hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cognition enhanced Natural language Information Analysis Method
Cognition enhanced Natural language Information Analysis Method (CogNIAM) is a conceptual fact-based modelling method, that aims to integrate the different dimensions of knowledge: data, rules, processes and semantics. To represent these dimensions world standards SBVR, BPMN and DMN from the Object Management Group (OMG) are used. CogNIAM, a successor of NIAM, is based on the work of knowledge scientist Sjir Nijssen.

CogNIAM structures knowledge, gathered from people, documentation and software, by classifying it. For this purpose CogNIAM uses the so-called ‘Knowledge Triangle’. The outcome of CogNIAM is independent of the person applying it. The resulting model allows the knowledge to be expressed in diagrammatic form as well as in controlled natural language.

Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) is an adopted standard of the Object Management Group (OMG)  intended to be the basis for formal and detailed natural language declarative description of a complex entity, such as a business. SBVR is intended to formalize complex compliance rules, such as operational rules for an enterprise, security policy, standard compliance, or regulatory compliance rules. Such formal vocabularies and rules can be interpreted and used by computer systems.  SBVR is an integral part of the OMG's model-driven architecture (MDA).
Space Surveillance Telescope
The Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) is a Southern Hemisphere-based United States Space Force telescope used for detecting, tracking, and cataloguing satellites, near-Earth objects, and space debris.

In 2011, SST achieved first light at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, United States. In 2017, the SST was dismantled and moved to the Harold E. Holt Naval Communication Station, Exmouth, Western Australia to a site with an altitude of around 65 metres (213 ft). From there it began  observing the Southern Celestial Hemisphere and collecting data for the US Space Surveillance Network. The repositioned SST achieved first light in Australia on 5 March 2020. The SST entered initial operational capability on 4 October 2022  and was originally operated by the Royal Australian Air Force's, 1 Remote Sensor Unit under the command and control (C2) of the U.S. Space Force. No. 1 Space Surveillance Unit assumed responsibility for operating the SST in early 2023.

Charge-coupled device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors. Under the control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging.
Commercetools
commercetools, is a cloud-based headless commerce platform that provides APIs to power e-commerce sales and similar functions for large businesses. Both the company and platform are called commercetools. The company is headquartered in Munich, Germany with additional offices in Berlin, Germany; Jena, Germany; Amsterdam, Netherlands; London, England; Durham, North Carolina; Zürich, Switzerland; Sydney, Australia; Shanghai, China and Singapore. Through its investor REWE Group it is associated with the omnichannel order fulfillment software solutions provider fulfillmenttools and the payment transactions provider paymenttools. Its clients include Audi, Bang & Olufsen, Carhartt and Nuts.com. commercetools is a founding member of the MACH Alliance.

Content management system
A content management system (CMS) is a computer software used to manage the creation and modification of digital content (content management).
It is typically used for enterprise content management (ECM) and web content management (WCM). ECM typically supports multiple users in a collaborative environment, by integrating document management, digital asset management, and record retention. Alternatively, WCM is the collaborative authoring for websites and may include text and embed graphics, photos, video, audio, maps, and program code that display content and interact with the user. ECM typically includes a WCM function.
Potok, Vodice
Potok (pronounced [ˈpɔːtɔk]) is a former settlement in the Municipality of Vodice in central Slovenia. It is now part of the village of Šinkov Turn. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Šinkov Turn
Šinkov Turn (pronounced [ˈʃiːŋkɔu̯ ˈtuːɾn]; in older sources Šenkov Turn, German: Schenkenthurn) is a village in the Municipality of Vodice in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It lies at the northeast end of the Skaručna Basin (Slovene: Skaruško polje).
Phlaocyon latidens
Phlaocyon latidens is an extinct species of the genus Phlaocyon, belonging to the subfamily Borophaginae and tribe Phlaocyonini, a canid which inhabited northwestern North America from the Late Oligocene to Miocene living 33.3–20.6 mya and existed for approximately 12.7 million years.

Borophaginae
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about 31.5 million years.
Allium runyonii
Allium runyonii is a North American species of wild onion native to southern Texas about as far north as Corpus Christi, as well as to the Mexican States of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. It is found on sandy soils including in plains along the Río Grande.

Allium runyonii produces egg-shaped bulbs up to 2 cm long. Flowering stalks can reach a height of 50 cm. Flowers are urn-shaped, about 6 mm across; tepals white with pinkish midribs; anthers and pollen are yellow; ovary does not have a crest.

