hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holocaust uniqueness debate
The assertion that the Holocaust was a unique event in human history was important to the historiography of the Holocaust, but it has come under increasing criticism in the twenty-first century. Related claims include the assertion that the Holocaust is external to history, beyond human understanding, a civilizational rupture (German: Zivilisationsbruch), and something that should not be compared to other historical events. Uniqueness approaches to the Holocaust also coincide with the view that antisemitism is not another form of racism and prejudice but is eternal and teleologically culminates in the Holocaust, a frame that is preferred by proponents of Zionist narratives.

The Problems of Genocide
The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression is a 2021 book by Australian historian A. Dirk Moses. The book explores what Moses sees as flaws in the concept of genocide, which he argues allows killings of civilians that do not resemble the Holocaust to be ignored. Moses proposes "permanent security" as an alternative to the concept of genocide. The book was described as important, but his emphasis on security is considered only one factor to be causing mass violence.
1991 Brabantse Pijl
The 1991 Brabantse Pijl was the 31st edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 31 March 1991. The race started in Sint-Genesius-Rode and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Edwig Van Hooydonck.

Brabantse Pijl (men's race)
The Brabantse Pijl (English: Brabant Arrow, French: Flèche Brabançonne or Flèche Branconne) is a Flanders Classics road bicycle race held annually in Flemish Brabant and in Walloon Brabant, Belgium. The race was organised as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour from 2005 to 2009, a 1.HC event from 2010 to 2019, and since 2020 has been part of the UCI ProSeries.

Zaventem used to be the city of start; in 2008 however, Leuven became the place of start. Until 2009, the finish was located in Alsemberg and, in 2010, it moved to Overijse. Also in 2010, the fixed date of the Brabantse Pijl shifted from the Sunday before the Tour of Flanders to the Wednesday before the Amstel Gold Race.

In 2011, the race was upgraded to a 1.HC event. Edwig Van Hooydonck holds the record for most wins in the race with four between 1987 and 1995.
Spherulite
In petrology, spherulites (/ˈsfɛrʊlaɪts, sfɪər-/) are small, rounded bodies that commonly occur in vitreous igneous rocks. They are often visible in specimens of obsidian, pitchstone, and rhyolite as globules about the size of millet seed or rice grain, with a duller luster than the surrounding glassy base of the rock, and when they are examined with a lens they prove to have a radiate fibrous structure.

Igneous rock
Igneous rock (igneous from Latin  igneus 'fiery'), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in a terrestrial planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.
Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco
Malvasia di Castelnuovo Don Bosco is a sweet, sparkling, red or rosé DOC dessert wine produced in the Italian province of Asti from the Malvasia di Schierano grape variety with the optional addition of up to 15% Freisa.

The wine is cherry red in colour with an aroma typical of the grape and 'reminiscent of dog roses and scents of red berries.' The flavour is sweet and aromatic with characteristic tannins. It is made in both lightly (frizzante) and fully sparkling (spumante) versions; the regulations also permit it to be made as a still wine.

Province of Asti
The province of Asti (Italian: provincia di Asti; Piedmontese: provincia d'Ast) is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Asti. To the northwest it borders on the Metropolitan City of Turin; to the southwest it borders on the province of Cuneo. To the east it borders on the province of Alessandria, while in the south it shares a very short border with the Ligurian province of Savona. It has an area of 1,504.5 square kilometres (580.9 sq mi), and, As of 2017, a total population of 215,871.
2002 Canberra Women's Classic – Doubles
Nicole Arendt and Ai Sugiyama were the defending champions, but Arendt chose not to participate and Sugiyama chose to participate in Sydney instead.

Nannie de Villiers and Irina Selyutina won the title, defeating Samantha Reeves and Adriana Serra Zanetti in the final, 6–2, 6–3.

