hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gas-pak
Gas-pak is a method used in the production of an anaerobic environment. It is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in the presence of oxygen (anaerobes).

These are commercially available, disposable sachets containing a dry powder or pellets, which, when mixed with water and kept in an appropriately sized airtight jar, produce an atmosphere free of elemental oxygen gas (O2). They are used to produce an anaerobic culture in microbiology.



It is a much simpler technique than the McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar where one needs to pump gases in and out.

McIntosh and Fildes' anaerobic jar
McIntosh and Fildes' anaerobic jar is an instrument used in the production of an anaerobic environment. This method of anaerobiosis as others is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in presence of oxygen (anaerobes). It was originally introduced by James McIntosh, Paul Fildes and William Bulloch in 1916. McIntosh and Fildes, after whom the device has been named, published an improved version in 1921.
Summer School Marktoberdorf
The International Summer School Marktoberdorf is an annual two-week summer school for international computer science and mathematics postgraduate students and other young researchers, held annually since 1970 in Marktoberdorf, near Munich in southern Germany.  Students are accommodated in the boarding house of a local high school, Gymnasium Marktoberdorf. Proceedings are published when appropriate.

Summer school
Summer school (or summer university) is a school, or a program generally sponsored by a school or a school district, or provided by a private company, that provides lessons and activities during the summer vacation. Participation in summer schools has been shown to have substantial beneficial effects on education.
Prager (crater)
Prager is an impact crater on the Moon's far side.  It is located just to the northeast of the crater Love. Farther to the south-southeast lies Lane. To the north of this crater and leading away to the northwest is a crater chain that has been designated Catena Gregory.

This is an eroded crater formation, particularly along the northern rim which is cut across by several small craters associated with the Catena Gregory. There is a worn and somewhat elongated crater attached to the southern outer rim. The remainder of the rim is pitted by small and tiny craterlets. The interior floor is also marked by several small craters, including a grouping of three near the midpoint.

The crater was named after German-American astronomer Richard Prager by the IAU in 1971.  The crater was known as Crater 286 prior to naming.

Lane (crater)
Lane is a lunar impact crater. It lies on the far side of the Moon, just to the west of the crater Ten Bruggencate.  To the west of Lane is Perepelkin, and to the northwest lies Love.

This crater is not heavily eroded, but the rim is somewhat disrupted at the northern and southern ends. To the south the rim has a prominent outward bulge that extends an extra 5–10 km. The interior is somewhat uneven, with low central ridges near the midpoint.

The crater was named after American astrophysicist Jonathan Homer Lane by the IAU in 1970.  The crater was known as Crater 287 prior to naming.
Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.

Federal judiciary of the United States
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three branches of the  U.S. federal government organized under the U.S. Constitution and laws of the federal government. The U.S. federal judiciary does not include any state court (which includes local courts), which are completely independent from the federal government. The U.S. federal judiciary consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district courts. It also includes a variety of other lesser federal tribunals.

Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III states that federal judges are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, or die.
Cognitive Systems Research
Cognitive Systems Research is a scientific journal that covers all topics in the study of cognitive science, both natural and artificial cognitive systems. Its founding editors-in-chief were Ron Sun, Vasant Honavar, and Gregg Oden (from 1999 to 2014). It is published by Elsevier.  The journal publishes 4 issues a year and is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2020 impact factor is 3.523. The current co-editor-in-chiefs are Serge Thill and Mog Stapleton.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Essra Mohawk
Essra Mohawk (/ˈɛsrə/; born Sandra Elayne Hurvitz; April 23, 1948 – December 11, 2023) was an American singer-songwriter who recorded a dozen albums.

Her best-known songs include "Sufferin' Til Suffrage" and "Interjections!" (both from Schoolhouse Rock!), "Change of Heart", recorded by Cyndi Lauper and "Stronger Than the Wind", recorded by Tina Turner. Her second album Primordial Lovers was critically acclaimed.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.

Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young, Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.
Miss Universe India 2024
Miss Universe India 2024 was the inaugural edition of the Miss Universe India pageant, held at the Zee Studios in Jaipur, India, on September 22, 2024. The pageant is held under the Glamanand Group, with Nikhil Anand as the National Director.

At the end of the event, Rhea Singha was crowned as Miss Universe India 2024 by Urvashi Rautela, Miss Universe India 2015. She will represent India at the Miss Universe 2024 to be held in Mexico on November 16, 2024.

