hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1970s in Bangladesh
The 1970s (pronounced "nineteen-seventies", commonly abbreviated as the "Seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1970, and ended on 31 December 1979. It was a very significant decade in the history of Bangladesh, because this is the decade in which Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state. The decade began with a devastating cyclone that ravaged the southern part of the country. The next year the country went into Liberation war and achieved independence from Pakistan. The government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman administered the newly formed country between 1972–1975, but their rule soon came to an end through a series of coups and counter coups in the later part of the decade. Economically the country struggled because of the war (1971) and famine (1974) throughout the decade and was highly dependent on foreign aids. Culturally, in this decade Bangladesh started to establish its own identity as an independent nation.

Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (Bengali: খন্দকার মুশতাক আহমেদ, romanized: Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed; 17 February 1919 – 5 March 1996) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the Minister of Commerce in the third Mujib Rahman ministry under President-Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and assumed the presidency of Bangladesh after the President-Prime Minister's assassination on 15 August 1975. He praised the assassins as "sons of the sun" and put cabinet ministers loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in jail. On 3 November, he himself was deposed in another coup.

His party failed to gain any significant traction in Bangladeshi politics and never became a major political force.
Tim Ries
Timothy M. Ries (born 15 August 1959) is an American saxophonist, composer, arranger, band leader, and music educator at the collegiate/conservatory level.  Ries is in his eighteenth year as a professor of jazz studies at the University of Toronto.  His universe of work as composer, arranger, and instrumentalist ranges from rock to jazz to classical to experimental to ethno to fusions of respective genres thereof.  His notable works with wide popularity include The Rolling Stones Project, a culmination of jazz arrangements of music by the Rolling Stones produced on two albums, the first in 2005 and the second in 2008.

University of North Texas College of Music
The University of North Texas College of Music, based in Denton, is a comprehensive music school among the largest enrollment of any music institution accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music. It developed the first jazz studies program in the nation, and it remains one of the top schools for jazz.  As one of thirteen colleges and schools at the University of North Texas, it has been among the largest music institutions of higher learning in North America since the 1940s.  North Texas has been a member of the National Association of Schools of Music for 87 years. Since the 1970s, approximately one-third of all North Texas music students have been enrolled at the graduate level.  Music at North Texas dates back to the founding of the university in 1890 when Eliza Jane McKissack, its founding director, structured it as a conservatory.
Jan Sobieski's expedition against the Tatar chambuls
Jan Sobieski's expedition against the Tatar chambuls  was a successful military campaign that aimed to disperse the Tatars who were pillaging the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676).

Hetman
Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Hetman was also the title of the head of the Cossack state in Ukraine after  the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648. Throughout much of the history of Romania and Moldavia, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic, the title is used for regional governors.
Microbiota decussata
Microbiota is a monotypic genus of evergreen coniferous shrubs in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species, Microbiota decussata (Siberian cypress, or Russian arborvitae). The plant is native and endemic to a limited area of the Sikhote-Alin mountains in Primorskiy Krai in the Russian Far East. The genus name Microbiota is not to be confused with the term "microbiota" for the range of micro-organisms of a life system. The genus name is derived from micro-, meaning "small", + Biota, a synonym of the genus Platycladus, a closely related conifer genus with the sole species Platycladus orientalis.

Cupressaceae
Cupressaceae or the cypress family is a family of conifers. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species. The family reached its peak of diversity during the Mesozoic era.
Pisa Range
The Pisa Range is a mountain range in Central Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies on the western shore of the man-made Lake Dunstan and overlooks the town of Cromwell. Its highest point, Mount Pisa, is 1,963 m (6,440 feet).

Luggate
Luggate is a small town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 6 between Wānaka and Cromwell, near the junction with State Highway 8A, approximately 15 km from the Wānaka township, just past Wānaka Airport. The town is nestled below the northern end of the Criffel Range of mountains.

The Luggate 'Grandview Bridge' is a local icon listed highly in the Queenstown Lakes District Council's Historic Register. It was opened on October 28, 1915, and has been described as "one of the most attractively proportioned steel truss road bridges in the country." It is 103.7 metres long, and features a 61-metre Baltimore through truss, another 30.5m truss and a 12.2m rolled steel joist end span.
Oretown, Oregon
Oretown is an unincorporated community in Tillamook County, Oregon, United States. It is along U.S. Route 101 about 4 miles (6 km) north of Neskowin and south of Nestucca Bay.