Wild onion
Wild onion can refer to

any uncultivated species in the genus Allium, especially:
Allium bisceptrum
Allium canadense
Allium tricoccum
Allium validum
Allium vineale
Allium ochotense

Asphodelus tenuifolius

Cyperus bulbosus

Bulbine semibarbata
W-shingling
In natural language processing a w-shingling is a set of unique shingles (therefore n-grams) each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within a document, which can then be used to ascertain the similarity between documents.  The symbol w denotes the quantity of tokens in each shingle selected, or solved for.

The document, "a rose is a rose is a rose" can therefore be maximally tokenized as follows:

(a,rose,is,a,rose,is,a,rose)

The set of all contiguous sequences of 4 tokens (Thus 4=n, thus 4-grams) is

{ (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose), (is,a,rose,is), (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose) }

Which can then be reduced, or maximally shingled in this particular instance to

{ (a,rose,is,a), (rose,is,a,rose), (is,a,rose,is) }.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Nayak (title)
Nayak, Nayaka or Nayakar, was historically a honorific title conferred on a military captain in various feudal states of the Indian subcontinent, as a derivative of the ancient Sanskrit word Nāyaka. The title often came with a prize in the form of a palayam, jagir, zamindari, or similar grant of a fief carved out of the newly annexed territory. Today, they are also used as surnames by the descendants of the original recipients and as the modern military rank of Naik, while the film industry has co-opted the term with Katha Nayagan and Kathanayakudu. The title is closely related to the Telugu Nayakudu, Nayudu, or Naidu, the Malayali Nair, and the Tamil Nayakar, Nayakan, Naicken and Naicker. Nayaks are mostly Hindu with a few Sikhs.

Nayaka dynasties
The Nayaka dynasties refers to a group of Hindu dynasties who emerged during the Kakatiya dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire period in South India. Many of these dynasties, such as the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks, were originally military governors under the Vijayanagara Empire, who, after the Battle of Talikota, declared themselves independent and established their own polities.
Fedrilate
Fedrilate is a centrally acting cough suppressant. It was patented as a mucolytic by UCB in 1971, but was never brought to market in the US. In the Netherlands, it has been marketed as Tussefan and in combination with guaifenesin as Tussefan expectorans.

Cold medicine
Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants, among many others. It also includes drugs which are marketed as cough suppressants or antitussives, but their effectiveness in reducing cough symptoms is unclear or minimal.

While they have been used by 10% of American children in any given week, they are not recommended in Canada or the United States in children six years or younger because of lack of evidence showing effect and concerns of harm.
Li–Lobanov Treaty
The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (Chinese: 中俄密約; Russian: Союзный договор между Российской империей и Китаем) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China. The treaty and its consequences increased anti-foreign sentiment in China, which came to a head in the Boxer Uprising of 1900.

The contents of the agreement were made public only in 1922.

Secret treaty
A secret treaty is a treaty (international agreement) in which the contracting state parties have agreed to conceal the treaty's existence or substance from other states and the public. Such a commitment to keep the agreement secret may be contained in the instrument itself or in a separate agreement.

According to one compilation of secret treaties published in 2004, there have been 593 secret treaties negotiated by 110 countries and independent political entities since the year 1521. Secret treaties were highly important in the balance of power diplomacy of 18th and 19th century Europe, but are rare today.

Secret treaties have been prevalent in authoritarian states where rulers use the treaties to suppress domestic opposition and unrest.
2002 Malta International Football Tournament
The 2002 Malta International Tournament (known as the Rothmans Tournament for sponsorship reasons) was the eleventh edition of the Malta International Tournament. Held between 9 February and 13 February 2002, the tournament was contested by host country Malta, Jordan, Lithuania and Moldova.

Malta International Football Tournament
The Malta International Tournament was a biannual association football friendly competition for national teams, organised by the Malta Football Association that took place in Malta between 1986 and 2008. Initially, the tournament included the participation of football clubs, but starting from 1988 this was revamped to include only national A teams.

Usually played in February, the competition involved a single round-robin phase where each team played once against each other. Teams are ranked by points and at the end of the competition, the team with the most points is crowned champion. Up till 2004, the competition was sponsored by Rothmans and was known as the Rothmans Tournament for sponsorship reasons.
Fairphone 1
The Fairphone 1 is a touchscreen-based, slate-sized smartphone designed and manufactured by Fairphone. It was released running Android 4.2.2 "Jelly Bean", with the Fairphone OS skin. It was the first phone from the social enterprise Fairphone, announced on 14 May 2013 and shipped beginning in December 2013.

