hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Icon (Barranquilla)
The Icon is a residential skyscraper in the Villa Country district of Barranquilla, Colombia. Built between 2016 and 2021, the tower stands at 175 m (574 ft) tall with 41 floors and is the current 9th tallest building in Colombia.

World Jurist Association
The World Jurist Association (WJA), formerly known as the World Peace Through Law Center, is a non-governmental organization based in the United States that aims to strengthen and increase the rule of law around the world through cooperation. It has special consultative status at the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It organises conferences and congresses, including the World Law Congress, held in different countries each year. It also awards various medals, including the World Peace & Liberty Awards and the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Medals of Honor. As of January 2025 Spanish lawyer Javier Cremades is president of the WJA.
Siri von Reis
Siri Sylvia Patricia von Reis (February 10, 1931 – August 3, 2021) was an American botanist, author, and poet of half-Finnish and half-Swedish ancestry. She was an authority on traditional medicine. She was also an investigator at the New York Botanical Garden.

Finnish Americans
Finnish Americans (Finnish: amerikansuomalaiset, pronounced [ˈɑmerikɑnˌsuo̯mɑlɑi̯set]) comprise Americans with ancestral roots in Finland, or Finnish people who immigrated to and reside in the United States. The Finnish-American population is around 650,000. Many Finnish people historically immigrated to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the Iron Range of northern Minnesota to work in the mining industry; much of the population in these regions is of Finnish descent.
Marmara University
Marmara University (Turkish: Marmara Üniversitesi) is a public research university in Istanbul, Turkey. The university, named after the Sea of Marmara, was founded as a university in 1982. However, its origins date back to 1883, when it was established as Hamidiye Ticaret Mekteb-i Âlisi in a house in central Istanbul. The university offers courses in five languages: Turkish, English, German, French, and Arabic, making it the only multilingual university in Turkey. It operates 13 campuses, 11 institutes, 8 colleges, and 28 research centers. Prominent alumni include Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, comic actor Kemal Sunal, and former media mogul Aydın Doğan.

Erasmus Programme
The Erasmus Programme is an educational programme named after Erasmus, combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport. It was created as the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students, a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987. The original idea for the programme was first developed in the 1960s by Italian pedagogist Sofia Corradi, who advocated for the official recognition of study periods abroad.
NGC 1154
NGC 1154 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Eridanus. It lies approximately 200 million light-years (62.26 Mpc) away from Earth. The galaxy was discovered by the American astronomer Francis Preserved Leavenworth on December 2, 1885.

Eridanus (constellation)
Eridanus is a constellation which stretches along the southern celestial hemisphere. It is represented as a river. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is the sixth largest of the modern constellations.  The same name was later taken as a Latin name for the real Po River and also for the name of a minor river in Athens.
Shock and vibration data logger
A shock data logger or vibration data logger is a measurement instrument that is capable of autonomously recording shocks or vibrations over a defined period of time. Digital data is  usually in the form of acceleration and time.  The shock and vibration data can be retrieved (or transmitted), viewed and evaluated after it has been recorded.

In contrast with a shock data logger, a shock detector is used to indicate whether or not the threshold of specified shock has occurred.

Instrumentation
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.

Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (e.g., smoke detectors and thermostats).
Chimtay
Chimtay (Turki/Kypchak: چیمتای) was Khan of the White Horde from 1344 to 1360.

When his son or relative, Urus (future khan), urged him to take throne of the Golden Horde, utilizing the great troubles. He refused but sent his brother Ordu Sheykh who was later on killed in the Horde. He died in 1360.

Chagatai language
Chagatai (چغتای, Čaġatāy), also known as Turki, Eastern Turkic, or Chagatai Turkic (Čaġatāy türkīsi), is a Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia. It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including western or Russian Turkestan (i.e. parts of modern-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), Eastern Turkestan (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), Crimea, the Volga region (such as Tatarstan and Bashkortostan), etc. Chagatai is the direct ancestor of the Uzbek and Uyghur languages. Kazakh and Turkmen, which are not within the Karluk branch but are in the Kipchak and Oghuz branches of the Turkic languages respectively, were nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries.

Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature.
Roztyly (Prague Metro)
Roztyly (Czech pronunciation: [rostɪlɪ]) is a Prague Metro station on Line C, located on the northern edge of Kunratický les in Prague 11. It was opened on 7 November 1980 as part of the extension from Kačerov to Kosmonautů (currently Háje).

The station was formerly known as Primátora Vacka after communist politician Václav Vacek.

Roztyly station is adjacent to a bus station served by intercity and international services.

