hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marathon Large Igneous Province
The Marathon Large Igneous Province is a Paleoproterozoic large igneous province along the southern Superior craton of Ontario, Canada, located around the northern margin of Lake Superior. It consists of three diabase dike swarms known as Marathon, Kapuskasing and Fort Frances. The Kapuskasing and Marathon dike swarms range in age from about 2,126 to 2,101 million years old while the Fort Frances dike swarm is between 2,076 and 2,067 million years old.

A single, periodically active mantle plume was responsible for the creation of the Marathon Large Igneous Province due to the lack of apparent polar wander during the formation of the igneous province. The large magmatic event covers an area of at least 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) and the entire large igneous province was constructed in 60 million years.

Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including intrusive (sills, dikes) and extrusive (lava flows, tephra deposits), arising when magma travels through the crust towards the surface. The formation of LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with divergent plate tectonics. The formation of some of the LIPs in the past 500 million years coincide in time with mass extinctions and rapid climatic changes, which has led to numerous hypotheses about causal relationships. LIPs are fundamentally different from any other currently active volcanoes or volcanic systems.
Electoral district of Dubbo
Dubbo is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Dugald Saunders of the National Party.

Dubbo is a regional electorate covering three local government areas, including all of Dubbo Regional Council, Narromine Shire, and the majority of Mid-Western Regional Council. Its major population centres are Dubbo, Narromine, Wellington and Mudgee.

Dubbo Regional Council
The Dubbo Regional Council is a local government area located in the Central West and Orana regions of New South Wales, Australia. The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the City of Dubbo and Wellington Council as part of a widespread council amalgamation program. It was initially named Western Plains Regional Council for almost four months, and its name was changed to Dubbo Regional Council on 7 September 2016.

The council comprises an area of 7,536 square kilometres (2,910 sq mi) and occupies part of the central western plains of New South Wales, surrounding the regional centre of Dubbo. As at the 2016 census, the council had an estimated population of 50,077.

The current mayor of Dubbo Regional Council is Councillor Josh Black.
Yagshygeldi Kakayev
Yagshygeldi Ilyasovich Kakayev (Turkmen: Ýagşygeldi Ilýasowiç Kakaýew; Russian: Ягшигельды Эльясович Какаев, romanized: Yagshigel'dy El'yasovich Kakayev; 1959–8 July 2020) was a Turkmen politician and energy executive. He was one of the  Deputy Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan from 2012 to 2013 and from 2015 to 2017. In 2010, he served as acting Deputy Chairman. His career in government was primarily focused on oil and gas matters. From 2007 to 2016, he was the Director of the State Agency for Management of Hydrocarbons.

Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan
The First Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan, sometimes referred to as the vice president of Turkmenistan, and even erroneously (based on the official title, and despite the abolition of the prime minister of Turkmenistan's office) as the deputy prime minister, is the deputy head of government of Turkmenistan, serving as the senior minister of the Cabinet of Ministers. The vice president is appointed by the president of Turkmenistan. Multiple persons can be appointed as Deputy Chairmen serving concurrently.
Botrychiaceae
Botrychiaceae (moonwort family) was recognized as a segregate family of ferns. The family included the genera Botrychium (the moonworts), Botrypus (the rattlesnake fern),  and Sceptridium (the grape-ferns). Older fern classifications took a broad circumscription of Botrychium and included the genus in family Ophioglossaceae.

The family is not recognized in the classification of Smith et al., who instead subsume the Botrychiaceae into the Ophioglossaceae.

Botrypus
Botrypus virginianus, synonym Botrychium virginianum, sometimes called rattlesnake fern is a species of perennial fern in the adders-tongue family. It is monotypic within the genus Botrypus, meaning that it is the only species within the genus. It is called the rattlesnake fern in some parts of North America, due to its habit of growing in places where rattlesnakes are also found. Rattlesnake fern prefers to grow in rich, moist woods in dense shade and will not tolerate direct sunlight.
2006 Australian GT Championship
The 2006 Australian GT Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title for drivers of closed, production based sports cars. It was open to vehicles approved by the FIA for International GT3 competition and to similar models as approved by CAMS. 
 The Australian GT Sportscar Group Pty Ltd was recognised by CAMS as the Category Manager and Administrator for championship.

The title, which was the tenth Australian GT Championship, was won by Greg Crick driving a Dodge Viper GTS ACR.