Fairphone
Fairphone is a Dutch electronics manufacturer that designs and produces smartphones and headphones. It aims to minimise the ethical and environmental impact of its devices by using recycled, fairtrade and conflict-free materials, maintaining fair labor conditions throughout its workforce and suppliers, and enabling users to easily repair their devices through modular design and by providing replacement parts. As of June 2025, the company's most recent smartphone is the Fairphone 6, a highly modular and easily repairable device for which it plans to provide seven years of Android OS updates and eight years of security patches, as well as a  five-year warranty.

Fairphone has been dubbed "the most ethical smartphone in the world", scoring 98 out of 100 possible points by the British magazine Ethical Consumer.
El Paso and Southwestern Railroad Passenger Depot-Douglas
The El Paso and Southwestern Railroad Depot is a Beaux Arts building constructed in 1913 in Douglas, Arizona.  Two-stories tall, it was a major station on the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad line.  It is slightly to the northwest of the Douglas Historic District, sitting on a 3.2331 acre parcel.  Its grounds include fountains and a period taxi stand.

Douglas Historic District
The Douglas Historic District includes the commercial area of Douglas, Arizona, a mining company town established in 1901.  The dates of the buildings' construction range from 1901 to 1935.  The district is bordered on the south by the buildings on G and H Avenues between 15th and 8th Street, and lie only eight blocks from the United States - Mexico border.  The District includes architectural styles ranging from Queen Anne to Bungalow to Period Revival.  One of the most interesting features is Church Square, which contains four churches in a single block.  In 1930 the square was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not, as the only block in the world which contained four churches: Grace Methodist (built 1902), St. Stephen's Episcopal (built 1903), First Baptist (built 1904), and First Presbyterian (built 1907).
Pletovarje
Pletovarje (pronounced [ˈpleːtɔʋaɾjɛ]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Šentjur in eastern Slovenia. It lies east of Dramlje and the Slovenian A1 motorway crosses the settlement's territory. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

Dramlje
Dramlje (pronounced [ˈdɾaːmljɛ]; German: Sankt Egidi) is one of the most populous settlements in the Municipality of Šentjur, in eastern Slovenia. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.
Klanten
Klanten is a mountain in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,763-metre (5,784 ft) tall mountain is located in the Filefjell mountain area, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the village of Vang i Valdres. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Grindane to the north, Rankonøse to the west, Storebottegge to the southwest, and Blåkampen to the southeast.

Filefjell
Filefjell is a mountainous area in Norway. It is located in an area where three counties meet. It lies between Lærdal Municipality in the Vestland county in the west and Vang Municipality in Innlandet county in the east and it lies north of Hemsedal Municipality in Buskerud county. It is the historical, as well as modern, main route, linking Western Norway and Eastern Norway. The European route E16 highway passes through Filefjell.
Pax (goddess)
Pax (Latin for Peace), more commonly known in English as Peace, was the Roman goddess of peace derived and adopted from the ancient Greek equivalent Eirene. Pax was seen as the daughter of the Roman king god Jupiter and the goddess Justice. Worship of Peace was organized and made popular during the rule of the emperor Augustus who used her imagery to help stabilise the empire after the years of turmoil and civil war of the late republic. Augustus commissioned an altar of peace in her honour on the Campus Martius called Ara Pacis, and the emperor Vespasian built a temple for her on called the Templum Pacis. Pax had a festival held for her on January 30. In art she is commonly depicted holding out olive branches as a peace offering, as well as a caduceus, cornucopia, corn and a sceptre. Pax is also often associated with spring.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Friis Hills
The Friis Hills (77°45′S 161°28′E﻿ / ﻿77.750°S 161.467°E﻿ / -77.750; 161.467) are a cluster of ice-free hills, 6 nautical miles (11 km) in extent and rising to 1,750 metres (5,740 ft), on the north side of the bend in Taylor Glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica. They were named after geographer and archivist Herman Ralph Friis (1906–89), Director of the Center for Polar Archives in the National Archives, a U.S. exchange scientist at the Japanese station East Ongul Island, 1969–70, and a member of the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names, 1957–73.

Although currently "dead and dry, nothing but gravel and sand and boulders" the Friis Hills contain important geological records of the times when Antarctica was much greener.

