hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ratio test
In mathematics, the ratio test is a test (or "criterion") for the convergence of a series

where each term is a real or complex number and an is nonzero when n is large. The test was first published by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and is sometimes known as d'Alembert's ratio test or as the Cauchy ratio test.

Limit inferior and limit superior
In mathematics, the limit inferior and limit superior (or limes inferior and limes superior) of a sequence can be thought of as limiting (that is, eventual and extreme) bounds on the sequence. They can be thought of in a similar fashion for a function (see limit of a function). For a set, they are the infimum and supremum of the set's limit points, respectively. In general, when there are multiple objects around which a sequence, function, or set accumulates, the inferior and superior limits extract the smallest and largest of them; the type of object and the measure of size is context-dependent, but the notion of extreme limits is invariant. 
Limit inferior is also called infimum limit, limit infimum, liminf, inferior limit, lower limit, or inner limit; limit superior is also known as supremum limit, limit supremum, limsup, superior limit, upper limit, or outer limit.

The limit inferior of a sequence  is denoted by

and the limit superior of a sequence  is denoted by
1974 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships – Doubles
The 1974 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships – Doubles was an event of the 1974 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships tennis tournament and was played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts in the United States from August 20 through August 26, 1974. The draw comprised 32 teams of which eight were seeded. Erik van Dillen and Stan Smith were the defending U.S. Pro Tennis Championships doubles champions but did not compete together in this edition. First-seeded team of Bob Lutz and Stan Smith won the title by defeating eighth-seeded Hans-Jürgen Pohmann and Marty Riessen in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–3.

U.S. Pro Tennis Championships
The  U.S. Pro Tennis Championships (for a period from 1951 to 1962 billed as the Cleveland International Pro or Cleveland World Pro Tennis Championships) was the oldest professional tennis tournament played until its final year of 1999 and is considered to have been a professional major from 1927–1967 until the advent of Open Era. In 1953, 1955, 1956, and 1960, the Cleveland World Pro had a women's draw, with Pauline Betz winning the first three of these, and defeating the reigning U.S. women's champion Doris Hart in the 1956 final. Althea Gibson defeated Pauline Betz in the 1960 women's final.
NHL on television in the 1950s
Hockey Night in Canada began airing on Saturday nights on CBC Television in 1952. National coverage of the NHL in the U.S. was limited to Saturday afternoon regular season games on CBS, running for four seasons from 1956–57 to 1959–60.

CBMT-DT
CBMT-DT (channel 6) is a television station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, broadcasting the English-language service of CBC Television. It is owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation alongside Ici Radio-Canada Télé flagship CBFT-DT (channel 2). The two stations share studios at Maison Radio-Canada on René Lévesque Boulevard East in Downtown Montreal; CBMT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Royal.
Medzev
Medzev (Hungarian: Mecenzéf, German: Metzenseifen, also known as Metzenseifen to Americans) is a town and large municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. It is one of several towns in Bodva Valley. Other towns in Bodva Valley include: Jasov, Lucia Bania, Vyšný Medzev (Upper Metzenseifen), and Stos. Historically, It belonged to one of the original mountain towns in the Lower Zips/Dolný Spis: Gelnica/Göllnitz, Smolník/Schmöllnitz, Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel, Krompachy/Krompach, Mníšek nad Hnilcom/Einsiedel, Švedlár/Schwedler.

Švedlár
Švedlár (German: Schwedler, Hungarian: Svedlér) is a village and municipality in the Gelnica District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. Total municipality population was, in 2011, 2083 inhabitants. The town predominantly consisted of Carpathian Germans until 1945, when they were expelled.
West Cork Rally
The West Cork Rally, Clonakilty Park Hotel West Cork Rally is an annual motorsport tarmac rallying event held in Clonakilty, County Cork, Ireland. Promoted and organised by Cork Motor Club, the rally began in 1977 and has run on or near St. Patricks Weekend ever since with just a few exceptions (1987, 2001, 2020 and 2021). It is, according to a book about the rally's early history, an "important local cultural and economic event".