In 1877, settlers James B. Upton and S. H. Rock petitioned Senator John H. Mitchell asking for a mail route to Grand Ronde and a post office. Upton owned a seal marked "Oregon City", so he suggested the new post office be named "Ore City" and he would alter the seal so it could be used for the new community. Mitchell knew confusion with Oregon City would occur, and suggested the name "Oretown" to the postal authorities instead. The name was accepted and Oretown post office ran from 1877 to 1954. Today Oretown has a Cloverdale mailing address.

At one time Oretown had a cheese factory and a salmon cannery. Today the community has a historic church, the 1913 Oretown Bible Church, a Grange hall built in 1907, and a few houses.

Grand Ronde, Oregon
Grand Ronde is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Polk and Yamhill counties, Oregon, United States. Historically noted as a village in Polk County, the sphere of influence and community is in both Polk and Yamhill counties. The name of the community is a variation of the French Grande Ronde or "Grand Round" which could be about the large round-up of Native American peoples in the area who were settled on what was known as the Grand Ronde Indian Reservation, or possibly referencing the shape of the valley in which the community is located. As of the 2020 census, Grand Ronde had a population of 2,010. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium
The Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium (simplified Chinese: 沈阳奥林匹克体育中心; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽奧林匹克體育中心; pinyin: Shěnyáng Àolínpǐkè Tǐyù Zhōngxīn) is a 60,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. It is part of the Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre.

Nicknamed "Crystal Crown" 水晶皇冠, the stadium was built by AXS Satow as a replacement for Wulihe Stadium. It hosted football matches at the 2008 Summer Olympics. It was the home ground of the Shenyang Dongjin, a club that folded in 2018. In 2013 the stadium was the principal venue of the 2013 National Games of China with the opening and closing ceremonies as well as the main athletic events.

The complex includes a 10,000-seat gymnasium, a 4,000-seat natatorium, and a 4,000-seat tennis field.

Shenyang Dongjin F.C.
Shenyang Dongjin Football Club (simplified Chinese: 沈阳东进; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽東進; pinyin: Shěnyáng Dōngjìn) was a Chinese football club based in Shenyang, Liaoning and their home stadium is the Shenyang Urban Construction University Stadium that has a seating capacity of 12,000.
Israel Jacob Kligler
Israel Jacob Kligler (Hebrew: ישראל יעקב קליגלר; 24 April 1889 – 23 September 1944) was a microbiologist, Zionist and humanist. Kligler was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, educated in the United States and spent most of his career in Mandatory Palestine, but died before the creation of the State of Israel.

Kliger was one of the first four professors of the Hebrew University and the founder of Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology of the university, which he headed until his death in 1944. As  one of the pioneers of modern medical research in Mandatory Palestine, his interests lay in a wide range of disciplines,  including Parasitology, Virology, Nutrition, Epidemiology and Public Health.

Kliger developed the Kligler Iron Agar medium for the isolation and identification of intestinal bacteria, which is still in use today.

Kligler's was a key contributor to the eradication of malaria in Mandatory Palestine, a mission completed after his death.

Henrietta Szold
Henrietta Szold (/zoʊld/ ZOHLD, Hungarian: [ˈsold]; December 21, 1860 – February 13, 1945) was an American-born Jewish Zionist leader and founder of Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America. In 1942, she co-founded Ihud, a political party in Mandatory Palestine dedicated to a binational solution.
Zhihengliuella
Zhihengliuella is a genus of gram-positive, mesophilic, aerobic non-spore-forming and motile bacteria from the family Micrococcaceae. Zhihengliuella is named after the Chinese microbiologist Zhi-Heng Liu.

Micrococcaceae
Micrococcaceae, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós), meaning "small", and κόκκος (kókkos), meaning "sphere", includes bacterial genera of Gram positive cocci that inhabit the air and skin, such as  Micrococcus luteus.
1877 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1877 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1877. Under internal party pressure, incumbent Republican Governor Harrison Ludington, who had barely won the 1875 election, was pressured to not seek a second term. Former State Assembly Speaker William E. Smith, a longtime figure in Wisconsin politics, was selected as the Republican nominee, and Milwaukee County Municipal Judge Thomas A. Mallory won a protracted battle for the nomination at the Democratic convention. Smith and Mallory were joined in the general election by Greenback nominee Edward Phelps Allis. Ultimately, though the Republican vote share shrank relative to 1875, the Democratic vote share shrank more, and Smith won a larger victory than Ludington did, though only with a 44% plurality.

Oconto County, Wisconsin
Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,965.  Its county seat is Oconto. The county was established in 1851.

