hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Read–modify–write
In computer science, read–modify–write is a class of atomic operations (such as test-and-set, fetch-and-add, and compare-and-swap) that both read a memory location and write a new value into it simultaneously, either with a completely new value or some function of the previous value.  These operations prevent race conditions in multi-threaded applications. Typically they are used to implement mutexes or semaphores.  These atomic operations are also heavily used in non-blocking synchronization.

Read–modify–write instructions often produce unexpected results when used on I/O devices, as a write operation may not affect the same internal register that would be accessed in a read operation. This term is also associated with RAID levels that perform actual write operations as atomic read–modify–write sequences.  Such RAID levels include RAID 4, RAID 5 and RAID 6.

Lock (computer science)
In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization primitive that prevents state from being modified or accessed by multiple threads of execution at once. Locks enforce mutual exclusion concurrency control policies, and with a variety of possible methods there exist multiple unique implementations for different applications.
Avril de Sainte-Croix
Ghénia Avril de Sainte-Croix (pen name, Savioz; pseudonym, de Sainte-Croix; 10 February 1855 – 21 March 1939) was a French author, journalist, feminist and pacifist. For many years she led the French branch of the International Abolitionist Federation, which sought to abolish state regulation of prostitution and fought trafficking in women. She advised the French government and the League of Nations on women's issues. She was vice-president of the International Council of Women from 1920 and President of the National Council of French Women from 1922 to 1932.

Marguerite Durand
Marguerite Durand (24 January 1864 – 16 March 1936) was a French stage actress, journalist, and a leading suffragette. She founded her own newspaper, and ran for election. She is also known for having a pet lion. The Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand was named in her honour for her contributions to the women's suffrage movement in France.
Mee Seva (Telangana)
Mee Seva is a Government-to-citizen (G2C) and citizen-to-Government (C2G) services provided by the Government of Telangana . The service provides  over 150 government services, payments to be made online, at service centers, or through the app. The Electronic services delivery (ESD) provide 40 government departments and 600 private related services. The service completed 10 crore transactions in February 2018. After the state formation, 7.5 crore transactions and 10-12 crores a day were recorded in 3 years 4 months. Telangana stood top in India in digital transactions volume. The software is developed and supported by Telangana Technology Service (TGTS).

Government of Telangana
The Government of Telangana is the  governing authority of the state of Telangana in India. It consists of an executive, a judiciary and a legislative.

The state government is headed by the Governor of Telangana as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as the real head of the executive. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers are vested. The state government maintains its capital at Hyderabad and is seated at the Government Secretariat or the Sachivalayam.

The Government of Telangana was formed on 2 June 2014 after bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh as part of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.
Coins and postage stamps of Sealand
The Principality of Sealand, a self-proclaimed micronation situated on a former World War II fort in the North Sea, has issued a number of coins and stamps for collectors. These coins and stamps are denominated in "Sealand dollars" (SX$). Sealand coins can be considered souvenirs only or "rounds" since they do not circulate anywhere and are not accepted as currency by any nation.

HM Fort Roughs
HM Fort Roughs is one of several World War II installations that were designed by Guy Maunsell and known collectively as His Majesty's Forts or as Maunsell Sea Forts; the purpose of which was to guard the port of Harwich, Essex, and more broadly, the Thames estuary. This 4,500 ton artificial naval installation is similar in some respects to "fixed" offshore oil platforms. It is situated on Rough Sands, a sandbar located approximately 11 kilometres (6 nmi) from the coast of Suffolk and 13 kilometres (7 nmi) from the coast of Essex. Today it is the location and de-facto capital of the unrecognised, self-proclaimed state of Sealand.
Kronprinsensgade
Kronprinsensgade (lit. "The Crown Prince's Street") is a street in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. It links the major shopping street Købmagergade in the west with Pilestræde in the east. The street is known for A.C. Perch's Rea Store.

Pilestræde
Pilestræde (lit. English: Willow Alley) is a street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It is a side street to the pedestrianized shopping street Strøget and commonly associated with the newspaper publishing house Berlingske Media, which has its headquarters in the street.
Ulrich Beck
Ulrich Beck (German: [bɛk]; 15 May 1944 – 1 January 2015) was a German sociologist, and one of the most cited social scientists in the world during his lifetime. His work focused on questions of uncontrollability, ignorance and uncertainty in the modern age, and he coined the terms "risk society" and "second modernity" or "reflexive modernization". He also tried to overturn national perspectives that predominated in sociological investigations with a cosmopolitanism that acknowledges the interconnectedness of the modern world. He was a professor at the University of Munich and also held appointments at the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme (FMSH) in Paris, and at the London School of Economics.

