hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Herd behavior
Herd behavior is the behavior of individuals in a group acting collectively without centralized direction. Herd behavior occurs in animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools, and so on, as well as in humans. Voting, demonstrations, riots, general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, everyday decision-making, judgement, and opinion-forming, are all forms of human-based herd behavior.

Raafat, Chater and Frith proposed an integrated approach to herding, describing two key issues, the mechanisms of transmission of thoughts or behavior between individuals and the patterns of connections between them.  They suggested that bringing together diverse theoretical approaches of herding behavior illuminates the applicability of the concept to many domains, ranging from cognitive neuroscience to economics.

Flock (birds)
A flock is a gathering of individual birds to forage or travel collectively. Avian flocks are typically associated with migration. Flocking also offers foraging benefits and protection from predators, although flocking can have costs for individual members.

Flocks are often defined as groups consisting of individuals from the same species.  However, mixed flocks consisting of two or more species are also common. Avian species that tend to flock together are typically similar in taxonomy and share morphological characteristics such as size and shape. Mixed flocks offer increased protection against predators, which is particularly important in closed habitats such as forests where early warning calls play a vital importance in the early recognition of danger. The result is the formation of many mixed-species feeding flocks.
Arrondissements of the Calvados department
The 4 arrondissements of the Calvados department are:

Arrondissement of Bayeux, (subprefecture: Bayeux) with 123 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 73,794 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Caen, (prefecture of the Calvados department: Caen) with 201 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 395,885 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Lisieux, (subprefecture: Lisieux) with 160 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 159,921 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Vire, (subprefecture: Vire-Normandie) with 44 communes. The population of the arrondissement was 71,033 in 2021.

Arrondissement of Lisieux
The arrondissement of Lisieux is an arrondissement of France in the Calvados department in the Normandy region. It has 159 communes. Its population is 159,921 (2021), and its area is 1,756.2 km2 (678.1 sq mi).
Jacknife (album)
Jacknife is an album by American saxophonist Jackie McLean. It actually comprises two volumes, one recorded in 1965 and the other in 1966. They were originally given the catalogue numbers BLP 4223 and BLP 4236, but the recordings were then shelved for ten years before being issued together in 1975 as a double LP, with the number BN-LA457-H2. While the 1965 tracks were released on a limited edition CD in 2002, those from 1966 have never been released singularly; however, they can be found on the four-disc Mosaic compilation The Complete Blue Note 1964–66 Jackie McLean Sessions, which was limited to 5,000 copies.

Lee Morgan
Edward Lee Morgan (July 10, 1938 – February 19, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. One of the key hard bop musicians of the 1960s and a cornerstone of the Blue Note label, Morgan came to prominence in his late teens, recording with bandleaders like John Coltrane, Curtis Fuller, Dizzy Gillespie, Hank Mobley and Wayne Shorter, and playing in Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers.

Morgan stayed with Blakey until 1961 and started to record as leader in the late '50s. Morgan's solo recordings often alternated between conventional hard bop sessions and more adventurous post-bop and avant-garde experiments, many of which did not see release during his lifetime. His composition "The Sidewinder", on the album of the same name, became a surprise crossover hit on the pop and R&B charts in 1964. After a second stint in Blakey's band, Morgan continued to work prolifically as both a leader and a sideman until his death in 1972.
Shetland Library
60°09′14″N 1°08′49″W﻿ / ﻿60.15378194792897°N 1.146978219079593°W﻿ / 60.15378194792897; -1.146978219079593

Shetland Library is the public library service of Shetland, with its main branch based in Lerwick. Membership is open to both residents of and visitors to the islands. The library has a range of digital, online and physical material and collections that support the literary traditions of the Northern Isles.

Aside from the main branch, the service also provides seven school libraries, two of which (in Baltasound and Mid Yell) are community libraries open to the public, and a mobile library. The Shetland Library service is provided by the Shetland Islands Council (SIC).

Shetland Islands Council
Shetland Islands Council is the local authority for the Shetland Islands, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It was established in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 and was largely unaffected by the Scottish local government changes of 1996. The council is based in Lerwick.

It provides services in the areas of Environmental Health, Roads, Social Work, Community Development, Organisational Development, Economic Development, Building Standards, Trading Standards, Housing, Waste, Education, Burial Grounds, Port and Harbours and others. The council collects Council Tax. The Fire Service is part of the Highlands and Islands division of the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service.
Gong nui
Gong nui or gong neoi (Chinese: 港女; lit. 'Kong girl') is a Cantonese pejorative term describing a negative stereotype of Hong Kong women as worshipping money, narcissistic, being obsessed with foreign culture, or suffering from "princess syndrome". The term is commonly used on internet forums as well as in the press.

