hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Baldwin I of Ramla
Baldwin I (died 1138) was the castellan and lord of Ramla in the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1106 to his death. In 1120, he participated in the Council of Nablus. In 1126, the castellany, which controlled the surrounding countryside too, was given in fief to the Count of Jaffa. In 1134, Jaffa was confiscated to the king after the rebellion of Hugh II and Ramla was given to Baldwin, to hold from the count of Jaffa.

Baldwin has been identified with Baldwin of Hestrut, a knight who appears in the Latin East for the first time between 1102 and 1105. The sudden disappearance of Baldwin after this date could be attributed to his receiving the castellany of Ramla and adopting it as his surname.

By his wife Stephanie of Nablus, Baldwin had two children:

Renier

Helvis, married (probably in 1120, around and before 1122) Barisan of Ibelin, then (1151) Manasses of Hierges

Manasses of Hierges
Manasses of Hierges (c. 1110–1177) was a minor lord from the southern Low Countries who is best known for his ten-year career (1142–1152) in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, where he became constable and lord of Ramla. In 1152, following a civil war in the kingdom, he returned home with a major relic of the True Cross. Upon his death in 1177, the cross relic became the subject of a dispute between his heirs and the Benedictine abbey of Brogne.
2024 Memphis Tigers football team
The 2024 Memphis Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis in the American Athletic Conference (AAC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Tigers were led by Ryan Silverfield in his fifth year as the head coach. The Tigers played their home games at Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium, located in Memphis, Tennessee.

Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium
Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium, originally named Memphis Memorial Stadium, and later Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, is a football stadium located at the former Mid-South Fairgrounds in the Midtown area of Memphis, Tennessee, United States. The stadium is the site of the annual Liberty Bowl, the annual Southern Heritage Classic, and is the home field of the University of Memphis Tigers football team of the American Athletic Conference. It has also been the host of several attempts at professional sports in the city, as well as other local football games and other gatherings.
Konstantin Flavitsky
Konstantin Dmitriyevich Flavitsky (Russian: Константи́н Дми́триевич Флави́цкий; 25 September [O.S. 13 September] 1830 – 15 September [O.S. 3 September] 1866) was a Russian painter, best known for his history paintings, typical of late Romantic style.

Princess Tarakanova
Princess Tarakanova (c. 1745 – December 15 [O.S. December 4] 1775) was a pretender to the Russian throne. She styled herself, among other names, Knyazhna Yelizaveta Vladimirskaya (Princess Elizabeth of Vladimir),  Fräulein Frank, and Madame Trémouille. Tarakanova (tarakan is the Russian word for cockroach) is a later name, used only in entertainment (literature, theater, films, paintings), apparently on the basis of her relatives (from her father prince Razumovsky's side)  being the owners of the estate Daraganovka (Tarakanovka) in Ukraine - the place where she (apparently) grew up. In her own time, she was not known by that name.
Johanna Rytting Kaneryd
Anna Johanna Rytting Kaneryd  (Swedish: [jʊˈhânːa ˈrʏ̂tːɪŋ ˈkɑ̂ːnɛˌryːd]; born 12 February 1997) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Women's Super League club Chelsea and the Sweden national team.

In December 2024, she was awarded the Diamond Ball Award, the highest award in Swedish women's football.

Women's FA Cup
The Women's FA Challenge Cup is the top annual cup tournament for women's clubs in English football. Founded in 1970, it has been named the WFA Cup, FA Women's Cup, and now Women's FA Cup (currently known as the Adobe Women's FA Cup for sponsorship reasons).

Designed as an equivalent to the FA Cup in men's football, the competition began in 1970–71 as the Mitre Challenge Trophy, organised by the Women's Football Association (WFA). There were 71 entrants, including teams from Scotland and Wales.

The WFA ran the competition for the first 23 editions, during which time Southampton won the cup eight times. The Football Association (FA) began administering English women's football in mid-1993.

