hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Normalisation by evaluation
In programming language semantics, normalisation by evaluation (NBE) is a method of obtaining the normal form of terms in the λ-calculus by appealing to their denotational semantics. A term is first interpreted into a denotational model of the λ-term structure, and then a canonical (β-normal and η-long) representative is extracted by reifying the denotation. Such an essentially semantic, reduction-free, approach differs from the more traditional syntactic, reduction-based, description of normalisation as reductions in a term rewrite system where β-reductions are allowed deep inside λ-terms.

NBE was first described for the simply typed lambda calculus. It has since been extended both to weaker type systems such as the untyped lambda calculus using a domain theoretic approach, and to richer type systems such as several variants of Martin-Löf type theory.

Semantics (programming languages)
In programming language theory, semantics is the rigorous mathematical logic study of the meaning of programming languages. Semantics assigns computational meaning to valid strings in a programming language syntax. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, the semantics of mathematical proofs.

Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be done by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or giving an explanation of how the program will be executed on a certain platform, thereby creating a model of computation.
Shyuvr
The shyuvr or shuvyr (chiabour in French sources, Russian: Шувыр) is a type of bagpipe of the Mari people, a Volga-Finnic people living in the Mari El Republic of central-western Russia. It is described as small bagpipe, consisting of a bag, a bone blowpipe, and two tubes of tin joined by a wooden sheath. The pipe is almost always played with the tumyr, a Mari drum.

An 1892 French work noted that the Mari had developed three instruments: a cithare (zither or cittern), bagpipe, and drum. A later English work makes a similar statement, saying that the Mari have two instruments unique to their culture: the kusle mult-stringed zither, and the shyuvr bagpipe.

Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipe is well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, North Africa, West Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.

The term bagpipes is also used, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument,  air must be blown into it to produce a sound.
98th Illinois General Assembly
The 98th Illinois General Assembly convened on January 9, 2013, and adjourned sine die on January 13, 2015. Elected in 2012, it was the first General Assembly to reflect the new legislative districts enacted by the previous 97th Illinois General Assembly in 2011, which shifted the map in the Democratic Party's favor.

97th Illinois General Assembly
The 97th Illinois General Assembly convened on January 12, 2011 and adjourned sine die on January 8, 2013. Over that period, the Illinois Senate was in session for 137 legislative days, and the Illinois House was in session for 166 legislative days.

All members of the House, and one-third of the members of the Senate, were elected in the 2010 election. The House and Senate both had Democratic Party majorities during this session.
In the Ocean of Night
In the Ocean of Night is a 1977 fix-up hard science fiction novel by American writer Gregory Benford. It is the first novel in his Galactic Center Saga. It was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1977, and for the Locus Award the following year.
In the Ocean of Night was first published as a series of novellas and novelettes from 1973 to 1977.

Hard science fiction
Hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by concern for scientific accuracy and logic. The term was first used in print in 1957 by P. Schuyler Miller in a review of John W. Campbell's Islands of Space in the November issue of Astounding Science Fiction. The complementary term soft science fiction, formed by analogy to the popular distinction between the "hard" (natural) and "soft" (social) sciences, first appeared in the late 1970s. Though there are examples generally considered as "hard" science fiction such as Isaac Asimov's Foundation series, built on mathematical sociology, science fiction critic Gary Westfahl argues that while neither term is part of a rigorous taxonomy, they are approximate ways of characterizing stories that reviewers and commentators have found useful.
Zoroastrian cosmology
Zoroastrian or Iranian cosmology refers to the origins (cosmogony) and structure (cosmography) of the cosmos in Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrian literature describing cosmographical beliefs include the Avesta (especially in its description of Avestan geography) and, in later Middle Persian literature, texts including the Bundahishn, Denkard, and the Wizidagiha-i Zadspram.

Hindu cosmology
Hindu cosmology is the description of the universe and its states of matter, cycles within time, physical structure, and effects on living entities according to Hindu texts. Hindu cosmology is also intertwined with the idea of a creator who allows the world to exist and take shape.
Gnaga
The gnaga is a type of mask originating in Venice. The mask depicts the face of a cat and was historically worn by male prostitutes and cross-dressers, particularly during the Carnival of Venice. The mask covers the top half of the face and is traditionally made of papier-mâché.

Cross-dressing
Cross-dressing is the act of wearing clothes traditionally or stereotypically associated with a different gender. From as early as pre-modern history people have cross-dressed in order to disguise, comfort, entertain, and express themselves.

Socialization establishes social norms among the people of a particular society. With regard to the social aspects of clothing, such standards may reflect guidelines relating to the style, color, or type of clothing that individuals are expected to wear. Such expectations may be delineated according to gender roles. Cross-dressing involves dressing contrary to the prevailing standards (or in some cases, laws) for a person of their gender in their own society.
Linda Mertens
Linda Mertens (born 20 July 1978) is a Belgian singer. She is the female singer for the group Milk Inc.