Taylor Glacier
The Taylor Glacier (77°44′S 162°10′E﻿ / ﻿77.733°S 162.167°E﻿ / -77.733; 162.167﻿ (Taylor Glacier)) is a glacier in Antarctica about 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) long, flowing from the plateau of Victoria Land into the western end of Taylor Valley, north of the Kukri Hills.
It flows to the south of the Asgard Range. The middle part of the glacier is bounded on the north by the Inland Forts and on the south by Beacon Valley.
Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1991)
Ryan Anthony Williams (born 8 April 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Detroit City. After beginning his career at Chester City, Williams came to prominence with Morecambe and built a reputation as a free kick specialist. He later played in Scotland, Canada, Brazil, the United States and won an international futsal cap for England.

Ottawa Fury FC
Ottawa Fury Football Club was a Canadian professional soccer club based in Ottawa, Ontario. The club competed in the North American Soccer League and USL Championship and played its home games at TD Place Stadium.

The Ottawa Fury FC were dissolved as a soccer club on November 8, 2019 and their USL franchise rights were sold to Miami FC on December 11, 2019. An unrelated club, Atlético Ottawa, were formed in 2020 to enter the Canadian Premier League representing the city, with home games again at TD Place Stadium.
UFC BJJ
UFC Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (UFC BJJ) is an American submission grappling promotion company owned by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) mixed martial arts promotion, itself a subsidiary of TKO Group Holdings (TKO).

UFC BJJ first gained notoriety with the launch of UFC BJJ: Road to the Title, an eight-episode Brazilian jiu-jitsu-reality show hybrid series which aired for free on the UFC YouTube channel. It featured two teams of top lightweight and welterweight competitors, coached by Mikey Musumeci and Rerisson Gabriel. The athletes competed in a tournament to determine the finalists in each division, who will face off alongside the coaches at UFC BJJ 1 to crown the inaugural champions.

At UFC BJJ 1, Mikey Musumeci, Carlos Henrique, and Andrew Tackett captured the inaugural bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight championships.

Submission wrestling
Submission wrestling, also known as submission fighting and submission grappling or simply grappling, is a martial art and combat sport that focuses on ground fighting and submission techniques. It is a hybrid discipline that incorporates elements of various martial arts such as various wrestling styles, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Submission wrestling is practiced both as a competitive sport and as a training method for self-defence and mixed martial arts (MMA).
Tsecha Creek
Tsecha Creek is a tributary of Kakiddi Creek, which in turn is a tributary of the Klastline River, part of the Stikine River watershed in northwest part of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It flows generally west for about 16 km (9.9 mi) to join Kakiddi Creek about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kakiddi Creek's confluence with the Klastline River. Tsecha Creek's watershed covers 23.1 km2 (8.9 sq mi) and its mean annual discharge is estimated at 0.423 m3/s (14.9 cu ft/s). The mouth of Tsecha Creek is located about 44 km (27 mi) east-southeast of Telegraph Creek, about 26 km (16 mi) west of Iskut and about 73 km (45 mi) south-southwest of Dease Lake. Tsecha Creek's watershed's land cover is classified as 47.8% barren, 27.5% conifer forest, 13.1% shrubland, 10.3% snow/glacier, and small amounts of other cover.

Tsecha Creek is in Mount Edziza Provincial Park which lies within the traditional territory of the Tahltan people.

Iskut
Iskut is a small, mostly Indigenous community in the Stikine Country of northwestern British Columbia. It is located on Highway 37, at the north end of Eddontenajon Lake just south of Dease Lake and the crossing of the Stikine River.
N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC) is one of the research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field of chemistry. The institute employs more than 900 people in 39 research laboratories and groups. It is located in Moscow.

Alexey Favorsky
Alexey Yevgrafovich Favorsky (Russian: Алексе́й Евгра́фович Фаво́рский; 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1860 – 8 August 1945), was a Russian and Soviet chemist and recipient of the Stalin Prize (1941) and the title Hero of Socialist Labour (1945).
Snakeskin
Snakeskin may either refer to the skin of a live snake, the shed skin of a snake after molting, or to a type of leather that is made from the hide of a dead snake. Snakeskin and scales can have varying patterns and color formations, providing protection via camouflage from predators. The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of chromatophores located in the dermis of the snake skin. The snake's skin and scales are also an important feature to their locomotion, providing protection and minimizing friction when gliding over surfaces.

Moulting
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is a process by which an animal casts off parts of its body to serve some beneficial purpose, either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle.

In medieval times, it was also known as "mewing" (from the French verb "muer", to moult), a term that lives on in the name of Britain's Royal Mews where the King's hawks used to be kept during moulting time before becoming horse stables after Tudor times.

Moulting can involve shedding the epidermis (skin), pelage (hair, feathers, fur, wool), or other external layer. In some groups, other body parts may be shed, for example, the entire exoskeleton in arthropods, including the wings in some insects.