hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Format war
A format war is a competition between similar but mutually incompatible technical standards that compete for the same market, such as for data storage devices and recording formats for electronic media. It is often characterized by political and financial influence on content publishers by the developers of the technologies. Developing companies may be characterized as engaging in a format war if they actively oppose or avoid interoperable open-industry technical standards in favor of their own.

A format war emergence can be explained because each vendor is trying to exploit cross-side network effects in a two-sided market. There is also a social force to stop a format war: when one of them wins as de facto standard, it solves a coordination problem for the format users.

CD-R
CD-R (Compact disc-recordable) is a digital optical disc storage format. A CD-R disc is a compact disc that can only be written once and read arbitrarily many times.

CD-R discs (CD-Rs) are readable by most CD readers manufactured prior to the introduction of CD-R, unlike CD-RW discs.
VC-10 Challengers
VC-10 Composite Squadron Challengers was a United States Navy aircraft squadron. It was originally known as the Mallards in 1943, but when assigned the F-8 Crusader the squadron pilots unofficially used the name "Challengers". The squadron was formally known as the Challengers from 1961 through 1993.

Grumman F8F Bearcat
The Grumman F8F Bearcat is an American single-engined, carrier-based, fighter aircraft introduced in late World War II. It served during the mid-20th century in the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps, and the air forces of other nations. It was Grumman Aircraft's last piston-engined fighter aircraft. Adapted versions of the Bearcat have broken speed records for piston-engined aircraft. Today, the Bearcat is popular among warbird owners and air racers.
Bogdan Gheorghiu
Bogdan Gheorghiu is a Romanian politician who has been serving as Minister of Culture in the Cîțu Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Florin Cîțu, as of 23 December 2020. He previously served in this position in the first cabinet and second cabinet led by Ludovic Orban. He is affiliated with the National Liberal Party (PNL).

Ludovic Orban
Ludovic Orban (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈludovik ˈorban]; born 25 May 1963) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was the prime minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021, which expelled him shortly after he lost a bid for another term as its leader. He was also minister of transport from April 2007 to December 2008 in the second Tăriceanu cabinet.

From 2008 to 2016, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Bucharest. He resumed his parliamentary seat within the Chamber of Deputies after the 2020 Romanian legislative election; shortly thereafter, he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania. He resigned from this position in October 2021. Two months later, he founded a new centre-right political party, the Force of the Right (FD).
Sweetwater Creek (Flint River tributary)
Sweetwater Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to the Flint River.

According to tradition, Sweetwater Creek received its name when a quantity of cane syrup accidentally was spilled into its waters.

Flint River
The Flint River is a 344-mile-long (554 km) river in the U.S. state of Georgia. The river drains 8,460 square miles (21,900 km2) of western Georgia, flowing south from the upper Piedmont region south of Atlanta to the wetlands of the Gulf Coastal Plain in the southwestern corner of the state. Along with the Apalachicola and the Chattahoochee rivers, it forms part of the ACF basin. In its upper course through the red hills of the Piedmont, it is considered especially scenic, flowing unimpeded for over 200 miles (320 km). Historically, it was also called the Thronateeska River.
Test film
Test film are rolls or loops or slides of photographic film used for testing the quality of equipment.  Equipment to be tested could include: telecine, motion picture film scanner, Movie projectors, Image scanners, film-out gear, Film recorders and Film scanners.

Test films comes in all film formats: 16mm, 35mm, Super 8, 8mm, 65mm, 70mm and IMAX, both motion pictures and still photography.

Film recorder
A film recorder is a graphical output device for transferring images to photographic film from a digital source. In a typical film recorder, an image is passed from a host computer to a mechanism to expose film through a variety of methods, historically by direct photography of a high-resolution cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. The exposed film can then be developed using conventional developing techniques, and displayed with a slide or motion picture projector. The use of film recorders predates the current use of digital projectors, which eliminate the time and cost involved in the intermediate step of transferring computer images to film stock, instead directly displaying the image signal from a computer. Motion picture film scanners are the opposite of film recorders, copying content from film stock to a computer system. Film recorders can be thought of as modern versions of kinescopes.
2013 FIM Long Track World Championship
The 2013 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship was the 43rd edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.

