hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Compendium (software)
Compendium is a computer program and social science tool that facilitates the mapping and management of ideas and arguments. The software provides a visual environment that allows people to structure and record collaboration as they discuss and work through wicked problems.

The software was released by the not-for-profit Compendium Institute. The current version operationalises the issue-based information system (IBIS), an argumentation mapping structure first developed by Horst Rittel in the 1970s. Compendium adds hypertext functionality and database interoperability to the issue-based notation derived from IBIS.

Compendium source code was fully released under the GNU Lesser General Public License on 13 January 2009. Compendium can still be downloaded, but is no longer actively maintained.

Douglas N. Walton
Douglas Neil Walton (2 June 1942 – 3 January 2020) was a Canadian academic and author, known for his books and papers on argumentation, logical fallacies and informal logic. He was a Distinguished Research Fellow of the Centre for Research in Reasoning, Argumentation, and Rhetoric (CRRAR) at the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, and before that (2008–2014), he held the Assumption Chair of Argumentation Studies at the University of Windsor. Walton's work has been used to better prepare legal arguments and to help develop artificial intelligence.

A special issue of the journal Informal Logic surveyed Walton's contributions to informal logic and argumentation theory up to 2006.
2020 Wisconsin's 7th congressional district special election
A special election was held to fill the remainder of the term in the United States House of Representatives for Wisconsin's 7th congressional district in the 116th United States Congress. Sean Duffy, the incumbent representative, announced his resignation effective September 23, 2019, as his wife was about to give birth to a child with a heart condition. Governor Tony Evers chose January 27, 2020, as the date for the special election, with the primaries scheduled for December 30, 2019. However, the Department of Justice said that this schedule would be in violation of federal law, since it would provide insufficient time for overseas and military voters to receive ballots. Evers then rescheduled the primaries for February 18, 2020, and the general election for May 12, 2020.

2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin
The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Wisconsin were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, to elect the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Wisconsin, one from each of the state's eight congressional districts. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including an election for Governor of Wisconsin.
Clara Whipple
Clara Whipple (née Clara or Clarissa or Clarise Brimmer Whipple; November 7, 1887 – November 6, 1932) was an American actress who flourished in theatre from 1913 to 1915 and in silent film from 1915 to 1919. She was also a silent film scenario writer.

Joseph A. Golden
Joseph A. Golden was a silent film director and screenwriter in the United States. His films include A Woman's Wit and Resurrection.  He began working in film in 1907, directing the one-reel film The Hypnotist's Revenge for American Mutoscope & Biograph.

Golden worked for Biograph until Jeremiah Kennedy's arrival in 1907. He was then the chief director at Triumph Film Corporation. In 1910, he worked for Pat Powers' production company, directing a few films with Pearl White. Specializing in adventure films and westerns, he moved on to work for Selig Polyscope. In 1911 alone, he made thirty films. In his career as a director, which lasted thirteen years to 1920, he directed 75 films. From 1911 to 1924, he wrote the screenplay for at least twelve films, most of which he also directed. In 1915, he produced Divorced, directed by Edward Warren and shot in New York. Golden also worked at Crystal Studios with Ludwig G. B. Erb. He died in Los Angeles.
Ahmedabad–Udaipur line
The Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line is a railway route of both the Western and North Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways. It plays an important role in short-connectivity transport, reaching to North India and Eastern India from Gujarat and the coastal areas of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.

With a stretch of 299.55 kilometres (186.13 mi), this corridor passes through the Aravalli Ranges of North Gujarat and the Udaipur division of Rajasthan, where there are zinc and phosphate mines in Zawar and Umra, making it a direct and important mineral transportation route to the rest of India.

Udaipur City railway station
Udaipur City railway station (station code: UDZ) is a railway station located in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. The railway station is under the administrative control of North Western Railway of Indian Railways.
Tatiana Kosheleva
Tatiana Sergeyevna Kosheleva (Russian: Татья́на Серге́евна Ко́шелева, born 23 December 1988) is a Russian volleyball player. She was a member of the Russia women's national volleyball team that won the gold medal at the 2010 World Championship, the 2013 European Championship and the 2015 European Championship.

2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup
The 2015 FIVB Women's World Cup was held from August 22 to September 6 in Japan. The tournament was a qualification process for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The top two ranked teams, China and Serbia, qualified for the Olympics, and joined Brazil as they had already secured a berth as the host country.
Kevin Burgess (chemist)
Kevin Burgess FRSC is a British chemist who has been Rachal Professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University since 2004.

