hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Radical of an ideal
In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal  of a commutative ring is another ideal defined by the property that an element  is in the radical if and only if some power of  is in . Taking the radical of an ideal is called radicalization. A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equal to its radical. The radical of a primary ideal is a prime ideal.

This concept is generalized to non-commutative rings in the semiprime ring article.

Algebraically closed field
In mathematics, a field F is algebraically closed if every non-constant polynomial with coefficients in F has a root in F. In other words, a field is algebraically closed if the fundamental theorem of algebra holds for it.  For example, the field of real numbers is not algebraically closed because the polynomial  has no real roots, while the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.

Every field  is contained in an algebraically closed field  and the roots in  of the polynomials with coefficients in  form an algebraically closed field called an algebraic closure of  Given two algebraic closures of  there are isomorphisms between them that fix the elements of

Algebraically closed fields appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Barvikha
Barvikha (Russian: Барви́ха) is a village in Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is the site of the Barvikha Sanatorium, the health resort of the President of Russia. During the Soviet era, Barvikha was known as the site of the most desirable state dachas for government officials and leading intellectuals. Since the late 1990s many of Russia's wealthiest individuals have built private luxury dachas in Barvikha. The village lies in an area nicknamed "Rublyovka", known as the most expensive area in Russia.

Odintsovsky District
Odintsovsky District (Russian: Одинцо́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the oblast and borders with the federal city of Moscow in the east, Leninsky District in the southeast, Naro-Fominsky District in the south, Ruzsky District in the west, Istrinsky District in the north, and with Krasnogorsky District in the northeast. The area of the district is 1,289.628 square kilometers (497.928 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Odintsovo. Population: 316,696 (2010 Census);  286,033 (2002 Census); 129,343 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Odintsovo accounts for 43.9% of the district's total population. The city of Baikonur in Kazakhstan also belongs administratively to the district.
2024 Real Tennis World Doubles Championship
The 2024 Real Tennis World Doubles Championship (known in the US as the 2024 Court Tennis World Doubles Championship) was the 12th edition of the real tennis World Doubles Championship and was held at the Racquet Club of Chicago from April 24-28th 2024. The event was won by defending champions Tim Chisholm and Camden Riviere representing the United States. It was their fifth consecutive title, with Chisholm equalling  Robert Fahey and Steve Virgona with 6 overall titles.

2024 US Open (court tennis)
The 2024 Court tennis US Open was the 74th edition of the US Open. The men's event was held at the Racquet Club of Philadelphia February 20-29, 2024, and was organized by the United States Court Tennis Association, forming part of the qualifying series for the 2025 Real Tennis World Championship. The women's event was held at the Tuxedo Club in Tuxedo Park, New York May 17-19, 2024. The men's draw was the second grand slam event of the year.

The men's singles draw was won by incumbent World Champion Camden Riviere for the 12th consecutive time. Riviere also won the men's doubles draw alongside Tim Chisholm, their 12th US Open title as a pairing.  The women's singles draw was won by incumbent World Champion Claire Fahey, her ninth US Open singles victory and her fourth consecutive victory (excepting the two editions not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She also won the doubles draw with Alex Brodie, their first victory as a pairing since 2014.
Antilopinae
Antilopinae is a subfamily of even-toed ungulates in the family Bovidae. The members of tribe Antilopini are often referred to as true antelopes, and include the gazelles, blackbucks, springboks, gerenuks, dibatags, and Central Asian gazelles. True antelopes occur in much of Africa and Asia, with the highest concentration of species occurring in East Africa in Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. The saiga (tribe Saigini) inhabits Central and Western Asia, mostly in regions from the Tibetan Plateau and north of the Indian subcontinent. The dwarf antelope species of tribe Neotragini live entirely in sub-Saharan Africa.

Gazella psolea
Gazella psolea is an unusual prehistoric species of gazelle that lived in Africa and Arabia; it is only known from fossils. It makes up the subgenus Deprezia due to its unique skull morphology: it had a long premolar row, and its nasal area is peculiar, with short nasal bones and a very large nasal opening. It therefore seems to have been able to breathe cold and dry air (a similar adaptation as found in the saiga), but why this feature evolved is still rather mysterious. One possibility is that it made seasonal migrations to the High Atlas mountains, where such an adaptation would have been useful.

The species lived during the Late Pliocene (some 2.5 mya); its remains have been found at Ahl al Oughlam near Casablanca, Morocco.
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) is an American congressionally chartered fraternal organization that carries out activities to preserve the history and legacy of the United States Armed Forces veterans who fought during the Civil War. It is the legal successor to the Grand Army of the Republic, the large and influential grouping of Union Army veterans that existed in the decades following the Civil War. Most SUVCW activities occur at the "Camp" or local community level. Camps are grouped into state or regional structures called "Departments". The National organization, with headquarters at the National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, meets annually in a National Encampment that is attended by SUVCW members, known as "Brothers", from all Camps and Departments.