2002 Adidas International – Women's doubles
Anna Kournikova and Barbara Schett were the defending champions, but played this year with different partners. Kournikova teamed up with Martina Hingis and reached the final before been forced to withdraw, while Schett teamed up with Silvia Farina Elia and lost in semifinals.

Lisa Raymond and Rennae Stubbs won the title by walkover, after Hingis had to withdraw due to a heat exhaustion and a minor thigh injury. It was the 28th title for Raymond and the 32nd title for Stubbs in their respective doubles careers.
Ayrarat
Ayrarat (Armenian: Այրարատ) was the central province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, located in the plain of the upper Aras River. Most of the historical capitals of Armenia were located in this province, including Armavir, Yervandashat, Artashat, Vagharshapat, Dvin, Bagaran, Shirakavan, Kars and Ani (the current capital of Armenia, Yerevan, is also located on the territory of historical Ayrarat).

Robert H. Hewsen
Robert H. Hewsen (born Hewsenian; May 20, 1934 – November 17, 2018) was an American historian and professor of history at Rowan University. He was an expert on the ancient history of the South Caucasus. Hewsen is the author of Armenia: A Historical Atlas (2001), a major reference book, acclaimed as an important achievement in Armenian studies.
Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań
Saint Mary Magdalene High School in Poznań (Polish: Liceum Ogólnokształcące św. Marii Magdaleny; Latin: Ad sanctam Mariam Magdalenam; colloquially simply as Marynka) is one of the oldest and one of the most prestigious and selective high schools in Poland. School is noted for its alumni, its academics, and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Marynka has educated statesmen, scholars and generations of the intelligentsia and has been referred to as "the chief nurse of Poland's elites".

Leon Michał Przyłuski
Leon Michał Przyłuski (1789–1865) was a Polish Catholic Bishop who was Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland from 1845 to 1865. He was an active participant in the Polish independence movement of the late 1800s.
2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next governor of South Dakota. Incumbent Republican governor Dennis Daugaard was term-limited and could not seek a third consecutive term.

Republican candidate Kristi Noem won against Democratic candidate Billie Sutton in the closest gubernatorial election in South Dakota history. Noem also became the first female governor of the state. Her victory extended the longest active hold on a governorship by one party; the GOP had won every gubernatorial election in South Dakota starting in 1978. Conversely, Noem's vote percentage of 51% was the worst performance for any Republican gubernatorial candidate in the state since 1974, while Sutton's 47.6% was the best for any Democratic candidate since 1986.

South Dakota House of Representatives
The South Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Dakota Legislature. It consists of 70 members, two from each legislative district. Two of the state's 35 legislative districts, Districts 26 and 28, are each subdivided into two single-member districts (26A/26B and 28A/28B). The South Dakota House of Representatives meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Former Fish Market, Trapani
The Former Fish Market (Italian: Piazza ex Mercato del Pesce) is a historic open-market pavilion and seafront square in the old town of Trapani, Sicily. Built in the late 19th century as the city's principal fish market, it stands along the Mura di Tramontana, the northern waterfront walls of the historic harbour. Port activity later shifted to the southern side of the peninsula with the creation of the modern Port of Trapani, after which the pavilion and square were adapted for cultural and civic events.

Port of Trapani
The Port of Trapani (Italian: Porto di Trapani) is the commercial and passenger seaport serving the city of Trapani in western Sicily, Italy. It functions as a multipurpose harbour handling general cargo, roll-on/roll-off traffic, ferries, hydrofoils, cruise ships, fishing vessels and leisure craft.

The port has played a central role in the area’s history from antiquity—when the harbour of ancient Drepanon developed along the north-facing shoreline—through its later transformation into a modern engineered port on the southern and eastern sides of the peninsula.

