hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of North Africa
The history of North Africa is typically divided into its prehistory, the classical period, the arrival and spread of Islam, the colonial era, and finally the post-independence period, in which the current nations were formed. The region has been influenced by a wide range of cultures. The development of sea travel firmly integrated North Africa into the Mediterranean world, especially during the classical period. In the 1st millennium AD, the Sahara became a major trade zone as camel caravans brought goods and people from sub-Saharan Africa. The region also has a small but strategic land connection to the Middle East, which has also played a key role in its history.

Hassan ibn al-Nu'man
Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani (Arabic: حسان بن النعمان الغساني, romanized: Hassān ibn al-Nuʿmān al-Ghassānī) was an Arab general of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the final Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya, firmly establishing Islamic rule in the region. Appointed by Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705), Hassan launched a series of campaigns during the closing years of the 7th century, during which he defeated the Byzantines and the Berbers led by al-Kahina. The Byzantine capital of Carthage was destroyed in 698 and the nearby city of Tunis was founded in the following year. In Kairouan, Hassan set up a Muslim administration for the province to collect taxes from its Christian inhabitants and pay the troops. He enrolled thousands of Berbers into the army, which proved critical to later Muslim military successes in the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula. He was ultimately ousted from his post by the governor of Egypt, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, due to a power struggle for influence over Ifriqiya.
Estádio Antarctica Paulista
The Estádio Antarctica Paulista, also known as Estádio Antônio Alonso or Estádio da Rua da Mooca was an association football stadium in São Paulo, Brazil.

Owned by the Companhia Antarctica Paulista, it was used from 1920 to 1943 in matches of the Campeonato Paulista. It is currently the parking lot of the Bavaria Brewery, part of the Ambev group. It was located a few blocks from the Estádio Conde Rodolfo Crespi, the CA Juventus home.

Estádio Conde Rodolfo Crespi
23°33′12″S 46°36′16″W﻿ / ﻿23.55333°S 46.60444°W﻿ / -23.55333; -46.60444

Estádio Conde Rodolfo Crespi, usually known as Rua Javari, is a multi-use stadium located in São Paulo's Mooca neighborhood, Brazil. It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home games of Clube Atlético Juventus, which is also the stadium's owner, and hosted the games of Pão de Açúcar Esporte Clube. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people, and was built in 1929. Estádio da Rua Javari is named after Count Rodolfo Crespi, who was Juventus' first president and helped the stadium construction. The stadium's nickname, Rua Javari, is the name of the street where it is located in.

As it has no artificial lightning, matches are not played after dusk. Clube Atlético Juventus usually schedules its home games to start at 3:00PM (4:00PM when DST).
Mesolithic in Switzerland
The Mesolithic in Switzerland represents a crucial transitional period in Swiss prehistory, spanning from approximately 9500 to 5500 BCE. This archaeological period is characterized by the appearance and proliferation of very small arrow points called microliths, marking a significant shift from the preceding Epipaleolithic traditions to the emerging Neolithic agricultural societies.

The Mesolithic period in Switzerland is broadly divided into two chronological phases: the Early and Middle Mesolithic (9500–7000 BCE) and the Late and Final Mesolithic (7000–5500 BCE). During this time, hunter-gatherer societies adapted to the changing post-glacial environment of the Holocene, developing sophisticated technologies and complex territorial systems across the diverse Swiss landscape.

Jura Mountains
The Jura Mountains (/ˈdʒʊərə, ˈʒʊərə/ JOOR-ə, ZHOOR-ə) are a sub-alpine mountain range, a short distance north of the Western Alps, and mainly demarcate a long part of the French–Swiss border. While the Jura range proper ("folded Jura", Faltenjura) is located in France and Switzerland, the range continues northeastwards through northern Switzerland and Germany as the Table Jura ("not folded Jura", Tafeljura), which is crossed by the High Rhine.
Alexander Grantham (fireboat)
22°17′21.30″N 114°13′9.35″E﻿ / ﻿22.2892500°N 114.2192639°E﻿ / 22.2892500; 114.2192639

The Alexander Grantham was a fireboat operated by the Fire Services Department of Hong Kong. It was named after Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Alexander Grantham. The boat has since retired from service and been replaced by other vessels.