Arsenal holds the record for most titles overall, having won fourteen times. The current cup holders are Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United 3–0 in the 2025 final to win their sixth FA Cup title.
Brugmansia longifolia
Brugmansia longifolia is a name given by G. Lagerheim to a plant collected in Ecuador in 1895 with long narrow leaves and undulated indentations.  It is now considered to be a superfluous synonym of Brugmansia insignis.

Brugmansia insignis
Brugmansia insignis is a South American species of angel's trumpet with large, fragrant flowers. The IUCN has listed this species as Extinct in the Wild, although like the other members of its genus its survival has been ensured by its popularity as an ornamental plant.
Rhenefictus wandae
Rhenefictus wandae is a species of jumping spider in the genus Rhenefictus that lives in China and Vietnam. First described in 2021 by Cheng Wang and Shuqiang Li, it was initially allocated to the genus Rhene. In 2022, the species was acknowledged as the same as Rhenefictus tropicus and the two were synonymised under the current name. It is the type species of the genus Rhenefictus. Only the male has been described. The spider is small, with a dark red or dark brown carapace between 2.35 and 2.4 mm (0.093 and 0.094 in) long and a brown abdomen between 2.4 and 2.98 mm (0.094 and 0.117 in) long. The base of the abdomen is grey-yellow. The spider has a distinctive embolus on its palpal bulb that is coiled and whip-like, terminating in a pointed tip.

Jumping spider
Jumping spiders are spiders in the family Salticidae, with almost 700 genera and around 7,000 described species, making it the largest family of spiders – comprising 13% of spider species. Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods — being capable of stereoptic color vision — and use sight in courtship, hunting, and navigation.

Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair (the two front middle eyes) being particularly large.
Wojak
Wojak (from Polish wojak, pronounced [ˈvɔjak], loosely 'soldier' or 'fighter'), also known as Feels Guy, is an Internet meme that is, in its original form, a simple, black-outlined cartoon drawing of a bald man with a wistful expression.

The meme subsequently grew in popularity on 4chan, where the character became associated with phrases such as "I know that feel, bro", "that feel", and "that feel when".

Image macro
An image macro is a piece of digital media featuring a picture, or artwork, with some form of text superimposed. The text frequently appears at the top and bottom of the image. Image macros were one of the most common forms of Internet meme in the 2000s, and often featured witty messages or catchphrases, although not all image macros are necessarily humorous. Lolcats, which are images of expressive cats coupled with texts, are considered to be the first notable occurrence of image macros. Advice animal image macros, also referred to as stock-character macros, are also highly associated with the image macro template.
Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi
Zvaringeni Samuel Chasi (born 9 January 1988) is a Zimbabwean politician and the incumbent opposition president and commander-in-chief of People's Patriotic Party. Previous notable service is with the Ministry of Youth, Ministry of Defense, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Zimbabwe.

ZANU–PF
The Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) is a political organisation which has been the ruling party of Zimbabwe since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years by Robert Mugabe, first as prime minister with the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and then as president from 1987 after the merger with the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and retaining the name ZANU–PF.

At the 2008 parliamentary election, the ZANU–PF lost sole control of parliament for the first time in party history and brokered a difficult power-sharing deal with the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai (MDC). ZANU-PF then won the 2013 election, gaining a two-thirds majority. The party narrowly held their super-majority in the 2018 election.

On 19 November 2017, following a coup d'état, ZANU–PF removed Robert Mugabe as party leader, who resigned two days later, and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.
Elizabeth Richeza of Poland
Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (Czech: Eliška-Rejčka; Polish: Ryksa-Elżbieta; 1 September 1288 – 19 October 1335), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by her two marriages Queen consort of Bohemia and Poland and Duchess consort of Austria and Styria. She was the only child of Przemysł II, Duke of Greater Poland (since 1295 King of Poland) and his second wife Richeza, herself a daughter of the former King Valdemar of Sweden and Sofia of Denmark.

