hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Guanzi (text)
The Guanzi (Chinese: 管子) is an anonymous foundational Chinese political and philosophical text. Compiled in the early Han dynasty, the Han Feizi suggests earlier, similar versions as dating back to the late Warring states period. Despite its late dating, it is arguably one of the most representative texts of the concepts of political economy that developed during the Spring and Autumn period. At over 135,000 characters, it is one of the longest early Chinese philosophical texts, originally comprising 86 chapters, of which 76 survive. It covers broad subject matter, famously including price regulation of commodities via the concept of  "light and heavy" (轻重). Ming dynasty agricultural scientist Xu Guangqi still frequently cited the Guanzi and Xunzi.

Qi (state)
Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization,  was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China, whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯), then Gong (公), before declaring themselves independent Kings (王). Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang, c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya (Lord Tai; r. 1046–1015 BCE), minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BCE. Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.
Review of systems
A review of systems (ROS), also called a systems enquiry or systems review, is a technique used by healthcare providers for eliciting a medical history from a patient. It is often structured as a component of an admission note covering the organ systems, with a focus upon the subjective symptoms perceived by the patient (as opposed to the objective signs perceived by the clinician). Along with the physical examination, it can be particularly useful in identifying conditions that do not have precise diagnostic tests.

Admission note
An admission note is part of a medical record that documents the patient's status (including history and physical examination findings), reasons why the patient is being admitted for inpatient care to a hospital or other facility, and the initial instructions for that patient's care.
Nataliya Kiselova
Nataliya Vasileva Kiselova (Bulgarian: Наталия Василева Киселова, born 19 June 1977) is a Bulgarian jurist and politician who currently serves as Member of the National Assembly from the BSP-United Left (BSP-UL) parliamentary group. She further served as the Speaker of the National Assembly between 6 December, 2024 and 29 October, 2025. Kiselova is also a professor of constitutional law at Sofia University.

Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria
The chairperson of the National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Председател на Народното събрание на Република България, romanized: Predsedatel na Narodnoto sabranie na Republika Balgariya) is the presiding officer of the National Assembly of Bulgaria. The assembly selects the chairperson during its opening session. The term of the chairperson coincides with the term of the assembly. The salary of the chairperson is лв. 10,973 per month.
98 Aquarii
98 Aquarii (abbreviated 98 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 98 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation b1 Aquarii. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +3.97. The distance to this star, 163 light-years (50 parsecs), is known from parallax measurements made with the Hipparcos spacecraft.

With over double the mass of the Sun, this is an evolved giant star that has a stellar classification of K0 III. The measured angular diameter of this star is 2.54 ± 0.13 mas. At the estimated distance of 98 Aquarii, this yields a physical size of about 14 times the radius of the Sun. The expanded outer envelope has an effective temperature of 4,630 K, giving it the orange glow of a K-type star.

Flamsteed designation
A Flamsteed designation is a combination of a number and constellation name that uniquely identifies most naked eye stars in the modern constellations visible from southern England. They are named after John Flamsteed, author of the Historia Coelestis Britannica, the first major star catalogue compiled with the aid of a telescope. Flamsteed’s own catalogue did not include what are now known as Flamsteed numbers, but its listing of stars in each constellation provided the basis for later astronomers to add them.
Anthonie Heinsius
Anthonie Heinsius (23 November 1641 – 3 August 1720) was a Dutch statesman who served as Grand Pensionary of Holland from 1689 to his death in 1720. Heinsius was an able negotiator and one of the greatest and most obstinate opponents of the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France. He was one of the driving forces behind the anti-French coalitions of the Nine Years' War (1688–97) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14).

Even during the life of King William III, he was seen as the preeminent statesman in Europe outside of France. After the death of William III in 1702, Heinsius' hold on the Dutch States General diminished, but he remained Grand Pensionary of Holland, and replaced William as the main policy maker in the field of foreign affairs of the Dutch Republic. In this he was supported by a Cabinet noir under the direction of his private secretary Abel Tassin d'Alonne.

Capture of Liège (1702)
The capture of Liège took place between 13 and 31 October of 1702 during the War of the Spanish Succession. It formed part of the Grand Alliance's campaign to secure the Meuse valley. Anglo-Dutch forces under the Duke of Marlborough occupied the city without resistance on 15 October, but the Citadel of Liège and the Chartreuse fort continued to be held by Bourbon troops from France, Spain, the Bishopric of Liège, and the Electorate of Cologne.