Mertens was born in Wilrijk in Antwerp. She studied art and after high school, she went to hairdresser school for two years. Her father is Flemish, and her mother Tunisian. In 2013 she appeared on VTM in Lang Leve... as herself, in an episode about Regi Penxten, a member of Milk Inc.

Regi Penxten
Regi Penxten (born Reginald Paul Stefan Penxten on 4 March 1976) is a Belgian DJ and record producer of many Eurodance and trance projects in Belgium, including Milk Inc. and Sylver.

Better known by his mononym Regi, he has released three solo albums, which all reached the top ten of the Belgian album charts: Best Of (2005), Registrated (2007) and Registrated 2 (2010). Regi also had a number of charting singles in the Belgian Ultratop charts and two charting in the Netherlands.
MVM Entertainment
MVM Entertainment, also known as MVM and MVM Films, is a British licensor and distributor of Japanese animation. The company also sub-licenses anime titles from US anime companies such as Media Blasters, Geneon, Nozomi Entertainment, Urban Vision, AnimEigo and US Manga Corps, which do not have a UK presence, and releases them on Region 2 DVD. It is part of the MVM Group, which also has wholesale and retail arms, and specialises in anime, manga and related merchandise. It is headquartered in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales.

AnimEigo
AnimEigo is an American entertainment company that licenses and distributes anime, samurai films and Japanese cinema. Founded in 1988 by Robert Woodhead and Roe R. Adams III, the company was one of the first in North America dedicated to licensing anime and helped give anime a noticeable following in the region. Over its history, the company has released many anime titles, such as Urusei Yatsura, You're Under Arrest, Vampire Princess Miyu, Otaku no Video, the original Bubblegum Crisis OVA series, and Kimagure Orange Road.

Their name is a portmanteau of "anime" and "eigo" (英語), the Japanese word for the English language.
Transport in Himachal Pradesh
Transport in Himachal Pradesh consists primarily of a road network run by the state, though railways and airways serve very limited transport needs. The geography of Himachal presents a considerable challenge to the development of transport infrastructure, though it has the highest road density among all the Hill States of India. Himachal also has 3 airports, 2 narrow gauge rail tracks and other under-construction broad gauge railway tracks, but roads remain the main mode of transport.

National Highway 5 (India)
National Highway 5 (NH5) is a primary national highway in India, running from West to East, connecting Firozpur in Punjab to the Sino-Indian border at Shipki La. The highway passes through Moga, Jagraon, Ludhiana, Mohali, Chandigarh, Panchkula, Kalka, Solan, Shimla, Theog, Narkanda, Kumarsain, Rampur Bushahr and continues along the Sutlej River till its terminus near the Tibet border.
1845 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1845 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on March 11, 1845, in order to elect the governor of New Hampshire. Incumbent Democratic governor John Hardy Steele won re-election against Whig nominee and former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Anthony Colby and Liberty nominee Daniel Hoit in a rematch of the previous election.

1844 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1844 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on March 12, 1844, in order to elect the Governor of New Hampshire. 
Democratic nominee and former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives John Hardy Steele defeated Whig nominee and former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives Anthony Colby, Conservative nominee John H. White and Liberty nominee Daniel Hoit.
Arabian oryx reintroduction
The Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), also called the white oryx, was extinct in the wild as of 1972, but was reintroduced to the wild starting in 1982. The initial reintroduction was primarily from two herds: the "World Herd" originally started at the Phoenix Zoo in 1963 from only nine oryx and the Saudi Arabian herd started in 1986 from private collections and some "World Herd" stock by the Saudi National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC). As of 2009, there have been reintroductions in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and Jordan, and as of 2013 the IUCN Red List classifies the species as vulnerable.

Species reintroduction
Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment".

Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century.
Franz Retz
Franz Retz (sometimes Francis Retz) (13 September 1673 – 19 November 1750) was a Bohemian Jesuit, elected fifteenth Superior General of the Society of Jesus, which he governed from 7 March 1730 to 19 November 1750.

Superior general of the Society of Jesus
The superior general of the Society of Jesus is the leader of the Society of Jesus, the Catholic religious order also known as the Jesuits. He is generally addressed as Father General. The position sometimes carries the nickname of the Black Pope, because of his responsibility for the largest male religious order, in contrast with the white garb of the pope. The thirty-first and current superior general is Fr Arturo Sosa, elected by the 36th General Congregation on 14 October 2016.
Marinus van Reymerswaele
Marinus van Reymerswaele or Marinus van Reymerswale  (c. 1490 – c. 1546) was a Dutch Renaissance painter mainly known for his genre scenes and religious compositions. After studying in Leuven and training and working as an artist in Antwerp, he returned later to work in his native Northern Netherlands.  He operated a large workshop which produced many versions of mainly four themes: tax collectors, a money changer and his wife, a lawyer in his office, the calling of St. Matthew and St. Jerome in his study.

