hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Derek Chollet
Derek Chollet is an American foreign policy advisor and author who is currently a Managing Director and Head of the JPMorgan Chase Center for Geopolitics.  He is also a Carnegie Distinguished Fellow at Columbia University's Institute of Global Politics.  Until January 2025 he had served as chief of staff to the United States Secretary of Defense. He served as the 35th counselor of the United States Department of State from 2021 to 2024. Previously, Chollet was the executive vice president for security and defense policy at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. From 2012 to 2015, Chollet was Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, where he managed U.S. defense policy involving Europe, NATO, the Middle East, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere for Secretaries of Defense Leon Panetta and Chuck Hagel.

Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website and app, and in four print issues annually.

Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
Heterojunction
A heterojunction is an interface between two layers or regions of dissimilar semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a homojunction. It is often advantageous to engineer the electronic energy bands in many solid-state device applications, including semiconductor lasers, solar cells and transistors. The combination of multiple heterojunctions together in a device is called a heterostructure, although the two terms are commonly used interchangeably. The requirement that each material be a semiconductor with unequal band gaps is somewhat loose, especially on small length scales, where electronic properties depend on spatial properties. A more modern definition of heterojunction is the interface between any two solid-state materials, including crystalline and amorphous structures of metallic, insulating, fast ion conductor and semiconducting materials.

Valence and conduction bands
In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states. On a graph of the electronic band structure of a semiconducting material, the valence band is located below the Fermi level, while the conduction band is located above it.

The distinction between the valence and conduction bands is meaningless in metals, because conduction occurs in one or more partially filled bands that take on the properties of both the valence and conduction bands.
2024 California Proposition 32
Proposition 32 was a California ballot proposition that was voted on as part of the 2024 California elections on November 5. It was ultimately rejected, with 50.7% of voters voting 'no', but the results remained too close to call for several weeks after election day; the Associated Press called the race on November 20 and CNN had called the race by December 12. If it had passed, the proposition would have enacted the Living Wage Act of 2022 which would have increased the state's minimum wage to $18 per hour by 2025 and adjusted it every year to reduce the impact of inflation.

Western Growers Association
The Western Growers Association (WGA) is an association representing family farmers who grow fresh produce and tree nuts in California, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. The issues they advocate on include farm labor regulation, immigration and guest worker programs, environment and sustainability, pest control, and water. They have offices in Sacramento (California), Phoenix (Arizona), and Washington, D.C.
Liebenstein
Liebenstein (German pronunciation: [ˈliːbn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a village and a former municipality in the district Ilm-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Geratal.

Ilm-Kreis
Ilm-Kreis is a district in Thuringia, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the city of Erfurt, the districts of Weimarer Land, Saalfeld-Rudolstadt and Hildburghausen, the city of Suhl, and the districts of Schmalkalden-Meiningen and Gotha. It is named after the river Ilm, flowing through the district.
James Simpson (Scottish architect)
James Simpson (1830–1894) was a 19th century Scottish architect. He is particularly associated with Leith. He served as the Burgh Assessor and Town Architect of Leith and created and oversaw the Leith Improvement Plan of 1888.

Leith Links
Leith Links is the principal open space within Leith, the docks district of Edinburgh, Scotland. This public park is divided by a road into two main areas, a western section and an eastern section, both being largely flat expanses of grass bordered by mature trees. Historically it covered a wider area extending north as far as the shoreline of the Firth of Forth. This area of grass and former sand-dunes was previously used as a golf links.
Augurinus
Augurinus is an ancient Roman cognomen. Notable people with the cognomen include:

Gnaeus Genucius Augurinus (died 396 BC), Roman consular tribune

Titus Genucius Augurinus, Roman politician

Marcus Minucius Augurinus (fl. c. 509 – 488 BC), Roman politician

Publius Minucius Augurinus (fl. c. 492 BC), Roman politician

Tiberius Minucius Augurinus (died 305 BC), Roman politician

Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus (fl. c. 458 – 439 BC), Roman politician

Cognomen
A cognomen (Latin: [kɔŋˈnoːmɛn]; pl.: cognomina; from co- "together with" and (g)nomen "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditary. Hereditary cognomina were used to augment the second name, the nomen gentilicium (the family name, or clan name), in order to identify a particular branch within a family or family within a clan. The term has also taken on other contemporary meanings.
Teletrac
Teletrac (branded as Teletrac Navman; formerly Trafficmaster) is a telematics software as a service company headquartered in Southern California, with offices in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Mexico. It provides cloud-based GPS fleet tracking software, stolen vehicle tracking and connected services such as eCall, bCall and Concierge and is a subsidiary of Vontier.

