hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Ritzer
George Ritzer (born October 14, 1940) is an American sociologist, professor, and author who has mainly studied globalization, metatheory, patterns of consumption, and modern/postmodern social theory. His concept of McDonaldization draws upon Max Weber's idea of rationalization through the lens of the fast food industry. He coined the term in a 1983 article for The Journal of American Culture, developing the concept in The McDonaldization of Society (1993), which is among the best selling monographs in the history of American sociology.

Ritzer has written many general sociology books, including Introduction to Sociology (2012) and Essentials to Sociology (2014), and modern/postmodern social theory textbooks. Many of his works have been translated into over 20 languages, with over a dozen translations of The McDonaldization of Society alone.

Ritzer is currently a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Paradigm
In science and philosophy, a paradigm (/ˈpærədaɪm/ PARR-ə-dyme) is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field. The word paradigm is Greek in origin, meaning "pattern". It is closely related to the discussion of theory-ladenness in the philosophy of science.
Aylesford, Nova Scotia
Aylesford, is a village situated in western Kings County in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada. The settlement was named after the fourth Earl of Aylesford, Heneage Finch, who was Lord Of The Bedchamber to George III from 1772-1777. The community is located between the North and South Mountains, and is roughly a 15 minute drive to Canadian Forces Base Greenwood, and a 10 minute drive to its closest neighbour, the Town Of Berwick. Aylesford is located on the Evangeline Trail (Trunk 1) scenic tourist route, which was named after the epic 1847 H.W. Longfellow poem entitled Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie.

Berwick, Nova Scotia
Berwick is a Canadian town in Kings County, Nova Scotia. The town is located in the eastern part of the Annapolis Valley on the Cornwallis River. The town site stretches south from the river and Exit 15 of Highway 101 to Highway 1. Berwick occupies 6.53 km2 (2.6 sq mi) and has an elevation of 43 m (141 ft) above sea level.
Hafslo Municipality
Hafslo is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The 605-square-kilometre (234 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1963. The area is now part of Luster Municipality in the traditional district of Sogn in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Hafslo. Other villages in the municipality included Kinsedalen, Ornes, and Kroken (on the south side of the fjord and the villages of Solvorn, Joranger, and Veitastrond on the north side of the Lustrafjorden.

Prior to its dissolution in 1963, the 604.99-square-kilometre (233.59 sq mi) municipality was the 164th largest by area out of the 705 municipalities in Norway. Hafslo Municipality was the 383rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 2,417. The municipality's population density was 4 inhabitants per square kilometre (10/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 10.7% over the previous 10-year period.

Solvorn
Solvorn is a village in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located on the western shore of the Lustrafjorden, the innermost part of the Sognefjorden. The village sits directly across the fjord from the village of Ornes, where the famous 12th-century Urnes Stave Church is located.  The village of Hafslo lies about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the northwest.

The village is the site of the historic Walaker Hotel, dating back to about 1650. Solvorn Church, built in 1883, is located in the village. There has been a regular ferry route from Solvorn to Ornes, across the fjord, since 1859. From 1963 until 1990, there was also a regular ferry route from Solvorn to Årdalstangen, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) down the fjord.
2027 SEA Games
The 2027 Southeast Asian Games (Malay: Sukan Asia Tenggara 2027), officially known as the 34th Southeast Asian Games, or the 34th SEA Games (Malay: Sukan SEA ke-34), and commonly known as Malaysia 2027, is an upcoming international multi-sport event sanctioned by the Southeast Asian Games Federation (SEAGF). It is scheduled to take place from 18 to 29 September 2027 in Kuala Lumpur, Sarawak, Penang, and Johor, Malaysia. This will be the seventh time that Malaysia hosted the Games and its first time since 2017. Previously, it had also hosted the 1965, 1971, 1977, 1989, and 2001 editions of the Games. The games will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Malaysian independence.

1971 SEAP Games
The 1971 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 6th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, were a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from 11 to 18 December 1971 with 15 sports featured in the games. In this edition of the games, host country Malaysia joined Singapore in pressuring Thailand to let the SEAP Games Federation expand to include the Philippines and Indonesia, but to no avail. Thai officials felt that such expansion would be contrary to the small family affair they had intended the games to be, and would not be in keeping with the close-neighbours spirit the games was supposed to cultivate. This was the second time Malaysia hosted the games and its first time since 1965. The games was opened and closed by Abdul Halim, the King of Malaysia at the Stadium Merdeka. The final medal tally was led by Thailand, followed by host Malaysia and Singapore.
Heading South
Heading South (French: Vers le sud) is a 2005 French-Canadian-Belgian drama film directed by Laurent Cantet and based on three short stories by Dany Laferrière. It depicts the experiences of three middle-aged white women in the late 1970s, travelling to Haiti for the purposes of sexual tourism with young men. Their adventures (as seen in their eyes) are juxtaposed with class issues and the deteriorating political climate of Haiti at the time of Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier. The women demonstrate different attitudes to the complex situation.

