hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
12th century
The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar.  
In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the "'Golden Age' of the Cistercians". The Golden Age of Islam experienced significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.

In Song dynasty China, an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.

Polonnaruwa–Pagan War
Polonnaruwa–Pagan War were a series of successful military expeditions led-by Sinhalese king Parakramabahu the Great against the Bagan Kingdom between 1165 and 1181. It occurred as a result of a trade dispute between the two states.
Eruviel Ávila Villegas
Eruviel Ávila Villegas (born May 1, 1969) is a Mexican politician, member of the Ecologist Green Party and federal deputy in the LXVI Legislature. For the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI), he was Governor of the State of Mexico from 2011 to 2017 and Mayor of Ecatepec de Morelos twice, from 2003 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2012, and deputy of the State of Mexico's Congress.

Governor of the State of Mexico
The governor of the State of Mexico (Spanish: Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de México) wields executive power in the State of Mexico (a.k.a. Edomex).

The Governor of the State of Mexico is directly elected by the citizens, using secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection.
Skoba Island
Skoba Island (Bulgarian: остров Скоба, romanized: ostrov Skoba, IPA: [ˈɔstrof ˈskɔbɐ]) comprises four abutting rocky islets 416 m long in south–north direction and 176 m wide in the Dannebrog Islands group of Wilhelm Archipelago in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Its surface area is 2.8 ha.

The feature is so named because of its shape supposedly resembling a bracket symbol ('skoba' in Bulgarian), and in association with other descriptive names of islands in the area.

Vedel Islands
The Vedel Islands (65°7′S 64°15′W﻿ / ﻿65.117°S 64.250°W﻿ / -65.117; -64.250﻿ (Vedel Islands)) are a group of small islands lying 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west of Hovgaard Island in the Wilhelm Archipelago, Antarctica.
Collision
In physics, a collision is any event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other in a relatively short time. Although the most common use of the word collision refers to incidents in which two or more objects collide with great force, the scientific use of the term implies nothing about the magnitude of the force.

Velocity
Velocity is a measurement of speed in a certain direction of motion. It is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of physical objects. Velocity is a vector quantity, meaning that both magnitude and direction are needed to define it (velocity vector). The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed, a quantity that is measured in metres per second (m/s or m⋅s−1) in the SI (metric) system. For example, "5 metres per second" is a scalar, whereas "5 metres per second east" is a vector. If there is a change in speed, direction or both, then the object is said to be undergoing an acceleration.
Desolation Peak (Wyoming)
Desolation Peak (13,161 ft (4,011 m)) is located in the northern Wind River Range in the U.S. state of Wyoming. Situated .66 mi (1.06 km) west of Rampart Peak, Desolation Peak is within the Bridger Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest and west of the Continental Divide. Desolation Peak is the 22nd tallest peak in Wyoming.

Bridger–Teton National Forest
Bridger–Teton National Forest is located in western Wyoming, United States. The forest consists of 3.4 million acres (14,000 square kilometers), making it the third largest National Forest outside Alaska. The forest stretches from Yellowstone National Park, along the eastern boundary of Grand Teton National Park and from there rides along the western slope of the Continental Divide to the southern end of the Wind River Range. The forest also extends southward encompassing the Salt River Range and Wyoming Range mountains near the Idaho border.
Ceremonial first puck
The ceremonial first puck is a longstanding ritual of ice hockey in which a guest of honor drops a puck to mark the end of pregame festivities and the start of the game. Like baseball's ceremonial first pitch, this first puck does not actually begin play but is retrieved and presented to the guest of honour as a keepsake. In the National Hockey League (NHL), the anthem is routinely played before the ceremonial first puck.

The ceremonial puck dropper may be a notable person (dignitary, celebrity, former player, etc.) who is in attendance, an executive from a company that sponsors the team (especially when that company has sponsored that night's promotional giveaway), or a person who has been awarded the privilege as a result of some recent contest or current event.  Especially in the minor leagues, multiple first puck drops are not uncommon; the honoree may merely pose at centre ice displaying his commemorative puck without actually dropping it into any faceoff.

Face-off
A face-off is the method used to begin and restart play after goals in some sports using sticks, primarily ice hockey, inline hockey, bandy, floorball, broomball, rinkball, and lacrosse.

During a face-off, two teams line up in opposition to each other, and the opposing players attempt to gain control of the puck or ball after it is dropped or otherwise placed between their sticks by an official.
Equilíbrio Distante
Equilibrio Distante (English: Distant Balance) is the second solo album by Brazilian singer Renato Russo (and the last released before his death), released in December 1995. It consists of covers of Italian songs originally released by musicians from that country. The album came after a troubled period for Russo, who was struggling with depression at that time, and its recording took nine months. It sold 200 thousand copies little after its release.