SUVCW and its subordinate structures are charitable 501(c)(3) organizations.

Congressional charter
A congressional charter is a law passed by the United States Congress that states the mission, authority, and activities of a group. Congress has issued corporate charters since 1791 and the laws that issue them are codified in Title 36 of the United States Code. The first charter issued by Congress was for the First Bank of the United States.

The relationship between Congress and an organization so recognized is largely symbolic, and is intended to lend the organization the legitimacy of being officially sanctioned by the U.S. government. Congress does not oversee or supervise organizations it has so chartered, aside from receiving a yearly financial statement.
Glossary of basketball terms
This glossary of basketball terms is a list of definitions of terms used in the game of basketball. Like any other major sport, basketball features its own extensive vocabulary of unique words and phrases used by players, coaches, sports journalists, commentators, and fans.

3x3 basketball
3x3 basketball (stylized as ƐX3, pronounced three-ex-three) is a variation of basketball played three-a-side, with one backboard and in a half-court setup. This basketball game format is currently being promoted and structured by FIBA, the sport's governing body. Its primary competition is an annual FIBA 3X3 World Tour, comprising a series of Masters and one Final tournament, and awarding six-figure prize money in US dollars. The FIBA 3x3 World Cups for men and women are the highest tournaments for national 3x3 teams. The 3x3 format has been adopted for both the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games.
Florence (actor)
Nicolas-Joseph Billot de La Ferrière, stage-name Florence (4 March 1749, Léry - 25 June 1816, rue Traversière, Paris) was a French actor.

He began his career in 1771 at the Théâtre de la Monnaie in Brussels, and moved to Versailles in 1777 in Mme Montansier's company.  Also in 1777 he made his anonymous début at the Comédie-Française, but was only received into its company after a second on 7 May 1778.  He was admitted as a sociétaire in April 1779, and devoted the next 25 years to the Comédie-Française's interests, making them forget his lack of talent.  Imprisoned with several other actors during the Reign of Terror, he owed his safe release to La Bussière.  He retired in 1804 and died in 1816.

Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française
The sociétaires of the Comédie-Française are chosen from among the pensionnaires who have been in the company a year or more.

They are decided upon in the course of a general assembly of the company's administrative committee, made up of six existing sociétaires, the senior sociétaire, and the general administrator.  A pensionnaire is thus named a societaire by a decree of the Ministry of Culture, from names put forward by the general administrator of the Comédie-Française.  On becoming a sociétaire, an actor automatically becomes a member of the Société des Comédiens-Français and receives a share of the profits as well as receiving a number of shares in the société to which he or she is contractually linked.

After his or her retirement, a sociétaire can continue to act, becoming an honorary sociétaire.  The senior member of the Comédie-Française is not the oldest sociétaire, but the sociétaire who has been with the company longest (since their entering it as a pensionnaire).
Maja Jager
Maja Buskbjerg Jager (born 22 December 1991) is a Danish recurve archer. A two-time competitor at the Olympic Games (2012 and 2020), Jager was the women's individual champion at the 2013 World Archery Championships, an achievement for which she was awarded the Danish Sports Name of the Year prize for 2013. She is also a multiple medalist at the European Games and the European Archery Championships.

World Archery
World Archery (WA, formerly Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc – FITA) is the governing body of the sport of archery. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. It is composed of 156 national federations and other archery associations, and is recognised by the International Olympic Committee.
Cat Rapes Dog
Cat Rapes Dog is a Swedish electropunk, EBM and heavy metal band, formed in 1984 by Joel Rydström and Magnus Fransson.

Initially the band self-released a number of albums on cassette, (then a trend followed by many independent acts of their type), plus a cassette album & vinyl singles on Swedish label Front Music Production.

Between 1989 and 1991 Cat Rapes Dog released three studio albums on KK Records, a Belgian independent label specialising in new beat, EBM and industrial acts (such as Front Line Assembly or Vomito Negro) that released over 300 titles between 1987 and 1996. Multiple Cat Rapes Dog albums were later released on Swedish independent labels Energy Rekords (Die Krupps, VNV Nation, Front 242, etc.) and Subspace Communications (Covenant, Apoptygma Berzerk, etc.) and on Artoffact Records of Toronto, Canada in 2013. Additional retrospective compilations have also been released by the above mentioned labels.