Male prostitution
Male prostitution is a form of sex work consisting of the act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment. Although clients can be of any gender, the vast majority are older males looking to fulfill their sexual needs. Male prostitutes have been far less studied than female prostitutes by researchers. Even so, male prostitution has an extensive history, including regulation through homosexuality, conceptual developments on sexuality, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic impact. In the last century, male sex work has seen various advancements such as popularizing new sexual acts, methods of exchange, and carving out a spot in cinema.
Surameryx
Surameryx is an extinct genus of herbivorous artiodactyls originally described as belonging to the extinct family Palaeomerycidae.  A single species, S. acrensis, was described from the Late Miocene (between the Mayoan and Huayquerian SALMA, between 11.6 and 5.3 million years ago) of the Madre de Dios Formation, South America. It was originally interpreted as one of the few northern mammals that entered South America before the Pliocene. However, both its identification as a member of the family Palaeomerycidae and claims about its Miocene age were subsequently challenged.

Huayquerian
The Huayquerian (Spanish: Huayqueriense)  age is a period of geologic time (9.0–6.8 Ma) within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification. It follows the Chasicoan and precedes the Montehermosan age.
Fighton Simukonda
Fighton Simukonda (2 February 1958 – 15 February 2016) was a Zambian coach and former footballer. A defender, was part of the Nkana Red Devils side of the 1980s, winning five league titles, and he also captained Zambia. As a coach, he won several Zambian Premier League titles and became the first coach to lead a Zambian club to the group phase of the CAF Champions' League.

Football cup competitions in Zambia
According to records from the RSSSF, there were many association football cup competitions organized in Zambia since 1962, some of which are the Independence Cup, the Zambian Challenge Cup (both organized in 1961), the Champion of Champions Cup (organized in 1974) and Zambian Coca-Cola Cup, the latter which began in 2001. These competitions are either inactive or were played no more as of 2009.
Model Engineering College
Model Engineering College or MEC is a government cost-sharing technical institute and research centre in Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala, India. It was established by the Institute of Human Resources Development (IHRD), an autonomous agency under the Government of Kerala, in 1989. It is affiliated to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) since 2015.

MEC was previously affiliated to the Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) until 2015. 'Excel' is the annual national techno-managerial festival conducted by MEC since 2001 under the motto "Inspire, Innovate, Engineer".

All B.Tech programs offered by the institute are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA).

Very-large-scale integration
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (metal oxide semiconductor) chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunications technologies. Microprocessors and memory chips are VLSI devices.

Before the introduction of VLSI technology, most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI enables IC designers to add all of these into one chip.
The Palace Guards (Louisiana band)
The Palace Guards were an American garage rock band from Metairie, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans, who were active in the mid to late 1960s.  Their approach was highly influenced by the British Invasion popularized by bands such as the Beatles and the Rolling Stones but was also informed by the folk rock and soul sounds coming out of America during the period.  Drummer Frank Bua would later go on, years later, to play with the popular roots rock and funk group, the Radiators.

Metairie, Louisiana
Metairie (/ˈmɛtəri/ MET-ər-ee) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States, and is part of the New Orleans metropolitan area. With a population of 143,507 in 2020, Metairie is the largest community in Jefferson Parish, the fifth-largest CDP in the United States, and the largest outside Clark County, Nevada. It is an unincorporated area that (as of 2020) would have been Louisiana's fourth-largest city behind Shreveport if incorporated.
Bhanotia nuda
Bhanotia nuda (naked pipefish) is a marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the western central Pacific, near Palau and southeastern Papua New Guinea. It inhabits shallow (0–2 metres (0.0–6.6 ft)) reef habitats, mangrove forests, coral reefs, and silty waters (metamorphosed individuals found in deeper tide pools – up to 14 metres (46 ft)), where it can grow to lengths of 7 centimetres (2.8 in). This species is ovoviviparous, with the males carrying eggs in brood pouches until they are ready to hatch.

Syngnathidae
The Syngnathidae is a family of fish which includes seahorses, pipefishes, and seadragons (Phycodurus and Phyllopteryx). The family name comes from Ancient Greek σύν (sún), meaning "together", and γνάθος (gnáthos), meaning "jaw", referring to the fused jaw that the entire family have in common.
Quadratic programming
Quadratic programming (QP) is the process of solving certain mathematical optimization problems involving quadratic functions. Specifically, one seeks to optimize (minimize or maximize) a multivariate quadratic function subject to linear constraints on the variables. Quadratic programming is a type of nonlinear programming.