It was a counting round of the Irish National Rally Championship for a number of years in the early days. In 2015 it became a full round of the Irish Tarmac Rally Championship for the first time, and remains a regular round since. While it became known as predominantly a clubman rally, it ran under an International Permit in 1986 and since 2016. In 2019 the West Cork Rally hosted a round of the British Rally Championship.

Ford Escort (Europe)
The Ford Escort is a small family car that was manufactured by Ford of Europe from 1968 until 2004. In total, the six generations were spread across three basic platforms: the original, rear-wheel-drive Mk.1/Mk.2 (1968–1980), the "Erika" front-wheel-drive Mk.3/Mk.4 (1980–1992), and the final CE-14 Mk.5/Mk.6 (1990–2002) version. Its successor, the Ford Focus, was released in 1998, but the final generation of Escort was phased out gradually, with the panel van version ending production in 2002 in favour of the Ford Transit Connect.

The Escort was frequently the best-selling car in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s. More than 4.1 million Escorts of all generations were sold there over a period of 33 years.

In 2014, Ford revived the Escort name for a car based on the second-generation Ford Focus, sold on the Chinese market.
Wu Po-hsiung
Wu Po-hsiung (Chinese: 吳伯雄; pinyin: Wú Bóxióng; born 19 June 1939) is a Taiwanese politician served as the mayor of Taipei from 1988 to 1990 and as the chairman of the Kuomintang from 2007 to 2009. Previously, he was also interior minister (1984–1988) and secretary-general to the president (1991–1996). Wu was nominated as honorary chairman of the Kuomintang when he was succeeded by Ma Ying-jeou as the chairman of the Kuomintang.

Mayor of Taipei
The mayor of Taipei is the head of the Taipei City Government and is elected to a four-year term. Until the election of Tsai Ing-wen, the office was seen as a stepping stone to the presidency: presidents Lee Teng-hui, Chen Shui-bian and Ma Ying-jeou have all held this position prior to being elected president.

Taipei was elevated as a special municipality from 1967. The mayor was a position appointed by the central government from 1967 to 1994, and the first public election for Mayor of Taipei was held in 1994.

The incumbent mayor is Chiang Wan-an, the great-grandson of Chiang Kai-shek.
Franco Costanzo
Franco Costanzo Geymonat (born 5 September 1980) is an Argentine former football goalkeeper who last played for Chilean club Universidad Católica of the Primera División.

He has earned the reputation of being an eccentric goalkeeper by often dribbling the ball past the opposition's strikers and by making somewhat unorthodox saves. Early in his career, Costanzo was once considered an excellent prospect; however, due to a few lengthy injuries, he has only recently managed to fulfill his full potential.

2007–08 Swiss Cup
The 2007–08 Swiss Cup (Swisscom Cup) was the 83rd season of Switzerland's football knockout competition. The winner was FC Basel.  AC Bellinzona qualified for the UEFA Cup after finishing as runner-up due to Basel qualifying for the UEFA Champions League.
Bermuda Base Command
The Bermuda Base Command was a command of the United States Army, established to defend the British Colony of Bermuda, located 640 miles off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. It was created in April 1941 when United States Army troops were sent to the island.

St David's Battery
St. David's Battery is a disused fixed battery on St. David's Island, Bermuda maintained until 1953 by the Bermuda Garrison of the British Army.  It was built and manned by the Royal Garrison Artillery and the Royal Engineers, and their part-time reserves, the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Engineers. Its rifled breech-loader (RBL) artillery guns guarded the eastern approach to St. George's Harbour. In wartime it served as an examination battery.
2010–11 3. Liga
The 2010–11 3. Liga was the third season of the 3. Liga, Germany's third tier of its football league system. The season commenced on the weekend of 23 July 2010 and ended with the last games on 14 May 2011. The winter break was in effect between weekends around 18 December 2010 and 29 January 2011.