Kačerov (Prague Metro)
Kačerov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkatʃɛrof]) is a Prague Metro station on Line C, located between Michle and Krč in Prague 4. It was opened on 9 May 1974 as the southern terminus of the first section of Prague Metro, between Sokolovská and Kačerov. On 7 November 1980, the line was extended to Kosmonautů (currently Háje).
Historiography in the Soviet Union
Soviet historiography is the methodology of history studies by historians in the Soviet Union (USSR). In the USSR, the study of history  was marked by restrictions imposed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Soviet historiography is itself studied in modern historiography.

Slavic Review
The Slavic Review is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scholarly studies, book and film reviews, and review essays in all disciplines concerned with "Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, past and present". The journal's title, though pointing to its roots in Slavic studies, does not fully encompass the range of disciplines represented or peoples and cultures examined.
AspS RNA motif
The aspS RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics.
aspS motifs are found in a specific lineage of Actinomycetota.

aspS motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes.
Instances of the aspS RNA motif are often located nearby to the predicted Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the downstream gene.  This arrangement is consistent with a model of cis-regulation where the RNA allosterically controls access to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, thus regulating the gene translationally.

aspS genes encode aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.  T-box leader RNAs detect low levels of various amino acids, and regulate genes in a cis-regulatory manner.  Genes regulated by T-box RNAs often include aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. It is possible that aspS RNAs are diverged examples of T-box RNAs, or they might implement a different structural solution to the same biological problem.

Bioinformatics discovery of non-coding RNAs
Non-coding RNAs have been discovered using both experimental and bioinformatic approaches.  Bioinformatic approaches can be divided into three main categories.  The first involves homology search, although these techniques are by definition unable to find new classes of ncRNAs.  The second category includes algorithms designed to discover specific types of ncRNAs that have similar properties.  Finally, some discovery methods are based on very general properties of RNA, and are thus able to discover entirely new kinds of ncRNAs.
IC 405
IC 405 (also known as the Flaming Star Nebula, SH 2-229, or Caldwell 31) is an emission and reflection nebula in the constellation Auriga north of the celestial equator, surrounding the bluish, irregular variable star AE Aurigae. It shines at magnitude +6.0. Its celestial coordinates are RA 05h 16.2m  dec +34° 28′. It is located near the emission nebula IC 410, the open clusters M38 and M36, and the K-class star Iota Aurigae.

The nebula measures approximately 37.0' x 19.0', and lies about 1,500 light-years away from Earth. It is believed that the proper motion of the central star can be traced back to the Orion's Belt area. The nebula is about 5 light-years across.

Reflection nebula
In astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of interstellar dust which might reflect the light of a nearby star or stars. The energy from the nearby stars is insufficient to ionize the gas of the nebula to create an emission nebula, but is enough to give sufficient scattering to make the dust visible. Thus, the frequency spectrum shown by reflection nebulae is similar to that of the illuminating stars. Among the microscopic particles responsible for the scattering are carbon compounds (e. g. diamond dust) and compounds of other elements such as iron and nickel. The latter two are often aligned with the galactic magnetic field and cause the scattered light to be slightly polarized.
Lê Thị Phất Ngân
Lê Thị Phất Ngân (chữ Hán: 黎氏佛銀, 980s–after 1028) or Lê Phất Ngân (黎佛銀), formally Empress Lập Giáo (立教皇后) from 1016 to 1028 and Empress Dowager Linh Hiển (靈顯太后) afterward, was a princess of the Former Lê dynasty who became an empress of the Lý dynasty. Her father Lê Hoàn, half-brothers Đinh Phế Đế, Lê Trung Tông, Lê Long Đĩnh, husband Lý Thái Tổ and son Lý Thái Tông were all Đại Cồ Việt emperors.

Lê Long Đĩnh
Lê Long Đĩnh ([le lawŋm ɗǐŋ̟ˀ]; 黎龍鋌, 15 November 986 – 19 November 1009), also known as Lê Ngọa Triều (黎臥朝), was the last emperor of the Early Lê dynasty of the kingdom of Đại Cồ Việt, ruling from 1005 to 1009. After killing his predecessor and brother Lê Long Việt, he took the throne and named his era Cảnh Thụy. His death at the age of 23 led to the fall of the Early Lê dynasty, and power was seized by the Lý dynasty. In some history books, he is portrayed as a self-indulgent and cruel emperor. However, a lot of temples were created where people still worship him, and recently, some historians have proved that some rumours about his ruling style were exaggerated, and possibly fabrications.
Rafał Feinmesser
Rafał Feinmesser (1895 – ?) was a Polish chess master.

He was murdered in the Holocaust in Warszawa.

He played several times in the Warsaw championships. He tied for 5-6th in 1926 (Abram Blass and Paulin Frydman won), tied for 6-7th in 1927 (Stanisław Kohn and Leon Kremer won), took 10th in 1928 (Blass won), tied for 5-6th in 1929 (Kremer won), tied for 10-11th in 1930 (Frydman won).

