vernacular
New Mexico vernacular is a style of vernacular architecture.

It developed from the c.1870s to c.1940s.

One typical form is the one-story hipped box massing, with very limited ornamentation or no ornamentation at all.  The elements of spare ornamentation might include "Italianate brackets and scroll-sawn ornament, lathe-turned or square chamfered columns, wood shingles on gable ends, and diamond-patterned windows".
Mats Wieffer
Mats Henrik Berne Wieffer (born 16 November 1999) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or right-back for Premier League club Brighton & Hove Albion and the Netherlands national team.

2023–24 Eredivisie
The 2023–24 Eredivisie was the 68th season of Eredivisie, the premier football competition in the Netherlands. It began on 11 August 2023 and concluded on 19 May 2024. PSV Eindhoven broke the record for most points in an Eredivisie season, with 91, overtaking Ajax's 89-point season in 1997–98.

Since Netherlands ascended from seventh to sixth place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2022–23 season, the three best-ranked teams could now qualify for the UEFA Champions League (the champions and runners-up entered directly into the league stage, and the third-placed team entered the third qualifying round). The KNVB Cup winner qualified for UEFA Europa League groups while the fourth-placed team qualified for UEFA Europa League second qualifying round and fifth through eighth-placed teams qualified to the European competition play-offs.
FC Sioni Bolnisi
FC Sioni (Georgian: საფეხბურთო კლუბი სიონი) is a Georgian professional football club based in Bolnisi. They compete in Erovnuli Liga Liga 2, the second tier of the Georgian league system.

The team has won the league title on one occasion, in 2005/06. Sioni play their home matches at local stadium named after Tamaz Stepania.

Erovnuli Liga
The Erovnuli Liga (Georgian: ეროვნული ლიგა; lit. 'National League') is the top division of professional top tier football in Georgia. Since 1990, it has been organized by the Professional Football League of Georgia and Georgian Football Federation. From 1927 to 1989, the competition was held as a regional tournament within the Soviet Union. From 2017, the Erovnuli Liga switched to a spring-autumn system, with only 10 clubs in the top flight.
CoRoT-3b
CoRoT-3b (formerly known as CoRoT-Exo-3b) is a brown dwarf or massive extrasolar planet with a mass 21.66 times that of Jupiter. The object orbits the F-type star CoRoT-3 in the constellation of Aquila. The orbit is circular and takes 4.2568 days to complete. It was discovered by the French-led CoRoT mission which detected the dimming of the parent star's light as CoRoT-3b passes in front of it (a situation called a transit).

Aquila (constellation)
Aquila is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greek-Roman mythology.

Its brightest star, Altair, is one vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism. The constellation is best seen in the northern summer, as it is located along the Milky Way. Because of this location, many clusters and nebulae are found within its borders, but they are dim and galaxies are few.
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom is a 1982 play by August Wilson, set in a recording studio in 1920s Chicago, during a recording session of the titular song by the blues singer Ma Rainey. The play deals with issues of race, art, religion, and the historic exploitation of Black recording artists by white producers; it is part of the ten-play Century Cycle (also referred to as The Pittsburgh Cycle) by the playwright, chronicling the 20th century African-American experience.

Ma Rainey's Black Bottom was published in the early 1980s and premiered at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. Its Broadway debut at the Cort Theatre in 1984 won a New York Drama Critics' Circle award and garnered a Tony Award nomination for Best Play. In 2020, Wilson's play was adapted for film.

New York Drama Critics' Circle
The New York Drama Critics' Circle is made up of 23 drama critics from daily newspapers, magazines and wire services based in the New York City metropolitan area. The organization is best known for its annual awards for excellence in theater.

The organization was founded in 1935 at the Algonquin Hotel by a group that included Brooks Atkinson, Walter Winchell, and Robert Benchley. Adam Feldman of Time Out New York has been President of the organization since 2005; Zachary Stewart of TheaterMania is currently Vice President, and Helen Shaw of The New Yorker serves as Treasurer.
Isaías Sánchez
Isaías Sánchez Cortés (Spanish pronunciation: [isaˈi.as ˈsantʃeθ koɾˈtes]; born 9 February 1987), known simply as Isaías, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder. He is currently assistant manager of A-League club Adelaide United.

He spent most of his career in Australia with Adelaide United after signing in 2013, making 289 competitive appearances and being named the club's player of the season on four occasions. He was instrumental in their 2015–16 double winning season, which included a goal in the 2016 Grand Final. Prior to his arrival, he played four La Liga matches with Espanyol.