Telematics
Telematics is an interdisciplinary field encompassing telecommunications, vehicular technologies (road transport, road safety, etc., as part of Intelligent transportation systems), electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.), and computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.). Telematics can involve any of the following:

The technology of sending, receiving, and storing information using telecommunication devices, such as a Telematic control unit, to control remote objects

The integrated use of telecommunications and informatics for application in vehicles and to control vehicles on the move

Global navigation satellite system technology (most commonly GPS) integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in automotive navigation systems, often using a GPS tracking unit

(Most narrowly) The use of such systems within road vehicles (also called vehicle telematics)
Richard Phipps
Christianity portal

The Ven Richard Phipps (26 May 1865 in Northampton [bap 1 August 1865] – 5 October 1934 in Harrogate) was Archdeacon of Halifax from 1923 to 1927; and then, when it was renamed, of Pontefract from 1927 to 1930.

Phipps was educated at Dover College; Clare College, Cambridge; and Wells Theological College. Ordained in 1890, he served curacies in Great Yarmouth and Wakefield. He was Diocesan Chaplain of Wakefield from 1894 to 1896; Vicar of Brighouse from 1896 to 1901; and then of Kirkburton from 1901.  A freemason, he was Grand Chaplain of England in 1926. He was a Member of West Riding County Council from 1913 to 1928.

Dover College
Dover College is an independent day and boarding school in the English public school tradition located in Dover in south east England. It was founded in 1871, and takes both day pupils and boarders from the UK and internationally.

The school occupies some of the medieval buildings of Dover Priory, on a site just east of the eponymous railway station.
Basque Americans in Oregon
The first Basque immigrants to Oregon arrived in the 1880s. Most were sheepherders who had migrated north from California and Nevada. Areas of Basque settlement include Arock and Jordan Valley in Malheur County, Oregon and a smaller number in Harney County. The Basque migration peaked in the 1920s and 1930s, only beginning to undergo decline in the 1940s. By the end of the 20th century, the Basque population shifted and now many live in eastern Oregon and the Portland metropolitan area.

Arock, Oregon
Arock is an unincorporated community in Malheur County, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Ontario, OR–ID Micropolitan Statistical Area. Arock is along Arock Road, 3 miles (5 km) north of U.S. Route 95 between Jordan Valley and Rome. Jordan Creek flows near Arock and joins the Owyhee River just west of Arock.
Ctenanthe amabilis
Ctenanthe amabilis, called the beautiful ctenanthe, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Ctenanthe, likely native to Brazil, and introduced into Costa Rica. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as a subtropical hothouse ornamental.

Ctenanthe
Ctenanthe is a genus of flowering plants of the family Marantaceae described as a genus in 1884. They are evergreen perennials, native to Central and South America (primarily Brazil). They are grown for their attractive, often variegated foliage. They are frost tender, requiring a minimum temperature of 13 °C (55 °F).
Kvajvari
A kvajvari (Georgian: ქვაჯვარი, romanized: kvajvari) is a monumental stele in the shape of a cross in the Georgian Orthodox Christian tradition. The word kvajvari is composed of the words "kva" (ქვა), i.e. stone, and ‘jvari’ (ჯვარი), meaning cross, resulting "cross stone". The kvajvari steles became prominent after the christianization of the Georgian kingdom of Iberia in the early 4th century, during the reign of King Mirian III. Dozens of medieval kvajvari slabs survive to this day, but most of them are considerably damaged and fragmental. The tradition of erecting monumental crosses in the open air was widespread in Georgia, as it was similarly practiced in the Holy Land and in Eastern Christendom. The earliest kvajvari stelas are dated 5th century. Many medieval kvajvari stelas depicted the Bolnisi cross. A kvajvari stele was carved and erected with or without a pedestal.

Şavşat
Şavşat (Georgian: შავშეთი, romanized: shavsheti) is a town in Artvin Province in the Black Sea region, between the cities of Artvin and Kars on the border with Georgia at the far eastern end of Turkey. It is the seat of Şavşat District. Its population is 6,048 (2021).
Rottal-Inn (electoral district)
Rottal-Inn is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 229. It is located in southeastern Bavaria, comprising the Dingolfing-Landau district, Rottal-Inn district, and small parts of the Landkreis Landshut district.

Rottal-Inn was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2025, it has been represented by Günter Baumgartner of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

Landshut (district)
Landshut is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Kelheim, Straubing-Bogen, Dingolfing-Landau, Rottal-Inn, Mühldorf, Erding and Freising. The city of Landshut is enclosed by, but does not belong to the district. It is nonetheless its administrative seat.
1972 United Bank Classic
The 1972 United Bank Classic, also known as the Denver WCT, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Denver, Colorado in the United States that was part of the 1972 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the inaugural  edition of the tournament and took place from April 24 through April 30, 1972.  First-seeded Rod Laver won the first edition of both the doubles and singles competition. There was criticism by players, including Arthur Ashe, that the playing conditions on the Sporface carpet courts were too fast.