Feinmesser, along with other members of the Warsaw team (Blass, Frydman, Kohn, Kremer, Karol Piltz, Henryk Pogorieły) won the gold medal in the 1st Polish Team Championship at Królewska Huta 1929.

Leon Kremer
Leon Kremer (1901–1941) was a Polish chess master.

He played several times in the Warsaw championships, and won in 1929. He also took 6th in 1925 (Stanisław Kohn won), took 4th in 1926 (Abram Blass and Paulin Frydman won), shared 1st with Kohn in 1927, tied for 6-8th in 1928 (Blass won), and took 3rd in 1930 (Frydman won).

He twice represented Warsaw in the Polish team championships at Królewska Huta 1929 and Katowice 1934. He played four times in the Polish championships; took 11th at Warsaw 1926 (Dawid Przepiórka won), took 9th at Lodz 1927 (Akiba Rubinstein won), tied for 12-14th at Warsaw 1935 (Savielly Tartakower won), and tied for 14-16th at Jurata 1937 (Tartakower won).

Kremer played for Poland at sixth board (+14 –4 =2) in 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad at Munich 1936, and won two silver medals (team and individual).
Laborschule Bielefeld
The Laborschule Bielefeld ("Laboratory School Bielefeld") is an alternative school located in the city of Bielefeld, Germany. It has received significant media coverage in Germany because it is one of Germany's few "democratic" schools. The Laborschule has been called one of Germany's best schools by the media. One of the German teachers' unions has objected to this.

Bielefeld
Bielefeld (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːləfɛlt] ⓘ) is a city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe region in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population of 342,952, it is also the most populous city in the administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) of Detmold and the 18th largest city in Germany.

The historical centre of the city is situated in the Ravensberg Basin north of the Teutoburg Forest hill range, but modern Bielefeld extends across the range and further south into the flat Westphalian Basin. The city is situated on the Hermannsweg, a hiking trail that runs for 156 km along the ridges of the Teutoburg Forest.

Bielefeld is home to a significant number of internationally operating companies, including Dr. Oetker, DMG Mori (former Gildemeister), Möller Group, Goldbeck and Schüco. It has a university and several technical colleges (Fachhochschulen). Bielefeld is also known for the Bethel Institution.
Colorado Mountain College
Colorado Mountain College (CMC) is a public community college with multiple campuses in western Colorado, and headquartered in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.

Founded in 1965, the institution offers numerous associate degrees, eight bachelor's degrees and career-technical certificates. Approximately 14,000 students take on-campus or online classes every year.

The CMC district includes the following counties in Colorado: Eagle, Grand, Jackson, Lake, Garfield, Pitkin, Summit, and Routt. The state-designated service area includes the following counties: Grand, Jackson, and Chaffee.

CMC has eight community campuses. CMC has three full-service residential campuses in Leadville, Steamboat Springs, and Spring Valley at Glenwood Springs. Students have access to residence halls, cafeterias, recreation facilities, and libraries. Students may participate in recreational and educational activities through student clubs, honor societies, a theatre company, and sports teams.

Jackson County, Colorado
Jackson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,379, and it was the fourth least populated in the state. The county is named after the United States President Andrew Jackson. The county seat and only municipality in the county is Walden.
Granger's Index to Poetry
Granger's Index to Poetry is a reference work to poetry by Edith Granger.

In a 1964 study of basic reference sources in American public, school, and university libraries, Granger's was rated the second most important index volume, after Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and before Book Review Digest.

Book Review Digest
Book Review Digest is a reference work by H. W. Wilson Company that compiles recent book reviews. Printed monthly with annual compendia, it digests American and English periodicals from 1905 to the present day. Before the Internet, Book Review Digest was a significant reference tool and bibliographic aid used by the American public and librarians alike to find current literature. An online edition of the collection is offered in two subscription products: Book Review Digest Retrospective (1905–1982) and Book Review Digest Plus (1983 through present day).
Caio Magalhães
Caio Magalhães (born December 14, 1987) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the Middleweight division of the Professional Fighters League. A professional competitor since 2009, he has also competed for the UFC and M-1 Global.

Middleweight (MMA)
The middleweight division in mixed martial arts refers to different weight classes:

The UFC's middleweight division, which groups competitors within 171 to 185 lb (77.5 to 84 kg)

The Shooto's middleweight class, which refers to competitors between 155 and 170 lb (70.3 and 77.1 kg)

The ONE Championship's middleweight division follows the Pride FC model, with an upper limit of 93 kg (205 lb)

The Road FC's  middleweight division, with an upper limit of 185 lb (84 kg)
Guwahati–Dullabcherra Express
The 15617/15618 Guwahati–Dullabcherra Express is an Express train belonging to Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways that runs between Guwahati and Dullabcherra via old Karimganj Junction in the Indian state of Assam. It is currently being operated with 15617 DN / 15618 UP train numbers on a tri-weekly basis. It runs as an overnight train from Guwahati and as a Day-Night train from Dullabcherra.

