hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kingdom of Hadhramaut
Ḥaḍramawt (Hadrami: 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩩, romanized: ḤḌRMT; Sabaic, Minaic, Qatabānic: 𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩, romanized: ḤḌRMWT) was an ancient South Semitic-speaking kingdom of South Arabia (ancient Yemen) which existed from the early 1st millennium BCE till the late 3rd century CE in the area currently named after it in the region of the Ṣayhad desert.

The kingdom of Ḥaḍramawt was one of the six ancient South Arabian kingdoms of ancient Yemen, along with Sabaʾ, Maʿīn, Qatabān, Ḥimyar, and Awsān. Little is known about Ḥaḍramawt compared to the other early South Arabian states.

Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
The Ramlat al-Sab'atayn (Arabic: رملة السبعتين, lit. 'Sand of the Two Sevens') is a desert region that corresponds with the northern deserts of modern Yemen (Al-Jawf, Marib, Shabwah governorates) and southwestern Saudi Arabia (Najran province).

It comprises mainly transverse and seif dunes and covers an area of about 100 by 240 kilometres (60 by 150 mi), roughly 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi).

The Ramlat as Sab'atayn includes part of what was known to medieval Arab geographers as the Sayhad (Arabic: صيهد, romanized: Ṣayhad). It extends from al-Khawr to the edge of the Rub' al-Khālī or Empty Quarter. It includes the Yemeni muhafazahs of al-Jawf, Ma'rib and Shabwa.
Kroodden
Kroodden is a neighbourhood in the city of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. The neighborhood is located in the borough of Vågsbygd and in the district of Voiebyen. The Kristiansand Cannon Museum is located to the west of Kroodden. Kroodden is south of Spinneren along the coast. From Kroodden, the Flekkerøy Tunnel leads across the strait to the island of Flekkerøy.

Flekkerøy
Flekkerøy or Flekkerøya is an island and residential district in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway.   The district is located within the borough of Vågsbygd, and it consists of 4 main neighborhoods: Berge/Andås, Kjære, Lindebø/Skålevik, and Mæbø/Høyfjellet.  The district covers all of the island of Flekkerøya which lies within the city of Kristiansand.  Since 1989, the island (and district) has been connected to the mainland through the Flekkerøy Tunnel, a 2,320-metre (7,612 ft) long subsea road tunnel.  The island has 3,632 inhabitants (as of 23 October 2013).  Flekkerøy Church is located on the island.
Tõõdilaid
Tõõdilaid (alternatively: Teedi saar, Teedilaid) is a small Estonian islet within Saastna Bay off the south-east coast of the island of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea. The island covers 0.0136 hectares and has a perimeter of 0.6 kilometers and lies in an oblong Southwest-Northeast position. Tõõdilaid is administered by Saaremaa Parish, Saare County and is part of the Kahtla-Kübassaare hoiuala Limited-conservation area.

Saaremaa Parish
Saaremaa Parish, also known as Saaremaa Municipality (Estonian: Saaremaa vald), is a municipality in Saare County in western Estonia. It is the largest municipality by land area and largest rural municipality – or parish – by population in Estonia. The administrative centre of the municipality is its only town Kuressaare.

It is one of three parishes comprising the county, along with Muhu and Ruhnu Parish. It was formed following the 2017 Estonian municipal reform on 21 October 2017 on the basis of all twelve former Saaremaa municipalities: Kuressaare town and Kihelkonna, Laimjala, Leisi, Lääne-Saare, Mustjala, Orissaare, Pihtla, Pöide, Salme, Torgu and Valjala parishes.
Engineering and Technology History Wiki
The Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW) is a MediaWiki-based website dedicated to the history of technology. It started operating in 2015. It consists of articles, first-hand accounts, oral histories, landmarks and milestones.

A partnership between the United Engineering Foundation (UEF) and its member engineering organizations ASCE, AIME, AIChE, ASME, IEEE as well as the Society of Women Engineers is developing the ETHW as a central repository for the documentation, analysis and explanation of the history of technology.

