hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Elementary amenable group
In mathematics, a group is called elementary amenable if it can be built up from finite groups and abelian groups by a sequence of simple operations that result in amenable groups when applied to amenable groups.  Since finite groups and abelian groups are amenable, every elementary amenable group is amenable - however, the converse is not true.

Formally, the class of elementary amenable groups is the smallest subclass of the class of all groups that satisfies the following conditions:

it contains all finite and all abelian groups

if G is in the subclass and H is isomorphic to G, then H is in the subclass

it is closed under the operations of taking subgroups, forming quotients, and forming extensions

it is closed under directed unions.

The Tits alternative implies that any amenable linear group is locally virtually solvable; hence, for linear groups, amenability and elementary amenability coincide.

Abelian group
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

The concept of an abelian group underlies many fundamental algebraic structures, such as fields, rings, vector spaces, and algebras. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood and fully classified.
Royal Palace of Cambodia
The Royal Palace of Cambodia (Khmer: ព្រះបរមរាជវាំង) is a complex of buildings which serves as the official royal residence of the King of Cambodia. Its full name in Khmer is the Preah Barom Reacheaveang Chaktomuk Serey Mongkol (Khmer: ព្រះបរមរាជវាំងចតុមុខសិរីមង្គល). The Cambodian monarchs have occupied it since it was built in the 1860s, with a period of absence when the country came into turmoil during and after the reign of the Khmer Rouge.

The palace was constructed by King Norodom between 1866 and 1870; this original palace was largely demolished and rebuilt between 1912 and 1932, It is situated at the Western bank of the confluence of the Tonle Sap River and the Mekong River called Chaktomuk (an allusion to Brahma).

Sisowath of Cambodia
Sisowath (Khmer: ស៊ីសុវត្ថិ, Sisŏvôtthĕ) (7 September 1840 – 9 August 1927) was King of Cambodia from 27 April 1904 to his death in 1927. During his rule, there was extensive French meddling in Cambodian politics, as Cambodia was part of French Indochina. He was the son of King Ang Duong and half brother of Prince Si Votha and King Norodom. He is the progenitor of the House of Sisowath.
Naughton, Suffolk
Naughton is a village and former civil parish, now in the civil parish of Nedging-with-Naughton, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It is 10 miles (16 km) north-west of Ipswich and 7 miles (11 km) south-west of Stowmarket. It was historically within the Cosford Hundred of Suffolk. The civil parish was merged with Nedging on 1 April 1935 to create "Nedging with Naughton". In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 98.

Naughton is formed from the junction of two roads, the Whatfield Road which comes in from the south-west and heads north to Nedging Tye and New Road which comes in from the south-east. St. Mary's church is a 14th-century flint built church stands at the centre of the village, just west of this junction.

Cosford Hundred
Cosford was a hundred of Suffolk, consisting of 30,712 acres (124.29 km2).

The hundred consisted of Hadleigh, the only town of any size, and seventeen other parishes in western Suffolk. The area is undulating and agriculturally-fertile with clay soil, watered by the River Brett and its tributary streams. It is about twelve miles (19 km) in length from north to south and around five wide, and is bounded by the Hundreds of Samford, Babergh, Thedwestry, Stow and Bosmere and Claydon.

Cosford was in Coxford Union in the Liberty of St Edmund and in the Deanery and Archdeaconry of Sudbury. The area was until the nineteenth century part of the diocese of Norwich until it was moved to that of Ely. Hadleigh itself however is a peculiar of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Listed as Cursforde in the Domesday Book and subsequently known for a period as Corsford or Corsforth, the name Cosford means "ford of the river Cors or Corsa".
The Morning Journal
The Morning Journal is a daily newspaper based in Lorain, Ohio.  Originally the Lorain Journal, it was an afternoon paper which was historically more popular in an industrial town like Lorain, but switched to morning publication in the 1980s.