Oconto County is part of the Green Bay metropolitan area and the Green Bay-Shawano combined statistical area.
Epping Forest, Tasmania
Epping Forest is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Northern Midlands in the Central LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 38 kilometres (24 mi) south-east of the town of Longford. The 2016 census recorded a population of 72 for the state suburb of Epping Forest.

Longford, Tasmania
Longford is a town in the northern midlands of Tasmania, Australia. It lies 145 m above sea level at the convergence of the Macquarie River and the South Esk River, 21 km south of Launceston and a 15-minute drive from the airport. It is just south of the Illawarra Road, a road connecting the Bass and Midland Highways. It has a population of 3,863 (2016 census) and is part of the Northern Midlands Council area. The region is predominantly agricultural, noted for wool, dairy produce and stock breeding.
2025–26 Cymru South
The 2025–26 Cymru South season (also known as the 2025–26 JD Cymru South season for sponsorship reasons) is the sixth season of the second-tier Southern region football in Welsh football pyramid. The season began on 25 July 2025 and will conclude on 18 April 2026.

2024–25 Cymru Premier
The 2024–25 Cymru Premier (Welsh: Uwch Gynghrair Cymru 2024–25; known as the JD Cymru Premier for sponsorship reasons) was the 33rd season of the Cymru Premier (formerly known as the Welsh Premier League), the highest football league within Wales since its establishment in 1992.

The New Saints were the season's champions, their fourth successive title.
2010 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship qualification
This page describes the qualifying procedure for the 2010 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship finals.

The 2010 FIM Speedway Under 21 World Championship events took place from April to June 2010. In a new format approved by the International Motorcycling Federation (FIM), there were three final meetings with fourteen permanent riders and two wild cards and two track reserves. The permanent riders was determined in five Qualifying Round and two Semi-Finals.

2010 Speedway Under-21 World Championship
The 2010 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship was the 34th edition of the FIM World motorcycle speedway Under-21 Championships.

For the first time a champion would be determined from three races between 17 July and 2 October 2010.

Three riders (the 2009 Champion Darcy Ward, Maciej Janowski and Maksims Bogdanovs all tied on 30 points after the three races meaning a run-off was needed to decide the medals. Ward became the second rider to win the Under-21 World Champion title twice, after Emil Sayfutdinov (2007 and 2008 champion) after beating Janowksi and Bogdanovs in the run-off.
Rasony
Rasony (Belarusian: Расоны; Russian: Россоны, romanized: Rossony) is an urban-type settlement in Vitebsk Region, in northern Belarus. It is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of Polotsk, and serves as the administrative center of Rasony District. In 2016, its population was 4,946. As of 2024, it has a population of 4,518.

Polotsk
Polotsk or Polatsk is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2025, it has a population of 79,285.
Bifunctionality
In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (−OH), amide (−CONH2), aldehyde (−CHO), nitrile (−CN) or carboxylic acid (−COOH). Many bifunctional species are used to produce complex materials.  They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide.

Polyfunctional species have more than two functional groups. Most biological compounds are polyfunctional.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry
The Nogales Port of Entry evolved over time, rather than being planned.  When an international fence divided Nogales in the early 20th century, vehicles were inspected at a gate at Grand Avenue, trains were inspected just east of there, and pedestrians were inspected further to the east at Morley Avenue.  A small tile-roofed inspection station was completed in 1931 and was expanded in 1949.  Substantial renovations were performed in 2011.

In 2011, the Morley Gate facility was renovated to improve throughput and to provide more space and better lighting.  On busy days, over 10,000 people enter the United States through Morley Gate.  It is one of five land border pedestrian-only crossing in the United States. Others include the Boquillas Port of Entry in Big Bend National Park in Texas, the Cross Border Xpress at Tijuana International Airport, the PedWest component of the San Ysidro Port of Entry, and Goat Haunt in Glacier National Park

San Ysidro Port of Entry
The San Ysidro Port of Entry (aka the San Ysidro Land Port of Entry or the San Ysidro LPOE) is the largest land border crossing between San Diego and Tijuana, and the fourth-busiest land border crossing in the world (second-busiest excluding the crossings between mainland China and its two special administrative regions) with 70,000 northbound vehicles and 20,000 northbound pedestrians crossing each day, in addition to southbound traffic. It connects Mexican Federal Highway 1 on the Mexican side with Interstate 5 on the American side. The San Ysidro Port of Entry is one of three ports of entry in the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan region.
John Kimball (politician, born 1796)
John Kimball (September 30, 1796 – February 23, 1884) was a New Hampshire and Vermont attorney and politician who served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives and the Vermont House of Representatives.  He also served as President of the Vermont Senate.

