hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Head grammar
Head grammar (HG) is a grammar formalism introduced in Carl Pollard (1984) as an extension of the context-free grammar class of grammars. Head grammar is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar. The class of head grammars is a subset of the linear context-free rewriting systems.

One typical way of defining head grammars is to replace the terminal strings of CFGs with indexed terminal strings, where the index denotes the "head" word of the string. Thus, for example, a CF rule such as  might instead be , where the 0th terminal, the a, is the head of the resulting terminal string. For convenience of notation, such a rule could be written as just the terminal string, with the head terminal denoted by some sort of mark, as in .

Two fundamental operations are then added to all rewrite rules: wrapping and concatenation.

Phrase structure grammar
The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining character of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata
Giuliomaria Terzi di Sant'Agata (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo ˈtɛrtsi di sanˈtaːɡata]; born 9 June 1946) is an Italian diplomat and politician. He was Italy's Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mario Monti's government from November 2011 until March 2013, Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations in New York between 2008 and 2009 and Ambassador of Italy to the United States between 2009 and 2011. He is currently a Senator of the Republic of Italy and the President of the 4th Permanent Senate Commission of EU Affairs elected from the Lombardy constituency as a part of Brothers of Italy. He is also the President of the India-Italy Parliamentary Friendship group.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Italian: Ministero degli affari esteri e della cooperazione internazionale or MAECI) is the foreign ministry of the government of the Italian Republic. It is also known as the Farnesina as a metonym from its headquarters, the Palazzo della Farnesina in Rome. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Antonio Tajani.
Province of Imperia
The province of Imperia (Italian: provincia di Imperia; Ligurian: provinsa d'Imperia; Occitan: província d'Impèria; French: Province d'Imperia) is a mountainous and hilly province in the Liguria region of Italy, situated between France to the north and the west, and the Ligurian Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Its capital is Imperia, though the largest city is Sanremo. It has 209,152 inhabitants.

Provinces of Italy
The provinces of Italy (Italian: province d'Italia) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, on an intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and a region (regione). Since 2015, provinces have been classified as "institutional bodies of second level".

There are currently 110 institutional bodies of second level in Italy, including 82 ordinary provinces, 2 autonomous provinces, 4 regional decentralization entities, 6 free municipal consortia, and 15 metropolitan cities, as well as the Aosta Valley region (which also exercises the powers of a province).

Italian provinces (with the exception of the current Sardinian provinces) correspond to the NUTS 3 regions.
Arnegisclus
Arnegisclus was a magister militum of the Eastern Roman Empire in 447 AD. Possibly of Gothic descent, Arnegisclus is mentioned in 441 as an officer in Thrace, where he murdered the magister militum Johannes (father of Iordanes), with whom he had feuded in the imperial palace. In 443 Arnegisclus was a comes in Thrace battling the Hunnic ruler Attila. In 447, Arnegisclus was appointed magister militum of Thrace. In the same year, he led from Marcianopolis an attack against Attila but was defeated at the Battle of the Utus and killed. Arnegisclus was the father of Anagast, who was a magister militum in Thrace in 468/469 AD.

Magister militum
Magister militum (Latin for "master of soldiers"; pl.: magistri militum) was a top-level military command used in the late Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine the Great. The term referred to the senior military officer (equivalent to a war theatre commander, the emperor remaining the supreme commander) of the empire. The office continued to exist and evolve during the early Byzantine Empire. In Greek sources, the term is translated either as strategos or as stratelates (although these terms were also used non-technically to refer to commanders of different ranks).
A1689-zD1
A1689-zD1 is a galaxy in the Virgo constellation. It was a candidate for the most distant and therefore earliest-observed galaxy discovered as of February 2008, based on a photometric redshift.

If its redshift of z = ~7.6 is correct, it would explain why the galaxy's faint light reaches us at infrared wavelengths. It could only be observed with Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) and the Spitzer Space Telescope's Infrared Array Camera exploiting the natural phenomenon of gravitational lensing: the galaxy cluster Abell 1689, which lies between Earth and A1689-zD1, at a distance of 2.2 billion light-years from us, functions as a natural "magnifying glass" for the light from the far more distant galaxy which lies directly behind it, at 700 million years after the Big Bang, as seen from Earth.

Gravitational lens
A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. If light is treated as corpuscles travelling at the speed of light, Newtonian physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity.