It is administered by the Autorità di Sistema Portuale del Mare di Sicilia Occidentale. Ongoing redevelopment projects include major dredging, quay consolidation and waterfront-improvement works, funded in part through Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan.
Cathedral of St. Elizabeth
The Cathedral of St. Elizabeth (Slovak: Dóm svätej Alžbety, pronounced [ˈdɔːm ˈsʋɛɐtej ˈalʐbeti]; German: Dom der heiligen Elisabeth), also called Saint Elizabeth Cathedral, is a Gothic cathedral in Košice, Slovakia. It is the largest church in Slovakia and one of the easternmost Gothic cathedrals in Europe.

According to historical and archaeological sources, the present-day cathedral was built in the place of an earlier church, which was also consecrated to Saint Elizabeth of Hungary. It was referred to in documents from 1283 and 1290, in which the Bishop of Eger Andrew II spoke about the jurisdiction of the church.

Cultural Heritage Monuments of Slovakia
The cultural heritage of Slovakia is protected and promoted in accordance with the Law on the protection of monuments and historic sites (2002). Article 2 defines monuments and historic sites as those movable and immovable cultural properties that have been declared as national Cultural Heritage Monuments (Slovak: Národná kultúrna pamiatka (NKP)). Cultural Heritage Monuments are declared by the Ministry of Culture after proposal by the Monuments Board (Article 15). A central register is kept by the Monuments Board, comprising a register of (1) movable cultural heritage monuments; (2) immovable cultural heritage monuments (Register nehnuteľných NKP); (3) protected historic reserves (Register Pamiatkových rezervácií); (4) protected historic zones (Register Pamiatkových zón) (Article 22). As of 31 December 2010, 14,818 cultural monuments have been declared. In addition, as of January 2003, 2,828 town reserves and 757 folk architecture reserves have been declared.
Lifuka Island Airport
Lifuka Island Airport (IATA: HPA, ICAO: NFTL), also known as Salote Pilolevu Airport or Haʻapai Airport, is an airport on Lifuka in Tonga. The airport is located 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the capital Panga, and is only served domestically, roughly 40 minutes by flight to Tongatapu and 30 minutes to Vava'u. Taxis serve the airport, and services include a cafe inside the terminal.

One of the airport's more distinctive features is the dirt road intersecting the runway. The road is the only path connecting Lifuka and Foa islands. Gates staffed by airport employees are used to prevent vehicle access during aircraft operations; the rest of the airport is otherwise secured with barbed wire fencing.

There is no aviation fuel or refueling service for aircraft available at the airport.

Foa
Foa is an island in Tonga. It is located within the Haʻapai group in the centre of the country, to northeast of the national capital of Nukuʻalofa.

Foa is linked to adjacent Lifuka Island by a causeway, and is located 640 metres northeast of Lifuka.

The island has an area of 13.39 km2 (5.17 sq mi). The population as of the 2016 census was 1,392.
Montville Memorial Precinct
Montville Memorial Precinct is a heritage-listed memorial precinct at Razorback Road and Main Street (Montville–Mapleton Road), Montville, Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 August 2008.

Kalinga Park
Kalinga Park is a heritage-listed park at 100 Bertha Street, Kalinga (formerly part of Wooloowin), City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The eastern section of the park borders neighbouring Clayfield. It is also known as Anzac Memorial Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007.
Mecistogaster ornata
Mecistogaster ornata, the lemon-tipped helicopter, or ornate helicopter, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Central America and South America.

The IUCN conservation status of Mecistogaster ornata is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2009.

Coenagrionidae
Coenagrionidae is a family of damselflies, also known as pond damselflies, in the order Odonata and the suborder Zygoptera. The Zygoptera are the damselflies, which although less known than the dragonflies, are no less common. More than 1,300 species are in this family, making it the largest damselfly family. The family Coenagrionidae has six subfamilies: Agriocnemidinae, Argiinae, Coenagrioninae, Ischnurinae, Leptobasinae, and Pseudagrioninae.