He was educated at the University of Bath (BSc, 1979), the University of East Anglia (MSc, 1980) and Darwin College, Cambridge (PhD, 1983). He received the Pedler Award of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013 and was made a Fellow in the same year. He has an h-index of 81 according to Google Scholar.

Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) is one of the most prestigious awards conferred by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in the United Kingdom. Existing Fellows include award winning scientists and Nobel prize winners.
Milk token
Milk tokens, also known as dairy tokens, were token coins used for the payment of milk deliveries in Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. They were introduced to solve the issue of milk payments occasionally being stolen (including by the children of the household), as they would be left outside the house, usually inside the empty bottles that were waiting to be refilled. Milk tokens often marked what products they were valid for, removing the need to write orders down. They also removed the issue of people not having enough change.

Milk delivery
Milk delivery is a delivery service dedicated to supplying milk, typically in bottles or cartons, to customers' homes.  This service is performed by a milkman, milkwoman, or milk deliverer. (In contrast, a cowman or milkmaid tends to cows.) The delivery route is a milk route or milk run.

Home milk delivery was common in many countries until the second half of the 20th century, when modern supermarkets and household refrigeration made it possible for consumers to buy and store milk on demand. Today, milk delivery still exists as a niche market in some countries.
1952 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate election of 1952 in New Jersey was held on November 4, 1952.

Incumbent Republican Senator H. Alexander Smith was re-elected to a second term against Undersecretary of the Army Archibald S. Alexander. Both men were residents of Princeton.

As of the 2024 Senate election, this is the last time the Republicans won the Class 1 Senate seat in New Jersey.

1948 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate election of 1948 in New Jersey was held on November 2, 1948.

Incumbent Republican Senator Albert Hawkes ran for re-election to a second term but withdrew from the Republican primary after facing overwhelming establishment opposition to his re-election. Republican State Treasurer Robert C. Hendrickson won the primary over Harry Harper and defeated Princeton attorney Archibald S. Alexander in a close general election.
2012 The Bahamas Women's Open
The 2012 The Bahamas Women's Open is a professional tennis tournament played on Hard courts. It is the second edition of the tournament which is part of the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Nassau, Bahamas between 12 and 18 March 2012. It offered the prize of US$ 100,000.

2012 ITF Women's Circuit
The 2012 ITF Women's Circuit was the 2012 edition of the second-tier tour for women's professional tennis. The ITF Women's Circuit is organised by the International Tennis Federation and is a tier below the WTA Tour. The 2012 season consisted of 484 events in 63 countries with prize money ranging from $10,000 up to $100,000.
Saint-Venant's theorem
In solid mechanics, it is common to analyze the properties of beams with constant cross section. Saint-Venant's theorem  states that the simply connected cross section with maximal torsional rigidity is a circle. It is named after the French mathematician Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant.

Given a simply connected  domain D in the plane with area A,  the radius of its greatest inscribed circle, the torsional rigidity P 
of D is defined by

Here the supremum is taken over all the continuously differentiable functions vanishing on the boundary of D. The existence of this supremum is a consequence of Poincaré inequality.

Saint-Venant conjectured in 1856 that
of all domains D of equal area A the circular one has the greatest torsional rigidity, that is

A rigorous proof of this inequality was not given until  1948 by Pólya. Another proof was given by Davenport and reported in.  A more general proof and an estimate

is given by Makai.

Poincaré inequality
In mathematics, the Poincaré inequality is a result in the theory of Sobolev spaces, named after the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The inequality allows one to obtain bounds on a function using bounds on its derivatives and the geometry of its domain of definition. Such bounds are of great importance in the modern, direct methods of the calculus of variations. A very closely related result is Friedrichs' inequality.
Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings
Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings (9 December 1754 – 28 November 1826), styled The Honourable Francis Rawdon from birth until 1762, Lord Rawdon between 1762 and 1783, The Lord Rawdon from 1783 to 1793 and The Earl of Moira between 1793 and 1816, was an Anglo-Irish politician and military officer who served as Governor-General of Fort William from 1813 to 1823. He had also served with British forces for years during the American Revolutionary War and in 1794 during the War of the First Coalition. In Ireland, he was critical of the policy of coercion used to break the United Irish movement for representative government and national independence. He took the additional surname "Hastings" in 1790 in compliance with the will of his maternal uncle, Francis Hastings, 10th Earl of Huntingdon.

Royal Northumberland Fusiliers
The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers was an infantry regiment of the British Army. Raised in 1674 as one of three 'English' units in the Dutch Anglo-Scots Brigade, it accompanied William III to England in the November 1688 Glorious Revolution and became part of the English establishment in 1689.