FC Hansa Rostock
FC Hansa Rostock (German: [ʔɛf ˈt͡seː ˈhanza ˈʁɔstɔk]) is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock,  Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The club is also called "the cog" because of its club crest. They have emerged as one of the most successful clubs from the former East Germany after German reunification and have made several appearances in the top-flight Bundesliga. With over 29,000 club members, the club is one of the largest sports clubs in Germany.

After being in the Bundesliga for ten years, from 1995 to 2005, Rostock went into a steady decline. In 2012, the club was relegated to the 3. Liga for the second time, regaining its place in the 2. Bundesliga in 2021. They returned to the 3. Liga after three seasons following relegation in 2023–24.
Fillìa
Fillìa  (3 October 1904 – 10 February 1936) was the name adopted by Luigi Colombo, an Italian artist associated with the second generation of Futurism. Aside from painting, his works included interior design, architecture, furniture and decorative objects.

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (Italian: [fiˈlippo tomˈmaːzo mariˈnetti]; 22 December 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist and founder of the Futurist movement. He was associated with the utopian and Symbolist artistic and literary community Abbaye de Créteil between 1907 and 1908. Marinetti is best known as the author of the Manifesto of Futurism, which was written and published in 1909, and as a co-author of the Fascist Manifesto, in 1919.
2008–09 Albany Great Danes men's basketball team
The 2008–09 Albany Great Danes men's basketball team represented the University at Albany, SUNY during the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Great Danes, led by eighth year head coach Will Brown, played their home games at SEFCU Arena as members of the America East Conference. They finished the season 15–16, 6–10 in America East play to finish in seventh place. As the seventh seed in the 2009 America East tournament, they upset second seed Vermont in the first round before losing to sixth seed UMBC in the semifinals.

2009 America East men's basketball tournament
The 2009 America East men's basketball tournament was held from March 6–8 through at SEFCU Arena place on the University at Albany campus. The final was held on March 14 at the Events Center, the home court of the Binghamton Bearcats, who were the highest remaining seed.

The Bearcats earned their first ever trip to the NCAA tournament, and were given the #15 seed in the East Regional. They played Duke in the first round of the Tournament, losing 86–62. Vermont gained a bid to the 2009 College Basketball Invitational, and won in the first round against Green Bay 76–72, but would lose in the Quarter-Finals against Oregon State by a score of 71–70 in Overtime.
WOCT-LP
WOCT-LP (101.9 FM, "Oshkosh Community Radio") is a radio station broadcasting a variety music format. Licensed to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States, the station is currently owned by The Friends of OCM.

Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh (/ˈɒʃkɒʃ/ ⓘ) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago, adjacent to the much less populous Town of Oshkosh in the north. The population was 66,816 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents. Oshkosh is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.
1988 European Weightlifting Championships
The 1988 European Weightlifting Championships were held in Cardiff, United Kingdom from 26 April to 3 May 1988. This was the 67th edition of the event. There were 175 men in action from 25 nations. The women competition were held in City of San Marino, San Marino. It was the 1st event for the women.

European Weightlifting Championships
European Weightlifting Championships is an annual event organised by the European Weightlifting Federation (EWF). It has been held since 1896. A separate event for women was held from 1988 to 1997, after which both championships have been held as one event.
Marília Atlético Clube
Marília Atlético Clube, commonly referred to as Marília, is a Brazilian professional association football club based in Marília, São Paulo. The team competes in the Campeonato Paulista Série A3, the third tier of the São Paulo state football league.

Founded on 12 April 1942, their home stadium is the Bento de Abreu, with a capacity of 19,800.

The club's home colours are sky blue and white and the team mascot is a tiger.