Kong Boys and Kong Girls
'Kong boys' and 'Kong Girls (or Gals)' are slang that are currently and frequently used in the Hong Kong scenario, especially online. The prefix ‘Kong’ is added in front of words to denote (or emphasise) explicit Hong Kong locality, or any relation to the city.

‘Kong Boys’ and 'Kong Girls' do not actually refer to the entire Hong Kong male and female population, but instead address specific individuals who exhibit certain traits, and have since become derogatory terms as various media and online forums nowadays often use them to criticise those having adverse personalities.

A ‘Kong Boy’ or 'Kong Girl' is sometimes collectively known as a 'Hong Kong Localite' or simply 'Localite' (not to be confused with 'Localist').
El Desperado (album)
El Desperado is the second album by rock band, Let 3. The album was released in 1989 by Helidon.

The album was digitally remastered in 2009 by Dallas Records following the 20 year anniversary of the album Two dogs fuckin' alongside the album.

The song Vjeran Pas is a cover of the song with the same name from the rock band Termiti of which Mrle was a part of. The lyrics are credited to Predrag Kraljević, the former frontman of Termiti.

Two Dogs Fuckin'
Two Dogs Fuckin' is the first album by rock band Let 3. The album was released in 1989 by Helidon.

The album was digitally remastered in 2009 by Dallas Records following the 20 year anniversary of the album.
1940 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
The 1940 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship was the 53rd staging of the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Dublin County Board in 1887.

Faughs entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 16 June 1940 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Faughs and Eoghan Ruadh, in what was their second consecutive meeting in the final. Faughs won the match by 3–05 to 1–10 to claim their 18th championship title overall and a second consecutive title.

1939 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship
The 1939 Dublin Senior Hurling Championship was the 52nd staging of the Dublin Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Dublin County Board in 1887.

Army Metro entered the championship as the defending champions.

The final was played on 25 June 1939 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Faughs and Eoghan Ruadh, in what was their first ever meeting in the final. Faughs won the match by 3–10 to 3–01 to claim their 17th championship title overall and a first title in three years.
Ultrabeat: The Album
Ultrabeat: The Album is the début self-titled album by the British dance act Ultrabeat. It was released on 10 September 2007 (four years after their first single) with All Around the World records. The album was a success on the UK Albums Chart, as it reached number 8 in its first week.

CamelPhat
CamelPhat are an English DJ and production duo, consisting of Dave Whelan and Mike Di Scala, formed in Liverpool in 2006.

Initially they released music under various names but found success with their 2017 single "Cola", which peaked at No. 3 on the UK Dance Chart, and at No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart.

They have released two studio albums and many singles and EPs.
Nimki Vidhayak
Nimki Vidhayak is an Indian Hindi-language drama television serial broadcast by Star Bharat. It starred Bhumika Gurung and Abhishek Sharma and premiered on 28 August 2017 on Star Bharat. The show's main theme is about women's empowerment and shows how a girl becomes the Mukhiya (village chief) of her village and then a Vidhayak (MLA) and strives to make a difference in the complicated world of politics. This show is also adapted in Marathi language as name Pinki Cha Vijay Aso.

Star Bharat
Star Bharat is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It was launched on 28 August 2017, rebranded from Life OK. The channel broadcasts a mix of original programming, including mythological dramas, crime thrillers, family dramas, and comedy shows, targeting a broad Hindi-speaking audience in India. Notable shows that have aired on the channel include RadhaKrishn, Savdhaan India, Nimki Mukhiya, Kya Haal, Mr. Paanchal? and Jiji Maa.

Star One was rebranded as Life OK in India on 18 December 2011. It was then rebranded again on 28 August 2017 as Star Bharat.

Star Bharat rebranded with a new logo and graphics package on 25 July 2022, during the finale of the scripted reality show Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti. The new slogan was Dil Deke Dekho Zara (Give Your Heart Away and See).
Edward Stotz
Edward Stotz Sr. (1868–1948) was an American architect who was based in the city of Pittsburgh in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He designed numerous buildings during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that are now listed as significant by the National Register of Historic Places and the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation.

Church of the Epiphany (Pittsburgh)
Church of the Epiphany located at Washington Place and Centre Avenue in the Hill District neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was built in 1902.   The church was added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 1998. It is situated next to PPG Paints Arena.
Dazulin
Dazulin (Persian: دازولين, also Romanized as Dāzūlīn) is a village in Rameshk Rural District, Chah Dadkhoda District, Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 4 families.