This family is referred to as the narrow-winged damselflies or the pond damselflies. The Coenagrionidae enjoy a worldwide distribution, and are among the most common of damselfly families. This family has the smallest of damselfly species. More than 110 genera of the family Coenagrionidae are currently accepted.
Gotai
Gotai (五体) is a Japanese cultural practice regarding the intactness of the body, both in life and death, and has its roots in Confucianism. It is believed that the soul is directly influenced by the welfare of the body, and alteration to the body will directly influence or disrupt the soul.

The notion is the basis for much of the Japanese reluctance to use implants or have surgery, to the point that earrings are traditionally frowned upon.

Culture of Japan
Japanese culture has changed greatly over the millennia, from the country's prehistoric Jōmon period, to its contemporary modern culture, which absorbs influences from Asia and other regions of the world.

Since the Jomon period, ancestral groups like the Yayoi and Kofun, who arrived to Japan from Korea and China, respectively, have shaped Japanese culture. Rice cultivation and centralized leadership were introduced by these groups, shaping Japanese culture. Chinese dynasties, particularly the Tang dynasty, have influenced Japanese culture throughout history and brought it into the Sinosphere. After 220 years of isolation, the Meiji era opened Japan to Western influences, enriching and diversifying Japanese culture. Popular culture shows how much contemporary Japanese culture influences the world.
Sacca San Biagio
Sacca San Biagio is an uninhabited island in the Venetian Lagoon which, like other "sacche" (Sacca Sessola, Sacca Fisola, etc.), is artificial. It lies immediately to the west of Sacca Fisola, to which it is connected by a bridge, and was built between the 1920s and the 1950s from trash.

It hosted a trash incinerator from 1973 to 1985. It is now being improved, with proposals for a theme park and cultural center.

Venetian Lagoon
The Venetian Lagoon, also Venice Lagoon or Lagoon of Venice, is an enclosed bay of the Adriatic Sea, in northern Italy, in which the city of Venice is situated. Its name, from a Venetian derivative of Latin lacus 'lake', has become the generalized English term for any enclosed, shallow embayment of salt water – a lagoon.
Ivan Talovac
Ivan Talovac (Hungarian: Tallóci János) was a 15th-century Croatian nobleman, a member of the Talovac noble family. He served as prior of Vrana from 1439 to 1445 (until his death), as the first governor of Pakrac in Slavonia, and was a member of the Order of the Knights of Saint John.

Priory of Vrana
The Priory of Vrana (Latin: prioratus Auranae, Hungarian: vránai perjelség, Croatian: vranski priorat) is a ruined monastery near the Croatian town of Vrana. During the medieval period the monastery is mentioned in historical sources since 11th century as fortress of Vrana (castrum Auranae) and Benedictine monastery.
Tronchón
Tronchón is a town located in the province of Teruel in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. The town is near the border with Castellón, a province in the autonomous community of Valencia. It is situated in Teruel’s mountainous area known as Maestrazgo.

Maestrazgo
The Maestrazgo (Spanish: [maesˈtɾaðɣo]) or Maestrat (Valencian: [maesˈtɾat]) is a natural and historical mountainous region, located at the eastern end of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range, in Spain. It encompasses the north of the Autonomous Community of Valencia, in Castellón province, and parts of the east of the Aragonese province of Teruel. The area is mountainous and sparsely populated with a rich mixture of flora and fauna.

The district was under control of military orders following the 12th-century Christian reconquest of the area from the Moors. It also had a significant role in the 19th century Carlist Wars and the 20th century Spanish Civil War. After many years of decline the area is undergoing some re-vitalization, helped by funding from the European Union and tourism.
Cycloramphus fuliginosus
Cycloramphus fuliginosus is a species of frog in the family Cycloramphidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and known from the Atlantic coastal forest between southeastern Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Its common name is Tschudi's button frog. The specific name was originally spelled as fulginosus, but the incorrect subsequent spelling fuliginosus by André Marie Constant Duméril and Gabriel Bibron (1841) was followed by later authors and is now preserved on the basis of the "prevailing usage".

