hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ertuğrul
Ertuğrul or Ertuğrul Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: ارطغرل, romanized: Erṭoġrıl; died c. 1280/1281) was a 13th-century uch bey (marcher-lord), who was the father of Osman I. Little is known about Ertuğrul's life. According to Ottoman tradition, he was the son of Suleyman Shah, the leader of the Kayı tribe (a claim which has come under criticism from many historians) of the Oghuz Turks (then known as Turkomans), which fled from western Central Asia to Anatolia to escape the Mongol conquests; but according to contemporary numinastic evidence, he was the son of Gündüz Alp. According to the legend, after the death of his father, Ertuğrul and his followers entered the service of the Sultanate of Rum, for which he was rewarded with dominion over the town of Söğüt on the frontier with the Byzantine Empire. This set off the chain of events that would ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire.

Kayı (tribe)
The Kayı (Karakhanid: قَيِغْ, romanized: qayïġ; Turkish: Kayı boyu, Turkmen: Gaýy taýpasy) were an Oghuz Turkic ethnic group and a sub-branch of the Bozok tribal federation. In his Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, the 11th century Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari cited Kayı as of one of 24 Oghuz tribes, saying that Oghuz were also called Turkomans.

The name Kayı means "the one who has might and power by relationship" and a Turkmen proverb says that "the people shall be governed by Kayı and Bayat tribes" (Turkmen: Il başy - gaýy-baýat).
Aintree Motor Racing Circuit
Aintree Motor Racing Circuit is a 3 mi (4.8 km) motor-racing circuit in the village of Aintree, Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England. The circuit is within the Aintree Racecourse, and used the same grandstands as horse racing. It was built in 1954 as the "Goodwood of the North", because the two venues had so many things in common. The track was well-surfaced and relatively flat, ranging from 49 to 98 ft (15 to 30 m) in elevation.

Goodwood Circuit
Goodwood Circuit is a historic venue for both two- and four-wheeled motorsport in the United Kingdom. The 2.367-mile (3.809 km) circuit is situated near Chichester, West Sussex, close to the south coast of England, on the estate of Goodwood House, and completely encircles Chichester/Goodwood Airport. This is the racing circuit dating from 1948, not to be confused with the separate hillclimb course located at Goodwood House and first used in 1936.
Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump
The men's high jump event was part of the track and field athletics programme at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The competition was held from Sunday, July 6, 1924, and Monday, July 7, 1924. Twenty-seven high jumpers from 17 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation was 4. The event was won by Harold Osborn of the United States, the nation's seventh consecutive victory in the men's high jump. As in 1920, the Americans went 1–2 in the event, with Leroy Brown earning silver. France took its first high jump medal since 1908 with Pierre Lewden's bronze.

Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics
At the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris, 27 athletics events were contested, all for men only. The competitions were held from 6 to 13 July.

There were no events in athletics for women at this edition of the Olympic Games.
Tinline Bay
Tinline Bay is a cove and beach located within The  Abel Tasman National Park in the South Island of New Zealand.

It is located approximately 2 kilometres from the entrance to the park near Mārahau and is the southern start of The Abel Tasman Inland Track.  A sandy beach,  it is a popular stopping off point for hikers, and for kayakers from the Tasman Sea. It is also the site of a Department of Conservation campsite.

Tinline Stream flows into the bay. John Tinline  lived for some time in nearby Mārahau and both the waterway and the bay are named after him.

Abel Tasman Inland Track
The Abel Tasman Inland Track is a 38 km (24 mi) tramping track that runs through the centre of the Abel Tasman National Park and is maintained by the Department of Conservation. It diverts from the main Abel Tasman Coast Track between Tinline Bay and Torrent Bay.  Although the coast track has the reputation of being New Zealand's most popular walking track, the inland track is a much less walked route, with regular back-country huts.
Jake McNiece
James Elbert "Jake" McNiece (May 24, 1919 – January 21, 2013) was a US Army paratrooper in World War II. Private McNiece was a member and eventual leader of the Filthy Thirteen, an elite demolition unit whose exploits inspired the 1965  E. M. Nathanson novel and the 1967 film The Dirty Dozen.

506th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 506th Infantry Regiment, originally designated the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) during World War II, is an airborne light infantry regiment of the United States Army. Currently a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, the regiment has two active battalions: the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment (1-506th IR) is assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division, and the 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment (2-506th IR) is assigned to the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division.

The regiment served with the 101st Airborne Division in World War II. Regimental elements have served with the 101st in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Regimental elements have also served in peacetime and in Iraq with the 2nd Infantry Division.