Marília
Marília (Portuguese pronunciation: [maˈɾiʎɐ]) is a Brazilian municipality in the midwestern region of the state of São Paulo. Its distance from the state capital São Paulo is 443 km (275 mi) by highway, 529 km (329 mi) by railway and 376 km (234 mi) in a straight line. It is located at an altitude of 675 meters. The population is 240,590 (2020 est.) in an area of 1170 km2.

The municipality is emerging as an educational hub in São Paulo, with four public technical and higher education institutions (Unesp, Famema, Univesp and Fatec) and private institutions such as Unimar, Faef, Univem and Anhanguera. In 2017, 74 undergraduate courses were offered, with administration and pedagogy being the most offered. Marília has an average of one university student for every 18 inhabitants. The municipality also has the rural scientific research unit Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios/APTA Regional de Marília).
Bobsleigh at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh at the 2022 Winter Olympics has been held at the Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track which is one of the Yanqing cluster venues. A total of four bobsleigh events were held, between 13 and 20 February 2022.

In July 2018, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) officially added the women's monobob event to the program, increasing the total number of events to four. The IOC also transferred six quotas from the men's events to the women's. The quota limit of 170 athletes remained the same from the 2018 Winter Olympics. A total of four events have been contested, two each for men and women.

Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh is an event in the Winter Olympic Games where a two- or four-person team drives a specially designed sled down an ice track, with the winning team completing the route with the fastest time.  The event has been featured since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France, with the exception of the 1960 games in Olympic Valley when the organizing committee decided not to build a track in order to reduce expenses. Other than that exception, the four-man competition has been competed at every game (in 1928, it was a five-man competition).  The two-man event was introduced at the 1932 Lake Placid games and a two-woman event was first contested at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics.
Methanometer
A methanometer  is an instrument used to measure methane gas in the air of a mine.  The Mine Safety Appliances Company Ltd. manufactured the first type - W8 Methanometer around 1950 and it was approved for use by the Ventilation Regulations of 1947. The Methanometer could be powered by an Edison battery cap lamp and it could be carried on a miner's belt with other tools. Methane is the main gas present in firedamp. It is highly explosive and had previously been detected by the blue halo effect it gave to the flame of a safety lamp.

By 1983, several instruments for measuring methane concentration in air had been developed. These relied on such methods as the differential heating of an incandescent platinum filament, or by measuring the higher absorption of infrared radiation by gas containing methane.

Firedamp
Firedamp is any flammable gas found in coal mines, typically coalbed methane.  It is particularly found in areas where the coal is bituminous. The gas accumulates in pockets in the coal and adjacent strata and, when they are penetrated, the release of the gas can cause explosions. Historically, if such a pocket was highly pressurized, it was termed a "bag of foulness".
Hồ Quý Ly
Hồ Quý Ly (chữ Hán: 胡季犛, 1336 – 1407?) ruled Đại Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founding emperor of the short-lived Hồ dynasty. Quý Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling Trần dynasty and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390). After his military defeat in the Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu (1406–1407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Ngu became the thirteenth province of Ming Empire.

Thanh Hóa
Thanh Hóa (Vietnamese: [tʰajŋ̟ hwǎː] ⓘ) is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of capital Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City. Thanh Hoa became one of the most populous cities in North Central Coast after expanding in 2012, with a population of approximately 400,000. Thanh Hoa township was upgraded to Thanh Hoa City in 1994 and has been the historical center of politics, economy, culture, education and entertainment of Thanh Hóa Province.
Erling Bonnesen
Erling Bonnesen (born 28 March 1955) is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. He entered parliament in 2004 after Mariann Fischer Boel resigned her seat.

Mariann Fischer Boel
Mariann Fischer Boel (Danish pronunciation: [mɑʁiˈæn ˈfiɕɐ ˈpoˀl]; born 15 April 1943) is a Danish politician, who served as European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development from 2004 to 2009. A member of the Venstre party, she had previously been minister of agriculture and foods since 2002, in the government of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.
The Sword and the Ship
The Sword and the Ship (Arabic: السيف والسفينة) is a story collection by the Iraqi writer and artist Abdul Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie and published in 1966 by Al-Gahith publishing house and written in Arabic. Abdulrahman was born in 1939 in the south of Iraq.

