hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Type Archive
The Type Archive (formerly the Type Museum) was a collection of artefacts representing the legacy of type founding in England, whose famous type foundries and composing systems supplied the world with type in over 300 languages. The Archive was founded in 1992 by Susan Shaw in Stockwell, South London. The Archive announced in mid-2022 that it would relinquish its building and return portions of its collections to other institutions.

Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type (or sort) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols). Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts (which are widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typefaces).

One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission.
Multinational state
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. Depending on the definition of "nation" (which touches on ethnicity, language, and political identity), a multinational state is usually multicultural or multilingual, and is geographically composed of more than one country, such as the countries of the United Kingdom.

Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire, British India, Qing Empire, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, the United Arab Republic and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one.

Languages with official recognition in India
As of 2025, 22 languages have been classified as scheduled languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. There is no national language of India. Hindi and English share official language status.

When the constitution was adopted in 1950, article 343 declared that Hindi would be the official language and English would serve as an additional official language for a period not exceeding 15 years. Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the Official Languages Commission. The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country. The Official Languages Act, 1963, which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provision for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi.
Great War Island
Great War Island (Serbian: Велико ратно острво, Veliko ratno ostrvo) is a river island in Belgrade, capital of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers. Though uninhabited, the island is part of the Belgrade City proper, and belongs to the city municipality of Zemun.

Stilt house
Stilt houses, (also known as pile or lake dwellings) are structures elevated on stilts above the ground or water body. They are primarily built to protect against flooding; and to keep out vermin. The shaded area beneath the house is often used for work or storage. Such dwellings are common across Southeast Asia, Oceania, Central America, the Caribbean, northern parts of South America, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.
St. John's Episcopal Church (Marion, North Carolina)
St. John's Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 289 S. Main Street in Marion, McDowell County, North Carolina. It was built in 1883, and is a one-story, Carpenter Gothic style frame church.  It has a steeply pitched gable roof, board and batten exterior walls, lancet windows, and an elaborate bell tower added in 1903. St. John's is one of the few buildings that survived the 1894 fire on Main Street. St. John's Episcopal Church is a vibrant spiritual Community with roots formed more than a Century ago.

The St. John's Episcopal Church, Marion, NC dates back to May 24, 1881, with the first two years of St. John's, services were held in private homes and other church buildings. Since 1883 the church has congregated at the same location on South Main Street.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is located in the Main Street Historic District.

Main Street Historic District (Marion, North Carolina)
The Main Street Historic District is a 21-acre (8.5 ha) national historic district located at Marion, McDowell County, North Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.  In 1991, it included 36 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area and one other contributing site.

Specifically included in the Main Street Historic District are: one church: First Baptist (1914); two former hotels: the Eagle Hotel, which survived the 1894 fire, and the Hotel Marianna (1910); a bank on Main Street built in 1903; the McDowell County Courthouse, which was constructed in 1928; the Public Library (1937), which was originally built as a post office; and the Marion Community Building, built in 1937. Projects are currently underway to revitalize the downtown area as well as to maintain and restore the character of the long-standing buildings.
Sami Meguetounif
Sami Meguetounif (French pronunciation: [sa.mi mɛ.ɡɥɛ.tu.nif]; born 24 May 2004) is a French racing driver who most recently competed in the Asian Le Mans Series in the LMP2 class for Algarve Pro Racing. He previously competed in the 2025 FIA Formula 2 Championship for Trident.

Meguetounif competed in the 2024 FIA Formula 3 Championship with Trident, finishing eighth overall. He previously competed in the Formula Regional European Championship for two seasons in 2022 and 2023 with MP Motorsport.

Mugello Circuit
Mugello Circuit (in Italian: Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello; in English: Mugello International Autodrome) is a motorsport race track in Scarperia e San Piero, Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The circuit length is 5.245 km (3.259 mi). It has 15 turns and a 1.141 km (0.709 mi) long straight. The circuit stadium stands have a capacity of 50,000.

The Italian motorcycle Grand Prix is held annually at the circuit (for MotoGP and smaller classes). Since 1988, the track has been owned and used by Scuderia Ferrari for Formula One testing.

