hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cyclic surgery theorem
In three-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, the cyclic surgery theorem states that, for a compact, connected, orientable, irreducible three-manifold M whose boundary is a torus T, if M is not a Seifert-fibered space and r,s are slopes on T such that their Dehn fillings have cyclic fundamental group, then the distance between r and s (the minimal number of times that two simple closed curves in T representing r and s must intersect) is at most 1. Consequently, there are at most three Dehn fillings of M with cyclic fundamental group. The theorem appeared in a 1987 paper written by Marc Culler, Cameron Gordon, John Luecke and Peter Shalen.

Dehn surgery
In topology, a branch of mathematics, a Dehn surgery, named after Max Dehn, is a construction used to modify 3-manifolds.  The process takes as input a 3-manifold together with a link.  It is often conceptualized as two steps: drilling then filling.
Marine Wing Support Squadron 473
Marine Wing Support Squadron 473 (MWSS-473) is a reserve aviation ground support unit of the United States Marine Corps. They are headquartered at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, California with Detachment A at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California and Detachment B at Naval Air Station Fort Worth, Texas. The squadron is part of Marine Aircraft Group 41 and the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing.

4th Marine Aircraft Wing
The 4th Marine Aircraft Wing is the reserve airwing of the United States Marine Corps.  It is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana but its subordinate units are scattered throughout the United States.
Bar stock
Bar stock, also (colloquially) known as blank, slug or billet, is a common form of raw purified metal, used by industry to manufacture metal parts and products. Bar stock is available in a variety of extrusion shapes and lengths. The most common shapes are round (circular cross-section), rectangular, square and hexagonal. A bar is characterised by an "enclosed invariant convex cross-section", meaning that pipes, angle stock and objects with varying diameter are not considered bar stock.

Bar stock is commonly processed by a sequence of sawing, turning, milling, drilling and grinding to produce a final product, often vastly different from the original stock. In some cases, the process is partially automated by specialized equipment which feeds the stock into the appropriate processing machine.

Stock removal
Stock removal is the process of removing material (stock) from a workpiece. Stock removal processes include:

Machining

Milling

Turning

Drilling

Grinding

Filing

Broaching

Shaping

Planing

Sawing

Stock removal processes all fall under the umbrella of subtractive manufacturing, a more general term.
Spyridon Galinos
Spyros Galinos (March 1952 – 23 December 2022) was a Greek politician who served as Mayor of Lesbos from May 2014 to September 2019.

Galinos was born in Athens in March 1952 and raised in Mytilene, the capital of the Island of Lesbos.

In 1990, 1994 and 1998 he was elected City Councillor of Mytilene. In 2002, he was elected prefectural councillor, assuming the duties of Vice-Prefect at the Prefecture of Lesbos.

In 2009, he was elected to the Greek Parliament as a member of the centre-right New Democracy party. On 11 March 2012, Spiros Galinos together with ten parliamentary colleagues fled from the New Democracy party and founded with Panos Kammenos the ultra-conservative Independent Greeks party.

In 2016, he was awarded the Olof Palme Prize for his work to help people fleeing from war and terror.

Galinos died of cancer on 23 December 2022, at the age of 70.

Olof Palme Prize
The Olof Palme Prize is an annual Swedish prize awarded for an outstanding achievement in the spirit of Olof Palme. The Prize consists of a diploma and 100,000 US dollars.

The prize was established in February 1987 and is awarded by the Olof Palme Memorial Fund for International Understanding and Common Security (Swedish: Olof Palmes minnesfond för internationell förståelse och gemensam säkerhet), a fund that was established by Olof Palme's family and the Swedish Social Democratic Party in honor of Olof Palme's memory.
Josie and the Pussycats (comics)
Josie and the Pussycats (initially published as She's Josie and Josie) is a teen-humor comic book about a fictional rock band, created by Dan DeCarlo and published by Archie Comics. First published in 1963, with regular issues through 1982, additional one-shot issues followed on an irregular basis. A reboot of the comic for the New Riverdale imprint launched in September 2016.

Hanna–Barbera adapted the comic as a Saturday-morning animated TV series in 1970, paired with an eponymous pop album. The band was subsequently portrayed in a 2001 live-action film, with musical performances released on an eponymous soundtrack album. Josie and the Pussycats appear as part of the 2017 live-action television drama series Riverdale on The CW, with the character of Josie recurring in the Katy Keene spin-off series.