Denver Open (tennis)
The Denver Open, also known as the Denver WCT or by its sponsored name United Bank Tennis Classic, was a WCT and Grand Prix affiliated men's tennis tournament played from 1972 to 1982. It was held in Denver, Colorado in the United States and played on indoor carpet courts. The loss of the main sponsor led to the cancellation of the tournament after the 1982 edition.

Jimmy Connors was the most successful player at the tournament, winning the singles competition three times.
Liroceratidae
Liroceratidae is an extinct family of nautilids, shelled marine molluscs, belonging to the Clydonautiloidea, consisting of generally smooth, involute, nautiliconic forms with a small umbilicus. The whorl section is usually  depressed and broadly rounded, the suture only slightly sinuous, and the siphuncle usually more or less central.

The Liroceratidae range from the Mississippian well into the Triassic and may even extend down into the upper Devonian.

The Liroceratidae are probably derived from the Rutoceratidae and form the root stock of the Clydonautiloidea.  They also provide the basis for the name for Shimankiy's Lirocerina, a suborder mostly equivalent to the Clydonautilaceae. The Liroceratidae gave rise to the Ephippioceratidae early in the Mississippian, which extend well into the Permian, and to the Clydonautilidae, Gonionautilidae, and Siberionautilidae in the Triassic.

Siberionautilidae
Siberionautilidae is a family in the nautilid superfamily Clydonautiloidea that contains only the genus Siberionautilus, which comes from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of Siberia, Russia.

The family, and genus, are characterized by an involute, globular shell covered by fine radial ribs, with flattened flanks that converge toward a rounded venter, distinct umbilicus with rounded shoulders, differentiated suture, and central siphuncle.  The suture is goniatitic with the ventral or median saddle of the Clydonautilidae, subdivided so as to have a deep finger-like median ventral lobe bracketed by finder-like secondary lobes and saddles, and on either side, a large  claw-like asymmetric lateral lobe.

Like Gonionautilus, Siberionautilus is derived from the Clydonautilidae, only the genus is unspecified. As with Gonionautilus and more advanced Clydonautilidae, Siberionautilus is one of a handful of nautilids that have goniatitic sutures as found in primitive ammonoids.
X3: Terran Conflict
X3: Terran Conflict is a space trading and combat simulator by German developer Egosoft, part of their X series of games. Described as a stand-alone game, based on X3: Reunion, it boasts new plot lines, features and assets. It was first released in October 2008 for the European market and Steam.

Space flight simulation game
Space flight simulation is a genre of flight simulator video games that lets players experience space flight to varying degrees of realism. Common mechanics include space exploration, space trade and space combat.
History of the Israeli Air Force
The History of the Israel Air Force begins in May 1948, shortly after the formation of the State of Israel. Following Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, its pre-state national institutions transformed into the agencies of a state, and on May 26, 1948, the Israeli Air Force was formed. Beginning with a small collection of light aircraft, the force soon transformed into a comprehensive fighting force. It has since participated in several wars and numerous engagements, becoming what has been described as "The mightiest air force in the Middle East".

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. Its nicknames include: "Balalaika", because its planform resembles the stringed musical instrument of the same name; "Ołówek", Polish for "pencil", due to the shape of its fuselage, and "Én Bạc", meaning "silver swallow", in Vietnamese.

Approximately 60 countries across four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations seven decades after its maiden flight. It set aviation records, becoming the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history, the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War and, previously, the longest production run of any combat aircraft.
2022 X League season
The 2022 X League season was the inaugural season of the Extreme Football League (commonly known as the X League) in the United States. It began in June and concluded in September with the Chicago Blitz winning the inaugural "X Cup" championship game. The league had most recently operated in 2019, branded as the Legends Football League (LFL).

X League (women's football)
The Extreme Football League (X League) is a women's semi-professional indoor American football league operating in the United States. The league was originally founded in 2009 as the Lingerie Football League (LFL), and later rebranded as the Legends Football League in 2013.

They didn't play in 2020 or 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. It returned in 2022, concluding with the restructured league's inaugural championship, the X Cup, won by the Chicago Blitz.

Since 2021, the league is owned by Mike Ditka, a former National Football League (NFL) player and an inductee of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Samantha Gordon was also named an owner in May 2022.