Přemyslid dynasty
The Přemyslid dynasty or House of Přemysl (Czech: Přemyslovci, German: Przemysliden, Polish: Przemyślidzi) was a Bohemian royal dynasty that reigned in the Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia (9th century – 1306), as well as in parts of Poland (including Silesia), Hungary and Austria.
Mayor of Central Otago
The mayor of Central Otago officiates over the Central Otago District of New Zealand which is administered by the Central Otago District Council. The first mayor of Central Otago was W.S. McIntosh who was elected in 1989, when following the local government reforms of that year, the Central Otago District Council was formed in the place of the previous county and borough councils of Central Otago.

The mayor of Central Otago serves a three-year term and acts as the chair of the council which comprises 11 other elected Councillors. The current mayor of Central Otago is Tamah Alley.

Central Otago District
Central Otago District is local government district in New Zealand. It is administered by the Central Otago District Council, and it is in the Otago region, the top tier of local government in New Zealand. The major towns in the district are Alexandra (the seat of local government), Cromwell, Roxburgh, Clyde and Ranfurly. The district covers 9,968 km2 (3,849 sq mi), making it the fourth-largest district in New Zealand by area, and is home to 26,500 people as of June 2024.

The Central Otago District is part of what is informally known as Central Otago. It was formed in 1989 from the merger of the former Vincent and Maniototo Counties. The current mayor is Tamah Alley, who succeeded her predecessor Tim Cadogan in late October 2024. Cadogan had resigned in 2024 prior to the 2025 New Zealand local elections to move to Wellington.
FIL World Luge Championships 2013
The FIL World Luge Championships 2013 took place under the auspices of the International Luge Federation at the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. The facility was chosen at the 57th FIL Congress in Liberec, Czech Republic on 20 June 2009. Whistler was the only venue bidding for the championships.

FIL World Luge Championships
The FIL World Luge Championships, part of the International Luge Federation (FIL) have taken place on an almost annual basis in non-Winter Olympics years since 1955. These championships are shown for artificial tracks. See FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships for all natural track events that have taken place since 1979.
Line 8 (Tianjin Metro)
Line 8 of the Tianjin Metro (Chinese: 天津地铁8号线; pinyin: Tiānjīn Dìtiě Bā Hào Xiàn) is a rapid transit line running from northwest to southeast Tianjin. The Phase I south section of line 8, which was originally called Line 6 Phase 2 during construction, was opened on 28 December 2021. The line is currently 13.42 km long and has 9 stations.

This is the first metro line in Tianjin that uses Type A six car, GoA4 automated trains.

Line 6 (Tianjin Metro)
Line 6 of the Tianjin Metro (Chinese: 天津地铁六号线; pinyin: Tiānjīn Dìtiě Liù Hào Xiàn) is a rapid transit line running semi-circular from north-east to south-east Tianjin. It was opened on 6 August 2016. The line was later extended on 31 December 2016 and on 26 April 2018. The line is currently 42.6 km long and has 38 stations. The line currently uses 6 car B size trains but the platform is long enough to support 8 car trains as demand grows in the future. Line 6, together with Line 5 will form a loop around Tianjin.
Vasopressin receptor
The actions of vasopressin are mediated by stimulation of tissue-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called vasopressin receptors that are classified into the V1 (V1A), V2, and V3 (V1B) receptor subtypes. These three subtypes differ in localization, function and signal transduction mechanisms.

Vasopressin receptor 1A
Vasopressin receptor 1A (V1AR), or arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (officially called AVPR1A) is one of the three major receptor types for vasopressin (AVPR1B and AVPR2 being the others), and is present throughout the brain, as well as in the periphery in the liver, kidney, and vasculature.

AVPR1A is also known as:

V1a vasopressin receptor

antidiuretic hormone receptor 1A

SCCL vasopressin subtype 1a receptor

V1-vascular vasopressin receptor AVPR1A

vascular/hepatic-type arginine vasopressin receptor
Rahsaan Thomas
Rahsaan Thomas (born September 22, 1970) is an American-born journalist, known as "New York" on the podcast Ear Hustle. Thomas is the Executive Director of Empowerment Avenue, an organization that works to develop the careers of incarcerated writers, artists, journalists, and filmmakers pre-entry.