Josie and the Pussycats (soundtrack)
Josie and the Pussycats: Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack album to the 2001 film of the same name, starring Rachael Leigh Cook, Rosario Dawson, and Tara Reid. It was released on March 27, 2001, by Playtone, in conjunction with Epic, Riverdale Records and Sony Music Soundtrax.
Brachychampsa
Brachychampsa is an extinct genus of alligatorid, possibly a basal caiman. Specimens have been reported from New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North and South Dakota, New Jersey, and Saskatchewan, though only those from Montana, Utah, and New Mexico are based on material sufficient to justify the referral. Some specimens have been reported from the Campanian-aged deposits of Central Asia (Chimkent of Kazakhstan and Kirkuduk of Tajikistan), although the species status is indeterminate for these fossils. The genus first appeared during the late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous (Judithian North American stage) and became extinct during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous (Lancian North American Land Mammal "Age"). Brachychampsa is distinguished by an enlarged fifth maxillary tooth in the upper jaw.

Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian spans the time from 83.6 (± 0.2) to 72.2 (± 0.2) million years ago. It is preceded by the Santonian and it is followed by the Maastrichtian.

The Campanian was an age when a worldwide sea level rise covered many coastal areas. The morphology of some of these areas has been preserved: it is an unconformity beneath a cover of marine sedimentary rocks.
1978 Bergen County Classic
The 1978 Bergen County Classic was a women's singles tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey in the United States. The event was part of the AA category of the 1978 Colgate Series. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 21 September through 26 September 1978. First-seeded Virginia Wade won the singles title and earned $14,000 first-prize money.

Ramapo College
Ramapo College of New Jersey (RCNJ) is a public liberal arts college in Mahwah, New Jersey. It is part of New Jersey's public system of higher education. As of the fall 2021 semester, there were a total of 5,732 students enrolled at the college, including 576 graduate students and 11 doctorate students. The school has a "somewhat selective" acceptance rate.
Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs (often simply birdsong) are the sounds produced by birds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).

Premotor cortex
The premotor cortex is an area of the motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex. It occupies part of Brodmann area 6. It has been studied mainly in primates, including monkeys and humans.

The functions of the premotor cortex are diverse and not fully understood. It projects directly to the spinal cord and therefore may play a role in the direct control of behavior, with a relative emphasis on the trunk muscles of the body. It may also play a role in planning movement, in the spatial guidance of movement, in the sensory guidance of movement, in understanding the actions of others, and in using abstract rules to perform specific tasks. Different subregions of the premotor cortex have different properties and presumably emphasize different functions. Nerve signals generated in the premotor cortex cause much more complex patterns of movement than the discrete patterns generated in the primary motor cortex.
Giovanni Aloi
Giovanni Aloi (born 1976) is an Italian author and curator specializing in the representation of nature in modern and contemporary art. He teaches art history and visual culture at School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He is the Founder and Editor in Chief of Antennae: The Journal of Nature in Visual Culture and is the co-editor of the University of Minnesota Press book series Art after Nature. Aloi is also USA correspondent for Esse Magazine Art+Opinion.

Animal studies
Animal studies is a recently recognised field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Scholars who engage in animal studies may be formally trained in a number of diverse fields, including art history, anthropology, biology, film studies, geography, history, psychology, literary studies, museology, philosophy, communication, and sociology. They engage with questions about notions of "animality," "animalization," or "becoming animal," to understand human-made representations of and cultural ideas about "the animal" and what it is to be human by employing various theoretical perspectives. Using these perspectives, those who engage in animal studies seek to understand both human-animal relations now and in the past as defined by our knowledge of them. Because the field is still developing, scholars and others have some freedom to define their own criteria about what issues may structure the field.
Chester Road railway station
Chester Road railway station serves the areas of Pype Hayes, Erdington and Wylde Green in north-east Birmingham, West Midlands, England. It is sited on the Cross-City Line between Bromsgrove/Redditch and Lichfield Trent Valley, via Birmingham New Street. Pedestrian access to the station is via Green Lanes, near to the junction with the Chester Road (A452). It is above road level, as the line here is on an embankment.

West Midlands Trains
WM Trains Limited, doing business as West Midlands Trains, is a British state-owned train operating company that operates commuter and local services in the West Midlands region and on the West Coast Main Line between London and the Northwest under two trading names: within the West Midlands region as West Midlands Railway (WMR) and outside the region as London Northwestern Railway (LNR). It assumed responsibility  for these services on 1 February 2026 at the conclusion of the outsourcing contract previously placed with Transport UK Group and Mitsui & Co.
Aaiyat
Aaiyat (Arabic: عين زهر النبات، عيات) is a town in Akkar Governorate, Lebanon. It is located on the side of Helena Mountain in Chakqouf and between Beino Village and Al - Burj Village. The population is mostly Sunni Muslim.