Cycloramphus fuliginosus is a common frog. It is a nocturnal species living in primary and secondary forest. Habitat loss is a major threat to it.

Cycloramphidae
The Cycloramphidae are a family of frogs endemic to southeastern Brazil. This family has seen large changes in its composition. Genera that have at some point been included in the Cycloramphidae are at present placed in the Alsodidae, Hylodidae, Leptodactylidae, and Rhinodermatidae. Of these, the Alsodidae and/or Hylodidae have also been considered as subfamilies of Cycloramphidae (as, respectively, Alsodinae and Hylodinae); the Cycloramphidae, as recognized at present, would be similar to subfamily Cycloramphinae under such system.
Gierałtów railway station
51°11′31″N 15°17′59″E﻿ / ﻿51.19194°N 15.29972°E﻿ / 51.19194; 15.29972

Gierałtów is a railway station on the Węgliniec–Lubań railway in the village of Gierałtów, Bolesławiec County, within the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in south-western Poland.

Bolesławiec County
Bolesławiec County (Polish: powiat bolesławiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, southwestern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Bolesławiec, famed for its pottery, and its only other town is Nowogrodziec. The county covers an area of 1,303.3 square kilometres (503.2 sq mi).

As at 2019 the total population of the county is 90,108, of which the population of Bolesławiec is 38,852, that of Nowogrodziec is 4,243, and the rural population is 47,013.
Thae Jong-su
Thae Jong-su (Korean: 태종수; born 20 March 1936) is a North Korean politician. He was a Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and the director of the Munitions Industry Department of the WPK. He is a full member of the 7th Central Committee of the WPK, a full member of the 7th Politburo of the WPK and a member of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea.

Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea
The Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) were offices that existed within the WPK between 1949–66 and 2016–21. The office of "Chairman of the Central Committee" existed between 1949–66 and the office of "Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea" existed in 2016–21. The deputy to the Chairman, the officeholder of Vice Chairman of the Central Committee existed in 1949–66 and 2016–21. This list also includes the chairmen and vice chairmen of the direct predecessors of the WPK.
Multilateralism
In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal. Multilateralism is based on the principles of inclusivity, equality, and cooperation, and aims to foster a more peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world.
Middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting multilateralism and internationalism.

One of the key advantages of multilateralism is that it enables countries to solve problems that transcend national boundaries, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, through shared responsibility and burden-sharing. However, multilateralism has challenges. The rise of populism, fascism, and protectionism in some countries has raised concerns about the future of multilateralism and the effectiveness of international cooperation.

Victor Cha
Victor D. Cha (Korean: 차유덕; RR: Cha Yu-deok, born 1960) is an American political scientist currently serving as president of the Geopolitics and Foreign Policy Department and Korea Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

He is a former Director for Asian Affairs at the White House National Security Council (NSC) during the George W. Bush administration, with responsibility for Japan, North and South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. He was George W. Bush's top advisor on North Korean affairs. He holds the D.S. Song-Korea Foundation Chair in Asian Studies and previously served as Director of the Asian Studies program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.
Third-party and independent candidates for the 1996 United States presidential election
This article contains lists of official and potential third party and independent candidates associated with the 1996 United States presidential election.

"Third party" is a term commonly used in the United States in reference to political parties other than the two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. An independent candidate is one who runs for office with no formal party affiliation.

Parties with ballot access in states holding 270 or more electoral votes are listed first in this article because 270 electoral votes represent a majority of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College.

David Boren
David Lyle Boren (April 21, 1941 – February 20, 2025) was an American lawyer and politician from Oklahoma. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 21st governor of Oklahoma from 1975 to 1979 and three terms in the United States Senate from 1979 to 1994. A conservative Democrat, to date, he is the last in his party to have served as U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He was the 13th and second-longest serving president of the University of Oklahoma from 1994 to 2018. He was the longest serving chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. On September 20, 2017, Boren officially announced his retirement as president of the University of Oklahoma, effective June 30, 2018.