hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta
The Diocese of Cádiz and Ceuta (Latin: Dioecesis Gadicensis o Gaditanus et Septensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Spain. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Seville.

Its jurisdiction covers the civil province of Cádiz south to Guadalete river. Includes the comarcas Campo de Gibraltar, La Janda and Bahía de Cádiz except most of Puerto de Santa María which is north to the mentioned Guadalete river and so belongs to diocese of Jerez de la Frontera. Valdelagrana neighbourhood of El Puerto de Santa María, as it south the River also is included in Cádiz diocese. It also covers the Spanish Autónomous City of Ceuta.

Cádiz is the residence of the bishop.

Juan de Torquemada (cardinal)
Juan de Torquemada O.P. (Ecclesiastical Latin: Johannes de Turre cremata, various spellings) (1388 – 26 September 1468), was a Spanish Thomistic Theologian, polemicist, and Cardinal. He has been described as the most articulate papal apologist of the fifteenth century, and a defender of Jewish converts to the Catholic Church (conversos).

Torquemada became a member of the Order of Friars Preachers at the age of fifteen. After his studies, he was a participant in five Papal elections during his life, and was present for the Council of Florence. Torquemada was elevated to Cardinal in 1439, by Pope Eugene IV. As prolific writer, he wrote championing the Papacy in his work Summa de ecclesia, defending the conversos in Castile, and attacking Islam. He was an uncle of Tomás de Torquemada, afterwards well-known as the Grand Inquisitor.
2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election
The 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, held on January 26, 2013, at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, elected Kathleen Wynne as the new leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, replacing Dalton McGuinty, who announced his resignation on October 15, 2012. With the Liberals forming the Ontario government, Wynne consequently became Premier of Ontario. After leading a minority government for 18 months, she called an election after the defeat of her government's budget and she led her party to a renewed majority government in June 2014.

Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade
43°39′37.8″N 79°23′4.2″W﻿ / ﻿43.660500°N 79.384500°W﻿ / 43.660500; -79.384500

The Ministry of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade was a ministry of the Government of Ontario that was responsible for citizenship, immigration and international trade issues in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ministry existed from 2014 to 2016, with Michael Chan as the Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and International Trade.

The ministry's predecessor and successor for citizenship and immigration issues was known as the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration. For international trade issues, the ministry's predecessor was the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Employment, and its successor was the Ministry of International Trade.
Dhavalambari
Dhavalambari (pronounced dhavaḻāmbari) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 49th Melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Dhavaḻāngam or Dhavaḻāngi in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Arohana
Arohana, arohanam, aroh or aroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the ascending scale of notes in a raga. The pitch increases as we go up from Shadja (Sa) to the Taar Shadja (Sa), possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

It contrasts with an avarohana, avarohanam or avaroha the descending scale of any raga. The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.
2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers
During the closing ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, the flag bearers for the 205 National Olympic Committee's (NOCs) and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team entered Stade de France. The flags of each country were not necessarily carried by the same flag bearer as in the opening ceremony. Like the opening ceremony, each team had an option of having two flag bearers, one man and one woman, to promote gender equality.

2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2024 Summer Olympics took place at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis on 11 August 2024.

As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current (France) and following (United States) host countries, as well as closing remarks by International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Thomas Bach and the COJOP2024 President Tony Estanguet; the official handover of the Olympic flag from Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo to Los Angeles mayor Karen Bass, whose city would host the 2028 Summer Olympics; and the extinguishing of the Olympic flame. The ceremony featured a mix of filmed and live segments, which included the second half of the Los Angeles 2028 presentation, recorded in Long Beach, California.
Nicotinate riboside kinase
Nicotinate riboside kinase (EC 2.7.1.173, ribosylnicotinic acid kinase, nicotinic acid riboside kinase, NRK1) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:beta-D-ribosylnicotinate 5-phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

ATP + beta-D-ribosylnicotinate  ADP + nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide

The enzyme from yeast and human also acts as EC 2.7.1.22 (ribosylnicotinamide kinase).

