hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Boskop
Boskop is a small village 16 km north of Potchefstroom. In 1913, the Boskop Man was found here, the first local anatomically modern human skull to be discovered. Consisting only of a post office and railway station on the route Potchefstroom-Welverdiend, the name is Afrikaans and means 'bush hill'.

Potchefstroom
Potchefstroom (locally /ˈpɒtʃɛfstrʊərm/ POTCH-ef-stroorm; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˌpɔtʃɛfˈstruəm]), known colloquially as Potch, is an academic city in the North West Province of South Africa. It hosts the Potchefstroom Campus of North-West University. Potchefstroom is situated on the Mooi River (Afrikaans for "pretty river"), approximately 120 km (75 mi) west-southwest of Johannesburg and 45 km (28 mi) east-northeast of Klerksdorp.
Gosiewski (Ślepowron)
Gosiewski (plural form: Gosiewscy; feminine form: Gosiewska) is the surname of a Polish szlachta family whose members gained prominence in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski
Wincenty Aleksander Korwin Gosiewski de armis Ślepowron (c. 1620 – 29 November 1662) – was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman and general.

He was the Lithuanian Field Hetman from 1654, Grand Treasurer of Lithuania and Lithuanian Great-Quartermaster since 1652, Lithuanian General of the Artillery from 1651, Grand-Master of the Pantry of Lithuania from 1646 (honorary court title).
Cyclic di-GMP
Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium. The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus in order to produce microbial cellulose.

In structure, it is a cycle containing only two guanine bases linked by ribose and phosphate.

Guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation.

As an acyl substituent, it takes the form of the prefix guanylyl-.
Teunis
Teunis is a Dutch masculine given name. Like Theunis, it is a derivative of Antonius (Anthony). It is also considered a diminutive form of Antonius, Anton, Antoon, Anthonis, Anthoon, Antonie, and Antonis used in Belgium, Netherlands, Suriname, South Africa, Namibia, and Indonesia.  Its popularity as a birth name has dropped since the middle of the last century, taken over partially by its short form Teun. People with the name include:

Teunis G. Bergen (1806–1881), United States Representative from New York.

Teunis Horstman (1927–2014), Dutch Old Catholic bishop

Teunis Jacob (1927–2009), Dutch wall painter and sculptor

Teunis Kloek (born 1934), Dutch economist

Teunis van der Linden (1884–1965), Dutch chemist

Teunis Mulder (born 1955), Dutch-born Australian politician

Teunis Mulder (born 1981), Dutch track cyclist

Teunis Sprong (1889–1971), Dutch long-distance runner

Teunis Zaaijer (1837–1902), Dutch physician

Antonis
Antonis (Greek alphabet: Αντώνης) is a variant of Antonios being used in Greece and Cyprus, which in turn is a form of Antonius, the name of a Roman gens. It is assumed that the origin lies in Etruscan.

Antonis is also a Dutch masculine given name that is a diminutive of Anthonius that is used in Netherlands, Belgium, South Africa, Namibia, Indonesia and Suriname. It is sometimes a surname and is transliterated as Antonios and Andonis. Antonis is a cognate of the English language name Anthony.

People bearing the name Antonis or Antónis include:
Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 miles team race
The men's 4 miles team race was a track and field athletics event held as part of the Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics programme. It was the first time the event was held, though the 1900 Summer Olympics had featured a similar event in the 5000 metre team race. Two teams of five athletes each competed. The competition was held on September 3, 1904. The event was won by the New York AC team, with Arthur L. Newton finishing first individually; Chicago AA had the next three finishers (starting with Jim Lightbody in second), but Chicago also had the last two runners. New York won by 1 point.

Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres team race
The men's 5000 metres team race was the final track and field event on the athletics programme at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was the first time that a team race was held at the Olympics. It was held on July 22, 1900. Two teams competed: Racing Club de France from France and Amateur Athletic Association of England from multiple nations (Stan Rowley of Australia completed an otherwise British team). Each team had five athletes. The AAA team won the competition, despite Rowley being injured and unable to finish.
Soteria (festival)
The Soteria (Greek: Σωτηρία) were ancient festivals held in many Greek cities from the 3rd century BC. They honoured the saviour (Soter) of a danger and could be dedicated to all the gods or only one (mainly Zeus Soterios). Heroic men regarded as deliverers were sometimes associated to the divinities, e.g. Aratus at Sicyon.

The most famous Soteria in antiquity were those held at Delphi. They had been instituted to commemorate the victory over the Celt invader Brennus (279 BC). They were composed of  sports and musical competitions. Many cities were invited to the Delphi’s Soteria. In 246 BC, the Aetolian confederacy reorganized the festivities in order to equal others ancient games (e.g. the Pythian games).