After a week of intense bombardment and assaults directed by the Dutch engineer Menno van Coehoorn, the citadel capitulated on 23 October, followed by the surrender of the Chartreuse on 31 October. The victory resulted in the capture of several thousand French troops and secured Allied control of the Meuse region. The fall of Liège was Marlborough's final and most important success of the 1702 campaign, laying the groundwork for further operations along the Meuse and the Rhine.
Visual arts education
Visual arts education is the area of learning that is based upon the kind of art that one can see, visual arts—drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, and design in jewelry, pottery, weaving, fabrics, etc. and design applied to more practical fields such as commercial graphics and home furnishings. Contemporary topics include photography, video, film, design, and computer art. Art education may focus on students creating art, on learning to criticize or appreciate art, or some combination of the two.

Art school
An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on practice and related theory in the visual arts and design. This includes fine art – especially illustration, painting, contemporary art, sculpture, and graphic design.   They may be independent or operate within a larger institution, such as a university. Some may be associated with an art museum.

Art schools may be organized to offer elementary, secondary, post-secondary, undergraduate, or graduate programs, and can also offer a broad-based range of programs (such as the liberal arts and sciences). In the West there have been six major periods of art school curricula, and each one has had its own hand in developing modern institutions worldwide throughout all levels of education. Art schools also teach a variety of non-academic skills to many students.
Joe Taimanglo
Joe Taimanglo (born June 27, 1984) is a Guamanian professional mixed martial artist of Chamorro ethnicity who competes in Bellator's Bantamweight division. A professional competitor since 2004, Taimanglo has also formerly competed for Pacific Xtreme Combat and DEEP.

2014 in Bellator MMA
2014 in Bellator MMA was the tenth season for Bellator MMA, a mixed martial arts promotion. It began on February 28, 2014 and aired on Spike TV.

The season included tournaments for the Heavyweight, Welterweight, Featherweight, Light Heavyweight, and Lightweight weight classes. At the end of the season, Bellator held its first pay-per-view event, Bellator 120, on May 17, 2014.
San Cristóbal Verapaz
San Cristóbal Verapaz (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ kɾisˈtoβal βeɾaˈpas]) is a town, with a population of 20,961 (2018 census), and a municipality (population 68,819 at 2018 census) in the Guatemalan department of Alta Verapaz. It is located approximately 29 km from Cobán, the capital of Alta Verapaz and about 210 km from Guatemala City. San Cristóbal belongs to the Pokimchi' linguistic area.  Its main income source is the «Cobán» shoe factory, which specializes in industrial rubber boots, which are sold both locally and internationally.

Cobán
Cobán (Kekchí: Kob'an), fully Santo Domingo de Cobán, is the capital of the department of Alta Verapaz in central Guatemala. It also serves as the administrative center for the surrounding Cobán municipality. It is located 219 km from Guatemala City.

As of the 2018 census, the population of the city of Cobán was 212,047 and that of the municipality was 212,421. Cobán lies at an altitude of 1,320 metres or 4,330 feet above sea level and covers a total area of 1,974 km2. It is located at the center of a major coffee-growing area.
Tidemann Flaata Evensen
Tidemann Flaata Evensen (11 July 1905 – 16 September 1969) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Telemark in 1945, and was re-elected on one occasion.

Evensen was born in Solum and was a member of Solum municipal council from 1933 to 1947, when he rose to the position of mayor. He held this position until 1959.

After politics, he worked as a bureaucrat in Telemark county, serving as the county governor of Telemark from 1959 to 1969.

Solum, Norway
Solum is a former municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The 318-square-kilometre (123 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Skien Municipality. The administrative centre was the village of Solum, just south of Klovholt. Solum Church was the main church for the municipality.
Polyakov loop
In quantum field theory, the Polyakov loop is the thermal analogue of the Wilson loop, acting as an order parameter for confinement in pure gauge theories at nonzero temperatures. In particular, it is a Wilson loop that winds around the compactified Euclidean temporal direction of a thermal quantum field theory. It indicates confinement because its vacuum expectation value must vanish in the confined phase due to its non-invariance under center gauge transformations. This also follows from the fact that the expectation value is related to the free energy of individual quarks, which diverges in this phase. Introduced by Alexander M. Polyakov in 1975, they can also be used to study the potential between pairs of quarks at nonzero temperatures.

Order operator
In quantum field theory, an order operator or an order field is a quantum field version of Landau's order parameter whose expectation value characterizes phase transitions. There exists a dual version of it, the disorder operator or disorder field, whose expectation value characterizes a phase transition by indicating the prolific presence of defect or vortex lines in an ordered phase.

The disorder operator is an operator that creates a discontinuity of the ordinary order operators or a monodromy for their values. For example, a 't Hooft operator is a disorder operator. So is the Jordan–Wigner transformation. The concept of a disorder observable was first introduced in the context of 2D Ising spin lattices, where a phase transition between spin-aligned (magnetized) and disordered phases happens at some temperature.
Jels, Denmark
Jels (German: Jels) is a town, with a population of 1,962 (1 January 2025), situated 17 km northwest of Vojens, 26 km southwest of Kolding, 30 km east of Ribe and 17 km south of Vejen. The town is a part of Vejen Municipality, Region of Southern Denmark in Denmark.