Ribosylnicotinamide kinase
In enzymology, a ribosylnicotinamide kinase (EC 2.7.1.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + N-ribosylnicotinamide  ADP + nicotinamide ribonucleotide

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and N-ribosylnicotinamide, whereas its two products are ADP and nicotinamide ribonucleotide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:N-ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called ribosylnicotinamide kinase (phosphorylating).  This enzyme participates in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism.
1887 St Austell by-election
The 1887 St Austell by-election was a by-election held on 18 May 1887 for the British House of Commons constituency of St Austell in Cornwall.

The by-election was triggered by the resignation of the serving Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP), William Copeland Borlase.  It was retained by the Liberal candidate William Alexander McArthur.

St Austell (UK Parliament constituency)
St Austell was a parliamentary constituency centred on the town of St Austell in Cornwall.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP)  to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The constituency was created for the 1885 general election, and abolished for the 1918 general election.
Ross Béthio
Ross Béthio is a town of commune status in the Dagana Department in Saint-Louis Region of Senegal. The population in 2023 was 16,225.

The town lies on the N2 road connecting it to Saint-Louis and Dakar to the west and Richard Toll to the east.

The local economy is based on the growing of rice on land irrigated by water from the River Senegal and the subsequent manufacture of energy from the rice husks by biomass gasification.

Saint-Louis region
The Saint-Louis region (French: Région de Saint-Louis) of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania. Its capital is Saint-Louis.

Famous for the cast iron bridge in its capital, built by French colonialists in the 19th century, the region includes the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary, home to thousands of birds, some indigenous to the area.
Joseph Klausner
Joseph Gedaliah Klausner  (Hebrew: יוסף גדליה קלוזנר; 20 August 1874 – 27 October 1958), was a Lithuanian-born Israeli historian and professor of Hebrew literature. He was the chief redactor of the Encyclopedia Hebraica. He was a candidate for president in the first Israeli presidential election in 1949, losing to Chaim Weizmann.  Klausner was the great-uncle of Israeli author Amos Oz.

Bialik Prize
The Bialik Prize is an annual literary award given by the municipality of Tel Aviv, Israel, for significant accomplishments in Hebrew literature. The prize is named in memory of Israel's national poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik. There are two separate prizes, one specifically for "Literature", which is in the field of fiction, and the other for "Jewish thought" (חכמת ישראל). The prize was established in January 1933, Bialik's 60th birthday.
Progressivism in Taiwan
Progressivism is a major political movement in Taiwanese politics. There are several progressive political parties in Taiwan, but most are associated with the Pan-Green Coalition led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).

Taiwanese nationalism
Taiwanese nationalism (Chinese: 臺灣民族主義，台湾民族主义; pinyin: Táiwān Mínzú Zhǔyì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân bîn-cho̍k-chú-gī) is a nationalist political movement that promotes the cultural identity and unity of Taiwanese people as a nation. In recent decades, it consists of cultural or political movements that seek to resolve the current political and social division on the issues of Taiwan's national identity, political status, and political dispute with China. It is closely linked to the Taiwan independence movement but distinguished from it in that the independence movement seeks to eventually establish an independent "Republic of Taiwan" in place of or out of the existing Republic of China and obtain United Nations and international recognition as a sovereign state, while nationalists seek only to establish or reinforce an independent Taiwanese identity that distinguishes Taiwanese people apart from the Chinese nation, without necessarily advocating changing the official name of the country.
Louis I, Duke of Bavaria
Ludwig I (23 December 1173 – 15 September 1231), called the Kelheimer or of Kelheim, since he was born and died at Kelheim, was the Duke of Bavaria from 1183 and Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1214. He was the only surviving son of Otto I, Duke of Bavaria (the first duke from the House of Wittelsbach) by his wife Agnes of Loon. He married Ludmilla of Bohemia, a daughter of Duke Frederick of Bohemia.

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until his death in 1218.

Otto spent most of his early life in England and France. He was a follower of his uncle Richard the Lionheart, who made him Count of Poitou in 1196. With Richard's support, he was elected King of Germany by one faction in a disputed election in 1198, sparking ten years of civil war. The death of his rival, Philip of Swabia, in 1208 left him sole king of Germany.

