hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wente torus
In differential geometry, a Wente torus is an immersed torus in  of constant mean curvature, discovered by Henry C. Wente (1986).  It is a counterexample to the conjecture of Heinz Hopf that every closed, compact, constant-mean-curvature surface is a sphere (though this is true if the surface is embedded).  There are similar examples known for every positive genus.

Mean curvature
In mathematics, the mean curvature  of a surface  is an extrinsic measure of curvature that comes from differential geometry and that locally describes the curvature of an embedded surface in some ambient space such as Euclidean space.

The concept was used by Sophie Germain in her work on elasticity theory, published 1831. Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier used it in 1776, in his studies of minimal surfaces. It is important in the analysis of minimal surfaces, which have mean curvature zero, and in the analysis of physical interfaces between fluids (such as soap films) which, for example, have constant mean curvature in static flows, by the Young–Laplace equation.
1997 AAA Championships
The 1997 AAA Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA), held from 24 to 25 August at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, England.

For the first time, it was not considered the national championships for the United Kingdom, as the 1997 British Athletics Championships (which incorporated the trials for the 1997 World Championships in Athletics) attracted a higher standard of national competitors than the AAA event. The British Athletics Federation's decision to hold its trials separately was taken due to the organisation's financial problems, which would ultimately result in its bankruptcy.

AAA Championships
The AAA Championships was an annual track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association of England. It was the foremost domestic athletics event in the United Kingdom during its lifetime, despite the existence of the official UK Athletics Championships organised by the then governing body for British athletics, the British Athletics Federation between 1977 and 1993, and again in 1997. It was succeeded by the British Athletics Championships, organised by the BEF's replacement (successor), UK Athletics under its brand name British Athletics.
Malcolm Macmillan
Malcolm Kenneth Macmillan (21 August 1913 – 17 November 1978) was a Scottish Labour Party politician and journalist.

At the 1935 general election, at the age of 22, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for the Western Isles. He joined the army in 1939 to fight Hitler's forces in the Second World War but postwar joined in campaigning against nuclear weapons. He was re-elected at the next seven general elections, serving as the MP for the constituency for 35 years before losing his seat at the 1970 general election to Donald Stewart of the Scottish National Party (SNP).

In 1972, Macmillan was expelled from the Labour Party after disagreement over the selection of his replacement as Labour candidate, Andrew Wilson. Macmillan stood as a United Labour Party candidate at the February 1974 general election, but finished in fourth place, polling only 6.8% of the vote while the SNP substantially increased their majority.

Donald Stewart (Scottish politician)
Donald James Stewart (17 October 1920 – 23 August 1992) was Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of Parliament (MP) from 1970 to 1987 for the Western Isles.  He also served as President of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 1982 to 1987. He was a councillor in Stornoway for many years and twice served as the town's provost.
Lyonetia myricella
Lyonetia myricella is a moth in the family Lyonetiidae. It is known from Japan (Kyushu, Yakushima).

The wingspan is about 7–7.5 mm. Adults are on wing in November.

The larvae feed on Myrica rubra. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

Lyonetiidae
Lyonetiidae is a family of moths with around 200 described species. These are small, slender moths, the wingspan rarely exceeding 1 cm. The very narrow forewings, held folded backwards covering the hindwings and abdomen, often have pointed apices noticeably up- or down-turned. The larvae are leaf miners.

The families Bucculatricidae and Bedelliidae are sometimes considered subfamilies of Lyonetiidae.
Ultramicroelectrode
An ultramicroelectrode (UME) is a working electrode with a low surface area primarily used in voltammetry experiments.  The small size of UMEs limits mass transfer, which give them large diffusion layers and small overall currents at typical electrochemical potentials.  These features allow UMEs to achieve useful cyclic steady-state conditions at fast scan rates (V/s) with limited current distortion.  UMEs were developed independently by Wightman  and Fleischmann around 1980.
UMEs enable electrochemical measurements in electrolytes with high solution resistance, such as organic solvents. The low current at an UME limits the Ohmic (or iR) drop, which conventional electrodes do not limit. Furthermore, the low Ohmic drop at UMEs lead to low voltage distortions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, allowing for the use of two electrodes in a voltammetric experiment instead of the conventional three electrodes.

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is cyclic voltammetry with a very high scan rate (up to 1×106 V·s−1). Application of high scan rate allows rapid acquisition of a voltammogram within several milliseconds and ensures high temporal resolution of this electroanalytical technique. An acquisition rate of 10 Hz is routinely employed.