On 10 March 2006, the fireboat was successfully hoisted into its new permanent home in the Central Concourse of Quarry Bay Park, where it has been converted into the Fireboat Alexander Grantham Exhibition Gallery and was opened to the public as a museum in 2007, managed by Leisure and Cultural Services Department. In addition to the fireboat itself, the gallery houses a number of multimedia exhibits on the vessel's history and on firefighting in Hong Kong.

3D laser scanning technology in digital recording of structures was applied to capture the 3D images of the structure.

Quarry Bay Park
Quarry Bay Park (Chinese: 鰂魚涌公園) is an urban park located in the Quarry Bay area of Hong Kong Island's Eastern District. It lies between the waterfront and the Tai Koo Shing housing estate, and covers around 9.79 hectares (24.2 acres). The park is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government.
Speakers Bank
Speakers Bank is a large coral atoll structure in the northwestern part of the Chagos Archipelago. It is the northernmost feature of the archipelago, located at 04°55′S 72°20′E﻿ / ﻿4.917°S 72.333°E﻿ / -4.917; 72.333﻿ (Speakers Bank), approximately 22km northwest of Blenheim Reef and is 44km northeast-southwest direction, and is about 24km wide. The total area is 582km2, most of which is water. Most of the rim of the reef is between 5.5 and 14.5 metres below water. In the south, near the southwest edge (05°04'S, 072°16'E)  some coral heads rise to 0.5 metres above sea level when in low tide, and the sea breaks heavily over them during the southeast trade winds. In the northeast, at 04°47'S, 072°26'E, there are a number of drying cays, the biggest of which, Big Speaker Reef, just reaches the high water mark. The land area is negligible.

Speakers Bank was surveyed in 1856 by British captain J. Speaker on HMS Wallerup. It is the site of many shipwrecks, including some from earlier times.

Blenheim Reef
Blenheim Reef is a partly submerged atoll structure in the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. It includes the coral reef of Baxio Predassa in its southeastern rim, plus another completely submerged part. It is located in the northeastern part of the Chagos Archipelago. It measures almost eleven kilometres (north–south) by more than four kilometres (east–west), with a total area of 36.8 square kilometres, including the lagoon of 8.5 km2, the difference being accounted for the mostly by the reef flat. Only on the eastern side, there are a few sand cays above the water. The largest of them is East Island, which is not quite 200 metres long and 70 metres wide. The other islands in the group are North, Middle and South. Only a few grasses grow on the island. The lagoon is up to 18 metres deep and encumbered with rock. The fringing coral reef has a wide passage in the southwest. The closest land is Takamaka Island in the Salomon Islands Atoll, about 20 kilometres to the southwest.
35th Republican People's Party Ordinary Convention
The 35th Republican People's Party Ordinary Convention took place on 16 and 17 January 2016, having originally been scheduled for 2014. The convention date was pushed back from 2014, when it was supposed to be held two years after the previous in 2012, due to the 18th Extraordinary Convention that was held in September 2014. It w held shortly after the CHP's defeat in the November 2015 general election. The party was expected to see challengers to the leadership of Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, however, Kılıçdaroğlu was re-elected with no other candidate challenging him.

In November 2015, Kılıçdaroğlu ruled out any prospect of holding an Extraordinary Convention prior to the scheduled Ordinary Convention despite calls from some CHP MPs, claiming that the preparations for the Ordinary Convention had already begun.