"Programming" in this context refers to a formal procedure for solving mathematical problems. This usage dates to the 1940s and is not specifically tied to the more recent notion of "computer programming." To avoid confusion, some practitioners prefer the term "optimization" — e.g., "quadratic optimization."

Lagrange multiplier
In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equation constraints (i.e., subject to the condition that one or more equations have to be satisfied exactly by the chosen values of the variables). It is named after the mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
2022 Houston Gamblers season
The 2022 Houston Gamblers season was the first season for the Houston Gamblers as a professional American football franchise. They played as charter members of the United States Football League, one of eight teams to compete in the league for the 2022 season. The Gamblers technically played as a traveling team (since the entirety of the regular season was played at Protective Stadium and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama) and were led by head coach Kevin Sumlin.

Traveling team
In professional team sports, a traveling team (also called a road team) is a member of a professional league that never competes in a home arena or stadium. This differs from a barnstorming team as a barnstorming team competes in exhibition games and not within a league or association framework as a traveling team does. While leagues may designate a traveling team prior to the start of competition, some teams become road teams by simply not scheduling any home games.

While the use of traveling teams has been sparing on the upper levels of professional sports in recent times, the National Football League had such road teams (such as the Hammond Pros, Oorang Indians, and Columbus Panhandles) in the formative years of the league.  Recently, such teams have been almost invariably associated with minor leagues.
Mount Takao
Mount Takao (高尾山, Takao-san) is a mountain in the city of Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan. It is protected within Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park.

Standing 599 metres (1,965 ft) tall and located within an hour of downtown Tokyo, it is a popular hiking spot, with eight hiking trails and more than 2.5 million annual visitors. The Tama Forest Science Garden is also located at the mountain's base.

Mount Takao is closely associated with the Shinto-Buddhist tengu, supernatural creatures from Japanese folklore. The mountain is also renowned for Shugendō, the mountain asceticism focusing on strict discipline. A Buddhist temple, Takaosan Yakuōin Yūkiji, is located on the mountain, and attracts many visitors who pray to the tengu for good fortune. The temple belongs to the Shingon Buddhist sect.

Keio Corporation
Keio Corporation (Japanese: 京王電鉄株式会社, Hepburn: Keiō Dentetsu Kabushiki-gaisha; 'Keio Electric Railway KK') is a private railway operator in Tokyo, Japan and the central firm of the Keio Group (京王グループ, Keiō Gurūpu) that is involved in transport, retail, real estate and other industries. The Keio railway network connects western suburbs of Tokyo (Chōfu, Fuchū, Hachiōji, Hino, Inagi, Tama) and Sagamihara in Kanagawa with central Tokyo at Shinjuku Station.

The name 'Keio' (京王) is derived from taking one character each from the places through which the railway runs: Tokyo (東京) and Hachiōji (八王子).
CS Gilortul Târgu Cărbunești
Clubul Sportiv Gilortul Târgu Cărbunești, commonly known as Gilortul Târgu Cărbunești, is a Romanian professional football club from Târgu Cărbunești, Gorj County, currently competes in the Liga III, the 3rd tier of the Romanian football.

Liga IV Gorj
Liga IV Gorj is the county football division of Liga IV for clubs based in Gorj County, Romania. The competition is ranked as the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system and is organized by AJF Gorj – Asociația Județeană de Fotbal (lit. 'County Football Association').

It is contested by a variable number of teams, depending on the number of teams relegated from Liga III, the number of teams promoted from Liga V Gorj, and the teams that withdraw or enter the competition. The winner may or may not be promoted to Liga III, depending on the result of a promotion play-off contested against the winner of a neighboring county series.
Dimonim Air
Dimonim Air is a national airline in Indonesia, with services that are "chartered airlines." It has an air base at Sentani International Airport, and its head office is on Jl. Cidurian No.6 Cikini, Central Jakarta.

Puncak Regency
Puncak Regency is one of the regencies (kabupaten) in the Indonesian province of Central Papua; it is not to be confused with Puncak Jaya Regency, which is within the same province, and from whose western districts those districts now forming Puncak Papua Regency were separated in 2008. It covers an area of 7,396.47 km2, and had a population of 93,218 at the 2010 Census and 114,741 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2022 was 116,279. The administrative centre is at Ilaga. The name of the regency is currently being changed to Puncak Papua Regency.
Partition and secession in California
California, the most populous state in the United States and third largest in area after Alaska and Texas, has been the subject of more than 220 proposals to divide it into multiple states since its admission to the Union in 1850, including at least 27 significant proposals prior to the 21st century.

In addition, there have been some calls for the secession of multiple states or large regions in the American West (such as the proposal of Cascadia) which often include parts of Northern California.

