hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 Croatia Open Umag
The 2023 Croatia Open  (also known as the Plava Laguna Croatia Open Umag for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 33rd edition of the Croatia Open, and part of the 250 Series of the 2023 ATP Tour. It took place at the International Tennis Center in Umag, Croatia, from 24 through 30 July 2023. Unseeded Alexei Popyrin won the singles title.

Croatia Open
The Croatia Open (sponsored by Plava Laguna) is a men's ATP tennis tournament held in Umag, Croatia that is part of the 250 series of the ATP Tour.

The tournament began in 1990 when it was part of Yugoslavia, and is the oldest tennis tournament in Croatia. It began as the Yugoslav Open and has been played every year since. It is played on outdoor red clay courts. Carlos Moyá has won the tournament a record five times; he also holds the record for the most consecutive wins at three. His most recent win was in 2007. In 2016, the centre court stadium was named after Croatian tennis player Goran Ivanišević.
Paracanoeing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's VL2
The Canoe Sprint men's VL2 event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place on 14 and 15 September 2021.

Two heats were held. Winners advanced directly to the final. The rest went into the semi-finals, where the top three in each semi-final advanced to the final.

This was the first event in the Paralympics to feature the Va'a outrigger boat.

Paracanoeing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Paracanoeing at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan took place at the Sea Forest Waterway, the same location where the rowing took place. This was the second appearance of paracanoe in the Paralympic Games and the debut of all three va'a events.

The 2020 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They kept the 2020 name and were held from 24 August to 5 September 2021.
Flag of Belgium
The national flag of the Kingdom of Belgium is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 13∶15, and therefore, unlike the flags of Switzerland and the Vatican City, it is not a perfect square.

In 1830, the flag, at that time non-officially, consisted of three horizontal bands, with the colors red, yellow and black. On 23 January 1831, the National Congress enshrined the tricolor in the Constitution, but did not determine the direction and order of the color bands. As a result, the "official" flag was given vertical stripes with the colors black, yellow and red.

National flag
A national flag is a flag that represents and symbolizes a given nation. It is flown by the government of that nation, but can also be flown by its citizens. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colors and symbols, which may also be used separately from the flag as a symbol of the nation. The design of a national flag is sometimes altered after the occurrence of important historical events.
Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed train
The Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed train (simplified Chinese: 深港高速动车组列车; traditional Chinese: 深港高速動車組列車) are high-speed train services operating between Shenzhen and Hong Kong.

Although categorized as G-series trains, of which the top-speed is commonly 300-350 km/h, the top-speed for trains on this service is 200 km/h.

Vibrant Express
Vibrant Express (Chinese: 動感號), also known as MTR CRH380A or MTR380A, is a high-speed train operated by Hong Kong government-owned public transport operator MTR. It was manufactured by Chinese state-owned manufacturer CSR Qingdao Sifang (now CRRC Qingdao Sifang) based on the CRH380A Hexie EMUs developed for China Railway. Nine 8-car trainsets were ordered by the Hong Kong government through the MTR Corporation and delivered between 2016 and 2017. It is the first high-speed train produced by CRRC not operated by China Railway.

The train runs between West Kowloon station and Guangzhou South station on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link.
American News Company
American News Company (ANC) was a magazine, newspaper, book, and comic book distribution company founded in 1864 by Sinclair Tousey, which dominated the distribution market in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The company's abrupt 1957 demise caused a huge shakeup in the publishing industry, forcing many magazine, comic book, and paperback publishers out of business.

Digest size
Digest size is a magazine size, smaller than a conventional or "journal size" magazine, but larger than a standard paperback book, approximately 14 cm × 21 cm (5+1⁄2 by 8+1⁄4 inches). It is also a  13.65 cm × 21.27 cm (5+3⁄8 by 8+3⁄8 inches) and 14 cm × 19 cm (5+1⁄2 by 7+1⁄2 inches) format, similar to the size of a DVD case. These sizes evolved from the printing press operation end. Some printing presses refer to digest size as a "catalog size". The digest format was a convenient size for readers to tote around or to leave within easy hand-reach.
History of UC Sampdoria
This is the history of Unione Calcio Sampdoria, commonly referred to as UC Sampdoria or simply Sampdoria (Italian pronunciation: [sampˈdɔːrja, sanˈdɔːrja]), an Italian professional football club based in Genoa, Liguria.

Giuseppe Baldini
Giuseppe Baldini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe balˈdiːni]; 11 March 1922 – 26 November 2009) was an Italian football player and manager. During his playing career, Baldini played at both professional and international levels as a forward, before becoming a football manager.
Sam Houston–Texas State football rivalry
The Sam Houston–Texas State football rivalry is a college football rivalry between the Sam Houston Bearkats and the Texas State Bobcats. The rivalry dates back to 1915. From 1915 to 2011, the series was played on an annual basis.