GT World Challenge Australia
The GT World Challenge Australia, formerly known as the Australian GT Championship, is a Motorsport Australia-sanctioned national title for drivers of GT cars, held annually from 1960 to 1963, from 1982 to 1985 and from 2005. Each championship up to and including the 1963 title was contested over a single race and those after that year over a series of races. The categories which have contested the championship have not always been well defined and often have become a home for cars orphaned by category collapse or a sudden change in regulation.

As of 2024, the series uses the international GT3 rules.

For 2025, the GT World Challenge will be the headline category of a national race series organised by the category promoters, SRO Motorsports Group.
Genitoplasty
Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Blanus
Blanus, also known as worm lizards, are a genus of amphisbaenians found in the Mediterranean region of Europe and North Africa. Like other amphisbaenians, Blanus species are specialized for a subterranean existence, with  long, slender bodies, reduced limbs, and rudimentary eyes. Their skulls are powerfully constructed, allowing them to push through soil to create a burrow. Their jaws are well-developed, with large, recurved teeth and a pair of canine-like teeth in the upper jaw.

Four to seven extant species are currently known. The relationships of Blanus to other worm-lizards are not clear. The genus was formerly included in the Amphisbaenidae. More recent analyses suggest that blanids are more primitive, and are either related to Bipes or represent an even more ancient lineage.

A number of fossils from Europe have been referred either to Blanus or to the Blanidae.

Bipes (lizard)
Bipes is a genus of amphisbaenians (or worm lizards) found only in Mexico, the sole living member of the family Bipedidae. They are carnivorous, burrowing reptiles, but unlike other species of amphisbaenians, they possess two stubby forelimbs placed far forward on the body. They also retain an almost complete pectoral girdle. The shovel-like limbs are used to scrape away soil while burrowing, in a manner similar to a mole. Evidence for their occurrence in the United States is reviewed by Somma (1993).
Samuel Grenier
Sir John Charles Samuel Grenier (16 June 1840 - 31 October 1892) was a barrister and the 17th Attorney General of Ceylon. He was appointed on 30 September 1886, succeeding Francis Fleming, and held the office until his death in 1892. He was succeeded by Charles Layard.

Grenier was born in Jaffna, Ceylon on 16 June 1840, son of Frederick Charles Grenier, Secretary of the District Court, Jaffna. He started his career as a sub-editor on the Ceylon Examiner and later first secretary of the Colombo Municipality.  He was called to the Ceylon Bar in 1864 and started his legal career acting as a Puisne Judge on the Supreme Court Bench. He was called to the English Bar in 1884 and appointed Attorney-General of Ceylon in 1886. He was knighted in 1891 in particular for this work on the Civil Procedure Code. Grenier died in Colombo, Ceylon on 31 October 1892 from pneumonia aged 52.

Charles Layard
Sir Charles Peter Layard (5 December 1849 – 8 June 1915) was the 18th chief justice of Ceylon from 1902 to 1906.

Charles Peter Layard was born on 5 December 1849 in Colombo, the youngest of nine children, to Charles Peter Layard (1806–1893) and Louisa Anne née Edwards (1809–1886), who hailed from a distinguished family, whose earlier relatives migrated to Ceylon. His father was a civil servant and first mayor of Colombo.

Layard was appointed chief justice on 21 March 1902, upon the retirement of John Winfield Bonser, and took up the position on 26 April 1902. He was one of the first chief justices produced by the local bar, and served until he was succeeded by Joseph Turner Hutchinson in June 1906.
Commemorations of Benjamin Banneker
A United States postage stamp and the names of a number of recreational and cultural facilities, schools, streets and other facilities and institutions throughout the United States have commemorated Benjamin Banneker's documented and mythical accomplishments throughout the years since he lived (1731–1806) (see Mythology of Benjamin Banneker). Among such memorializations of this free African American almanac author, surveyor, landowner and farmer who had knowledge of mathematics, astronomy and natural history was a biographical verse that Rita Dove, a future Poet Laureate of the United States, wrote in 1983 while on the faculty of Arizona State University.

Ellicott City, Maryland
Ellicott City (/ˈɛlɪkət/ EL-ih-kət) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in, and the county seat of, Howard County, Maryland, United States. Part of the Baltimore metropolitan area, its population was 75,947 at the 2020 census, making it the most populous unincorporated county seat in the United States.