The Marshall Project
The Marshall Project is an American nonprofit news organization which covers the U.S. criminal justice system with an aim to spread awareness of inequities and other issues in the justice system.  It is named after lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.
2003 Bawean incident
The 2003 Bawean incident was an incident on 3 July 2003 where two Indonesian Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon were sent to intercept five US Navy F/A-18 Hornets fighter jets from the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson. The F-16s and F/A-18s engaged in a dogfight, missile lock and electronic warfare near Bawean Island in the Java Sea, north of Java.

Dogfight
A dogfight, or dog fight, is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft that is conducted at close range. Modern terminology for air-to-air combat is air combat manoeuvring (ACM), which refers to tactical situations requiring the use of individual basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) to attack or evade one or more opponents. This differs from aerial warfare, which deals with the strategy involved in planning and executing various missions.

Dogfighting first occurred during the Mexican Revolution in 1913, shortly after the invention of the airplane. It was a component of every major war after that, though with steadily declining frequency, until the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Since then, longer-range weapons such as beyond-visual-range missiles have made dogfighting largely obsolete.
Gayrettepe (Istanbul Metro)
Gayrettepe is an underground rapid transit station on the M2 and M11 lines of the Istanbul Metro. It is located in east-central Şişli under Büyükdere Avenue just south of Levent. The M2 portion of the station opened on 16 September 2000 and is one of the original six stations of the M2 line. In 2007 a connection to the Istanbul Metrobus at Zincirlikuyu junction was built. On 29 January 2024, the Kağıthane–Gayrettepe portion of the M11 line opened, allowing passengers to go from Gayrettepe to Istanbul Airport in 30 minutes. With a depth of 72 meters, the M11 platform is the deepest station in the Istanbul Metro system.

M2 (Istanbul Metro)
The M2, officially referred to as the M2 Yenikapı–Hacıosman metro line (Turkish: M2 Yenikapı–Hacıosman metro hattı), is a rapid transit line of the Istanbul Metro and the first heavy metro of Istanbul and Turkey. It is colored light green on the maps and route signs. The M2 operates between Hacıosman in southern Sarıyer to Yenikapı in south-central Fatih on the historic peninsula of Istanbul. Shuttle trains run from Sanayi to Seyrantepe to Rams Park. The M2 line has 16 stations, all but one underground, and a total length of 23.49 kilometers (14.60 mi). A daily ridership of about 500,000 makes it the busiest line of the Istanbul Metro system.
Glossary of aerospace engineering
This glossary of aerospace engineering terms pertains specifically to aerospace engineering, its sub-disciplines, and related fields including aviation and aeronautics. For a broad overview of engineering, see glossary of engineering.

Fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air aircraft, such as an airplane, which is capable of flight using aerodynamic lift. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft (in which a rotor mounted on a spinning shaft generates lift), and ornithopters (in which the wings oscillate to generate lift). The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are not necessarily rigid; kites, hang gliders, variable-sweep wing aircraft, and airplanes that use wing morphing are all classified as fixed wing.

Gliding fixed-wing aircraft, including free-flying gliders and tethered kites, can use moving air to gain altitude. Powered fixed-wing aircraft (airplanes) that gain forward thrust from an engine include powered paragliders, powered hang gliders and ground effect vehicles. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a pilot, but some are unmanned or controlled remotely or are completely autonomous (no remote pilot).
The Adventures of Lucky Pierre
The Adventures of Lucky Pierre is a 1961 nudie cutie film created by exploitation filmmakers Herschell Gordon Lewis and David F. Friedman. The first of its kind to be filmed in color, the film starred comedian Billy Falbo.

McFarland & Company
McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.

Its president is Rhonda Herman. Its current Editor-in-Chief is Steve Wilson. Its former president and current President Emeritus is Robert Franklin, who founded the company in 1979.

McFarland employs a staff of about 50, and as of 2019 had published 7,800 titles. McFarland's initial print runs average 600 copies per book.
Tapsennia gens
The gens Tapsennia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  No members of this gens occur in history, but several are known from an inscription dating from the middle of the first century, under the early empire.