German Research Foundation
The German Research Foundation (German: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈfɔʁʃʊŋsɡəˌmaɪnʃaft]; abbr. DFG [ˌdeːʔɛfˈɡeː]) is a German research funding organization, which functions as a self-governing institution for the promotion of science and research in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 2019, the DFG had a funding budget of €3.3 billion.
1994 Patriot League baseball tournament
The 1994 Patriot League baseball tournament was held on May 8, 1994 to determine the champion of the Patriot League for baseball for the 1994 NCAA Division I baseball season.  The event matched Army and Navy, respectively the winners of the North Division and the winners of the South Division at Max Bishop Stadium, home field of the Navy Midshipmen in a best of three series.  South Division Champion Navy won their first championship and advanced to a play-in round ahead of the 1994 NCAA Division I baseball tournament, where they were defeated by Wright State.  Steve Mauro of Navy was named Tournament Most Valuable Player.

Patriot League baseball tournament
The Patriot League baseball tournament is the conference baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Patriot League.  The top four finishers in the regular season of the conference's six teams advance to the best of three championship series, with each series hosted by the higher seeded team.  The winner of the tournament receives an automatic berth to the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship.
Moltkestraße station
Moltkestraße is a light rail station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 1 and 7, located in the Neustadt of Cologne. The station's two platforms lie at Moltkestraße, though one block apart from each other. The platform for inbound (downtown) trains lies at Richard-Wagner-Straße, the platform for outbound trains at Aachener Straße.

The station serves Cologne's Belgisches Viertel (Belgian Quarter).

Innenstadt, Cologne
Innenstadt (German: Köln-Innenstadt German pronunciation: [ˈkœln ˈɪnənˌʃtat], lit. 'Cologne-Inner City') is the central borough (Stadtbezirk) of the City of Cologne in Germany.

The borough was established with the last communal land reform in 1975, and comprises Cologne's historic old town (Altstadt), the Gründerzeit era new town (Neustadt) plus the right-Rhenish quarter of Deutz. The Innenstadt has about 127,000 inhabitants (as of December 2020) and covers an area of 16.37 square kilometres.
2013 Wilson Security Sandown 500
The 2013 Wilson Security Sandown 500 was an endurance race for V8 Supercars. It was staged at the Sandown International Motor Raceway in Victoria, Australia on 15 September 2013 and was Race 28 of the 2013 V8 Supercars Championship. The race, which was the 43rd "Sandown 500", was won by Jamie Whincup and Paul Dumbrell driving a Holden Commodore (VF).

2013 International V8 Supercars Championship
The 2013 International V8 Supercars Championship (often simplified to the 2013 V8 Supercars Championship) was a FIA-sanctioned international motor racing series for V8 Supercars. It was the fifteenth running of the V8 Supercars Championship and the seventeenth series in which V8 Supercars contested the premier Australian touring car title.

The 2013 season saw the introduction of the "New Generation V8 Supercar", a revision to the regulations which were designed to cut costs and to make the series more attractive to new manufacturers. Nissan and Mercedes-Benz also entered the series.

Holden teams competed with the new VF Commodore, which replaced the VE model, whilst Ford continued to use the FG Falcon.

Jamie Whincup successfully defended his drivers' championship title and Triple Eight Race Engineering won their fourth consecutive teams' championship.
Bug tracking system
Tracking system or defect tracking system is a software application that keeps track of reported software bugs in software development projects. It may be regarded as a type of issue tracking system.

Many bug tracking systems, such as those used by most open-source software projects, allow end-users to enter bug reports directly. Other systems are used only internally in a company or organization doing software development. Typically bug tracking systems are integrated with other project management software.

A bug tracking system is usually a necessary component of a professional software development infrastructure, and consistent use of a bug or issue tracking system is considered one of the "hallmarks of a good software team".

Distributed version control
In software development, distributed version control (also known as distributed revision control) is a form of version control in which the complete codebase, including its full history, is mirrored on every developer's computer. Compared to centralized version control, this enables automatic management branching and merging, speeds up most operations (except pushing and fetching), improves the ability to work offline, and does not rely on a single location for backups. Git, the world's most popular version control system, is a distributed version control system.
Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)
Wangcheng was an ancient Chinese city located beside the ceremonial eastern capital of Luoyi during the Zhou dynasty. It was constructed in 1021 BC on the model of the earlier and larger Chengzhou 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) to its east. It was the primary capital of the Eastern Zhou dynasty between 771 and 510 BC.