İzmir (2nd electoral district)
İzmir's second electoral district is one of two divisions of İzmir province for the purpose of elections to Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It elects thirteen members of parliament (deputies) to represent the district for a four-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system. It covers northern and southeastern parts of İzmir.
Land Drainage Act 1991
The Land Drainage Act 1991 (c. 59) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidates legislation relating to internal drainage boards. It is organised into five parts, with part I containing 13 sections relating to the functions of internal drainage boards. Part II has 18 sections dealing with provisions for facilitating and securing the drainage of land. Part III contains four sections on powers to modify existing obligations, Part IV has 26 sections covering financial provisions, while part V has 15 miscellaneous and supplemental sections. These are followed by six schedules.

Internal drainage board
An internal drainage board (IDB) is a type of operating authority which is established in areas of special drainage need in England and Wales with permissive powers to undertake work to secure clean water drainage and water level management within drainage districts. The area of an IDB is not determined by county or metropolitan council boundaries, but by water catchment areas within a given region. IDBs are geographically concentrated in the Broads, Fens in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, Somerset Levels and Yorkshire.

In comparison with public bodies in other countries, IDBs are most similar to the Waterschappen of the Netherlands, Consorzi di bonifica e irrigazione of Italy, wateringen of Flanders and Northern France, Watershed Districts of Minnesota, United States and Marsh Bodies of Nova Scotia, Canada.
Condado Beach
Condado Beach (Spanish: Playa del Condado) is a large public-access beach located in Condado, a resort and residential district in the barrio of Santurce in the capital municipality of San Juan in Puerto Rico.

Condado Vanderbilt Hotel
The Condado Vanderbilt Hotel is a historic luxury hotel built in 1919 and located on Ashford Avenue in the district of Condado in San Juan, the capital city of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The hotel was designed by the architectural firm Warren and Wetmore, who also designed New York's Grand Central Terminal. It was built by the Vanderbilt family and it marked the beginning of high end tourism in Puerto Rico.
Clark Havighurst
Clark Havighurst (born May 25, 1933) is an American legal scholar known for his contributions in health care law and policy. He retired in 2005 as the William Neal Reynolds Professor Emeritus of Law at Duke University after forty years of service in its School of Law. Among his contributions was an early casebook in the field, Health Care Law and Policy: Readings, Notes, and Questions (Foundation Press), first published in 1988, with a later edition (with two co-editors) following in 1998. A 1982 book, Deregulating the Health Care Industry: Planning for Competition, examined the case for and against economic regulation in health care markets. Perhaps his most original work was Health Care Choices: Private Contracts as Instruments of Health Reform (published by the American Enterprise Institute in 1995).

Duke University School of Law
The Duke University School of Law is the law school of Duke University, a private university in Durham, North Carolina.

The school is a constituent academic unit that began in 1868 as the Trinity College School of Law. In 1924, following the renaming of Trinity College to Duke University, the school was renamed Duke University School of Law.
Ernest Peterlin
Ernest Peterlin (11 January 1903 – 20 March 1946) was a Slovene military officer who rose to a senior position in the Royal Yugoslav Army prior to the Second World War. Married to Anja Roman Rezelj. A decided anti-Communist, during the war he became a prominent anti-Partisan military leader and one of the main exponents of the pro-Western faction of the Slovene Home Guard, an anti-Communist collaborationist militia active in parts of German-occupied Slovenia between 1943 and 1945. In 1945, he was tried and sentenced to death by the new Yugoslav Communist authorities and executed in 1946.

Province of Ljubljana
The Province of Ljubljana (Italian: Provincia di Lubiana, Slovene: Ljubljanska pokrajina, German: Provinz Laibach) was the central-southern area of Slovenia. In 1941, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy, and after 1943 occupied by Nazi Germany. Created on May 3, 1941, it was abolished on May 9, 1945, when the Slovene Partisans and partisans from other parts of Yugoslavia liberated it from the Nazi Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Its administrative centre was Ljubljana.
Premio Ostana
The Ostana Prize – Writings in the Mother Tongue (Italian: Ostana Premio Scritture in Lingua Madre), is an annual prize and cultural initiative organized by the Municipality of Ostana and by the Cultural Association Chambra d'Oc. It is dedicated to languages and to literary authors who use a "mother tongue", a present-day minority language of territorial belonging, in their works. The event began in 2008 and is held in Ostana, a municipality in the Valle Po (Italy), every year at the beginning of June. It is open to the public with free admission.