They didn't play from 2023-2025, but are scheduled to return in 2026, as a hybrid format of tackle and flag football.
Lists of urban rail transit systems
These lists of urban rail transit systems are sorted by the type of system:

List of tram and light rail transit systems

List of town tramway systems

Tram-train#List of tram-train systems

Light metro#List of light metro systems

List of premetro systems

List of metro systems

List of monorail systems

List of suburban and commuter rail systems

List of funicular railways

List of urban rail systems in Japan

Urban rail transit
Urban rail transit is a wide term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
Tao Poon
Tao Poon (Thai: เตาปูน, lit. 'cement kiln', also spelled Tao Pun) is a neighbourhood in Bangkok's Bang Sue district. It is named after the country's first cement factory, established in 1913 by the Siam Cement Company, whose corporate headquarters are still located here, adjacent to Bang Sue Junction railway station on the station's west side. Today, the name most specifically refers to the area around Tao Pun Junction, where Krung Thep–Nonthaburi Road meets Pracharat Sai Song Road beneath the elevated Tao Poon MRT station, which connects the Blue Line and Purple Line.

Bang Sue district
Bang Sue (Thai: บางซื่อ, pronounced [bāːŋ sɯ̂ː]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It borders Chatuchak to the east, Phaya Thai to the southeast, Dusit to the south, Bang Phlat and Bang Kruai across the Chao Phraya to the west and Mueang Nonthaburi to the north.
Cofton Hackett
Cofton Hackett is a village and civil parish in the Bromsgrove District of north east Worcestershire, England. It is 10+1⁄4 miles (16.5 kilometres) southwest of the city centre of Birmingham and 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Worcester. In 2011, the village had a population of 1,893 but with housing development on the former Austin Rover site, this is expected to double over the five years to 2023.

The village is served by the 145/145A bus service between Longbridge and Droitwich/Wychbold, operated by Diamond Bus. The former 20A bus services, from Cofton Hackett to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital was withdrawn in June 2025.

Wychbold
Wychbold is a village in the Wychavon district of Worcestershire. The village is situated on the A38 between Droitwich Spa and Bromsgrove, and by Junction 5 of the M5 motorway.

The first records of Wychbold suggest that it was of great importance to the Anglo-Saxons, particularly in regards to its proximity to Droitwich Spa. The village is known primarily for the garden centre Webbs of Wychbold.
John K. Frost
John Kingsbury Frost (c. 1922 – 1990) was an American physician specializing in the field of cytopathology - the microscopic study of individual body cells to detect cancer and other diseases. The first area of the body to be studied in this way was the female genital tract, using the Pap smear invented by Georgios Papanikolaou. Frost and other physicians expanded the field to allow for cytopathologic evaluation of the lung, bladder, and many other body sites. Frost was best known as a teacher of cytopathology. He organized and directed a school of cytotechnology and created and led a postgraduate Institute to teach the techniques to physicians.

Georgios Papanikolaou
Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou /ˌpæpəˈnɪkəlaʊ/; Greek: Γεώργιος Ν. Παπανικολάου [papanikoˈlau]; 13 May 1883 – 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician, zoologist and microscopist who was a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the pap smear for detection of cervical cancer.

After studying medicine in Greece and Germany, in 1913 he emigrated to the United States and was on the faculty at Cornell Medical College. He first reported that uterine cancer cells could be detected in vaginal smears in 1928, but his work was not widely recognized until the 1940s. An extensive trial of his techniques was carried out in the early 1950s. In 1961 he was invited to the University of Miami to lead and develop there the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute.
KCNP
KCNP (89.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Ada, Oklahoma, United States. The station is currently owned by the Chickasaw Nation.

The Chickasaw Nation owns three additional transmitters that simulcast KCNP – KAZC 89.3 in Dickson, KTNG 97.3 in Connerville, and KWPV 104.5 in Wynnewood.

Ada, Oklahoma
Ada is a city in and the county seat of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 16,481 at the 2020 United States census. The city was named for Ada Reed, the daughter of an early settler, and was incorporated in 1901. Ada is home to East Central University, and is the capital of the Chickasaw Nation. Ada is an Oklahoma Main Street City, an Oklahoma Certified City, and a Tree City USA member.
2014 European Baseball Championship – Qualification
The qualification for the 2014 European Baseball Championship was held from July 22 to 27, 2013 in Vienna, Austria and Zürich, Switzerland. 12 teams, qualified based on their recent results and a CEB ranking spanning the last ten years, will have the chance to play this B-Level Qualifier to qualify for 2 spots available among the 10 already qualified teams from the 2012 competition. These are, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden.

2014 European Baseball Championship
The 2014 European Baseball Championship was an international baseball tournament held in the Czech Republic and Germany.

The defending champion Italy lost in the final to the Netherlands, who became champion for the 21st time.