Northeast Frontier Railway zone
The Northeast Frontier Railway (abbreviated NFR) is one of the 19 railway zones of the Indian Railways. It is headquartered in Maligaon, Guwahati in the state of Assam, and responsible for operation and expansion of rail network all across Northeastern states and some districts of eastern Bihar and northern West Bengal.
Danton (name)
Danton is a French given name that is a form of Antoine, Titouan, D'Anton and Antonin used in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, West Greenland, Haiti, French Guiana, Madagascar, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda. As a surname, it is unrelated to Antonius-related names, but rather people from Anthon, Isère. Notable people with this name include the following:

Titouan
Titouan is a French given name that is a form of Antoine used in France, Switzerland, Belgium, Canada, West Greenland, Haiti, French Guiana, Madagascar, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda. Notable people with this name include the following:

Titouan Lamazou (born 1955), French artist and writer

Titouan Perrin-Ganier (born 1991), French cross-country mountain biker

Titouan Carod (born 1994), French cyclist

Titouan Droguet (born 2001), French professional tennis player

Titouan Thomas (born 2002), French professional football player

Titouan Castryck (born 2004), French slalom canoeist
Weaponization of antisemitism
The exploitation of accusations of antisemitism, especially to delegitimize criticism of Israel or opposition to Zionism, is sometimes called weaponization of antisemitism. Cases of weaponizing antisemitism have arisen in various contexts, including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and debates over the concept of new antisemitism and the IHRA definition of antisemitism. Charges of antisemitism made in bad faith have been described as a smear tactic and likened to "playing the race card". Some anti-Zionist Jews have been accused of antisemitism and labeled "self-hating Jews".

The charge of weaponization has itself been criticized as antisemitic or rooted in antisemitic tropes, and as a rhetorical device employed across the political spectrum to delegitimize concerns about antisemitism, especially in anti-Zionist discourse.

Jewish Voice for Peace
Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP; Hebrew: קוֹל יְהוּדִי לַשָּׁלוֹם, romanized: Qōl Yəhūḏī la-Ššālōm) is an American anti-Zionist, pro‑Palestinian solidarity, and left-wing advocacy organization. It is critical of Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories, and supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign against Israel.

The group was formed in 1996, and as of 2024 had grown to over 32,000 active dues-paying members. Its chapters at Columbia and George Washington universities were suspended in 2024.
Cubic centimetre
A cubic centimetre (or cubic centimeter in US English) (SI unit symbol: cm3; non-SI abbreviations: cc and ccm) is a commonly used unit of volume that corresponds to the volume of a cube that measures 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of one millilitre.  The mass of one cubic centimetre of water at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its maximum density) is almost equal to one gram.

In internal combustion engines, "cc" refers to the total volume of its engine displacement in cubic centimetres. The displacement can be calculated using the formula

where d is engine displacement, b is the bore of the cylinders, s is length of the stroke and n is the number of cylinders.

Conversions

1 millilitre = 1 cm3

1 litre = 1000 cm3

1 cubic inch = 16.38706 cm3.

Centimetre
A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American English), with SI symbol cm, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one hundredth of a metre, centi- being the SI prefix for a factor of ⁠1/100⁠. Equivalently, there are 100 centimetres in 1 metre. The centimetre was the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.

Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103—like milli- and kilo-—are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements; for instance, human height is commonly measured in centimetres. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an average adult person.
4 3 2 1 (novel)
4 3 2 1 is a 2017 novel by Paul Auster published by Henry Holt and Co. It describes four alternate versions of the life of Archie Ferguson in the 1950s and 1960s, and explores how an individual's life and personality is shaped by chance and circumstance.

In September 2017 it was shortlisted for the 2017 Man Booker Prize. It reached #13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in February 2017.

Tom Perrotta
Thomas R. Perrotta (born August 13, 1961) is an American novelist and screenwriter best known for his novels Election (1998) and Little Children (2004), both of which were made into critically acclaimed, Academy Award-nominated films. Perrotta co-wrote the screenplay for the 2006 film version of Little Children with Todd Field, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. He is also known for his novel The Leftovers (2011), which has been adapted into a TV series on HBO.
Down the Road (Manassas album)
Down the Road is the second and last studio album by Stephen Stills' band Manassas. It was released in April 1973, and peaked at number 26 in the US charts, to mixed reviews.  "Isn't It About Time", a protest song, was released as the lead single and reached number 56 on the charts.

Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuel
Calvin Samuel, known as Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuel, is an Antiguan-born musician best known for his bass playing in the 1970s with Stephen Stills, Manassas, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, and others. He has often been credited as "Samuels", with an "s" added to his surname.