Society of Women Engineers
The Society of Women Engineers (SWE) is an international not-for-profit educational and service organization. Founded in 1950 and headquartered in the United States, the Society of Women Engineers is a major advocate for women in engineering and technology. SWE has over 47,000 members in nearly 100 professional sections, 300 collegiate sections, and 60 global affiliate groups throughout the world.
Crescent (bicycle)
Crescent is a Swedish bicycle brand.
Crescent started production in 1908. Although Crescent is a Swedish brand, its roots began in Chicago, where Western Wheel Works manufactured bikes with the same brand.

Crescent's factory is located in Varberg, Sweden. There is also a bicycle museum.

in late 1990s, Crescent has been part of Cycleurope, also Monark and Bianchi.

Varberg
Varberg (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈvɑ̂ːrbærj])  is a locality and the seat of Varberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 35,782 inhabitants in 2019.

Varberg and all of Halland are well known for their "typical west coast" sandy beaches.  In Varberg the coast changes from wide sandy beaches to rocky terrain that continues north into the Bohuslän archipelago and as far as the North Cape. Varberg is ranked as one of Sweden’s most beautiful cities.
2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H
The 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group H was one of the ten UEFA groups in the World Cup qualification tournament to decide which teams would qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals tournament in Qatar. Group H consisted of six teams: Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Russia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format.

The group winners, Croatia, qualified directly for the World Cup finals, while the runners-up, Russia, advanced to the second round (play-offs), but they were later suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA second round
The second round of the qualification tournament for the 2022 FIFA World Cup from UEFA (also known as the UEFA play-offs) was contested by twelve teams from the UEFA segment of qualifying. The play-offs determined the final three European teams that joined the group winners at the World Cup in Qatar. The ten runners-up from the UEFA first round groups participated in the play-offs, along with two group winners from the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League. The teams were divided into three paths, each containing four teams, with each play-off path featuring two single-leg semi-finals, and one single-leg final. The matches took place in March and June 2022.
Stakenborg
Stakenborg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈstaːkə(m)bɔr(ə)x]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is a part of the municipality of Westerwolde, and lies about 33 km northeast of Emmen.

The hamlet was first mentioned between 1851 and 1855 as Stakenburg, and is a combination of a thin pole and borg (castle). The postal authorities have placed it under Bourtange. Stakenborg has place name signs.

Westerwolde (municipality)
Westerwolde (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌʋɛstərˈʋɔldə]; Gronings: Westerwoolde) is a municipality in the province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands.

The municipalities of Bellingwedde and Vlagtwedde have merged into the new municipality of Westerwolde on 1 January 2018. The municipality continues to use both municipal halls in Sellingen and Wedde.
Perak (headdress)
A perak is a headdress typically worn by the old aristocracy in the Himalayan Ladakh region of Asia. It is composed of a strap of leather studded with semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli and turquoise.

Headgear
Headgear, headwear, or headdress is any element of clothing which is worn on one's head, including hats, helmets, turbans and many other types. Headgear is worn for many purposes, including protection against the elements, decoration, or for religious or cultural reasons, including social conventions.
Hunting license
A hunting license or hunting permit is a regulatory or legal mechanism to control hunting, both commercial and recreational. A license specifically made for recreational hunting is sometimes called a game license or hunting permit.

Hunting may be regulated informally by unwritten law, self-restraint, a moral code, or by governmental laws. The purposes for requiring hunting licenses include the protection of natural treasures, and raising tax revenue (often, but not always, to dedicated funds).

Standard of review
In law, the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. A low standard of review means that the decision under review will be varied or overturned if the reviewing court considers there is any error at all in the lower court's decision. A high standard of review means that deference is accorded to the decision under review, so that it will not be disturbed just because the reviewing court might have decided the matter differently; it will be varied only if the higher court considers the decision to have obvious error. The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis). In the United States, "standard of review" also has a separate meaning concerning the level of deference the judiciary gives to Congress when ruling on the constitutionality of legislation.
Confluence
In geography, a confluence (also conflux) occurs where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main stem); or where two streams meet to become the source of a river of a new name (such as the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, forming the Ohio River); or where two separated channels of a river (forming a river island) rejoin downstream from their point of separation.