The World War II actions of E Company ("Easy Company") of the regiment's 2nd Battalion were portrayed in the 2001 HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.
Peter M. Lenkov
Peter M. Lenkov (born 9 May 1964) is a Canadian television and film writer, producer, and comic book author. He is best known as the developer and showrunner of the CBS reboot series Hawaii Five-0, MacGyver, and Magnum P.I., until his firing in July 2020.

XIII: The Conspiracy
XIII: The Conspiracy is a 2008 television film in two parts, based on the eponymous graphic novel series by Belgian authors Jean Van Hamme and William Vance, about an amnesiac protagonist who seeks to discover his concealed past. The film served as a pilot for XIII: The Series, which aired on television in 2011.

The film was directed by Duane Clark, stars Val Kilmer and Stephen Dorff, and was produced by Prodigy Pictures and Cipango Films. It was first broadcast in France in October 2008 by Canal+; followed by NBC in the USA in February 2009; by Nine in Australia (as The Conspiracy) in November 2009; and by Five in the United Kingdom in December 2009 (where it was shown as a single feature instead of in two parts).
Jamaicans
Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed ancestry. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in other Anglophone countries, namely Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Jamaican populations are also prominent in other Caribbean countries, territories and Commonwealth realms, where in the Cayman Islands, born Jamaicans, as well as Caymanians of Jamaican origin, make up 26.8% of the population.
Outside of Anglophone countries, the largest Jamaican diaspora community lives in Central America, where Jamaicans make up a significant percentage of the population.

Census in Jamaica
The census in Jamaica is an approximately decennial process recording information about the population of Jamaica. Conducting the census is the responsibility of the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN), founded in 1946 and known as the Central Bureau of Statistics until 1955, and then as the Department of Statistics until 1984.
Irene Pepperberg
Irene Maxine Pepperberg (born April 1, 1949) is an American scientist noted for her studies in animal cognition, particularly in relation to parrots. She has been a professor, researcher and lecturer at multiple universities, and she is currently an Adjunct Research Professor at Boston University. Pepperberg also serves on the Advisory Council of METI International (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence). She is well known for her comparative studies into the cognitive fundamentals of language and communication, and she was one of the first to work on language learning in animals other than primate species (exemplified by the Washoe project), by extension to a bird species. Pepperberg is also active in wildlife conservation, especially in relation to parrots.

Animal cognition
Animal cognition encompasses the mental capacities of non-human animals, including insect cognition. The study of animal conditioning and learning used in this field was developed from comparative psychology. It has also been strongly influenced by research in ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary psychology;  the alternative name cognitive ethology is sometimes used. Many behaviors associated with the term animal intelligence are also subsumed within animal cognition.

Researchers have examined animal cognition in mammals (especially primates, cetaceans, elephants, bears, dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cattle, raccoons and rodents), birds (including parrots, fowl, corvids and pigeons), reptiles (lizards, crocodilians, snakes, and turtles), fish and invertebrates (including cephalopods, spiders and insects).
Zig Zag Street
ZigZag Street is a 1996 novel written by Australian writer Nick Earls. It was Earl's second novel and won the Betty Trask Award in 1998, which it shared with Kiran Desai's Hullaballoo in the Guava Orchard. It has been compared with the work of Nick Hornby.

It was adapted for the stage by Philip Dean in 2004, playing at the La Boite Theatre before touring other cities.

In Review called it part of "Brisbane’s Holy Trinity of Gen X Lit:... more of a sad-boy novel, eagerly related to by whiney lawyers."

Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard
Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard is a novel by Kiran Desai published in 1998. It is her first book and won the top prize for the Betty Trask Awards in 1998. It is set in the Indian village of Shahkot (state of Punjab) and follows the exploits of a young man, Sampath Chawla, trying to avoid the responsibilities of adult life. Fed up with his life in Shahkot, Sampath goes to a guava orchard and settles himself in a guava tree, where he uses the gossip he learned while working at the post office to convince people he is clairvoyant and soon becomes a popular "holy man".

Kiran Desai based this book on a real-life story in which a man, Kapila Pradhan, lived up a tree for 15 years. This was the author's inspiration for the book and there are similarities between the novel and Pradhan's life in his tree.
UNECE Environmental Performance Reviews
The UNECE Environmental Performance Review (EPR) (French: Examen des performances environnementales – EPE) is an assessment process to evaluate the progress made by individual countries in improving their environmental policies. The EPRs are carried out under the auspices of the Committee on Environmental Policy of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA or ECA; French: Commission économique pour l'Afrique, CEA) was established in 1958 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council to encourage economic cooperation among its member states (the nations of the African continent) following a recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly. It is one of five regional commissions.