Front 242
Front 242 were a Belgian electronic music group that came into prominence during the 1980s. Pioneering the style they called electronic body music, they influenced the electronic and industrial music genres.
Navy Office (Germany)
The Navy Office (German: Marineamt) was a higher command within the German Navy, founded in 1965 and disestablished in 2012. Its original responsibility was training, education and armaments planning for the German Navy. It was situated at Wilhelmshaven until it was relocated to Rostock after German reunification in 1990. In 2001 it was merged with the former Navy Support Command, expanding its responsibilities to include naval logistics.

The Marineamt was commanded by a Rear Admiral directly subordinate to the Chief of the Naval Staff in the Ministry of Defence. It was the superior command for all naval schools and bases as well as of some research and development institutions.

In 2012, the Marineamt was combined with the Naval Staff in the Ministry of Defence in Bonn and Fleet Command in Glücksburg to form Navy Command (Marinekommando), located in Rostock.

Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (German pronunciation: [ˌvɪlhɛlmsˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ, lit. 'Wilhelm's Harbour'; Northern Low Saxon: Willemshaven) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmshaven is the centre of the "Jade Buse" business region (which has around 330,000 inhabitants) and is Germany's main military port.

The adjacent Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park (part of the Wattenmeer UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site) provides the basis for the major tourism industry in the region.
Marston on Dove
Marston on Dove (historically Marston Upon Dove) is a village and civil parish in South Derbyshire, nine miles (14 km) south west of Derby and two miles (3.2 km) east of Tutbury. The Church of St Mary at Marston has the oldest bell in Derbyshire, which was cast in Leicester in 1366 and inscribed with the words "Hail Mary" by John de Stafford.

South Derbyshire
South Derbyshire is a local government district in Derbyshire, England. The district covers the towns of Melbourne and Swadlincote as well as numerous villages and hamlets such as Hilton, Hatton, Etwall, Aston-on-Trent, Repton, Weston-on-Trent and Willington. About a third of the National Forest lies within the district.

The neighbouring districts are Derbyshire Dales, Amber Valley, Derby, Erewash, North West Leicestershire, Lichfield and East Staffordshire.
Mieczysław Słaby
Mieczysław Mikołaj Słaby (December 9, 1905 in Przemyśl – March 15, 1948 in Krakow) was a Polish army officer and medic in the Polish Land Forces during the Invasion of Poland, notably during the Battle of Westerplatte. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Virtuti Militari.

Polish Land Forces
The Land Forces (Polish: Wojska Lądowe) are the ground forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stretches back a millennium – since the 10th century (see List of Polish wars and History of the Polish Army). Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918.
Patan, Baitadi
Patan is a municipality in Baitadi District in the Mahakali Zone in Sudurpaschim Province of Far-western Nepal. The new municipality was formed by merging six existing villages Sakar, Silanga, Bhumeswor Gujar Basantapur and Patan on 2 December 2014. The office of the municipality is that of the former Patan village development committee. There are 10 wards in Patan

Basantapur, Baitadi
Basantapur is a Village Development Committee in Baitadi District in Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,141 and had 366 houses in the village.

Basantpur is a place which is almost 50 kilometres (31 mi) away from the Daimadu. Many of the people from this village are settled in metro cities of India and in the large cities of the Nepal. Many of the people are settled in Delhi; some of them are businessmen, and a number of youngsters have joined the army in Nepal. Many NGOs are working for the village. The village has a high school and has a water supply to almost every house. Many festivals like Gaura and Dashain are celebrated each year. The main earning of the people comes from agriculture. The village has many mills (ghatta in Nepal) for the grinding of wheat. Basantapur is not connected by public transport.
United States Naval Communications Station Sidi Yahya El Gharb
United States Naval Communications Station Sidi Yahya El Gharb was a U.S. Naval communications station consisting of work facilities, supply, living facilities, and rest and recreation of the United States Navy located just outside of Sidi Yahya El Gharb, Morocco. It was a U.S. Navy installation connected to the Naval Air Station Port Lyautey in Kenitra, Morocco. The base was closed in 1976.

Following its closure in the mid-1970's, the base was returned to the government of the Kingdom of Morocco and was transformed into a military barracks serving Sidi Slimane Air Base by the Royal Moroccan Air Force. As of 2021, it continues to serve in that capacity.

Naval Air Station Port Lyautey
Naval Air Station Port Lyautey is a former United States Navy Naval Air Station in Morocco, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Kenitra and about 120 kilometres (75 mi) northeast of Casablanca. The Naval Air Station was turned over to the Royal Moroccan Air Force and the last of US military personnel departed the base in 1977. The airport was later reopened as Kenitra Airport after it was closed.
Legislative districts of Capiz
The legislative districts of Capiz are the representation of the province of Capiz in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its first and second congressional districts.

Kalibo
Kalibo, officially the Municipality of Kalibo (Aklanon: Banwa it Kalibo; Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Kalibo; Tagalog: Bayan ng Kalibo), is a municipality and capital of the Province of Aklan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 93,218 people. It is the most populous town in the province.