FSCV in combination with carbon-fiber microelectrodes became a very popular method for detection of neurotransmitters, hormones and metabolites in biological systems. Initially, FSCV was successfully used for detection of electrochemically active biogenic amines release in chromaffin cells (adrenaline and noradrenaline), brain slices (5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine) and in vivo in anesthetized or awake and behaving animals (dopamine). Further refinements of the method have enabled detection of 5-HT, HA, norepinephrine, adenosine, oxygen, pH changes in vivo in rats and mice as well as measurement of dopamine and serotonin concentration in fruit flies.
The Pack of Ragamuffins
"The Pack of Ragamuffins"  (German: Das Lumpengesindel) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, number 10.  The title has been variously translated into English, as in "The Adventures of Chanticleer and Partlet: How They Went to the Mountains to Eat Nuts", "The Pack of Ragamuffins", "The Vulgar Crew", "A Pack of No-goods", "Riffraff", "The Pack of Scoundrels", "The Good-For-Nothings", and possibly others.

It is Aarne-Thompson type 210, The Traveling Animals and the Wicked Man.  Another tale of this type is the Grimms' "Herr Korbes".  The Grimms also compared it to  "The Town Musicians of Bremen".

Town Musicians of Bremen
The "Town Musicians of Bremen" (German: Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1819 (KHM 27).

It tells the story of four ageing domestic animals, who after a lifetime of hard work are neglected and mistreated by their former masters. Eventually, they decide to run away and become town musicians in the city of Bremen. Contrary to the story's title the characters never arrive in Bremen, as they succeed in tricking and scaring off a band of robbers, capturing their spoils, and moving into their house. It is a story of Aarne–Thompson Type 130 ("Outcast animals find a new home").
Civic Association of Henties Bay
The Civic Association of Henties Bay is a local political party based in Henties Bay in the Erongo Region of Namibia. It contests local elections for the municipality of Henties Bay.

In the 2004 local elections, the Civic Association won 3 seats in the council, Namibia's ruling SWAPO party won another three, and one seat went to the United Democratic Front (UDF). In the 2010 local elections, the party received the most votes (nearly 44%) in the Henties Bay local authority, ahead of the ruling party nationally, SWAPO, which received 36.9%. In the 2015 local authority elections the Civic Association only gained one seat while SWAPO won three and the UDF won two.

Erongo Region
Erongo is one of the 14 regions of Namibia. The capital is Swakopmund. It is named after Mount Erongo, a well-known landmark in Namibia and in this area. Erongo contains the municipalities of Walvis Bay, Swakopmund, Henties Bay and Omaruru, as well as the towns Arandis, Karibib and Usakos. All the main centres within this region are connected by paved roads.

The Erongo Region had a population of 150,809 in 2011. As of 2020, it had 119,784 registered voters.

In the west, Erongo has a shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean.  On land, it borders the following regions:

Kunene - north

Otjozondjupa - northeast

Khomas - southeast

Hardap - south
2011 ATP World Tour Finals
The 2011 ATP World Tour Finals (also known as the 2011 Barclays ATP World Tour Finals for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament that was played at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom between 20 and 27 November 2011. The defending champion in singles was Roger Federer, while the defending champions in doubles were Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić. However, they did not defend their title together because they separated after the 2010 event. Zimonjic partnered with Michaël Llodra for the season, and Nestor partnered with Max Mirnyi. Federer successfully defended his crown, winning a record-breaking sixth title, while Nestor and Mirnyi captured the doubles title.

Bob Bryan
Robert Charles Bryan (born April 29, 1978) is an American former professional tennis player. Widely regarded as one of the greatest doubles tennis players of all time, Bryan was ranked as the world No. 1 in men's doubles for 438 weeks (second-most of all time), and finished as the year-end No. 1 eight times. Bryan won 126 ATP Tour-level doubles titles, including 23 majors: 16 in men's doubles and seven in mixed doubles. Alongside his twin brother Mike, the Bryan brothers were one of the most successful doubles partnerships in tennis history. The pair were named the ATP Team of the Decade for the 2000s. They became the second men's doubles team to complete the career Golden Slam at the 2012 London Olympics.

The Bryan brothers retired from the sport together in August 2020. In 2025, they were inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
Balsa (email client)
Balsa is a lightweight email client written in C for the GNOME desktop environment.

Balsa has a graphical front end, support for MIME attachments coming and going, directly supports POP3 and IMAP protocols. It has a spell checker and direct support for PGP and GPG for encryption. It has some basic filtering capabilities, and natively supports several email storage protocols. It also has some internationalization support, including Japanese fonts.

It builds on top of these other open source packages: GNOME, libtool, libESMTP, aspell, and gmime. It also can optionally use libgtkhtml for HTML rendering, libkrb5 for GSS-API, and openldap for LDAP functionality. It can optionally be configured to use gpg-error and gpgme libraries.

Balsa is packaged for a wide range of Linux distributions, including Arch Linux, Debian, Fedora, openSUSE, Slackware and Ubuntu, as well as for FreeBSD.