2013–14 A-League
The 2013–14 A-League was the 37th season of top-flight soccer in Australia, and the ninth of the A-League since its establishment in 2004. The season began on 11 October 2013, with Western Sydney Wanderers as the defending A-League Premiers and Central Coast Mariners as the defending A-League Champions. The regular season concluded on 13 April 2014, with Brisbane Roar crowned Premiers. The 2014 Grand Final took place on 4 May 2014, with Brisbane Roar claiming their third Championship with a 2–1 win in extra time against Western Sydney Wanderers.

This was the first A-League season to be broadcast on free-to-air television, after SBS obtained the rights to a live Friday night game each week of the season, and all finals games on a one-hour delay, on a $160 million four-year broadcast deal.
Synodontis serratus
Synodontis serratus, known as the shield-head squeaker,  is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Nile basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan.  It was first described by German naturalist and explorer Eduard Rüppell in 1829, from specimens obtained near Cairo, Egypt.  The species name serratus comes from the Latin word serra, meaning "saw", which refers to the serrated pectoral spines of the species.

Mochokidae
The Mochokidae are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) that are known as the squeakers or upside-down catfish (although not all species swim upside-down). Nine genera and about 200 species of mochokids ae described. All the mochokids are freshwater species originating from Africa.

They have three pairs of barbels, with the nasal barbels absent; sometimes, the mandibular barbels may be branched. The lips are modified into a suckermouth in Atopochilus, Chiloglanis, and Euchilichthys. The adipose fin is usually very long. The dorsal and pectoral fins have spines that are usually strong and with a locking mechanism. They range in size up to 72 cm (28 in) standard length. This group contains many popular species among aquarists, such as Synodontis nigriventris, Synodontis angelicus, and Synodontis multipunctatus.
Salt Sermon
The salt sermon was an oration delivered on 17 June 1838 by Sidney Rigdon, then First Counselor in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and frequent spokesman for Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, against church dissenters, including Book of Mormon witnesses Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and John Whitmer, and other leaders including W. W. Phelps. The Salt Sermon is often confused with Rigdon's July 4th oration.

Heber C. Kimball
Heber Chase Kimball (June 14, 1801 – June 22, 1868) was an American religious leader who was a pioneer in the early Latter Day Saint movement. He served as one of the original twelve apostles in the early Church of the Latter Day Saints, and as first counselor to Brigham Young in the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for more than two decades, from 1847 until his death.

Agreeing to take on plural marriage, then practiced by the church, Kimball eventually married 43 women, but some relationships were for caretaking. He had a total of 66 children by 17 of his wives.
Amanita muscaria var. formosa
Amanita muscaria var. formosa, known as the yellow orange fly agaric, is a hallucinogenic and poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the genus Amanita. This variety, which can sometimes be distinguished from most other A. muscaria by its yellow cap, is a European taxon, although several North American field guides have referred A. muscaria var. guessowii to this name. American mycologist Harry D. Thiers described a yellow-capped taxon that he called var. formosa from the United States, but it is not the same as the European variety.
The Amanita Muscaria is native to temperate or boreal forest regions of the Northern Hemisphere. However, it has also been introduced in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa.

Mushroom poisoning
Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

Mushroom poisoning is usually the result of ingestion of wild mushrooms after misidentification of a toxic mushroom as an edible species. The most common reason for this misidentification is a close resemblance in terms of color and general morphology of the toxic mushrooms species with edible species. To prevent mushroom poisoning, mushroom gatherers familiarize themselves with the mushrooms they intend to collect, as well as with any similar-looking toxic species. The safety of eating wild mushrooms may depend on methods of preparation for cooking. Some toxins, such as amatoxins, are thermostable and mushrooms containing such toxins will not be rendered safe to eat by cooking.
Greensted Green
Greensted Green is hamlet in the Ongar civil parish of the Epping Forest district, in the English county of Essex.  It is positioned at the western end of Greensted, slightly above 2 miles (4 kilometers) to the west of Chipping Ongar.

Chipping Ongar
Chipping Ongar (/ˈtʃɪpɪŋ ˈɒŋər/) is a market town in the parish of Ongar, in the Epping Forest District of Essex, England. It is located 6 miles (10 km) east of Epping, 7 miles (11 km) south-east of Harlow and 7 miles (11 km) north-west of Brentwood. At the 2021 census the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which excludes Shelley) had a population of 3,967. The Royal Mail uses Ongar as the name for the post town covering the area; the name Chipping Ongar is not used in official postal addresses.