Sam Houston Bearkats football
The Sam Houston Bearkats football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Sam Houston State University located in the U.S. state of Texas. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Conference USA. Sam Houston's first football team was fielded in 1912. The team plays its home games at the 14,000-seat Bowers Stadium in Huntsville, Texas. On December 18, 2024, Phil Longo was named the 16th head coach in Sam Houston program history.

In July 2021, the Bearkats left the Southland Conference to join the Western Athletic Conference, which relaunched its football league at the FCS level at that time. Just a few months later, on November 5, 2021, the school accepted an invitation to join Conference USA at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level beginning in the 2023–24 season.
Ezo
Ezo, Yezo or Yeso (蝦夷; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.(d)zo]) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the people and the lands to the northeast of the Japanese island of Honshu. This included the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, which changed its name from "Ezo" to "Hokkaidō" in 1869, and sometimes included Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. The word Ezo means 'the shrimp barbarians' in Japanese.

In reference to the people of that region, the same two kanji used to write the word Ezo can also be read Emishi.  The descendants of these people are most likely related to the Ainu people of today.

Hayashi Shihei
Hayashi Shihei (林 子平; August 6, 1738 - July 28, 1793) was a Japanese military scholar and a retainer of the Sendai Domain.
His name is sometimes transliterated (according to the Sino-Japanese reading) as Rin Shihei.
Sam Bettens
Sam Bettens (formerly Sarah Bettens, born September 23, 1972) is a Belgian singer and musician, best known as the lead singer of the Belgian band, K's Choice.

In May 2019, he came out as a transgender man.

Johnson City, Tennessee
Johnson City is a city in Washington, Carter, and Sullivan counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, mostly in Washington County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 71,046, making it Tennessee's eighth-most populous city. Johnson City is the principal city of the Johnson City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Carter, Unicoi, and Washington Counties and had a population of 207,285 as of 2020. The MSA is also a component of the Tri-Cities region. This CSA is Tennessee's fifth-largest, with a population of 514,899 as of 2020.
Seacombe railway station
53°24′36″N 3°01′10″W﻿ / ﻿53.4099°N 3.0194°W﻿ / 53.4099; -3.0194

Seacombe railway station was located in Wallasey, Wirral, England. The station was opened by the Wirral Railway in 1895 and closed in 1963.

Wallasey
Wallasey (/ˈwɒləsi/) is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside, England. It is at the mouth of the River Mersey, on the north-eastern corner of the Wirral Peninsula. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire, and became part of Merseyside in 1974. At the 2021 Census, the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics had a population of 85,610.
KITSUNE
KITSUNE (Kyutech standardized bus Imaging Technology System Utilizing Networking and Electron content measurements) was a JAXA nanosatellite developed by the HAK consortium, which consists of Haradaseiki Kogyo, Addnics Corporation, and Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech). The spacecraft was a 6U CubeSat, and carried a high-resolution camera for Earth observation. KITSUNE was carried to the International Space Station (ISS) on board Cygnus NG-17, and was deployed from the ISS's Kibō Module on 24 March 2022 12:10 UTC. The deployment service of KITSUNE was provided by Mitsui Bussan Aerospace.

Cygnus NG-17
NG-17, previously known as OA-17, was the seventeenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its sixteenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract with NASA. The mission launched on 19 February 2022 at 17:40:03 UTC. It was the sixth launch of Cygnus under the CRS-2 contract.

Orbital ATK’s space division (now part of Northrop Grumman Space Systems) and NASA jointly developed a new space transportation system to provide commercial cargo resupply services to the International Space Station (ISS). Under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, Orbital ATK designed, acquired, built, and assembled these components: Antares, a medium-class launch vehicle; Cygnus, an advanced spacecraft using a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM) provided by industrial partner Thales Alenia Space and a Service Module based on the Orbital GEOStar satellite bus.
Meshemethequater
Meshemethequater (1690 or 1691–1758) also known as Big Hominy, Great Huminy, Misemeathaquatha, Missemediqueety, or Big Hannoana was a Pekowi Shawnee chief from western Pennsylvania. Although he was a respected warrior, he is best known for participating in peace conferences that prevented war between English settlers and the Shawnees. In 1745 he joined Peter Chartier and other Shawnees who chose loyalty to New France, but after three years he returned to Pennsylvania and apologized. His date and place of death are unknown.