In 1751, it became the 5th Regiment of Foot, with the regional title 'Northumberland' added in 1782; in 1836,  it was designated a Fusilier unit and became the 5th (Northumberland Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot.

After the 1881 Childers Reforms, it adopted the title Northumberland Fusiliers, then Royal Northumberland Fusiliers on 3 June 1935. In 1968, it was amalgamated with the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and Lancashire Fusiliers to form the present Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.
Accessories and Abettors Act 1861
The Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 94) is a mainly repealed act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It consolidated statutory English criminal law related to accomplices, including many classes of encouragers (inciters). Mainly its offences were, according to the draftsman of the act, replacement enactments with little or no variation in phraseology. It is one of a group of acts sometimes referred to as the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts 1861. It was passed with the object of simplifying the law. It collected the relevant parts of Peel's Acts (and the equivalent Irish Acts) and others.

Criminal Law Act 1967
The Criminal Law Act 1967 (c. 58) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that made some major changes to English criminal law, as part of wider liberal reforms by the Labour government elected in 1966. Most of it is still in force.
NGC 5064
NGC 5064 is a spiral galaxy located 45.5 mpc from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus. It is situated south of the celestial equator making it visible primarily in the southern hemisphere. The most notable features of NGC 5064 are its giant molecular clouds (GMCs) which exhibit a retrograde orbit around the galaxy. They gained their retrograde orbit through cloud-cloud collisions.

Centaurus
Centaurus (/sɛnˈtɔːrəs, -ˈtɑːr-/ sen-TOR-əss, -⁠TAR-) is a bright constellation in the southern sky. One of the largest constellations, Centaurus was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. In Greek mythology, Centaurus represents a centaur; a creature that is half human, half horse (another constellation named after a centaur is one from the zodiac: Sagittarius). Notable stars include Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Solar System, its neighbour in the sky Beta Centauri, and HR 5171, one of the largest stars yet discovered. The constellation also contains Omega Centauri, the brightest globular cluster as visible from Earth and the largest identified in the Milky Way, possibly a remnant of a dwarf galaxy.
Araneida
Araneida is a subgroup of Tetrapulmonata. It was originally defined by Jörg Wunderlich in 2015 as a subgroup of Araneae, including all true spiders, with Wunderlich also including Uraraneida within Araneae. Araneida was redefined by Wunderlich in 2019 to include all modern spiders (Araneae), as well as Chimerarachnida, but excluding Uraraneida. Chimerarachnida and Araneae both possess spinnerets, which are absent in Uraraneida. Uraraneida and Araneida are grouped together in the clade Serikodiastida.

Spider taxonomy
Spider taxonomy is the part of taxonomy that is concerned with the science of naming, defining and classifying all spiders, members of the Araneae order of the arthropod class Arachnida, which has more than 53,000 described species. However, there are likely many species that have escaped the human eye as well as specimens stored in collections waiting to be described and classified. It is estimated that only one-third to one half of the total number of existing species have been described.

Arachnologists divide spiders into two suborders with about 139 families as of January 2026.

Due to constant research, with new species being discovered every month and others being recognized as synonyms, the number of species in the families is bound to change and only reflects the present state of knowledge. Nevertheless, the species numbers given here are useful as a guideline – see the table of families at the end of the article.
Epsilon Island (Antarctica)
64°19′S 63°0′W﻿ / ﻿64.317°S 63.000°W﻿ / -64.317; -63.000

Epsilon Island in the Antarctic is a small island lying between Alpha Island and the southern extremity of Lambda Island in the Melchior Islands, Palmer Archipelago. The island was roughly surveyed by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1927. The name, derived from epsilon, the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, appears to have been first used on a 1946 Argentine government chart following surveys of the Melchior Islands by Argentine expeditions in 1942 and 1943.

Lambda Island
Lambda Island is an island lying immediately north-west of Delta Island in the Melchior Islands, of the Palmer Archipelago in Antarctica. The island, the largest in the north-western part of the island group, was first roughly charted and named "Île Sourrieu" by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05 under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, but that name has not survived in usage. The current name, derived from lambda, the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, was given by Discovery Investigations personnel who roughly charted the island in 1927. The island was surveyed by Argentine expeditions in 1942, 1943 and 1948.
A Second Face
A Second Face is an independently produced adventure game that was created by German developer Jospin Le Woltaire in 2008 and released as freeware. It contains elements of fantasy but also science-fiction, however it also unifies them with elements of classic Cyberpunk and overtones of Enlightenment thought.