Province of Las Californias
The Province of Las Californias (Spanish: Provincia de las Californias) was a Spanish Empire province in the northwestern region of New Spain. Its territory consisted of the entire U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, parts of Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.
Bill Grayden
William Leonard Grayden AM (born Wilbur Ives; 5 August 1920) is an Australian former politician. He was a member of parliament across six decades, serving in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly (1947–1949, 1956–1993) and the Australian House of Representatives (1949–1954). A World War II veteran, he served as a Liberal with the exception of a brief period as an independent. Grayden was a backbencher in federal parliament, but later held ministerial office in the state government of Charles Court (1974–1978, 1980–1982). His brother David and grandfather Nat Harper were also members of parliament.

Division of Swan
The Division of Swan is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia.

Swan is a marginal electorate that has swung between both major political parties in the past two decades. It extends across the Swan River from central Perth, and covers most of the area between the Swan and Canning Rivers.

The seat includes a mix of incomes and housing types, from low-price flats to affluent suburbs with Swan River views. The electorate includes the campus of Curtin University, the Welshpool and Kewdale industrial areas, and Perth Airport. Swan covers 151 sq. kilometres.

The current MP is Zaneta Mascarenhas, a member of the Labor Party. She was first elected in the 2022 federal election.
Simeon Mikkungwak
Simeon Mikkungwak is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut in the 2013 election to represent the electoral district of Baker Lake. He was elected as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut on May 28, 2019.

He resigned from the legislature in February 2020 for family reasons.

Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut is the presiding officer of the territorial legislature in Nunavut, Canada. Since 1999 the position has been elected by Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) using a secret ballot. The current speaker is David Joanasie.
Veletiny
Veletiny is a municipality and village in Uherské Hradiště District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Veletiny lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Uherské Hradiště, 24 km (15 mi) south of Zlín, and 256 km (159 mi) south-east of Prague.

Uherské Hradiště
Uherské Hradiště (Czech pronunciation: [ˈuɦɛrskɛː ˈɦraɟɪʃcɛ]; German: Ungarisch Hradisch) is a town in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 25,000 inhabitants. The agglomeration with the two neighbouring towns of Staré Město and Kunovice has over 37,000 inhabitants.

The town is the centre of the cultural region of Moravian Slovakia. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Gregoria Montoya
Gregoria Montoya y Patricio (1863–1896) was a Filipina revolutionary who fought during the Philippine Revolution. To avenge her husband, also a revolutionary who died during the Revolution, Montoya led a 30-member unit of the Katipunan, wielding a bolo on one hand and carrying the Katipunan flag in the other at the Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican. She was killed in action during the battle, but her leadership contributed to a decisive Filipino victory.

Revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.
Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County
Ruyuan (postal: Yuyuan; Chinese: 乳源; pinyin: Rǔyuán; Jyutping: jyu5 jyun4 jyun6), officially Ruyuan Yao Autonomous County, is a county of northern Guangdong province, China, with a small border with Hunan to the northwest. It is under the administration of Shaoguan City. It is one of Guangdong's three autonomous counties.

Shaoguan
Shaoguan is a prefecture-level city in northern Guangdong Province (Yuebei), South China, bordering Hunan to the northwest and Jiangxi to the northeast. It is home to the mummified remains of the sixth Zen Buddhist patriarch Huineng. Its built-up (or metro) area made up of Zhenjiang, Wujiang and Qujiang urban conurbated districts was home to 1,028,460 inhabitants as of the 2020 census.
Tresco, Victoria
Tresco is a locality in Victoria, Australia, located approximately 23 km from Swan Hill. It was named after Tresco, Isles of Scilly, England. At the 2016 census, Tresco had a population of 209.

Tresco Post Office opened on 14 September 1914 at the railway station and closed in 1993. A Tresco West Post Office was open between 1923 and 1925.

Swan Hill
Swan Hill is a city in the northwest of Victoria, Australia on the Murray Valley Highway and on the south bank of the Murray River, downstream from the junction of the Loddon River. At the 2021 census, Swan Hill had a population of 11,508.
Androphilia and gynephilia
In behavioral science, androphilia and gynephilia are sexual orientations: Androphilia is sexual attraction to men and/or masculinity; gynephilia is sexual attraction to women and/or femininity. Ambiphilia describes the combination of both androphilia and gynephilia in a given individual, or bisexuality. The terms offer an alternative to a gender binary homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization of sexuality.

The terms are used for identifying a person's objects of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the person. They may be used when describing intersex, transgender, and non-binary people.

Kurt Freund
Kurt Freund (17 January 1914 – 23 October 1996) was a Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist best known for developing the penile plethysmograph (a measurement of sexual arousal in males), research studies in pedophilia, and for the "courtship disorder" hypothesis as a taxonomy of certain paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucherism, frotteurism, and what he called "preferential rape"). After unsuccessful attempts to change men's sexual orientation, he advocated against conversion therapy and in favor of the decriminalization of homosexuality.