Andrew Montour
Andrew Montour (c. 1710 – 1772), also known as Sattelihu, Eghnisara, and Henry, was an important interpreter and negotiator in the Virginia and Pennsylvania backcountry in the latter half of the 18th century. He was of Oneida and Algonquin ancestry, with a French grandfather. Historian James Merrell estimated his birth year as 1720. Likely born in his mother's village of Otstonwakin (near current Montoursville, Pennsylvania), he later led the village in the 18th century before settling further west.

Montour was commissioned as a captain in 1754 by Pennsylvania officials during the French and Indian War. He also commanded raiding parties in Ohio in 1764 during Pontiac's War (1763–1766) at the behest of Sir William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian Affairs. His son John Montour later became recognized as an interpreter and negotiator, serving with rebel forces during the American Revolutionary War.
Siri Minken
Siri Minken (born 4 February 1980 in Oslo, Norway), is a former Norwegian women's International motorcycle trials rider. Minken was Norwegian Women's Trials Champion in 2001 and also a member of the Norwegian Women's Team which won the 2001 Trial des Nations event.

FIM Trial World Championship
The FIM Trial World Championship and FIM X-Trial World Championship are the most prestigious motorcycle trials tournaments of the world, organised by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme. The outdoor championship is held since 1964 and the indoor (X-Trial) since 1993.

From 1964 to 1967 the championship was named Challenge Henry Groutars. From 1968 to 1974, it was the Trial European Championship, and from 1975 onwards it has been known as the World Championship.

Up until 2010, the outdoor world trial championship has been won by 6 different pilots from the UK, 5 from Spain, 2 from Finland and France, and 1 from Belgium, Germany, United States, Japan and Sweden. Since 2005, only Spanish pilots have won the outdoor and the indoor world trial championships.
2019 Oracle Challenger Series – Houston
The 2019 Oracle Challenger Series – Houston was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. This tournament was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2019 WTA 125K series. The second edition took place at the George R. Brown Tennis Center from November 10 to 17, 2019 in Houston, United States.

2019 WTA 125K series
The WTA 125K series is the secondary professional tennis circuit organised by the Women's Tennis Association. The 2019 WTA 125K series calendar consists of eleven tournaments, each with a total prize fund of $125,000 except the Oracle Challenger Series that offers $162,480 in prize money. Starting from 2019, Zhengzhou Open was upgraded to a WTA Premier level event while the Mumbai Open was cancelled due to elections in the city. The Oracle Challenger event in Chicago was replaced by another one in New Haven. Three new Challenger events were introduced in Guadalajara, Båstad and Karlsruhe.
Eleonore Poelsleitner
Eleonore Poelsleitner (born 2 October 1920) was a female guard at the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. Born in Unterach, Austria, Poelsleitner became a female overseer at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp on 1 November 1944. She trained under Jane Bernigau and has never been prosecuted for war crimes.

Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
SS-Aufseherin (pl. SS-Aufseherinnen; German: [ˈaʊ̯fˌzeːəʁɪn] ⓘ; lit. 'female SS overseer') was the position title for a female guard in Nazi concentration and extermination camps. Female camp personnel were members of the SS-Gefolge auxiliary organization, which served the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) in a limited capacity as these women were not formally recognized as members of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
Samuel Burton (priest)
The Venerable Samuel Barton was an Anglican priest in the  first half of the 17th  century.

Burton  was  born in Staffordshire and educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He held livings at Long Marston, Warwickshire and Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Somerset. Burton was Archdeacon of Gloucester from 1607 until his death on 14 June 1634.

Archdeacon of Gloucester
The Archdeacon of Gloucester is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Diocese of Gloucester, England whose responsibilities include the care of clergy and church buildings within the area of the Archdeaconry of Gloucester.
Daniel J. Donahoe House
The Daniel J. Donahoe House is a historic residence in Ponca City, Oklahoma. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was designed by Solomon Layton and constructed by O.F. Keck in 1910.

It was deemed a "fine example" of Craftsman architecture.

Ponca City, Oklahoma
Ponca City (Iowa-Oto: Chína Uhánⁿdhe) is a city in Kay County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The city was named after the Ponca tribe. Ponca City had a population of 24,424 in the 2020 census, down from 25,387 at the time of the 2010 census.
Coprinellus xanthothrix
Coprinellus xanthothrix is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. This species was isolated from a polyphenol-polluted site near an olive processing plant in Greece. Shown to have the enzymes laccase and manganese peroxidase, the fungus is able to decolorize the recalcitrant polymeric dye R-478. First described as Coprinus xanthothrix by the French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1941, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.

Coprinellus
Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by the Finnish mycologist Petter Adolf Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus.