Chah Dadkhoda District
Chah Dadkhoda District (Persian: بخش چاه دادخدا) is in Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Chah Dadkhoda.

The district is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) southeast of the county center and most of its people are farmers. Cereals, sesame and dates are the major crops grown in this area. The main source of irrigation is underground water, with some seasonal rivers that flow and end in Jaz-e Moryan.
Musicians Institute
Musicians Institute (MI) is a private for-profit music school in Los Angeles, California. MI students can earn Certificates and – with transfer of coursework taken at Los Angeles City College – Associate of Arts Degrees, as well as Bachelor of Music Degrees in either Performance or Composition. The college was founded in 1977.

ESP Guitars
ESP Company, Limited (株式会社イーエスピー, Kabushiki Gaisha Ī Esu Pī) is a Japanese guitar manufacturer, primarily focussed on the production of electric guitars and basses. They are based in both Tokyo and Los Angeles, with distinct product-lines for each market. ESP Company manufactures instruments under several names, including "ESP Standard", "ESP Custom Shop", "LTD Guitars and Basses", "Navigator", "Edwards Guitars and Basses", and "Grassroots".
2018 Iowa Secretary of State election
The 2018 Iowa Secretary of State election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the Secretary of State of Iowa, concurrently with elections to the United States House of Representatives, governor, and other state and local elections. Primary elections were held on June 5, 2018.

Incumbent Republican secretary of state Paul Pate won re-election to a second consecutive term in office, defeating Democratic nominee Deidre DeJear.

2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa
The 2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa were held on Tuesday, November 6, to elect the four U.S. representatives from the State of Iowa, one from each of the state's four congressional districts. The elections coincided with the gubernatorial election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate, and various state and local elections. The state congressional delegation flipped from a 3–1 Republican majority to a 3–1 Democratic majority.

This was the first time the Democrats won the majority of Iowa's seats since 2010, and the first time they won the popular vote in the state since 2012. As of 2026, these results were also the last time the Democrats would achieve either due to Iowa's significant shift towards the GOP.
John Navarre Macomb Jr.
John Navarre Macomb Jr. (1811–1889) was a United States Army topographical engineer and explorer of the Colorado River. Captain Macomb led the 1859 San Juan Exploring Expedition, whose purpose was to find a military supply route from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Utah and to map previously unexplored areas along the route. The expedition included the botanist and geologist John Strong Newberry, who made notable scientific observations along the route.

John Strong Newberry
John Strong Newberry (December 22, 1822 – December 7, 1892) was an American physician, geologist and paleontologist. He participated as a naturalist and surgeon on three expeditions to explore and survey the western United States. During the Civil War he served in the US Sanitary Commission and was appointed secretary of the western department of the commission. After the war he became professor of geology and paleontology at Columbia University School of Mines and chief geologist of the Geological Survey of Ohio.
19th United States Congress
The 19th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1827, during the first two years of John Quincy Adams's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. The Senate had a majority of Jackson Men, while the House had an Anti-Jackson (pro-Adams) majority.

United States House Committee on Armed Services
The U.S. House Committee on Armed Services, commonly known as the House Armed Services Committee or HASC, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Armed Forces, as well as substantial portions of the Department of Energy. Its regular legislative product is the National Defense Authorization Act, which has been passed by Congress and signed into law each year since 1962.
Kusumyō-Shigesada Kofun
The Kusumyō-Shigesada Kofun (楠名・重定古墳)  is a pair of Kofun period burial mounds, located in the Asada neighborhood of the city of Ukiha, Fukuoka Prefecture Japan. The tumulus pair was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1922.

Decorated kofun
Decorated kofun (装飾古墳, sōshoku kofun) is the term used for kofun or ancient Japanese tombs ornamented with painted or carved decoration. The tombs take the form of tumuli or earthen mounds piled over stone chambers as well as caves excavated from the living rock. The decoration may be on the inner walls, on stone screens, on sarcophagi or, in the case of cave tombs, around the entrance on the exterior. Of the 161,560 ancient burials identified to date, around two hundred and fifty are so decorated.
Retiperidiolia
Retiperidiolia is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically under 10 mm in diameter and irregularly spherical. Each produces a number of peridioles which contain the spores and are released from the disintegrating fruit bodies at maturity. Species are usually found growing on herbaceous stems and other plant debris. The genus has a tropical distribution. Species were previously referred to Mycocalia, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, found that they were not closely related.