The Stonewall Celebration Concert
The Stonewall Celebration Concert is the debut studio album by Brazilian singer Renato Russo, released in 1994. The album had a sale of 250,000 copies in the first year of its release. It was one of the first Brazilian albums to be entirely recorded with computers. and it sees Russo covering English-language songs by Madonna, Bob Dylan, Nick Drake, Billy Joel, among others.

For his performance in the album, he was voted Best Singer by the APCA in 1994.
John Dykstra (politician)
John Dykstra (born January 16, 1875 – died 1959) was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1927 to 1934.  A Republican, he was defeated for reelection in 1934; he later unsuccessfully ran for Michigan State Senate.  Dykstra was born in Holland, Michigan, and served as a street railway motorman outside politics.  He was a survivor of the devastating fire at the Kerns Hotel in Lansing on December 11, 1934 which killed six of his fellow representatives,  T. Henry Hewlett, Charles D. Parker, Vern Voorhees, John W. Goodwine, Don E. Sias, and D. Knox Hanna; also killed was state senator John Leidlein.

John Leidlein
John Leidlein (1864-1934) was a member of the Michigan State Senate.  He was one of those killed in the Kerns Hotel fire in Lansing on December 11, 1934.  Also killed were state representatives Charles D. Parker, Vern Voorhees, T. Henry Howlett, John W. Goodwine, D. Knox Hanna, and Don E. Sias.  The men were in Lansing for a special session of the Michigan legislature.
Charter Company
The Charter Company of Jacksonville, Florida was a conglomerate with more than 180 subsidiaries that was in the Fortune 500 for 11 years beginning in 1974 and ranked 61st in 1984. The company filed for bankruptcy protection in late 1984, eventually selling off all of its businesses and purchasing Spelling Entertainment Inc. to form Spelling Entertainment Group Inc in 1992.

Edward Ball (businessman)
Edward Gresham Ball (March 21, 1888 – June 24, 1981) was a businessman who wielded powerful political influence in Florida for decades. Referred to as "a law unto himself",: 21  despite the fact that he never held public office and did not own much of the assets he controlled, he led a forest products company, a railroad and owned newspapers. He worked for and with his brother-in-law Alfred I. du Pont for nine years before running the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust's businesses himself for another 46 years. He founded and led the St. Joe Paper Company to become a major player in several industries in Florida. He was a leader of the anti-communist Pork Chop Gang, a group of Democratic Party legislators from North Florida.
Otahuhu RFC
Ōtāhuhu Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Auckland, New Zealand. The club was established in 1926  and is affiliated with the Auckland Rugby Football Union. The club have historically been one of the most successful in Auckland history, having won the Gallaher Shield on nine occasions, most recently in 2000. Ōtāhuhu have also produced numerous Auckland and international representatives, including 13 All Blacks.

Auckland Rugby Union
The Auckland Rugby Union is a New Zealand provincial rugby union. The union was established in 1883 and was originally responsible for the administration of the sport in most of the former Auckland Province, although its boundaries have since shrunk to include only a portion of the Auckland urban area. The union governs the Auckland representative team, which has won New Zealand's first-tier domestic provincial competition 17 times, more than any other team. Their most recent title was the 2018 Mitre 10 Cup Premiership. The union administers all club rugby within its boundaries, including the Gallaher Shield and other senior club rugby, as well as school rugby. Auckland also acts as a primary feeder to the Blues, who play in the Super Rugby competition.
Elektromesstechnik
Elektromesstechnik (EMT) is a manufacturer of phonograph turntables and professional audio equipment, including a well-regarded line of artificial reverberation devices beginning with the EMT 140 plate reverb. The company was founded by Wilhelm Franz.

Thorens
Thorens is a formerly Swiss manufacturer of high-end audio equipment. Thorens is historically renowned for the range of phonographs (turntables) the manufacturer produces. In addition to audio playback equipment, Thorens is also a historical manufacturer of harmonicas and has been separately a producer of Swiss-made cigarette lighters, most notably the button actuated "Single Claw" and "Double Claw" lighters.
Osor, Croatia
Osor is a village and a small port on the Croatian island of Cres, in Primorje-Gorski Kotar county. Administratively, it is part of the town of Mali Lošinj. As of 2021, it had a population of 26.

Osor lies at a narrow channel that separates the islands of Cres and Lošinj. The channel was built in Roman times to make sailing possible. Now the islands are connected with a rotating bridge. Originally, Cres and Lošinj were one island, Osor, before the channel was cut.