Deutsches Eck
The Deutsches Eck (German: [ˈdɔʏtʃəs ˈʔɛk] ⓘ, "German Corner") is the name of a promontory in Koblenz, Germany, where the Mosel river joins the Rhine. Named after a local commandry of the Teutonic Order, it became known for a monumental equestrian statue of William I, first German Emperor, dedicated in 1897 in appreciation of his role in the unification of Germany. One of many Emperor William monuments raised in the Prussian Rhine Province, it was dismantled on the orders of the French military government immediately after the Second World War, and only the plinth was preserved as a memorial. Following German reunification, a replica of the statue was erected on the pedestal after controversial discussions in 1993. It is today a Koblenz landmark and a popular tourist attraction.
Nikolaos Chountis
Nikolaos Chountis (Greek: Νικόλαος Χουντής; born 17 September 1953 in Langadia, Arcadia) is a Greek politician and former Member of the European Parliament, currently serving as General Secretary of the political party Popular Unity.

Hellenic Parliament
37°58′31″N 23°44′13″E﻿ / ﻿37.97528°N 23.73694°E﻿ / 37.97528; 23.73694

The Parliament of the Hellenes (Greek: Βουλή των Ελλήνων, romanized: Voulí ton Ellínon), commonly known as the Hellenic Parliament (Greek: Ελληνικό Κοινοβούλιο, romanized: Ellinikó Koinovoúlio), is the unicameral legislature of Greece, located in the Old Royal Palace, overlooking Syntagma Square in Athens. The parliament is the supreme democratic institution that represents the citizens through an elected body of Members of Parliament (MPs).

It is a unicameral legislature of 300 members, elected for a four-year term. From 1844–1863 and from 1927–1935, the parliament was bicameral with an upper house (the Senate; Greek: Γερουσία, romanized: Gerousía) and a lower house (the Chamber of Deputies; Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων, Voulí ton Antiprosópon). Several important Greek statesmen have served as the speaker of the Hellenic Parliament.
2024 Internazionali di Tennis del Friuli Venezia Giulia – Women's doubles
Angelica Moratelli and Camilla Rosatello were the defending champions but chose to compete at the 2024 ITF World Tennis Tour Gran Canaria instead.

Yvonne Cavallé Reimers and Aurora Zantedeschi won the title, defeating Nuria Brancaccio and Leyre Romero Gormaz in the final, 7–5, 2–6, [10–5].

2024 ITF World Tennis Tour Gran Canaria
The 2024 ITF World Tennis Tour Gran Canaria was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2024 ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. It took place in Maspalomas, Spain, between 29 July and 4 August 2024.
Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex district
Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex district in the United States is one of 40 legislative districts of the Massachusetts Senate. It covers 3.8% of Middlesex County and 15.9% of Suffolk County population in 2010. Democrat Will Brownsberger of Belmont has represented the district since 2012.

Massachusetts Senate
The Massachusetts Senate is the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court, the bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Senate comprises 40 elected members from 40 single-member senatorial districts in the state. All but one of the districts are named for the counties in which they are located (the "Cape and Islands" district covers Dukes, Nantucket, and parts of Barnstable counties). Senators serve two-year terms, without term limits. The Senate convenes in the Massachusetts State House in Boston, the state capital.
Nậm Hàng
Nậm Hàng is a commune (xã) of Lai Châu Province, Vietnam.

On 16 June 2025, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly promulgated a Resolution on the rearrangement of commune-level administrative units of Lai Châu Province in 2025. Accordingly, the entire natural area and population of Nậm Nhùn Township, Nậm Manh Commune, and Nậm Hàng Commune are rearranged to form a new commune named Nậm Hàng Commune.