OpenLDAP
OpenLDAP is a free, open-source implementation of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) developed by the OpenLDAP Project. It is released under its own BSD-style license called the OpenLDAP Public License.

LDAP is a platform-independent protocol. Several common Linux distributions include OpenLDAP Software for LDAP support. The software also runs on BSD-variants, as well as AIX, Android, HP-UX, macOS, OpenVMS, Solaris, Microsoft Windows (NT and derivatives, e.g. 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, etc.), and z/OS.
Amaranth oil
Amaranth oil is extracted from the seeds of two species of the genus Amaranthus — A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus — that are called, collectively, amaranth grain.

Amaranth oil is a light-to-medium-colored, clear liquid that is pourable at low temperatures. It is a source of fatty acids, with oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid having the highest proportions. The oil is valued for its ability to add temperature stability at both high and low temperatures. Commercial uses of amaranth oil include foods, cosmetics, shampoos, and intermediates for manufacture of lubricants, pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, aromatics, and surface active agents. As a food oil, amaranth oil has a delicate taste. The oil content of the actual amaranth grain ranges from 4.8 to 8.1%, which is relatively low compared to other sources of seed oil. The melting point of amaranth oil is −27 °C (−17 °F).

Chemically, the major constituents of amaranth oil are:

Amaranth
Amaranthus is a genus of plants commonly known as amaranths. Some species are known by variants of the common name "pigweed". Some members are annual and others are perennial. The plant can grow from 1 to 2.5 metres (3 to 8 feet) tall with a succulent, hollow stem. Parts of the plant vary from green to reddish. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in the summer or fall.

There are 75 recognized species in the genus, some monoecious and some dioecious. The name amaranth was originally applied to the closely related genus Celosia. Amaranthus is cosmopolitan in tropical regions. Some species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals (with amaranth grain being collected), and ornamental plants.
Of Thee I Sting
Of Thee I Sting is a 1946 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Friz Freleng, written by Michael Maltese and narrated by Robert C. Bruce that is a parody of World War II documentaries. Material was reused from the Private Snafu cartoon Target: Snafu. The short was released on August 17, 1946.

The title is a play on Of Thee I Sing.

Private Snafu
Private Snafu is the title character of a series of black-and-white American instructional adult animated shorts, ironic and humorous in tone, that were produced between 1943 and 1945 during World War II, and voiced by Mel Blanc. The films were designed to instruct service personnel about security, proper sanitation habits, booby traps and other military subjects, and to improve troop morale. Primarily, they demonstrate the negative consequences of doing things wrong.

The main character's name is a play on the military slang acronym SNAFU, "Situation Normal: All Fucked Up" (often minced as "All Fouled Up"). The series was directed by Chuck Jones and other prominent Hollywood animators.
Grantham and Stamford
Grantham and Stamford was a constituency in Lincolnshire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament from 1997 to 2024.

Under the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, the constituency was abolished for the 2024 general election, with the majority of the electorate being included in the new seat of Grantham and Bourne. Stamford was included in the re-established Rutland and Stamford constituency.

South Kesteven
South Kesteven is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England, forming part of the traditional Kesteven division of the county. Its council is based in Grantham. The district also includes the towns of Bourne, Market Deeping and Stamford, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

South Kesteven borders North Kesteven to the north, South Holland to the east, the City of Peterborough and North Northamptonshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, the Melton district of Leicestershire to the west, and the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire to the north-west.
Fan Sin Temple
Fan Sin Temple, alias "Fan Sin Kung" or "Fan Sin Miu" (Chinese: 樊仙宮; Jyutping: faan4 sin1 gung1), is a temple in Hong Kong, located in Sheung Wun Yiu, Tai Po. It was declared a monument on 30 December 1999.

Declared monuments of Hong Kong
Declared monuments of Hong Kong are places, structures or buildings legally declared to receive the highest level of protection. In Hong Kong, declaring a monument requires consulting the Antiquities Advisory Board, the approval of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong as well as the publication of the notice on the Hong Kong Government Gazette.

As of December 2024, there are 136 declared monuments in Hong Kong, with 58 listed on Hong Kong Island, 55 on New Territories, 14 on Kowloon, and 9 on the Outlying Islands.

Under Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, some other buildings are classified as Grades I, II and III historic buildings, and are not listed below.
Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Germany was the host nation and top medal recipient at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. 433 competitors, 389 men and 44 women, took part in 143 events in 22 sports.

The total of 33 gold and 89 total medals still stands as a record medal tally for unified Germany.

Heinrich Hax
Heinrich Georg "Heinz" Hax (24 January 1900 – 1 September 1969) was a German army general and sportsman.

His sports career was as a German modern pentathlete and sport shooter who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was a career army officer and a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.
Kalgary, Texas
Kalgary is an unincorporated community in Crosby County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 70 in 2000. Kalgary is part of the Lubbock metropolitan area.