Quentin Matsys
Quentin Matsys (UK: /ˈmætsaɪs/ MAT-sysse, US: /ˈmɑːtsaɪs/ MAHT-sysse; also Massys or Metsys; Flemish: Quinten Matsijs [ˈkʋɪntə ˈmɑtsɛis]; 1466–1530) was a Flemish painter in the Early Netherlandish tradition. He was born in Leuven. According to tradition, he trained as an ironsmith before becoming a painter. Matsys was active in Antwerp for over 20 years, creating numerous works with religious roots and satirical tendencies.  He is regarded as the founder of the Antwerp school of painting, which became the leading school of painting in Flanders in the 16th century.  He introduced new techniques and motifs as well as moralising subjects without completely breaking with tradition.
Ezhuthachan (caste)
Ezhuthachan (pronunciationⓘ, Malayalam: എഴുത്തച്ഛൻ, eḻuttacchan), also known as Kadupattar (pronunciationⓘ, Malayalam: കടുപട്ടർ, kaṭupaṭṭar) is a caste native to the Indian state of Kerala. It is classified as an Other Backward Class by the Government of India under its system of positive discrimination.

They mainly belong to the districts of Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram and Kozhikode of Kerala, and also have presence in other parts of India. There are more people in the teaching sector in the community. Ezhuthachan is a caste who have teaching as a traditional profession. There is an organization representing the community as Ezhuthachan Samajam.

Kingdom of Valluvanad
Valluvanad (Malayalam: [ʋɐɭːuʋɐnaːɖə̆]), or the Arangottu Swarupam, was a medieval state that exerted considerable influence in the region corresponding to present-day north-central Kerala, south India, from the early 12th century until the close of the 18th century CE.

Attested as early as the late 10th century CE as a constituent chiefdom of the medieval Chera kingdom of Kerala, Valluvanad emerged as a sovereign state following the kingdom's dissolution in the early 12th century CE. It was traditionally ruled by a Samanthan family known as Vellodis, similar to the Eradis of the neighboring Eranad (the Zamorins of Calicut). The rulers of Valluvanad held the title of Valluvakonathiri or Vellattiri.

The state was disestablished in 1793, with the East India Company taking over its administration directly, and the hereditary ruling family settling for a pension arrangement.
Immigration to Costa Rica
At the 2011 census, the number of immigrants in Costa Rica totaled about 390,000 individuals, or about 9% of the country's population. Following a considerable drop from 1950 through 1980, immigration to Costa Rica has increased in recent decades.

The ethnic composition of Costa Rica consists mostly of people of European and Mestizo origin and also black and indigenous people.

Polish diaspora
The Polish diaspora comprises Poles and people of Polish heritage or origin who live outside Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish as Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance languages.

There are roughly 20,000,000 people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for displacement include border shifts, forced expulsions, resettlement by voluntary and forced exile, and political or economic emigration.

Substantial populations of Polish ancestry can be found in their native region of Central and Eastern Europe and many other European countries as well as in the Americas and Australia.

The Polonia in English-speaking countries often uses a dialect of Polish called Ponglish. It is made up of a Polish core with many English words inside it.

There are also smaller Polish communities in Asia and Africa, most notably Kazakhstan and South Africa.
Farooq Feroze Khan
Farooq Feroze Khan (17 August 1939 – 9 October 2021), also known as Feroze Khan, was a Pakistani four-star air officer who served as the sixth Chief of Air Staff of the Pakistan Air Force from 1991 to 1994 and eighth Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1994 to 1997.

His career in the Air Force is subjected to distinction as he was the only air force officer whose career spanned more than 40 years of military service.: 355  He was also the only Air Force officer to be appointed Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.

Flight lieutenant
Flight lieutenant (Flt Lt or F/L) is a junior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank originated in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in 1914. It fell into abeyance when the RNAS merged with the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War but was revived in 1919 in the post-war RAF. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence.

Flight lieutenant is immediately senior to flying officer and immediately below squadron leader. It is usually equivalent to the rank of lieutenant in the navy and of the rank of captain in other services.

The equivalent rank in the former Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), Women's Royal Air Force (WRAF) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) (until 1980) was flight officer.
Muza Krepkogorskaya
Musa Viktorovna Krepkogorskaya (Russian: Муза Викторовна Крепкогорская; July 9, 1924, Moscow — June 26, 1999, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian theater and film actress, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1989).