Sámi languages
The Sámi languages (US: /ˈsɑːmi/ SAH-mee, UK: also /ˈsæmi/ SAM-ee), also rendered in English as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia). There are, depending on the nature and terms of division, ten or more Sami languages. Several spellings have been used for the Sámi languages, including Sámi, Sami, Saami, Saame, Sámic, Samic and Saamic, as well as the exonyms Lappish and Lappic. The last two, along with the term Lapp, are now often considered pejorative.
Long draw
Long draw is the spinning technique used to create woolen yarns. It is spun from carded rolags. It is generally spun from shorter stapled fibers. Long draw spun yarns are light, lofty, stretchy, soft, and full of air, thus they are good insulators, and make good knitting yarns.

Long draw spinning is most often contrasted to the short draw technique used to spin worsted yarns.

Spinning (textiles)
Spinning is a twisting technique to form yarn from fibers. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a bobbin. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than cotton, which is the most popular, are viscose (the most common form of rayon), animal fibers such as wool, and synthetic polyester. Originally done by hand using a spindle whorl, starting in the 500s AD the spinning wheel became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The spinning jenny and spinning mule, invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the Industrial Revolution.
Dirac structure
In mathematics a Dirac structure is a geometric structure generalizing both symplectic structures and Poisson structures, and having several applications to mechanics. It is based on the notion of the Dirac bracket constraint introduced by Paul Dirac and was first introduced by Ted Courant and Alan Weinstein.

Symplectic geometry
Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry and differential topology that studies symplectic manifolds; that is, differentiable manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form. Symplectic geometry has its origins in the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics where the phase space of certain classical systems takes on the structure of a symplectic manifold.
University of Puerto Rico at Carolina
The University of Puerto Rico at Carolina (UPRC or UPR-Carolina) is a public college in Carolina, Puerto Rico. It is part of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) and is better known as CRCA or CUNICA from its former names in Spanish of Colegio Regional de Carolina and Colegio Universitario de Carolina respectively.

UPRCA is the only college in the UPR with an academic calendar divided into quarters instead of semesters, allowing complete studies in less time. It enrolls approximately 4,000 students.

Carolina, Puerto Rico
Carolina (/ˌkæroʊˈliːnə/; Spanish pronunciation: [kaɾoˈlina]) is a city and municipality on the northeastern coastal plain of Puerto Rico, immediately east of San Juan and Trujillo Alto, north of Gurabo and Juncos, and west of Canóvanas and Loíza. Part of the San Juan metropolitan area, Carolina is spread over 12 barrios and the downtown area and administrative center of Carolina Pueblo. In the coastal region of the municipality lies the resort and residential district of Isla Verde, where the main international airport of Puerto Rico, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, is located. Carolina is the third most populated municipality in the archipelago and island.
2022–23 Montenegrin Second League
The 2022–23 Montenegrin Second League was the 17th season since the establishment of the Montenegrin Second League. The season ran from August 2022 to May 2023. That was the fifth season with 10 participating teams.

Montenegrin First League
The Montenegrin First League (Montenegrin: Prva crnogorska fudbalska liga — Prva CFL — 1. CFL; pronounced [pr̂ːvaː t͡srnǒɡorskaː fûdbaːlskaː lǐːɡa]), referred to as the Meridianbet 1. CFL for sponsorship reasons, is the top professional football league in Montenegro. Founded in 2006, the competition is headed by the Football Association of Montenegro. 10 teams participate in this league. The winner of the Montenegrin First League enter the qualifications for the UEFA Champions League from the first round. The second and third placed teams and Montenegrin Cup winner play in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Conference League. The last placed team is directly relegated to the Montenegrin Second League, and the two next lowest ranked teams play in Montenegrin First League playoffs.
1985 Badminton World Cup
The 1985 Badminton World Cup was the seventh edition of an international tournament Badminton World Cup. The event was held in Istora Senayan, Jakarta. Indonesia won 3 titles while China finished with the titles from 2 disciplines.