It is the primary paper in the city of Lorain, but also serves the wider area of Lorain, Erie, and Huron counties, and the western Cleveland suburbs.

Lorain, Ohio
Lorain (/lɔːˈreɪn/) is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. It is located in Northeast Ohio on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Black River, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Cleveland. With a population of 65,211 at the 2020 census, Lorain is the ninth-most populous city in Ohio, the most populous in Lorain County and the third-most populous in Greater Cleveland.
Nesselwang
Nesselwang (German pronunciation: [ˈnɛsl̩vaŋ]) is a municipality in the district of Ostallgäu in Bavaria in Germany. It is a frequently photographed market town and tourist resort at the foot of the Alps in Allgäu. It consists of the market (Nesselwang) as well as 17 surrounding hamlets (Gschwend, Hörich, Reichenbach, Bayerstetten, Wank, Hertingen, Attlesee, Schneidbach, Hammerschmiede, Lachen, Niederhöfen,  Rindegg, Thal, Schicken, Schneidbach, Voglen and Widdumhof).

Ostallgäu
Ostallgäu (German pronunciation: [ˈɔstˌʔalɡɔʏ]) is a Landkreis (district) in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Oberallgäu, Unterallgäu, Augsburg, Landsberg, Weilheim-Schongau and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol. The town of Kaufbeuren is enclosed by but does not belong to the district.
Biblical clothing
The clothing of the people in biblical times was made from wool, linen, animal skins, and perhaps silk. Most events in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament take place in ancient Israel, and thus most biblical clothing is ancient Hebrew clothing. They wore underwear and cloth skirts.

Complete descriptions of the styles of dress among the people of the Bible is impossible because the material at hand is insufficient. Assyrian and Egyptian artists portrayed what is believed to be the clothing of the time, but there are few depictions of Israelite garb. One of the few available sources on Israelite clothing is the Bible.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia refers to two different versions of a Bible encyclopedia: a 1915 fundamentalist edition, and a 1979–1995 revised evangelical edition.

The first version was published under the general editorship of the fundamentalist James Orr (1844–1913), among other objectives to counteract the impact of higher criticism. The original encyclopedia was published by the Howard-Severance Co., Chicago, in 1915. It is in the public domain and can be found freely available at various sites.

A revised version, edited by Geoffrey W. Bromiley, was published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. in the years 1979 (Vol. 1, Vol. 2 appeared in 1982) to 1995 (Vols. 3 and 4). It contains articles by nearly 200 evangelical scholars about archaeological discoveries, the language and literature of Bible lands, customs, family life, occupations, and the historical and religious environments of Bible people.
HD 100673
HD 100673, also known as A Centauri is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is blue-white in hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.62. The star is located at a distance of approximately 430 light-years from the Sun based on stellar parallax. It appears to be drifting further away with a radial velocity of around +6 km/s.

This is a rapidly rotating Be star, showing an emission-line spectrum on top of the normal absorption spectrum of the star, due to a  circumstellar disk of ejected matter. It doesn't show any absorption lines from the disk. It is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9V.

B-type main-sequence star
A B-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence (core hydrogen-burning) star of spectral type B. The spectral luminosity class is given as V. These stars have from 2 to 18 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 10,000 and 30,000 K.

B-type stars are luminous and blue-white. Their spectra have strong neutral helium absorption lines, which are most prominent at the B2 subclass, and moderately strong hydrogen lines. Examples include Regulus, Algol A and Acrux.
Isonokami Shrine
Isonokami Shrine (石上神宮, Isonokami-jingū; also Isonokami-futsu-no-mitama-jinja (石上布都御魂神社), Furu-ōmyojin (布留大明神) etc.) is a Shinto shrine located in the hills of Furu in Tenri, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the oldest extant Shinto shrines in Japan and has housed several significant artifacts.

Isonokami shrine was highly regarded in the ancient era, and frequented by many members of the Imperial Family. It played a pivotal role in Japan's early history, especially during the 3rd to 5th centuries.