Wife of actor Georgi Yumatov. They met at VGIK during the 1940s and lived together up till Yumatov's death. Krepkogorskaya was never as popular as her husband, even though he made sure that she was given at least minor roles in every movie he appeared in.

Muza Krepkogorskaya died on June 26, 1999. She was buried in Moscow at the Vagankovo Cemetery.

Honored Artist of the RSFSR
Honored Artist of the RSFSR (Russian: Заслуженный артист РСФСР, Zasluzhenny artist RSFSR) was an honorary title granted to Soviet artists, including theatre and film directors, choreographers, music performers, and orchestra conductors, who had outstanding achievements in the arts, and who lived in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1931 to 1991.
Sarasota Assassination Society
The Sarasota Assassination Society, also known as the Sarasota Vigilance Committee, was a late 19th-century secret organization established by Alfred Bidwell, Leonard Andrews, and Jason Alford in Manatee County, Florida. The organization, estimated to include 20 to 22 members, was purported to be a political social group or a Democratic Club. The true aims of the group were chronicled in the February 2, 1885, New York Times article; "This organization is supposed to exist for the secret murder of political opponents, and is composed of 20 members, bound together by terrible oaths to perform the bloody work of the band and to keep its secrets inviolate."

Manatee County, Florida
Manatee County is located in the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 399,710. Manatee County is part of the Sarasota metropolitan area. Its county seat and largest city is Bradenton, Florida. The county was created in 1855 and named for the West Indian manatee, Florida's official marine mammal. Features of Manatee County include access to the southern part of the Tampa Bay estuary, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, and the Manatee River.
Penninghame
Penninghame in Wigtownshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, is a civil parish area, 8 miles (N. W.) from Wigtown. The area is approx 16 miles in length, and from 5 to 6 miles' width, bounded on the north and east by the River Cree, and on the west by the Bladnoch; comprising nearly 38,000 acres, of which 12,000 were arable, 600 woodland and plantations, 1600 meadow, and the remainder hill pasture, moorland, moss, etc.

The civil parish area of Penninghame is bounded on the south by the civil parish area of Wigtown and on the west by Kirkcowan on the north by the civil parish area of Colmonell and on the east by the civil parish area of Minnigaff.

There are numerous nature trails nearby, managed on behalf of the state by Forest Enterprise.

Newton Stewart
Newton Stewart (Gd: Baile Ùr nan Stiùbhartach) is a former burgh town in the historical county of Wigtownshire in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland.
The town is on the River Cree with most of the town to the west of the river, and is sometimes referred to as the "Gateway to the Galloway Hills".

The main local industries are agriculture, forestry and tourism. The town hosts a local market, and a number of services to support the farming industry. There are many mountain biking trails in the area. Newton Stewart lies on the southern edge of the Galloway Forest Park, which supplies many jobs to the town. Newton Stewart is 7 miles (11 kilometres) from Scotland's book town Wigtown.
Midway, Washington County, Tennessee
Midway is an unincorporated community and former census-designated place (CDP) in Washington County, Tennessee. The population was 2,491 at the 2000 census; it was not counted at the 2010 census. It is part of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area – commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.

The community is located on Old State Route 34, a former alignment of US Route 11E between Jonesborough and Johnson City.

Jonesborough, Tennessee
Jonesborough (/ˈdʒoʊnzbʌrə/; historically also Jonesboro) is a town in and the county seat of Washington County, Tennessee, in the Southeastern United States. Its population was 5,860 as of 2020. It is "Tennessee's oldest town".

Jonesborough is part of the Johnson City metropolitan area, which is a component of the "Tri-Cities" region.
Li Ping (table tennis)
Li Ping (Chinese: 李平, born 18 May 1986) is a Chinese-Qatari table tennis player. With Cao Zhen, he won the gold medal in the mixed doubles event of the 2009 World Table Tennis Championships, representing China.

He represented Qatar at the 2016 Summer Olympics, losing 3:4 to Dimitrij Ovtcharov in the third round. He also won the ITTF World Tour Belarus Open in 2015.

Dimitrij Ovtcharov
Dimitrij Ovtcharov (Russian: Дмитрий Овчаров) or Dmytro Ovtcharov (Ukrainian: Дмитро Овчаров; born 2 September 1988) is a Ukrainian-born German table tennis player. His father Mikhail (or Mikhaylo), a Soviet table tennis champion in 1982, moved his family to Germany shortly after Dimitrij was born.

Since 2008, Ovtcharov has won a total of two silver and four bronze medals at the Olympics, making him second most decorated male Olympian in the table tennis category in terms of the number of medals awarded. Ranked first January to February 2018, he is ranked ninth in the world by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) as of November 2022.