Abdul Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie
Abdul Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie (Arabic: عبد الرحمن مجيد الربيعي; 12 August 1939 – 20 March 2023) was an Iraqi author. He is one of the best-known writers in modern Iraqi literature. A collection of his stories has been translated into German as Solange die Sonne noch scheint.
Khamoshi (TV series)
Khamoshi (Urdu: خاموشی, lit. 'Silence') is a Pakistani romantic drama television series aired on Hum TV during 2017–2018. It is produced by Momina Duraid under their banner MD Productions. It stars Zara Noor Abbas, Bilal Khan, Iqra Aziz and Affan Waheed. It received critical acclaim, became a breakthrough for Abbas, and was one of the most-watched Pakistani series of 2017.

Pakistani dramas
Pakistani dramas, or Pakistani serials, are televised serials produced in Pakistan. Although most of the serials are produced in Urdu, an increasing number are produced in other Pakistani languages such as Sindhi, Pashto, Punjabi and Balochi. One of Pakistan's oldest television dramas is the Urdu serial Khuda Ki Basti, which aired in 1969. Pakistani dramas, like serials elsewhere, reflect the country's culture. According to critics, the decades of 1970s and 1980s are considered to be the golden age of Pakistani serials.

In 2016, a Dawn News report estimated that the five major entertainment channels combined produce around 80 dramas every year, with an average of 16 dramas per channel.

They have helped to attract viewers nationwide to television. The serials are widely popular in South Asian countries, including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal.
William B. Trower Bayshore Natural Area Preserve
William B. Trower Bayshore Natural Area Preserve is a Natural Area Preserve located in Northampton County, Virginia.  A small preserve with no public facilities, it is located on the Chesapeake Bay, and contains beach strand and dune communities.  It supports a population of the northeastern beach tiger beetle, as well as some scrubland and woodland areas.

The preserve was named in honor of William Bell Trower, a Northampton County physician and farmer.  The land for the preserve, part of Trower's original landholdings on Virginia's Eastern Shore, was donated to the commonwealth of Virginia by his eldest daughter after his death.

Virginia Natural Area Preserve System
The Virginia Natural Area Preserve System is a system of protected areas in the state of Virginia. It is managed by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation.

As of 2025, there are sixty-seven (67) dedicated preserves totaling 65,107 acres (263.48 km2). These preserves contain examples of some of the rarest natural communities in the state; in addition, many serve as a home for locally, nationally, and globally rare species.
SIGAINT
SIGAINT was a Tor hidden service offering secure email services. According to its FAQ page, its web interface used SquirrelMail which does not rely on JavaScript. Passwords couldn't be recovered. Users received two addresses per inbox: one at sigaint.org for receiving clearnet emails and the other at its .onion address only for receiving emails sent from other Tor-enabled email services. Free accounts had 50 MB of storage space and expired after one year of inactivity. Upgraded accounts had access to POP3, IMAP, SMTP, larger size limits, full disk encryption, and never expired.

Clearnet (networking)
Clearnet is a term that typically refers to the publicly accessible Internet. Sometimes "clearnet" is used as a synonym for "surface web"—excluding both darknets and the deep web. The World Wide Web is one of the most popular distributed services on the Internet, and the surface web is composed of the web pages and databases that are indexed by traditional search engines.

"Clearnet" can be seen as the opposite of the term "darknet", which typically describes the services built on Tor or other anonymity networks, the connection to which is encrypted and anonymized. Because the darknet is not publicly accessible, it is part of the deep web. The term "deep web", describes those parts of the Internet that are not indexed, whether or not they are publicly accessible. It includes web portals to databases that require text searches, and interactive web sites that require more user input than simply clicking hyperlinks.