The circuit hosted its first ever Formula One race on 13 September 2020, named the Tuscan Grand Prix, as part of the season being restructured due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This Grand Prix was the 1000th Grand Prix for Scuderia Ferrari.
Sonkhamb railway station
Sonkhamb railway station is a railway station of Bhopal–Nagpur section under Nagpur CR railway division of West Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station is situated beside State Highway 248, Katol taluka at Sonkhamb in Nagpur district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Nagpur CR railway division
Nagpur CR railway division is one of the five railway divisions under the jurisdiction of Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways. This railway division was formed in 1867 and its headquarter is located at Nagpur in the state of Maharashtra of India. It covers an East part of the state of Maharashtra and small part of Southern Madhya Pradesh.

Bhusawal railway division,  Solapur railway division,  Mumbai CR railway division, and Pune railway division are the other  railway divisions under CR Zone headquartered at  Mumbai CST.
KYQX
KYQX (89.3 FM) is a community radio station licensed to Weatherford, Texas. The station serves the area around Weatherford, Mineral Wells, and the western DFW metro area. KYQX airs a classic country format calling itself Pure Country. KYQX is also rebroadcast on 89.5 KEQX from Stephenville TX which originally played the music. Until mid 2017 KYQX broadcast on 89.5 FM, before it reduced power and changed frequencies to make way for KEQX's upgrade. The station is one of the three stations in the QXFM group of stations. The others are KMQX, and KEQX.

Weatherford, Texas
Weatherford  (/ˈwɛðərfərd/) is a city in and the county seat of Parker County, Texas, United States. In 2020, its population was 30,854. Weatherford is named after Thomas J. Weatherford, a State senator and advocate for Texas's secession to the Confederate States during the American Civil War.
Jennifer Baumgardner
Jennifer Baumgardner (born 1970) is a feminist writer whose work explores abortion, sex, bisexuality, rape, single parenthood, and women's power. From 2013 to 2017, she served as the Executive Director/Publisher at The Feminist Press at the City University of New York (CUNY), the press founded by Florence Howe in 1970.

She is most known for her contribution to the development of third-wave feminism.

Florence Howe
Florence Rosenfeld Howe (March 17, 1929 – September 12, 2020) was an American author, publisher, literary scholar, and historian who is considered to have been a leader of the contemporary feminist movement.
Reg King
Reginald King (5 February 1945 – 8 October 2010), known professionally as Reg King or Reggie King, was an English singer, songwriter and record producer, most famous for being the solo and lead singer with The Boys and The Action. He died of cancer, aged 65, in October 2010.

Mick Taylor
Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English guitarist, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–1969) and the Rolling Stones (1969–1974). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973), It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974), and Tattoo You (1981).

Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards, he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013.

Taylor was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor has had the biggest influence on him.
Peter Mahon (priest)
Peter Mahon  was an Irish Anglican priest.

Browne was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He held livings at Killuken and Tumna. He was appointed Archdeacon of Elphin in 1683 and Dean in 1700. He died in 1739.

Archdeacon of Elphin
The Archdeacon of Elphin was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Elphin until 1854; and then within the Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh

The archdeaconry can trace its history from Maolkeevin O'Seingin, the first known incumbent, who died in 1224 to the last discrete holder William Wolfe Wagner.
Necessary Evil (aircraft)
Necessary Evil, also referred to as Plane #91, was the name of Boeing B-29-45-MO Superfortress 44-86291 (Victor 91), participating in the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group, it was used as a camera plane to photograph the explosion and effects of the bomb, and to carry scientific observers. At the time of the attack the plane was not named and was known only by its 393d Victor number. The mission was flown by crew B-10, with Captain George Marquardt as aircraft commander.

The crew regularly assigned to this airplane in turn flew on the Nagasaki mission on August 9, 1945, in another B-29; Big Stink, though without their aircraft commander, who was ill.

Marine Corps Air Station Yuma
Marine Corps Air Station Yuma or MCAS Yuma (IATA: YUM, ICAO: KNYL, FAA LID: NYL) is a United States Marine Corps air station in Yuma, Arizona. It is the home of multiple squadrons of F-35B Lightning IIs of the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron 1 (MAWTS-1), Marine Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron 1 (VMX-1) and Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (VMFT-401), an air combat adversary squadron of the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing of the Marine Corps Reserve. It is a designated Superfund site due to a number of soil and groundwater contaminants, including asbestos.