In 1209, Otto marched to Italy to be crowned emperor by Pope Innocent III. In 1210, he sought to unite the Kingdom of Sicily with the Empire, breaking with Innocent, who excommunicated him. He allied with England against France and participated in the alliance's defeat at Bouvines in 1214. He was abandoned by most of his supporters in 1215 and lived the rest of his life in retirement on his estates near Brunswick. He was the only German king of the Welf dynasty.
Adaptive optics
Adaptive optics (AO) is a technique of precisely deforming a mirror in order to compensate for light distortion. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, in microscopy, optical fabrication and in retinal imaging systems (ophthalmoscopy) to reduce optical aberrations. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortions in a wavefront and compensating for them with a device that corrects those errors such as a deformable mirror or a liquid crystal array.

Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which work on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry.

Other methods can achieve resolving power exceeding the limit imposed by atmospheric distortion, such as speckle imaging, aperture synthesis, and lucky imaging, or by moving outside the atmosphere with space telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.

Angular diameter
The angular diameter, angular width, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular separation (in units of angle) describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view. In the vision sciences, it is called the visual angle, and in optics, it is the angular aperture (of a lens). The angular diameter can alternatively be thought of as the angular displacement through which an eye or camera must rotate to look from one side of an apparent circle to the opposite side.

A person can resolve with their naked eyes diameters down to about 1 arcminute (approximately 0.017° or 0.0003 radians). This corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance, or to perceiving Venus as a disk under optimal conditions.
Broel Museum
The Broel Museum (Broelmuseum) was an art museum, focusing on classical and applied arts of the 18th - 19th century. It was located on the Buda Island in Kortrijk, Belgium.  The building was a converted 18th-century neoclassical mansion, located at 6 Broelkaai. The Treaty of Kortrijk was signed here in 1820. Since the end of 2014, the museum has closed its doors due to a lack of visitors. Under the name of 'Broelkaai 6', the location is being turned into a platform for visual arts, and is scheduled to reopen in 2018.  It was the intention to merge the collection of the closed Broel Museum with that of the museum Kortrijk 1302 which is dedicated to the history of the Battle of the Golden Spurs.

Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
Neoclassical architecture appeared in Belgium during the period of Austrian occupation in the mid-18th century and enjoyed considerable longevity in the country, surviving through periods of French and Dutch occupation, and the birth of independent Belgium, surviving well into the 20th century.
MET Matrix
A MET (Materials, Energy, and Toxicity) Matrix is an analysis tool used to evaluate various environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle.  The tool takes the form of a 3x3 matrix with descriptive text in each of its cells.  One dimension of the matrix is composed of a qualitative input-output model that examines environmental concerns related to the product's materials use, energy use, and toxicity.  The other dimension looks at the life cycle of the product through its production, use, and disposal phase.  The text in each cell corresponds to the intersection of two particular aspects.  For example, this means that by looking at certain cells, one can examine aspects such as energy use during the production phase, or levels of toxicity that may be a concern during the disposal phase.

Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
2-Methylpentanal
2-Methylpentanal is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CHO.  It is a colorless liquid.  The compound is a chiral aldehyde. It serves as a precursor to the commercial tranquilizer meprobamate.  It is prepared by aldol condensation of propionaldehyde followed by dehydration and hydrogenation of the aldol product.

Aldehyde
In organic chemistry, an aldehyde (/ˈældɪhaɪd/) (lat. alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenated alcohol) is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure R−CH=O. The functional group itself (without the "R" side chain) can be referred to as an aldehyde but can also be classified as a formyl group. Aldehydes are a common motif in many chemicals important in technology and biology.
2018 K2 Aviation DHC-2 crash
On 4 August 2018, a de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver aircraft operated by K2 Aviation crashed in poor weather at Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska, United States. All five people on board survived the crash, but died before rescuers were able to arrive at the scene. The five people consisted of the pilot and four Polish tourists.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Alsace-Lorraine P 1
The Imperial German railways (Reichseisenbahnen) allocated various steam locomotives in Alsace-Lorraine to the P 1 class of engines as follows:

Classification system from 1906/1912

Alsace-Lorraine B 1

Alsace-Lorraine B 2

Alsace-Lorraine B 3

Alsace-Lorraine B 4

Bavarian B IX (old)
The first four steam locomotives designated as Class B IX by the Royal Bavarian State Railways were procured from the locomotive works of Strousberg. They were transferred in 1872 to the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine. For the remainder, see Bavarian B IX.