Pythian Games
The Pythian Games (Ancient Greek: Τὰ Πύθια, romanized: Ta Pythia) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. Founded circa the 6th century BCE, the festival was held in honor of the god Apollo and took place at his sanctuary in Delphi to commemorate the mytho-historic slaying of Python and the establishment of the Oracle at Delphi. The Pythian Games took place every four years, two years after the Olympic Games, and between each Nemean and Isthmian Games. They continued until the 4th century AD.

The Pythian Games, which were ranked second in importance behind the Olympics, primarily and originally focused on competitions for art and dance. As the Pythian Games evolved over time athletic events were added and some events allowed for the participation of women.
St. Catherine of Siena Church and School
St. Catherine of Siena is a Catholic church and elementary school (kindergarten through eighth grade) located on Sherman Way in Reseda, California, in the city of Los Angeles.  The parish, which is now more than 50 percent Latino, has a membership of more than 1,300 families.

Reseda, Los Angeles
Reseda /rəˈsiːdə/ is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1912, and its central business district started developing in 1915. The neighborhood was devoted to agriculture for many years. Earthquakes struck the area in 1971 and 1994.

The neighborhood has 15 public and five private schools. The community includes public parks, a senior center and a regional branch library.
Célestin Harst
Célestin Harst (1698–1778) was a French Catholic priest, organist and harpsichordist.

He was born in Sélestat (German: Schlettstadt), Alsace, and became prior of the Ebersmunster abbey in 1745. He also was the penultimate provost of the Saint-Marc convent near Gueberschwihr. At some point in life, he was introduced to the French royal court and played for Louis XV.

Harst published some organ pieces and, in 1745, the Recueil de différentes pièces de clavecin. Premier livre, a collection of harpsichord works. His style was influenced by Couperin, Rameau and Scarlatti.

Domenico Scarlatti
Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (26 October 1685 – 23 July 1757) was an Italian composer. He is classified primarily as a Baroque composer chronologically, although his music was influential in the development of the Classical style. Like his renowned father Alessandro Scarlatti, he composed in a variety of musical forms, although today he is known mainly for his 555 keyboard sonatas. He spent much of his life in the service of the Portuguese and Spanish royal families.
William G. Shepherd
William Gunn Shepherd (1878–1933) was an American journalist, fiction writer and war correspondent. Shepherd is best known for his reporting from Europe during the First World War.

Shepherd also covered the Mexican Revolution and accompanied Francisco I. Madero on his march to Mexico City in 1911. In 1917 Shepherd traveled to Saint Peterburg to cover the Russian Revolution (1917).

Everybody's Magazine
Everybody's Magazine was an American magazine published from 1899 to 1929. The magazine was headquartered in New York City and was published by the Ridgway Company, a subsidiary of the Butterick Publishing Company.
Deserpidine
Deserpidine (INN) or reserpidine (USAN) is an antihypertensive drug structurally related to reserpine differing only by the absence of a methoxy group on the indole ring. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid from Rauvolfia spp.

Methoxy group
In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula R−O−CH3.

On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the para position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the meta position. At the ortho position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction, which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the para position.
Saucier
A saucier (French pronunciation: [sosje]) or sauté chef is a position in the classical brigade style kitchen. It can be translated into English as sauce chef. In addition to preparing sauces, the saucier prepares stews, hot hors d'œuvres, and sautés food to order. Although it is often considered the highest position of the station cooks, the saucier is typically still tertiary to the chef and sous-chef.

Sautéing
Sautéing or sauteing (UK: /ˈsoʊteɪ.ɪŋ/, US: /soʊˈteɪ.ɪŋ, sɔː-/; from French  sauté [sote] 'jumped, bounced', in reference to tossing while cooking) is a method of cooking that uses a relatively small amount of oil or fat in a shallow pan over relatively high heat. Various sauté methods exist.
Josef Meinrad
Josef Meinrad (Austrian German: [ˈjoːsɛf ˈmaɪnraːd]; 21 April 1913 – 18 February 1996) was an Austrian actor. From 1959 until his death in 1996, Meinrad held the Republic of Austria's Iffland-Ring, which passes from actor to actor — each bequeathing the ring to the next holder, judging that actor to be the "most significant and most worthy actor of the German-speaking theatre".