The shrine is at the northern end of the Yamanobe no michi, the oldest road in Japan.

Japanese New Year
The Japanese New Year (正月, Shōgatsu) is an annual festival that takes place in Japan. Since 1873, the official Japanese New Year has been celebrated according to the Gregorian calendar, on January 1 of each year, New Year's Day (元日, Ganjitsu). Prior to 1872, traditional events of the Japanese New Year were celebrated on the first day of the year on the modern Tenpō calendar, the last official lunisolar calendar.
2026 European Speed Skating Championships – Women's 3000 metres
The women's 3000 metres competition at the 2026 European Speed Skating Championships took place on 9 January 2026. Ragne Wiklund won the race in a track record and became the first female Norwegian European Champion in speed skating ever.

2026 European Speed Skating Championships
The 2026 European Speed Skating Championships took place from 9 to 11 January 2026, at the Ice Arena in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland.

Damian Zurek of Poland and Ragne Wiklund from Norway won two individual gold medals each.

The proximity of the 2026 Winter Olympics affected the list of participants. The Netherlands was mostly represented by skaters who are not in the Olympic selection. Germany would make a final selection based on performance at the European Championships. The final entry list had 121 competitors from 19 nations.
Fishing industry in Pakistan
The fishing industry plays a significant part in the national economy of Pakistan. With a coastline of about 650 miles (1,046 km), Pakistan has enough fishery resources that remain to be developed. Most of the population of the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan depends on fisheries for livelihood. It is also a major source of export earning.

Fishing industry is managed by the Fisheries Development Commissioner (FDC) under the Ministry Food, Agriculture Livestock (MFAL) of Government of Pakistan. The office of the FDC is responsible for policy, planning and coordination with provincial fisheries departments and other national and international agencies such as Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission. The marine subsector is overlooked by Marine Fisheries Department (MFD).

The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is engaged in the research of the industry. Some universities in the country are also involved in basic fisheries research.

Dadu District
Dadu District (Sindhi: ضلعو دادو, Urdu: ضلع دادو) is a district in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. With headquarters in the city of Dadu, the district was created in 1931 by merging Kotri and Mahal Kohistan (later Jamshoro) tehsils from Karachi District and Mehar, Khairpur Nathan Shah, Dadu, Johi and Sehwan tehsils from Larkana District.

In 2004, several talukas in the south were split off to create the new Jamshoro District. Its boundary touches four districts of Sindh: Jamshoro, Naushahro Feroze, Shaheed Benazirabad and Kamber Shahdadkot.

The main languages spoken in Dadu are Sindhi, Balochi and Urdu. Some of the popular tourist attractions in the district include the Gorakh Hill and Manchar Lake.
Ninjatō
The ninjatō (忍者刀) is alleged to be the preferred weapon of the shinobi of feudal Japan. It is portrayed by modern ninjutsu practitioners (including Masaaki Hatsumi and Stephen K. Hayes) as the weapon of the ninja and features prominently in popular culture. 20th-century examples of this sword are displayed at the Koka Ninja Village Museum in Kōka, Shiga, at the Gifu Castle Archives Museum in Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan and at the Ninja Museum of Igaryu, established in the mid-1960s.

Historically, there is no evidence for the existence of this "katana-like short sword legendarily used by ninja" before the 20th century. Instead, the designs demonstrated by alleged replicas may be based on the design of wakizashi or chokutō swords or the swords associated with ashigaru—common infantrymen with no "ninja" aspects.

Katana
A katana (刀, かたな; lit. 'one-sided blade') is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Developed later than the tachi, it was used by samurai in feudal Japan and worn with the edge facing upward. Since the Muromachi period, many old tachi were cut from the root and shortened, and the blade at the root was crushed and converted into a katana. The specific term for katana in Japan is uchigatana (打刀, うちがたな; lit. 'striking sword') and the term katana (刀) often refers to single-edged swords from around the world.
Anglican Church in Thailand
Christianity portal

The Anglican Church in Thailand (ACT) is a deanery of the Diocese of Singapore within the Province of South East Asia. It is in communion with other members of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

ACT began with the Parish of Christ Church Bangkok. From 1991 onwards, new daughter churches and ministries were planted, as part of a process of growing to becoming a diocese of Thailand.