The world title was won by Joonas Kylmäkorpi of Finland for the fourth consecutive year.

FIM Long Track World Championship
This is the complete list of Individual Long Track World Championship medalists from 1971. Also included are the medalists from 1957 to 1970 when the championship was known as the European Individual Long Track Championship.
Cotton duck
Cotton duck (from Dutch: doek, meaning "cloth"), also simply duck, sometimes duck cloth or duck canvas, is a heavy, plain woven cotton fabric.   Duck canvas is more tightly woven than plain canvas. There is also linen duck, which is less often used.

Cotton duck is used in a wide range of applications, from sneakers to painting canvases to tents to sandbags.

Historically, white untwilled cotton or linen fabric uniforms of this name were worn by British and French soldiers serving in the tropics.

Duck fabric is woven with two yarns together in the warp and a single yarn in the weft.

By treating with wax, duck fabric can be made waterproof (see waxed cotton).

Cotton duck strips were the origin of duck tape, recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary as having been in use since 1899 (see duct tape).

Waxed cotton
Waxed cotton is cotton impregnated with a paraffin or natural beeswax-based wax, woven into or applied to the cloth. Popular from the 1920s to the mid-1950s, the product, which developed from the sailing industry in England and Scotland, became commonly used for waterproofing. It has been replaced by more modern materials but is still used by the country sports community. There are two main drawbacks: waxed fabric is not very breathable, and it tends to be heavier and bulkier than modern synthetic waterproof materials.
HMS Artemis
HMS Artemis (P449) was an Amphion-class submarine of the Royal Navy, built by Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. of Greenock and launched 28 August 1946. The submarine sank while refueling in 1971, was raised and sold for breaking up in 1972.

Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited, often referred to simply as Scotts, was a Scottish shipbuilding company based in Greenock on the River Clyde. In its time in Greenock, Scotts built over 1,250 ships.
GTUIT
GTUIT is a well site gas processing firm. The company's mobile equipment collects gas that would otherwise be flared and turns it into usable natural gas liquid and conditioned gas. In 2015, the company received an equity investment from Caterpillar Inc.'s Oil and Gas division and signed a marketing deal with the company in 2016. The company is headquartered in Billings, Montana and has a field office in Watford City, North Dakota.

Gas flare
A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack, flare boom, ground flare, or flare pit, is a gas combustion device used in places such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants and natural gas processing plants, oil or gas extraction sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs and landfills.

In industrial plants, flare stacks are primarily used for burning off flammable gas released by safety valves during unplanned overpressuring of plant equipment. During plant or partial plant startups and shutdowns, they are also often used for the planned combustion of gases over relatively short periods.

At oil and gas extraction sites, gas flares are similarly used for a variety of startup, maintenance, testing, safety, and emergency purposes.  In a practice known as production flaring, they may also be used to dispose of large amounts of unwanted associated petroleum gas, possibly throughout the life of an oil well.
Tom Mullica
Thomas Blaine Mullica (August 19, 1948 – February 18, 2016) was an American comedy magician, impressionist and actor who performed on television specials and appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, The World's Greatest Magic, Viva Variety and Penn & Teller's Sin City.

Mullica appeared on Late Night with David Letterman, where he performed his signature effect of the manipulation and vanishing of several cigarettes in his mouth.

He also performed at the Just for Laughs Comedy Festival and toured the United States and Canada with RED: A Performance Tribute, a Red Skelton tribute show which Mullica wrote and starred in as Skelton and his characters.

Abbott's Get Together
Abbott's Get Together is a long-running annual convention for magicians held in Colon, Michigan, United States.  It was founded in 1934 by Percy Abbott and his business partner, Recil Bordner.  The Get Together is well known within the magician industry as an event to gather and share information with their peers.  There are routinely multiple stage shows, a close-up magic gala, lectures, contests, and a dealer's room. The 88th Abbott's Magic Get-Together takes place on August 5–8, 2026.