Johann Nestroy
Johann Nepomuk Eduard Ambrosius Nestroy (German: [ˈnɛstrɔɪ̯]; 7 December 1801 – 25 May 1862) was a singer, actor and playwright in the popular Austrian tradition of the Biedermeier period and its immediate aftermath. He participated in the 1848 revolutions and his work reflects the new liberal spirit then spreading throughout Europe.
Banchob Benchama
Her Royal Highness Princess Banchob Benchama or Phrachao Boromwong Ther Phra Ong Chao Banchob Benchama (Thai: บัญจบเบญจมา ; RTGS: Banchop Benchama, 5 November 1861 - 13 September 1892) was a Princess of Siam (later Thailand) and a member of the Siamese royal family. She was a daughter of King Mongkut and Chao Chom Manda Phae Dharmasaroja.

The princess' mother was Chao Chom Manda Pae Thamsaroj, who was the daughter of Phra Samran Haruethai (Uan Dharmasaroja) and Thao Songkandan (Si Dharmasaroja).

Vajirananavarorasa
Vajirananavarorasa (also spelled Wachirayan, Watchirayanawarorot, correct Pali spelling: Vajirañāṇavarorasa, Thai: วชิรญาณวโรรส, full title Somdet Phramahasamanachao Kromphraya Vajirananavarorasa สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้ากรมพระยาวชิรญาณวโรรส ) (12 April 1860 – 2 August 1921) was the tenth Supreme Patriarch of Thailand from 1910 to 1921. He helped to institutionalize Thai Buddhism.

Destined to become "the leading intellectual of his generation in Siam", in the words of the Thai historian David K. Wyatt (cited in Reynolds 1979:xiii), his royal name was Prince Manuṣyanāgamānaba (พระองค์เจ้ามนุษยนาคมานพ) ('he who is a nāga among men'). Vajirañāṇavarorasa is the name he received on a gold nameplate together with the Krommamuen rank on 16 March 1882.
Cy Goddard
Cy Stephen Goddard (サイ ゴダード, Sai Godādo; born 2 April 1997) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a winger for Hong Kong Premier League club Lee Man. Born in England, he has represented Japan at youth level.

2020–21 Indian Super League
The 2020–21 Indian Super League season was the seventh season of the Indian Super League (ISL) since its formation and the 25th season of the top division of the Indian football league system. The season started on 20 November 2020 and ended on 13 March 2021. It was hosted behind closed doors across three venues in Goa due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Mumbai City won the trophy, having defeated Mohun Bagan in the final, and also won the League Winners Shield. Thus, Mumbai City became the first club to win the ISL trophy and the League Winners Shield in a single season.
Architecture of Seattle
The architecture of Seattle, Washington, the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S., features elements that predate the arrival of the area's first settlers of European ancestry in the mid-19th century, and has reflected and influenced numerous architectural styles over time. As of the early 21st century, a major construction boom continues to redefine the city's downtown area as well as neighborhoods such as Capitol Hill, Ballard and, perhaps most dramatically, South Lake Union.

John Graham & Company
John Graham & Company, or John Graham & Associates, was an architectural firm, founded in 1900 in Seattle, Washington, by English-born architect John Graham (1873–1955), and maintained by his son John Graham Jr. (1908–1991).

The firm was responsible for many Seattle landmarks and a number of significant structures nationwide, including the Space Needle, Chase Tower of Rochester, New York, and the Westin Seattle.

The firm was merged into the DLR Group on May 19, 1986, and the name saw full deletion in 1998.
Barbara Ackermann
Barbara Ackermann (1925-2020) was an American politician and activist who served on the Cambridge, Massachusetts School Committee from 1962 to 1967, the City Council from 1968 to 1977, and was Mayor from 1972 to 1973.

She was born Barbara Hulley in 1925 in Stockholm, where her father, Benjamin M. Hulley, a career foreign service officer, was then stationed. She lived her childhood in France and Ireland until briefly returning to the US in 1941.

Ackermann was an opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of Eugene McCarthy in the 1968 presidential election.

Ackermann was a candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1978. She finished behind Edward J. King and Michael Dukakis in the Democratic primary with 6.72% to King's 51.07% and Dukakis' 42.20%.

Barbara Ackermann died on July 4, 2020, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at the age of 95.

Edward J. King
Edward Joseph King (May 11, 1925 – September 18, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 66th governor of Massachusetts from 1979 to 1983. A member of the Democratic Party until 1985, he then became a member of the Republican Party. Elected in the 1978 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, he lost the Democratic primary of the 1982 election to his predecessor Michael Dukakis.
Sangivamycin
Sangivamycin is a natural product originally isolated from Streptomyces rimosus, which is a nucleoside analogue. It acts as an inhibitor of protein kinase C. It has antibiotic, antiviral and anti-cancer properties and has been investigated for various medical applications, though never approved for clinical use itself. However, a number of related derivatives continue to be researched.