Orest Khvolson (1924) and Frantisek Link (1936) are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print, but it is more commonly associated with Einstein, who made unpublished calculations on it in 1912 and published an article on the subject in 1936.

In 1937, Fritz Zwicky posited that galaxy clusters could act as gravitational lenses, a claim confirmed in 1979 by observation of the Twin QSO SBS 0957+561.
Zhao Min
Zhao Min (趙敏), birth name Minmin Temür (敏敏特穆爾), formally Commanderial Princess Shaomin (紹敏郡主), is one of the two female lead characters in the wuxia novel The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber by Jin Yong. Jin Yong describes her appearance as "naturally elegant, with a bright countenance".

Chaghan Temur
Chaghan Temur (Chinese: 察罕帖木兒;  Mongolian: ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ), Sinicized name Li Chahan (李察罕), courtesy name Tingrui (廷瑞), posthumous name Prince Zhongxiang of Yingchuan (潁川忠襄王), was an ethnic Naiman military general of China's Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
Streetcars in Kansas City
Streetcars in Kansas City were the primary public transit mode during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, like most North American cities. Kansas City, Missouri once had one of the most extensive streetcar systems in North America, but the last of its 25 streetcar routes was shut down in 1957.

Kansas City joined all but five North American metropolises – Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and New Orleans – in replacing all streetcar networks with buses. Three other cities, Newark, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland, operated rail lines more akin to modern light rail that remain operating.

In 2016, the modern streetcar era began with the launch of the municipal KC Streetcar.

PCC streetcar
A Presidents' Conference Committee (PCC) car is a type of streetcar (tram) that was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design proved successful domestically, and after World War II it was licensed for production and use elsewhere in the world.

The PCC car has proved to be a long-lasting icon of streetcar design. About 5,000 PCC streetcars were built in the United States, with production continuing until 1952. In North America, some PCC streetcars are still in regular service, with most operating on heritage streetcar lines. As of 2026, the San Francisco Municipal Railway is the largest North American operator of PCC cars, using a fleet of 27 on two heritage lines.

After World War II, the PCC design was licensed to multiple European companies. Over 15,000 PCC-derived streetcars were built in Europe, including the popular Tatra T3.
Z Air
Z Air B.V. (formerly EZ Air) is a small regional airline and Air Ambulance provider BES, founded in May 2000. It is based in Bonaire, with ticket offices in the southern Caribbean Sea islands of Bonaire and Curaçao.

ALM Antillean Airlines
ALM Antillean Airlines (Dutch: Antilliaanse Luchtvaart Maatschappij), and later Air ALM, was the main airline of the Netherlands Antilles between its foundation in 1964 and its shut-down in 2001, operating out of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao. It was based at Hato International Airport.
Pustin Duz, Razavi Khorasan
Pustin Duz (Persian: پوستین‌دوز, also Romanized as Pūstīn Dūz) is a village in Pain Rokh Rural District, Jolgeh Rokh District, Torbat-e Heydarieh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 124, in 24 families.

Pain Rokh Rural District
Pain Rokh Rural District (Persian: دهستان پائين رخ) is in Jolgeh Rokh District of Torbat-e Heydarieh County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sar Bala. The previous capital of the rural district was Nasar.
Campervan
A campervan, also referred to as a camper, caravanette, motorhome or RV (recreational vehicle) in North America, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides transport and sleeping accommodation, and usually cooking facilities. The term describes a van that has been fitted out, whereas a motorhome is one with a coachbuilt body.

Toyota HiAce
The Toyota HiAce (Japanese: トヨタ・ハイエース, Hepburn: Toyota Haiēsu) (pronounced "High Ace") is a light commercial vehicle produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. First launched in October 1967, the HiAce has since been available in a wide range of body configurations, including a minivan/MPV, minibus, panel van, crew van, pickup truck, taxi and an ambulance.
Saydy, Verkhoyansky District, Sakha Republic
Saydy (Russian: Сайды; Yakut: Сайдыы, Saydıı) is a rural locality (a selo), the administrative center of, and one of two settlements in addition to Osokhtokh in Eginsky Rural Okrug of Verkhoyansky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 193 kilometers (120 mi) from Batagay, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 560; down from 684 recorded in the 2002 Census.