The event was cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but resumed in 2021.
Krateraspis
Krateraspis is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. Centipedes in this genus are found in Central Asia. This genus contains only two species, K. meinerti, with 45 pairs of legs, and K. sselivanovi, with 53 leg pairs. The species K. sselivanovi is notable for featuring 53 leg pairs without any intraspecific variation. This number of legs is rarely observed in the family Mecistocephalidae and may be the maximum number evidently fixed by species in the class Chilopoda.

Geophilomorpha
Geophilomorpha is an order of centipedes commonly known as soil centipedes. The name "Geophilomorpha" comes from Ancient Greek γεω- (geo-), meaning "earth", φίλος (phílos), meaning "lover", and μορφή (morphḗ), meaning "form". This group is the most diverse centipede order, with 230 genera. These centipedes are found nearly worldwide but are absent in Antarctica and most Arctic regions.
2013 Torneo Internacional AGT
The 2013 Torneo Internacional AGT was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the eleventh edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in León, Mexico between 1 and 7 April 2013.

2013 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 149 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $220,000.
1995 Kremlin Cup
The 1995 Kremlin Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 6th edition of the Kremlin Cup, and was part of the World Series of the 1995 ATP Tour. It took place at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia, from 6 November through 12 November 1995. Unseeded Carl-Uwe Steeb won the singles title.

Kremlin Cup
The Kremlin Cup (Russian: Кубок Кремля, romanized: Kubok Kremlya) is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts, which has been suspended indefinitely since 2022. It was part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the ATP Tour and was a Premier Tournament on the WTA Tour. It was held annually at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia from 1990 to 2018. In 2019, the Olympic Stadium underwent a reconstruction lasting two years. The 2019 edition of the tournament was held at the Ice Palace Krylatskoye. In 2021, the Kremlin Cup was played at the Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace and the Luzhniki Palace of Sports.

Until 2007, it was held on a carpet surface. It was then held on RuKortHard surface until 2015. Since 2016 the tournament has been held on TPSurface.

In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) suspended the tournament indefinitely.
Fok On Garden
Fok On Garden (Chinese: 福安花園) is a Home Ownership Scheme and Private Sector Participation Scheme court built on reclaimed land in Ma On Shan, New Territories, Hong Kong near The Waterside, MOSTown and MTR Ma On Shan station. It has a total of two blocks built in 1992.

MOSTown
MOSTown (formerly Sunshine City Plaza; Chinese: 新港城中心) is a shopping centre in the town centre of Ma On Shan in the Sha Tin District of Hong Kong. It was developed by Henderson Land Development, as part of the Sunshine City residential and commercial development, constructed in five phases during the 1990s.
Norman Douglas Holbrook
Commander Norman Douglas Holbrook VC (9 July 1888 – 3 July 1976) was a British naval recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award of the British honours system. Holbrook was the first submariner to be awarded the VC and it was the first naval VC gazetted in the First World War.

VCs of the First World War
VCs of the First World War is a series of books that list the Victoria Cross recipients of the First World War. The series consists of 13 books written by four different authors, first published under the label Sutton Publishing Limited, part of The History Press. A new paperback edition of the series was commissioned in 2010 under The History Press imprint.
Vertical transmission
Vertical transmission of symbionts is the transfer of a microbial symbiont from the parent directly to the offspring.  Many metazoan species carry symbiotic bacteria which play a mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic role.  A symbiont is acquired by a host via horizontal, vertical, or mixed transmission.

Endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant.
2016 Western & Southern Open
The 2016 Western & Southern Open  was a men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts from August 15–21, 2016. It was a Masters 1000 tournament on the 2016 ATP World Tour and a WTA Premier 5 tournament on the 2016 WTA Tour. The tournament was one of two headline events in the 2016 US Open Series. The 2016 tournament was the 115th men's edition and the 88th women's edition of the Cincinnati Masters. The tournament is held annually at the Lindner Family Tennis Center in Mason (a northern suburb of Cincinnati), Ohio, United States.

Roger Federer and Serena Williams were the two-time defending champions in Men's and Women's singles titles, but neither of them defended their titles. They withdrew due to a knee injury and shoulder inflammation, respectively.