Oyagen, a biotechnology company, has been developing sangivamycin or OYA1, which showed efficacy against Ebola infections, as a broad spectrum antiviral for COVID-19. Tonix Pharmaceuticals licensed OYA1 from Oyagen in April 2021 to develop it for the treatment of COVID-19 and it is now called TNX-3500. In July 2022, Tonix announced that it was terminating development of TNX-3500, an antiviral inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, and the associated licence agreement with OyaGen, Inc. was expected to be terminated, effective September 20, 2022.

Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic (also termed antibacterial), antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. They should be distinguished from virucides, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as eucalyptus and Australian tea trees.
Autopista AP-1
The Autopista AP-1 (also known in Spanish as Autopista del Norte) is a Spanish autopista. It has two separate sections: the first from Burgos to Armiñón, and the second from Etxabarri Ibiña (a hamlet close to Vitoria-Gasteiz) to Eibar. In Eibar, at the Malzaga junction, AP-1 meets Autopista AP-8, which connects with Irun and the French border.

The first section became toll-free in 2018. However, it has kept the AP prefix, usually reserved to tolled motorways.

Highways in Spain
The Spanish motorway (highway) network is the third largest in the world, by length. As of 2025, there are 17,228 km (10,705 mi) of High Capacity Roads (Spanish: Vías de Gran Capacidad) in the country. There are two main types of such roads, autopistas and autovías, which differed in the strictness of the standards they are held to.
Thomas Liu Le Lann
Thomas Liu Le Lann (born 1994 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a French artist who lives and works in Geneva. Thomas Liu Le Lann creates sculptures and installations in various techniques using fabric, glass, wood, photography, poetry and found objects.

Geneva University of Art and Design
Geneva University of Art and Design (HEAD) (French: Haute École d'art et de Design Genève) is a European art and design school founded in 2006, and belonging to the network of the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland.
2024 Lexus Nottingham Challenger
The 2024 Lexus Nottingham Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2024 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nottingham, United Kingdom between 5 and 11 February 2024.

2024 ATP Challenger Tour
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour in 2024 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2024 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 207 tournaments with prize money ranging from $41,000 up to $225,500. It was the 47th edition of Challenger tournaments cycle and 16th under the name of Challenger Tour.
Istedgade
Istedgade (also called Strassen) is a 1-kilometer straight street in the district of Vesterbro in the Danish capital, Copenhagen. It starts at Copenhagen Central Station and runs parallel to Vesterbrogade to Enghave Plads and Enghaveparken. From the station in the cheap hotel district, it runs through the porn, prostitution and drugs area to modern Vesterbro, where 1900s tenement style blocks have undergone significant modernisation. It is generally considered the heart of Vesterbro and was a main traffic artery until 2013 where the street had traffic reducing measures installed.

Enghaveparken
Enghaveparken is a public park in the Vesterbro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It was laid out in the late 1920s to cater for the citizens of the expanding city.

The park is designed in the Neoclassical style.  It has grassy lawns, flower beds and contains a bandstand, a playground and facilities for sports as well as barbecuing.
Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory (German: Deutsches Pachtgebiet Kiautschou), also known as the Jiaozhou, Kiaochau, Kiaochow, Kiauchau, and Kiao-chau Bay Concession, was a German leased territory in Imperial and Early Republican China from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of 552 km2 (213 sq mi), it centered on Jiaozhou Bay (Kiautschou-Bucht) on the southeastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula. The administrative center was at Qingdao (Tsingtau). It was operated by the East Asia Squadron of the Imperial German Navy. The Russian Empire resented the German move as an infringement on Russian ambitions in the region.

Eulenburg expedition
The Eulenburg expedition was a diplomatic mission conducted by Friedrich Albrecht zu Eulenburg on behalf of Prussia and the German Customs Union in 1859–1862. Its aim was to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with China, Japan and Siam.
Tunga River
The Tunga River (alternatively spelled Thunga) is a river in Karnataka state, southern India. The river is born in the Western Ghats (Sahyadri Mountains) on a hill known as Varaha Parvata at a place called Gangamoola in Chikkamagaluru district. From here, the river flows through two districts in Karnataka -  Chikmagalur District and Shimoga District.

It is 147 km long and merges with the Bhadra River at Koodli, a small town near Shimoga City, Karnataka. The confluence of the two rivers continues as Tungabhadra from this point on. The Tungabhadra flows eastwards and merges with the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.

It has a dam built across it at Gajanur, and a larger dam has been built across the compound Tungabhadra River at Hospet.

Krishna River
The Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau is the third-longest in India, after the Ganga and Godavari. It is also the fourth-largest in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Indus and Godavari. The river, also called the Krishnaveni, is 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long and flows for 282 kilometres in Maharashtra. It is a major source of irrigation in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.