The ECA has 54 member states, corresponding to the 54 member states of the United Nations that lie within the continent of Africa or in oceans nearby the continent. The ECA's mandate is to promote the economic and social development of its member states, foster intra-regional integration, and promote international cooperation for Africa's development.

On October 6, 2023, the UN Secretary-General appointed Claver Gatete of Rwanda as the Executive Secretary of UNECA, replacing the Cameroonian Vera Songwe.
Mardaani (film series)
Mardaani is an Indian Hindi-language crime-thriller film series produced by Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films. It follows police officer Shivani Shivaji Roy (Rani Mukerji) as she takes on powerful criminal networks, exposing and dismantling systems of violence against women. The first instalment Mardaani, directed by Pradeep Sarkar, released on 22 August 2014. Its sequel Mardaani 2, directed by Gopi Puthran, released on 13 December 2019. The third and final instalment Mardaani 3, directed by Abhiraj Minawala, was released on 30 January 2026.

The films have explored social issues such as human trafficking, child abduction, systemic misogyny, and violence against women such as rape and serial killings.

Yash Raj Films
Yash Raj Films (YRF) is an Indian film production and distribution company founded by filmmaker Yash Chopra in 1970. Since 2012, it has been led by his son Aditya Chopra. The company primarily produces and distributes Hindi films and has played a significant role in shaping the Hindi film industry.
Purton
Purton is a large village and civil parish in north Wiltshire, England, about 4 miles (6 km) northwest of the centre of Swindon. The parish includes the village of Purton Stoke and the hamlets of Bentham, Hayes Knoll, Purton Common, Restrop, The Fox and Widham.

The 13th-century parish church, St Mary's, is unusual in having two towers, one with a spire.

Forest of Braydon
The Forest of Braydon (anciently Bradon) is an historic royal hunting forest in Wiltshire, England, the remnant of which lies about 6 miles north-west of Swindon. In medieval times it encompassed about 30,000 acres.
Park Kultury (Sokolnicheskaya line)
Park Kultury (Russian: Парк Культу́ры, English: Park of Culturepronunciationⓘ) is a Moscow Metro station in the Khamovniki District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. Located within the Sokolnicheskaya line, between Frunzenskaya and Kropotkinskaya stations, it is named after the nearby Maxim Gorky Park of Culture and Leisure across the Moskva River.

The station was designed by Nikolai Kolli and opened on 15 May 1935, along with the first phase of the Moscow Metro.

Sokolnicheskaya line
The Sokolnicheskaya line (Russian: Соко́льническая ли́ния, IPA: [sɐˈkolʲnʲitɕɪskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə]pronunciationⓘ, formerly Kirovsko-Frunzenskaya (Ки́ровско-Фру́нзенская) (Line 1; Red Line) is a line of the Moscow Metro in Moscow, Russia. It opened in 1935 and is the oldest line of the Moscow Metro system. There are currently 27 stations open on the line. As of 2024, the line is 47 kilometres (29 mi) long and is the longest line in the Moscow Metro.
Czestków B
Czestków B is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Buczek, within Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Buczek, 5 km (3 mi) south of Łask, and 36 km (22 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Buczek, Łask County
Buczek [ˈbut͡ʂɛk] is a village in Łask County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Buczek. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) south of Łask and 38 km (24 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located in the Sieradz Land.
Love & Hip Hop: New York season 9
The ninth season of the reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York aired on VH1 from November 26, 2018 until March 18, 2019. The season was primarily filmed in New York City, New York. It is executively produced by Mona Scott-Young, Stephanie Gayle and Treiva Williams for Monami Entertainment, Toby Barraud, Stefan Springman, David DiGangi, Dave Patry, Richard Allen, Meredith Kisgen and Michael Carrozza for Eastern TV, and Nina L. Diaz, Liz Fine and Vivian Gomez for VH1.

The series chronicles the lives of several women and men in the New York area, involved in hip hop music. It consists of 16 episodes, including a two-part reunion special hosted by Nina Parker.

Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood is an American reality television series and the third installment of the Love & Hip Hop franchise. It premiered on September 15, 2014, on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Hollywood area, involved with hip hop music. The show features appearances from notable figures associated with West Coast hip-hop.