Archdiocese of Zadar
The Archdiocese of Zadar (Latin: Archidioecesis Iadrensis; Croatian: Zadarska nadbiskupija) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic church in Croatia. The diocese was established in the 3rd century AD and was made an archdiocese by the Pope Anastasius IV in 1154. As of 2025, it is not part of any ecclesiastical province of Croatia; it is the only Croatian archdiocese directly subject to the Holy See.
Mountain bike orienteering
Mountain bike orienteering (MTB-O or MTBO) is an orienteering endurance racing sport on a mountain bike where navigation is done along trails and tracks. Compared with foot orienteering, competitors usually are not permitted to leave the trail and track network. Navigation tactics are similar to ski-orienteering, where the major focus is route choice while navigating. The main difference compared to ski-orienteering is that navigation is done at a higher pace, because the bike can reach higher speeds. As the biker reaches higher speeds, map reading becomes more challenging.

Foot orienteering
Foot orienteering (usually referred to as simply Orienteering or FootO for short) is the oldest formal orienteering sport, and the one with the most events per year.   Usually, a FootO is a timed race in which participants start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all navigation on their own, GPS devices of any kind is not allowed and should be removed prior to the start of the event.  The control points are shown on the orienteering map indicated by a small purple circle where the control point may be anywhere in said circle but typically near the center and must be visited in the specified order on the side of the map.  Standings are determined by the fastest successful completion of the course.

FootO is one of four orienteering disciplines governed by the International Orienteering Federation.
Pioneertown Mountains Preserve
Pioneertown Mountains Preserve is a nature preserve in the Mojave Desert and San Bernardino Mountains, noted for granite rock formations, volcanic mesas, and riparian canyons that support desert and montane vegetation. The landscape includes the Sawtooth Mountains, Pipes Canyon, and Chaparrosa Peak, forming part of a protected corridor linking desert and mountain habitats within the Sand to Snow National Monument region. The 25,500 acres (10,300 ha) property is owned and managed by The Wildlands Conservancy as part of its system of preserves.

Pioneertown, California
Pioneertown is an unincorporated community of the Morongo Basin region of the High Desert in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is an 1880s-themed town developed as a shooting location for actors working on Western films and TV series which includes businesses and residences. The Mane Street Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The winding, 4-mile (6.4 km) drive northwest to Pioneertown from Yucca Valley has been designated a California Scenic Drive, and the area is now surrounded by both privately and federally protected lands. The Sawtooths are a small mountain range to the south, while Black Hill is to the north.
Pivot (album)
Pivot (2000) is an album by the American experimental pop music group Amoeba. The style of this album is similar to that of Amoeba’s previous album Watchful (1997) except with a somewhat more active and direct approach. The lyrics are also more literal and emotional than those of Watchful.

Watchful
Watchful (1997) is an album by the American experimental pop music group Amoeba. This is the first Amoeba album to feature the classic lineup of Robert Rich and Rick Davies. The style of this album consists of subtle and largely acoustic pop compositions with heavy ambient textures.

Work on this album began in 1994. It was completed in 1995. Over the next two years they searched for a label to distribute the album. It was finally released in 1997 on the Lektronic Soundscapes label. When distribution problems arose with Lektronic Soundscapes, they moved to Release Records, who had also released Rich’s solo album Trances/Drones.
Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845
The Railways Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 20) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that standardised provisions and definitions relating to railway companies in England and Wales and Ireland.

The act may be referred to or incorporated by anyone constructing a railway, including proposing to extend heritage railways.

The Railways Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 33) made similar provisions for Scotland.

As of 2025, the act remains in force in the United Kingdom.

Railway Companies Meetings Act 1869
The Railway Companies Meetings Act 1869 (32 & 33 Vict. c. 6) was an act of parliament in the United Kingdom.

It repealed section 35 of the Regulation of Railways Act 1868, which related "to meetings of incorporated railway companies and the approval by such meetings of bills and certificates for conferring additional powers on those companies", with regard to any bill put before Parliament, or any application for a certificate made by a company, after 1 February 1869.
Nitrate chlorides
Nitrate chlorides are mixed anion compounds that contain both nitrate (NO3−) and chloride (Cl−) ions. Various compounds are known, including amino acid salts, and also complexes from iron group, rare-earth, and actinide metals. Complexes are not usually identified as nitrate chlorides, and would be termed chlorido nitrato complexes.