Nidulariaceae
The Nidulariaceae (from "nidulus": "small nest") are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Commonly known as the bird's nest fungi, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests. As they are saprobic, feeding on decomposing organic matter, they are often seen growing on decaying wood and in soils enriched with wood chips or bark mulch; they have a widespread distribution in most ecological regions. The five genera within the family, namely, Crucibulum, Cyathus, Mycocalia, Nidula, and Nidularia, are distinguished from each other by differences in morphology and peridiole structure; more recently, phylogenetic analysis and comparison of DNA sequences is guiding new decisions in the taxonomic organization of this family.
2011 Bauer Watertechnology Cup
The 2011 Bauer Watertechnology Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on carpet courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Eckental, Germany between 31 October 2011 and 6 November 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Alacranes del Norte
Alacranes del Norte (formerly known as Nejapa Fútbol Club) was a football club based in Chalatenango, El Salvador.

The club last played in the Segunda División. In January 2011, it was announced that the Alacranes del Norte license had been removed by the Segunda División, following financial difficulties for the owner, Mynor Vargas and the failure of attempts to find a new ownership group.

Tercera División de El Salvador
The  Tercera División de El Salvador, commonly known as Tercera División, and officially known as Electrolit Tercera División for sponsorship reasons, is the men's third professional association football division of the Salvadoran football league system. Administered by Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional, it is contested by 40 teams, with the top two teams plus the winner of a play-off promoted to Segunda division and replaced by the three lowest-placed teams in that division.
Hot dago
The hot dago is a sandwich from St. Paul, Minnesota, and is part of Minnesotan cuisine. It consists of an Italian sausage patty, on a burger bun, ciabatta or hard roll, but can also include provolone, marinara sauce, and mozzarella cheese.
The sandwich has numerous variations; in its simplest form it is served on a burger bun with just the patty. A slice of provolone cheese can be added like a cheeseburger. Additionally, spicy variations exist which include a spicy patty or banana peppers. A sloppy hot dago is one that is completely covered in marinara sauce; this variation is usually served on a hard roll and has melted mozzarella cheese on top. An open-faced variation also exists.

Cheeseburger
A cheeseburger is a hamburger with melted cheese on top of the meat patty, added near the end of the cooking time. Cheeseburgers can include variations in structure, ingredients and composition. As with other hamburgers, a cheeseburger may include various condiments and other toppings such as lettuce, tomato and ketchup.

In fast food restaurants across the United States, processed cheese is usually used, although other meltable cheeses are used, such as cheddar, Swiss, mozzarella, blue cheese, or pepper jack. Virtually all restaurants that sell hamburgers also offer cheeseburgers.
Jahangirganj
Jahangirganj is a Nagar panchayat and Market in Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is Subpost Office. It is found 45 km towards East from District headquarters Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar and 242 km from State capital Lucknow.

Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar
Tanda is a town in Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh situated on the banks of Ghaghara River. It is a nagar palika parishad and is part of Ayodhya division in Uttar Pradesh. The town is situated 20 kilometres (12 mi) north east from district headquarter Akbarpur. Tanda is also a tehsil in the district. It has one of the largest handloom weaving industries for manufacturing varieties like gamchha, lungi, polyester clothing, check-shirt clothes material in state of Uttar Pradesh.
Dembowski (crater)
Dembowski is a lunar impact crater located to the southeast of the Sinus Medii. Its diameter is 26 km. It was named after Italian astronomer Ercole Dembowski. To the east are the  craters Agrippa and Godin, to the southwest is Rhaeticus.

The floor of Dembowski is covered by lava flow that has eradicated the eastern half of the rim, leaving only a slight rise in the surface where the outer wall once lay. The surviving western half of the rim is polygonal in shape, and the ends are broken; forming rises in the surface. The flow of basaltic lava appears to have reached the crater through an irregular channel running in a southern direction from the Sinus Medii.

Agrippa (crater)
Agrippa is a lunar impact crater that is located at the southeast edge of the Mare Vaporum. It is located to the north of the crater Godin, the irregular Tempel lies just to the east. To the north and northeast, the rille designated Rima Ariadaeus follows a course to the east-southeast, reaching the western edge of Mare Tranquillitatis. It is named after the 1st century Greek astronomer Agrippa.

The rim of Agrippa has an unusual shape, resembling the form of a shield with a rounded southern rim and a more angular northern half. The interior is somewhat irregular, with a central rise at the midpoint. The crater is from the Eratosthenian period, which lasted from 3.2 to 1.1 billion years ago.