Batagay
Batagay (Russian: Батага́й; Yakut: Баатаҕай, Baatağay) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 4,369.
Leicestershire and Rutland Cricket League
The Everards Leicestershire and Rutland Cricket League (Leicestershire Cricket League until 2014) is the top level of competition for the amateur, recreational game of club cricket in Leicestershire and Rutland, England, and since 2002 has been a designated an ECB Premier League. The League headquarters is based in the Harborough District village of Thorpe Langton, Leicestershire.

In 2018 Uppingham Town became the first team from Rutland to take part in the Premier Division, with Oakham arriving in 2020. However, the 2020 competition was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. A replacement competition was organised for the later part of the season when cricket again became possible, but with the winners not to be regarded as official league champions.

Club cricket
Club cricket is a mainly amateur, but still formal form of the sport of cricket, usually involving teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. There is a great deal of variation in game format although the Laws of Cricket are observed. The main nations that club cricket is played in include Pakistan, England, Australia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Netherlands, Hong Kong and in some of the major cities in India. Club cricket is also now played in the United States and Canada, as both countries have large communities of immigrants from mainstream cricket-playing regions such as the Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia.
Legend (Lynyrd Skynyrd album)
Legend is a posthumous compilation album by American Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd that was released in 1987. It contains previously unreleased demos from the albums before the 1977 plane crash as well as non-LP B-sides. Since Legend was released, most of the tracks have also been included on other albums.

The album was certified Gold on July 27, 2001 by the RIAA. "Truck Drivin' Man" spent seven weeks on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 12.

Ed King
Edward Calhoun King (September 14, 1949 – August 22, 2018) was an American musician. He was a guitarist for the psychedelic rock band Strawberry Alarm Clock and guitarist and bassist for the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from 1972 to 1975, and again from 1987 to 1996.
Vasa Children's Home
Vasa Children's Home was the oldest orphanage in the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It was founded by Swedish missionary Eric Norelius in 1865 and evolved into what is now Lutheran Social Service of Minnesota. After 151 years of operation the home itself closed in 2016, though Lutheran Social Service continues to serve the same populations as one of the largest non-profit social services providers in the state.

Red Wing, Minnesota
Red Wing is a city in and the county seat of Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, along the upper Mississippi River. The population was 16,547 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.

The federal government established a Mdewakanton Sioux Indian reservation—now Prairie Island Indian Community—in 1936 along the Mississippi River. The city of Red Wing developed around it.

The National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Red Wing on its 2008 distinctive destinations list because of its "impressive architecture and enviable natural environment".
Palaeoscolecid
The palaeoscolecids are a group of extinct ecdysozoan worms resembling armoured priapulids. They are known from the Lower Cambrian to the lower Ludfordian (late Silurian); they are mainly found as disarticulated sclerites, but are also preserved in many of the Cambrian lagerstätten. They take their name from the typifying genus Palaeoscolex.
Other genera include Cricocosmia from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota. Their taxonomic affinities within Ecdysozoa have been the subject of debate.

Maotianshania
Maotianshania cylindrica is an extinct worm-like creature of average size (up to 4 centimetres or 1.6 inches long and 2 millimetres or 0.079 inches wide). It occurs in the Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian) Chengjiang biota of Northeastern Yunnan, China. It is usually preserved as pink impression. The gut is a dark central zone. The anterior pharynx and "collar", carry tiny sepia-colored teeth. The very back-end of the body has two small hooks.
Connie Murphy (Gaelic footballer)
Cornelius Murphy (born 1965) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Dr Crokes club and at inter-county level with the Kerry senior football team.

He is a rare Kerry All Star who never won the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.

Munster Junior Football Championship
The Munster Junior Football Championship is a gaelic football tournament between the six counties of Munster: Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Clare and Waterford. It is the third-tier county teams playing off in a single-elimination tournament with 2 quarter finals instead of 4 (as of 2014). The cup was first given to the winners in 1957. Kerry have won the most titles, 42 in all.
The winner will play against the champions of the other provinces in the All-Ireland Junior Football Championship.
Donald Horne
Donald Richmond Horne AO (26 December 1921 – 8 September 2005) was an Australian journalist, writer, social critic, and academic who became one of Australia's best known public intellectuals, from the 1960s until his death.

Horne was a prolific author who published four novels and more than twenty volumes of history, memoir and political and cultural analysis. He also edited The Bulletin, The Observer and Quadrant. His best known work was The Lucky Country (1964), an evaluation of Australian society that questioned many traditional attitudes: "Australia is a lucky country, run by second-rate people who share its luck."