Ellicott City's historic downtown – the Ellicott City Historic District – lies in the valleys of the Tiber and Patapsco rivers. The historic district includes the Ellicott City Station; it is the oldest surviving train station in the United States, having been built in 1830 as the first terminus of the original B&O Railroad line. The historic district of the town is often called "Historic Ellicott City" or "Old Ellicott City" to distinguish it from the surrounding suburbs that extend south to Columbia and west to West Friendship.
Biri Municipality
Biri is a former municipality in the old Oppland county, Norway. The 186-square-kilometre (72 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Gjøvik Municipality in the traditional district of Vestoppland. The administrative centre was the village of Biri. Other villages in the municipality included Biri Øverbygd and Biristrand.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 186.3-square-kilometre (71.9 sq mi) municipality was the 388th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Biri Municipality was the 277th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 3,267. The municipality's population density was 17.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (45/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 0.8% over the previous 10-year period.

Prestegjeld
A prestegjeld was a geographic and administrative area within the Church of Norway (Den Norske Kirke) roughly equivalent to a parish. This traditional designation was in use for centuries to divide the kingdom into ecclesiastical areas that were led by a parish priest. Prestegjelds began in the 1400s and were officially discontinued in 2012.
Hemoglobin D-Punjab
Within the medical specialty of hematology, Hemoglobin D-Punjab, also known as hemoglobin D-Los Angeles, D-North Carolina, D-Portugal, D-Oak Ridge, and D-Chicago, is a hemoglobin variant. It originates from a point mutation in the human β-globin locus and is one of the most common hemoglobin variants worldwide. It is so named because of its higher prevalence in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, along with northern China, and North America. It is also the most frequent hemoglobin variant in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, with a 1997 study indicating that Hemoglobin D-Punjab accounts for 55.6% of the total hemoglobin variants.

Hemoglobin D is a result of a mutation in the one or both of the Beta-chains that make up hemoglobin molecules.  Having one gene effected is referred to as trait; having two is referred to as homozygous "disease" although the symptoms of this disease are mild.

Hemoglobin variants
Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen in the blood. Genetic differences lead to structural variants in the hemoglobin protein structure. Some variants can cause disease while others have little to no effect.

The normal hemoglobin types are Hemoglobin A (HbA), which makes up 95–98% of total hemoglobin in adults, Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2), which constitutes 2–3% of total hemoglobin in adults, and Hemoglobin F (HbF), which is the predominant hemoglobin in the fetus during pregnancy, and may persist in small amounts in adults.

Hemoglobin variants occur when there are mutations in specific genes that code for the protein chains, known as globins, which make up the hemoglobin molecule. This leads to amino acid substitutions in the hemoglobin molecule that could affect the structure, properties, and/or the stability of the hemoglobin molecule. There are over 1,000 known mutations in the genes coding for hemoglobin in humans.
Lago di Lei
Lago di Lei (Lombard: Lach de Lei) is a reservoir in the Valle di Lei, powering the Hinterrhein storage power stations. The reservoir is almost entirely in Italy, but the barrage was built on territory ceded by Italy to Switzerland (municipality of Ferrera, Grisons) in 1955 after diplomatic talks, while an equivalent sized territory further north of the lake was ceded to Italy in the exchange. The dam is operated by Kraftwerke Hinterrhein.
The waters of the lake are the only waters in Italian territory that drain to the North Sea, being part of the Rhine's drainage basin. Other waters of Italy that do not flow to the Mediterranean Sea are found in the valley of Livigno, valley of Sexten, Puster Valley east of Innichen, and most of the waters of the municipality of Tarvisio east of Sella Nevea: all these waters flow to the Black Sea through the basin of the Danube.

Ferrera
Ferrera is a municipality in the Viamala Region in the Grisons, Switzerland. It was formed on 1 January 2008 through the merger of Innerferrera and Ausserferrera.  Geographically, it covers the entire Ferrera valley.
Eucalyptus socialis subsp. eucentrica
Eucalyptus socialis subsp. eucentrica, commonly known as the inland red mallee, is a subspecies of mallee that is endemic to inland Australia. It usually has rough bark on the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, pale creamy yellow flowers and barrel-shaped  to urn-shaped or spherical fruit.

Mallee (habit)
Mallee are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m (33 ft). The term is widely used for trees with this  growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species' names.
2014 IAAF World Challenge
The 2014 IAAF World Challenge was the fifth edition of the annual, global circuit of one-day track and field competitions organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The series featured a total of thirteen meetings as the meeting – both the Moscow Challenge and IAAF World Challenge Dakar were dropped from the programme.