Lubbock metropolitan area
The Lubbock metropolitan area is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the South Plains region of West Texas, United States, that covers three counties – Crosby, Lubbock, and Lynn. As of the 2010 census, the Lubbock MSA had a population of 290,805, though a 2019 estimate placed the population at 322,257, which ranks it the 157th-most populated MSA in the United States. It is also part of the larger Lubbock–Plainview combined statistical area.
James Espey
James Espey (born 23 January 1984 in Bangor) is an Irish sailor. He has won a number of Irish regional and national titles. Espey qualified to compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class, finishing 36th overall. He did not participate in the 2016 Summer Olympics, as Finn Lynch qualified ahead of Espey to take the Team Ireland spot in the Laser class.

Finn Lynch
Finn Lynch (born 23 April 1996) is an Irish sailor who represented Ireland at both the 2016 and 2024 Summer Olympics in the Laser class placing 32nd and 10th respectively.

In path to olympic sailing was via the Topper class in which he won a silver medal at the 2009 Topper World Championships. He competed in the ILCA throughout his Olympic sailing career with the highlight being a silver at the 2021 ILCA 7 Men's World Championship.
Integral energy
Integral energy is the amount of energy required to remove water from soil with an initial water content  to water content of  (where ). It is calculated by integrating the water retention curve, soil water potential  with respect to :

It is proposed by Minasny and McBratney (2003) as alternative to available water capacity. (AWC)
The AWC concept assumes equal availability of water between two potentials and does not consider the path along the water retention curve. Integral energy takes into the account the path or energy (characterised by water retention curve) required to dry a soil at particular soil moisture content

Water content
Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture), rock, ceramics, crops, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas. It is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials' porosity at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or gravimetric (mass) basis.
Five-second rule
The five-second rule, or sometimes the three-second rule, is a food hygiene urban legend that states a defined time window after which it is not safe to eat food (or sometimes to use cutlery) after it has been dropped on the floor or on the ground and thus exposed to contamination.

While the amount of microbes transferred to a dropped food does increase over time, and in some situations floors may be relatively clean of pathogens, the scientific consensus is opposed to such a general applied rule, and the origin of the idea is unclear. It is speculated to have originated from legends about Genghis Khan. It was first mentioned in print in 1995.

Urban legend
Urban legend (sometimes modern legend, urban myth, or simply legend) is a genre of folklore concerning stories about an unusual (usually scary) or humorous event that many people believe to be true but largely are not.

These legends can be entertaining but often concern mysterious and troubling events, such as disappearances and strange objects or entities. Urban legends may confirm moral standards, reflect prejudices, or be a way to make sense of societal anxieties.

In the past, urban legends were most often circulated orally, at gatherings and around the campfire for instance. Now, they can be spread by any media, including newspapers, mobile news apps, e-mail, and most often, social media.  Some urban legends have passed through the years/decades with only minor changes, in where the time period takes place. Generic urban legends are often altered to suit regional variations, but the lesson or moral generally remains the same.
Narjis
Narjis (Arabic: نَرْجِس) is believed by the Twelvers to have been the mother of their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. His birth is said to have been providentially concealed by his father, Hasan al-Askari, out of fear of Abbasid persecution as they sought to eliminate an expected child of the eleventh Imam, whom persistent rumors described as a savior. After the death of his father in 260 AH (873-874 CE), al-Mahdi is believed by the Twelvers to have entered a state of occultation which continues until his rise in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. The origin of Narjis is recorded as the Byzantine or Nubia and her tomb is believed to be located in the al-Askari shrine in Samarra, Iraq.

Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi
ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd alʾAsadī al-ʿAmrī (Arabic: عثمان بن سعيد الأسدي العمري) was the first of the Four Deputies, whom Twelver Shia Muslims believe have successively represented their twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Uthman is also said to have been a trusted representative (wakīl or safīr or bāb) of the tenth and eleventh Imams Ali al-Hadi (835–868) and Hasan al-Askari (868–874) respectively. The date of his death is not certain, but most Shia scholars agree that it was in 880-81.
2015 Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council election
The 2015 Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council election took place on 7 May 2015 to elect members of Barrow-in-Furness Borough Council in Cumbria, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.

Control of the council was held by the Labour Party, who had won from no overall control at the 2011 elections. Although Labour gained a higher percentage of the vote than in 2011, the Conservative Party gained 2 seats. The Socialist People's Party, which had held seats in Barrow from  1998 until 2011, folded in 2015 and so did not run for election.

2015 United Kingdom local elections
The 2015 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 7 May 2015, the same day as the general election for the House of Commons.

With the exception of those areas that have had boundary changes, the council seats up for election in England were last contested in the 2011 local elections. To date these are the last local elections to coincide with a general election in the United Kingdom.