Jels Church is located in the town. It was consecrated in 1854, replacing a smaller somewhat dilapidated chapel of hewn granite.

Kolding
Kolding (Danish pronunciation: [ˈkʰʌle̝ŋ]) is a Danish seaport city located at the head of Kolding Fjord in the Region of Southern Denmark. It is the seat of Kolding Municipality. It is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre and has numerous industrial companies, principally geared towards shipbuilding. The manufacturing of machinery and textiles and livestock export are other economically significant activities.

With a population of 95,897 (1 January 2025), the Kolding municipality is the eleventh most populous in Denmark. The city itself has a population of 63,645 (1 January 2025) and is the eighth largest city in Denmark.

The city is part of the Triangle Region, which includes the neighbouring cities of Fredericia and Vejle. The city was recognized as a "Design City" by UNESCO in 2017.
2019 New Zealand Sevens
The 2019 New Zealand Sevens was the third tournament within the 2018–19 World Rugby Sevens Series and the twentieth edition of the New Zealand Sevens. It was held on 26–27 January 2019 at FMG Stadium Waikato, Hamilton.

An invitational competition for women's teams, the Women's Fast Four, was held alongside the men's tournament as the precursor to fully integrated men's and women's tournaments planned for Hamilton in 2020.

New Zealand Sevens (tournament)
The New Zealand Sevens was an annual rugby sevens tournament held at Waikato Stadium in Hamilton, New Zealand. For the first eighteen years of its history the event was held in Wellington. The event was the third on the World Rugby Sevens Series circuit and is generally held in late January or early February.
Zomin District
Zomin is a district of Jizzakh Region in Uzbekistan. The capital lies at the town Zomin. Its area is 2,670 km2 (1,030 sq mi), and the estimated population for 2020 is 165,100.

The district consists of one city (Dashtobod), 6 urban-type settlements (Zomin, Yom, Sirgʻali, Pshagʻor) and 9 rural communities.

Jizzakh Region
Jizzakh Region is one of the regions of Uzbekistan. It is located in the center/east of the country. It borders Tajikistan to the south and south-east, Samarqand Region to the west, Navoiy Region to the north-west, Kazakhstan to the north, and Sirdaryo Region to the east. It covers an area of 21,210 km2. The population is 1,443,408 (2024 estimate) with 53% living in rural areas.

The regional capital is Jizzakh (pop. 212,689, 2024). Other major towns include Doʻstlik, Gagarin, Gʻallaorol, Paxtakor, and Dashtobod. Jizzakh Region was formerly a part of Sirdaryo Region but was given separate status in 1973.
Mount Manaia
Mount Manaia is a dominant landmark approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Whangārei city on the Whangārei Heads peninsula.

Standing 420 metres, the summit offers outstanding views of the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, Bream Bay and the Hauraki Gulf to the south, Whangārei Harbour to the west and the Poor Knights Islands and Northland coast to the north.

Mt Manaia - along with Mt Lion, Bream Head and the Hen and Chicken Islands, are the scattered remnants of andesite, volcanic intrusions that erupted with force 16 to 22 million years ago during the early Miocene. They are part of a 50 km2 (19 sq mi) stratovolcano that extended to the Hen and Chickens. Its jagged outline is similar to that of its neighbours and other volcanic outcrops in Northland that erupted in a similar period.

Today blanketed by native bush, Manaia's jagged peaks and steep bluffs are protected within a Department of Conservation reserve which features a well-maintained 1½ hour track to the summit.

Bream Bay
Bream Bay is an embayment and area south-east of Whangārei, on the east coast of New Zealand. The bay runs from Bream Head, at the mouth of Whangārei Harbour, 22 kilometres south to the headland of Bream Tail, east of Langs Beach and north of Mangawhai. It was named by Captain James Cook. The Bream Bay area includes the towns of Ruakākā, One Tree Point and Waipu. A group of nature reserve islands lie outside Bream Bay: the Hen and Chicken Islands and Sail Rock.
Sonocatalysis
Sonocatalysis is a field of sonochemistry which is based on the use of ultrasound to change the reactivity of a catalyst in homogenous or heterogenous catalysis. It is generally used to support catalysis. This method of catalysis has been known since the creation of sonochemistry in 1927 by physicists Alfred Lee Loomis and Robert Williams Wood. Sonocatalysis depends on ultrasounds, which were discovered in 1794 by the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani.