Moscow Challenge
The Moscow Challenge was a track and field competition at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia as part of the IAAF World Challenge Meetings. The first edition took place in 2011 and it was last organized in 2014.
Open access in Portugal
In Portugal, the first open access initiatives were carried out by the University of Minho with the creation of RepositóriUM in 2003 and the definition of an institutional policy of self-archiving in 2004. In the following years began SciELO Portugal, for the publication of open access journals, and new repositories in several higher education institutions. The Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal (RCAAP) launched in 2008.

Following an agreement signed between the Ministers of Science and Technology of Portugal and Brazil in October 2009, the first Luso-Brasilien Open Access Conference took place in November 2010 in Braga, Portugal.

Open access policies of the country's main scientific research funding agency, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Science and Technology Foundation, FCT), came into force on May 5, 2014.

Registry of Open Access Repositories
The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) is a searchable international database indexing the creation, location and growth of open access institutional repositories and their contents. ROAR was created by EPrints at University of Southampton, UK, in 2003. It began as the Institutional Archives Registry and was renamed  Registry of Open Access Repositories in 2006. To date, over 3,000 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered.

As of 2015, ROAR and the UK-based Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR) "are considered the two leading open access directories worldwide. ROAR is the larger directory and allows direct submissions to the directory. OpenDOAR controls submission of materials and is dependent on the discretion of its staff. OpenDOAR requires open access of scholarly publications; whereas ROAR allows other types of materials to be included. ROAR allows filtering by country, type of repository, and sorting by repository name."
Galeorhinus cuvieri
Galeorhinus cuvieri (named after Georges Cuvier) is an extinct species of houndshark known from the Early Eocene-aged Monte Bolca site of Italy. It was a close relative of the modern tope or school shark, which it is highly morphologically similar to.

Houndshark
The Triakidae or houndsharks are a family of ground sharks, consisting of about 40 species in nine genera. In some classifications, the family is split into two subfamilies, with the genera Mustelus, Scylliogaleus and Triakis in the subfamily Triakinae, and the remainders in the subfamily Galeorhininae.

Houndsharks are distinguished by possessing two large, spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from 37 to 220 cm (1.21 to 7.22 ft) in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on small fish and invertebrates on the seabed and in midwater.

Fossil records of this group date back to the Cenomanian.
Rayleigh flow
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh flow (after English physicist Lord Rayleigh) refers to frictionless, non-adiabatic fluid flow through a constant-area duct where the effect of heat transfer is considered.  Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the Rayleigh flow model certainly also applies to incompressible flow.  For this model, the duct area remains constant and no mass is added within the duct.  Therefore, unlike Fanno flow, the stagnation temperature is a variable.  The heat addition causes a decrease in stagnation pressure, which is known as the Rayleigh effect and is critical in the design of combustion systems.  Heat addition will cause both supersonic and subsonic Mach numbers to approach Mach 1, resulting in choked flow.  Conversely, heat rejection decreases a subsonic Mach number and increases a supersonic Mach number along the duct.  It can be shown that for calorically perfect flows the maximum entropy occurs at M = 1.

Stagnation pressure
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure, also
referred to as total pressure, is what the pressure would be if all the kinetic energy of the fluid were to be converted into pressure in a reversible manner.;: § 3.2  it is defined as the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic pressure.

The Bernoulli equation applicable to incompressible flow shows that the stagnation pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure and static pressure combined.: § 3.5    In compressible flows, stagnation pressure is also equal to total pressure as well, provided that the fluid entering the stagnation point is brought to rest isentropically.: § 3.12

Stagnation pressure is sometimes referred to as pitot pressure because the two pressures are equal.
Magyar Tudomány
Magyar Tudomány (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲ], Hungarian: Hungarian Science) is the official monthly science magazine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. It publishes short articles on various new scientific developments as well as on problems of scientific life. Most articles are written by members of the academy. It has appeared continuously since 1840, under various names: Académiai Értesítő (1840—1859), Magyar Akadémiai Értesítő (1860—1867), A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia értesítője (1867—1889), Akadémiai Értesítő (1890—1955),  Magyar Tudomány (since 1956). The editor-in-chief is  Enikő Bollobás.

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈtudomaːɲoʃ ˈɒkɒdeːmijɒ], MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primary functions include the advancement of scientific knowledge, the dissemination of research findings, the support of research and development, and the representation of science in Hungary both domestically and around the world.