The municipality is known for the Ati-Atihan Festival, the semi-urban and multi-awarded mangrove forest Bakhawan Eco-Park, and the piña-weaving, which was inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2023.
Cyperus prolifer
Cyperus prolifer is a species of sedge that is native to eastern Africa, ranging from Somalia to the Cape Provinces of South Africa, and to Madagascar and Mauritius. It is introduced and considered invasive in Florida.

Cyperus
Cyperus is a large genus of about 700 species of sedges, distributed throughout all continents in both tropical and temperate regions.

The word comes from the ancient Greek κύπερος (kúperos), which meant one or several species of this genus. Common names include papyrus sedges, flatsedges, nutsedges, umbrella-sedges, galingales, and zozoro (from Malagasy).
Danish Defence agreement 2005–09
The Danish Defence agreement 2005–2009 (Danish: Forsvarsforlig 2005-2009) is a white paper for the military of Denmark, signed on June 10, 2004.

It called for a significant reconstruction of the entire Danish military. At the time, it was about 60% support structure and 40% combat operational capability; it was planned to become 40% support structure and 60% combat operational capability, resulting in more combat soldiers and fewer 'paper'-soldiers. The reaction speed was to be increased, with an entire brigade on standby readiness for global deployment; the military would retain the capability to deploy 2.000 soldiers in international service, or 5.000 for a short time span. The standard mandatory conscription was modified to decrease the number of conscripts as well as the duration of their service time, and to ensure that only those who chose to would continue into the reaction force system.

Ministry of Defence (Denmark)
The Danish Ministry of Defence (Danish: Forsvarsministeriet, short FMN) is a ministry in the Danish government. It is charged with overall planning, development, and strategic guidance of the entire area of responsibility of the Minister of Defence, including the Danish Armed Forces and the emergency management sector. It is Denmark's ministry of defence and serves as the secretariat of the Danish Defence Minister.

It is also the administrator of the easternmost land in Denmark, the small archipelago, Ertholmene, whose administrator is employed by the ministry.
Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure
The Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP) is a manual published by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for use by trademark attorneys and trademark examiners.  It describes all of the laws and regulations that must be followed in order to apply for and maintain a trademark in the United States.  It includes explanations of the trademark application and examination process, the various types of trademarks, the Madrid Protocol, and proceedings before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.

The current edition of the Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure is the October 2018 edition.

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) is an administrative tribunal within the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) established in 1958.   The TTAB is empowered to determine the right to register a trademark. It has no authority to determine the right to use one, nor broader questions of infringement, unfair competition, damages or injunctive relief. The TTAB decides ex parte appeals from decisions by USPTO Examiners denying registration of marks, and inter partes proceedings challenging the registration of marks. Decisions of the TTAB may be appealed to a United States district court, or to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Practices and procedures for litigating before the TTAB are governed by the Trademark Rules of Practice and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure (TBMP) is an important guide to practice before the TTAB.
Salqin
Salqin (Arabic: سَلْقِين, romanized: Salqīn) is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of Idlib Governorate. Nearby localities include Kafr Takharim to the southeast, Abu Talha to the south, Delbiya to the southwest, al-Alani to the northwest and Isqat to the northeast. Salqin is the center of its nahiya (subdistrict). It had a population of 23,700 in 2004. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

The town is situated in the southern Orontes River valley and has an altitude of 460 meters above sea level. Olive and other fruit trees surround Salqin. It exports produce from these orchards as well as vegetables. Agriculture is sustained by the large number of springs in Salqin.

Delbiya
Delbiya (Arabic: دلبيا)  is a Syrian village located in Salqin Nahiyah in Harem District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Delbiya had a population of 1,204 in the 2004 census.
German People's Congress
The German People's Congress (German: Deutscher Volkskongress) were a series of congresses held in Allied-occupied Germany by the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and the Democratic Bloc from 1947 to 1949. Delegates from all over Germany gathered to establish a German government, and the German People's Council served as a constitutional convention. The People's Congresses were dominated by members of the SED, and the success of the London Six-Power Conference limited their influence to the Soviet Occupation Zone. They resulted in the founding of the German Democratic Republic in October 1949.

Bizone
The Bizone (German: [ˈbiːˌt͡soːnə] ⓘ) or Bizonia was the combination of the American and the British occupation zones on 1 January 1947 during the occupation of Germany after World War II. With the addition of the French occupation zone on 1 August 1948 the entity became the Trizone (German: [ˈtʁiːˌt͡soːnə] ⓘ; sometimes jokingly called Trizonesia (German: Trizonesien, German pronunciation: [tʁit͡soˈneːzi̯ən] ⓘ)). Later, on 23 May 1949, the Trizone became the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly known as West Germany.