Homogeneous catalysis
In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst in a solution. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysis describes processes where the catalysts and substrate are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas, respectively. The term is used almost exclusively to describe solutions and implies catalysis by organometallic compounds. Homogeneous catalysis is an established technology that continues to evolve. An illustrative major application is the production of acetic acid. Enzymes are examples of homogeneous catalysts.
Sini, Sardinia
Sini is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Cagliari and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Oristano. As of July 2021, it had a population of 545 and an area of 8.7 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi) in December 2004.

Sini borders the following municipalities: Baradili, Genoni, Genuri, and Gonnosnò.

Oristano
Oristano (Italian: [oriˈstaːno] ⓘ; Sardinian: Aristanis [aɾiˈstanizi]) is the capital and largest city of the Province of Oristano in the central-western part of the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy. It is located on the northern part of the Campidano plain. It was established as the provincial capital on 16 July 1974. As of 2025, with a population of 30,007, Oristano is the 7th-largest city in Sardinia.

The economy of Oristano is based mainly on services, agriculture, tourism and small industries.
Nattal Sahu
Nattal Sahu of Yoginipur (now Mehrauli, Delhi) is the earliest known Agrawal Jain merchant-prince, who lived during the reign Tomara king, Anangapal. His biography is in the Apabhramsha text Pasanaha Cariu (Parshvanath Caritra) of the poet Vibudh Shridhar, written in 1132 CE.

Nattal's father was Sahu Joja. He had two older brothers Raghav and Sodhal. Nattal was the chief of the Jains of Delhi. He controlled a commercial empire spread through Anga, Vanga (Bengal), Kalinga (Odisha), Karnataka, Nepal, Bhot (Tibet), Panchal, Chedi, Gauda, Thakka (Punjab), Kerala, Marahatta (Maharashtra), Bhadanaka (Bayana), Magadh, Gurjar, Sorath (Saurashtra) and Haryana. He was also a minister in the court of Anangapal.

It is believed that fragments of this temple were used for the Quwwat-al-Islam mosque near Qutab Minar.

Anangpal Tomar
Anangpal II, popularly known as  Anangpal Tomar, was an Indian ruler from the Tomara dynasty. He is known to have established and populated Delhi in the 11th century. He is often confused with Anangpal I, the founder of Tomar Dynasty of Delhi, who had reigned during the 8th century. He traced the lineage to Chandravanshi Kshatriya kings, namely Arjuna from the epic Mahabharata.
Rancho Jamul
Rancho Jamul was a 8,926-acre (36.12 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day San Diego County, California, given in 1829 by Mexican governor José María de Echeandía to Pío Pico. In 1831, Governor Manuel Victoria reconfirmed the grant to Pío Pico.  The grant extended from present day Jamul southeast to Dulzura. It is currently the 5,600-acre Rancho Jamul Ecological Reserve, operated by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Jamul, California
Jamul (/hɑːˈmuːl/; Kumeyaay: Ha-mul, meaning "sweet water") is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California, United States. Jamul had a population of 6,179 at the 2020 census, up from 6,163 at the 2010 census.

Jamul suffered from the Valley Fire, one of the 2020 California wildfires.
Uriminzokkiri
Uriminzokkiri (Korean: 우리 민족끼리) was a North Korean state-controlled news website, much of whose content was syndicated from other news groups within the country, such as KCNA. Aside from on their own website, Uriminzokkiri also distributed information over YouTube, Facebook, Flickr, Twitter, Youku and Instagram until they had deleted their social media presence. Uriminzokkiri's official website was blocked in South Korea, and their Facebook and YouTube accounts were both terminated.

Korean Central News Agency
The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA; Korean: 조선중앙통신) is the state news agency of North Korea. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for both domestic and foreign consumption. It was established on December 5, 1946, and now features online coverage.
Shawn James (basketball)
Shawn Fitzalbert James (born September 10, 1983) is a Guyanese-American former professional basketball player. Standing at 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m), he played at the power forward and center positions. In 2010–11, he was the top rebounder in the Israel Basketball Premier League.  In 2013 he was the Israeli Basketball Premier League Defensive Player of the Year, and named to the All-EuroLeague Second Team.

Performance index rating
The performance index rating (PIR) is a basketball mathematical statistical formula that is used by the EuroLeague Commercial Assets (ECA)'s first and second tier competitions, the EuroLeague and the EuroCup, as well as various European national domestic and regional leagues. It is a part of the Tendex basketball rating system. It is also variously referred to as performance index ranking, rating, ranking, evaluation, valuation, and efficiency. It is similar to, but not exactly the same as, the NBA's efficiency (EFF) stat.
Pieve Vergonte
Pieve Vergonte is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Verbania and 110 kilometres (68 mi) northeast of Turin.

Ornavasso
Ornavasso (Ossolano: Urnavass, Walser German: Urnafasch) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northeast of Turin and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) northwest of Verbania.