The Eastern Han dynasty also chose the location in AD 25 as the site of its capital Luoyang, which was built over the earlier Zhou city. The ruins of Wangcheng have been partially excavated and are visible in modern Luoyang's Wangcheng Park.

Eastern Zhou
The Eastern Zhou (/dʒoʊ/; c. 770–256 BC) is a period in Chinese history comprising the latter half of the Zhou dynasty, following the Western Zhou era and the royal court's relocation eastward from Fenghao to Chengzhou (near present-day Luoyang). The Eastern Zhou was characterised by the weakened authority of the Ji family, the Zhou royal house. It is subdivided into two parts: the Spring and Autumn period (c. 770 – c. 481 or 476 BC), during which the ancient aristocracy still held power in a large number of separate polities, and the Warring States period (c. 481 or 476 – 221 BC), which saw the consolidation of territory and escalation of interstate warfare and administrative sophistication.
Reese's Pieces
Reese's Pieces are a peanut butter candy manufactured by The Hershey Company; they are oblate spheroid in shape and covered in candy shells that are colored yellow, orange, or brown. They can be purchased in plastic packets, cardboard boxes, or cup-shaped travel containers.

Candy
Candy, also commonly called sweets, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery, encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum, and sugar candy. Vegetables, fruit, or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied.

Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes. Unlike a cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be a candy in one culture and a dessert in another.
1994 International Damen Grand Prix Leipzig
The 1994 International Damen Grand Prix Leipzig was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Messehalle 7 in Leipzig in Germany that was part of the Tier II category of the 1994 WTA Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 26 September through 2 October 1994. Second-seeded Jana Novotná won the singles title and earned $80,000 first-prize money.

1994 WTA Tour
The 1994 WTA Tour was the elite tour for professional women's tennis organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). The WTA Tour includes the four Grand Slam tournaments, the year-ending WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Tier I, Tier II, Tier III and Tier IV events. ITF tournaments are not part of the WTA Tour, although they award points for the WTA World Ranking.
Joseph Newman (Texas settler)
Joseph Newman (c. 1787–1831) moved to Texas and became one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred colonists. In 1806, he married Rachel Rabb in Ohio. Their family, which eventually expanded to include ten children, moved first to Illinois Territory and by 1820 was living along the Red River in Spanish Texas. In 1824, the Newmans and Rabbs moved to a land grant in modern-day Wharton County, Texas where they farmed and ranched. Joseph died in 1831 but his wife lived until 1872.

Old Three Hundred
The "Old Three Hundred" were 297 grantees who purchased 307 parcels of land from Stephen Fuller Austin in Mexican Texas. Each grantee was head of a household, or in some cases, a partnership of unmarried men. Austin was an American approved in 1822 by Mexico as an empresario for this effort, after the nation had gained independence from Spain. By 1825,  the colony had a population of 1,790, including 443 enslaved African Americans. Because the Americans believed they needed enslaved workers, Austin negotiated with the Mexican government to gain approval, as the new nation was opposed to slavery. Mexico abolished it in 1829.

The colony encompassed an area that ran from the Gulf of Mexico on the south, to near present-day Jones Creek in Brazoria County, Brenham in Washington County, Navasota in Grimes County, and La Grange in Fayette County. It was the first authorized colony of Anglo-American settlers and enslaved African Americans in Mexico.
Women's 4 × 400 metres relay world record progression
The following table shows the world record progression in the women's 4 × 400 metres relay. The first world record in the event was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1969.
15 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
Joseph Massad
Joseph Andoni Massad (Arabic: جوزيف مسعد; born 1963) is a Jordanian academic specializing in Middle Eastern studies, who serves as Professor of Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History in the Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies at Columbia University. His academic work has focused on Palestine, Zionism, Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis, and nationalism, identity, culture, and sexuality in the Arab world.

Massad was born in Jordan in 1963 and is of Palestinian Christian descent. He received his Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University in 1998. He is known for his books The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians and Desiring Arabs, about representations of sexual desire in the Arab world.