Badminton World Cup
The World Cup in badminton was an annual tournament organized by the International Management Group (IMG). It was held from 1979 to 1997. After the tournament ceased for seven years, Badminton World Federation decided to bring it back as an invitational tournament in 2005, but it was ended after the 2006 event.
1978 Australian Grand Prix
The 1978 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race open to cars complying with Australian Formula 1, (commonly referred to as Formula 5000 cars). It was held on 10 September 1978 at the Sandown International Motor Racing Circuit, in Victoria, Australia.

It was the forty third Australian Grand Prix held and it was the Golden Anniversary AGP with the first being run in 1928. It also doubled as Round 2 of the 1978 Australian Drivers' Championship.

Lola Cars
Lola Cars Limited is a British automobile manufacturer founded in 1958 by Eric Broadley in Bromley, England. The company is now owned by Till Bechtolsheimer, who purchased it in 2022. Lola Cars endured for more than fifty years to become one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world. Lola started by building small front-engine sports cars, and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles. In 2012, Lola Cars stopped operations. Lola returned to motorsport in 2024 by joining the Formula E World Championship as an entrant and a powertrain supplier in a technical partnership with Yamaha.
David U. Lee
David U. Lee is a Taiwanese-American Hollywood film producer and entrepreneur best known for co-producing the films The Forbidden Kingdom, Shanghai, and Inseparable. He is the president of the film entertainment company Leeding Media, which he founded in 2008.

Ender's Game (film)
Ender's Game is a 2013 American military science fiction film written and directed by Gavin Hood, based on the 1985 novel by Orson Scott Card. The film stars Asa Butterfield as Andrew "Ender" Wiggin, a gifted child sent to an advanced military academy in space to prepare for a future alien invasion. The supporting cast includes Harrison Ford, Ben Kingsley, Viola Davis, Hailee Steinfeld, and Abigail Breslin.

Ender's Game was released in the United States on November 1, 2013, by Summit Entertainment. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, but underperformed at the box-office, grossing $126 million against a $110–115 million budget, with a projected loss of $68 million for the studio.
Huddersfield Giants Women
Huddersfield Giants Women are the women's rugby league team of Huddersfield Giants from Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. They compete in the RFL Women's Super League, playing their home games at Laund Hill and double header matches with the men's team at the Kirklees Stadium.

Kirklees Stadium
Kirklees Stadium, currently known as the Accu Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. With a capacity of 24,121, it has been the home ground of Huddersfield Town Association Football Club and Huddersfield Giants Rugby League Football Club, both of whom moved from Leeds Road since 1994.

The stadium was a venue for the Rugby League World Cup in 1995, 2000, 2013 and 2021, in addition to the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Since 25th September 2025 it is owned solely by Huddersfield Town Football Club. Its naming rights have passed from constructors Alfred McAlpine to pharmaceutical company Galpharm International in 2004, then to John Smith's Brewery eight years later, and Accu in 2025.
Ba Chúc
Ba Chúc is a commune (xã) of An Giang Province in Mekong Delta of Vietnam.

During the Vietnam War, the village came to the attention of American publics when it was revealed in The New York Times that civilians there had been forced by ARVN officers and their American advisers to remove landmines planted by Viet Cong and NVA units.

In 1978 the village was the scene of the killing of an estimated 3,157 civilians by Khmer Rouge forces from neighbouring Cambodia in what became known as the Ba Chúc Massacre.

Commune-level town
Commune-level town (Vietnamese: thị trấn), a type of third tier subdivision of Vietnam is divided into 11,162 units along with ward and commune have equal status. By virtue of Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP, townships are officially classified into Class-2, Class-3, Class-4 or Class-5. On 1 July 2025, as a result of a constitutional amendment and related legislation, all Commune-level towns ceased to exist.

The townships can only subordinate to district as the Third Tier unit.