Commune-level town
Commune-level town (Vietnamese: thị trấn), a type of third tier subdivision of Vietnam is divided into 11,162 units along with ward and commune have equal status. By virtue of Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP, townships are officially classified into Class-2, Class-3, Class-4 or Class-5. On 1 July 2025, as a result of a constitutional amendment and related legislation, all Commune-level towns ceased to exist.

The townships can only subordinate to district as the Third Tier unit.
Roberto Chiacig
Roberto Chiacig (born 1 December 1974 in Cividale del Friuli, Italy) is an Italian former professional basketball player, still playing at an amateur level.

Playing as a center, his most notable achievement was the silver medal obtained by the Italian national team, of which he was a member, at the 2004 Summer Olympics. According to many experts, Roberto Chiacig is one of Europe's best centers of all time.

Beyond playing internationally, he also has had a long club career in Italy, and abroad, winning an Italian League championship title with Montepaschi Siena.

2001–02 FIBA Saporta Cup
The 2001–02 FIBA Saporta Cup was the thirty-sixth edition of FIBA's 2nd-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition. It was the last edition of the tournament. It took place between 30 October 2001 and 30 April 2002. The final was held at Lyon, France.
1993 Virginia Slims of Chicago
The 1993 Virginia Slims of Chicago was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was held from February 8 through February 14, 1993. First-seeded Monica Seles won the singles title and earned $75,000 first-prize money.

Ameritech Cup
The Ameritech Cup (known also as the Virginia Slims of Chicago and the Avon Championships of Chicago) is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated tennis tournament held every year from 1971 until 1997 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States. Its sponsors were Virginia Slims from 1971 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1994, Avon from 1979 to 1982 and Ameritech from 1995 to 1997. The tournament was classified as Tier III in 1988-1989, Tier I in 1990 and Tier II until 1997, and was played on indoor carpet courts.

Martina Navratilova was the most successful player at the tournament, winning the singles competition 12 times and the doubles competition 7 times. Past champions also include former No. 1 players Chris Evert (1977), Monica Seles (1993) and Lindsay Davenport (1997).
Dumbarton Castle
Dumbarton Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Breatainn, pronounced [t̪unˈpɾʲɛʰt̪ɪɲ]; Welsh: Alt Clut) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Scotland. It sits on a volcanic plug of basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is 240 feet (73 m) high and overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton.

John de Menteith
Sir John Menteith of Ruskie and Knapdale (c. 1275 – c. 1329) was a Scottish nobleman during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is known for his capture of Sir William Wallace in 1305 and later joined with King Robert the Bruce and received large land grants in Knapdale and Kintyre for his service. He is described as "guardian" of the Earldom of Menteith, as his great-nephew Alan II, Earl of Menteith was a child at the time of the death of Alan I, Earl of Menteith.
SPT-348
SPT-348 is a serotonin receptor modulator and non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogen of the lysergamide family which is under development for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. It is a prodrug of 2-bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BOL-148), a non-selective serotonin receptor modulator and partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, and is an analogue of the serotonergic psychedelic LSD. The drug is said to employ a novel formulation involving a triglyceride linker that helps it to bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver that is said to be prominent with LSD. As of 2025, SPT-348 is in the discovery or preclinical research stage of development.

Psychoplastogen
Psychoplastogens, also known as neuroplastogens, are a group of small molecule drugs that produce rapid and sustained effects on neuronal structure and function, intended to manifest therapeutic benefit after a single administration.

Several existing psychoplastogens have been identified and their therapeutic effects demonstrated; several are presently at various stages of development as medications including ketamine, MDMA, scopolamine, and the serotonergic psychedelics, including LSD, psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin), DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT.

Compounds of this sort are being explored as therapeutics for a variety of brain disorders including depression, addiction, and PTSD. The ability to rapidly promote neuronal changes via mechanisms of neuroplasticity was recently discovered as the common therapeutic activity and mechanism of action.
Lady Kasa
Lady Kasa (笠郎女, Kasa no Iratsume) was a Japanese female waka poet of the early 8th century.