United States House Committee on Education and Workforce
The United States House Committee on Education and Workforce (also known as Committee on Education and the Workforce) is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. There are 45 members of this committee. Since 2025, the chair of the Education and Workforce committee is Republican Tim Walberg of Michigan.
Lars Eriksson (footballer, born 1965)
Lars Rickard "Lasse" Eriksson (born 21 September 1965) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He represented Hammarby IF, IFK Norrköping, Charleroi, and FC Porto during a career that spanned between 1986 and 2001. A full international between 1988 and 1995, he won 17 caps for the Sweden national team and was a part of Sweden's 1990 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1992, and 1994 FIFA World Cup squads. He also represented the Sweden Olympic team at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Svenska Cupen
Svenska cupen (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈsvɛ̂nːska ˈkɵ̌pːɛn], lit. 'the Swedish cup'), also known as the Swedish Cup in English, is a knockout cup competition in Swedish football and the main Swedish football cup. Svenska cupen usually refers to the men's tournament, although a women's tournament is also held. Each year 96 teams compete, comprising the 16 teams from Allsvenskan and the 16 teams of Superettan together with 64 teams from lower tiers of the league system. The winners qualify for the qualifying stages of the UEFA Europa League. The winner is awarded the Gustaf VI Adolf cup.

Svenska cupen was first held in 1941. The current holders of the cup are BK Häcken who beat Malmö FF in the 2025 final. Malmö FF are the most successful club of the competition having won 16 titles, the latest in 2024.
Panford Beck
Panford Beck is a minor watercourse that is entirely in the county of Norfolk, eastern England. This small short beck rises within the Parish of North Elmham a mile north east of the village of Brisley (grid reference TF956228). The beck is a tributary of the Black Water which eventually joins the River Wensum.  The headwater is a small pool by the side of a lane. From here the beck flows south across open farmland where various streams and ditches contribute to its flow. After a distance of 2.5 miles (4.0 km) it joins the Black Water.

River Wensum
The River Wensum is a chalk river in Norfolk, England and a tributary of the River Yare, despite being the larger of the two rivers. The river is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and Special Area of Conservation.

The Wensum is the principal river on which the city of Norwich was founded. The river passes Carrow Road, the home of Norwich City F.C.; one end of the ground was originally named The River End in its honour, a name that still persists among fans.
25th Annual Grammy Awards
The 25th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23, 1983, at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year.

Album of the Year went to Toto for Toto IV, and Song of the Year went to Johnny Christopher, Mark James and Wayne Carson for "Always on My Mind".

Chicago Symphony Orchestra
The Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded by Theodore Thomas in 1891, the ensemble has been based in the Symphony Center since 1904 and plays a summer season at the Ravinia Festival. It is one of the American orchestras commonly referred to as the "Big Five".

The orchestra's most recent music director is Riccardo Muti, whose tenure spanned the seasons from 2010 to 2023, and he continues to perform on occasion as director-emeritus. In 2024, Klaus Mäkelä was named music director-designate, with his first contractual season to begin in 2027.
Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev
Nikita Romanovich (Russian: Никита Романович; born c. 1522 – 23 April 1586), also known as Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev, was a prominent Russian boyar. His grandson Michael I (Tsar 1613-1645) founded the  Romanov dynasty of Russian tsars.

Okolnichy
Okolnichy (Russian: око́льничий, IPA: [ɐˈkolʲnʲɪtɕɪj]) was an old Russian court official position. According to the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, directives on the position of okolnichy date back to the 14th century. Judging by the Russian records from the 16th and 17th centuries, okolnichy were entrusted with the same business in administration as boyars, with the only difference that they were placed second to boyars everywhere. While lower than boyars, it was one of the highest ranks (or positions) close to the tsar in the courts of the Moscow rulers until the government reform undertaken by Peter the Great.

The word is derived from the Russian word окoлo (okolo) meaning 'close, near', in this case 'sitting close to the Tsar'. In the mid-16th century the role became second (subordinate) to boyars.
Zdravets, Varna Province
Zdravets (Bulgarian: Здравец) is a village in the municipality of Avren, in Varna Province, northeastern Bulgaria. The village lies 10 kilometres east of Avren, south of Beloslav and Beloslav Lake and northwest of Benkovski and Priseltsi. The village covers an area of 24.947 km2 and according to the 2007 census had a population of 326 inhabitants.

Benkovski, Varna Province
Benkovski is a village in the Avren Municipality in Varna Province in Northeast Bulgaria. The village is home to over 650 permanent residents, with roughly 40 temporary or seasonal residents. There are 2 grocery shops, and 2 hardware stores. There is a Kindergarten and 2 playgrounds. This small village is named after Georgi Benkovski.