Mixed-anion compounds
Mixed-anion compounds, heteroanionic materials or mixed-anion materials are chemical compounds containing cations and more than one kind of anion. The compounds contain a single phase, rather than just a mixture.
Tension ring
A tension ring is a type of finger ring that holds a gemstone in place by pressure rather than prongs, a bezel or other mounting.  The metal setting is actually spring-loaded to exert pressure onto the gemstone, and tiny etchings or grooves in the metal create a shelf that supports the gemstone's edges.  The gemstone appears to be suspended in the air with nothing holding it in place.

Ring (jewellery)
A ring is a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry. The term "ring" by itself denotes jewellery worn on the finger; when worn as an ornament elsewhere, the body part is specified within the term, e.g., earrings, neck rings, arm rings, and toe rings. Rings fit snugly around or in the part of the body they ornament, so bands worn loosely, like a bracelet, are not rings. Rings may be made of almost any hard material: wood, bone, stone, metal, glass, jade, gemstone or plastic. They may be set with gemstones (diamond, ruby, sapphire or emerald) or with other types of stone or glass.

Although some people wear rings as mere ornaments or as conspicuous displays of wealth, rings have symbolic functions respecting marriage, exceptional achievement, high status or authority, membership in an organization, and the like. Rings can be made to sport insignia which may be impressed on a wax seal or outfitted with a small compartment in which to conceal things.
Brazil–Colombia border
The border between Brazil and Colombia is 1,644.2 km (1,021.7 mi) long. The boundary was delimited in two treaties:

the Vásquez Cobo-Martins treaty of 1907, establishing the line from the Rio Negro northwestward along the Amazon River-Orinoco watershed divide, "then generally southward along various river courses and straight-line segments to the mouth of the Apaporis River", and

the Tratado de Límites y Navegación Fluvial of 1928, delimiting the Apaporis-Amazon segment of the boundary as a "geodesic line identical to its Brazilian-Peruvian antecedent after Colombia gained undisputed sovereignty over the area".

Apaporis River
The Apaporis River is a river of the Vaupés Department, Colombia. It is a tributary of the Japurá River (Caquetá River). In the last stretch, before the river joins the Caquetá River, it forms part of the boundary between Colombia and Brazil.
Plume (fluid dynamics)
In hydrodynamics, a plume or a column is a vertical body of one fluid moving through another. Several effects control the motion of the fluid, including momentum (inertia), diffusion (temperature, viscosity, surface tension), and buoyancy (differences in mass density). Jets and plumes deemed "pure" represent flows that are driven entirely by momentum and buoyancy, respectively. Flows occurring between these limiting cases are usually characterized as buoyant jets and forced plumes.

A plume is said to be positively buoyant when, in the absence of additional external forces or initial conditions, the column of fluid tends to rise. By contrast, a plume is said to be negatively buoyant when the density of the column is greater than its surroundings (statically, its natural tendency would be to sink), but the flow has sufficient initial momentum to exhibit a rise.

Turbulence modeling
In fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling is the construction and use of a mathematical model to predict the effects of turbulence. Turbulent flows are commonplace in most real-life scenarios. In spite of decades of research, there is no analytical theory to predict the evolution of these turbulent flows. The equations governing turbulent flows can only be solved directly for simple cases of flow. For most real-life turbulent flows, CFD simulations use turbulent models to predict the evolution of turbulence. These turbulence models are simplified constitutive equations that predict the statistical evolution of turbulent flows.
History of cities in Canada
Canada's cities span the continent of North America from east to west, but many of them are located relatively close to the border with the United States. Cities are home to the majority of Canada's approximately 35.75 million inhabitants (as of 2015)—just over 80 percent of Canadians lived in urban areas in 2006.

La Presse
La Presse is a French-language online newspaper published daily in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1884, it is now owned by an independent nonprofit trust.

La Presse was formerly a broadsheet daily, considered a newspaper of record in Canada. Its Sunday edition was discontinued in 2009, and the weekday edition in 2016. The weekend Saturday printed edition was discontinued on 31 December 2017, turning La Presse into an entirely online newspaper.
2024 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' singles
Renáta Jamrichová won the title, defeating Emerson Jones 6–3, 6–4 in the final. It was her second junior Grand Slam singles title.

The final between Jamrichová and Jones was a rematch of their 2024 Australian Open girls' singles final, where Jamrichová won her first junior Grand Slam singles title.

Clervie Ngounoue was the defending champion, but chose not to participate in the junior event this year. She received a wildcard into the women's singles qualifying competition, where she lost to Simona Waltert in the first round.

2024 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles qualifying
The 2024 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles qualifying is a series of tennis matches that took place from 25 to 27 June 2024 to determine the qualifiers for the 2024 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles event, and, if necessary, the lucky losers.

16 of the 128 players who competed in this knockout tournament secured a main draw place.