In 2020, phylogenetic analysis conducted by the German mycologists Dieter Wächter & Andreas Melzer reclassified many Coprinellus species as belonging to the new genus Tulosesus.
Rational conformal field theory
In theoretical physics, a rational conformal field theory is a special type of two-dimensional conformal field theory with a finite number of conformal primaries. In these theories, all dimensions (and the central charge) are rational numbers that can be computed from the consistency conditions of conformal field theory. The most famous examples are the so-called minimal models.

More generally, rational conformal field theory can refer to any CFT with a finite number of primary operators with respect to the action of its chiral algebra. Chiral algebras can be much larger than the Virasoro algebra. Well-known examples include (the enveloping algebra of) affine Lie algebras, relevant to the Wess–Zumino–Witten model, and W-algebras.

Two-dimensional conformal field theory
A two-dimensional conformal field theory is a quantum field theory on a Euclidean two-dimensional space, that is invariant under local conformal transformations.

In contrast to other types of conformal field theories, two-dimensional conformal field theories have infinite-dimensional symmetry algebras. In some cases, this allows them to be solved exactly, using the conformal bootstrap  method.

Notable two-dimensional conformal field theories include minimal models, Liouville theory, massless free bosonic theories, Wess–Zumino–Witten models, and certain sigma models.
Internal combustion locomotive
An internal combustion locomotive is a type of railway locomotive that produces its pulling power using an internal combustion engine. These locomotives are fuelled by burning fossil fuels, most commonly oil or gasoline (UK: petrol), to produce rotational power which is transmitted to the locomotive's driving wheels by various direct or indirect transmission mechanisms. The fuel is carried on the locomotive.

Transmission (mechanical device)
A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication or reduction, in a machine.

A transmission can have a single, or fixed, gear ratio or it can have variable ratios; a variable-ratio transmission can have multiple discrete gear ratios or be continuously variable. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in many kinds of machinery, especially vehicles.
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy
Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) (also known as EP-WXT-pathfinder) is a wide-field X-ray imaging space telescope built by Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It was launched on July 27, 2022 onboard of SATech-01 satellite. It is designed for a lifetime of two years.

Scorpius X-1
Scorpius X-1 is a low-mass X-ray binary located roughly 9,000 light years away in the constellation Scorpius. Scorpius X-1 was the first extrasolar X-ray source discovered, and, aside from the Sun, it is the strongest apparent non-transient source of X-rays in the sky.
HD 130917
HD 130917 is a single star in the northern constellation of Boötes. It is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A4V. At an apparent magnitude of 5.80, it is visible to the naked eye under very dark skies.

HD 130917 is over twice as massive as the Sun and hotter at 8,610 K.  At an age of 454 million years, it is still on the main sequence but has expanded somewhat to three times the radius of the Sun and is now 43 times more luminous than the Sun.

Boötes
Boötes (/boʊˈoʊtiːz/ boh-OH-teez) is a constellation in the northern sky, located between 0° and +60° declination, and 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere. The name comes from Latin: Boōtēs, which comes from Ancient Greek: Βοώτης, romanized: Boṓtēs 'herdsman' or 'plowman' (literally, 'ox-driver'; from βοῦς boûs 'cow').

One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Boötes is now one of the 88 modern constellations. It contains the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, the orange giant Arcturus. Epsilon Boötis, or Izar, is a colourful multiple star popular with amateur astronomers. Boötes is home to many other bright stars, including eight above the fourth magnitude and an additional 21 above the fifth magnitude, making a total of 29 stars easily visible to the naked eye.
Afrikaans grammar
This article describes the grammar of Afrikaans, a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia from the Indo-European, West Germanic, Low Franconian language family, which arose at the southern tip of Africa under the influence of various other languages and language groups.

The article discusses, among other things, the various synonyms for Afrikaans concepts, common language errors, spelling patterns, the compound and non-compound spelling of words and writing and punctuation marks. It also discusses abbreviations and acronyms, the different types of parts of speech that one finds in Afrikaans, gender, plural and diminutive as well as intensive forms, loanwords and language concepts. The article also focuses on the different parts of speech found in the Afrikaans language, syntax and sentence analysis, gives an overview of literary terminology and finally focuses on figurative and rhetorical language and literary stylistic devices.

Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.
Cycling at the 2023 SEA Games – Women's elimination
The women's elimination mountain biking cycling event at the 2023 SEA Games took place on 8 May 2022, at Siem Reap, Cambodia. 12 riders from 6 different nations, 2 riders from each nation, competed in the event.

Cycling at the 2023 SEA Games
The cycling competition at the 2023 SEA Games took place in Siem Reap, Cambodia from 6 to 13 May 2023. The competition consisted of two events, road cycling and mountain biking. A total of nine medals were awarded. The road cycling events were held near Angkor Wat, UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mountain biking events were held at Kulen Mountain.