Church of the Province of South East Asia
The Church of the Province of South East Asia is an Anglican church that comprises four dioceses. It is an autonomous member of the Anglican Communion and was established on 2 February 1996 with the dioceses of Kuching, Sabah, Singapore and West Malaysia.

The province covers most of Southeast Asia as well as Nepal apart from Myanmar and the Philippines, and its headquarters is located in Singapore. As of 2016, there are approximately 168,079 Anglicans within the province and the current Metropolitan Archbishop and Primate of the Province is Titus Chung, Bishop of Singapore.
Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre (Russian: Мариинский театр, romanized: Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th-century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre.  Today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. Since Yuri Temirkanov's retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the theatre's general director.

Sergei Kirov
Sergei Mironovich Kirov (born Kostrikov; 27 March 1886 – 1 December 1934) was a Russian and Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary. Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and a member of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Kirov became an Old Bolshevik and personal friend to Joseph Stalin, rising through the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ranks to become head of the party in Leningrad and a member of the Politburo.

On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot and killed by Leonid Nikolaev at his offices in the Smolny Institute. Nikolaev and several alleged accomplices were convicted in a show trial and executed less than 30 days later. Kirov's assassination was used by Stalin as a reason for starting the Moscow trials and the Great Purge.
USNS Carl Brashear
USNS Carl Brashear (T-AKE-7) is a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship of the United States Navy, named in honor of Master Chief Boatswain's Mate Carl Brashear (1931–2006), one of the first African-Americans to become a US Navy Master Diver, despite having lost a leg in the 1966 Palomares incident.

The contract to build Carl Brashear was awarded to General Dynamics's subsidiary National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) of San Diego, California, on January 11, 2005. Her keel was laid down on November 2, 2007. The completed ship was delivered to the Navy on March 4, 2009.

During Operation Tomodachi, Carl Brashear loaded more than 800 pallets of humanitarian cargo at Sasebo's Juliet pier on March 20 and set sail later that day to join the Navy ships operating off northern Japan. Brashear completed 17 underway replenishment missions, delivering more than 1 million gallons (3,800 m3) of fuel to ships supporting Tomodachi.

Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship
The Lewis and Clark class of dry cargo ship is a class of 14 underway replenishment vessels operated by the United States Navy's Military Sealift Command. The ships in the class are named after famous American explorers and pioneers.
Grand Lodge Building (Tennessee)
The Grand Lodge Building is a historic building at the intersection of Broadway and 7th Avenue in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. It houses the Grand Lodge of Tennessee of Free and Accepted Masons. In addition to offices, meeting spaces, and a dining hall, the building also contains a Masonic library, museum, a large theatrical auditorium and stage, and a collection of portraits of all the Past Grand Masters of Tennessee.

Holy Royal Arch
The Royal Arch is a degree of Freemasonry. The Royal Arch is present in all main masonic systems, though in some it is worked as part of Craft ('mainstream') Freemasonry, and in others in an appendant ('additional') order. Royal Arch Masons meet as a Chapter; in the Supreme Order of the Royal Arch as practised in the British Isles, much of Europe and the Commonwealth, Chapters confer the single degree of Royal Arch Mason.
Pazhanchira Devi Temple
Pazhanchira Devi Temple is a Hindu temple situated between Ambalathara and Paravankunnu in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, India. It is about 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to the south of Padmanabhaswamy temple in Thiruvananthapuram. The temple is 8 km (5.0 mi) from Kovalam beach, 4 km (2.5 mi) from Trivandrum International Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) from Thiruvananthapuram, 3 km (1.9 mi) from Attukal temple and 2 km (1.2 mi) from Thiruvallam Parasurama temple. This heritage structure is placed under the list of monuments of national importance.