Beino-Qboula
Beino - Qboula (Arabic: بينو - قبولا)  is an area in the Akkar district in Lebanon. Beino has a total area of around 20 Square kilometers with a population of about 2,500. The area was featured in the second season of the Lebanese comedy series Marhaba Dawle.
Michael Pelkey
Michael Pelkey (born March 28, 1940) is considered one of the first individuals to influence the mass practice of BASE jumping as a sport, together with fellow skydiver Brian Schubert. Pelkey and Schubert's first jump was made on July 24, 1966, from the summit of El Capitan mountain. Pelkey made his second jump on October 15, 2005, at the 26th annual Bridge Day event where he and Shubert were attending as guest speakers. Pelkey's planned third jump at the 27th annual Bridge Day in 2006 was unperformed due to the death of Schubert, from a parachute malfunction, moments before Pelkey's jump.

Bridge Day
Bridge Day is an annual one-day festival in Fayetteville, Fayette County, West Virginia, United States The event is coordinated by the New River Gorge Bridge Day Commission, and is sponsored by numerous companies of both local and international significance.  The event, held on the third Saturday every October, commemorates the 1977 completion of the New River Gorge Bridge. On this day, all four lanes of the bridge are closed to automobiles and opened to pedestrians. Estimates have 100,000 people attending the overall event.

The first Bridge Day was held in 1980 and drew a crowd of roughly 40,000. It has been held every year since except for these years: 2001, when it was cancelled because of recent events of 9/11 and the possibility of terrorist attacks; it was also cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Red-rimmed melania
The red-rimmed melania (Melanoides tuberculata), also known as the Malayan livebearing snail or Malayan/Malaysian trumpet snail (often abbreviated to MTS by aquarists), is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, a parthenogenetic, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae.

The common name comes from the presence of reddish spots on their otherwise greenish-brown shells.

The species name is sometimes spelled M. tuberculatus, but this is incorrect because Melanoides Olivier, 1804 was clearly intended to be feminine because it was combined with the feminine specific epithet fasciolata in the original description.

This species is native to northern Africa and southern Asia, but it has been accidentally introduced in many other tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. It has also been accidentally introduced to heated aquaria in colder parts of the world.

Aquarist
An aquarist is a person who manages aquariums, either professionally or as a hobby. They typically care for aquatic animals, including fish and marine invertebrates. Some may care for aquatic mammals. Aquarists often work at public aquariums. They may also work at nature reserves, zoos, and amusement parks. Some aquarists conduct field research outdoors. In business, aquarists may work at pet stores, as commercial fish breeders, or as manufacturers. Some aquarists are hobbyists, also known as "home aquarists," who may vary in skills and experience.
Sidney Lumet filmography
Sidney Lumet (1924–2011) was an American film director.

Lumet's most known films include: the courtroom drama 12 Angry Men (1957); the Holocaust drama The Pawnbroker (1964);  the Cold War thriller Fail Safe (1964); the crime dramas Serpico (1973) and  Dog Day Afternoon (1975);  the satirical news drama Network (1976); the psychological drama Equus (1977); the New York City police internal-affairs drama  Prince of the City (1981);  the legal drama The Verdict (1982); and the crime thriller Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007).

Equus (film)
Equus is a 1977 psychological drama film directed by Sidney Lumet and written by Peter Shaffer, based on his 1973 play of the same name. The film stars Richard Burton, Peter Firth, Colin Blakely, Joan Plowright, Harry Andrews, Eileen Atkins, Kate Reid and Jenny Agutter. The story concerns a psychiatrist treating a teenager who has blinded horses in a stable, attempting to find the root of his horse worship.

Lumet's adaptation of the acclaimed play to film incorporated realism through the use of real horses rather than human actors and provided a graphic depiction of the blinding incident. Despite some criticism regarding this approach, the film was praised for the performances of its cast.

The film was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Burton and Best Supporting Actor for Firth. The two both won Golden Globe Awards for their performances. The film was also nominated for four BAFTA Awards, with Jenny Agutter winning for Best Supporting Actress.
Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh
Margaret Macdonald Mackintosh (5 November 1864 – 7 January 1933) was a British artist who worked in Scotland, and whose design work became one of the defining features of the Glasgow Style during the 1890s to 1900s.

Gesso
Gesso (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒɛsso]; 'chalk', from the Latin: gypsum, from Greek: γύψος), also known as "glue gesso" or "Italian gesso", is a white paint mixture used to coat rigid surfaces such as wooden painting panels or masonite as a permanent absorbent primer substrate for painting. It consists of a binder mixed with chalk, gypsum, pigment, or any combination of these.

Gesso is used in painting as a preparation for any number of substrates such as wood panels, canvas and sculpture as a base for paint and other materials that are applied over it.
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 was an international commercial flight scheduled from Beirut to Addis Ababa of a Boeing 737-8AS that crashed into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after takeoff from Rafic Hariri International Airport on 25 January 2010, killing all 90 people on board. This was the first fatal crash for Ethiopian Airlines since the hijack of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 in 1996.