Research fellow
A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Research fellow positions vary in different countries and academic institutions.
Fordyce Academy
Fordyce Academy, known until the mid-19th century as Fordyce School, and also sometimes called Smith's Academy, was a famous grammar school in the village of Fordyce, Banffshire, Scotland, founded about 1592, refounded in 1790, and closed in 1964.  By the early 20th century the school was so highly regarded in Scotland that it was known as "the Eton of the North".

Banffshire
Banffshire (/ˈbænfʃər/; Scots: Coontie o Banffshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Bhanbh) is a historic county in Scotland. The county town is Banff, although the largest settlement is Buckie to the west. The historic county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975. Since 1996 the area has been split between the Aberdeenshire and Moray council areas. The historic county boundaries of Banffshire are still used for certain functions, being a registration county and lieutenancy area.

It borders the Moray Firth to the north, Moray and Inverness-shire to the west, and Aberdeenshire to the east and south.
Kay-Yut Chen
Kay-Yut Chen is an experimental economist best known for pioneering the application of behavioral economics to business management. The experimental economics lab he founded at HP Labs was the first such lab in any company. His work at HP Labs has been featured in Newsweek, the Wall Street Journal, and Scientific American.

Chen is co-author of a book about the business applications of behavioral economics, Secrets of the Moneylab, co-authored with journalist Marina Krakovsky, and published by Portfolio/Penguin in 2010. Nobel laureate George Akerlof wrote the foreword to the book.

He has also worked as principal research scientist at Yahoo! Labs.

He earned his PhD in economics from California Institute of Technology in 1994, where his research advisors were John Ledyard and Charles Plott. In 1992 he was an Alfred P. Sloan fellow.

He is currently a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington.

George Akerlof
George Arthur Akerlof (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist and a university professor at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University and Koshland Professor of Economics Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. Akerlof was awarded the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, jointly with Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz, "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information." He is the husband of former United States Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen.
Światonia
Światonia (Polish pronunciation: [ɕfjaˈtɔɲa]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wartkowice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) west of Wartkowice, 10 km (6 mi) north of Poddębice, and 44 km (27 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wartkowice
Wartkowice [vartkɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) north of Poddębice and 39 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Women in Syria
Women in Syria are active participants in social, economic and political factions of Syrian society. They constitute 49.9% of Syria's population. According to World Bank data from 2021, there are around 10.6 million women in Syria. However, Syrian women and girls still experience challenges, especially since the outbreak of the civil war in 2011. They suffer from discrimination, lack of access to suitable healthcare and challenges precipitated by wartime violence.

Adila Bayhum
Adila Bayhum-al-Jazairi (Arabic: عادلة بيهم الجزائري; 1900–1975) was a Syrian (originally Lebanese) feminist, independence activist and philanthropist. She was a pioneer of the Syrian women's movement, as well as supporter of Syrian independence from France.
Relentless7
Relentless7 was an American rock band, formed in 2008 by singer/guitarist Ben Harper. The band was composed of Harper (guitar, lead vocals), Jason Mozersky (lead guitar), Jesse Ingalls (bass), and Jordan Richardson (drums).

Ben Harper
Benjamin Charles Harper (born October 28, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Harper plays an eclectic mix of blues, folk, soul, reggae, and rock music, and he is known for his guitar-playing skills, vocals, live performances, and activism. He has released twelve studio albums, mostly through Virgin Records, and has toured internationally.

Harper is a three-time Grammy Award winner and seven-time nominee, with awards for Best Pop Instrumental Performance and Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album in 2004 and Best Blues Album in 2013.

At the 40th Blues Music Awards ceremony, Harper's joint composition with Charlie Musselwhite, "No Mercy in This Land", was named Song of the Year.
2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Oklahoma
The 2002 House elections in Oklahoma occurred on November 5, 2002 to elect the members of the State of Oklahoma's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Oklahoma had five seats in the House, apportioned according to the 2000 United States census.

These elections were held concurrently with the United States Senate elections of 2002 (including one in Oklahoma), the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.

2002 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 2002 United States Senate election in Oklahoma was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Jim Inhofe won re-election to a second full term. This was the only Oklahoma U.S. Senate race since 1974 that the winner was of a different party than the winner of the concurrent gubernatorial election.