Adventure Game Studio
Adventure Game Studio (AGS) is an open source development tool primarily used to create graphic adventure games. It is aimed at intermediate-level game designers, and combines an integrated development environment (IDE) with a scripting language based on the C programming language to process game logic.
Hani Mahmassani
Hani S. Mahmassani (6 January 1956 – 15 July 2025) was a Lebanese-American engineer who was the William A. Patterson Distinguished Chair in Transportation at Northwestern University and the Directory at the Northwestern University Transportation Center (NUTC). He held joint appointments in Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences at the Robert R. McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science and in Managerial Economics and Decision Sciences at the Kellogg School of Management. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in modern transportation engineering and was elected into the National Academy of Engineering in 2021 for his contributions to modeling of intelligent transportation networks and to interdisciplinary collaboration in transportation engineering.

Mahmassani received his MS from Purdue University in 1978 (advisor: Kumares C. Sinha) and his PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 (advisor: Yossi Sheffi).

Yossi Sheffi
Yossi Sheffi (Hebrew: יוסי שפי; born April 10, 1948) is the Elisha Gray II Professor of Engineering Systems at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He founded or co-founded five companies, has authored numerous scientific publications and nine books.
1930 Montello tornado
During the afternoon hours of Thursday July 24, 1930, a powerful tornado struck northeastern Italy, resulting in the deaths of 23 people and injuring another 110. The tornado caused extensive damage to several small communities from Treviso to Udine, with the village of Montello particularly affected.

The tornado is widely accepted to have been one of the strongest and most violent tornadoes in European history, causing some of the most intense tornado damage ever documented on the continent.

Udine
Udine (US: /ˈuːdiːneɪ/ OO-dee-nay; Italian: [ˈuːdine] ⓘ; Friulian: Udin; Latin: Utinum; Slovene: Videm) is a city and comune (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the middle of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, between the Adriatic Sea and the Carnic Alps. It is the capital of the Regional decentralization entity of Udine. As of 2025, it has a population of 98,320 in the commune, and 176,000 in the urban area.
Live Exposure
Live Exposure is a video by Little River Band, filmed at a live concert at The Summit in Houston, Texas on 7 October 1981.

Live Exposure was first released on VHS in 1981, on Laserdisc in 1982 and subsequently released on DVD in 2008

Beeb Birtles
Gerard Bertelkamp AM  (born 28 November 1948), known professionally as Beeb Birtles, is an Australian musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist. He has been a member of various Australian groups including Zoot (1967–71), Mississippi (1972–74), Little River Band (1975–83) and Birtles Shorrock Goble (2002–07). He has also worked as a solo artist, including releasing an album, Driven by Dreams (2000). In 2004, Birtles and other members of the classic line-up of Little River Band were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.
Badger Creek, Victoria
Badger Creek is a suburb of Healesville in Victoria, Australia, 53 km north-east from Melbourne's central business district, located within the Shire of Yarra Ranges local government area. Badger Creek recorded a population of 1,610 at the 2021 census.

Badger Creek is near the Healesville Sanctuary and the former Aboriginal reserve, Coranderrk, now known as the Coranderrk Bushland.

Healesville Sanctuary
Healesville Sanctuary, formally known as the Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary, is a zoo specialising in native Australian animals. It is located at Healesville in rural Victoria, Australia, and has a history of breeding native animals. It is one of only two places to have successfully bred a platypus, the other being Sydney's Taronga Zoo. It also assists with a breeding population of the endangered helmeted honeyeater.

The zoo is set in a natural bushland environment where paths wind through different habitat areas showcasing wallabies, wombats, dingoes, kangaroos, and over 200 native bird varieties.

Guided tours, bird shows and information areas are available to visitors.
Haloxylon scoparium
Haloxylon scoparium (syns. Arthrophytum scoparium and Hammada scoparia) is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae, native to semiarid north Africa and the Middle East. In flat areas it is often one of the dominant species.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
4-Cl-3-MMC
4-Chloro-3-Methylmethcathinone  (4-Cl-3-MMC) is a chemical compound from the substituted cathinone family. It has stimulant effects, and has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified in Sweden in 2021. It is illegal in Italy and Finland, as well as under generic legislation in various other jurisdictions.

Substituted cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and entactogens, are derivatives of cathinone. They feature a phenethylamine core with an alkyl group attached to the alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the beta carbon, along with additional substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug.

Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, appear to show dramatically reduced potency and efficacy as serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists compared to their non-β-keto-substituted counterparts.