The station is 2 miles (1.7 nmi; 3.2 km) from the city center of Yuma. A joint use civilian-military airport, MCAS Yuma shares airfield facilities with Yuma International Airport and occupies approximately 3,000 acres (1,200 ha), most of which is flat desert. MCAS Yuma also operates an auxiliary airfield on the Barry M. Goldwater Range.
Westerlund 1 W237
Westerlund 1 W237, also known as Wd 1-237 or Westerlund 1 BKS B, is a possible red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation of Ara. It is one out of four known red supergiants in the Westerlund 1 super star cluster. As a red supergiant, it would be one of the largest known stars and one of the most luminous of its type.

Red supergiant
Red supergiants (RSGs) are stars with a supergiant luminosity class (Yerkes class I) and a stellar classification K or M. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume, although they are not the most massive or luminous. Betelgeuse and Antares A are the brightest and best known red supergiants (RSGs), indeed the only first magnitude red supergiant stars.
Lalitha (raga)
Lalitha is a raga in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a janya raga of Mayamalavagowla, the 15th Melakarta raga. It is closely related to Vasantha, as the two share many characteristic prayogas and have similar scales. Lalitha is often used In Tamil film songs, especially by Ilayaraja who has composed five film songs based on this ragam.

Arohana
Arohana, arohanam, aroh or aroha, in the context of Indian classical music, is the ascending scale of notes in a raga. The pitch increases as we go up from Shadja (Sa) to the Taar Shadja (Sa), possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.

It contrasts with an avarohana, avarohanam or avaroha the descending scale of any raga. The notes descend in pitch from the upper tonic (taar shadja or Sa) down to the lower tonic, possibly in a crooked (vakra) manner.
Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
The Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a laboratory of the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in Bangalore, Karnataka, involved in the research & development (R&D) of high quality secure communication, command and control, and intelligent systems. CAIR was founded by Arogyaswami Paulraj. CAIR is the primary laboratory for R&D in different areas of defence information and communication technology (ICT).

Network-centric warfare
Network-centric warfare, also called network-centric operations or net-centric warfare, is a military doctrine or theory of war that aims to translate an information advantage, enabled partly by information technology, into a competitive advantage through the computer networking of dispersed forces. It was pioneered by the United States Department of Defense in the 1990s.
The Identity Matrix
The Identity Matrix is a science fiction novel by American writer Jack L. Chalker, published in 1982 by Timescape Books. The work focuses on the body swap and enemy mine plot devices, as well as a background conflict between two powerful alien races.

Body swap
A body swap (also named mind swap, soul swap or brain swap) is a storytelling device seen in a variety of science fiction and supernatural fiction, in which two people (or beings) exchange minds and end up in each other's bodies. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction calls the trope identity exchange, a version of "identity transfer".
Silicon-burning process
In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8–11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. It follows the previous stages of  hydrogen, helium, carbon, neon and oxygen burning processes.

Silicon burning begins when gravitational contraction raises the star's core temperature to 2.7–3.5 billion kelvin (GK). The exact temperature depends on mass. When a star has completed the silicon-burning phase, no further fusion is possible. The star catastrophically collapses and may explode in what is known as a Type II supernova.

Neon-burning process
The neon-burning process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in evolved massive stars with at least 8 Solar masses. Neon burning requires high temperatures and densities (around 1.2 billion K or 100 keV and 4 billion kg/m3).
Kolar leaf-nosed bat
The Kolar leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros hypophyllus), or leafletted leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is endemic to India.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and caves. It is found in only one cave in India, and its population is less than 200 individuals.

Nose-leaf
A nose-leaf, or leaf nose, is an often large, lance-shaped nose, found in bats of the Phyllostomidae, Hipposideridae, and Rhinolophidae families. Because these bats echolocate nasally, this nose-leaf is thought to serve a role in modifying and directing the echolocation call.

The shape of the nose-leaf can be important for identifying and classifying bats. Furthermore, the shape of the nose-leaf can identify behavior of the bat itself; for example, in the families that have the nose-leaf, experiments have shown it to act as a baffle and focus their emission beams.
Osaka Owarai Championship
The Osaka Owarai Championship (Japanese: 大阪お笑い王座, Hepburn: Ōsaka Owarai Ōza) was the secondary title contested in the Japanese professional wrestling promotion Osaka Pro Wrestling. It was established in 2008 as the Osaka Pro Wrestling Owarai Championship (before being renamed in 2019) when Kanjyuro Matsuyama declared himself the first Owarai Champion upon vacating the Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship.

Being a professional wrestling championship, it was not won via direct competition; it was instead won via a predetermined ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a wrestling angle.

Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship
The Osaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Championship (大阪名物世界一王座, Ōsaka Meibutsu Sekaiichi Ōza; lit. Osaka World's № 1 Attraction Championship) is a secondary professional wrestling title contested in the Japanese promotion Osaka Pro Wrestling. The title was established in 2000 when Kuishinbo Kamen defeated Ebessan to win the championship.

One of the vacancies came when Okita-hun vacated the title due to an ear injury on September 16, 2009.
Jajczaki
Jajczaki [jai̯ˈt͡ʂaki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchlas, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) south of Wierzchlas, 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Wieluń, and 89 km (55 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Wierzchlas, Łódź Voivodeship
Wierzchlas [ˈvjɛʂxlas] is a village in Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Wierzchlas. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) east of Wieluń and 86 km (53 mi) south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
Maryland Military Department
The Maryland Military Department (MMD) is a department of the State of Maryland directed by the adjutant general of Maryland.

The Maryland Military Department consists of the:

State Operations section, which manages fiscal and administrative duties

Maryland Army National Guard

Maryland Air National Guard

Maryland Defense Force

The MMD's mission is to provide supplemental services to the Maryland National Guard with the governor of Maryland as its commander-in-chief.

The Maryland Military Department is also the command authority for the defunct Maryland Naval Militia, which is part of the Maryland Militia. Under federal law, the state militia divided into the Organized Militia, currently consisting of the Maryland National Guard and Maryland Defense Force, as well as the Unorganized Militia, which consists of male citizens aged 17 to 45.

Maryland Naval Militia
The Maryland Naval Militia is the authorized but currently inactive organized naval militia of Maryland. It served as a dual federal and state military reserve force, essentially a naval and marine equivalent of the Maryland Army National Guard and the Maryland Air National Guard.
Theophysics
In philosophy, theophysics is an approach to cosmology that attempts to reconcile physical cosmology and religious cosmology. It is related to physicotheology, the difference between them being that the aim of physicotheology is to derive theology from physics, whereas that of theophysics is to unify physics and theology.

Frank J. Tipler
Frank Jennings Tipler (born February 1, 1947) is an American mathematical physicist and cosmologist, holding a joint appointment in the Departments of Mathematics and Physics at Tulane University. Tipler has written books and papers on the Omega Point based on Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's religious ideas, which he claims is a mechanism for the resurrection of the dead. He is also known for his theories on the Tipler cylinder time machine. His work has attracted criticism from many, for example cosmologist George Ellis, who has argued that his theories are largely pseudoscience.
Whispering (song)
"Whispering" is a popular song published in 1920 by Sherman, Clay & Co. of San Francisco. The 1920 copyright attributes the lyrics to Malvin Schonberger and the music to John Schonberger. Sheet music credits Richard Coburn and Vincent Rose as the lyricists.

The song was first released by Paul Whiteman in September 1920 on Victor Records.

The Pied Pipers
The Pied Pipers are an American popular singing group originally formed in the late 1930s. They had several chart hits throughout the 1940s, both under their own name and in association with Tommy Dorsey, with Johnny Mercer and with Frank Sinatra.
Puttenham, Hertfordshire
Puttenham is a village in the civil parish of Tring Rural, in the Dacorum borough of Hertfordshire, England.

It was recorded as ‘Puteham’ in the Domesday Book.

St Mary's Church, the Church of England parish church, has a nave and aisles dating from the early 14th-century, and an elaborate roof and west tower from the 15th-century. It is a Grade I listed building.

Puttenham is one of the 51 Thankful Villages in England and Wales that suffered no fatalities during the Great War of 1914 to 1918.

Puttenham was historically a parish. The civil parish was abolished in 1964 and absorbed into the neighbouring parish of Tring Rural (which had been created in 1894 from the parts of the old parish of Tring outside the Tring urban district). At the 1961 census (the last before the abolition of the parish), Puttenham had a population of 107.

Dacorum
Dacorum is a local government district with borough status in Hertfordshire, England. The council is based in Hemel Hempstead. The borough also includes the towns of Berkhamsted and Tring and surrounding villages. The borough had a population of 155,081 in 2021. Dacorum was created in 1974 and is named after the medieval "hundred" (a type of county division) of Dacorum, which had covered a similar area. The borough of Dacorum is the westernmost of Hertfordshire's ten districts. It borders St Albans, Three Rivers, Buckinghamshire and Central Bedfordshire.