The Miss Universe India 2024 pageant was held from September 9th to 22nd, with the grand finale took place in Zee Studios, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Filipino actor and model, Lance Raymundo and Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân, winner of Miss Teen International 2022 hosted the coronation ceremony, which was aired live on the official YouTube channel of Miss Universe.

Miss Teen International 2022
Miss Teen International 2022, the 3rd edition of the Miss Teen International pageant, was held on July 30, 2022, at the GNH Convention Centre in Gurugram, India. Aayushi Dholakia of India crowned her successor Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân of Vietnam by the end of the event. This is Vietnam's first Miss Teen International and the second Asian win in 29 years.
Song of the Bailing Man
Song of the Bailing Man is the fifth album by the American rock band Pere Ubu, released in September 1982 by Rough Trade Records. Drummer Scott Kraus was replaced by Anton Fier of the Feelies for the recording. It was the band's final release until 1988's The Tenement Year.

The Tenement Year
The Tenement Year is the sixth studio album by American rock band Pere Ubu, and their first album after reuniting following their 1982 break-up. 'Classic lineup' members Tony Maimone and Allen Ravenstine, along with fellow Cleveland scenester Jim Jones and Henry Cow percussionist Chris Cutler found themselves playing with David Thomas for his 1987 album Blame the Messenger, and, discovering they sounded much like Pere Ubu, began incorporating a few Ubu numbers while touring for that album.  Eventually, an official reunion was pursued, original drummer Scott Krauss was contacted, and thus the new lineup was completed and the old mantle assumed.  The Tenement Year found the group veering in a loose, freewheeling, and decidedly more pop-oriented direction than in the past, although the pop leanings would become even more pronounced on subsequent albums. The album is a farewell to their hometown of Cleveland.

After being out of print for many years, a reissue was announced in early 2007.
Dancing on Ice series 17
The seventeenth and final series of Dancing on Ice began airing on ITV on 12 January 2025. During the finale of the sixteenth series, it was announced that Dancing on Ice had been renewed for another series. The series was once again filmed in the purpose-built studio at Bovingdon Airfield, which was set up for the tenth series. Stephen Mulhern and Holly Willoughby returned as the hosts. Christopher Dean, Jayne Torvill, Ashley Banjo and Oti Mabuse returned to the judging panel. The series was won by Coronation Street actor Sam Aston and his partner Molly Lanaghan, with television presenter Michaela Strachan and her partner Mark Hanretty finishing as runners-up.

On 26 March 2025, due to a drop in ratings, ITV announced that the seventeenth series would be the show's last, with the show being shelved and would not return in 2026.

Dancing on Ice series 16
The sixteenth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on ITV on 14 January 2024. During the finale of the fifteenth series, it was announced that Dancing on Ice had been renewed for another series. The series was once again filmed in the purpose-built studio at Bovingdon Airfield, which was set up for the tenth series.

In May 2023, Phillip Schofield who had presented the show since its inception, resigned from ITV after admitting to having had a relationship with a young male ITV employee, ultimately confirming his departure from both This Morning and Dancing on Ice. Stephen Mulhern, who previously stood in for Schofield as presenter during the fourteenth series, was announced as his replacement and co-hosted alongside Holly Willoughby. Ashley Banjo, Christopher Dean, Oti Mabuse, and Jayne Torvill all returned to the judging panel, though Banjo was replaced with Johnny Weir for three shows due to Diversity being on tour at the time.
The Last King
The Last King (Norwegian: Birkebeinerne) is a 2016 Norwegian historical drama, directed by Nils Gaup. The story, inspired by true events, centers on the efforts of the Birkebeiner loyalists to protect the infant, Haakon Haakonsson, the heir to the Norwegian throne after the death of his father, King Haakon Sverresson. The film is set during the civil war era in Norway during the 13th-century.

Christina of Norway
Christina Sverresdatter (Norwegian: Kristin Sverresdatter; died 1213) was a medieval Norwegian princess and titular queen consort, spouse of co-regent Philip Simonsson, the Bagler party pretender to the throne of Norway.
Traugott Herr
Traugott Johannes Gustav Otto Herr (16 September 1890 – 13 April 1976) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 14th Army and the 10th Army of the Wehrmacht. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.