Vermont Senate
The Vermont Senate is the upper house of the Vermont General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Vermont. The senate consists of 30 members elected from multi-member districts. Each senator represents at least 20,300 citizens. Senators are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit to the number of terms a senator may serve.

As in other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the U.S. Senate, the Vermont Senate has special functions, such as confirming or rejecting gubernatorial appointments to executive departments, the state cabinet, commissions, boards, and (for the first six-year term) the state's judiciary.

The Vermont Senate meets at the Vermont State House in the state capital of Montpelier.
Saint Isaac's Bridge
Isaakievsky pontoon bridge (Saint Isaac's Bridge) was the first bridge across Neva river in St.Petersburg, by then the capital of Russian Empire. It was first constructed in 1727. Starting from 1732 it was rebuilt each summer for a period 184 years.  The bridge was named after the nearby Saint Isaac's Cathedral. Between 1856 and 1912 construction was shifted to the spot of today's Palace Bridge.

The gale of 1733 shattered the bridge, sinking the barques supporting it.  After this the bridge was supported by special-design heavy-duty pontoons.

In 1916 a passing tugboat sent a spark that caused a fire on the wooden structures and the bridge perished in flames.

The former construction spot of the bridge is distinguished today by bank abutments fettled with granite steps leading down to the water.

Palace Bridge
59°56′28″N 30°18′29″E﻿ / ﻿59.941149°N 30.308105°E﻿ / 59.941149; 30.308105

Palace Bridge (Russian: Дворцо́вый мост, Dvortsoviy Most), a road- and foot-traffic bascule bridge, spans the Neva River in Saint Petersburg between Palace Square and Vasilievsky Island. Like every other Neva bridge (except for Big Obukhovsky Bridge), it is drawn by night, making foot travel between various parts of the city virtually impossible. The bascule span was designed by an American firm, the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company, and built by the French firm Société de Construction des Batignolles between 1912 and 1916.

The total length of Palace Bridge is 260.1 metres, width is 27.8 metres. It is actually composed of five spans, the southernmost joining Palace Embankment between the Winter Palace and the Admiralty and leading to Palace Square.
Kozloduy
Kozloduy (Bulgarian: Козлодуй pronounced [kozɫoˈduj]) is a town in northwest Bulgaria, located in Vratsa Province, on the Danube River. The city was liberated from Ottoman rule on 23 November 1877 by the Romanian Army under the command of the Imperial Russian Army. Kozloduy is best known for the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, Bulgaria's only (as of January 2018) nuclear power plant, which is located nearby, as well as the second largest Bulgarian Danubian island, Kozloduy Island. The city is also known for the ship Radetzky, the boat in which the poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev and with 200 others crossed the Danube River in a final attempt to gather an army and liberate Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire.

Vratsa
Vratsa (Bulgarian: Враца [ˈvrat͡sɐ]) is the largest city in northwestern Bulgaria and the administrative and economic centre of the municipality of Vratsa and Vratsa district. It is about 112 km (70 mi) north of Sofia, 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Montana.

Situated at the foot of the Vrachanski Balkan, the town is near numerous caves, waterfalls, and rock formations. The most famous of them are the Ledenika Cave, Skaklya Waterfall, and the Vratsata Pass.

The Vratsa History Museum holds the Rogozen treasure, which is the largest Thracian treasure.

Botev Days are held annually in the city, culminating in the rally-dawn on 1 June, held at Hristo Botev Square, as well as the national worship on 2 June at Mount Okolchitsa.

Vratsa's motto is "A city like the Balkan – ancient and young".
Lowest usable high frequency
The lowest usable high frequency (LUF), in radio transmission, is a frequency in the HF band at which the received field intensity is sufficient to provide the required signal-to-noise ratio for a specified time period, e.g., 0100 to 0200 UTC, on 90% of the undisturbed days of the month. Any frequency lower than this is not able to fulfill those requirements, while higher frequencies usually yield better result until the maximum usable frequency is reached. The amount of energy absorbed by the lower regions of the ionosphere (D region, primarily) directly impacts the LUF.

Ionosphere
The ionosphere (/aɪˈɒnəˌsfɪər/) is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation. It plays an important role in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on Earth. Travel through this layer also impacts GPS signals, resulting in effects such as deflection in their path and delay in the arrival of the signal.