On July 8, 2019, VH1 announced the show's return for a sixth season, which premiered on August 5, 2019. On May 11, 2020, VH1 announced that production on any future seasons would be postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The show never returned, and after a series of crossover specials and spin-offs, several Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood cast members were transferred to Love & Hip Hop: Miami from August 23, 2021.
American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina v. North Carolina
American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina & Syidah Mateen v. State of North Carolina, 181 N.C. App. 430, 639 S.E.2d 136 (2007), was a court case in the state of North Carolina within the United States of America. One of the main plaintiffs was Syidah Mateen an American-Muslim of Greensboro, North Carolina. She and the North Carolina chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union called for the state courts of North Carolina to rule that it is acceptable under the laws of the state for non-Christians to swear on religious texts of their own faith rather than the Bible of Christianity.

Oath book
An oath book (also spelled oathbook or oath-book) is a book upon which an oath is sworn, typically in oaths of office and in courts of law to provide sworn testimony. Rooted in Germanic pagan and Jewish custom, the practice of swearing upon books is performed across various religions and countries. Christians generally swear upon the Bible (or historically a Gospel book), Jews by the Torah, Muslims by the Quran, and Hindus by the Bhagavad Gita, although some religious opposition to the practice exists, particularly among Quakers.
Diocese of Viborg
The Diocese of Viborg is a diocese within the Church of Denmark, covering the western part of central Jutland. Viborg Cathedral in the city of Viborg serves as the seat of the diocese's bishop. The diocese has the highest ratio of church members in Denmark, about 85%.

Viborg, Denmark
Viborg (Danish pronunciation: [ˈviˌpɒˀ] ⓘ) is a city in central Jutland, Denmark, the capital of both Viborg municipality and Region Midtjylland. Viborg is also the seat of the Western High Court, the High Court for the Jutland peninsula. Viborg Municipality is the second-largest Danish municipality, covering 3.3% of the country's total land area.
Spectrum commons theory
The Spectrum Commons theory states that the telecommunication radio spectrum should be directly managed by its users rather than regulated by governmental or private institutions. Spectrum management is the process of regulating the use of radio frequencies to promote efficient use and gain a net social benefit. The theory of  Spectrum Commons argues that there are new methods and strategies that will allow almost complete open access to this currently regulated commons with unlimited number of persons to share it without causing interference. This would eliminate the need for both a centralized, governmental management of the spectrum and the allocation of specific portions of the spectrum to private actors.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
2024 Volta ao Algarve
The 2024 Volta ao Algarve (English: Tour of the Algarve) was a road cycling stage race that took between 14 and 18 February 2024 in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The race was rated as a category 2.Pro event on the 2024 UCI ProSeries calendar, and was the 50th edition of the Volta ao Algarve.

Volta ao Algarve
The Volta ao Algarve (Portuguese; English: Tour of the Algarve) is a road bicycle racing stage race held annually in the Algarve, Portugal. Since 2017, it has been organised as a 2.HC event on the UCI Europe Tour. The race became part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020. Due to its early February position in the European calendar, it is used by many riders to prepare for the Spring Classics.
World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America
Under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme, there are 329 biosphere reserves recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America (as of September 2025). These are distributed across 43 countries in the region.

Biosphere reserves operating under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme aim to achieve three mandate management objectives of conservation, sustainable socio-economic development, and logistic support.

Wadden Sea National Parks
The Wadden Sea National Parks in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands are located along the German Bight of the North Sea. In Germany and Denmark they also mark the area of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Wadden Sea. Divided from each other by administrative borders, they form a single ecological entity. The purpose of the national parks is the protection of the Wadden Sea ecoregion.
Fanandrana
Fanandrana is a rural commune in the district of Toamasina II (district), in the region of Atsinanana, on the east coast of Madagascar.
It is situated at the National road RN 2 at 26 km from Toamasina. The Ivondro River flows through the center of Fanandrana, and the Fanandrana river in its south.

Toamasina
Toamasina (Malagasy pronunciation: [toˈmasinə̥]), meaning "like salt" or "salty", unofficially and in French Tamatave or in the past as Port aux prunes, is the capital of the Atsinanana region on the east coast of Madagascar on the Indian Ocean. The city is the chief seaport of the country, situated 215 km (134 mi) northeast of its capital and largest city Antananarivo. In 2018 Toamasina had a population of 325,857.
Parmotrema hypoleucinum
Parmotrema hypoleucinum is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. A study of Parmotrema hypoleucinum in Tunisia revealed that it contains atranorin and (+)-iso-usnic acid, chemical compounds of interest for their anti-inflammatory activity. The species was originally scientifically described by Austrian lichenologist Julius Steiner in 1918 as a member of genus Parmelia. Mason Hale transferred it to Parmotrema in 1974.

Parmotrema
Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family  Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.

Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.: 83