Little is known of her except what is preserved in her 29 surviving poems in the Man'yōshū; all these were love poems addressed to her lover Ōtomo no Yakamochi who compiled the Man'yōshū (and who is known to have had at least 14 other lovers and to have broken up with her). Nonetheless, her love poems made her famous and inspired a later generation of female poets like Izumi Shikibu or Ono no Komachi.

Ono no Komachi
Ono no Komachi (小野 小町; Japanese pronunciation: [o.no no koꜜ.ma.tɕi], c. 825 – c. 900) was a Japanese waka poet, one of the Rokkasen—the six best waka poets of the early Heian period. She was renowned for her unusual beauty, and Komachi is today a synonym for feminine beauty in Japan. She also counts among the Thirty-six Poetry Immortals.
Presidential Airways (scheduled)
Presidential Airways (IATA: XV, ICAO:  n/a , call sign: Washington Eagle) was an airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Washington Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia. It was founded in 1985 by Harold J. (Hap) Pareti, formerly an officer at People Express Airlines, known as PEOPLExpress a low-cost carrier, with Boeing 737-200 service from Washington Dulles to Boston Logan in Massachusetts commencing October 10 of that year.  A small fleet of B737-200 jetliners were initially operated by the airline.

Beechcraft 1900
The Beechcraft 1900 is an American twin-engine turboprop regional airliner manufactured by Beechcraft. It is also used as a freight aircraft and corporate transport, and by several governmental and military organizations. With customers favoring larger regional jets, then-owner Raytheon ended production in October 2002.

Developed from the Beechcraft Super King Air, the aircraft was designed to carry passengers in all weather conditions from airports with relatively short runways. It is capable of flying in excess of 600 miles (970 km), although few operators use its full-fuel range.
Mitoquinone mesylate
Mitoquinone mesylate (MitoQ) is a synthetic analogue of coenzyme Q10 which has antioxidant effects. It was first developed in New Zealand in the late 1990s. It has significantly improved bioavailability and improved mitochondrial penetration compared to coenzyme Q10, and has shown potential in a number of medical indications, being widely sold as a dietary supplement.

A 2014 review found insufficient evidence for the use of mitoquinone mesylate in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders.

A 2025 British study found that diabetes patients who took daily mitoquinone, a widely available antioxidant, as well as their standard treatment had healthier hearts after four months than those not given the supplement. Mitoquinone was able to reverse the early signs of diabetes-related heart failure over the course of the study.

Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Foods are also treated with antioxidants to prevent spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats. In cells, antioxidants such as glutathione, mycothiol, or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, inhibit damage from oxidative stress.

Dietary antioxidants are vitamins A, C, and E, but the term has also been applied to various compounds that exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro, having little evidence for antioxidant properties in vivo. Dietary supplements marketed as antioxidants have not been shown to maintain health or prevent disease in humans.
Rayleigh wave
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel along the surface of solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction, and are frequently used in non-destructive testing for detecting defects. Rayleigh waves are part of the seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes. When guided in layers they are referred to as Lamb waves, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.

Interdigital transducer
An interdigital transducer (IDT) is a device that consists of two interlocking comb-shaped arrays of metallic electrodes (in the fashion of a zipper). These metallic electrodes are deposited on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate, such as quartz or lithium niobate, to form a periodic structure.
Electoral district of Carlingford
Carlingford was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian State of New South Wales from 1988 to 1991, named after the suburb of Carlingford.  In 1999, it was replaced by Baulkham Hills.  Its only member was Wayne Merton, representing the Liberal Party.

Electoral districts of New South Wales
The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is elected from single-member electorates called districts, returning 93 members since the 1999 election. Prior to 1927 some districts returned multiple members, including 1920-1927 when all districts returned three, four or five members. Parramatta is the only district to have continuously existed since the establishment of the Assembly in 1856.