Attukal Temple
The Attukal Bhagavathy Temple is a Hindu  shrine located at Attukal in Kerala, India. It is situated near the heart of the city, two kilometres away from the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, East Fort, in Thiruvananthapuram. The goddess of the temple is identified with Bhadrakali, mounted over a vetala. She is also identified with Kannagi, the heroine of Ilango Adigal's epic Cilappatikaram.

The temple is renowned for the annual Attukal Pongal festival, in which over three million women participate. A festival that has figured in the Guinness Book of World Records for being the single largest gathering of women for a religious activity, the Attukal Pongala continues to draw millions of women with each passing year. Devotees believe that all of their wishes are fulfilled by the goddess, whose worship can allow them to attain salvation. The goddess is often venerated as all three goddesses of the Tridevi: Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Parvati.
Nick Finch
Nick Finch is a former sheriff of Liberty County, Florida. He is a member of the Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association as well as the Posse Comitatus group, who believed that sheriffs are the ultimate arbiters of constitutionality in the United States.

Liberty County, Florida
Liberty County is a county located in the state of Florida, part of the Big Bend region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,974, making it the least populous county in Florida. Its county seat is Bristol. Torreya State Park  and the Apalachicola National Forest are located within the county. The Apalachicola River runs through the county as well. Liberty County is the only dry county in Florida as Lafayette County prohibits bars, but not retail sale of beer.
Black fatigue
Black fatigue is an American term used to describe Black people in the United States who are experiencing psychological and physical problems caused by various factors including systemic racism. The term was coined by writer Mary Frances Winters in 2020 when she published a book in which the term was first used.

Initially neutral, the term was co-opted by right-wing individuals during the mid-2020s and defined by them as a feeling of "fatigue" when interacting with black people.

Fatigue
Fatigue is a state of being without energy for a prolonged period of time. Fatigue is used in two contexts: in the medical sense, and in the sense of normal tiredness.

In the medical sense, fatigue is seen as a symptom, and is sometimes associated with medical conditions including autoimmune disease, organ failure, mood disorders, heart disease, infectious diseases, and post-infectious-disease states. However, fatigue is complex and in up to a third of primary care cases no medical or psychiatric diagnosis is found.

In the sense of tiredness, fatigue often follows prolonged physical or mental activity. Physical fatigue results from muscle fatigue brought about by intense physical activity. Mental fatigue results from prolonged periods of cognitive activity which impairs cognitive ability, can manifest as sleepiness, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue, and can also impair physical performance.
Nurislam Sanayev
Nurislam Sanayev (Russian: Нурислам Валентинович Санаев; born February 9, 1991, in the Tuvan ASSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian-born Kazakhstani freestyle wrestler of Tuva heritage. He represented Kazakhstan at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's freestyle 57 kg event. He lost in the semi-finals and he then won his bronze medal match against Georgi Vangelov of Bulgaria.

Earlier, he competed in the men's freestyle 57 kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics, in which he got eliminated in the repechage. In 2021, he won the gold medal in the 57 kg event at the Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series 2021 held in Rome, Italy.

Georgi Vangelov
Georgi Vangelov (born 29 July 1993) is a Bulgarian freestyle wrestler. He is a three-time bronze medalist at the European Wrestling Championships. He also represented Bulgaria at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan.
Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers
Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers were one of the main British pub rock groups of the early 1970s. Later managed by Jake Riviera, who first worked for the band as a roadie, they reached their peak as part of the "Naughty Rhythms Tour" of 1975, along with other stalwarts of the same scene, Dr. Feelgood and Kokomo, each band alternately headlining on different dates.

Kokomo (band)
Kokomo are a British band whose members were prime exponents of British soul in the 1970s. They released three albums, and the second Rise & Shine was described as "the finest British funk album of the 1970s".