General der Panzertruppe
General der Panzertruppe (lit. 'General of the Armoured Corps') was a General of the branch rank of the German Army, introduced in 1935. A General der Panzertruppe was a lieutenant general, above major general (Generalleutnant), commanding a Panzer corps.
Terter operation
Terter operation (April-May 1994) - was a large-scale offensive by Armenian forces at the final stage of the First Karabakh war, accompanied by battles in the Terter, Agdam and Goranboy regions of Azerbaijan, as a result of which several villages in the Agdam and Terter regions came under the control of the NKR.

Aghdam District
39°59′01″N 46°55′43″E﻿ / ﻿39.98361°N 46.92861°E﻿ / 39.98361; 46.92861

Aghdam District (Azerbaijani: Ağdam rayonu) is one of the 66 administrative divisions of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Kalbajar, Tartar, Khojavend, Aghjabadi, and Barda. Its capital is Aghdam. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 204,000.

Most of the territory of the district was under the occupation of Armenian forces following the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in the early 1990s. However, as part of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement which ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the city of Aghdam and the surrounding district were returned to Azerbaijani control on 20 November 2020. Prior to the city's return to Azerbaijani control, the de facto capital of the district was Quzanlı.
Berthelot Lake
Berthelot Lake is a freshwater body of Berthelot Township, in the Senneterre territory, in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Its surface is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of April.

The hydrographic slope of Lake Berthelot is difficult to access as it does not have a nearby forest road. Only the road R0808 passes far north side, south of Maserès Lake; and a branch of this route beginning northwest of Faillon Lake serves the South Sector between the Mégiscane River and the Canadian National Railway.

La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality
La Vallée-de-l'Or (French pronunciation: [la vale də lɔʁ]) is a regional county municipality in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region in Northwestern Quebec, Canada. The seat is in Val-d'Or. It is named for its gold deposits in the Harricana River and Bell River valleys.
2015 Bhutan National League
The 2015 Bhutan National League was the fourth season of national football competition in Bhutan, having replaced the A-Division (Bhutan) in 2013. Again, the A-Division provided the qualifiers, with the top three teams in that competition being awarded places in the National League alongside three regional teams. The league was sponsored by the Bank of Bhutan.

Terton were crowned champions of the national league after beating Thimphu City, who were then the top team in the league, in their final game 4–2 on 23 September.

2012–13 Bhutan National League
The 2012–13 Bhutan National League was the first season of the Bhutan National League. It was organized by the Bhutan Football Federation and sponsored by Coca-Cola. The National League replaced the A-Division as the country's premier football competition and would provide Bhutan's entrant to the 2013 AFC President's Cup. the A-Division continues as a football competition, but is now merely a qualifying round for Thimphu-based teams. The top three teams in the A-Division progressed to the national league where they were joined by three other teams representing other districts within Bhutan. The A-Division was won by Druk Pol, but were beaten to the national title by fellow A-Division competitors Yeedzin who won the inaugural competition, their fifth top flight title overall.
Carlos Lesmes
Carlos Lesmes Serrano (born 10 June 1958) is a Spanish magistrate and prosecutor who served as president of the Supreme Court and president of the General Council of the Judiciary (CGPJ) from 2013 to 2022. Since December 2018, he served in acting capacity in both posts, as his mandate expired at the time and the renovation of the CGPJ was blocked from then on. He is seen as a Conservative jurist with a religious background.

Conscientious objector
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections".
Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder
Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder was an hourlong webcast that aired weekdays at 3 p.m. Eastern. Marc Maron and Sam Seder hosted the show from the actual break room at Air America Media in New York; the show was evocative of past shows done by Maron and Seder on the network—political commentary interspersed with comedic elements. Unlike the other shows the two have done (The Majority Report, The Marc Maron Show), no calls were taken; however, the two did chat with viewers during and after the show via email and instant messaging.

Breakroom Live was canceled abruptly on July 15, 2009.  The show's cancellation was announced on Sam Seder's and Marc Maron's Twitter accounts.

The Marc Maron Show
The Marc Maron Show was a late night radio show produced in affiliation with the Air America Radio network and hosted by comedian Marc Maron.  The show originated from KTLK 1150 AM in Los Angeles, California.  The show was less politically focused and more comedic than the other weekday programs on Air America.  It featured interviews (both political and showbusiness), live comedy, and extensive banter between Maron and Jim Earl, Maron's co-host, who provides humorous introductions after each commercial break and plays several of the recurring characters in the show's skits.
WGIV (1600 AM)
WGIV (1600 kHz) was a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Charlotte, North Carolina, and serving the Charlotte metropolitan area. It was the first station in the Charlotte radio market to target the African-American audience full time.