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was a scheduled international flight serving the route Addis Ababa–Nairobi–Brazzaville–Lagos–Abidjan.  On 23 November 1996, the aircraft serving the flight, a Boeing 767-200ER, was hijacked en route from Addis Ababa to Nairobi by three Ethiopians seeking asylum in Australia. The plane crash-landed in the Indian Ocean near Grande Comore, Comoros Islands, due to fuel exhaustion. Of those onboard, 125 of 175 died in the ditching (water landing), including all three hijackers and six of the 12 crew.  It was the first recorded instance of the ditching of a wide-body aircraft.
Bad Khvor
Bad Khvor (Persian: بادخور, also Romanized as Bād Khvor) is a village in Shirin Darreh Rural District, in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 455, in 109 families.

Shirin Darreh Rural District
Shirin Darreh Rural District (Persian: دهستان شيرين دره) is in the Central District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Yusef Khan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Mezerj, now a city.
Luka Matkava
Luka Matkava  (Georgian: ლუკა მატკავა; born 10 May 2001) is a Georgian professional rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Rugby Europe Super Cup club Black Lion, he is currently on loan at Castres in the Top 14 as injury cover.

2023 Rugby Europe Super Cup
The 2023 Rugby Europe Super Cup was the third edition of the Rugby Europe Super Cup, an annual rugby union competition for professional clubs and franchises outside the three major leagues of European rugby. This edition of the Rugby Europe Super Cup featured one new addition to the competition, the Bohemia Rugby Warriors from the Czech Republic, who in turn replaced RC Batumi of Georgia, the team that participated in the previous edition of the tournament. For the first time, eight separate nations were represented in the competition.

The Black Lion Tbilisi from Georgia, as winners of the 2022 edition are also competing by invitation in the second tier European Challenge Cup, the first time the winner of the Super Cup has been integrated into the professional EPCR competition.
Cascade Cycling Classic
The Cascade Cycling Classic was the longest running elite road bicycle racing stage race in the United States (1980–2019), with 2018 being the only year the race was not held. The race was held again in 2019, but then canceled due to Covid in 2020.

The race took place in the Central Oregon region and was based in Bend, Oregon. It was a regular fixture for most of North America's top cyclists and teams.
Owned and managed by the Cascade Cycling Classic Youth Foundation, former pro cyclist and two-time national road champion Bart Bowen was both the foundation's executive director and the classic's race director. Bowen won the CCC in 1993.

Virginia's Blue Ridge–TWENTY24
Virginia's Blue Ridge TWENTY24 is a professional Women's road bicycle racing team based in the United States. The team's most notable riders are 3-time Olympic time trial champion Kristin Armstrong, 2013 Giro d'Italia Femminile overall winner Mara Abbott, and 3-time Olympic medalist Jennifer Valente.
Skedsmo
Skedsmo was a municipality in Akershus county, Norway.  It is part of the traditional region of Romerike.  The administrative centre of the municipality was the town of Lillestrøm.  About one third of the municipal population lived in Lillestrøm.  Other important towns are Skedsmokorset, Skjetten and Strømmen. A smaller settlement adjoining Lillestrøm is Kjeller.

The local newspaper is Romerikes Blad (circulation 39,139 in 2004). The paper comes out daily.

Skedsmo municipality became part of Lillestrøm municipality 1 January 2020.

Skjetten
Skjetten is a town in Lillestrøm municipality, Akershus county, Norway. It is located approximately 20 kilometres northeast of Oslo's city centre with a population of 10 000. Skjetten has five kindergartens, two primary schools and a secondary school in close proximity.
Tremadog Bay
Tremadog Bay (also spelled Tremadoc Bay; Welsh: Bae Tremadog), is a shallow inlet of Cardigan Bay in North Wales. It comprises the area between Mochras (Shell Island) in the east and the Trwyn Cilan headland of the Llŷn Peninsula in the west. The Sarn Badrig reef extends south-west from Mochras and forms a natural barrier between Tremadog Bay and Cardigan Bay proper.

The Afon Glaslyn flows into the north of the bay and Saint Tudwal's Islands lie at the western end of the bay. The towns of Pwllheli, Criccieth, Porthmadog, and Harlech lie directly on the bay.

Sarn Badrig
Sarn Badrig, also spelled Sarn Padrig (Welsh for 'St. Patrick's causeway'), is one of several more or less parallel shingle reefs extending under the sea in Cardigan Bay on the west coast of Wales. The causeway is made of glacial deposits left by receding ice sheets at the end of the last ice age.

Sarn Badrig is the longest and most northerly of these, and extends south-westwards under the sea from Mochras Point, near Harlech, parallel to the Llŷn Peninsula for a length of about 20 km, and can be seen at low tide. It is a hazard to shipping.

A neighbouring causeway is that of Sarn y Bwch, which is close to Tywyn.

Another example can be found at Sarn Gynfelyn, which is north of Aberystwyth.

In Welsh legend it is one of the dykes which protected the drowned realm of Cantre'r Gwaelod.