They were equipped with tenders of Class 3 T 10.
Liu Zhenli (general)
Liu Zhenli (Chinese: 刘振立; born August 1964) is a former Chinese general (Shangjiang) of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), who served as chief of staff of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission. He was commander of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force from June 2021 to December 2022.

He is a member of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a delegate to the 12th National People's Congress.

People's Liberation Army Daily
The People's Liberation Army Daily (Chinese: 解放军报; pinyin: Jiěfàngjūn Bào), or PLA Daily for short, is the official newspaper of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). Institutionally, the PLA Daily provides information on the policies and viewpoints of the Central Military Commission, and in that capacity speaks on the part of the PLA itself. Its editorial line hews closely to that found in the Chinese Communist Party's own official newspaper, People's Daily.
George Counts
George Sylvester Counts (December 9, 1889 – November 10, 1974) was an American educator and influential education theorist.

An early proponent of the progressive education movement of John Dewey, Counts became its leading critic affiliated with the school of Social reconstructionism in education. Counts is credited for influencing several subsequent theories, particularly critical pedagogy. Counts wrote dozens of important papers and 29 books about education. He was also highly active in politics as a leading advocate of teachers' unions, the head of the American Federation of Teachers, the founder of the New York State Liberal Party, and as a candidate for the U.S. Senate.

Teachers College, Columbia University
Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) is the graduate school of education affiliated with Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Founded in 1887, Teachers College has been part of Columbia University since 1898.
Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (or Thiouthiogne), also known as the Battle of Somb or the Battle of Somb-Tioutioune, occurred on 18 July 1867. It was a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts in 19th-century Senegal and the Gambia, but it also had a political and economic dimension to it: vendetta and empire-building. Fandane, Thiouthioune and Somb were part of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine, now part of independent Senegal.

The Marabouts prevailed in the early hours of the battle, but the Serer army held firm. In the latter parts of the battle, the Marabouts were defeated. Maba Diakhou Bâ was killed and his body decapitated. Damel-Teigne Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop and Bourba Jolof Alboury Sainabou Njie fled. Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak was injured. Mama Gaolo Nyang was held prisoner.

Marabout
In the Muslim world, the marabout (Arabic: مُرابِط, romanized: murābiṭ, lit. 'one who is attached/garrisoned') is a descendant of Muhammad (Arabic: سـيّد, romanized: sayyid and sidi in the Maghreb) and a Muslim religious leader and teacher who historically had the function of a chaplain serving as a part of an Islamic army, notably in North Africa and the Sahara region, in West Africa, and historically in the Maghreb.

The marabout is often a scholar of the Quran, or religious teacher. Others may be wandering holy men who survive on alms or as spiritual directors of Muslim religious communities, often as muršid ('guide') of Sufi orders. The term marabout is also used for the mausolea of such religious leaders (cf. maqām, mazār, in Palestine also walī/velī).
The Hurdy-Gurdy Player
The Hurdy-Gurdy Player (French: Le Vielleur) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Georges de La Tour. The artist neither signed nor dated it, but it was produced in the first phase of his career, probably between 1620 and 1625. It is also known as The Hurdy-Gurdy Player in a Hat (Le Vielleur au chapeau) or The Hurdy-Gurdy Player with a Fly (Le Vielleur à la mouche). It is now in the Musée d'Arts de Nantes.

Georges de La Tour
Georges de La Tour (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ də la tuʁ]; 13 March 1593 – 30 January 1652) was a French Baroque painter, who spent most of his working life in the Duchy of Lorraine, which was temporarily absorbed into France between 1641 and 1648. He painted mostly religious chiaroscuro scenes lit by candlelight.

Artist at the confluence of Nordic, Italian, and French cultures, and a contemporary of Jacques Callot and the Le Nain brothers, La Tour is a keen observer of everyday reality. His pronounced taste for plays of light and shadow makes him one of the most original successors of Caravaggio.

Recognised during his lifetime, he was quickly forgotten after his death. Rediscovered in the early 20th century by German art historian Hermann Voss, he later inspired writers as diverse as René Char, André Malraux, Pascal Quignard, and Charles Juliet.