Urban contemporary gospel
Urban/contemporary gospel, also known as urban gospel music, urban gospel pop, or just simply urban gospel, is a modern subgenre of gospel music. Although the style developed gradually, early forms are generally dated to the 1970s, and the genre was well established by the end of the 1980s. The radio format is pitched primarily to African-Americans. Christian hip hop can be considered a subtype of this genre.
Arctic S.A.
Arctic S.A. is the largest Romanian household appliances producer and one of the largest refrigerator producers in Europe. It is located in Găești, Dâmbovița County. The company was bought in 2002 by the largest household appliances manufacturer in Turkey, Arçelik. The company has a production capacity of 2.6 million refrigerators per year. Its products are also made in Russia and Turkey and some Beko fridges are built in this plant.

Dâmbovița County
Dâmbovița County (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdɨmbovitsa] ⓘ; also spelt Dîmbovița) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Muntenia, with the capital city at Târgoviște, the most important economic, political, administrative, and cultural center of the county. It is a traditional administrative unit, first attested in 1512.
Paul Sauvage (aviator)
Sergent Paul Joannes Sauvage (5 February 1897—7 January 1917) was a French World War I flying ace credited with 8 confirmed and 6 probable aerial victories. He was originally posted to fly a Nieuport for Escadrille N 65, and scored his first victory with them on 16 July 1916. He became the youngest French ace on 2 October at age 19 years and 239 days, and held that distinction until his death by anti-aircraft fire on 7 January 1917.

12 days later Pierre Marinovitch scored his 5th victory and became the youngest French ace until the end of the war, at the point of his 5th victory was Marinovith even younger than Savage on 2 October by exactly 70 days (19 years and 169 days).

Pierre Marinovitch
Pierre Marinovitch (Serbian: Петар Мариновић, romanized: Petar Marinović; 1 August 1898 – 2 October 1919) was a French World War I flying ace credited with 21 confirmed and 3 probable aerial victories. He was the youngest French flying ace of the war, scoring his 5th victory at age 19 years and 169 days. He was killed in an air accident following the war.
Theodore Rasmussen
Theodore Brown Rasmussen (1910-2002), was a Canadian-American neurosurgeon. He succeeded Wilder Penfield as head of the Montreal Neurological Institute and served as Neurosurgeon-in-Chief at the Royal Victoria Hospital.

Born in Provo, Utah, Rasmussen attended the University of Minnesota for his Medical Degree, graduating in 1935, and his Master of Science degree in neurology which he received in 1939. Afterwards, he pursued a fellowship in Neurology at Mayo Clinic, before finishing his neurosurgical training at the Montreal Neurological Institute under Wilder Penfield. In 1947, Rasmussen move to work at the University of Chicago for 7 years, before returning back to McGill University in Canada in 1954.

Rasmussen was drafted for the Second World War, in 1942, working as the chief of the neurosurgical section of the 14th Evacuation Hospital, being discharged in 1945, as a Lieutenant-colonel.

Rasmussen syndrome is named for him.

Wilder Penfield
Wilder Graves Penfield OM CC CMG FRS (January 26, 1891 – April 5, 1976) was an American-Canadian neurosurgeon. He expanded brain surgery's methods and techniques, including mapping the functions of various regions of the brain such as the cortical homunculus. His scientific contributions on neural stimulation expand across a variety of topics including hallucinations, illusions, dissociation and déjà vu. Penfield devoted much of his thinking to mental processes, including contemplation of whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul.
NGC 4003
NGC 4003 is a barred lenticular galaxy located 305 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. It was discovered on April 10, 1785, by astronomer William Herschel. NGC 4003 forms a pair with the galaxy NGC 4002 known as [T2015] nest 102886, and is part of the Coma Supercluster.

NGC 4003 has a triple-ringed structure. It has a nucleus with a ringlike structure with dust lanes inside it, a strong bar surrounded by a second ring which is connected to broad spiral arms, and a nearly complete outer ring. It is thought the structure of NGC 4003 is a result of past interaction with NGC 4002.

NGC 4003 is a LINER galaxy, with star formation dominating its nucleus, and is host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 9.6 × 108 M☉.

Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission.  The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+.  Conversely, the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms, such as O++, Ne++, and He+, is relatively weak.  The class of galactic nuclei was first identified by Timothy Heckman in the third of a series of papers on the spectra of galactic nuclei that were published in 1980.