Praenomen
The praenomen (Classical Latin: [prae̯ˈnoːmɛn]; plural: praenomina) was a first name chosen by the parents of a Roman child. It was first bestowed on the dies lustricus (day of lustration), the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. The praenomen would then be formally conferred a second time when girls married, or when boys assumed the toga virilis upon reaching manhood. Although it was the oldest of the tria nomina commonly used in Roman naming conventions, by the late republic, most praenomina were so common that most people were called by their praenomina only by family or close friends. For this reason, although they continued to be used, praenomina gradually disappeared from public records during imperial times. Although both men and women received praenomina, women's praenomina were frequently ignored, and they were gradually abandoned by many Roman families, though they continued to be used in some families and in the countryside.
Friedrich von Blittersdorf
Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr von Blittersdorf (14 February 1792 - 16 April 1861) was a long serving politician-administrator in the Grand Duchy of Baden. As a younger man he served in a succession of ambassadorial roles and undertook other diplomatic work. Between 1835 and 1844 he became a dominating force in the government. He approached his responsibilities with huge erudition and energy, combined with a powerfully conservative set of political instincts.  In this respect he contrasted with his cautiously reformist predecessor as head of the government, Ludwig Georg Winter.

Kingdom of Württemberg
The Kingdom of Württemberg (German: Königreich Württemberg [ˌkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk]) was a German state that existed from 1806 to 1918, located within the area that later became Baden-Württemberg. The kingdom was a continuation of the Electorate of Württemberg, which existed from 1803 to 1806.
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Mikluševci
The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos in Mikluševci in eastern Croatia is a Greek Catholic parish church of the Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia. It was constructed in 1907. The local Pannonian Rusyns Greek Catholic community was established in 1859 and canonically recognized in 1930. The church was damaged during the Croatian War of Independence. The Greek Catholic Rusyn community started to settle in Mikluševci in the early 19th century and already in 1880 out of 712 inhabitants 467 were Greek Catholic, 227 Eastern Orthodox, 11 Roman Catholic and 7 Jewish

Pannonian Rusyns
Pannonian Rusyns (Pannonian Rusyn: Русини, romanized: Rusynŷ), also known as Pannonian Rusnaks (Pannonian Rusyn: Руснаци, romanized: Rusnatsŷ), are ethnic Rusyns from the southern regions of the Pannonian Plain (hence, Pannonian Rusyns). Their communities are located mainly in Vojvodina, Serbia, and Slavonia, Croatia. In both of those countries, they are officially recognized as an ethnic minority.

Pannonian Rusyns are descendants of 18th-century migrant communities, that came from northeastern (Carpathian) regions, still inhabited today by other groups of (Carpathian) Rusyns, who live in southwestern Ukraine, northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland, northern Romania, and northeastern Hungary.
Ratio scripta
"Ratio scripta", or "written reason", was the assessment of Roman law commonly held in Europe during the Medieval period. It emerged during the revival of Roman law, serving as the basis of the ius commune. It was also used to evaluate the validity of leges propria or the local customs and positive legislation. Ratio scripta is also used to denote the popular opinion of Roman law held during the Medieval period. It could also mean the written opinion of a tribunal explaining its decision over a case.

Ratio scripta was the basis of the popularity of the Roman law in medieval Europe. According to scholars, the Roman law was widely adopted because ratio or reason meant the law. In France, for instance, the Roman law is often invoked as a standard and as a reference to the law in general.

Jus commune
Jus commune or ius commune is Latin for "common law" in certain jurisdictions. It is often used by civil law jurists to refer to those aspects of the civil law system's invariant legal principles, sometimes called "the law of the land" in English law. While the ius commune was a secure point of reference in continental European legal systems, in England it was not a point of reference at all. (Ius commune is distinct from the term "common law" meaning the Anglo-American family of law as opposed to the civil law family.) The phrase "the common law of the civil law systems" means those underlying laws that create a distinct legal system and are common to all its elements.