2016 WTA Tour
The 2016 WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2016 tennis season. The 2016 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5, and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF), the year-end championships (the WTA Tour Championships and the WTA Elite Trophy). Also included in the 2016 calendar is the Summer Olympic Games and Hopman Cup, which were organized by the ITF and did not distribute ranking points.
Jaynagarer Moa
Jaynagarer Moa (Bengali: জয়নগরের মোয়া) is a seasonal Bengali sweetmeat delicacy prepared from date palm jaggery and Kanakchur khoi. This variety of Moa originated in Jaynagar Majilpur of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is now a popular sweet, being produced in Kolkata and elsewhere, sometimes with cheaper ingredients and chemical flavours. Jaynagarer Moa was given a Geographical Indication tag in 2015 which will enable the product to be protected from unauthorized uses and piracy.

South 24 Parganas
South 24 Parganas (Pron: pɔrɡɔnɔs; abbr. 24 PGS (S)), or sometimes South Twenty Four Parganas and Dakshin 24 Parganas, is a district in the Indian state of West Bengal, headquartered in Alipore , with its Zilla Parishad  in Baruipur. It is the largest district of West Bengal by area and second largest by population. It is the sixth most populous district in India (out of 640). On one side of the district there is the urban fringe of Kolkata, and on the other the remote riverine villages in the Sundarbans.
Barkly (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Barkly was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1929. Named after the town of Barkly West, the seat covered the rural area surrounding Kimberley in what was formerly known as Griqualand West. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
Bremen Street Park
Bremen Street Park is an 18-acre urban park, located in East Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. The park runs parallel to both Bremen Street and the Mass Pike/Route 1A and acts as a green space buffer between Logan International Airport and the residential neighborhoods of East Boston. The park is owned, operated and patrolled by the Massachusetts Port Authority (MassPort). It is also part of the East Boston Greenway, a linear park and shared use path.

Bremen Street Park is open year-round to the public, and includes amenities such as a large public lawns, a shared use path, a spray fountain, a community garden, playgrounds, a performance amphitheater and East Boston's only dog park. Community events are also held at the park, but require a license, which are administered by MassPort.

The park is directly accessible via rapid transit on the MBTA Blue Line at Airport Station. There is no dedicated parking, but on-street parking is available along Bremen Street.

Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, located adjacent to Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the Northeastern United States.

The harbor was the site of the Boston Tea Party, a major 1773 event in the American Revolution.
Söngkeppni framhaldsskólanna
The Singing Contest of Icelandic Junior Colleges (Söngkeppni framhaldsskólanna) is a yearly competition that has been held since 1990 on behalf of "The Icelandic Upper Secondary School Student Union".  Each year, a preliminary competition is held in each college and then representatives from each school compete on the final evening of the main competition.  The singing contest is usually held before the end of the school year.

No one school has monopolized the competition, which is not the case in some of the other college competitions.

Menntaskólinn við Sund
Menntaskólinn við Sund (MS) is a secondary school in Reykjavík founded in 1969. At the time, there were only 4 other such schools in Iceland.

64°07′53″N 21°51′35″W﻿ / ﻿64.13139°N 21.85972°W﻿ / 64.13139; -21.85972
Cutler Park (Visalia, California)
Cutler Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of Visalia, California near Venice Hills. The park covers 70 acres (0.28 km2; 0.11 sq mi) of land.  It is one of the largest Valley Oak Woodlands in Central California.

Venice Hills
The Venice Hills are a mountain range in Tulare County, California, along the St. John's River in East Visalia. They are part of the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The Venice Hills were named for the abundance of streams running through the area.
Multiple layered plasmonics
Multiple layered plasmonics use electronically responsive media to change and manipulate the plasmonic properties of plasmons. The properties typically being manipulated can include the directed scattering of light and light absorption. The use of these to use “changeable” plasmonics is currently undergoing development in the academic community by allowing them to have multiple sets of functions that are dependent on how they are being manipulated or excited. Under these new manipulations, such as multiple layers that respond to different resonant frequencies, their new functions were designed to accomplish multiple objectives in a single application.

Plasmon
In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton.

The field of study and manipulation of plasmons is called plasmonics.